diff --git a/-RqKDpeILyU.txt b/-RqKDpeILyU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2212a312cfb435225adf1223a5cc1f7e80748c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-RqKDpeILyU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this problem assume that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem assume that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem assume that you have
+discovered a roomful of discarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a roomful of discarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a roomful of discarded
+five-stage pipeline betas these betas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-stage pipeline betas these betas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-stage pipeline betas these betas
+fall into four categories the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into four categories the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into four categories the first is
+completely functional five stage betas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely functional five stage betas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely functional five stage betas
+with full bypass and annulment logic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with full bypass and annulment logic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with full bypass and annulment logic the
+second are betas with a bad register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second are betas with a bad register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second are betas with a bad register
+file in these betas all data read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in these betas all data read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in these betas all data read
+directly from the register file is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the register file is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the register file is 0
+note that if the data is read from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if the data is read from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if the data is read from a
+bypass path then the correct value will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass path then the correct value will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass path then the correct value will
+be read the third set are betas without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read the third set are betas without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read the third set are betas without
+bypass paths and finally the fourth are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass paths and finally the fourth are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass paths and finally the fourth are
+betas without annulment of branch delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas without annulment of branch delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas without annulment of branch delay
+slots the problem is that the betas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots the problem is that the betas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots the problem is that the betas are
+not labeled so we do not know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not labeled so we do not know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not labeled so we do not know which
+falls into which category you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into which category you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into which category you come up
+with a test program shown here your plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a test program shown here your plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a test program shown here your plan
+is the single step through the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the single step through the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the single step through the program
+using each beta chip carefully noting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using each beta chip carefully noting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using each beta chip carefully noting
+the address that the final jump loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address that the final jump loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address that the final jump loads
+into the PC your goal is to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the PC your goal is to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the PC your goal is to determine
+which of the four classes each chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the four classes each chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the four classes each chip
+falls into via this jump address notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into via this jump address notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into via this jump address notice
+that on a fully functional beta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a fully functional beta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a fully functional beta this
+code would execute the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code would execute the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code would execute the instructions
+sequentially skipping the multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially skipping the multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially skipping the multi
+instruction here we see a pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction here we see a pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction here we see a pipeline
+diagram showing execution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram showing execution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram showing execution of this
+program on a fully functional beta from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on a fully functional beta from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on a fully functional beta from
+category c1 it shows that although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category c1 it shows that although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category c1 it shows that although the
+Molesey instruction is fetched in cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molesey instruction is fetched in cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molesey instruction is fetched in cycle
+two it gets an old when the BEQ is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it gets an old when the BEQ is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it gets an old when the BEQ is in
+the RF stage and it determines that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RF stage and it determines that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RF stage and it determines that the
+branch to label x or the sub c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch to label x or the sub c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch to label x or the sub c
+instruction will be taken the mul C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction will be taken the mul C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction will be taken the mul C is
+annulled by inserting a no op in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annulled by inserting a no op in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annulled by inserting a no op in its
+place the add C and B Q instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the add C and B Q instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the add C and B Q instructions
+read our 31 from the register file the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read our 31 from the register file the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read our 31 from the register file the
+sub C however gets the value of our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub C however gets the value of our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub C however gets the value of our two
+via the bypass path from the BEQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the bypass path from the BEQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the bypass path from the BEQ
+instruction which is in the mem stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction which is in the mem stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction which is in the mem stage
+the add then reads R 0 and R 2 R 0 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the add then reads R 0 and R 2 R 0 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the add then reads R 0 and R 2 R 0 has
+already made it back to the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made it back to the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made it back to the register
+file because the add C instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file because the add C instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file because the add C instruction
+completed by the end of cycle for R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed by the end of cycle for R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed by the end of cycle for R 2
+however is read via the bypass path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however is read via the bypass path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however is read via the bypass path from
+the sub C instruction which is in the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub C instruction which is in the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub C instruction which is in the a
+you stage finally the jump reads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stage finally the jump reads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stage finally the jump reads the
+value of r3 via the bypass path from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r3 via the bypass path from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r3 via the bypass path from the
+add instruction which is in the ALU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add instruction which is in the ALU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add instruction which is in the ALU
+stage in cycle 6 when run on a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in cycle 6 when run on a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in cycle 6 when run on a fully
+functional beta with bypass paths an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional beta with bypass paths an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional beta with bypass paths an
+annulment of branch delay slots the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annulment of branch delay slots the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annulment of branch delay slots the code
+behaves as follows the add C sets r0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as follows the add C sets r0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as follows the add C sets r0
+equal to 4 the BEQ stores PC plus 4 into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4 the BEQ stores PC plus 4 into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4 the BEQ stores PC plus 4 into
+r2 since the add C is at address 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 since the add C is at address 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 since the add C is at address 0 the
+BEQ is at address 4 so PC plus 4 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEQ is at address 4 so PC plus 4 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEQ is at address 4 so PC plus 4 equals
+8 is stored into r2 and the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 is stored into r2 and the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 is stored into r2 and the program
+branches to label X next the sub c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches to label X next the sub c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches to label X next the sub c
+subtracts 4 from the latest value of r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts 4 from the latest value of r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts 4 from the latest value of r2
+and stores the result which is 4 back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stores the result which is 4 back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stores the result which is 4 back
+into our to the add adds R 0 and R 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our to the add adds R 0 and R 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our to the add adds R 0 and R 2 or
+4 & 4 and stores the result which is 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 & 4 and stores the result which is 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 & 4 and stores the result which is 8
+into r3 the jump jumps to the address in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into r3 the jump jumps to the address in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into r3 the jump jumps to the address in
+r3 which is 8 when run on c2 which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 which is 8 when run on c2 which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 which is 8 when run on c2 which has a
+bad register file that always outputs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad register file that always outputs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad register file that always outputs a
+0 the behavior of the program changes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the behavior of the program changes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the behavior of the program changes a
+bit the add c + BQ instructions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the add c + BQ instructions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the add c + BQ instructions which
+use our 31 which is 0 anyways behave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our 31 which is 0 anyways behave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our 31 which is 0 anyways behave in
+the same way as before the sub c which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as before the sub c which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as before the sub c which
+gets the value of r2 from the bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the value of r2 from the bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the value of r2 from the bypass
+path reads the correct value for R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path reads the correct value for R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path reads the correct value for R 2
+which is 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 8
+recall that only reads directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that only reads directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that only reads directly from the
+register file return of 0 whereas if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file return of 0 whereas if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file return of 0 whereas if the
+data is coming from a bypass path then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is coming from a bypass path then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is coming from a bypass path then
+you get the correct value so the sub C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the correct value so the sub C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the correct value so the sub C
+produces a for the ad reads r0 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a for the ad reads r0 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a for the ad reads r0 from the
+register file and R 2 from the bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file and R 2 from the bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file and R 2 from the bypass
+path the result is that the value of R 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the result is that the value of R 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the result is that the value of R 0
+is read as if it was 0 while that of R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is read as if it was 0 while that of R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is read as if it was 0 while that of R 2
+is correct and is 4 so R 3 gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct and is 4 so R 3 gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct and is 4 so R 3 gets the
+value 4 assigned to it and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 4 assigned to it and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 4 assigned to it and that is the
+address that the jump instruction jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that the jump instruction jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that the jump instruction jumps
+to because it too reads its register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because it too reads its register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because it too reads its register
+from a bypass path when run on C 3 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bypass path when run on C 3 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bypass path when run on C 3 which
+does not have any bypass paths some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have any bypass paths some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have any bypass paths some of
+the instructions will read stale values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions will read stale values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions will read stale values
+of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there
+source operands let's go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source operands let's go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source operands let's go through the
+example in detail the ad C and B EQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in detail the ad C and B EQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in detail the ad C and B EQ
+instructions read are 31 which is 0 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions read are 31 which is 0 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions read are 31 which is 0 from
+the register file so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register file so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register file so what they
+ultimately produce does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately produce does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately produce does not change
+however you must keep in mind that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you must keep in mind that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you must keep in mind that the
+updated value of the destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated value of the destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated value of the destination
+register will knock it updated until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will knock it updated until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will knock it updated until
+after that instruction completes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that instruction completes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that instruction completes the
+write back stage of the pipeline when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write back stage of the pipeline when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write back stage of the pipeline when
+the sub C reads are 2 it gets a stale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub C reads are 2 it gets a stale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub C reads are 2 it gets a stale
+value of R 2 because the BEQ instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R 2 because the BEQ instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R 2 because the BEQ instruction
+has not yet completed so it assumes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not yet completed so it assumes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not yet completed so it assumes that
+R 2 equals 0 it then subtracts 4 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 equals 0 it then subtracts 4 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 equals 0 it then subtracts 4 from
+that and tries to write minus 4 into R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and tries to write minus 4 into R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and tries to write minus 4 into R 2
+next the ad runs recall that the ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the ad runs recall that the ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the ad runs recall that the ad
+would normally read R 0 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally read R 0 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally read R 0 from the
+register file because by the time the ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file because by the time the ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file because by the time the ad
+is in the RF stage the ad C which writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the RF stage the ad C which writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the RF stage the ad C which writes
+to R 0 has completed all the pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R 0 has completed all the pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R 0 has completed all the pipeline
+stages the ad also normally read R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages the ad also normally read R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages the ad also normally read R 2
+from the bypass path however since C 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bypass path however since C 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bypass path however since C 3
+does not have bypass paths it reads a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have bypass paths it reads a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have bypass paths it reads a
+stale value of R 2 from the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stale value of R 2 from the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stale value of R 2 from the register
+file to determine which stale value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file to determine which stale value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file to determine which stale value it
+reads we need to examine the pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads we need to examine the pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads we need to examine the pipeline
+diagram to see if either the BQ or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to see if either the BQ or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to see if either the BQ or the
+subsea operations both of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsea operations both of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsea operations both of which
+eventually update are to have completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually update are to have completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually update are to have completed
+by the time the ad reads its source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time the ad reads its source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time the ad reads its source
+operands looking at our pipeline diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands looking at our pipeline diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands looking at our pipeline diagram
+we see that when the ad is in the RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that when the ad is in the RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that when the ad is in the RF
+stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+neither the be EQ nor the subsea have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the be EQ nor the subsea have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the be EQ nor the subsea have
+completed thus the value read for R 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed thus the value read for R 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed thus the value read for R 2 is
+the initial value of R 2 which is 0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value of R 2 which is 0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value of R 2 which is 0 we
+can now determine the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now determine the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now determine the behavior of the
+add instruction which is that it assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add instruction which is that it assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add instruction which is that it assumes
+R 0 equals 4 and R 2 equals 0 and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 0 equals 4 and R 2 equals 0 and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 0 equals 4 and R 2 equals 0 and will
+eventually write a 4 into r3 finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually write a 4 into r3 finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually write a 4 into r3 finally the
+jump instruction wants to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump instruction wants to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump instruction wants to read the
+result of the ad however since there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the ad however since there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the ad however since there are
+no bypass paths it reads the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bypass paths it reads the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bypass paths it reads the original
+value of R 3 which was 0 and jumps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R 3 which was 0 and jumps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R 3 which was 0 and jumps to
+address 0 of course had we looked at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address 0 of course had we looked at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address 0 of course had we looked at our
+code a little more closely we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code a little more closely we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code a little more closely we could have
+determined this without all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined this without all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined this without all the
+intermediate steps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps because
+the ad is the only instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ad is the only instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ad is the only instruction that
+tries to update our three and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to update our three and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to update our three and you know
+that the jump would normally get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the jump would normally get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the jump would normally get our
+three from the bypass path which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three from the bypass path which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three from the bypass path which is not
+available therefore it must read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available therefore it must read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available therefore it must read the
+original value of r3 which is zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value of r3 which is zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value of r3 which is zero in
+category C for the betas do not annul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category C for the betas do not annul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category C for the betas do not annul
+instructions that were fetched after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that were fetched after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that were fetched after a
+branch instruction but aren't supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch instruction but aren't supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch instruction but aren't supposed
+to get executed this means that the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get executed this means that the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get executed this means that the mole
+C which is fetched after the BEQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is fetched after the BEQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is fetched after the BEQ is
+actually executed in the pipeline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually executed in the pipeline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually executed in the pipeline and
+affects the value of r2 let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the value of r2 let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the value of r2 let's take a
+close look at what happens in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close look at what happens in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close look at what happens in each
+instruction once again we begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction once again we begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction once again we begin with the
+add C setting our 0 to 4 and the BQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add C setting our 0 to 4 and the BQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add C setting our 0 to 4 and the BQ
+setting our 2 to 8 since our bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting our 2 to 8 since our bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting our 2 to 8 since our bypass
+paths are not working we can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths are not working we can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths are not working we can assume that
+we can immediately get the updated value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can immediately get the updated value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can immediately get the updated value
+next we execute the mole C which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we execute the mole C which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we execute the mole C which takes
+the latest value of r2 from the bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest value of r2 from the bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest value of r2 from the bypass
+path and multiplies it by 2 so it sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and multiplies it by 2 so it sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and multiplies it by 2 so it sets
+r2 equal to 16 the sub C now uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 equal to 16 the sub C now uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 equal to 16 the sub C now uses this
+value for r2 from which it subtracts 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for r2 from which it subtracts 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for r2 from which it subtracts 4
+to produce r2 equal to 12 the ad then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce r2 equal to 12 the ad then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce r2 equal to 12 the ad then
+reads r0 equal to 4 and adds to it r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads r0 equal to 4 and adds to it r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads r0 equal to 4 and adds to it r2
+equal to 12 to produce r3 equal to 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 12 to produce r3 equal to 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 12 to produce r3 equal to 16
+finally the jump jumps to address 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the jump jumps to address 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the jump jumps to address 16
+since each of the four categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each of the four categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each of the four categories
+produces a unique jump address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a unique jump address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a unique jump address this
+program can be used to sort out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can be used to sort out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can be used to sort out all the
+beta's into the four categories
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-Yt7LQ4k1IU.txt b/-Yt7LQ4k1IU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2289210b6c75606881b82261e47412c1138130a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-Yt7LQ4k1IU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now that we've done a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've done a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've done a very simple
+calculation of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of c
+of t the concentration of virions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t the concentration of virions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t the concentration of virions in the
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+per volume which is coming from just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume which is coming from just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume which is coming from just a
+mass balance in a well mixed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass balance in a well mixed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass balance in a well mixed room
+let's zoom in now and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's zoom in now and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's zoom in now and think about
+transmission between the infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission between the infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission between the infected person
+or an infected person and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an infected person and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an infected person and then a
+susceptible person who is not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person who is not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person who is not yet
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+and the transmission is occurring by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transmission is occurring by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transmission is occurring by
+breathing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing the
+infected droplets in and then the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected droplets in and then the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected droplets in and then the virus
+has to get out of those droplets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to get out of those droplets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to get out of those droplets and
+interact with the the host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the the host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the the host
+tissues so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues so
+if we let beta be the transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is basically new infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically new infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically new infection
+uh per time so basically it's the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per time so basically it's the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per time so basically it's the rate
+at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which
+another person you know may become a may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person you know may become a may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person you know may become a may
+become infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become infected
+uh then how would we write this well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then how would we write this well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then how would we write this well we
+could write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it
+as so we're now forgetting about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so we're now forgetting about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so we're now forgetting about the
+affected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person
+we care about their breathing only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about their breathing only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about their breathing only
+because it's producing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's producing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's producing this
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+c that we just talked about but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c that we just talked about but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c that we just talked about but now
+we're going to focus on the susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on the susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on the susceptible
+person the subtle person is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the subtle person is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the subtle person is now
+breathing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing in
+at the same flow rate qb because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same flow rate qb because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same flow rate qb because the
+breathing and breathing out are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing and breathing out are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing and breathing out are the same
+and so qb is the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so qb is the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so qb is the volume
+per time around let's say 0.5 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per time around let's say 0.5 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per time around let's say 0.5 meters
+cubed per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed per hour
+with which they're sampling the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they're sampling the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they're sampling the error
+and the air comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air comes in
+and then c of t is the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then c of t is the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then c of t is the concentration of
+virions per volume so this combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per volume so this combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per volume so this combination
+now tells me how many virions per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tells me how many virions per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tells me how many virions per time
+they're actually taking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there'll be a quantity ci which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a quantity ci which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a quantity ci which we
+mentioned earlier which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier which is the
+infectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity
+and that's the probability that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the probability that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the probability that an
+individual virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual virion
+actually causes this person to get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually causes this person to get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually causes this person to get sick
+and to become infected themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to become infected themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to become infected themselves
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says the infect infectivity of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the infect infectivity of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the infect infectivity of an
+individual virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual virion
+and then on top of that we also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on top of that we also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on top of that we also want to
+put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in
+i'll just change the color to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just change the color to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just change the color to highlight
+it the mask factor that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the mask factor that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the mask factor that we talked about
+earlier so that's the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so that's the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so that's the transmission
+uh or penetration probability for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or penetration probability for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or penetration probability for the
+droplets of interest through the mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of interest through the mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of interest through the mask
+these quantities many of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities many of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities many of them will
+depend on size and we'll come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on size and we'll come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on size and we'll come to that
+size of the droplet but just as a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the droplet but just as a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the droplet but just as a rough
+approximation this is the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation this is the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation this is the starting point
+so this is the number of uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the number of uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the number of uh basically
+new infections per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new infections per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new infections per time
+and there's a useful uh notion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a useful uh notion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a useful uh notion in
+epidemiology which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiology which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiology which is
+that of the infection quantum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the infection quantum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the infection quantum so
+transmission rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rates are
+often written as infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often written as infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often written as infection quanta
+per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is the rate at which a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the rate at which a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the rate at which a person
+which is susceptible get infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is susceptible get infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is susceptible get infected
+what we have not yet captured is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have not yet captured is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have not yet captured is if you
+have finite number of people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finite number of people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finite number of people in the room
+when someone gets infected they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone gets infected they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone gets infected they can't
+get infected again so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get infected again so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get infected again so the number of
+susceptible people is changing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible people is changing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible people is changing so we
+have to model the progression of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to model the progression of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to model the progression of the
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+in the room which we have not done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room which we have not done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room which we have not done yet
+so that's why the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the beta
+is not the number infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the number infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the number infected people
+because eventually you run out of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because eventually you run out of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because eventually you run out of people
+to infect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infect
+right so we have to account for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have to account for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have to account for that
+later but a useful way to think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but a useful way to think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but a useful way to think of it is
+that beta is sort of the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta is sort of the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta is sort of the rate at which
+this person is sending infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is sending infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is sending infection quanta
+over here those quantum may not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here those quantum may not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here those quantum may not actually
+lead to an infection because they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to an infection because they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to an infection because they might
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+have been infected but if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been infected but if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been infected but if they're
+susceptible that tells you the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible that tells you the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible that tells you the rate at
+which that person would become infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that person would become infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that person would become infected
+okay so that's the the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the the notion of
+infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+is essentially defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially defined by the
+transmission rate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate uh
+beta okay now this infectivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay now this infectivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay now this infectivity is
+something we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll come back to
+we will actually go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will actually go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will actually go through the
+calculation for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for uh
+cyrus cove two but it's been estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyrus cove two but it's been estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyrus cove two but it's been estimated
+before to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to be about
+two percent for the original sars virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent for the original sars virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent for the original sars virus
+uh in 2003 and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2003 and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2003 and in fact
+um i will argue that is greater than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i will argue that is greater than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i will argue that is greater than 10
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+for sars cove two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll do that by analyzing spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do that by analyzing spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do that by analyzing spreading
+data with the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with the model
+and of course that helps to explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that helps to explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that helps to explain why
+sars curve two has led to the covet 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars curve two has led to the covet 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars curve two has led to the covet 19
+pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic
+and sars code 1 was not able to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sars code 1 was not able to spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sars code 1 was not able to spread
+as much so now we have here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much so now we have here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much so now we have here our
+transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+and we can ask ourselves this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can ask ourselves this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can ask ourselves this is a
+transmission rate which is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate which is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate which is time
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+but what if now we calculate the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if now we calculate the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if now we calculate the steady
+state transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the transient would be when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the transient would be when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the transient would be when the
+effective person first enters the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective person first enters the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective person first enters the room
+the concentration is changing in time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration is changing in time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration is changing in time in
+the error but eventually there's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error but eventually there's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error but eventually there's kind of
+a steady state whereas a balance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state whereas a balance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state whereas a balance of the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+and then the flow rate through the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the flow rate through the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the flow rate through the room
+of refreshing the air with outdoor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refreshing the air with outdoor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refreshing the air with outdoor air
+and in steady state we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in steady state we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in steady state we have the
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+our rate is going to go to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rate is going to go to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rate is going to go to a constant
+value which i'll call beta bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which i'll call beta bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which i'll call beta bar
+and that is given by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is given by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is given by um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the steady state concentration so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state concentration so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state concentration so here
+i'll just write as q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write as q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write as q
+well i'll rewrite this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll rewrite this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll rewrite this expression here
+qb uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb uh
+cipm and then the steady state c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cipm and then the steady state c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cipm and then the steady state c
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the production rate p divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production rate p divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production rate p divided by the
+outdoor air flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor air flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor air flow rate
+q so and another way we can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q so and another way we can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q so and another way we can write that
+is that member q we can write as lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that member q we can write as lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that member q we can write as lambda
+a times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times v
+so this is uh qb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh qb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh qb
+and in fact let me well here i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let me well here i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let me well here i'll just
+i'll write it one more time this way ci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write it one more time this way ci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write it one more time this way ci
+pm capital p over lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm capital p over lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm capital p over lambda a
+v okay now recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay now recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay now recall
+that the p we had written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the p we had written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the p we had written
+as that's the production rate also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's the production rate also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's the production rate also
+depends on qb that's the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on qb that's the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on qb that's the rate at which
+the infected person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infected person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infected person is
+exhaling infected air so that was qb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaling infected air so that was qb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaling infected air so that was qb
+times nd the number of droplets per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times nd the number of droplets per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times nd the number of droplets per
+volume vd the volume of liquid in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume vd the volume of liquid in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume vd the volume of liquid in a
+droplet so this ndvd is the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet so this ndvd is the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet so this ndvd is the volume
+fraction of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of liquid
+and then we needed cv which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we needed cv which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we needed cv which was the
+concentration of virions in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of virions in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of virions in the liquid
+or in the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the fluid
+and there's also a factor of pm if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a factor of pm if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a factor of pm if that
+person is wearing a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is wearing a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is wearing a mask
+so we put all this together we get kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put all this together we get kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put all this together we get kind
+of an important result here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an important result here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an important result here
+which is that the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the steady state
+transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+can be written when i plug in here as qb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written when i plug in here as qb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written when i plug in here as qb
+squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times
+pm squared so the mass factor comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm squared so the mass factor comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm squared so the mass factor comes in
+twice because if they are wearing masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because if they are wearing masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because if they are wearing masks
+you know there's two masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's two masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's two masks
+you have a mask at the source you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mask at the source you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mask at the source you also
+mask at the target and the fluid has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask at the target and the fluid has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask at the target and the fluid has to
+go through both of those filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through both of those filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through both of those filters
+so that's one reason as we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one reason as we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one reason as we'll see that
+mass can be actually very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass can be actually very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass can be actually very effective
+and then we'll lump all the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll lump all the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll lump all the parameters
+in something i'll call cq which i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something i'll call cq which i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something i'll call cq which i'll
+come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+and then we'll leave lambda av in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll leave lambda av in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll leave lambda av in the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+so this is the mean transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where i've defined this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've defined this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've defined this important
+parameter cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter cq
+which has all the information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has all the information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has all the information about the
+specific disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific disease
+and what is it is everything else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it is everything else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it is everything else that's
+left it's ndvd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it's ndvd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it's ndvd
+so that has to do with respiration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has to do with respiration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has to do with respiration so
+the distribution of droplet sizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of droplet sizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of droplet sizes and
+the size of the droplets is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the droplets is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the droplets is something
+that's coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming from the
+type of respiration that the infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of respiration that the infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of respiration that the infected
+person is engaging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is engaging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is engaging in
+cv is their viral loss it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cv is their viral loss it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cv is their viral loss it has to do with
+the progression of their disease and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progression of their disease and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progression of their disease and how
+many viruses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many viruses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many viruses or
+virions are found and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions are found and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions are found and then we have
+ci which is this infectivity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ci which is this infectivity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ci which is this infectivity the
+probability that any one of those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that any one of those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that any one of those very
+ends will actually infect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends will actually infect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends will actually infect the
+susceptible person if it manages to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person if it manages to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person if it manages to get
+in there and diffuse out of the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and diffuse out of the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and diffuse out of the droplets
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+coming back to this notion of infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to this notion of infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to this notion of infection
+quanta while beta is an infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta while beta is an infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta while beta is an infection
+quantum per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum per
+time which are being kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which are being kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which are being kind of uh
+transmitted from one effective person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted from one effective person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted from one effective person to
+one susceptible person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one susceptible person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one susceptible person
+the way i've written it here is i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i've written it here is i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i've written it here is i've
+re-expressed it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-expressed it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-expressed it as
+infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per volume of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exhaled so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled so
+while c is the is the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while c is the is the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while c is the is the concentration of
+virions in the background there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions in the background there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions in the background there's this
+cq which is essentially the infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cq which is essentially the infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cq which is essentially the infection
+quantity that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that are being
+released and the factor of um cvci is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and the factor of um cvci is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and the factor of um cvci is
+actually what connects those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what connects those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what connects those two
+in fact sometimes we write cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sometimes we write cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sometimes we write cq
+little cq is cvci this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cq is cvci this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cq is cvci this is
+infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+uh per liquid volume in a drop so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per liquid volume in a drop so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per liquid volume in a drop so from
+from the mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mucus
+or material that's being released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or material that's being released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or material that's being released
+there's a certain concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain concentration of
+infection quanta which is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta which is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta which is the physical
+concentration of the varion cv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the varion cv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the varion cv
+times the probability that if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that if they were
+to be sort of exposed to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of exposed to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of exposed to the central
+person's cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's cells
+that they would actually infect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would actually infect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would actually infect those
+cells and cause a transmission of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and cause a transmission of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and cause a transmission of the
+infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+so that's another important quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another important quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another important quantity and
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+is really the primary sort of lumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the primary sort of lumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the primary sort of lumped
+or combined disease and physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or combined disease and physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or combined disease and physiological
+parameter in the model so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in the model so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in the model so the
+what's nice about separating this way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about separating this way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about separating this way is
+that qb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that qb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that qb
+is something which has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something which has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something which has to do with
+people's activity it's how fast they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's activity it's how fast they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's activity it's how fast they're
+breathing and that's something we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing and that's something we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing and that's something we know
+very easily whether they're at rest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily whether they're at rest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily whether they're at rest or
+they're exercising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exercising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exercising
+pm is also known if we know the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm is also known if we know the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm is also known if we know the kinds of
+mass people are wearing there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass people are wearing there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass people are wearing there's various
+studies of transmission factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of transmission factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of transmission factors and
+filtration efficiencies of masks and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration efficiencies of masks and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration efficiencies of masks and so
+we can put reasonable estimates there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put reasonable estimates there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put reasonable estimates there
+and then here we see the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here we see the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here we see the importance of
+lambda a which is the air exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a which is the air exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a which is the air exchange rate
+so how quickly is a fresh air coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how quickly is a fresh air coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how quickly is a fresh air coming in
+the room that's a physical parameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room that's a physical parameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room that's a physical parameter of
+the room has nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room has nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room has nothing to do with the
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+and v of course is a geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v of course is a geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v of course is a geometrical
+parameter of the room which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the room which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the room which is the
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+and so all the disease aspects are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the disease aspects are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the disease aspects are kind
+of lumped into the cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lumped into the cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lumped into the cq
+so if i want to apply this to actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i want to apply this to actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i want to apply this to actual
+spreading of covid19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading of covid19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading of covid19
+i have all these parameters that i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have all these parameters that i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have all these parameters that i know
+that come from the physics and fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from the physics and fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from the physics and fluid
+mechanics of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the room
+and then i have a single parameter cq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have a single parameter cq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have a single parameter cq
+that i need to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to obtain
+from an understanding of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an understanding of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an understanding of disease
+transmission and looking at spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and looking at spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and looking at spreading
+events in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in
+indoor situations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-wz4iU2V-Yo.txt b/-wz4iU2V-Yo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67cdf276603ba29a1f9de71ded3436258892ead9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-wz4iU2V-Yo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let's see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's see if you can
+figure out this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error oh nice nice looks like 100% are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error oh nice nice looks like 100% are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error oh nice nice looks like 100% are
+getting it right so far so we have L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it right so far so we have L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it right so far so we have L is
+equal to three for I in range length L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three for I in range length L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three for I in range length L
+print I and this is the error message I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print I and this is the error message I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print I and this is the error message I
+get telling me the file the line and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get telling me the file the line and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get telling me the file the line and the
+actual line the line number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual line the line number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual line the line number and the
+actual line that is wrong and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual line that is wrong and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual line that is wrong and then a
+description of the error type error okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the error type error okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the error type error okay
+and everyone's getting it right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone's getting it right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone's getting it right which is
+what's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we're not allowed to call length on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+okay if you go through the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you go through the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you go through the other the
+other choices you'll see that those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices you'll see that those you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices you'll see that those you
+can actually do and you can even test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do and you can even test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do and you can even test
+those out yourself um before you settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those out yourself um before you settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those out yourself um before you settle
+on uh on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on the right
+answer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0D4BbCa4gHo.txt b/0D4BbCa4gHo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7973ffac873fa94762bf446794c61d4b027fedf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0D4BbCa4gHo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you remember last time we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember last time we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember last time we looked
+at parametric equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a way of describing the motion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of describing the motion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of describing the motion of a
+point that moves in the plane or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that moves in the plane or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that moves in the plane or in
+space as a function of time or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as a function of time or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as a function of time or your
+favorite parameter that will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite parameter that will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite parameter that will tell you
+how far the motion has progressed and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far the motion has progressed and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far the motion has progressed and I
+think we did in detail the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did in detail the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did in detail the example of
+the cycloid which is the curve traced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycloid which is the curve traced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycloid which is the curve traced by
+a point on wheel that's rolling on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point on wheel that's rolling on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point on wheel that's rolling on a
+flat surface so we have this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat surface so we have this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat surface so we have this example
+where we have this wheel that's rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have this wheel that's rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have this wheel that's rolling
+on the x axis and we have this point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x axis and we have this point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x axis and we have this point on
+the wheel and as it moves around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel and as it moves around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel and as it moves around it
+faces a trajectory that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces a trajectory that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces a trajectory that looked
+Mijares like this okay so in trying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mijares like this okay so in trying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mijares like this okay so in trying a
+new color is this visible from the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new color is this visible from the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new color is this visible from the back
+so no more blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so remember in general we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in general we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in general we are trying to
+find the position so X of T y of T may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the position so X of T y of T may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the position so X of T y of T may
+be Z of T flow in space of a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Z of T flow in space of a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Z of T flow in space of a moving
+point along a trajectory and one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point along a trajectory and one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point along a trajectory and one way to
+think about this is in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is in terms of the
+position vector so the position vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector so the position vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector so the position vector
+is just the vector whose components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the vector whose components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the vector whose components are
+the coordinates of the point okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the point okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the point okay so if
+you prefer that's the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer that's the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer that's the same thing as the
+vector from the origin to the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from the origin to the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from the origin to the moving
+point so maybe our point is here P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so maybe our point is here P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so maybe our point is here P so
+this vector here this vector here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here this vector here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here this vector here is
+vector o P and that's also the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector o P and that's also the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector o P and that's also the position
+vector R of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to give you again that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I take the cycloid for a wheel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the cycloid for a wheel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the cycloid for a wheel of
+wages one and let's say that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages one and let's say that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages one and let's say that we are
+going at unit speed so that the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at unit speed so that the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at unit speed so that the angle
+that we used as a parameter less time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used as a parameter less time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used as a parameter less time is
+the same thing as time when the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as time when the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as time when the position
+vector in this case we found to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in this case we found to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in this case we found to be just
+to make sure that I have it right t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that I have it right t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that I have it right t
+minus sine T and cosine T no one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine T and cosine T no one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine T and cosine T no one minus
+cosine T okay same that's that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine T okay same that's that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine T okay same that's that formula
+that you should have in your notes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should have in your notes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should have in your notes from
+last time except we had theta instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time except we had theta instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time except we had theta instead of
+T because we were using the angle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because we were using the angle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because we were using the angle but
+now I'm saying we're moving at unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm saying we're moving at unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm saying we're moving at unit
+speed so time and angle are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so time and angle are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so time and angle are the same
+thing so okay so now what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so okay so now what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so okay so now what's interesting
+about this is we can analyze the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is we can analyze the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is we can analyze the motion
+in no detail okay so now that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no detail okay so now that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no detail okay so now that we know
+the position of a point as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a point as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a point as a function of
+time we can try to study how it varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we can try to study how it varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we can try to study how it varies
+and about fueler things like the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about fueler things like the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about fueler things like the speed
+and the acceleration okay so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acceleration okay so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acceleration okay so let's start
+with speed well so in fact we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with speed well so in fact we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with speed well so in fact we can do
+better than speed let's not start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than speed let's not start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than speed let's not start with
+speed so speed is a number it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so speed is a number it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so speed is a number it tells you
+how fast you're going you know along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast you're going you know along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast you're going you know along the
+trajectory I mean if you're driving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory I mean if you're driving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory I mean if you're driving in a
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+then you know it tells you how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know it tells you how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know it tells you how fast
+you're going but unless you have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going but unless you have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going but unless you have one of
+these fancy cars with a GPS it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fancy cars with a GPS it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fancy cars with a GPS it doesn't
+tell you in which direction you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in which direction you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in which direction you're going
+and that's useful information too if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's useful information too if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's useful information too if
+you're trying to figure out what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out what your
+trajectory is so in fact there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is so in fact there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is so in fact there's two
+aspects to it one is how fast you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it one is how fast you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it one is how fast you're
+going and theorize in what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and theorize in what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and theorize in what direction
+you're going that means actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going that means actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going that means actually we
+should use a vector maybe to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use a vector maybe to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use a vector maybe to think about
+this and so that's called the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so that's called the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so that's called the velocity
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way we can get it so it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we can get it so it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we can get it so it's called
+usually V so V here stands for velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually V so V here stands for velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually V so V here stands for velocity
+moment for vector and you just get it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for vector and you just get it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for vector and you just get it by
+taking the derivative of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of the position
+vector with respect to time okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with respect to time okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with respect to time okay now
+it's our first time writing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our first time writing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our first time writing this kind of
+thing with a vector so the basic hole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a vector so the basic hole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a vector so the basic hole is
+you can take the derivative of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take the derivative of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take the derivative of a vector
+quantity just by taking the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity just by taking the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity just by taking the derivatives
+of each component okay so that's just DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each component okay so that's just DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each component okay so that's just DX
+DT dy DT and if you have a Z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT dy DT and if you have a Z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT dy DT and if you have a Z component
+this is it so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see what it is for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what it is for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what it is for the for
+the cycloid so in the example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycloid so in the example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycloid so in the example of a
+cycloid well so what do we get when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycloid well so what do we get when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycloid well so what do we get when we
+take the derivative of this formula up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this formula up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this formula up
+there well so T the derivative of T is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well so T the derivative of T is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well so T the derivative of T is 1
+minus cosine T the derivative of 1 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine T the derivative of 1 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine T the derivative of 1 is 0
+the derivative of minus cosine T is sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of minus cosine T is sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of minus cosine T is sine
+T very good that's at least one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T very good that's at least one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T very good that's at least one thing
+you should remember from single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should remember from single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should remember from single variable
+calculus hopefully you remember even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus hopefully you remember even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus hopefully you remember even
+more than that ok so that's the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that ok so that's the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that ok so that's the velocity
+vector it tells us at any time how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it tells us at any time how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it tells us at any time how fast
+we are going in inward direction so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going in inward direction so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going in inward direction so for
+example observe remember last time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example observe remember last time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example observe remember last time at
+the end of class we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class we were trying to
+figure out what exactly happens near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what exactly happens near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what exactly happens near the
+bottom point you know when we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom point you know when we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom point you know when we have this
+motion that seems to stop and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that seems to stop and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that seems to stop and go
+backwards and we answered that one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and we answered that one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and we answered that one way
+but let's try to understand it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's try to understand it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's try to understand it in terms
+of velocity what if I plug T equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity what if I plug T equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity what if I plug T equals zero
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+then 1 minus cosine T is 0 sine T is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 1 minus cosine T is 0 sine T is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 1 minus cosine T is 0 sine T is 0
+the velocity is 0 so at that time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is 0 so at that time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is 0 so at that time at
+that particular time our point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time our point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time our point is
+actually not moving of course it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not moving of course it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not moving of course it's been
+moving just before and it starts moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving just before and it starts moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving just before and it starts moving
+just afterwards it's just you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just afterwards it's just you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just afterwards it's just you know the
+instant advantage or instant the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant advantage or instant the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant advantage or instant the speed
+is zero so that's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so that's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so that's a slightly
+maybe counterintuitive thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe counterintuitive thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe counterintuitive thing that
+something is moving at at that time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is moving at at that time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is moving at at that time it's
+actually stopped now let's see so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stopped now let's see so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stopped now let's see so that's
+a vector and it's useful but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and it's useful but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and it's useful but if you want
+just the usual speed as a number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the usual speed as a number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the usual speed as a number then
+what will you do well you will just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you do well you will just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you do well you will just take
+exactly the magnitude of this vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the magnitude of this vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the magnitude of this vector so
+speed which is the scalar quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed which is the scalar quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed which is the scalar quantity is
+going to be just the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the magnitude of the
+vector V okay so in this case well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V okay so in this case well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V okay so in this case well it
+would be square root of one minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be square root of one minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be square root of one minus cosine
+T squared plus sine squared T and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared plus sine squared T and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared plus sine squared T and if you
+expand that well so you will get taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that well so you will get taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that well so you will get taking
+it more space that's going to be square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more space that's going to be square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more space that's going to be square
+root of one minus two cosine T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of one minus two cosine T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of one minus two cosine T plus
+cosine squared T plus sine squared T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squared T plus sine squared T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squared T plus sine squared T
+seems to simplify a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to simplify a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to simplify a little bit because
+we have cosine squared plus sine square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cosine squared plus sine square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cosine squared plus sine square
+that's one okay so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one okay so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one okay so it's going to be
+square root of two minus two cosine T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two minus two cosine T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two minus two cosine T so
+at this point if I was going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point if I was going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point if I was going to ask you
+when is the speed the smallest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is the speed the smallest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is the speed the smallest of the
+largest you could answer based on that C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest you could answer based on that C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest you could answer based on that C
+at T equals zero well that turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals zero well that turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals zero well that turns out to
+be zero the point is not moving at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero the point is not moving at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero the point is not moving at T
+equals pi that ends up being square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi that ends up being square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi that ends up being square root
+of two plus two which is four so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two plus two which is four so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two plus two which is four so that's
+two and that's when you actually at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that's when you actually at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that's when you actually at the
+top of the arch and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the arch and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the arch and that's one of the
+point is moving the fastest in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is moving the fastest in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is moving the fastest in fact
+where it's moving twice as fast as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's moving twice as fast as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's moving twice as fast as the
+wheel because the wheel is moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel because the wheel is moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel because the wheel is moving to the
+right at unit speed and the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at unit speed and the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at unit speed and the point is
+also rotating so it's moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rotating so it's moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rotating so it's moving to the
+right at unit speed relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at unit speed relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at unit speed relative to the
+center so that the two effects add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so that the two effects add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so that the two effects add up
+and give you a speed of two anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a speed of two anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a speed of two anyway
+that's a formula we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a formula we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a formula we can get
+okay now what about acceleration so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about acceleration so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about acceleration so here
+I put one you've adverse serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put one you've adverse serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put one you've adverse serious
+discrepancy between the usual will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between the usual will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between the usual will be
+intuitive notion of acceleration the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion of acceleration the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion of acceleration the one
+that you are aware of when you drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are aware of when you drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are aware of when you drive a
+car and the one that we'll be using so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and the one that we'll be using so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and the one that we'll be using so
+you might think acceleration is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think acceleration is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think acceleration is just the
+derivative of speed you know if my car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of speed you know if my car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of speed you know if my car
+goes 50 mile 55 miles an hour on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes 50 mile 55 miles an hour on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes 50 mile 55 miles an hour on the
+highway then it's going at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway then it's going at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway then it's going at constant
+speed it's not accelerating but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it's not accelerating but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it's not accelerating but let's
+say that I'm taking a really tight turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm taking a really tight turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm taking a really tight turn
+then I'm going to feel something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to feel something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to feel something you
+know there's some force being exerted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some force being exerted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some force being exerted
+and in fact there is a sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there is a sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there is a sideways
+acceleration at that point even for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration at that point even for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration at that point even for the
+speed is not changing so the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is not changing so the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is not changing so the definition
+will take of acceleration is as a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take of acceleration is as a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take of acceleration is as a vector
+and the acceleration vector is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acceleration vector is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acceleration vector is just the
+derivative of a velocity vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so even if speed is constant that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if speed is constant that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if speed is constant that means
+even if a length of the velocity vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if a length of the velocity vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if a length of the velocity vector
+stays the same the vector velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same the vector velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same the vector velocity
+vector can still rotate and as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector can still rotate and as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector can still rotate and as it
+rotates that produces acceleration okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates that produces acceleration okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates that produces acceleration okay
+and so this is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the notion of
+acceleration that's relevant in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration that's relevant in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration that's relevant in physics
+for that when you write F equals MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that when you write F equals MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that when you write F equals MA
+that's really what a you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what a you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what a you know that's the
+a that you have in mind here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that you have in mind here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that you have in mind here it's a
+vector of course if you're moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of course if you're moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of course if you're moving in a
+straight line then the two notions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line then the two notions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line then the two notions are
+the same acceleration is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same acceleration is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same acceleration is also going to
+be along the line and it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be along the line and it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be along the line and it's going to have
+to do with the derivative of speed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the derivative of speed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the derivative of speed but
+in general that's not quite the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general that's not quite the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general that's not quite the same so
+for example let's look at the cycloid if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's look at the cycloid if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's look at the cycloid if
+we take the example of a cycloid well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the example of a cycloid well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the example of a cycloid well
+what's the derivative of 1 minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of 1 minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of 1 minus cosine
+T it's sine T and what's the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's sine T and what's the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's sine T and what's the derivative
+of sine T cosine T ok so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine T cosine T ok so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine T cosine T ok so the
+acceleration vector is sine T cosine T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular let's look at what
+happens at time T equals zero when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at time T equals zero when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at time T equals zero when the
+point is not moving well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is not moving well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is not moving well the
+acceleration vector there will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector there will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector there will be zero
+comma one so what that means is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma one so what that means is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma one so what that means is that if
+I look at my trajectory at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at my trajectory at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at my trajectory at this point
+well then the acceleration vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the acceleration vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the acceleration vector is
+pointing in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in that direction
+it's the unit vector in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the unit vector in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the unit vector in the vertical
+direction so my point is not moving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so my point is not moving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so my point is not moving at
+that particular time but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time but it's
+accelerating up so that means actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating up so that means actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating up so that means actually
+that as it comes down first its slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as it comes down first its slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as it comes down first its slowing
+down when it stops here and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when it stops here and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when it stops here and then it
+reverses going back up okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses going back up okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses going back up okay so that's
+another way to understand what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to understand what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to understand what we were
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+time that the trajectory at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the trajectory at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the trajectory at that point
+has a vertical tangency because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a vertical tangency because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a vertical tangency because that's
+the direction in which the motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which the motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which the motion is
+going to occur just before and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to occur just before and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to occur just before and just
+after time zero okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time zero okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time zero okay any questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I should insist maybe on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I should insist maybe on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I should insist maybe on one
+thing which is that so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is that so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is that so we can
+differentiate vectors just component by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate vectors just component by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate vectors just component by
+component okay and we can differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay and we can differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay and we can differentiate
+vector expressions according to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector expressions according to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector expressions according to certain
+rules that we'll see in a moment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we'll see in a moment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we'll see in a moment one
+thing that we cannot do it's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we cannot do it's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we cannot do it's not true
+that the length of dr/dt so which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the length of dr/dt so which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the length of dr/dt so which is the
+speed is equal to the length R DT this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is equal to the length R DT this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is equal to the length R DT this
+is completely false and they are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely false and they are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely false and they are really
+not the same okay so if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same okay so if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same okay so if you have to
+differentiate the length of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the length of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the length of a vector
+then basically you're in trouble if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you're in trouble if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you're in trouble if you
+really really want to do it well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really want to do it well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really want to do it well the
+length of a vector is the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a vector is the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a vector is the square root of
+the sums of the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums of the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums of the squares of the
+components and from that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and from that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and from that you can use
+formula for the derivative of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the derivative of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the derivative of the square
+root and the chain rule and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and the chain rule and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and the chain rule and various
+other things and you can get there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and you can get there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and you can get there but
+it will not be a very nice expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be a very nice expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be a very nice expression
+there is no simple formula for this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no simple formula for this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no simple formula for this kind
+of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing
+fortunately we almost never have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we almost never have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we almost never have to
+compute this kind of thing because after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this kind of thing because after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this kind of thing because after
+all it's not very relevant quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not very relevant quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not very relevant quantity
+what's more relevant might be this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more relevant might be this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more relevant might be this one
+this is actually the speed this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the speed this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the speed this one I
+don't know what it means you know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's continue our exploration so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's continue our exploration so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's continue our exploration so the
+next concept that I want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next concept that I want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next concept that I want to define
+instead of arc length so arc length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of arc length so arc length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of arc length so arc length is
+just the distance that you have traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the distance that you have traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the distance that you have traveled
+along the curves okay so if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curves okay so if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curves okay so if you're in a
+cow you know it has this mileage counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow you know it has this mileage counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow you know it has this mileage counter
+that tells you how far you've gone how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you how far you've gone how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you how far you've gone how
+much fuel you've used if it's a fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fuel you've used if it's a fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fuel you've used if it's a fancy
+car and what it does is it actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and what it does is it actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and what it does is it actually it
+integrates the speed over time to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates the speed over time to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates the speed over time to give
+you the arc length along the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the arc length along the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the arc length along the trajectory
+of a cow so the usual notation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cow so the usual notation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cow so the usual notation that
+we'll have is s for arc length I am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have is s for arc length I am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have is s for arc length I am not
+quite sure how you get an S out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure how you get an S out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure how you get an S out of this
+but it's the usual notation okay so s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the usual notation okay so s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the usual notation okay so s is
+the distance traveled along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance traveled along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance traveled along the
+trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for that to make sense of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that to make sense of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that to make sense of course we
+need to fix a reference point maybe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fix a reference point maybe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fix a reference point maybe on
+the cycloid we'd say it's a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycloid we'd say it's a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycloid we'd say it's a distance
+starting from the origin in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the origin in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the origin in general
+maybe you will say you start at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you will say you start at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you will say you start at time
+equals no T equals zero but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals no T equals zero but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals no T equals zero but it's a
+convention you could decide you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention you could decide you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention you could decide you know if
+you knew in advance you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew in advance you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew in advance you could have
+actually your gas mileage counter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your gas mileage counter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your gas mileage counter to
+count backwards you know from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count backwards you know from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count backwards you know from the point
+where the guy will die and stop working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the guy will die and stop working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the guy will die and stop working
+I mean that would be sneaky freaky but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you could have certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could have certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could have certainly a
+negative arc length that gets closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative arc length that gets closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative arc length that gets closer and
+closer to 0 1 gets to 0 at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to 0 1 gets to 0 at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to 0 1 gets to 0 at the end of
+the trajectory or anything you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or anything you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or anything you want
+I mean arc length could be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean arc length could be positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean arc length could be positive or
+negative typically it's negative when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative typically it's negative when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative typically it's negative when
+you're before the reference point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're before the reference point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're before the reference point and
+positive afterwards so now how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive afterwards so now how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive afterwards so now how does it
+relate to the things we've seen where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the things we've seen where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the things we've seen where
+well so in particular you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in particular you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in particular you know how do
+you relate arc length and time well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relate arc length and time well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relate arc length and time well so
+there's a simple relation which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple relation which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple relation which is that
+the rate of change of arc length versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of arc length versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of arc length versus
+time whether that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whether that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whether that's going to be the
+speed at which are moving because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which are moving because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which are moving because the
+speed as a scalar quantity tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed as a scalar quantity tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed as a scalar quantity tells you how
+much distance you're covering a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much distance you're covering a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much distance you're covering a unit
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and in fact to be completely honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact to be completely honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact to be completely honest
+I should put an absolute video here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put an absolute video here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put an absolute video here
+because there's examples of curves maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's examples of curves maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's examples of curves maybe
+where your motion is going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your motion is going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your motion is going back and
+forth along the same curve and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth along the same curve and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth along the same curve and then you
+know you don't want to keep counting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't want to keep counting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't want to keep counting out
+lengths all the time actually maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths all the time actually maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths all the time actually maybe you
+want to say that the arc length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that the arc length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that the arc length
+increases then decreases along the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases then decreases along the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases then decreases along the curve
+I mean you get to choose how you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you get to choose how you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you get to choose how you count
+it but in this case you know if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but in this case you know if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but in this case you know if you are
+moving back and forth it would make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving back and forth it would make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving back and forth it would make more
+sense to have the up line first increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have the up line first increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have the up line first increase
+then decrease increase again and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you want to know really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know really what the
+arc length is then basically the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc length is then basically the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc length is then basically the only
+way to do it is to integrate speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to integrate speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to integrate speed
+that's this time so if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this time so if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this time so if you wanted to
+know how long an arch of cyclo it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long an arch of cyclo it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long an arch of cyclo it is you
+know you have this nice looking curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have this nice looking curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have this nice looking curve
+how long is it well you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is it well you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is it well you'd have to
+basically integrate this quantity from T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically integrate this quantity from T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically integrate this quantity from T
+equals zero to 2pi and save a trough I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to 2pi and save a trough I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to 2pi and save a trough I
+don't really know how to integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how to integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how to integrate that
+so we don't actually have a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't actually have a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't actually have a formula for
+the length at this point however we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length at this point however we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length at this point however we'll
+see one later using a cool trick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one later using a cool trick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one later using a cool trick and
+multivariable calculus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for now we'll just leave a formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we'll just leave a formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we'll just leave a formula like
+that and we don't know how long it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we don't know how long it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we don't know how long it is
+well you know you can put that into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know you can put that into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know you can put that into your
+calculator and get a numerical value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and get a numerical value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and get a numerical value but
+that's the best I can offer now another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best I can offer now another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best I can offer now another
+useful notion is the unit tangent vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful notion is the unit tangent vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful notion is the unit tangent vector
+to the trajectory so the usual notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trajectory so the usual notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trajectory so the usual notation
+is t hat it has a hat because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t hat it has a hat because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t hat it has a hat because it's a
+unit vector and T because it's tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector and T because it's tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector and T because it's tangent
+now how do we get this unit tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we get this unit tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we get this unit tangent
+vector so maybe I should have pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so maybe I should have pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so maybe I should have pointed
+out before that you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before that you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before that you know if you're
+moving along some trajectory so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along some trajectory so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along some trajectory so you're
+going in bad direction then when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in bad direction then when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in bad direction then when you're
+at this point the velocity vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point the velocity vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point the velocity vector is
+going to be tangent to the trajectory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be tangent to the trajectory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be tangent to the trajectory it
+tells you the direction of motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the direction of motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the direction of motion in
+particular so if you want a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so if you want a unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so if you want a unit vector
+that goes in the same direction all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes in the same direction all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes in the same direction all you
+have to do is just rescale it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is just rescale it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is just rescale it so that
+its length becomes 1 so it's V divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its length becomes 1 so it's V divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its length becomes 1 so it's V divided
+by magnitude of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it seems like now we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like now we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like now we have a lot of
+different things that should be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that should be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that should be related
+in some way so let's let's see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way so let's let's see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way so let's let's see what we
+can say well we can say that D R by DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well we can say that D R by DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well we can say that D R by DT
+so that's the velocity vector that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the velocity vector that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the velocity vector that's the
+same thing as if I use the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as if I use the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as if I use the chain rule
+DRDs times D s DT okay so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRDs times D s DT okay so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRDs times D s DT okay so let's think
+about these things so this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things so this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things so this guy here
+we've just seen that's the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just seen that's the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just seen that's the same as the
+speed so this one here should be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so this one here should be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so this one here should be V
+divided by its length so that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by its length so that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by its length so that means this
+actually should be the unit tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually should be the unit tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually should be the unit tangent
+vector so let me rewrite that it's T DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so let me rewrite that it's T DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so let me rewrite that it's T DS
+DT so maybe if I actually stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so maybe if I actually stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so maybe if I actually stated
+directly that way see I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that way see I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that way see I'm just saying
+the velocity vector has a length and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector has a length and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector has a length and the
+direction the length is the speed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the length is the speed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the length is the speed the
+direction is tangent to the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the speed is dsdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the speed is dsdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the speed is dsdt
+and the tangent vector is t hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tangent vector is t hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tangent vector is t hat and
+that's how we get this so let's try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get this so let's try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get this so let's try it
+just to see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see why
+DRDs should be t well let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRDs should be t well let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRDs should be t well let's think of
+drds DRDs means you know position vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drds DRDs means you know position vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drds DRDs means you know position vector
+r means you have the origin which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r means you have the origin which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r means you have the origin which is
+somewhere out there and the vector R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out there and the vector R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out there and the vector R is
+here so DRDs means we move by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so DRDs means we move by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so DRDs means we move by a small
+amount Delta s along the trajectory by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount Delta s along the trajectory by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount Delta s along the trajectory by a
+certain distance Delta s and we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance Delta s and we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance Delta s and we look at
+how the position vector changes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the position vector changes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the position vector changes well
+we'll have a small change let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a small change let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a small change let me call
+that vector Delta R corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector Delta R corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector Delta R corresponding to the
+size it was meant to the length Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it was meant to the length Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it was meant to the length Delta s
+and now Delta R should be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now Delta R should be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now Delta R should be essentially
+roughly equal to well its direction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to well its direction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to well its direction will
+be tangent to the trajectory if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tangent to the trajectory if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tangent to the trajectory if I take a
+small enough interval then the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough interval then the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough interval then the motion
+will be almost tangent to the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be almost tangent to the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be almost tangent to the trajectory
+times the length of it will be Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of it will be Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of it will be Delta s
+the distance that I have traveled maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that I have traveled maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that I have traveled maybe
+I should sorry maybe I should we explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should sorry maybe I should we explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should sorry maybe I should we explain
+that on a separate board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's say that we have an amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we have an amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we have an amount of
+time delta T so let's zoom in to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delta T so let's zoom in to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delta T so let's zoom in to that
+curve okay so we have R at time T we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so we have R at time T we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so we have R at time T we
+have R at time T plus delta T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R at time T plus delta T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R at time T plus delta T this
+vector here I will call Delta R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here I will call Delta R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here I will call Delta R the
+length of this vector is Delta s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this vector is Delta s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this vector is Delta s and the
+direction is essentially that of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is essentially that of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is essentially that of a
+tangent vector so Delta s over delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector so Delta s over delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector so Delta s over delta T
+that we amount that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we amount that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we amount that the distance
+traveled divided by the time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled divided by the time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled divided by the time that's
+going to be close to the speed and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be close to the speed and Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be close to the speed and Delta
+R is approximately T times Delta s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is approximately T times Delta s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is approximately T times Delta s so
+now if I divide both sides by delta T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I divide both sides by delta T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I divide both sides by delta T I
+get this and if I take the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this and if I take the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this and if I take the limit as
+delta T tends to 0 then I get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T tends to 0 then I get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T tends to 0 then I get the same
+formula with derivatives and with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula with derivatives and with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula with derivatives and with an
+equality into the pen approximation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality into the pen approximation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality into the pen approximation the
+approximation becomes better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation becomes better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation becomes better and better
+if I go to smaller intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are there any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's quite so okay so let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's quite so okay so let's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's quite so okay so let's be
+more careful actually so you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful actually so you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful actually so you're asking
+about whether of a delta R is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether of a delta R is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether of a delta R is actually
+strictly tangent to the curve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly tangent to the curve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly tangent to the curve that's
+quite actually Delta R is not strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite actually Delta R is not strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite actually Delta R is not strictly
+tangent to anything so maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to anything so maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to anything so maybe I should
+have another picture if I'm going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another picture if I'm going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another picture if I'm going from
+here to here then Delta R is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here then Delta R is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here then Delta R is going to be
+this arc inside the curve while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arc inside the curve while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arc inside the curve while the
+tangent vector will be going in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector will be going in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector will be going in this
+direction okay so they are not strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so they are not strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so they are not strictly
+parallel to each other and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to each other and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to each other and that's why
+it's only approximately equal similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only approximately equal similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only approximately equal similarly
+this distance the length of Delta R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance the length of Delta R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance the length of Delta R is
+not exactly the length along the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the length along the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the length along the curve
+it's actually a bit shorter but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a bit shorter but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a bit shorter but if you
+imagine a smaller and smaller portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a smaller and smaller portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a smaller and smaller portion of
+a curve then you know this this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve then you know this this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve then you know this this effect
+of the curve being a curve and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve being a curve and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve being a curve and that the
+straight line becomes more negligible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line becomes more negligible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line becomes more negligible if
+you zoom into the curve sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom into the curve sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom into the curve sufficiently
+then it looks more and more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it looks more and more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it looks more and more like a
+straight line and then what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and then what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and then what I said
+becomes true in the limit okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes true in the limit okay any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes true in the limit okay any other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what happens next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me show you a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me show you a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me show you a nice example
+of why we might want to use vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why we might want to use vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why we might want to use vectors to
+study parametric curves because after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study parametric curves because after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study parametric curves because after
+all a lot of words here you can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a lot of words here you can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a lot of words here you can just do
+in coordinates and we don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinates and we don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinates and we don't really need
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+well actually vectors being a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually vectors being a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually vectors being a language
+you know you never strictly need it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you never strictly need it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you never strictly need it but
+it's useful to have a notion of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to have a notion of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to have a notion of vectors
+so I want to tell you a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kepler's second law of celestial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's second law of celestial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's second law of celestial
+mechanics so that goes back from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so that goes back from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so that goes back from that
+goes back to 1609 so that's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to 1609 so that's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to 1609 so that's not exactly
+a recent news okay but still I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recent news okay but still I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recent news okay but still I think
+it's a very interesting example of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting example of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting example of why
+you might want to use vector methods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to use vector methods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to use vector methods to
+analyze motions so what happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze motions so what happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze motions so what happens what
+happened back then is Kepler was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened back then is Kepler was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened back then is Kepler was trying
+to observe the motion of planets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe the motion of planets in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe the motion of planets in the
+sky in the sky and trying to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky in the sky and trying to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky in the sky and trying to come up
+with general explanations of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with general explanations of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with general explanations of how they
+move before him people were saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move before him people were saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move before him people were saying well
+we kind of move in a circle but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of move in a circle but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of move in a circle but maybe
+it's more complicated than that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more complicated than that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more complicated than that we need
+to add smaller circular motions on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add smaller circular motions on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add smaller circular motions on top
+of each other and so on they had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other and so on they had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other and so on they had more
+and more complicated theories and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complicated theories and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complicated theories and then
+Kepler came with these laws that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler came with these laws that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler came with these laws that said
+basically that planets move in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that planets move in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that planets move in an
+ellipse around the Sun and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse around the Sun and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse around the Sun and that they
+move in a very specific way along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in a very specific way along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in a very specific way along that
+ellipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse
+so there's actually three laws but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually three laws but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually three laws but let
+me just tell you about the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just tell you about the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just tell you about the second one
+that has a very nice vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a very nice vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a very nice vector
+interpretation so what Kepler's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so what Kepler's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so what Kepler's second
+law says is that the motion of planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is first of all they move in a plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first of all they move in a plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first of all they move in a plane and
+second the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+swept out by the line from the Sun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out by the line from the Sun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out by the line from the Sun to
+the planet is swept at constant I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry is swept at constant height from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is swept at constant height from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is swept at constant height from
+the Sun to the planet is swept out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun to the planet is swept out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun to the planet is swept out by
+the line at a constant rate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line at a constant rate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line at a constant rate okay so
+that's an interesting law because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting law because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting law because it
+tells you once you know what we are 'but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you once you know what we are 'but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you once you know what we are 'but
+if a planet looks like it tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a planet looks like it tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a planet looks like it tells you how
+fast it's going to move on that orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me explain again so this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me explain again so this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me explain again so this law
+says you know maybe the Sun let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know maybe the Sun let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know maybe the Sun let's put
+the Sun here at the origin and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun here at the origin and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun here at the origin and let's
+have a planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a planet
+well the planet orbits around the Sun in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the planet orbits around the Sun in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the planet orbits around the Sun in
+some trajectory so this is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trajectory so this is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trajectory so this is supposed to
+be light blue can you see it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be light blue can you see it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be light blue can you see it as
+different from white no okay maneuver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay doesn't really matter so the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay doesn't really matter so the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay doesn't really matter so the planet
+moves on its orbit and if you wait for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves on its orbit and if you wait for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves on its orbit and if you wait for a
+certain time then in a bit later it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time then in a bit later it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time then in a bit later it will
+be here then here and so on then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here then here and so on then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here then here and so on then you can
+look at the amount of area you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the amount of area you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the amount of area you know
+inside this triangular wedge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this triangular wedge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this triangular wedge and the
+claim is that the amount of area in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that the amount of area in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that the amount of area in here
+is proportional to the time elapsed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the time elapsed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the time elapsed so
+in particular if the planet is closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if the planet is closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if the planet is closer to
+the Sun then it has to go faster and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun then it has to go faster and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun then it has to go faster and if
+it's further away from the Sun when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's further away from the Sun when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's further away from the Sun when it
+has to go slower so that the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go slower so that the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go slower so that the area
+remains forgotten all the time so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains forgotten all the time so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains forgotten all the time so it's a
+very sophisticated prediction and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated prediction and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated prediction and I
+think the way he came to it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way he came to it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way he came to it was really
+just by using a lot of observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using a lot of observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using a lot of observations and
+trying to measure what things were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure what things were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure what things were you
+know what was true it wasn't true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what was true it wasn't true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what was true it wasn't true but
+let's try to see how we can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see how we can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see how we can understand
+that in terms of what we know today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of what we know today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of what we know today
+about mechanics so in fact what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mechanics so in fact what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mechanics so in fact what happens
+is that Newton so Newton was quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Newton so Newton was quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Newton so Newton was quite a bit
+later and that was the late 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and that was the late 17th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and that was the late 17th century
+instead of beginning of the 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he was able to explain this using his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was able to explain this using his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was able to explain this using his
+laws for gravitational attraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll see that if we will formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that if we will formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that if we will formulate
+Kepler's law in terms of vectors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's law in terms of vectors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's law in terms of vectors then
+and if we work a bit with these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we work a bit with these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we work a bit with these vectors
+we're going to end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with something
+that actually and completely obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually and completely obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually and completely obvious to
+us now at the time it was very far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now at the time it was very far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now at the time it was very far from
+obvious but to us now it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but to us now it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but to us now it's completely
+obvious so let's try to see what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so let's try to see what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so let's try to see what does
+Kepler's law say in terms of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's think of what kinds of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think of what kinds of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think of what kinds of vectors
+we might want to have in here well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to have in here well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to have in here well it
+might be good to think of maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be good to think of maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be good to think of maybe the
+position vector and maybe it's variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector and maybe it's variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector and maybe it's variation
+so if we wait as an amount of time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we wait as an amount of time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we wait as an amount of time we'll
+have a vector Delta R which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector Delta R which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector Delta R which is the
+change in position vector over a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in position vector over a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in position vector over a certain
+interval of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's start with the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start with the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start with the first step
+what's the most complicated thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most complicated thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most complicated thing in
+here it's this area swept out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's this area swept out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's this area swept out by the
+line how do we express that area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line how do we express that area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line how do we express that area in
+terms of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of vectors
+well I've almost given the answer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've almost given the answer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've almost given the answer by
+drawing this picture right if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this picture right if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this picture right if I take a
+sufficiently small amount of time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small amount of time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small amount of time this
+base glider engine looks like a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base glider engine looks like a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base glider engine looks like a triangle
+so we have to find the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to find the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to find the area of a
+triangle well we know how to do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle well we know how to do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle well we know how to do that now
+so the area is approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the area is approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the area is approximately equal to
+one-half of the area of a parallelogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half of the area of a parallelogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half of the area of a parallelogram
+that I could form from these vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could form from these vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could form from these vectors and
+the area of a parallelogram is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a parallelogram is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a parallelogram is given by
+the magnitude of a cross-product okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a cross-product okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a cross-product okay so
+I should say this is the area swept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say this is the area swept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say this is the area swept in
+time delta T and you should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delta T and you should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delta T and you should think of
+delta T as relatively small I mean at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T as relatively small I mean at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T as relatively small I mean at
+the scale of a planet that might still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of a planet that might still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of a planet that might still
+be you know a few days but small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know a few days but small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know a few days but small
+compared to the overall trajectory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the overall trajectory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the overall trajectory so
+now let's remember that the amount a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's remember that the amount a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's remember that the amount a
+which removed Delta R is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which removed Delta R is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which removed Delta R is approximately
+equal to V times delta T okay I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V times delta T okay I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V times delta T okay I'm just
+using what the definition of a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what the definition of a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what the definition of a velocity
+vector so let's use that well sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so let's use that well sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so let's use that well sorry so
+it's again approximately equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again approximately equal to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again approximately equal to R
+cross V magnitude times delta T I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V magnitude times delta T I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V magnitude times delta T I can
+take out the delta T which is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the delta T which is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the delta T which is a scalar
+so now what does it mean to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what does it mean to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what does it mean to say that
+area is swept at a constant rate means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is swept at a constant rate means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is swept at a constant rate means
+this thing is proportional to delta T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is proportional to delta T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is proportional to delta T so
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+so the last days in fact that the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last days in fact that the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last days in fact that the length
+of this cross product R cross V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cross product R cross V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cross product R cross V equals
+constant aquas V has constant length any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant aquas V has constant length any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant aquas V has constant length any
+questions about that no yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that no yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that no yes
+yes let me try to explain that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let me try to explain that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let me try to explain that so what
+I'm claiming is that the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming is that the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming is that the length of the
+cross product R cross V measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product R cross V measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product R cross V measures the
+rate at which area is swept by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which area is swept by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which area is swept by the
+position vector I would say with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector I would say with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector I would say with a
+factor of two one half of this length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two one half of this length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two one half of this length is
+the rate at which area is swept how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which area is swept how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which area is swept how do
+we see that well let's take a small time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that well let's take a small time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that well let's take a small time
+interval delta T in time delta T our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval delta T in time delta T our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval delta T in time delta T our
+planet moves by V delta T okay so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet moves by V delta T okay so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet moves by V delta T okay so if it
+moves by V delta T it means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves by V delta T it means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves by V delta T it means that this
+triangle up there has two sides one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle up there has two sides one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle up there has two sides one is
+the position vector R the other one is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position vector R the other one is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position vector R the other one is V
+delta T so it's area is given by 1/2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so it's area is given by 1/2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so it's area is given by 1/2 of
+the Banga to the cross product that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Banga to the cross product that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Banga to the cross product that's
+the formula we've seen for the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we've seen for the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we've seen for the area of a
+triangle in space so the area is 1/2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in space so the area is 1/2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in space so the area is 1/2 of
+the cross product R and V delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product R and V delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product R and V delta T
+magnitude of the cross product so to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the cross product so to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the cross product so to say
+that the rate at which a I swept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate at which a I swept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate at which a I swept is
+constant means that these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant means that these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant means that these two are
+proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+we are divided by delta T is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are divided by delta T is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are divided by delta T is constant
+over time and so this is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what about the other half of the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about the other half of the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about the other half of the law
+well it says that the motion is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says that the motion is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says that the motion is in a
+plane and so you know we have a plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and so you know we have a plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and so you know we have a plane in
+which the motion takes place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the motion takes place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the motion takes place and
+contains also the Sun and it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains also the Sun and it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains also the Sun and it contains
+the trajectory so let's think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory so let's think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory so let's think about that
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+well I claim that the position vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I claim that the position vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I claim that the position vector is
+in the plane that's what we are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane that's what we are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane that's what we are saying
+but there's another vector that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another vector that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another vector that I know
+is in the plane but you could say give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the plane but you could say give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the plane but you could say give a
+position vector at another time at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector at another time at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector at another time at any
+time but in fact what's also true is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but in fact what's also true is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but in fact what's also true is
+that the velocity vector is in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity vector is in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity vector is in the plane
+if I'm moving in a plane then position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm moving in a plane then position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm moving in a plane then position
+and velocity are in there so the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity are in there so the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity are in there so the plane
+of motion contains R and V so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion contains R and V so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion contains R and V so what's the
+direction of the cross product R cross V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the cross product R cross V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the cross product R cross V
+well it's the direction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the direction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the direction that's
+perpendicular to this plane so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this plane so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this plane so it's
+normal to the plane of motion and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the plane of motion and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the plane of motion and that
+means now that actually we've put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means now that actually we've put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means now that actually we've put the
+two statements in there into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two statements in there into a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two statements in there into a single
+form because we are saying R cross V has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because we are saying R cross V has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because we are saying R cross V has
+constant length and constant direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length and constant direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length and constant direction
+in fact in general you know maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in general you know maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in general you know maybe I
+should say something about this so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say something about this so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say something about this so if
+you just look at the position vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the position vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the position vector and
+the velocity vector for any motion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector for any motion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector for any motion at
+any given time then together of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time then together of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time then together of a
+determine some plane and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine some plane and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine some plane and that's the
+plane that contains the origin the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that contains the origin the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that contains the origin the point
+and the velocity vector if you want it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the velocity vector if you want it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the velocity vector if you want it's
+the plane in which the motion seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane in which the motion seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane in which the motion seems to
+be going at the given time now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going at the given time now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going at the given time now of course
+if your motion is not in a plane then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your motion is not in a plane then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your motion is not in a plane then
+the plane will change it's somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane will change it's somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane will change it's somehow the
+instant you know the plane in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant you know the plane in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant you know the plane in which the
+motion is taking place at the given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is taking place at the given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is taking place at the given time
+and to say that the motion actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say that the motion actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say that the motion actually
+stays in that plane forever means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in that plane forever means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in that plane forever means that
+this guy will not change direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will not change direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will not change direction okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so Kepler's second law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so Kepler's second law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so Kepler's second law is
+actually equivalent to saying that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to saying that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to saying that R
+cross V equals constant equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V equals constant equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V equals constant equals a
+constant vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant vector okay
+that's what the law says so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the law says so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the law says so in terms of
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+it means D by DT of R cross V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means D by DT of R cross V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means D by DT of R cross V is the
+zero vector okay now so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector okay now so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector okay now so there's an
+interesting thing to know which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to know which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to know which is that
+we can use the usual product rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the usual product rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the usual product rule for
+derivatives with vector expressions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with vector expressions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with vector expressions with
+dot products or cross product there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot products or cross product there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot products or cross product there's
+only one catch which is that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one catch which is that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one catch which is that when we
+differentiate a cross product we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a cross product we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a cross product we have to
+be careful that the guy on the Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful that the guy on the Left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful that the guy on the Left
+stays on the left again the right state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays on the left again the right state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays on the left again the right state
+and right okay so if you know UV prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right okay so if you know UV prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right okay so if you know UV prime
+equals u prime V Plus UV Prime then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals u prime V Plus UV Prime then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals u prime V Plus UV Prime then
+you're safe if you know it as u prime V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're safe if you know it as u prime V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're safe if you know it as u prime V
+Plus V prime u then you're not safe okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus V prime u then you're not safe okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus V prime u then you're not safe okay
+so it's been living to watch for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product rule is okay for taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule is okay for taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule is okay for taking the
+derivative of a dot product where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a dot product where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a dot product where you
+don't actually even need to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually even need to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually even need to be very
+careful about other things a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about other things a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about other things a derivative
+of a cross product where you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cross product where you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cross product where you just need
+to be a little bit more careful okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit more careful okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit more careful okay so
+now that we know that we can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know that we can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know that we can write this
+as dr/dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dr/dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dr/dt
+cos V + r cross DV DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well let's we formulate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's we formulate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's we formulate things
+slightly so dr/dt already has a name in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so dr/dt already has a name in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so dr/dt already has a name in
+fact that's V okay that's what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's V okay that's what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's V okay that's what we call
+the velocity vector so this is V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector so this is V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector so this is V equals
+V plus R close what is DV DT that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus R close what is DV DT that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus R close what is DV DT that's the
+acceleration a equals zero okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration a equals zero okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration a equals zero okay so now
+what's the next step well we know what V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next step well we know what V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next step well we know what V
+cross V is because remember a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V is because remember a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V is because remember a vector
+plus itself is always zero okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus itself is always zero okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus itself is always zero okay so so
+this is the same as R cross 8 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as R cross 8 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as R cross 8 equals 0
+and that's the same as saying that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same as saying that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same as saying that you
+know the cross product of two vectors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cross product of two vectors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cross product of two vectors is
+zero exactly when the parallelogram at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero exactly when the parallelogram at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero exactly when the parallelogram at
+the firm has no area and the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm has no area and the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm has no area and the way in
+which what happens is if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what happens is if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what happens is if they are
+actually parallel to each other so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parallel to each other so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parallel to each other so that
+means the acceleration is parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the acceleration is parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the acceleration is parallel to
+the position okay so in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position okay so in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position okay so in fact what
+Kepler's second law says is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's second law says is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's second law says is that the
+acceleration is parallel to the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is parallel to the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is parallel to the position
+vector and since we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and since we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and since we know that
+acceleration is caused by a force that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is caused by a force that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is caused by a force that's
+equivalent to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the fact that the
+gravitational force is parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is parallel to the
+position vector that means well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector that means well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector that means well you know
+if you have the Sun here at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the Sun here at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the Sun here at the origin
+and if you have your planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have your planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have your planet
+well the gravitational force caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the gravitational force caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the gravitational force caused by
+the Sun should go along this line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun should go along this line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun should go along this line in
+fact the law doesn't even say whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the law doesn't even say whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the law doesn't even say whether
+it's going towards the Sun or away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going towards the Sun or away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going towards the Sun or away from
+the Sun well what we know now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun well what we know now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun well what we know now is that
+contraction is two words person but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction is two words person but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction is two words person but
+Kepler's law would also be true actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's law would also be true actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's law would also be true actually
+if things were going away so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things were going away so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things were going away so in
+particular say electric force also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular say electric force also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular say electric force also has
+this property of being towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property of being towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property of being towards the
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+so actually if you look at motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you look at motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you look at motion of
+charged particles in an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles in an electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles in an electric field
+caused by your point charge particle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by your point charge particle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by your point charge particle it
+also satisfies Kepler's law satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also satisfies Kepler's law satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also satisfies Kepler's law satisfies
+the same law okay that's the end for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same law okay that's the end for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same law okay that's the end for
+today thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0STE0476EOk.txt b/0STE0476EOk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56d90498c59e90dbf50d00123513890a760efca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0STE0476EOk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+in this section we want to build on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to build on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to build on we
+just learned about the relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned about the relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned about the relativistic
+doppler effect and redshift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doppler effect and redshift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doppler effect and redshift
+so we take on traveling through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take on traveling through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take on traveling through the
+galaxy from here from earth towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy from here from earth towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy from here from earth towards the
+center of the galaxy the situation is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the galaxy the situation is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the galaxy the situation is as
+follows we have bob who's stationary on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we have bob who's stationary on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we have bob who's stationary on
+our planet earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our planet earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our planet earth
+and alice who's makes use of a new space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alice who's makes use of a new space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alice who's makes use of a new space
+bar that spacecraft is able to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that spacecraft is able to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that spacecraft is able to travel
+with a velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.99999998 times the speed of light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.99999998 times the speed of light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.99999998 times the speed of light so
+that's really fast corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really fast corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really fast corresponds to a
+gamma factor of 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma factor of 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma factor of 15
+now the center of the galaxy is about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the center of the galaxy is about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the center of the galaxy is about 30
+000 light years away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 light years away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 light years away
+and in bob's reference frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in bob's reference frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in bob's reference frame this
+journey will take about 30 000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey will take about 30 000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey will take about 30 000 years
+because the velocity is about the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the velocity is about the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the velocity is about the speed
+of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+for alice however the journey will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alice however the journey will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alice however the journey will only
+take two years so that's quite doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two years so that's quite doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two years so that's quite doable
+the question now is what does lsc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is what does lsc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is what does lsc
+literally what is she going to see while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally what is she going to see while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally what is she going to see while
+she is looking out of the windows of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is looking out of the windows of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is looking out of the windows of the
+spacecraft this is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft this is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft this is a picture
+similar to the one we see in in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the one we see in in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the one we see in in some of
+the movies where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies where
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+there's on the horizon there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's on the horizon there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's on the horizon there's lots of
+stars and once the space spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and once the space spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and once the space spacecraft
+accelerates you see those dots kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates you see those dots kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates you see those dots kind of
+blurry coming towards us stripes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry coming towards us stripes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry coming towards us stripes
+or is the situation somehow different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is the situation somehow different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is the situation somehow different
+the starlight has a wavelength of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starlight has a wavelength of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starlight has a wavelength of about
+600 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 nanometers
+and the cosmic microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cosmic microwave background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cosmic microwave background
+wavelength of 1.06 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of 1.06 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of 1.06 millimeters
+so how is ellis going to observe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how is ellis going to observe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how is ellis going to observe those
+two light sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two light sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two light sources
+in her trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i invite you to work this out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i invite you to work this out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i invite you to work this out but
+also think about the next question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about the next question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about the next question how
+long does it take for alice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take for alice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take for alice to
+accelerate from zero to her velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate from zero to her velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate from zero to her velocity
+with an acceleration of 10 meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an acceleration of 10 meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an acceleration of 10 meters per
+second squared which is one g which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second squared which is one g which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second squared which is one g which is
+very very doable for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very doable for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very doable for her
+okay so i invite you to stop the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i invite you to stop the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i invite you to stop the video
+here and work out those numbers to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and work out those numbers to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and work out those numbers to get a
+feel and speculate a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and speculate a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and speculate a little bit about
+how this journey is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this journey is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this journey is actually going to
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the solution
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the is moving towards us so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is moving towards us so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is moving towards us so it's going
+to be blue shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be blue shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be blue shifted
+the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity
+is given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given here
+is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better
+we have seen that redshift or oneplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that redshift or oneplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that redshift or oneplus
+redshift is equal to the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redshift is equal to the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redshift is equal to the emitted
+wavelength provided by the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength provided by the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength provided by the observed
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+and you find that that factor is ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that that factor is ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that that factor is ten
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+so we just have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have to divide
+our emitted wavelength by ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our emitted wavelength by ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our emitted wavelength by ten thousand
+and find that the observed starlight has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that the observed starlight has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that the observed starlight has
+a wavelength of 4.6 0.06
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength of 4.6 0.06
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength of 4.6 0.06
+nanometers which is x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers which is x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers which is x-ray
+so she's going to be flooded by x-ray as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's going to be flooded by x-ray as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's going to be flooded by x-ray as
+lights coming from these stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights coming from these stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights coming from these stars
+and similarly the observed cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the observed cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the observed cosmic
+microwave background is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background is going to be
+about 106 nanometers this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 106 nanometers this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 106 nanometers this which is
+ultraviolet light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet light
+so the ultraviolet light there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ultraviolet light there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ultraviolet light there's a
+spectrum to this so what she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum to this so what she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum to this so what she's going to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+x-ray which you can actually not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray which you can actually not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray which you can actually not see
+with her eyes but she will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her eyes but she will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her eyes but she will be able to
+see the ultraviolet or some part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ultraviolet or some part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ultraviolet or some part of the
+spectrum as a kind of a blurry fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum as a kind of a blurry fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum as a kind of a blurry fuzzy
+kind of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of background
+all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place
+so the situation is actually different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation is actually different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation is actually different
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+what we just saw in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw in this picture
+a few more fun facts about the cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more fun facts about the cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more fun facts about the cosmic
+microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background
+it's actually at a temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually at a temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually at a temperature so
+um the spectrum of cosmic microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the spectrum of cosmic microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the spectrum of cosmic microwave
+backgrounds those protons they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds those protons they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds those protons they
+correspond to a spectrum emitted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a spectrum emitted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a spectrum emitted by
+this which corresponds to a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which corresponds to a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which corresponds to a specific
+temperature of 2.7 kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of 2.7 kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of 2.7 kelvin
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+the temperature of our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of our universe
+this temperature was about 3000 kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature was about 3000 kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature was about 3000 kelvin
+about 380 000 years after the big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 380 000 years after the big bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 380 000 years after the big bang
+the age of the universe at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of the universe at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of the universe at the time
+and then at that time this corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that time this corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that time this corresponds
+to visible light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visible light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visible light
+but at that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at that moment
+the light stopped interacting or stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light stopped interacting or stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light stopped interacting or stopped
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the likelihood for the light to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood for the light to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood for the light to interact
+with something outside in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something outside in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something outside in the universe
+became so low that it just stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became so low that it just stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became so low that it just stopped
+interacting and then the frequency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting and then the frequency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting and then the frequency uh
+changed because the universe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because the universe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because the universe was
+expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding
+so what we are seeing today is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are seeing today is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are seeing today is kind of a
+relic of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relic of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relic of the universe
+at that time at three hundred eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time at three hundred eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time at three hundred eighty
+thousand years after the big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years after the big bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years after the big bang
+and if you study the my prosthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you study the my prosthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you study the my prosthetic
+microwave background with some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background with some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background with some more
+precision you see that there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision you see that there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision you see that there's actually
+a fluctuation which can be analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluctuation which can be analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluctuation which can be analyzed
+it turns out that you can collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you can collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you can collide
+correlate those fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate those fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate those fluctuations
+fluctuations of the energy density 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations of the energy density 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations of the energy density 800
+380 000 years after big big bang this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380 000 years after big big bang this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380 000 years after big big bang this
+the presence of today's stars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of today's stars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of today's stars and
+galaxies and galaxy clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and galaxy clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and galaxy clusters
+so those energy fluctuations are served
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those energy fluctuations are served
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those energy fluctuations are served
+as seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seeds
+for the formation of galaxies and galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formation of galaxies and galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formation of galaxies and galaxy
+transplants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplants
+quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting
+today we have about 400 of those photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have about 400 of those photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have about 400 of those photons
+microwave photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave photons
+per square cubic centimeters that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square cubic centimeters that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square cubic centimeters that's
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+busy environment around you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy environment around you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy environment around you know this
+little cube has about 400 what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cube has about 400 what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cube has about 400 what's not
+supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported
+but this is a spectrum as well but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a spectrum as well but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a spectrum as well but it's
+not just a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+background but it's a spectrum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background but it's a spectrum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background but it's a spectrum which
+corresponds to this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0w9luYcxHrw.txt b/0w9luYcxHrw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a02ad7684bec2e7b783a7e8fd68aff3b11b0476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0w9luYcxHrw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial orders are another way to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders are another way to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders are another way to talk
+about digraphs and they offer to us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about digraphs and they offer to us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about digraphs and they offer to us an
+interesting lesson in the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lesson in the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lesson in the idea of
+axiomatic a mathematical structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiomatic a mathematical structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiomatic a mathematical structure and
+mathematical ideas so let's begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical ideas so let's begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical ideas so let's begin by
+discussing some of the properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing some of the properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing some of the properties that
+we're going to use to axiom a ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use to axiom a ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use to axiom a ties
+partial orders and digraphs so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders and digraphs so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders and digraphs so if we
+think about walks in a digraph the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about walks in a digraph the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about walks in a digraph the basic
+property of walks is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of walks is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of walks is that if you have a
+walk from u to V and you have a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk from u to V and you have a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk from u to V and you have a walk
+from V to W then you put the two walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V to W then you put the two walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V to W then you put the two walks
+together and you wind up with a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you wind up with a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you wind up with a walk
+from u to W expressed in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to W expressed in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to W expressed in terms of the
+positive pet walk relation in G what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pet walk relation in G what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pet walk relation in G what
+this is saying is that if u g + v + v g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that if u g + v + v g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that if u g + v + v g
++ w then u g + w and that abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ w then u g + w and that abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ w then u g + w and that abstract
+property which i'm highlighting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which i'm highlighting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which i'm highlighting with the
+magenta box when you apply it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta box when you apply it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta box when you apply it to an
+arbitrary relation is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary relation is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary relation is called the
+transitivity property so a relation R on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity property so a relation R on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity property so a relation R on
+a set that is R is relating the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set that is R is relating the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set that is R is relating the domain
+and codomain of are the same is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and codomain of are the same is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and codomain of are the same is that you
+are V and V are W implies you are W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are V and V are W implies you are W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are V and V are W implies you are W and
+a relation that has that property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation that has that property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation that has that property is
+said to be transitive and of course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be transitive and of course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be transitive and of course what
+we've just seen is that the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just seen is that the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just seen is that the positive
+path relation of any graph G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path relation of any graph G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path relation of any graph G is
+transitive another way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive another way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive another way to say
+transitivity is to read you are V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity is to read you are V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity is to read you are V is
+saying there's an edge from u to V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's an edge from u to V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's an edge from u to V and
+what this says is that if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that if there's an
+edge from u to V and an edge from V to W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge from u to V and an edge from V to W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge from u to V and an edge from V to W
+there's an edge from u to W or in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge from u to W or in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge from u to W or in other
+words if there's a path of length 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if there's a path of length 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if there's a path of length 2
+there's a path of length 1 and then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a path of length 1 and then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a path of length 1 and then by
+easy induction it follows that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy induction it follows that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy induction it follows that if
+there's a path of any length between of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a path of any length between of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a path of any length between of
+any positive lengths between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive lengths between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive lengths between two
+vertices then in fact there's a path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices then in fact there's a path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices then in fact there's a path of
+length 1 that is an edge between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the basic theorem that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the basic theorem that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the basic theorem that we have
+to begin with is what is transitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with is what is transitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with is what is transitivity
+capturing as a property of a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing as a property of a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing as a property of a relation
+and a relation r is transitive if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a relation r is transitive if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a relation r is transitive if and
+only if in fact R is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if in fact R is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if in fact R is equal to the
+positive walk relation for some digraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive walk relation for some digraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive walk relation for some digraph
+J the proof of this is basically trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the proof of this is basically trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the proof of this is basically trivial
+because you can let the relation R be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can let the relation R be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can let the relation R be
+the digraph that it's the positive path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digraph that it's the positive path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digraph that it's the positive path
+relation of if we look now at directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of if we look now at directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of if we look now at directed
+acyclic graphs then what we have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graphs then what we have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graphs then what we have is that
+if there's a positive length path from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a positive length path from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a positive length path from a
+vertex u to a vertex V then since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex u to a vertex V then since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex u to a vertex V then since
+there's no cycles in a directed acyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no cycles in a directed acyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no cycles in a directed acyclic
+graph there can't be a path back from V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there can't be a path back from V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there can't be a path back from V
+to u and that property is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u and that property is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u and that property is called a
+symmetry so the plus which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so the plus which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so the plus which is the
+positive path relation in a dag has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive path relation in a dag has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive path relation in a dag has this
+asymmetry property namely if you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry property namely if you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry property namely if you can get
+to V by a positive length path and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V by a positive length path and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V by a positive length path and it's
+not possible for V to get back to you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible for V to get back to you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible for V to get back to you by
+a positive length path so abstracted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive length path so abstracted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive length path so abstracted you
+are V implies Naqvi are you that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are V implies Naqvi are you that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are V implies Naqvi are you that's the
+asymmetry property of an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry property of an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry property of an arbitrary
+relation r and by definition of a cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation r and by definition of a cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation r and by definition of a cyclic
+d+ is a such is a symmetric in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d+ is a such is a symmetric in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d+ is a such is a symmetric in a graph
+without cycles okay a strict partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without cycles okay a strict partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without cycles okay a strict partial
+order is simply a relation that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is simply a relation that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is simply a relation that has
+these two properties of being transitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two properties of being transitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two properties of being transitive
+an asymmetric and some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetric and some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetric and some examples of
+strict partial orders are the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict partial orders are the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict partial orders are the proper
+containment relation on sets which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment relation on sets which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment relation on sets which we've
+previously commented can be viewed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously commented can be viewed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously commented can be viewed as a
+dag but now it satisfies transitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag but now it satisfies transitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag but now it satisfies transitivity
+and the fact that if one sets properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that if one sets properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that if one sets properly
+contained in another the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in another the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in another the second one
+can't be properly contained in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be properly contained in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be properly contained in the first
+because proper means you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because proper means you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because proper means you have something
+extra the indirect prerequisite relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra the indirect prerequisite relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra the indirect prerequisite relation
+on MIT subjects would be another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on MIT subjects would be another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on MIT subjects would be another example
+of a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strict
+was it if I'm a prerequisite of you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it if I'm a prerequisite of you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it if I'm a prerequisite of you you
+can't be a prerequisite of me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be a prerequisite of me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be a prerequisite of me and
+finally the less than relation on real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the less than relation on real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the less than relation on real
+numbers these are all examples of strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these are all examples of strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these are all examples of strict
+partial orders and putting together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders and putting together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders and putting together the
+previous reasoning what we can say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous reasoning what we can say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous reasoning what we can say is
+that a relation R is a strict partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a relation R is a strict partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a relation R is a strict partial
+order if and only if R is the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if and only if R is the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if and only if R is the positive
+path relation for some great dag Dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path relation for some great dag Dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path relation for some great dag Dean
+so the axioms that define strict partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the axioms that define strict partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the axioms that define strict partial
+order namely transitivity and asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order namely transitivity and asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order namely transitivity and asymmetry
+can be said abstractly capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be said abstractly capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be said abstractly capture the
+property of a relation that it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a relation that it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a relation that it comes
+from a dag another important property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dag another important property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dag another important property of
+partial orders is the idea of being path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders is the idea of being path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial orders is the idea of being path
+total or linear as some authors call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total or linear as some authors call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total or linear as some authors call it
+and the simple definition of path total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simple definition of path total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simple definition of path total
+is that given any two elements one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that given any two elements one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that given any two elements one is
+going to be bigger than the other with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bigger than the other with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bigger than the other with
+respect to the relation most familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the relation most familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the relation most familiar
+example that would be the less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would be the less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would be the less than
+relation or the less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation or the less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation or the less than or equal to
+relation on the reals given any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation on the reals given any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation on the reals given any two
+distinct real numbers x and y either X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct real numbers x and y either X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct real numbers x and y either X
+is less than Y or Y is less than X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Y or Y is less than X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Y or Y is less than X and
+we take that property for granted now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that property for granted now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that property for granted now
+the frontal definition then is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontal definition then is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontal definition then is simply
+that if X is not equal to Y then either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if X is not equal to Y then either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if X is not equal to Y then either
+X are Y or Y are x and a relation R that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X are Y or Y are x and a relation R that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X are Y or Y are x and a relation R that
+has that property is called path total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that property is called path total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that property is called path total
+another way to say it is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say it is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say it is that there are
+no incomparable elements under R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no incomparable elements under R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no incomparable elements under R and
+I've again highlighted with a magenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've again highlighted with a magenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've again highlighted with a magenta
+box this property which is called path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box this property which is called path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box this property which is called path
+totality what another way to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totality what another way to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totality what another way to say that
+path total is that the whole order looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path total is that the whole order looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path total is that the whole order looks
+like a chain if you give me a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a chain if you give me a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a chain if you give me a bunch of
+elements there's gonna have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there's gonna have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there's gonna have to be a
+biggest one and then its next biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one and then its next biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one and then its next biggest
+one and so on assume you give me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so on assume you give me any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so on assume you give me any
+finite set of elements so the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of elements so the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of elements so the basic
+example again of path total would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again of path total would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again of path total would be
+number properties of bigger than and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number properties of bigger than and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number properties of bigger than and a
+basic example of something that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic example of something that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic example of something that would
+typically not be path total would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not be path total would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not be path total would be
+lets say subset containment where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets say subset containment where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets say subset containment where you
+can perfectly well have two sets neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perfectly well have two sets neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perfectly well have two sets neither
+of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which
+is contained in the other so a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the other so a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the other so a weak
+partial order is a small variation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial order is a small variation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial order is a small variation of a
+strict partial order that is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict partial order that is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict partial order that is another
+familiar concept where we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar concept where we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar concept where we take the
+strict property which guarantees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict property which guarantees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict property which guarantees that
+nothing's related to itself and we relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's related to itself and we relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's related to itself and we relax
+it so a strict partial order is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a strict partial order is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a strict partial order is just
+like a weak partial order except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a weak partial order except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a weak partial order except that
+the condition that there's no positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that there's no positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that there's no positive
+length path between an element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length path between an element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length path between an element and
+itself is relaxed so in fact it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is relaxed so in fact it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is relaxed so in fact it's not
+only relaxed but it's completely denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only relaxed but it's completely denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only relaxed but it's completely denied
+in a weak partial order we insist that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a weak partial order we insist that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a weak partial order we insist that
+every element is related to itself an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element is related to itself an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element is related to itself an
+example of that would be the less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that would be the less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that would be the less than
+or equal to relation sorry the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to relation sorry the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to relation sorry the the
+improper containment relation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper containment relation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper containment relation the
+ordinary subset relation on sets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary subset relation on sets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary subset relation on sets where
+now a is a subset with a bar under it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a is a subset with a bar under it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a is a subset with a bar under it a
+is just a subset of a not necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a subset of a not necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a subset of a not necessarily a
+strict subset or a proper subset means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict subset or a proper subset means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict subset or a proper subset means
+that in fact a is a subset of a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact a is a subset of a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact a is a subset of a and then
+less than or equal to when you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to when you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to when you put the
+little bar under the less than sign to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bar under the less than sign to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bar under the less than sign to
+indicate that equality is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that equality is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that equality is also a
+possibility you get a weak partial order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility you get a weak partial order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility you get a weak partial order
+on the real numbers so the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real numbers so the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real numbers so the property that
+distinguishes the weak from the strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes the weak from the strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes the weak from the strict
+is this property of reflexivity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this property of reflexivity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this property of reflexivity a
+relation R on a set is reflexive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation R on a set is reflexive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation R on a set is reflexive if
+every element is related to itself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element is related to itself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element is related to itself if
+and only if a are a for all little a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if a are a for all little a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if a are a for all little a in
+the domain capital A and what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain capital A and what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain capital A and what we can
+observe immediately is that the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe immediately is that the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe immediately is that the path of
+the walk relation G star which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walk relation G star which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walk relation G star which includes
+walks of length zero is reflexive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks of length zero is reflexive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks of length zero is reflexive
+because by definition there is a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by definition there is a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by definition there is a length
+zero walk from any vertex to itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero walk from any vertex to itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero walk from any vertex to itself so
+if you're going to play with axioms then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to play with axioms then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to play with axioms then
+you can reformulate a symmetry the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reformulate a symmetry the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reformulate a symmetry the idea
+of a symmetry except for elements being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a symmetry except for elements being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a symmetry except for elements being
+related to themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to themselves
+it's called anti symmetry and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called anti symmetry and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called anti symmetry and it says
+that a relation r is anti-symmetric if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a relation r is anti-symmetric if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a relation r is anti-symmetric if
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+if it's asymmetric except for the AR a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's asymmetric except for the AR a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's asymmetric except for the AR a
+case and more precisely the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and more precisely the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and more precisely the difference
+between asymmetry and anti symmetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between asymmetry and anti symmetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between asymmetry and anti symmetry is
+that in asymmetry a ra is never allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in asymmetry a ra is never allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in asymmetry a ra is never allowed
+and an anti symmetry a ra is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an anti symmetry a ra is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an anti symmetry a ra is a
+possibility it's not disallowed so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it's not disallowed so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it's not disallowed so an
+anti symmetric relation on our stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetric relation on our stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetric relation on our stated
+abstractly is that you are V implies not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly is that you are V implies not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly is that you are V implies not
+V are you for you not equal to V so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V are you for you not equal to V so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V are you for you not equal to V so the
+first line is exactly the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line is exactly the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line is exactly the statement of
+asymmetry and then I add this proviso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and then I add this proviso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and then I add this proviso
+that it only has to hold when the U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only has to hold when the U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only has to hold when the U and
+the V are not equal that's the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V are not equal that's the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V are not equal that's the formal
+way of saying anti symmetry is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying anti symmetry is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying anti symmetry is the same
+as a symmetry except for a ra and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symmetry except for a ra and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symmetry except for a ra and the
+the walk relation in a digraph which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walk relation in a digraph which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walk relation in a digraph which
+includes length zero walks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes length zero walks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes length zero walks is
+anti-symmetric so with partial orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric so with partial orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric so with partial orders
+just what you get when you put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what you get when you put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what you get when you put these
+things together weak partial order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together weak partial order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together weak partial order is
+transitive anti-symmetric and reflexive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive anti-symmetric and reflexive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive anti-symmetric and reflexive
+so in a weak partial order we insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a weak partial order we insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a weak partial order we insist
+that every element be related to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every element be related to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every element be related to itself
+so there's a lissa is the quick remark a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lissa is the quick remark a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lissa is the quick remark a
+symmetric means implies nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric means implies nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric means implies nothing's
+related to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to itself
+reflexive implies everything is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive implies everything is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive implies everything is related
+to itself and it's possible that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself and it's possible that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself and it's possible that there
+be some graph that in which some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some graph that in which some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some graph that in which some
+elements are related to themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are related to themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are related to themselves and
+some not that would be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some not that would be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some not that would be something that
+was neither a strict nor a weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was neither a strict nor a weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was neither a strict nor a weak partial
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+it would just be transitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be transitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be transitive and
+anti-symmetric those don't come up much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric those don't come up much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric those don't come up much
+and so we don't bother to give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we don't bother to give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we don't bother to give them a
+name or talk about them and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name or talk about them and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name or talk about them and finally the
+theorem that summarizes up this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that summarizes up this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that summarizes up this whole
+story is that R is a weak partial order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that R is a weak partial order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that R is a weak partial order
+if and only if R is equal to the walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if R is equal to the walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if R is equal to the walk
+relation for some dag including length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for some dag including length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for some dag including length
+zero walks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/12KzzzmaYrw.txt b/12KzzzmaYrw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..031c4e2cecefddda51db917ec44bd860b92aee18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/12KzzzmaYrw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's now see how the baseline method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now see how the baseline method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now see how the baseline method
+used by D to Hawkeye would perform on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by D to Hawkeye would perform on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by D to Hawkeye would perform on
+this data set the baseline method would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set the baseline method would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set the baseline method would
+predict that the cost bucket for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the cost bucket for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the cost bucket for a
+patient in 2009 would be the same as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in 2009 would be the same as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in 2009 would be the same as it
+was in 2008 so let's create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 2008 so let's create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 2008 so let's create a
+classification matrix to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification matrix to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification matrix to compute the
+accuracy for the baseline method on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy for the baseline method on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy for the baseline method on the
+test set so we'll use the table function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set so we'll use the table function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set so we'll use the table function
+where the actual outcomes are claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actual outcomes are claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actual outcomes are claims
+test bucket 2009 and our predictions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test bucket 2009 and our predictions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test bucket 2009 and our predictions are
+claims test bucket 2008 the accuracy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims test bucket 2008 the accuracy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims test bucket 2008 the accuracy is
+the sum of the diagonal the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the diagonal the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the diagonal the observations
+that were classified correctly divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were classified correctly divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were classified correctly divided
+by the total number of observations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the total number of observations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the total number of observations in
+our test set so we want to add up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test set so we want to add up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test set so we want to add up a
+hundred and ten thousand one hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ten thousand one hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ten thousand one hundred and
+thirty eight plus ten thousand seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty eight plus ten thousand seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty eight plus ten thousand seven
+hundred and twenty one plus two thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty one plus two thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty one plus two thousand
+seven hundred and seventy four plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred and seventy four plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred and seventy four plus one
+thousand five hundred and thirty nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred and thirty nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred and thirty nine
+plus a hundred and four and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a hundred and four and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a hundred and four and we want to
+divide by the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the total number of
+observations in this table or the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in this table or the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in this table or the number
+of rows in claims tests so the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows in claims tests so the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows in claims tests so the accuracy
+of the baseline method is point sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the baseline method is point sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the baseline method is point sixty
+eight now how about the penalty air to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight now how about the penalty air to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight now how about the penalty air to
+compute this we need to first create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this we need to first create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this we need to first create a
+penalty matrix in our keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty matrix in our keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty matrix in our keep in mind that
+we'll put the actual outcomes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put the actual outcomes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put the actual outcomes on the
+left and the predicted outcomes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the predicted outcomes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the predicted outcomes on the
+top so I'll call it penalty matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so I'll call it penalty matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so I'll call it penalty matrix which
+will be equal to a matrix object in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to a matrix object in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to a matrix object in our
+and then we need to give the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to give the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to give the numbers
+that should fill up the matrix 0 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should fill up the matrix 0 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should fill up the matrix 0 1 2 3
+for that'll be the first row and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that'll be the first row and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that'll be the first row and then to
+0 1 2 3 that'll be the second row for 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 2 3 that'll be the second row for 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 2 3 that'll be the second row for 2
+0 1 2 for the third row 6 4 2 0 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 2 for the third row 6 4 2 0 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 2 for the third row 6 4 2 0 1 for
+the 4th row and finally 8 6 4 to 0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4th row and finally 8 6 4 to 0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4th row and finally 8 6 4 to 0 for
+the fifth row and then after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth row and then after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth row and then after the
+parentheses type a comma and then by row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses type a comma and then by row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses type a comma and then by row
+equals true and then add n row equals 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and then add n row equals 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and then add n row equals 5
+close the parentheses and hit enter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the parentheses and hit enter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the parentheses and hit enter so
+what do we just create type penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we just create type penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we just create type penalty
+matrix and hit enter so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and hit enter so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and hit enter so with the
+previous command we filled up our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command we filled up our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command we filled up our matrix
+row by row the actual outcomes are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by row the actual outcomes are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by row the actual outcomes are on
+the left and the predicted outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the predicted outcomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the predicted outcomes are
+on the top so as we saw in the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top so as we saw in the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top so as we saw in the slides
+the worst outcomes are when we predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst outcomes are when we predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst outcomes are when we predict a
+low cost bucket but the actual outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost bucket but the actual outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost bucket but the actual outcome
+is a high cost bucket we still give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high cost bucket we still give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high cost bucket we still give
+ourselves a penalty when we predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a penalty when we predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a penalty when we predict a
+high cost bucket and it's actually a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost bucket and it's actually a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost bucket and it's actually a low
+cost bucket but it's not as bad so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost bucket but it's not as bad so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost bucket but it's not as bad so now
+to compute the penalty error of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the penalty error of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the penalty error of the
+baseline method we can multiply our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method we can multiply our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method we can multiply our
+classification matrix by the penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification matrix by the penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification matrix by the penalty
+matrix so go ahead and hit the up arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so go ahead and hit the up arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so go ahead and hit the up arrow
+to get back to where you created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to where you created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to where you created the
+classification matrix with the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification matrix with the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification matrix with the table
+function and we're going to surround the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're going to surround the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're going to surround the
+entire table function by AZ dot matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire table function by AZ dot matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire table function by AZ dot matrix
+to convert it to a matrix so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert it to a matrix so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert it to a matrix so that we can
+multiply it by our penalty matrix so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by our penalty matrix so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by our penalty matrix so I'm
+at the end close the parentheses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end close the parentheses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end close the parentheses and
+then multiplied by penalty matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplied by penalty matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplied by penalty matrix and
+hit enter so what this does is it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter so what this does is it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter so what this does is it takes
+each number in the classification matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each number in the classification matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each number in the classification matrix
+and multiplies it by the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplies it by the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplies it by the corresponding
+number in the penalty matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the penalty matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the penalty matrix
+so now to compute the penalty air we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now to compute the penalty air we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now to compute the penalty air we
+just need to sum it up and divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to sum it up and divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to sum it up and divide by the
+number of observations in our test set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations in our test set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations in our test set
+so scroll up once and then we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scroll up once and then we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scroll up once and then we'll just
+surround our entire previous command by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround our entire previous command by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround our entire previous command by
+the sum function and we'll divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum function and we'll divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum function and we'll divide by the
+number of rows in claims test and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows in claims test and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows in claims test and hit
+enter so the penalty air for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter so the penalty air for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter so the penalty air for the
+baseline method is 0.74 in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method is 0.74 in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline method is 0.74 in the next
+video our goal will be to create a cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video our goal will be to create a cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video our goal will be to create a cart
+model that has an accuracy higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has an accuracy higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has an accuracy higher than
+68% and a penalty error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% and a penalty error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% and a penalty error
+lower than 0.7 for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/17uL1VoaWTQ.txt b/17uL1VoaWTQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d45bdd123b5d8eb04d1ab8f96e90dda59137d519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/17uL1VoaWTQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anyway I'm Chris Babel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I'm Chris Babel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I'm Chris Babel and
+I said I I'm the media development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I I'm the media development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I I'm the media development
+director at the office of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director at the office of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director at the office of digital
+learning which is what the K through 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is what the K through 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is what the K through 12
+video project is part of as well as MITx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video project is part of as well as MITx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video project is part of as well as MITx
+and ocw and a bunch of other initiatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ocw and a bunch of other initiatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ocw and a bunch of other initiatives
+on campus I also teach a documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on campus I also teach a documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on campus I also teach a documentary
+video class a science documentary class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video class a science documentary class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video class a science documentary class
+here at MIT that Elizabeth took a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT that Elizabeth took a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT that Elizabeth took a few
+years ago and what I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and what I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and what I'm going to talk
+about is storytelling and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is storytelling and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is storytelling and specifically
+visual storytelling and how that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual storytelling and how that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual storytelling and how that can
+relate or hopefully will relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate or hopefully will relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate or hopefully will relate to the
+work you do in this class and to online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you do in this class and to online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you do in this class and to online
+video in general and I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in general and I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in general and I'm going to start
+out just by taking maybe I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just by taking maybe I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just by taking maybe I don't know if
+it's exception but just having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exception but just having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exception but just having a
+slightly different perspective than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different perspective than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different perspective than
+something that Elizabeth said I i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Elizabeth said I i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Elizabeth said I i would
+say that almost all videos that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that almost all videos that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that almost all videos that are
+successful also viral videos have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful also viral videos have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful also viral videos have some
+element of a story to them even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a story to them even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a story to them even a
+five-second vine video just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-second vine video just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-second vine video just about
+everything and I actually was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and I actually was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and I actually was thinking
+about that and I went looking for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and I went looking for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and I went looking for what
+is probably one of the dumbest viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably one of the dumbest viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably one of the dumbest viral
+videos to come out recently just for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos to come out recently just for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos to come out recently just for a
+few days ago may have seen it this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days ago may have seen it this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days ago may have seen it this sum
+is a fan at Ohio State who was caught on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fan at Ohio State who was caught on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fan at Ohio State who was caught on
+the jumbotron basically scratching her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jumbotron basically scratching her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jumbotron basically scratching her
+boyfriends head and then picking her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriends head and then picking her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriends head and then picking her
+nose and this thing got I just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and this thing got I just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and this thing got I just it's
+ridiculous how much play this got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous how much play this got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous how much play this got in
+about a 12 hour 20 hour period very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 12 hour 20 hour period very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 12 hour 20 hour period very
+ephemeral you know it's like absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ephemeral you know it's like absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ephemeral you know it's like absolutely
+not going to last it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to last it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to last it's not going to
+change anyone's life but the reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anyone's life but the reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anyone's life but the reason it
+took off is that it has a story and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off is that it has a story and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off is that it has a story and the
+story was created and invented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story was created and invented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story was created and invented by the
+people who watched it it you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who watched it it you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who watched it it you know it's
+not really go ahead above the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really go ahead above the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really go ahead above the point of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+same thing I that she was with that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I that she was with that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I that she was with that's
+like the guy should see you know exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the guy should see you know exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the guy should see you know exact
+but it's actually not true and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually not true and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually not true and that was
+the story that was completely created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that was completely created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that was completely created by
+people who watched it they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who watched it they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who watched it they've been
+together for a long time and she didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a long time and she didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a long time and she didn't
+even know she was on the jumbotron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know she was on the jumbotron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know she was on the jumbotron
+actually apparently but it just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apparently but it just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apparently but it just happens
+to be this kind of you know like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this kind of you know like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this kind of you know like little
+moment that tells a story and because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that tells a story and because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that tells a story and because it
+told a story that people related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told a story that people related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told a story that people related to
+suddenly turned into a giant thing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly turned into a giant thing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly turned into a giant thing well
+I had one thing that's hilarious is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one thing that's hilarious is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one thing that's hilarious is
+somebody actually reversed it so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually reversed it so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually reversed it so she
+picks her nose and sort of leaves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks her nose and sort of leaves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks her nose and sort of leaves a
+deposit on his neck and that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit on his neck and that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit on his neck and that we can
+became another story for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became another story for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became another story for something
+disturbing in better visuals yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing in better visuals yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing in better visuals yeah
+exactly she looks guilty she looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly she looks guilty she looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly she looks guilty she looks
+guilty and that's why that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty and that's why that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty and that's why that's part of the
+story like oh my god you know like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story like oh my god you know like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story like oh my god you know like I've
+been caught you know rubbing his neck so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been caught you know rubbing his neck so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been caught you know rubbing his neck so
+anyway I think this is like gotta be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I think this is like gotta be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I think this is like gotta be the
+dumbest you know viral video of all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbest you know viral video of all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbest you know viral video of all time
+but I think it's also a story never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's also a story never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's also a story never
+think you're not telling a story if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not telling a story if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not telling a story if you
+forget everything else that I say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget everything else that I say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget everything else that I say in the
+next 30-40 minutes I would remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30-40 minutes I would remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30-40 minutes I would remember this
+there's some element of a story in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some element of a story in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some element of a story in what
+you do I don't care if you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do I don't care if you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do I don't care if you're making a
+an fda approval video as one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an fda approval video as one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an fda approval video as one of you
+mentioned you are interested in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you are interested in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you are interested in doing
+something i have actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i have actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i have actually done
+personally i don't care if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally i don't care if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally i don't care if you're making
+a 30-second TV commercial a 10-second TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30-second TV commercial a 10-second TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30-second TV commercial a 10-second TV
+commercial a 12 minute physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial a 12 minute physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial a 12 minute physics
+demonstration there is an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration there is an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration there is an element of
+story to it and it may not be the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to it and it may not be the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to it and it may not be the sort
+of conventional traditional television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conventional traditional television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conventional traditional television
+story that we would see on an HBO show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that we would see on an HBO show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that we would see on an HBO show
+it may not be a Hollywood movie story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be a Hollywood movie story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be a Hollywood movie story
+but there is an element of story and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is an element of story and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is an element of story and one
+of the things that you want to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you want to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you want to do here
+is find what those elements are now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find what those elements are now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find what those elements are now you
+know let's let's unpack that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's let's unpack that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's let's unpack that a little
+bit let's talk about what is the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit let's talk about what is the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit let's talk about what is the story
+and how might it relate to what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how might it relate to what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how might it relate to what you're
+actually going to be doing here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be doing here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be doing here and then
+secondly we also talked about what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we also talked about what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we also talked about what are
+some of the specific techniques of
+
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+whether it's crazy Russian science guy
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+understand it you know think about think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it you know think about think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it you know think about think
+about smarter every day and that the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smarter every day and that the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smarter every day and that the cat
+clip the whole thing is structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip the whole thing is structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip the whole thing is structured
+around oh hey we now we know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around oh hey we now we know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around oh hey we now we know it's the
+tail but no it's not no it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail but no it's not no it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail but no it's not no it's not it's
+something else and that happens two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and that happens two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and that happens two or
+three times over the course of the clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times over the course of the clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times over the course of the clip
+that is basically a story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically a story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically a story that
+storytelling there's a barrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling there's a barrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling there's a barrier to
+understanding oh we think we've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding oh we think we've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding oh we think we've solved
+it no we haven't you know it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no we haven't you know it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no we haven't you know it's like a
+car chase it's like you know breaking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car chase it's like you know breaking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car chase it's like you know breaking in
+to a safe it's like a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a safe it's like a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a safe it's like a lot of things that
+that you would see in don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would see in don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would see in don't you know
+conventional movie so there are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional movie so there are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional movie so there are actually
+kind of in some ways you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in some ways you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in some ways you can think of it
+as a dual protagonist you the trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dual protagonist you the trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dual protagonist you the trusted
+guide are taking your buddy the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide are taking your buddy the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide are taking your buddy the audience
+on this journey on a story to return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this journey on a story to return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this journey on a story to return to
+what I would sit I said earlier I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would sit I said earlier I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would sit I said earlier I think
+of web videos at you know great web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of web videos at you know great web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of web videos at you know great web
+videos are like great snack food you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos are like great snack food you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos are like great snack food you you
+know you there they're very familiar yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you there they're very familiar yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you there they're very familiar yet
+they're also sort of spicy and enticing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also sort of spicy and enticing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also sort of spicy and enticing
+and after you have one you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you have one you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you have one you just want to
+have another you just and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another you just and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another you just and you have the
+second one you just think maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one you just think maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one you just think maybe I should
+have a third I don't know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third I don't know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third I don't know if you know
+hopefully the videos you make won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the videos you make won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the videos you make won't
+leave people with you know heartburn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave people with you know heartburn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave people with you know heartburn
+which is what happens when you too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what happens when you too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what happens when you too many
+of these but but that is to me kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but but that is to me kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but but that is to me kind of
+an interesting analogy and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting analogy and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting analogy and if
+interstellar or some three-hour opus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstellar or some three-hour opus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstellar or some three-hour opus
+that you sit pay ten dollars to sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sit pay ten dollars to sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sit pay ten dollars to sit in
+the dark to watch is a seven-course meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark to watch is a seven-course meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark to watch is a seven-course meal
+at a four-star restaurant you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a four-star restaurant you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a four-star restaurant you're making
+something that's just got to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's just got to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's just got to be really
+tasty and delightful for just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasty and delightful for just a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasty and delightful for just a moment
+and leave people wanting another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave people wanting another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave people wanting another one
+just exactly like that but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly like that but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly like that but you know
+somehow subtly different too all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow subtly different too all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow subtly different too all right
+i'm not going to show any video because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to show any video because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to show any video because
+you going to try to just talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to try to just talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to try to just talk about the
+videos you've already seen rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos you've already seen rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos you've already seen rather than
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+alright so let's unpack story is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's unpack story is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's unpack story is just a
+little bit more um you know I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more um you know I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more um you know I've made
+the case that you're telling a story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you're telling a story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you're telling a story and
+you should never forget that you're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never forget that you're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never forget that you're that
+you're telling a story when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling a story when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling a story when you do this
+kind of work well what our story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work well what our story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work well what our story is
+actually built on there's a whole list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built on there's a whole list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built on there's a whole list
+of things and elizabeth is mentioned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and elizabeth is mentioned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and elizabeth is mentioned a
+couple of them emotion now I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them emotion now I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them emotion now I mean I'm
+not necessarily talking about gone with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily talking about gone with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily talking about gone with
+the wind emotion but certainly curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind emotion but certainly curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind emotion but certainly curiosity
+identification humor which is an emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification humor which is an emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification humor which is an emotion
+all of those things really are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things really are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things really are going to
+play into what you do and are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play into what you do and are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play into what you do and are very very
+important character we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important character we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important character we've talked about
+character conflict again not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character conflict again not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character conflict again not necessarily
+you know high drama but but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know high drama but but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know high drama but but there's
+often some kind of conflict and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often some kind of conflict and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often some kind of conflict and the
+conflict may be up you thought the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict may be up you thought the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict may be up you thought the cat
+was using its tail to spin that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using its tail to spin that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using its tail to spin that's not
+the case but but some kind of conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case but but some kind of conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case but but some kind of conflict
+barriers to to understanding I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers to to understanding I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers to to understanding I think are
+very very important spectacle you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important spectacle you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important spectacle you know
+again you're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're not going to do
+interstellar you're not going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstellar you're not going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstellar you're not going to spend
+you know 100 million dollars on CGI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 million dollars on CGI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 million dollars on CGI
+you're not going to do the hobbit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do the hobbit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do the hobbit but
+but often take you know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often take you know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often take you know that it's
+another word for taking people a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another word for taking people a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another word for taking people a place
+they've never been you know maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never been you know maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never been you know maybe you
+can get into the nuclear reactor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get into the nuclear reactor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get into the nuclear reactor here
+intellectual engagement I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual engagement I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual engagement I think that's
+kind of the obvious one the easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the obvious one the easy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the obvious one the easy one
+that we can that we can all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can that we can all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can that we can all you know
+think about when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when we're talking about
+educational videos and in and of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational videos and in and of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational videos and in and of itself
+I don't think it's enough but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's enough but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's enough but it
+certainly it's certainly an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's certainly an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's certainly an important
+one and you know there are plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you know there are plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you know there are plenty of
+videos out there plenty of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos out there plenty of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos out there plenty of lecture
+videos that basically just depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that basically just depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that basically just depend on
+that and then the last two are two of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the last two are two of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the last two are two of my
+favorite ones the unfamiliar becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ones the unfamiliar becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ones the unfamiliar becoming
+familiar which is kind of the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar which is kind of the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar which is kind of the classic
+science video but the familiar becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science video but the familiar becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science video but the familiar becoming
+unfamiliar as well in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar as well in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar as well in other words you
+think you know farts but you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know farts but you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know farts but you don't you
+know despite all you know about farts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know despite all you know about farts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know despite all you know about farts in
+one context you don't know that much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one context you don't know that much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one context you don't know that much and
+here's why so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's why so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's why so I think
+both of those are really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are really interesting
+structures for you to use to hang a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for you to use to hang a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for you to use to hang a
+story on you know the again the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on you know the again the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on you know the again the first
+one obviously you know I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one obviously you know I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one obviously you know I'm going to take
+this thing that you don't understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that you don't understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that you don't understand and
+I'm going to make it completely you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make it completely you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make it completely you know
+I'm going to demystify it but you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to demystify it but you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to demystify it but you know a
+lot of science or science education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of science or science education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of science or science education is
+also about kind of taking something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about kind of taking something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about kind of taking something that
+seems really simple and showing just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really simple and showing just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really simple and showing just how
+complex and intriguing and unfamiliar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and intriguing and unfamiliar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and intriguing and unfamiliar it
+really is all right now let's talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is all right now let's talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is all right now let's talk a
+little bit about visual storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about visual storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about visual storytelling
+because that's obviously what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's obviously what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's obviously what you want
+to do here lecture videos again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here lecture videos again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here lecture videos again
+intellectual engagement certainly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual engagement certainly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual engagement certainly one
+way to go if you use oh c WS a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go if you use oh c WS a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go if you use oh c WS a couple
+you've mentioned you know you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've mentioned you know you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've mentioned you know you know very
+well that lecture videos can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that lecture videos can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that lecture videos can be
+effective and in fact lectures can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and in fact lectures can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and in fact lectures can be
+great stories I me know we all have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great stories I me know we all have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great stories I me know we all have had
+experiences of people who tell who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of people who tell who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of people who tell who are
+great lecturers who tell great stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lecturers who tell great stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lecturers who tell great stories
+and those stories may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those stories may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those stories may or may not be
+visual but I think there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual but I think there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual but I think there are certain
+things that distinguished visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that distinguished visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that distinguished visual
+storytelling there are worth talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling there are worth talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling there are worth talking
+about and this is a concept that i often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is a concept that i often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is a concept that i often
+use to just kind of get into to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to just kind of get into to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to just kind of get into to this
+whole idea which Elizabeth will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea which Elizabeth will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea which Elizabeth will probably
+remember and this is what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and this is what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and this is what what we
+sometimes call the plastic elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call the plastic elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call the plastic elements of
+video or a film and sometimes I use film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or a film and sometimes I use film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or a film and sometimes I use film
+and video indistinguishably because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and video indistinguishably because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and video indistinguishably because you
+know betrays my age you know video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know betrays my age you know video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know betrays my age you know video is
+film film is video now at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film film is video now at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film film is video now at this point
+what I mean by the plastic elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by the plastic elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by the plastic elements of a
+video are just simply all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video are just simply all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video are just simply all of the things
+that we have control over when we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have control over when we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have control over when we make a
+video and that could be the casting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and that could be the casting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and that could be the casting of
+the actors it could be where we put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors it could be where we put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors it could be where we put the
+camera that's kind of the obvious one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that's kind of the obvious one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that's kind of the obvious one
+the lighting there's an endless list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting there's an endless list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting there's an endless list of
+things and in fact here just a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in fact here just a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in fact here just a few of
+them again you know most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again you know most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again you know most people would
+list the camera right away since that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the camera right away since that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the camera right away since that's
+kind of you know the paintbrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know the paintbrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know the paintbrush
+quote-unquote the lighting how we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote the lighting how we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote the lighting how we choose
+to light something or whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light something or whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light something or whether we're
+actually using literally using lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using literally using lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using literally using lights
+you're just using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just using this
+or existing room lights editing sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or existing room lights editing sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or existing room lights editing sound
+music characters the actors locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music characters the actors locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music characters the actors locations
+props costumes the list is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props costumes the list is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props costumes the list is really
+endless it's really it goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless it's really it goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless it's really it goes back to the
+decisions you know Elizabeth mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you know Elizabeth mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you know Elizabeth mentioned
+decision-making all of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making all of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making all of these things are
+things you need to think about and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to think about and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to think about and you
+can control and they can work for you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control and they can work for you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control and they can work for you or
+they can work against you you know think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can work against you you know think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can work against you you know think
+about in smarter every day props the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in smarter every day props the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in smarter every day props the cat
+itself of course is a great prop think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself of course is a great prop think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself of course is a great prop think
+about the stuffed cat at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stuffed cat at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stuffed cat at the beginning
+which is that sort of fun moment of oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that sort of fun moment of oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that sort of fun moment of oh
+my God he's really going to drop a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God he's really going to drop a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God he's really going to drop a real
+cat so he you know that was a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat so he you know that was a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat so he you know that was a choice
+that was a choice to to add that stuffed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a choice to to add that stuffed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a choice to to add that stuffed
+cat and it sort of made a fun little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and it sort of made a fun little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and it sort of made a fun little
+moment that brought you in for just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that brought you in for just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that brought you in for just a
+second location is very very important I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second location is very very important I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second location is very very important I
+mean you know the sort of lowest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know the sort of lowest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know the sort of lowest common
+denominator location is a chalkboard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator location is a chalkboard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator location is a chalkboard or
+a whiteboard for something like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whiteboard for something like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whiteboard for something like you know
+for an educational video but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an educational video but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an educational video but there are
+all sorts of other possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other possibilities
+costumes again doesn't have to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes again doesn't have to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes again doesn't have to be you
+know clown costumes or silly hats or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know clown costumes or silly hats or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know clown costumes or silly hats or
+things like that although it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that although it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that although it could be
+but all of the other things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of the other things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of the other things that you can
+or might be able to bring to your video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might be able to bring to your video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might be able to bring to your video
+by making these choices camera of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making these choices camera of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making these choices camera of course
+is is is is a crucial one and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is a crucial one and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is a crucial one and I'm going
+to unpack that just a little bit as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unpack that just a little bit as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unpack that just a little bit as well
+although we could spend of course hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we could spend of course hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we could spend of course hours
+talking about about film grammar so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about film grammar so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about film grammar so I'm
+going to just go through a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just go through a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just go through a few other
+tips to think about the first one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips to think about the first one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips to think about the first one and
+this is kind of like you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like you know the the
+Bible of visual storytelling show don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible of visual storytelling show don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible of visual storytelling show don't
+tell and it sounds kind of obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell and it sounds kind of obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell and it sounds kind of obvious but
+it isn't necessarily that easy to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't necessarily that easy to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't necessarily that easy to do if
+you if we think about the sleep video I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if we think about the sleep video I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if we think about the sleep video I
+think one of the things that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the things that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the things that that I
+responded to in that video that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to in that video that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to in that video that I
+thought could have been better is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought could have been better is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought could have been better is that
+it's actually not showing us much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not showing us much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not showing us much it's
+telling us the the you know Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us the the you know Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us the the you know Elizabeth
+talked about the this third of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the this third of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the this third of the fact
+that the voice-over just read like a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voice-over just read like a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voice-over just read like a web
+article like that sort of you know 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article like that sort of you know 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article like that sort of you know 10
+facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about
+and that's basically the case I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically the case I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically the case I mean
+there are some really cool animation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some really cool animation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some really cool animation and
+the animation is fun and it helps and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animation is fun and it helps and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animation is fun and it helps and it
+definitely supports the words but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely supports the words but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely supports the words but
+together it's really just you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's really just you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's really just you know this
+thing you know I could have listened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know I could have listened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know I could have listened to
+it on my ipod I could have listened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on my ipod I could have listened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on my ipod I could have listened to
+it in my car the video the visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in my car the video the visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in my car the video the visuals
+helped a little bit but it didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped a little bit but it didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped a little bit but it didn't really
+add anything to it the the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add anything to it the the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add anything to it the the you know the
+other way to do it of course is smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to do it of course is smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to do it of course is smarter
+every day which you know you know again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day which you know you know again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day which you know you know again
+you may or may not have like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may or may not have like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may or may not have like that you
+may have thought that it would drag on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have thought that it would drag on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have thought that it would drag on
+too long and I agree with that certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long and I agree with that certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long and I agree with that certainly
+I think there were things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there were things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there were things that could
+have been improved but there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been improved but there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been improved but there's nothing
+like dropping a cat and showing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dropping a cat and showing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dropping a cat and showing it in
+super slow motion to you know get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super slow motion to you know get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super slow motion to you know get my
+attention so I think I think that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so I think I think that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so I think I think that was a
+great example of showing something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just something I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just something I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just something I wanted to
+mention having worked on you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention having worked on you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention having worked on you know in
+television there was a just a saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television there was a just a saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television there was a just a saying
+that that went around a lot when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that went around a lot when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that went around a lot when people
+were talking about a script which was oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about a script which was oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about a script which was oh
+this is kind of a wolf pack deal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a wolf pack deal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a wolf pack deal and
+what was meant by that this was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was meant by that this was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was meant by that this was sort of
+an infamous situation from I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infamous situation from I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infamous situation from I don't know
+God knows when somebody who's scripting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God knows when somebody who's scripting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God knows when somebody who's scripting
+a nature documentary had written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nature documentary had written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nature documentary had written this
+you know lon probably you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lon probably you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lon probably you know very
+beautiful kind of flowery narration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful kind of flowery narration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful kind of flowery narration
+about you know the the ravenous pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the the ravenous pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the the ravenous pack
+loped across the frozen tundra in search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loped across the frozen tundra in search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loped across the frozen tundra in search
+of its prey blah blah blah you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its prey blah blah blah you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its prey blah blah blah you know like
+two pages of sort of beautiful prose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pages of sort of beautiful prose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pages of sort of beautiful prose and
+you know at some point in in you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at some point in in you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at some point in in you know in
+the editing process somebody was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing process somebody was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing process somebody was like
+because they had you know that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had you know that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had you know that they
+didn't need to say all of that stuff all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to say all of that stuff all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to say all of that stuff all
+they had they had you know the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had they had you know the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had they had you know the picture
+was worth endless amounts of stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worth endless amounts of stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worth endless amounts of stuff so
+you know avoid your wolf pack moments if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know avoid your wolf pack moments if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know avoid your wolf pack moments if
+you don't need to say something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to say something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to say something you can
+show it there may be plenty of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it there may be plenty of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it there may be plenty of things to
+say and I'm not saying that you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and I'm not saying that you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and I'm not saying that you know it
+should be all visual but but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all visual but but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all visual but but you don't
+need to say certain things if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say certain things if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say certain things if you're
+already showing those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already showing those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already showing those things
+use your language use your words which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your language use your words which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your language use your words which
+are very important to do other things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important to do other things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important to do other things to
+reinforce to bring your own perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce to bring your own perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce to bring your own perspective
+to to embellish the story to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to embellish the story to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to embellish the story to you know
+bring people into your own mind your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring people into your own mind your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring people into your own mind your own
+character you don't need to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you don't need to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you don't need to say the
+obvious stuff you don't need to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious stuff you don't need to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious stuff you don't need to you know
+do the Wolfpack description so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Wolfpack description so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Wolfpack description so that's
+sure don't tell the other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure don't tell the other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure don't tell the other thing that's
+just a sort of a fundamental tip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of a fundamental tip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of a fundamental tip is
+video loves motion moving pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video loves motion moving pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video loves motion moving pictures
+people you know and and Joshua is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know and and Joshua is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know and and Joshua is going
+to talk about storyboarding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about storyboarding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about storyboarding and
+animation later in the week clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation later in the week clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation later in the week clearly
+animated pictures moving things things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated pictures moving things things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated pictures moving things things
+that reveal one thing or another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reveal one thing or another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reveal one thing or another in
+animation are it's really important same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation are it's really important same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation are it's really important same
+with cameras you know if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cameras you know if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cameras you know if you look at
+science out loud some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science out loud some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science out loud some of the other
+episodes you'll see some really terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes you'll see some really terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes you'll see some really terrific
+moves with a camera dollies all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with a camera dollies all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with a camera dollies all of those
+things add add visual interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things add add visual interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things add add visual interest and
+improve your storytelling locking down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your storytelling locking down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your storytelling locking down a
+tripod can also be very effective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod can also be very effective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod can also be very effective but
+again think of it as a plastic element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again think of it as a plastic element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again think of it as a plastic element
+that you can control don't do it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can control don't do it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can control don't do it just
+because you didn't think about it do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't think about it do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't think about it do it
+after thinking about what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after thinking about what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after thinking about what you're doing
+by either moving or not moving so why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either moving or not moving so why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either moving or not moving so why so
+the camera loves motion this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera loves motion this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera loves motion this is this is
+kind of the corollary to that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the corollary to that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the corollary to that and I
+don't know if if people have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if if people have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if if people have a lot of
+shooting experience or not and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting experience or not and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting experience or not and this
+isn't really strictly a class on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really strictly a class on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really strictly a class on you
+know the technique production techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the technique production techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the technique production techniques
+but this is something I really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something I really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something I really wanted to
+mention motion for the sake of motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention motion for the sake of motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention motion for the sake of motion is
+also not terrific not fantastic hosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not terrific not fantastic hosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not terrific not fantastic hosing
+down the room is that sort of tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the room is that sort of tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the room is that sort of tendency
+that your uncle or your grandfather has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your uncle or your grandfather has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your uncle or your grandfather has
+when you give them a camera to just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give them a camera to just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give them a camera to just do
+this all the time and you're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the time and you're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the time and you're growing
+like oh hey I'm getting everything I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh hey I'm getting everything I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh hey I'm getting everything I'm
+just getting everything here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting everything here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting everything here this is
+fantastic and in fact what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and in fact what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and in fact what you get is
+absolutely nothing because there's app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing because there's app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing because there's app
+there's no intentionality there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intentionality there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intentionality there's no
+sort of thought to what's happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought to what's happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought to what's happening with
+the camera all you're doing is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera all you're doing is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera all you're doing is making
+everybody sick and really pissed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sick and really pissed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sick and really pissed that
+you're not focusing on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion is actually I think a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is actually I think a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is actually I think a better way
+to talk about it in story terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it in story terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it in story terms is
+reveals when you're moving things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals when you're moving things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals when you're moving things you're
+revealing the next story element so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing the next story element so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing the next story element so if I
+pan from our camera person over to Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan from our camera person over to Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan from our camera person over to Josh
+and josh is looking over here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and josh is looking over here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and josh is looking over here at the
+camera person is going like why is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera person is going like why is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera person is going like why is he
+doing what he's doing that's a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what he's doing that's a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what he's doing that's a story
+element whereas if I do this I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element whereas if I do this I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element whereas if I do this I'm not
+telling a story at all same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a story at all same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a story at all same with
+animation and I'm sure josh thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation and I'm sure josh thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation and I'm sure josh thinks about
+this night and day I mean how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this night and day I mean how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this night and day I mean how do you
+reveal your next thing from the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal your next thing from the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal your next thing from the thing
+you've got how you go from this idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got how you go from this idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got how you go from this idea to
+that idea how do you reveal using motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea how do you reveal using motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea how do you reveal using motion
+because it is moving pictures so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is moving pictures so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is moving pictures so um so
+that's maybe a more pointed way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a more pointed way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a more pointed way of
+talking about about motion in a story in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about motion in a story in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about motion in a story in
+story terms revealing things I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story terms revealing things I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story terms revealing things I'm going
+to talk a little just a little tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little just a little tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little just a little tiny bit
+about grammar and framing and and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about grammar and framing and and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about grammar and framing and and stuff
+like that very quickly this is a just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that very quickly this is a just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that very quickly this is a just as
+still from an interview that I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still from an interview that I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still from an interview that I did a
+couple of years ago here at MIT Joel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years ago here at MIT Joel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years ago here at MIT Joel
+Dawson professor mihir and just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawson professor mihir and just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawson professor mihir and just a couple
+of things to just point out about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to just point out about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to just point out about it in
+terms of sort of visual just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sort of visual just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sort of visual just the way
+visually it's set up first of all you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually it's set up first of all you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually it's set up first of all you'll
+see that that the background and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that the background and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that the background and the
+foreground are very distinct we shot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground are very distinct we shot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground are very distinct we shot it
+so that the background is completely out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the background is completely out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the background is completely out
+of focus and that's so that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and that's so that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and that's so that you know
+what to focus on you that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to focus on you that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to focus on you that's the other
+thing so we talked about reveal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we talked about reveal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we talked about reveal the
+other the other sort of key crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other sort of key crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other sort of key crucial
+thing to think about when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about when you're
+storyboarding or creating animation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding or creating animation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding or creating animation or
+directing is how do you get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing is how do you get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing is how do you get people to
+look at what you want them to look at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what you want them to look at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what you want them to look at in
+the frame one way is to foreground the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame one way is to foreground the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame one way is to foreground the
+foreground and let the background drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground and let the background drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground and let the background drop
+off either through lighting or through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off either through lighting or through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off either through lighting or through
+the focus in this case or through art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus in this case or through art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus in this case or through art
+direction there are all sorts of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there are all sorts of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there are all sorts of ways to
+do it but but doing it is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but but doing it is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but but doing it is really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+the other thing is that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is that this is a
+close-up sounds kind of simple sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up sounds kind of simple sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up sounds kind of simple sounds
+kind of obvious but it's making a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious but it's making a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious but it's making a choice
+to go in and to find out about this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in and to find out about this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in and to find out about this guy
+this person it's not about the lab it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person it's not about the lab it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person it's not about the lab it's
+not just sort of this wishy washy moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sort of this wishy washy moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sort of this wishy washy moving
+shot of him sort of wandering around his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot of him sort of wandering around his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot of him sort of wandering around his
+lab doing something we want to hear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab doing something we want to hear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab doing something we want to hear what
+this person is saying what he's thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is saying what he's thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is saying what he's thinking
+right now just another quick thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now just another quick thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now just another quick thing to
+just talk about when you're shooting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about when you're shooting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about when you're shooting in
+this particular format 1660 by nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular format 1660 by nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular format 1660 by nine
+there are a couple of really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of really powerful
+parts of the frame that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the frame that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the frame that you can use
+whether you're doing animation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're doing animation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're doing animation or
+shooting and they tend to be that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting and they tend to be that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting and they tend to be that where
+the Third's cross each other so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Third's cross each other so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Third's cross each other so that's a
+very powerful part of the frame that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful part of the frame that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful part of the frame that's
+also powerful these are powerful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also powerful these are powerful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also powerful these are powerful in
+slightly different ways and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways and you'll see
+as I is like dead dead on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I is like dead dead on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I is like dead dead on in the
+crosshairs if we're people who you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshairs if we're people who you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshairs if we're people who you know
+are read left to right well you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are read left to right well you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are read left to right well you know who
+in sort of you know the euro European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of you know the euro European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of you know the euro European
+tradition of writing this tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of writing this tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of writing this tends to be
+the most powerful point because we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most powerful point because we read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most powerful point because we read
+frames left to right because we're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames left to right because we're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames left to right because we're used
+to our eyes used to going that way not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our eyes used to going that way not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our eyes used to going that way not
+saying you'd have to follow this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you'd have to follow this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you'd have to follow this rule
+you can break it but it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can break it but it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can break it but it's just an
+interesting thing for you to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing for you to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing for you to know that
+when you're framing things when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're framing things when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're framing things when you're
+creating animations you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating animations you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating animations you know there's a
+tendency when you start to think oh dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency when you start to think oh dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency when you start to think oh dead
+center would be really great but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center would be really great but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center would be really great but it's
+actually not the case a little off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the case a little off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the case a little off
+center and in in the sort of the thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and in in the sort of the thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and in in the sort of the thirds
+of the frame is is a good way to go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame is is a good way to go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame is is a good way to go the
+other thing just to talk about quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing just to talk about quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing just to talk about quickly
+in terms of making choices think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of making choices think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of making choices think about
+when and this will this will really come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and this will this will really come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and this will this will really come
+up when you work do your storyboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when you work do your storyboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when you work do your storyboarding
+exercises with Josh think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises with Josh think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises with Josh think about what
+what the kinds of shots you you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kinds of shots you you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kinds of shots you you choose
+are doing wide shots say one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing wide shots say one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing wide shots say one thing
+close-ups say another starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups say another starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups say another starting with a
+wide shot and coming in that's a reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide shot and coming in that's a reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide shot and coming in that's a reveal
+of something but coming starting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something but coming starting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something but coming starting in a
+close up and going wide can also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up and going wide can also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up and going wide can also be a
+reveal of something else and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal of something else and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal of something else and you know we
+can boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can boat
+we can imagine what kinds of stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine what kinds of stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine what kinds of stories
+might come out of these two frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come out of these two frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come out of these two frames and
+how the story might be different if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the story might be different if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the story might be different if we
+started here and went in here and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here and went in here and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here and went in here and if we
+started here and came out so make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here and came out so make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here and came out so make
+choices and think about what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and think about what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and think about what your
+choices are actually going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are actually going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are actually going to do in
+terms of the story another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the story another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the story another example of
+that camera angles framing low angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that camera angles framing low angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that camera angles framing low angles
+looking up that gives you a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up that gives you a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up that gives you a certain
+feeling it gives you a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it gives you a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it gives you a certain kind of
+power so you know sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so you know sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so you know sort of you know
+master of my domain feel the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master of my domain feel the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master of my domain feel the opposite
+looking down kind of the opposite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down kind of the opposite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down kind of the opposite this
+these are is two examples and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are is two examples and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are is two examples and I'm not
+going to go on and on and on and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go on and on and on and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go on and on and on and talk
+about about others although we may get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about others although we may get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about others although we may get
+into it later in the week but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it later in the week but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it later in the week but the point
+the point is is that the camera is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that the camera is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that the camera is kind
+of one of the key plastic elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the key plastic elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the key plastic elements that
+you have at your disposal to tell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at your disposal to tell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at your disposal to tell your
+story and the medium shot just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and the medium shot just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and the medium shot just kind of
+center frame you know doing your thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center frame you know doing your thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center frame you know doing your thing
+is kind of the fall back you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the fall back you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the fall back you don't have
+to do that there are any number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that there are any number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that there are any number of other
+choices you can make and when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you can make and when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you can make and when you start
+to go and choose locations and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and choose locations and choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and choose locations and choose
+props and choose elements like that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props and choose elements like that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props and choose elements like that how
+you shoot those things and how you shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot those things and how you shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot those things and how you shoot
+your characters becomes very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your characters becomes very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your characters becomes very very very
+important and then the last thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then the last thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then the last thing that
+I'm going to talk about and I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about and I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about and I'm kind of
+racing through this because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing through this because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing through this because I want to
+just make sure we have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure we have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure we have time for
+questions and stuff I'm just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and stuff I'm just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and stuff I'm just going to be
+a little counterintuitive we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little counterintuitive we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little counterintuitive we've been
+talking about visual storytelling but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about visual storytelling but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about visual storytelling but
+just don't don't short change your sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't don't short change your sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't don't short change your sound
+sound is often more important than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is often more important than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is often more important than the
+picture and one of the other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and one of the other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and one of the other things that
+I think you know we talked to Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know we talked to Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know we talked to Elizabeth
+talked a little bit about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about about
+production technique and sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technique and sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technique and sort of you
+know cortical bad technique or rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cortical bad technique or rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cortical bad technique or rough
+videos vs vs slicker kind of TV style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos vs vs slicker kind of TV style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos vs vs slicker kind of TV style
+videos one thing that's very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos one thing that's very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos one thing that's very very very
+hard to overcome his poor sound and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to overcome his poor sound and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to overcome his poor sound and even
+if your videos a little out of focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your videos a little out of focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your videos a little out of focus and
+it's shaky if it's really compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shaky if it's really compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shaky if it's really compelling
+that's fine as long as the sound is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine as long as the sound is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine as long as the sound is good
+but as soon as the sound is bad and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as soon as the sound is bad and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as soon as the sound is bad and hard
+to listen to you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you're going to have a
+really hard time pulling people back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard time pulling people back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard time pulling people back so
+you know we even though this is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we even though this is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we even though this is mostly
+about visual storytelling I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visual storytelling I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visual storytelling I just want to
+point that out that that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that out that that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that out that that doesn't mean
+that the sound is not important in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sound is not important in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sound is not important in fact
+the sound is extraordinarily important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is extraordinarily important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is extraordinarily important
+and it's a you know both the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a you know both the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a you know both the technical
+thing but also a plastic element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but also a plastic element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but also a plastic element that
+you can use whether it's music or sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use whether it's music or sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use whether it's music or sound
+effects or the way you treat dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or the way you treat dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or the way you treat dialogue
+all of those things are are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things are are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things are are really
+important so anyway so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so anyway so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so anyway so just to
+contextualize this a little bit I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextualize this a little bit I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextualize this a little bit I know
+that Elizabeth co-instructor George is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Elizabeth co-instructor George is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Elizabeth co-instructor George is
+going to be doing a workshop a scripting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing a workshop a scripting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing a workshop a scripting
+workshop with you and he's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop with you and he's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop with you and he's going to be
+focusing a lot on finding your voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing a lot on finding your voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing a lot on finding your voice
+which is really really important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really really important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really really important and
+goes back to the idea of character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the idea of character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the idea of character and
+you know the protagonist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the protagonist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the protagonist and
+authenticity and all a lot of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity and all a lot of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity and all a lot of the things
+Elizabeth was talking about but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth was talking about but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth was talking about but as you
+do that as you do all of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as you do all of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as you do all of those things
+remember that ultimately you're telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that ultimately you're telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that ultimately you're telling
+a visual story and that you once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visual story and that you once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visual story and that you once you
+sort of hone your your story hone your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hone your your story hone your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hone your your story hone your
+voice you want to put that in a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice you want to put that in a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice you want to put that in a visual
+context you don't have to have the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context you don't have to have the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context you don't have to have the words
+carry everything and in fact the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry everything and in fact the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry everything and in fact the words
+may end up doing other things than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may end up doing other things than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may end up doing other things than
+conveying kind of the core of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying kind of the core of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying kind of the core of what you
+need to do so that's it I kind of tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do so that's it I kind of tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do so that's it I kind of tried
+to race through it because they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to race through it because they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to race through it because they didn't
+want to keep people for too long but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep people for too long but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep people for too long but
+first of all any any questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all any any questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all any any questions or
+thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just had a thought 18 hours a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had a thought 18 hours a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had a thought 18 hours a question
+interesting you mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you mentioned that the
+sorry the names escaping me the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the names escaping me the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the names escaping me the white
+work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together
+seeking earlier oh the ASAP science yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking earlier oh the ASAP science yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking earlier oh the ASAP science yeah
+and I mean I liked it I didn't mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean I liked it I didn't mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean I liked it I didn't mean to
+need a dump on it but we're a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a dump on it but we're a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a dump on it but we're a really
+interesting point and I so then I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point and I so then I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point and I so then I was
+saying okay what would have been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay what would have been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay what would have been more
+effective you know how could that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you know how could that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you know how could that have
+been turned into some sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been turned into some sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been turned into some sort of more
+storytelling exercise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling exercise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling exercise or
+and I you know I think would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know I think would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know I think would be an
+interesting question you know just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question you know just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question you know just how
+could that be made better and my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that be made better and my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that be made better and my my
+feeling was would it be better to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling was would it be better to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling was would it be better to do
+something where you actually had someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you actually had someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you actually had someone
+not sleeper overnight for two days well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sleeper overnight for two days well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sleeper overnight for two days well
+I think that's yeah yeah no go no go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's yeah yeah no go no go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's yeah yeah no go no go
+ahead yeah you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah you know something like
+supersize me yeah where you have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersize me yeah where you have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersize me yeah where you have someone
+actually engages and it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engages and it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engages and it's more
+experiential as opposed to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential as opposed to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential as opposed to being
+effective I guess would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective I guess would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective I guess would be the
+distinction there well I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction there well I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction there well I think that's
+really good point I think I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good point I think I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good point I think I mean that's
+kind of the smarter everyday approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the smarter everyday approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the smarter everyday approach
+which I respond to personally better on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I respond to personally better on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I respond to personally better on
+the other hand I mean I think that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand I mean I think that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand I mean I think that there
+are graphics that tell amazing stories I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are graphics that tell amazing stories I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are graphics that tell amazing stories I
+mean I think you know data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think you know data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think you know data
+visualizations that I've seen recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations that I've seen recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations that I've seen recently
+in particular or just can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular or just can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular or just can be an
+extraordinary story telling sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary story telling sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary story telling sort of you
+know devices and so so it's not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know devices and so so it's not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know devices and so so it's not so much
+that I think that it was animated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that it was animated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that it was animated and
+somehow that was you know not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that was you know not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that was you know not as
+effective it's that I think the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it's that I think the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it's that I think the process
+was right script and then come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right script and then come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right script and then come up with
+sort of stuff to fill in space so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stuff to fill in space so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stuff to fill in space so so
+yeah I personally respond more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I personally respond more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I personally respond more to the
+ones that are more experiential where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are more experiential where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are more experiential where
+you have you have people you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have people you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have people you know that
+may also be supported by animation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also be supported by animation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also be supported by animation but
+there is kind of a there's someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is kind of a there's someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is kind of a there's someone
+taking you through the experience but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you through the experience but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you through the experience but I
+do think that that there are lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that that there are lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that that there are lots and
+lots of ways to tell really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to tell really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to tell really really
+dynamic and really interesting good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and really interesting good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and really interesting good
+stories with animation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no totally I mean I and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no totally I mean I and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no totally I mean I and you know I
+mean I mean I we've all been there I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean I we've all been there I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean I we've all been there I've
+been there too I mean you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there too I mean you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there too I mean you have something
+that you have to make come alive and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make come alive and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make come alive and I
+think they did a great job of making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they did a great job of making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they did a great job of making it
+come alive i think the animation is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come alive i think the animation is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come alive i think the animation is it
+was really effective it's just that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really effective it's just that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really effective it's just that i
+think it the approach was to write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it the approach was to write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it the approach was to write to
+write a script without necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a script without necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a script without necessarily
+thinking about the visual medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the visual medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the visual medium and
+then to take the visuals and layer them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to take the visuals and layer them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to take the visuals and layer them
+on top as a separate part of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top as a separate part of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top as a separate part of the process
+so so anybody else have any means i cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so anybody else have any means i cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so anybody else have any means i cut
+again i know i kind of race through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people i mean do you have video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people i mean do you have video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people i mean do you have video
+experience how many people have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience how many people have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience how many people have some
+kind of video experience it's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of video experience it's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of video experience it's always a
+really good question to ask no nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question to ask no nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question to ask no nobody
+well that's cool that's great um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's cool that's great um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's cool that's great um yeah
+yeah absolutely no absolutely absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely no absolutely absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely no absolutely absolutely
+I think you know just to just to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know just to just to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know just to just to go back
+a little bit I mean I think that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit I mean I think that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit I mean I think that whole
+relationship between web video and TV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between web video and TV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between web video and TV is
+a really interesting one it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really interesting one it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really interesting one it's a really
+interesting one to unpack because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one to unpack because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one to unpack because again
+the sort of conventional storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of conventional storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of conventional storytelling
+techniques that that we're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that that we're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that that we're used to
+seeing on TV are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing on TV are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing on TV are not going to be
+effective for all sorts of reasons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective for all sorts of reasons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective for all sorts of reasons you
+know it's also worth mentioning that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's also worth mentioning that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's also worth mentioning that of
+course TV has changed to radically since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course TV has changed to radically since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course TV has changed to radically since
+connections I mean you know Game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections I mean you know Game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections I mean you know Game of
+Thrones doesn't open that way yeah two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thrones doesn't open that way yeah two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thrones doesn't open that way yeah two
+minutes of sort of somebody wandering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of sort of somebody wandering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of sort of somebody wandering
+around a house but but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a house but but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a house but but at the same time
+it is a different it is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a different it is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a different it is a different
+genre and a really a crucial thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre and a really a crucial thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre and a really a crucial thing is
+kind of the thing that Elizabeth alluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the thing that Elizabeth alluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the thing that Elizabeth alluded
+to and I mentioned at the beginning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I mentioned at the beginning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I mentioned at the beginning that
+I think you're telling a story but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're telling a story but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're telling a story but your
+story extends beyond the bounds of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story extends beyond the bounds of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story extends beyond the bounds of your
+video or can extend beyond the bounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or can extend beyond the bounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or can extend beyond the bounds of
+your video it it basically can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your video it it basically can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your video it it basically can begin
+with what people's preconceptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what people's preconceptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what people's preconceptions are
+before they start watching and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they start watching and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they start watching and it
+continues on after the vid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues on after the vid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues on after the vid
+is done and I think that is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done and I think that is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done and I think that is a really
+crucial difference one one suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial difference one one suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial difference one one suggestion
+that I would make you know whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would make you know whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would make you know whenever you
+write something this weekend you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something this weekend you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something this weekend you know
+you're going to be writing treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be writing treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be writing treatments
+and pitches and scripts think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pitches and scripts think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pitches and scripts think about it
+in purely visual terms I mean one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in purely visual terms I mean one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in purely visual terms I mean one of the
+you know one of the early exercises that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the early exercises that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the early exercises that
+I had to do when I was in grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to do when I was in grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to do when I was in grad school
+were silent films and films that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were silent films and films that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were silent films and films that you
+know or versions of scripts that had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or versions of scripts that had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or versions of scripts that had no
+dialogue had no sound at all and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue had no sound at all and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue had no sound at all and I think
+that's I'm not saying that you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I'm not saying that you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I'm not saying that you should do
+that as of as a as a technique in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as of as a as a technique in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as of as a as a technique in your
+finished piece but it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished piece but it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished piece but it's a way of
+bringing up stuff that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up stuff that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up stuff that you can then
+apply to your video later so you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to your video later so you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to your video later so you know if
+you were going to do something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to do something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to do something that was
+purely visual that was going to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely visual that was going to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely visual that was going to convey
+what you wanted to convey how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wanted to convey how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wanted to convey how would you
+do it and what might you sort of create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and what might you sort of create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and what might you sort of create
+or invent or think about through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or invent or think about through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or invent or think about through that
+process that you can then use to inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you can then use to inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you can then use to inform
+your script so just a just a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script so just a just a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script so just a just a way of
+thinking about what you're what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what you're what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what you're what you're
+going to be doing this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1Qws70XGSq4.txt b/1Qws70XGSq4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b20ac9b8630ba43c3cc9f26dddbbc0dc4488746e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1Qws70XGSq4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're gonna talk about
+synchronization how all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization how all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization how all these different
+nodes on the network come to consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes on the network come to consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes on the network come to consensus
+how they link up so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they link up so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they link up so it's sort of
+bringing it all together so so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it all together so so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it all together so so far in
+these lectures we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures we've talked about
+signatures mining and blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures mining and blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures mining and blocks
+transactions and scripts and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and scripts and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and scripts and now we're
+gonna put it all together okay what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it all together okay what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it all together okay what how
+does this all actually work what do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all actually work what do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all actually work what do all
+these components come together to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components come together to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components come together to do and
+how does this make you know this cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this make you know this cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this make you know this cool
+money quick recap on signatures that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money quick recap on signatures that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money quick recap on signatures that I
+think you got the idea from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you got the idea from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you got the idea from the
+homeworks from lectures you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks from lectures you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks from lectures you have these
+public and private keys you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private keys you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private keys you know this
+key pair where you generate the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key pair where you generate the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key pair where you generate the private
+key you distribute the public key the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key you distribute the public key the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key you distribute the public key the
+private key you can sign a message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key you can sign a message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key you can sign a message and
+anyone can verify given the triple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can verify given the triple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can verify given the triple you
+know public key message signature group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know public key message signature group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know public key message signature group
+this is useful for lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful for lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful for lots of things
+providing identity ownership all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing identity ownership all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing identity ownership all sorts
+of things and it's better than paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and it's better than paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and it's better than paper
+signatures right paper signatures don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures right paper signatures don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures right paper signatures don't
+really sign the message they just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sign the message they just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sign the message they just sort
+of sign the paper so if you change some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sign the paper so if you change some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sign the paper so if you change some
+part of a document the signature still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a document the signature still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a document the signature still
+sort of looks okay maybe you can see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks okay maybe you can see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks okay maybe you can see you
+know you want the paper to not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want the paper to not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want the paper to not be
+tampered but you can sign a blank piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered but you can sign a blank piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered but you can sign a blank piece
+of paper and then add all this text on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper and then add all this text on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper and then add all this text on
+afterwards right you can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards right you can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards right you can't do that
+with these systems so signatures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these systems so signatures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these systems so signatures are
+really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool
+and they are sort of a necessary thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are sort of a necessary thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are sort of a necessary thing
+for this network to work okay so mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this network to work okay so mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this network to work okay so mining
+in blocks I think you sort of got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blocks I think you sort of got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blocks I think you sort of got the
+idea with the lamp or signatures if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with the lamp or signatures if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with the lamp or signatures if
+you've looked at the current problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at the current problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at the current problem set
+it makes a lot of sense you change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a lot of sense you change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a lot of sense you change your
+nuts hash a bunch of times while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts hash a bunch of times while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts hash a bunch of times while you
+change the uncial but sometimes try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the uncial but sometimes try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the uncial but sometimes try to
+get a low output okay so you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a low output okay so you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a low output okay so you get the
+idea of mining right you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of mining right you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of mining right you're you're
+proving work by repeatedly going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving work by repeatedly going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving work by repeatedly going through
+different nonces trying to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nonces trying to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nonces trying to find a
+certain hash output that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain hash output that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain hash output that there's no
+shortcut to you just have to guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut to you just have to guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut to you just have to guess and
+check and now if you include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and now if you include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and now if you include the
+previous data as part of your input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous data as part of your input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous data as part of your input to
+that hash function you can make a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash function you can make a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash function you can make a chain
+of work and that's what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work and that's what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work and that's what we call a
+blockchain I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I guess
+any questions on this so far it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this so far it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this so far it's a
+basic idea from two lectures ago right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea from two lectures ago right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea from two lectures ago right
+cool okay and a recap of what Neha said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay and a recap of what Neha said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay and a recap of what Neha said
+yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+there's transactions and scripts not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transactions and scripts not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transactions and scripts not
+gonna go into scripts too much yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go into scripts too much yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go into scripts too much yet
+because in practice 99% of the scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in practice 99% of the scripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in practice 99% of the scripts
+are just checking a public key signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just checking a public key signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just checking a public key signature
+right you can do all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do all sorts of other
+crazy things with the scripts but almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy things with the scripts but almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy things with the scripts but almost
+nobody does yet basically they say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody does yet basically they say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody does yet basically they say okay
+I'm sending to a public key cache when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sending to a public key cache when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sending to a public key cache when I
+spend from it I reveal the public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend from it I reveal the public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend from it I reveal the public key
+check that the hash mashes check a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the hash mashes check a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the hash mashes check a
+signature in transactions have inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature in transactions have inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature in transactions have inputs
+and outputs we went over this yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs we went over this yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs we went over this yesterday
+just a sort of real-world numbers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of real-world numbers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of real-world numbers this
+is how big things are ish so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how big things are ish so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how big things are ish so a
+transaction ID and index you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID and index you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID and index you know to
+point to a previous transaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to a previous transaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to a previous transaction the
+transaction ID is 32 bytes the index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID is 32 bytes the index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID is 32 bytes the index is
+encoded as a 4 byte so 32-bit integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded as a 4 byte so 32-bit integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded as a 4 byte so 32-bit integer
+which is kind of overkill because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of overkill because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of overkill because I
+think the most that there's ever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the most that there's ever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the most that there's ever the
+most outputs there's ever been is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most outputs there's ever been is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most outputs there's ever been is like a
+thousand or something so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or something so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or something so you really
+don't need it to be able to go up to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it to be able to go up to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it to be able to go up to 4
+billion but that's how it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but that's how it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but that's how it is the
+signature ends up being about 100 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature ends up being about 100 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature ends up being about 100 bytes
+because you have to provide the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to provide the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to provide the public
+key which is either 33 or 65 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which is either 33 or 65 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which is either 33 or 65 and then
+the signature itself is encoded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature itself is encoded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature itself is encoded to
+something like 70 bytes both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 70 bytes both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 70 bytes both of those
+things could be much more efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could be much more efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could be much more efficient but
+they're not yet and the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not yet and the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not yet and the output is
+actually a lot smaller right and now put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot smaller right and now put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot smaller right and now put
+the script the main thing is your public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script the main thing is your public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script the main thing is your public
+key hash which in Bitcoin is 20 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key hash which in Bitcoin is 20 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key hash which in Bitcoin is 20 bytes
+and then you have those other little op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have those other little op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have those other little op
+codes which it adds a few bytes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes which it adds a few bytes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes which it adds a few bytes and then
+your amount which is so all amounts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your amount which is so all amounts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your amount which is so all amounts in
+Bitcoin are encoded as 8 byte signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin are encoded as 8 byte signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin are encoded as 8 byte signed
+64-bit integers so you can have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit integers so you can have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit integers so you can have like
+pretty high precision and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high precision and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high precision and that's all
+this also overkill since all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also overkill since all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also overkill since all the
+bitcoins ever mined put together in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins ever mined put together in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins ever mined put together in one
+you know if you added them all up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you added them all up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you added them all up it's
+nowhere near 64 bits right to the 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near 64 bits right to the 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near 64 bits right to the 64
+it's like 2 to the 40 something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 2 to the 40 something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 2 to the 40 something I don't
+know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so
+kind of overkill but yeah whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overkill but yeah whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overkill but yeah whatever so
+this is ends up being you know for a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ends up being you know for a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ends up being you know for a one
+input one output transaction less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one output transaction less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one output transaction less than
+200 bytes okay so that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 bytes okay so that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 bytes okay so that's that's a
+message pretty small you can broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message pretty small you can broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message pretty small you can broadcast
+it around the network in point to old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the network in point to old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the network in point to old
+outputs time signatures I've put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs time signatures I've put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs time signatures I've put some
+scripts in plenty - yeah okay so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts in plenty - yeah okay so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts in plenty - yeah okay so what do
+we do with all these things what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with all these things what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with all these things what is the
+mining process so in in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining process so in in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining process so in in the homework
+your mining your name right you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mining your name right you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mining your name right you connect
+to the server figure out what the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the server figure out what the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the server figure out what the last
+block was put your name on put a nonce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block was put your name on put a nonce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block was put your name on put a nonce
+and continue to mine that's not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continue to mine that's not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continue to mine that's not super
+useful unless you want to like prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful unless you want to like prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful unless you want to like prove
+that you're you know hey this is me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you know hey this is me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you know hey this is me in
+Bitcoin the basic ideas users are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin the basic ideas users are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin the basic ideas users are making
+these transactions transactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions transactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions transactions are
+moving coins from one place to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving coins from one place to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving coins from one place to another
+from one key to another they make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one key to another they make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one key to another they make the
+transactions they sign them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they sign them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they sign them and they
+broadcast I'll get in to what broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast I'll get in to what broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast I'll get in to what broadcast
+means so in in the current problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so in in the current problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so in in the current problem set
+there's one server which is not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one server which is not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one server which is not really a
+you know robust distributed system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know robust distributed system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know robust distributed system as
+people may have seen yesterday from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may have seen yesterday from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may have seen yesterday from
+about 1:30 to 3 p.m. when the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1:30 to 3 p.m. when the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1:30 to 3 p.m. when the whole
+thing went down in Bitcoin every you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing went down in Bitcoin every you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing went down in Bitcoin every you
+know it's completely peer-to-peer every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's completely peer-to-peer every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's completely peer-to-peer every
+node is the same they're all listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is the same they're all listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is the same they're all listening
+for people connecting in they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people connecting in they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people connecting in they're all
+connecting out to other nodes so broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting out to other nodes so broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting out to other nodes so broad
+can and they broadcast so if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and they broadcast so if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and they broadcast so if someone
+sends you a message you'll pass it on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you a message you'll pass it on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you a message you'll pass it on to
+all the other people so it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other people so it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other people so it's called a
+gossip network in practice it works ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip network in practice it works ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip network in practice it works ok
+it's fairly heavy load on some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly heavy load on some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly heavy load on some you know
+network traffic but you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network traffic but you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network traffic but you can you know
+make transactions sign them broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make transactions sign them broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make transactions sign them broadcast
+them and then someone the miner takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then someone the miner takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then someone the miner takes
+all these recent transactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these recent transactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these recent transactions that
+they've seen and puts them into a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've seen and puts them into a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've seen and puts them into a block
+and then does some work so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then does some work so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then does some work so those
+transactions are now confirmed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are now confirmed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are now confirmed and
+people can build the next block so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can build the next block so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can build the next block so so
+the only difference from the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference from the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference from the current
+problem set is instead of putting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set is instead of putting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set is instead of putting your
+name in you put your you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in you put your you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in you put your you know you can
+put your name but you also put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your name but you also put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your name but you also put all these
+messages that you've seen recently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages that you've seen recently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages that you've seen recently and
+so you commit to them that way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you commit to them that way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you commit to them that way you could
+do it by just sticking them all in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by just sticking them all in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by just sticking them all in but
+instead there's a bit more advanced way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's a bit more advanced way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's a bit more advanced way
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+you use what's called a block header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use what's called a block header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use what's called a block header
+so yeah the block header itself is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the block header itself is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the block header itself is the
+message so similar to the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so similar to the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so similar to the problems that
+it's that it's the block header that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that it's the block header that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that it's the block header that you
+need to hash to get a low output value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to hash to get a low output value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to hash to get a low output value
+not the block itself which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the block itself which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the block itself which is kind of
+interesting and the headers have a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and the headers have a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and the headers have a hash
+of all the transactions in the block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the transactions in the block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the transactions in the block so
+you don't just put all the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just put all the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just put all the transactions
+into one big you know megabyte data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one big you know megabyte data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one big you know megabyte data
+structure hash the whole thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure hash the whole thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure hash the whole thing and then
+try to get a low output you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a low output you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a low output you actually do
+some intermediate steps first and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate steps first and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate steps first and what's
+interesting is it's actually just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it's actually just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it's actually just the
+headers that make a chain not the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers that make a chain not the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers that make a chain not the blocks
+themselves so instead of watching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so instead of watching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so instead of watching you
+could call it a header chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a header chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a header chain
+okay so I'll talk about headers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll talk about headers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll talk about headers the
+headers are 80 bytes and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers are 80 bytes and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers are 80 bytes and they're
+actually quite similar to the blocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite similar to the blocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite similar to the blocks in
+problem set 2 so the main three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 2 so the main three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 2 so the main three
+components are you've got the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are you've got the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are you've got the previous
+hash the Moroka route and the nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the Moroka route and the nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the Moroka route and the nuts and
+so this is like in the problem set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like in the problem set right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like in the problem set right
+you start with a previous hash then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a previous hash then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a previous hash then you
+have a you know data that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know data that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know data that you're
+actually committing to and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually committing to and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually committing to and then you have
+some data that doesn't have any actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data that doesn't have any actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data that doesn't have any actual
+meaning right just to get the work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning right just to get the work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning right just to get the work done
+so I can you know to reference if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can you know to reference if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can you know to reference if you
+look through the work people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the work people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the work people are doing
+right now this is all public the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is all public the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is all public the current
+problem set there's a previous hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set there's a previous hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set there's a previous hash
+which is basically the hash of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the hash of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the hash of the line
+above it and then there's some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it and then there's some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it and then there's some data
+you're committing to in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're committing to in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're committing to in this case
+people's usernames and then some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's usernames and then some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's usernames and then some you
+know non meaningful data here with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non meaningful data here with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non meaningful data here with you
+know just random numbers and stuff looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just random numbers and stuff looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just random numbers and stuff looks
+like so very similar any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so very similar any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so very similar any questions about
+this idea yeah so so we use a merkel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea yeah so so we use a merkel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea yeah so so we use a merkel
+root which i think i've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root which i think i've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root which i think i've talked about
+last week monday instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week monday instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week monday instead of just
+concatenating all the transactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenating all the transactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenating all the transactions and
+hashing them and together you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing them and together you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing them and together you could do
+that now actually it would work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now actually it would work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now actually it would work it
+wouldn't make a huge difference but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make a huge difference but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make a huge difference but this
+is a little nicer if you want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little nicer if you want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little nicer if you want to prove
+that a transaction was in this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a transaction was in this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a transaction was in this block
+without giving the whole block right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving the whole block right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving the whole block right so
+the idea is I have these TX IDs and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is I have these TX IDs and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is I have these TX IDs and at
+exid transaction ID is just a hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exid transaction ID is just a hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exid transaction ID is just a hash of
+the transaction take at all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction take at all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction take at all you know
+stick all the components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick all the components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick all the components of the
+transaction into bytes hash that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction into bytes hash that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction into bytes hash that and
+you've got what's called a TX ID and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what's called a TX ID and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what's called a TX ID and
+that's how you refer to transactions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you refer to transactions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you refer to transactions you
+know you you hash these two together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you hash these two together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you hash these two together to
+get this intermediate point do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this intermediate point do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this intermediate point do the same
+thing up to the to the root and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up to the to the root and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up to the to the root and so you
+can't change any of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change any of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change any of these little
+transaction IDs without changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs without changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction IDs without changing the
+merkel root so it commits to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root so it commits to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root so it commits to all the
+transactions just the same way it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions just the same way it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions just the same way it would
+if you just concatenated them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just concatenated them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just concatenated them all
+together and hash that so it really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and hash that so it really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and hash that so it really it
+will go in to later why this is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go in to later why this is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go in to later why this is useful
+but in many cases it really doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases it really doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases it really doesn't help
+too much ok any questions about Merkel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much ok any questions about Merkel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much ok any questions about Merkel
+Merkel tree good ok so the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel tree good ok so the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel tree good ok so the actual
+Bitcoin headers which many things use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin headers which many things use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin headers which many things use
+has a couple fields some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a couple fields some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a couple fields some of them are
+actually not very useful but the main to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not very useful but the main to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not very useful but the main to
+our previous Ashe Merkel route notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous Ashe Merkel route notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous Ashe Merkel route notes
+right and then there's I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there's I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there's I'll talk about
+the other things so there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things so there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things so there's also a
+version field right at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version field right at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version field right at the beginning
+it's four bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four bytes
+an indicates block version it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicates block version it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicates block version it's not
+clear or what that's going to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or what that's going to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or what that's going to be used
+for in the future it used to be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the future it used to be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the future it used to be used for
+sort of signaling protocol changes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of signaling protocol changes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of signaling protocol changes not
+sure that's going to be the case going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's going to be the case going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's going to be the case going
+forward because didn't really work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward because didn't really work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward because didn't really work very
+well for that so right now I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for that so right now I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for that so right now I think they
+all start like 0 2 and then a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all start like 0 2 and then a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all start like 0 2 and then a bunch of
+zeros and that's the current version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and that's the current version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and that's the current version
+whatever that means and if you mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that means and if you mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that means and if you mind
+something with a different version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a different version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a different version
+everyone will accept it but there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will accept it but there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will accept it but there will
+be like these warnings that show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like these warnings that show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like these warnings that show up in
+your Bitcoin log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bitcoin log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bitcoin log
+files let's say warning unknown version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files let's say warning unknown version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files let's say warning unknown version
+you know unknown version detected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unknown version detected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unknown version detected the
+idea is maybe well if the inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is maybe well if the inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is maybe well if the inversion
+increases or changes maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or changes maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or changes maybe there's some
+new rules in this system or new op codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules in this system or new op codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules in this system or new op codes
+or new something going on and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new something going on and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new something going on and you're not
+aware of it so you might need to upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it so you might need to upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it so you might need to upgrade
+your software that was the idea anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software that was the idea anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software that was the idea anyway
+in practice what happens is you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice what happens is you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice what happens is you'll see
+in your logs all the time they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your logs all the time they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your logs all the time they like
+unknown version detected and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown version detected and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown version detected and it's just
+someone just set random numbers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just set random numbers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just set random numbers in the
+version field and it doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version field and it doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version field and it doesn't seem to
+mean anything so not super useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything so not super useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything so not super useful
+previous hash just like in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous hash just like in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous hash just like in the problem
+set it's the hash of the previous block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's the hash of the previous block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's the hash of the previous block
+32 bytes Merkle root has described a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 bytes Merkle root has described a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 bytes Merkle root has described a few
+slides before hash of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides before hash of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides before hash of all the
+transactions in the block time actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in the block time actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in the block time actually
+kind of complex I'm not going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complex I'm not going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complex I'm not going to go into
+the whole thing right here so so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing right here so so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing right here so so far we
+haven't really talked about time does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really talked about time does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really talked about time does
+anyone know why we'd want time in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know why we'd want time in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know why we'd want time in these
+uh these headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right so it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so it makes sense
+intuitively that like if someone says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that like if someone says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that like if someone says
+hey I mind this in 1987 it's like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I mind this in 1987 it's like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I mind this in 1987 it's like what
+that seems crazy right or if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems crazy right or if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems crazy right or if someone
+says I'm you know here's a block it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm you know here's a block it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm you know here's a block it came
+out in two thousand forty six like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in two thousand forty six like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in two thousand forty six like this
+doesn't make any sense so intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense so intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense so intuitively
+yeah like you shouldn't accept things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like you shouldn't accept things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like you shouldn't accept things
+that are like have some crazy date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like have some crazy date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like have some crazy date
+that's clearly wrong but why why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly wrong but why why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly wrong but why why do we
+need time at all yeah okay yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need time at all yeah okay yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need time at all yeah okay yeah you
+could say here's a transaction and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say here's a transaction and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say here's a transaction and I
+don't want it to be valid before August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to be valid before August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to be valid before August
+first and so then you'd say if it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and so then you'd say if it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and so then you'd say if it comes
+you know if it goes into a block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it goes into a block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it goes into a block and
+that block has a timestamp before August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block has a timestamp before August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block has a timestamp before August
+first you know consider the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know consider the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know consider the block
+invalid you could you could also do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid you could you could also do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid you could you could also do you
+can also do time stamping based just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do time stamping based just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do time stamping based just on
+block height but what's the mate does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block height but what's the mate does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block height but what's the mate does
+anyone know the main reason to like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know the main reason to like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know the main reason to like have
+height here yeah competing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here yeah competing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here yeah competing so the
+competing transactions when they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing transactions when they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing transactions when they get
+into they sort of get into a block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into they sort of get into a block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into they sort of get into a block and
+that sort of solves that competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of solves that competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of solves that competition
+right so you have two transactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have two transactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have two transactions that
+both are mutually exclusive well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are mutually exclusive well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are mutually exclusive well if
+they're both in the same Merkle route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in the same Merkle route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in the same Merkle route
+and both in the same block then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both in the same block then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both in the same block then that
+block is considered invalid because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is considered invalid because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is considered invalid because it's
+like hey you've given me a block it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey you've given me a block it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey you've given me a block it's
+got two things that can't both exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two things that can't both exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two things that can't both exist
+here so throw the block away if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so throw the block away if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so throw the block away if you find
+two blocks that both seem to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks that both seem to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks that both seem to have you
+know that that sort of collide they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that sort of collide they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that sort of collide they're
+both pointing to the they both got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pointing to the they both got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pointing to the they both got the
+same previous hash right so they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same previous hash right so they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same previous hash right so they're both
+in the same height we call of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same height we call of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same height we call of the chain
+you could say oh well whichever one came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say oh well whichever one came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say oh well whichever one came
+out first right I'll look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out first right I'll look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out first right I'll look at the
+timestamp and say okay the block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp and say okay the block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp and say okay the block that
+came out first will be the the valid one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out first will be the the valid one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out first will be the the valid one
+but the problem is this is claimed block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is this is claimed block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is this is claimed block
+creation right you can put whatever four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation right you can put whatever four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation right you can put whatever four
+bytes you want in there and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes you want in there and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes you want in there and so you can
+always say oh I I just mined it exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say oh I I just mined it exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say oh I I just mined it exactly
+one second after the previous block it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second after the previous block it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second after the previous block it
+just took me a while to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took me a while to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took me a while to you know
+broadcast it so so you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it so so you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it so so you can't really
+trust the timestamp to see which came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the timestamp to see which came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the timestamp to see which came
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+if you could you wouldn't need all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could you wouldn't need all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could you wouldn't need all this
+crazy mining stuff and transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy mining stuff and transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy mining stuff and transactions
+themselves could just have a time stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves could just have a time stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves could just have a time stamp
+and you wouldn't need this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't need this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't need this whole
+structure so that's you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that's you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that's you know the
+fundamental reason you're mining is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reason you're mining is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reason you're mining is we
+can't trust people to say when they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't trust people to say when they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't trust people to say when they did
+something right if you you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right if you you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right if you you know you can
+always say no this transaction came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say no this transaction came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say no this transaction came
+first no this came first so the the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first no this came first so the the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first no this came first so the the real
+reason for this blockchain is okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this blockchain is okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this blockchain is okay we
+know which came before what Oh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which came before what Oh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which came before what Oh in
+practice the time stamps are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the time stamps are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the time stamps are pretty
+unreliable they can be off by minutes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable they can be off by minutes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable they can be off by minutes it
+can be before the previous blocks time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be before the previous blocks time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be before the previous blocks time
+that's okay you know it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay you know it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay you know it seems
+intuitively like well that should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively like well that should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively like well that should just
+be a rule and it probably it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a rule and it probably it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a rule and it probably it would have
+been cool if it was a rule and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cool if it was a rule and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cool if it was a rule and made
+things simpler from the beginning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simpler from the beginning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simpler from the beginning but
+you know if you you're pointing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you you're pointing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you you're pointing to a
+previous block I'm building on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block I'm building on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block I'm building on top of it
+and that the previous block came out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the previous block came out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the previous block came out at
+you know 10:15 and I set my timestamp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10:15 and I set my timestamp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10:15 and I set my timestamp to
+10 12 3 minutes prior to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 12 3 minutes prior to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 12 3 minutes prior to the previous
+block logically that's impossible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block logically that's impossible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block logically that's impossible right
+I'm referencing something and I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm referencing something and I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm referencing something and I'm saying
+I'm coming before it but the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coming before it but the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coming before it but the software
+says that's okay so version maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that's okay so version maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that's okay so version maybe you
+could get rid of or you could put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get rid of or you could put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get rid of or you could put it
+somewhere in the merkel root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the merkel root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the merkel root of
+something time actually does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something time actually does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something time actually does have a
+really useful purpose does anyone maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful purpose does anyone maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful purpose does anyone maybe
+if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that the really the main reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that the really the main reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that the really the main reason
+for time here is to adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time here is to adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time here is to adjust the
+difficulty and that happens every 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty and that happens every 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty and that happens every 2016
+blocks you just look at okay how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you just look at okay how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you just look at okay how long
+did this 2016 blaack period take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this 2016 blaack period take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this 2016 blaack period take
+according to these time stamps and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to these time stamps and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to these time stamps and if it
+took two weeks okay we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two weeks okay we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two weeks okay we're good
+the difficulty doesn't have to change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty doesn't have to change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty doesn't have to change if
+it took three weeks that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took three weeks that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took three weeks that means the
+blocks are coming out very slowly and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are coming out very slowly and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are coming out very slowly and we
+need to reduce the difficulty if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reduce the difficulty if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reduce the difficulty if the
+blocks if the 2016 blocks came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks if the 2016 blocks came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks if the 2016 blocks came out in
+one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one week
+that means wow people were mining really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means wow people were mining really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means wow people were mining really
+fast and so we need to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and so we need to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and so we need to increase the
+difficulty so there's this feed you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty so there's this feed you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty so there's this feed you know
+negative feedback message mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback message mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback message mechanism
+based on this time and it can be tweaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this time and it can be tweaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this time and it can be tweaked
+right it's it's not accurate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's not accurate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's not accurate you can
+have things coming in the wrong order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things coming in the wrong order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things coming in the wrong order
+the general rule of thumb and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general rule of thumb and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general rule of thumb and most of
+the rule in the software is about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule in the software is about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule in the software is about two
+hours if you see something that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if you see something that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if you see something that's two
+hours off from what your internal clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours off from what your internal clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours off from what your internal clock
+says you will reject it but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you will reject it but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you will reject it but that's
+that's a huge gap right most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge gap right most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge gap right most most
+network systems everyone's you know got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network systems everyone's you know got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network systems everyone's you know got
+their clocks to the same second at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clocks to the same second at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clocks to the same second at least
+or you know millisecond that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know millisecond that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know millisecond that you know
+that that's two hours is like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's two hours is like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's two hours is like kind of
+enormous gaps but the system works okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous gaps but the system works okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous gaps but the system works okay
+because you've got these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got these really
+long-term difficulty adjustments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term difficulty adjustments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term difficulty adjustments that
+only happened every 2016 blocks which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happened every 2016 blocks which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happened every 2016 blocks which in
+practice is something like two weeks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is something like two weeks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is something like two weeks so
+if someone's gets something a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone's gets something a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone's gets something a few
+minutes off it doesn't really affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes off it doesn't really affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes off it doesn't really affect
+things too much and it's really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too much and it's really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too much and it's really only
+used for okay look at the last you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for okay look at the last you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for okay look at the last you know
+2016 blocks two weeks ish of work of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 blocks two weeks ish of work of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 blocks two weeks ish of work of all
+these blocks and see you know how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks and see you know how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks and see you know how fast
+we need to make things so that ties into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make things so that ties into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make things so that ties into
+the next field which is difficulty it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next field which is difficulty it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next field which is difficulty it's
+in a sort of weird floating point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of weird floating point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of weird floating point like
+format with a mantissa and exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format with a mantissa and exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format with a mantissa and exponent
+which is totally custom and you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is totally custom and you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is totally custom and you kind of
+have to write your own code to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write your own code to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write your own code to deal with
+it but it basically says okay what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it basically says okay what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it basically says okay what does
+the number have to what does the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number have to what does the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number have to what does the hash
+have to be below it's not just number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be below it's not just number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be below it's not just number of
+bits so in the in the problem set I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so in the in the problem set I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so in the in the problem set I said
+33 bits of work right so that's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 bits of work right so that's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 bits of work right so that's fairly
+easy to detect because you just look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to detect because you just look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to detect because you just look for
+33 zero bits in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 zero bits in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 zero bits in the front
+in Bitcoin it's not just number of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin it's not just number of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin it's not just number of bits
+it's actually a number it must be below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a number it must be below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a number it must be below
+if it were just number of bits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were just number of bits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were just number of bits the
+problem then is your adjustments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then is your adjustments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then is your adjustments are
+fairly coarse because you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly coarse because you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly coarse because you can only
+adjust by a factor of two right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust by a factor of two right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust by a factor of two right you can
+double your difficulty or have it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double your difficulty or have it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double your difficulty or have it but
+with this you can have much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this you can have much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this you can have much smaller
+difficulty adjustments of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty adjustments of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty adjustments of like a
+fraction of a percent yeah it this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a percent yeah it this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a percent yeah it this field
+is is pretty much useless since you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty much useless since you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty much useless since you can
+calculate it from the time fields of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it from the time fields of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it from the time fields of the
+previous blocks so you could just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous blocks so you could just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous blocks so you could just have
+it be implied but it's in there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be implied but it's in there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be implied but it's in there and you
+just whatever it some extra four bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whatever it some extra four bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whatever it some extra four bytes
+yeah I don't think you actually like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't think you actually like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't think you actually like you
+could you don't have to store it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you don't have to store it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you don't have to store it on a
+disk if you want you can because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk if you want you can because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk if you want you can because you can
+just figure it out from the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can figure out what
+difficulty is just from the headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty is just from the headers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty is just from the headers
+right so I mean it's in there I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I mean it's in there I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I mean it's in there I guess
+it's nice if you just want to validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice if you just want to validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice if you just want to validate
+whether a single header has enough work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a single header has enough work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a single header has enough work
+but it's like how much work does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like how much work does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like how much work does it
+claim it needs and then you can validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim it needs and then you can validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim it needs and then you can validate
+it but I don't know it's in there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I don't know it's in there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I don't know it's in there it
+doesn't you you could take it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you you could take it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you you could take it out and
+reorganize the code a little if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize the code a little if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize the code a little if you
+wanted to optimize it but that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to optimize it but that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to optimize it but that would
+change so much that no one bothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so in this it's just everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this it's just everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this it's just everyone
+broadcasts their blocks so if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts their blocks so if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts their blocks so if you've
+received a block or if you found a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a block or if you found a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a block or if you found a block
+yourself you just send it to all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you just send it to all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you just send it to all your
+peers that you're connected to and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers that you're connected to and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers that you're connected to and so
+there's no like oh this is the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like oh this is the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like oh this is the canonical
+block there can be competing blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block there can be competing blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block there can be competing blocks
+where you have to at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to at the same time and
+just stochastic lis one of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stochastic lis one of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stochastic lis one of them will
+pull ahead because you know randomly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull ahead because you know randomly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull ahead because you know randomly so
+you can have conflicting things yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have conflicting things yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have conflicting things yeah and
+then the adjustments also everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the adjustments also everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the adjustments also everyone
+computes the adjustments so just and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the adjustments so just and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the adjustments so just and
+this is a very actually very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very actually very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very actually very quick
+computation because you're just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because you're just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because you're just looking
+at you're not even looking at 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you're not even looking at 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you're not even looking at 2016
+timestamps you're basically just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamps you're basically just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamps you're basically just saying
+okay if height so height is just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if height so height is just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if height so height is just what
+block number it is right so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block number it is right so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block number it is right so if you're
+right now it's about 500 million right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's about 500 million right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's about 500 million right
+no sorry five hundred thousand so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry five hundred thousand so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry five hundred thousand so you
+basically in the code just say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the code just say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the code just say well if
+height modulo 2016 is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height modulo 2016 is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height modulo 2016 is equal to zero
+check the 2006 you know check height -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the 2006 you know check height -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the 2006 you know check height -
+2016 s block compare the two timestamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 s block compare the two timestamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 s block compare the two timestamps
+subtract them get a duration and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them get a duration and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them get a duration and then
+compare that duration to two weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that duration to two weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that duration to two weeks and
+then change the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change the difficulty
+proportionally so it's actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally so it's actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally so it's actually like
+super quick for everyone to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super quick for everyone to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super quick for everyone to compute the
+new difficulty and they only do it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new difficulty and they only do it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new difficulty and they only do it once
+every two weeks and it yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two weeks and it yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two weeks and it yeah it's it's
+pretty straightforward there are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward there are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward there are like
+weird attacks and stuff and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird attacks and stuff and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird attacks and stuff and it's kind of
+some weird off-by-one errors where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird off-by-one errors where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird off-by-one errors where
+you're I don't remember like it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I don't remember like it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I don't remember like it's it's
+kind of confusing it's also confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of confusing it's also confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of confusing it's also confusing
+because the test network which I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the test network which I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the test network which I haven't
+gone into but will use probably next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into but will use probably next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into but will use probably next
+week or in two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or in two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or in two weeks
+there's a Bitcoin test network which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Bitcoin test network which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Bitcoin test network which
+operates pretty much exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates pretty much exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates pretty much exactly the same as
+Bitcoin except everyone agrees that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin except everyone agrees that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin except everyone agrees that the
+coins are not worth any money what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are not worth any money what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are not worth any money what's
+interesting is it's actually called test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it's actually called test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it's actually called test
+net three the first to test networks had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net three the first to test networks had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net three the first to test networks had
+the same set up however the agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set up however the agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set up however the agreement
+that they were not worth any money broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were not worth any money broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were not worth any money broke
+down so I had tested that one someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I had tested that one someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I had tested that one someone
+said hey I'll pay you a Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey I'll pay you a Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey I'll pay you a Bitcoin
+for a million tests net coins and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a million tests net coins and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a million tests net coins and once
+people saw this happening they said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saw this happening they said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saw this happening they said oh
+well you just ruined test net now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just ruined test net now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just ruined test net now
+they're worth money so we'll go to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth money so we'll go to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth money so we'll go to test
+net - it happened again test net threes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net - it happened again test net threes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net - it happened again test net threes
+had some staying power I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some staying power I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some staying power I think people
+realize that if they try to buy testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that if they try to buy testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that if they try to buy testing
+at three coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three coins
+everyone's gonna leave and go to testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's gonna leave and go to testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's gonna leave and go to testing
+it for it's kind of a fun I I would I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for it's kind of a fun I I would I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for it's kind of a fun I I would I'd
+actually be okay with test net three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be okay with test net three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be okay with test net three
+coins being worth money because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins being worth money because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins being worth money because I have
+many many thousands of them but but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many thousands of them but but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many thousands of them but but yeah
+and so so one difference one difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so one difference one difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so one difference one difference
+though between the test networks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though between the test networks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though between the test networks and the
+real network is the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real network is the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real network is the difficulty
+adjustments so I think in the first test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments so I think in the first test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments so I think in the first test
+network it just worked exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it just worked exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it just worked exactly like
+Bitcoin but one of the problems was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but one of the problems was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but one of the problems was
+people would mine and the difficulty was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would mine and the difficulty was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would mine and the difficulty was
+it would increase and then people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would increase and then people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would increase and then people would
+stop mining you know so oh I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop mining you know so oh I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop mining you know so oh I'm gonna
+test out my mining software okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test out my mining software okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test out my mining software okay I'll
+mine a couple thousand blocks maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a couple thousand blocks maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a couple thousand blocks maybe it
+only takes me a day or two to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only takes me a day or two to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only takes me a day or two to do so
+because I have a very you know fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a very you know fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a very you know fast
+computer compared to the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer compared to the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer compared to the rest of the
+network and then I say okay well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then I say okay well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then I say okay well it
+works cool I'm gonna go to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works cool I'm gonna go to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works cool I'm gonna go to the real
+network now and I leave the test network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network now and I leave the test network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network now and I leave the test network
+and now the difficulty increased because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the difficulty increased because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the difficulty increased because
+let's say 2000 or 4000 blocks came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 2000 or 4000 blocks came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 2000 or 4000 blocks came out
+and they came out very quickly so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came out very quickly so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came out very quickly so the
+difficulty went up and then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty went up and then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty went up and then all the
+mining power left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining power left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining power left
+and so now blocks aren't coming out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now blocks aren't coming out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now blocks aren't coming out and
+since the adjustment can be up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the adjustment can be up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the adjustment can be up or down
+but happens based on number of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but happens based on number of blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but happens based on number of blocks
+not based on time if you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not based on time if you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not based on time if you know if you
+have a very high difficulty and block in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high difficulty and block in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high difficulty and block in
+the very low hash rate relatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very low hash rate relatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very low hash rate relatives
+adaptive to that difficulty it can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive to that difficulty it can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive to that difficulty it can take
+weeks or months or years for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks or months or years for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks or months or years for the
+difficulty to reduce so test net 3 put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty to reduce so test net 3 put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty to reduce so test net 3 put
+in this sort of difficulty nerfing code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of difficulty nerfing code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of difficulty nerfing code
+which is probably wrong and not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably wrong and not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably wrong and not what
+they intended and it has this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they intended and it has this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they intended and it has this thing
+where like if twenty minutes have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like if twenty minutes have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like if twenty minutes have gone
+by the difficulty lowers and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difficulty lowers and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difficulty lowers and it's it's
+kind of ugly so that's the main place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ugly so that's the main place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ugly so that's the main place
+I've dealt with this field oh one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've dealt with this field oh one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've dealt with this field oh one other
+rule with the restriction the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule with the restriction the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule with the restriction the difficulty
+can go up by at most a factor of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up by at most a factor of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up by at most a factor of four
+and drop by at most a factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drop by at most a factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drop by at most a factor for
+so if if you know you mind 2016 blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you know you mind 2016 blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you know you mind 2016 blocks
+in one day the difficulty goes up for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one day the difficulty goes up for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one day the difficulty goes up for X
+but does not go up 14 X or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does not go up 14 X or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does not go up 14 X or whatever it
+you know the implied would be okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the implied would be okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the implied would be okay any
+yeah well sorry not two weeks 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well sorry not two weeks 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well sorry not two weeks 2016
+blocks which is generally around two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which is generally around two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which is generally around two
+weeks but yeah look at the headers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but yeah look at the headers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but yeah look at the headers like
+this is just the constant you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the constant you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the constant you know it
+just is always the same so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is always the same so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is always the same so it's kind of
+a silly field to be in there you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silly field to be in there you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silly field to be in there you never
+need it and it's always the same so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it and it's always the same so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it and it's always the same so yeah
+any other questions about yeah oh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about yeah oh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about yeah oh I'll
+get to that right now a couple thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that right now a couple thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that right now a couple thousand
+four thousand ish I'll get to that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand ish I'll get to that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand ish I'll get to that I
+think but yeah in the merkel route so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but yeah in the merkel route so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but yeah in the merkel route so
+the height of the Merkel routes like 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the Merkel routes like 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the Merkel routes like 12
+ish right and it goes out to maybe four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish right and it goes out to maybe four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish right and it goes out to maybe four
+thousand transactions sometimes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand transactions sometimes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand transactions sometimes more
+sometimes very few some you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very few some you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very few some you'll find
+empty blocks I just have no no trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty blocks I just have no no trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty blocks I just have no no trying
+you know one transaction in them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one transaction in them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one transaction in them and
+that transaction ID just becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transaction ID just becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transaction ID just becomes the
+Merkel route because a height it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel route because a height it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel route because a height it's like
+a height zero Merkle tree but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height zero Merkle tree but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height zero Merkle tree but yeah
+something okay and then last pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and then last pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and then last pretty easy
+there's nuts four bytes anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nuts four bytes anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nuts four bytes anything you
+want goes in there you could think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want goes in there you could think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want goes in there you could think of it
+as a UN 32 or but it's it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a UN 32 or but it's it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a UN 32 or but it's it's you know
+there's no meaning to it okay so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no meaning to it okay so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no meaning to it okay so does
+anyone see a problem with this nonce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see a problem with this nonce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see a problem with this nonce
+field yeah yeah it's too small right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field yeah yeah it's too small right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field yeah yeah it's too small right
+four bytes even even in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bytes even even in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bytes even even in the homework
+people are using 12 something bytes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are using 12 something bytes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are using 12 something bytes for
+a dunce with only four bytes of nuts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dunce with only four bytes of nuts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dunce with only four bytes of nuts you
+can go through two to the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through two to the 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through two to the 32
+possibilities which is not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities which is not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities which is not enough to
+mine in in almost all cases because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine in in almost all cases because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine in in almost all cases because
+you're gonna need to go through two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need to go through two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need to go through two to
+the 70 possibilities to find a block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70 possibilities to find a block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70 possibilities to find a block so
+what what are some ideas for how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are some ideas for how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are some ideas for how do you
+deal with this problem like it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this problem like it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this problem like it would be
+nice if it was just a bytes that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if it was just a bytes that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if it was just a bytes that make
+things simpler but the system is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simpler but the system is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simpler but the system is what it
+is it's very hard to change how as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's very hard to change how as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's very hard to change how as a
+minor would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor would you
+work around this issue yes you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work around this issue yes you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work around this issue yes you're just
+version so that may be why sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so that may be why sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so that may be why sometimes
+weird version numbers come out time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird version numbers come out time is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird version numbers come out time is a
+good one to since time yeah so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one to since time yeah so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one to since time yeah so yeah
+adjust time and also Merkel work so time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust time and also Merkel work so time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust time and also Merkel work so time
+it's if you're off by a few seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you're off by a few seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you're off by a few seconds
+nobody cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares
+so use the low bits of this time field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use the low bits of this time field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use the low bits of this time field
+as part of your nuts it's kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your nuts it's kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your nuts it's kind of in the
+wrong place but you can make chips to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong place but you can make chips to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong place but you can make chips to
+sort of fiddle you know twiddle these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fiddle you know twiddle these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fiddle you know twiddle these
+bits as well what's also nice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits as well what's also nice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits as well what's also nice is that
+every second you can sort of you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second you can sort of you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second you can sort of you can you
+can do it the wrong way right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it the wrong way right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it the wrong way right and you
+can say oh I'm just gonna you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say oh I'm just gonna you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say oh I'm just gonna you know take
+the lowly significant four bits of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowly significant four bits of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowly significant four bits of my
+time field and just use them as a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time field and just use them as a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time field and just use them as a non
+space randomly what's nice is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space randomly what's nice is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space randomly what's nice is that the
+actual time progresses by one bit every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time progresses by one bit every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time progresses by one bit every
+second right so as long as you're as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right so as long as you're as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right so as long as you're as
+long as your chip has enough space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as your chip has enough space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as your chip has enough space right
+so you're like okay I got two to the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like okay I got two to the 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like okay I got two to the 32
+here another four bits here so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another four bits here so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another four bits here so I'm not
+too to the 36 if your chip only goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to the 36 if your chip only goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to the 36 if your chip only goes
+through two to the 36 hashes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two to the 36 hashes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two to the 36 hashes every
+second you're good right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you're good right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you're good right because the
+actual time progresses the other way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time progresses the other way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time progresses the other way you
+can do it is modify the merkel route and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is modify the merkel route and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is modify the merkel route and
+you can do that so can you think of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that so can you think of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that so can you think of ways
+to modify that without breaking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify that without breaking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify that without breaking things
+yeah you could add or you could drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could add or you could drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could add or you could drop a
+transaction so you say okay I'm all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction so you say okay I'm all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction so you say okay I'm all
+these transactions I'm gonna drop one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions I'm gonna drop one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions I'm gonna drop one
+that's got some disadvantages because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got some disadvantages because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got some disadvantages because it
+may pay fees to the minor yep you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may pay fees to the minor yep you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may pay fees to the minor yep you can
+swap them you can just you can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap them you can just you can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap them you can just you can just say
+okay well these two are independent I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well these two are independent I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well these two are independent I'm
+gonna swap them this will change which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna swap them this will change which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna swap them this will change which
+will change that so you can swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change that so you can swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change that so you can swap
+transactions around you can also edit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions around you can also edit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions around you can also edit
+what's called the coin base which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the coin base which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the coin base which I
+think is in like one more slide yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is in like one more slide yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is in like one more slide yeah but
+so yeah so there's a bunch of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so there's a bunch of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so there's a bunch of ways that
+you can change things and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change things and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change things and so this is
+really where you're gonna have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where you're gonna have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where you're gonna have all the
+variation right you have 32-bit bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation right you have 32-bit bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation right you have 32-bit bytes
+here so and just even if it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so and just even if it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so and just even if it was just
+swapping and if you have thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping and if you have thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping and if you have thousand
+transactions swapping whatever order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions swapping whatever order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions swapping whatever order
+there's enough sort of entropy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough sort of entropy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough sort of entropy there
+that you'll you'll be able to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll you'll be able to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll you'll be able to find it
+so it's interesting is that the nonce is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting is that the nonce is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting is that the nonce is
+there and it's important because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's important because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's important because that's
+where sort of the high-speed mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the high-speed mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the high-speed mining
+occurs but most mining chips will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs but most mining chips will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs but most mining chips will also
+have circuitry to modify this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have circuitry to modify this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have circuitry to modify this because
+they're operating so quickly that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're operating so quickly that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're operating so quickly that they
+will exhaust the four byte non-space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will exhaust the four byte non-space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will exhaust the four byte non-space in
+a fraction of a second and so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of a second and so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of a second and so they'll
+have to you know swap two transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know swap two transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know swap two transactions
+recalculate a merkel route which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate a merkel route which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate a merkel route which
+involves you know a few dozen hashes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves you know a few dozen hashes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves you know a few dozen hashes and
+then go back here so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back here so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back here so it's actually
+doesn't hurt their efficiency too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hurt their efficiency too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hurt their efficiency too much
+because okay I just did four billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay I just did four billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay I just did four billion
+hash operations and then I need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash operations and then I need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash operations and then I need to do a
+few dozen more to get to the next four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few dozen more to get to the next four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few dozen more to get to the next four
+billion so it doesn't hurt things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so it doesn't hurt things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so it doesn't hurt things too
+much also in Bitcoin sort of weird quirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much also in Bitcoin sort of weird quirk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much also in Bitcoin sort of weird quirk
+it's all shot it's it's called sha-256 d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all shot it's it's called sha-256 d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all shot it's it's called sha-256 d
+they do shot 256 and then from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do shot 256 and then from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do shot 256 and then from the
+output they do shot 256 again not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output they do shot 256 again not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output they do shot 256 again not sure
+why I think and what one person's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think and what one person's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think and what one person's first
+problem set they inadvertently we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set they inadvertently we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set they inadvertently we're
+doing the same thing and it's like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing and it's like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing and it's like yeah
+that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works
+Satoshi whoever he or she was or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi whoever he or she was or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi whoever he or she was or they
+just put that in there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that in there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that in there any questions
+about this header in this format and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this header in this format and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this header in this format and
+anything about it it's pretty compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it it's pretty compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it it's pretty compact
+right it's 80 bytes in the block reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 80 bytes in the block reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 80 bytes in the block reward
+which I'll get to in a second but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll get to in a second but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll get to in a second but yeah
+you you that's a good question can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you that's a good question can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you that's a good question can you
+put nothing in as a burglar I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put nothing in as a burglar I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put nothing in as a burglar I don't
+think so I'm pretty sure you need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I'm pretty sure you need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I'm pretty sure you need one
+transaction and there's there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and there's there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and there's there's many
+blocks so in the first year so in 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so in the first year so in 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so in the first year so in 2009
+almost all the blocks are empty and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the blocks are empty and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the blocks are empty and only
+have one transaction because no one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one transaction because no one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one transaction because no one was
+using it but people who are mining so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it but people who are mining so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it but people who are mining so it
+was very similar to the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very similar to the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very similar to the problem set
+where everyone's just mining and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone's just mining and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone's just mining and they're
+not actually using the system right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually using the system right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually using the system right now
+right now get more bitcoins right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now get more bitcoins right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now get more bitcoins right so you
+still get a reward the reason you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a reward the reason you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a reward the reason you'll see
+empty blocks now is a little tricky it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty blocks now is a little tricky it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty blocks now is a little tricky it's
+I we're not sure right because who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we're not sure right because who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we're not sure right because who knows
+but it's probably because of blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's probably because of blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's probably because of blind
+mining where you receive a block and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining where you receive a block and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining where you receive a block and you
+haven't actually looked through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually looked through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually looked through the
+contents of the block yet but you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of the block yet but you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of the block yet but you want
+to mine the next block but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mine the next block but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mine the next block but you're not
+sure what transactions to put it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what transactions to put it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what transactions to put it you
+know you see you see this eighty byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you see you see this eighty byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you see you see this eighty byte
+header and you're like oh someone find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header and you're like oh someone find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header and you're like oh someone find a
+block but you only have the header and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but you only have the header and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but you only have the header and
+you want to build on top of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build on top of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build on top of it because
+some you know you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know you have a bunch of
+transactions you'd like to put in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you'd like to put in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you'd like to put in but
+they may have already been put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have already been put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have already been put into the
+previous one and so you're like well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one and so you're like well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one and so you're like well I
+have no idea what's in the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what's in the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what's in the previous one
+I'm just gonna mine a block with nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna mine a block with nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna mine a block with nothing
+in it that way I'm sure that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that way I'm sure that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that way I'm sure that I'm not
+going to conflict with my previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to conflict with my previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to conflict with my previous one
+so you'll you'll often see it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll you'll often see it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll you'll often see it you'll
+often see a block with only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see a block with only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see a block with only one
+transaction very soon after its its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction very soon after its its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction very soon after its its
+predecessor block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right because a minor mite it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because a minor mite it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because a minor mite it's
+it's actually an optimal strategy for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an optimal strategy for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an optimal strategy for a
+minor to say look first thing I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor to say look first thing I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor to say look first thing I'm gonna
+do download the aid but eighty byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do download the aid but eighty byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do download the aid but eighty byte
+header um it figure out if it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header um it figure out if it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header um it figure out if it's got a
+valid proof of work if it does I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid proof of work if it does I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid proof of work if it does I'm gonna
+just assume it's valid for the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume it's valid for the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume it's valid for the next few
+seconds because it probably is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because it probably is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because it probably is and then
+I'm going to try to mine a block on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to mine a block on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to mine a block on top
+of that you know reference this previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you know reference this previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you know reference this previous
+block mined a block on top the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block mined a block on top the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block mined a block on top the thing is
+I have no idea what's actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea what's actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea what's actually in the
+block I'd have no idea what contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I'd have no idea what contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I'd have no idea what contributes
+to this Merkle route because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this Merkle route because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this Merkle route because I don't
+haven't even downloaded that data yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even downloaded that data yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even downloaded that data yet
+but I can build on top of it just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can build on top of it just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can build on top of it just from
+the header but I can't include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the header but I can't include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the header but I can't include
+transactions because I have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions because I have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions because I have no idea what
+transactions are in here so they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are in here so they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are in here so they might
+conflict so I'll just mine sort of blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so I'll just mine sort of blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so I'll just mine sort of blind
+for a second or two and then I download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second or two and then I download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second or two and then I download
+all this to download all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this to download all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this to download all the
+transactions validate it and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions validate it and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions validate it and now I can
+include my transactions that haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include my transactions that haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include my transactions that haven't
+been included and so that that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been included and so that that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been included and so that that happens
+it can be an okay strategy sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be an okay strategy sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be an okay strategy sometimes it
+can lead to you mining an invalid block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to you mining an invalid block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to you mining an invalid block
+right if someone produces an invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if someone produces an invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if someone produces an invalid
+block and you just see oh well it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and you just see oh well it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and you just see oh well it's got
+proof of work you grab that header start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work you grab that header start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work you grab that header start
+mining on top of it no matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining on top of it no matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining on top of it no matter what you
+mind it's gonna be invalid right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's gonna be invalid right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's gonna be invalid right because
+it's pointing to an invalid block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing to an invalid block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing to an invalid block that
+happened twenty fifteen or sixteen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened twenty fifteen or sixteen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened twenty fifteen or sixteen in
+the summer of 2015 it happened and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer of 2015 it happened and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer of 2015 it happened and it
+was like quite extensive it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like quite extensive it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like quite extensive it was like
+seven or eight blocks in a row they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or eight blocks in a row they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or eight blocks in a row they were
+all invalid because none of the miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all invalid because none of the miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all invalid because none of the miners
+were actually verifying anything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually verifying anything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually verifying anything they
+were just downloading the headers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just downloading the headers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just downloading the headers from
+each other and being like yeah I mean he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and being like yeah I mean he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and being like yeah I mean he
+did the work so they were just assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the work so they were just assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the work so they were just assuming
+everyone else was verifying the Merkle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else was verifying the Merkle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else was verifying the Merkle
+routes and yeah so then it ended you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and yeah so then it ended you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and yeah so then it ended you
+know so they lost twenty five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they lost twenty five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they lost twenty five times
+eight however many Bitcoin you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight however many Bitcoin you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight however many Bitcoin you know they
+will last you know hundreds of bitcoins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will last you know hundreds of bitcoins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will last you know hundreds of bitcoins
+which at the time was it was still worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at the time was it was still worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at the time was it was still worth
+quite a bit and I was worth you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit and I was worth you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit and I was worth you know
+millions of dollars just because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars just because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars just because they
+weren't actually checking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why decrease my chances of being mine no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why decrease my chances of being mine no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why decrease my chances of being mine no
+actually I would say you didn't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I would say you didn't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I would say you didn't sort of
+game theoretically you would increase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theoretically you would increase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theoretically you would increase it
+because you're not depleting the mempool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not depleting the mempool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not depleting the mempool
+which okay I need to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which okay I need to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which okay I need to talk about the
+actual mining coin base and then pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual mining coin base and then pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual mining coin base and then pool
+and stuff but yeah it's a tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but yeah it's a tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but yeah it's a tricky
+question I'll try to get back to it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll try to get back to it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll try to get back to it if I
+don't bug me again okay TX sew in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bug me again okay TX sew in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bug me again okay TX sew in this
+merkel root right you've got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root right you've got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root right you've got all these
+transactions they have a specified order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they have a specified order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they have a specified order
+transaction 0 is the coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction 0 is the coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction 0 is the coinbase
+transaction and it's special it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's special it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's special it
+generates new coins and it takes fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates new coins and it takes fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates new coins and it takes fees
+from all the other transactions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the other transactions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the other transactions in the
+block I think may I mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I think may I mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I think may I mention this
+yesterday where if you have a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where if you have a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where if you have a difference
+between the input amounts and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input amounts and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input amounts and output
+amounts that's implicitly a fee right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts that's implicitly a fee right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts that's implicitly a fee right so
+if your inputs right so here they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your inputs right so here they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your inputs right so here they have
+thing you're spending 20 coins you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're spending 20 coins you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're spending 20 coins you've
+got five ten four okay well there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got five ten four okay well there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got five ten four okay well there's only
+nine coins are 19 coins in the output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine coins are 19 coins in the output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine coins are 19 coins in the output so
+there's an implicit fee of one coin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an implicit fee of one coin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an implicit fee of one coin that
+that one coin can go to transactions 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one coin can go to transactions 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one coin can go to transactions 0
+right so transaction 0 has essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so transaction 0 has essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so transaction 0 has essentially
+Note has no input transaction zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Note has no input transaction zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Note has no input transaction zeros
+input field is just empty anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input field is just empty anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input field is just empty anything you
+want to put any bites you want to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put any bites you want to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put any bites you want to put in
+there its output field generates new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there its output field generates new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there its output field generates new
+coins so that's currently 12 and 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so that's currently 12 and 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so that's currently 12 and 1/2
+coins so currently if you mine a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so currently if you mine a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so currently if you mine a block
+with one trend you know only one only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one trend you know only one only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one trend you know only one only
+tx0 you get 12 and 1/2 points if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 you get 12 and 1/2 points if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 you get 12 and 1/2 points if you
+mine a block with thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a block with thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a block with thousands of
+transactions you get the 12 and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you get the 12 and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you get the 12 and a half
+points plus the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points plus the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points plus the difference between the
+input and outputs of all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and outputs of all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and outputs of all the other
+transactions in the block which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in the block which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in the block which can be
+even more than 12 a night which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than 12 a night which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than 12 a night which can
+recently like in January December there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently like in January December there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently like in January December there
+were quite a few blocks where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite a few blocks where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite a few blocks where they're
+getting 25 26 27 coins because the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 25 26 27 coins because the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 25 26 27 coins because the total
+fees for the entire block were more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees for the entire block were more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees for the entire block were more than
+12 and half coins which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and half coins which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and half coins which is you know
+hundreds of thousands of dollars now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of dollars now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of dollars now so
+it's kind of cool the fees have in sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of cool the fees have in sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of cool the fees have in sense
+decreased these are highly variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased these are highly variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased these are highly variable and
+we'll talk about fees in a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about fees in a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about fees in a few more
+lectures and it's kind of a medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and it's kind of a medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and it's kind of a medicine
+it's but it's an evolving area in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but it's an evolving area in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but it's an evolving area in this
+whole network thing so you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole network thing so you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole network thing so you've got your
+your coding based transaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coding based transaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coding based transaction that's
+important that's why people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's why people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's why people are doing
+this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+because they want money all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want money all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want money all the other
+transactions can be shuffled around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions can be shuffled around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions can be shuffled around
+however they can only spend outputs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they can only spend outputs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they can only spend outputs from
+previous transactions and previous means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous transactions and previous means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous transactions and previous means
+they have an index within the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an index within the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an index within the block
+that's lower right so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower right so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower right so for example you
+have transaction B spends an output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transaction B spends an output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transaction B spends an output of
+transaction a transaction a must come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction a transaction a must come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction a transaction a must come
+first in the block ordering right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the block ordering right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the block ordering right this
+makes it so that you can go through in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so that you can go through in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so that you can go through in a
+linear fashion and validate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear fashion and validate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear fashion and validate every
+transaction in order otherwise you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction in order otherwise you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction in order otherwise you'd say
+you you know go through C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know go through C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know go through C okay
+transaction zero I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction zero I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction zero I don't have to
+validate that that's clean base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate that that's clean base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate that that's clean base
+transaction one in transaction two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one in transaction two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one in transaction two and
+then you see transaction three it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see transaction three it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see transaction three it
+appears to be spending something you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be spending something you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be spending something you've
+never heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of
+so that would at first you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would at first you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would at first you know that
+would appear to be invalid and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear to be invalid and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear to be invalid and then
+maybe you go through the another few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you go through the another few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you go through the another few
+transactions say oh this creates the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions say oh this creates the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions say oh this creates the the
+output that this thing I just saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that this thing I just saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that this thing I just saw before
+spends it's sort of out of order it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends it's sort of out of order it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends it's sort of out of order it
+makes things very complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things very complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things very complicated to
+validate and so this rule ensures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate and so this rule ensures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate and so this rule ensures that
+if you go through and just check every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go through and just check every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go through and just check every
+transaction in order it'll all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction in order it'll all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction in order it'll all make
+sense yes in the walk not no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes in the walk not no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes in the walk not no I don't
+think so I mean I can't think of yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I mean I can't think of yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I mean I can't think of yeah I
+mean it's just sort of random a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just sort of random a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just sort of random a lot of
+times they'll organize it by fee rate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they'll organize it by fee rate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they'll organize it by fee rate or
+by default they'll just organize it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default they'll just organize it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default they'll just organize it by
+when they saw them first so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw them first so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw them first so it's pretty
+pretty arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no although if they did that would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no although if they did that would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no although if they did that would make
+the software a lot simpler and easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software a lot simpler and easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software a lot simpler and easier to
+deal with but that is not how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with but that is not how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with but that is not how it works
+right so you can have so for example Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can have so for example Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can have so for example Oh
+dry you can have a block where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry you can have a block where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry you can have a block where there's
+you know let's do it this way so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's do it this way so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's do it this way so you
+have TX 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TX 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TX 0
+there's coinbase transaction transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's coinbase transaction transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's coinbase transaction transaction
+one transaction two transaction three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transaction two transaction three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transaction two transaction three
+and transaction three maybe spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transaction three maybe spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transaction three maybe spending
+something that was generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was generated in
+transaction one that can happen right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one that can happen right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one that can happen right so
+if you if you make transaction one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you make transaction one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you make transaction one
+broadcast it it son confirmed you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it it son confirmed you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it it son confirmed you then
+make transaction three broadcast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make transaction three broadcast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make transaction three broadcast it
+spends transaction one the miner can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends transaction one the miner can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends transaction one the miner can put
+those in the blocks they must put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the blocks they must put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the blocks they must put it in
+order right so if this happens you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right so if this happens you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right so if this happens you can't
+switch them in order but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch them in order but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch them in order but that's that's
+considered okay it makes parallel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered okay it makes parallel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered okay it makes parallel you
+know it makes multi-core validation more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it makes multi-core validation more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it makes multi-core validation more
+annoying right if you if you said no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying right if you if you said no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying right if you if you said no you
+can only use outputs that have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use outputs that have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use outputs that have already
+been confirmed then the block validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been confirmed then the block validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been confirmed then the block validation
+becomes embarrassingly parallel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes embarrassingly parallel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes embarrassingly parallel because
+you can just validate every transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just validate every transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just validate every transaction
+independently that would be kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently that would be kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently that would be kind of nice
+there's there's other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's other interesting
+reasons why this is also useful so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why this is also useful so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why this is also useful so I
+mean if I were designing it I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I were designing it I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I were designing it I would say
+you have to do confirm because it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do confirm because it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do confirm because it just
+makes things simpler but I was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things simpler but I was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things simpler but I was not
+Satoshi see how the orders fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi see how the orders fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi see how the orders fairly
+arbitrary any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary any other questions about
+block ordering Mirko route stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block ordering Mirko route stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block ordering Mirko route stuff and
+then we're gonna have a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna have a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna have a quick
+intermission right at the halfway point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good
+okay so 256 second break okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 256 second break okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 256 second break okay so now
+I'll talk about the synchronization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the synchronization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the synchronization
+process how does this actually work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how does this actually work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how does this actually work in
+the software when you download Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software when you download Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software when you download Bitcoin
+so first you download Bitcoin you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first you download Bitcoin you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first you download Bitcoin you go to
+Bitcoin org some your friend hands you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin org some your friend hands you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin org some your friend hands you a
+USB Drive and says hey I got some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB Drive and says hey I got some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB Drive and says hey I got some good
+stuff man it's new thing called Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff man it's new thing called Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff man it's new thing called Bitcoin
+and so you've got the Bitcoin exe file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got the Bitcoin exe file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got the Bitcoin exe file
+or dmg file or the binary or the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dmg file or the binary or the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dmg file or the binary or the code
+and you want to know what's been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know what's been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know what's been going
+on for the last nine years so first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the last nine years so first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the last nine years so first you
+download the binary or you compile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the binary or you compile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the binary or you compile the
+code and you Vera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you Vera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you Vera
+by all the GPG signatures of this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all the GPG signatures of this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all the GPG signatures of this code
+right you want to do this securely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to do this securely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to do this securely so
+I'm sure everyone has their PGP keys on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure everyone has their PGP keys on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure everyone has their PGP keys on
+the MIT PGP server and goes to key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT PGP server and goes to key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT PGP server and goes to key
+signing parties held in the weekends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing parties held in the weekends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing parties held in the weekends
+right yeah no key base is also useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no key base is also useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no key base is also useful
+yeah so I have my I have my GP key hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I have my I have my GP key hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I have my I have my GP key hash
+on my business card I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my business card I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my business card I don't think
+anyone's actually ever used it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's actually ever used it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's actually ever used it but the
+Bitcoin nerds actually do do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin nerds actually do do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin nerds actually do do this and
+they're very like sort of annoying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very like sort of annoying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very like sort of annoying about
+it because a really good attack vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because a really good attack vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because a really good attack vector
+is to get someone to download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get someone to download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get someone to download
+compromised Bitcoin code it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised Bitcoin code it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised Bitcoin code it's like the
+best attack vector ever if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attack vector ever if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attack vector ever if you're trying
+to you know do something sneaky mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know do something sneaky mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know do something sneaky mainly
+just steal are the money if you get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just steal are the money if you get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just steal are the money if you get them
+to download a Bitcoin binary that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to download a Bitcoin binary that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to download a Bitcoin binary that you
+control that you put some back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that you put some back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that you put some back to our
+code in you know the code could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in you know the code could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in you know the code could be like
+two lines it's like you know open a TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines it's like you know open a TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines it's like you know open a TCP
+connection to my computer send me well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to my computer send me well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to my computer send me well
+you know send me all the private keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know send me all the private keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know send me all the private keys
+we're good or or you know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good or or you know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good or or you know if you want to
+be more sophisticated every time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more sophisticated every time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more sophisticated every time they
+click send and like you type in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click send and like you type in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click send and like you type in their
+password I just change all the addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password I just change all the addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password I just change all the addresses
+and all the outputs to me and like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the outputs to me and like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the outputs to me and like every
+time they try to send money the UI sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they try to send money the UI sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they try to send money the UI sort
+of shows that they're sending money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shows that they're sending money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shows that they're sending money but
+actually just sends to me and they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just sends to me and they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just sends to me and they won't
+find out for a little while or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out for a little while or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out for a little while or you know
+there's there's a lot of things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of things where
+you want to be running the right Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be running the right Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be running the right Bitcoin
+code and that's a hard problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and that's a hard problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and that's a hard problem right
+because we're sort of operating in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sort of operating in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sort of operating in this
+trust list decentralized network how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust list decentralized network how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust list decentralized network how do
+you get into this in the beginning right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into this in the beginning right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into this in the beginning right
+if it's your friend and saying hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's your friend and saying hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's your friend and saying hey
+here's the Bitcoin I'm running I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Bitcoin I'm running I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Bitcoin I'm running I know
+this is good then it works but just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good then it works but just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good then it works but just a
+website what if someone hacks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website what if someone hacks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website what if someone hacks the
+website things like that so there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website things like that so there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website things like that so there's all
+it's like a huge rabbit hole and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a huge rabbit hole and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a huge rabbit hole and you can
+try to worry about it for years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to worry about it for years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to worry about it for years but
+anyway you download the binary assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you download the binary assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you download the binary assume
+you've somehow gotten the binary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've somehow gotten the binary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've somehow gotten the binary in
+you're pretty sure it's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty sure it's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty sure it's the right
+software so how do you connect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so how do you connect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so how do you connect to this
+network well there are these hard-coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network well there are these hard-coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network well there are these hard-coded
+DNS seeds in order to find peers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS seeds in order to find peers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS seeds in order to find peers in the
+beginning if you know how DNS works it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning if you know how DNS works it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning if you know how DNS works it's
+how you look up IP addresses based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you look up IP addresses based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you look up IP addresses based on a
+hostname there are some servers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostname there are some servers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostname there are some servers that
+will return multiple different IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return multiple different IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return multiple different IP
+addresses every time you query them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses every time you query them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses every time you query them
+and that those are IP addresses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those are IP addresses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those are IP addresses of
+currently running Bitcoin notes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently running Bitcoin notes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently running Bitcoin notes so the
+idea is okay someone's running a Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is okay someone's running a Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is okay someone's running a Bitcoin
+node they've got their DNS server you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node they've got their DNS server you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node they've got their DNS server you
+query that DNS DNS server and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query that DNS DNS server and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query that DNS DNS server and it will
+hand you out some IP addresses this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you out some IP addresses this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you out some IP addresses this is
+you know also sort of centralized slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know also sort of centralized slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know also sort of centralized slash
+trusted slash whatever in that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted slash whatever in that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted slash whatever in that you know
+if someone compromises these four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone compromises these four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone compromises these four or
+five DNS servers you might not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five DNS servers you might not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five DNS servers you might not be able
+to connect to the Bitcoin network right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to the Bitcoin network right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to the Bitcoin network right
+so in practice it's not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in practice it's not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in practice it's not completely
+mathematically secure and trustless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically secure and trustless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically secure and trustless
+there's all these real world issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these real world issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these real world issues
+that's like how do I know I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like how do I know I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like how do I know I've got the
+right software how do I know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right software how do I know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right software how do I know I'm
+connecting to the actual Bitcoin network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to the actual Bitcoin network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to the actual Bitcoin network
+what if my ISP is blocking me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if my ISP is blocking me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if my ISP is blocking me and
+sending me to some other network things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending me to some other network things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending me to some other network things
+like that so in practice it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in practice it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in practice it sort of
+works okay right now connect to the DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay right now connect to the DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay right now connect to the DNS
+seeds and then you connect to a Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and then you connect to a Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and then you connect to a Bitcoin
+node and you ask for headers you say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and you ask for headers you say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and you ask for headers you say hey
+I just showed up I know about one header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed up I know about one header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed up I know about one header
+there's a hard-coded header in the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hard-coded header in the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hard-coded header in the code
+called the Genesis block that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Genesis block that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Genesis block that's the
+toshi did and you say hey I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toshi did and you say hey I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toshi did and you say hey I've got this
+Genesis block do you know anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis block do you know anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis block do you know anything that
+that you know builds above this Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know builds above this Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know builds above this Genesis
+block that comes after and you say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that comes after and you say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that comes after and you say and
+they say yes I actually know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say yes I actually know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say yes I actually know five
+hundred thousand headers that come after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand headers that come after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand headers that come after
+it and they'll start sending it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they'll start sending it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they'll start sending it to you
+and they send it to you in like a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they send it to you in like a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they send it to you in like a couple
+thousand of you know headers at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of you know headers at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of you know headers at a time
+and then you started download all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you started download all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you started download all those
+and verify that the header chain you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify that the header chain you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify that the header chain you get
+it first and it's actually very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first and it's actually very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first and it's actually very quick
+you can do it under a minute if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it under a minute if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it under a minute if you have
+a good internet connection and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good internet connection and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good internet connection and you
+verify all the work before you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify all the work before you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify all the work before you do
+anything else so this is nice and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else so this is nice and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else so this is nice and that
+the attacker in order to sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker in order to sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker in order to sort of make
+you do more work here would have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do more work here would have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do more work here would have to do a
+lot of proof of work but for you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of proof of work but for you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of proof of work but for you it's
+very quick to verify everything even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick to verify everything even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick to verify everything even
+though even half a million headers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though even half a million headers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though even half a million headers you
+know 30 seconds if you got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 seconds if you got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 seconds if you got a good
+internet connection something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet connection something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet connection something like that
+because all you're doing is one hash per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you're doing is one hash per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you're doing is one hash per
+header right you just download the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header right you just download the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header right you just download the
+header check the bits check the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header check the bits check the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header check the bits check the time
+make sure the times are like you know R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the times are like you know R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the times are like you know R
+you know progressing reasonably if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know progressing reasonably if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know progressing reasonably if the
+times keep going backwards for like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times keep going backwards for like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times keep going backwards for like I
+think it's ten blocks then you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's ten blocks then you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's ten blocks then you consider
+it invalid but your computer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invalid but your computer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invalid but your computer can
+actually do this you know it's 500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this you know it's 500,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this you know it's 500,000
+hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function
+I'm sure if you've seen for the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure if you've seen for the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure if you've seen for the problems
+that you can do that in a few seconds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do that in a few seconds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do that in a few seconds in
+many cases so you can verify the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases so you can verify the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases so you can verify the work
+done throughout the entirety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done throughout the entirety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done throughout the entirety of the
+Bitcoin existence pretty quickly so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin existence pretty quickly so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin existence pretty quickly so then
+you've got five hundred thousand headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got five hundred thousand headers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got five hundred thousand headers
+and now you need to actually download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you need to actually download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you need to actually download
+the blocks ok any questions about header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks ok any questions about header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks ok any questions about header
+synchronization seems pretty straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization seems pretty straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization seems pretty straight
+right yeah well yeah you save it to disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah well yeah you save it to disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah well yeah you save it to disk
+so you don't have to like if you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to like if you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to like if you turn
+your you know if you shut your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know if you shut your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know if you shut your computer
+off to turn it on the next time you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to turn it on the next time you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to turn it on the next time you've
+already got all those headers on disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got all those headers on disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got all those headers on disk
+basically you save them to disk once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you save them to disk once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you save them to disk once
+you've verified them so you download a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've verified them so you download a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've verified them so you download a
+couple thousand it you know builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple thousand it you know builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple thousand it you know builds
+linearly so it's nice you like download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly so it's nice you like download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly so it's nice you like download
+them validate and as you validate write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them validate and as you validate write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them validate and as you validate write
+them to disk and then when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to disk and then when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to disk and then when you start
+back up there on disk you you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up there on disk you you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up there on disk you you know you
+trust your own disk if someone goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust your own disk if someone goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust your own disk if someone goes in
+and modifies things on disk between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modifies things on disk between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modifies things on disk between
+running of Bitcoin all bets are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running of Bitcoin all bets are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running of Bitcoin all bets are off
+right so you sort of implicitly trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you sort of implicitly trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you sort of implicitly trust
+that ok so yeah that's pretty quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok so yeah that's pretty quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok so yeah that's pretty quick
+works well then you get to the real hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well then you get to the real hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well then you get to the real hard
+part where you know have to validate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where you know have to validate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where you know have to validate all
+these signatures and download all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signatures and download all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signatures and download all these
+transactions any other questions good ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions any other questions good ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions any other questions good ok
+okay so then it's called IBD initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then it's called IBD initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then it's called IBD initial
+block download so you get the headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block download so you get the headers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block download so you get the headers
+first that's quick now you start asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's quick now you start asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's quick now you start asking
+your peers hey here's this header from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers hey here's this header from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers hey here's this header from
+2009 you know blah blah height one give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 you know blah blah height one give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 you know blah blah height one give
+it you know here's the header can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know here's the header can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know here's the header can you
+give me the full block with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the full block with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the full block with you know
+what's in the you know I have the header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the you know I have the header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the you know I have the header
+what are all the things that go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all the things that go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all the things that go into the
+merkel route so you request blocks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel route so you request blocks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel route so you request blocks from
+peers you match the transaction list the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers you match the transaction list the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers you match the transaction list the
+Merkel route and header and you process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel route and header and you process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel route and header and you process
+each transaction in order right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each transaction in order right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each transaction in order right so you
+download it say okay here's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it say okay here's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it say okay here's all these
+transactions let me take the hash of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions let me take the hash of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions let me take the hash of all
+of them compute the Merkel route make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them compute the Merkel route make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them compute the Merkel route make
+sure it matches the Merkel route I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it matches the Merkel route I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it matches the Merkel route I see
+in the header if I I've already gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the header if I I've already gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the header if I I've already gotten
+and now process each transaction ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now process each transaction ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now process each transaction ok so
+what do we do to process transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do to process transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do to process transactions
+okay so you've got this UTX ODB so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got this UTX ODB so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got this UTX ODB so this
+is unspent transaction output so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unspent transaction output so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unspent transaction output so all the
+you know I'm sure in like 2030 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm sure in like 2030 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm sure in like 2030 there
+will be a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a new
+where we'll just call money UTX I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll just call money UTX I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll just call money UTX I was
+like hey you got I got a lot of UTX out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey you got I got a lot of UTX out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey you got I got a lot of UTX out
+I mean I'm already doing that and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm already doing that and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm already doing that and I'm
+pretty ahead of the time so so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty ahead of the time so so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty ahead of the time so so you've
+got this database which is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this database which is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this database which is basically a
+key value store and it just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key value store and it just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key value store and it just has
+transaction ID index right so this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID index right so this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction ID index right so this sort
+of what how you reference inputs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what how you reference inputs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what how you reference inputs in
+Bitcoin right the transaction ID index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin right the transaction ID index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin right the transaction ID index
+as the key and then the value is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the key and then the value is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the key and then the value is just
+the the output write the script sig and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the output write the script sig and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the output write the script sig and
+eight byte amount right so there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight byte amount right so there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight byte amount right so there it's
+pretty compact you've got all these key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty compact you've got all these key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty compact you've got all these key
+values in it's using a level DB but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in it's using a level DB but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in it's using a level DB but you
+can use some other key value store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use some other key value store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use some other key value store
+database and the idea is okay every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and the idea is okay every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and the idea is okay every time
+you get a transaction validate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a transaction validate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a transaction validate all the
+inputs you know make sure all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs you know make sure all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs you know make sure all the
+signature is good make sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is good make sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is good make sure it's
+spending things that actually exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending things that actually exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending things that actually exist in
+your you TXO set and delete those inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you TXO set and delete those inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you TXO set and delete those inputs
+from your UT XE o DB you're saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your UT XE o DB you're saying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your UT XE o DB you're saying okay
+this transaction is spending these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction is spending these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction is spending these
+inputs so delete so Vegas sorry first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so delete so Vegas sorry first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so delete so Vegas sorry first
+make sure the transactions valid given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the transactions valid given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the transactions valid given
+your current UT x o DB right so validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current UT x o DB right so validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current UT x o DB right so validate
+that all these inputs exist validate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these inputs exist validate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these inputs exist validate all
+the signatures are correct then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signatures are correct then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signatures are correct then you're
+saying okay this transaction is good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay this transaction is good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay this transaction is good now
+I modify my database by deleting all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I modify my database by deleting all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I modify my database by deleting all the
+inputs that are consumed and adding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are consumed and adding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are consumed and adding all
+these new outputs for the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new outputs for the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new outputs for the transaction
+right so this modifies the database in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this modifies the database in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this modifies the database in
+place and you sort of all constantly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and you sort of all constantly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and you sort of all constantly you
+know reading from it to validate inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reading from it to validate inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reading from it to validate inputs
+and then writing to it to delete inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then writing to it to delete inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then writing to it to delete inputs
+and then writing to it again to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then writing to it again to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then writing to it again to add
+outputs so it's not it doesn't seem too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs so it's not it doesn't seem too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs so it's not it doesn't seem too
+bad but there's a lot of disk access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but there's a lot of disk access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but there's a lot of disk access and
+the UT XO DB is a key value store with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT XO DB is a key value store with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT XO DB is a key value store with a
+lot of keys the values are very small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of keys the values are very small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of keys the values are very small so
+it's a it's not like a crazy database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's not like a crazy database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's not like a crazy database
+problem if anyone's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if anyone's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if anyone's interested in
+databases and stuff but you know it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and stuff but you know it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and stuff but you know it can
+be slow and we want to really optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slow and we want to really optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slow and we want to really optimize
+it so when you sync the initial block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when you sync the initial block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when you sync the initial block
+download you're doing this 300 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download you're doing this 300 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download you're doing this 300 million
+times so there's about 300 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so there's about 300 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so there's about 300 million
+transactions historically so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions historically so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions historically so you're
+validating signature deleting input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating signature deleting input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating signature deleting input
+adding output three in a million times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding output three in a million times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding output three in a million times
+it ends up being about a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being about a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being about a hundred and
+seventy gigabytes of downloads and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy gigabytes of downloads and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy gigabytes of downloads and then
+the end result when you're done you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result when you're done you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result when you're done you know
+modifying this database is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying this database is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying this database is that you have
+fifty five million transaction outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty five million transaction outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty five million transaction outputs
+remaining and it's about 3.2 gigabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining and it's about 3.2 gigabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining and it's about 3.2 gigabytes
+of disk skews so yeah but you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disk skews so yeah but you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disk skews so yeah but you had to
+download that hundred 70 gigabytes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download that hundred 70 gigabytes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download that hundred 70 gigabytes to
+get to the three 2.2 gigabyte end state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the three 2.2 gigabyte end state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the three 2.2 gigabyte end state
+right because most of the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because most of the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because most of the transactions
+that have been created and most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been created and most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been created and most of the
+outputs have then later been spent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs have then later been spent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs have then later been spent right
+so there's a lot of churn so yeah of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of churn so yeah of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of churn so yeah of the
+300 million and these sorry these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 million and these sorry these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 million and these sorry these are
+not the same numbers I was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same numbers I was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same numbers I was actually
+looking how many transaction outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking how many transaction outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking how many transaction outputs
+have been created throughout all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been created throughout all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been created throughout all of
+Bitcoin and I couldn't find the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and I couldn't find the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and I couldn't find the number
+and I didn't want to you know write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't want to you know write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't want to you know write
+software to figure it out but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to figure it out but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to figure it out but you know
+certainly you can certainly figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you can certainly figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you can certainly figure it
+out from the the blockchain but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the the blockchain but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the the blockchain but yeah
+this is transaction outputs how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is transaction outputs how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is transaction outputs how many
+total transactions have been have TXO as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total transactions have been have TXO as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total transactions have been have TXO as
+I'm not sure but yeah so it's pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but yeah so it's pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but yeah so it's pretty big
+but it's reasonable right like we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's reasonable right like we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's reasonable right like we can do
+this on today's computers if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on today's computers if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on today's computers if you've got
+a decent laptop this is possible this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decent laptop this is possible this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decent laptop this is possible this
+total time taken depends on a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total time taken depends on a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total time taken depends on a lot of
+factors has anyone actually done initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors has anyone actually done initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors has anyone actually done initial
+block download and sync to Bitcoin node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block download and sync to Bitcoin node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block download and sync to Bitcoin node
+and like want to say about how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like want to say about how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like want to say about how quickly
+they deter okay James how long did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deter okay James how long did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deter okay James how long did it
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a spinning festival because I run Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spinning festival because I run Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spinning festival because I run Oh
+point 15.1 on a laptop with a spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 15.1 on a laptop with a spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 15.1 on a laptop with a spinning
+disc and it'll take like overnight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc and it'll take like overnight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc and it'll take like overnight to
+just sync up a week or so okay so eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sync up a week or so okay so eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sync up a week or so okay so eight
+hours to do the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to do the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to do the whole thing
+anyone else have have tried it yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else have have tried it yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else have have tried it yeah yeah
+wow that took weeks Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that took weeks Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that took weeks Oh
+so the the software has been improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the software has been improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the software has been improved
+quite a bit so if you downloaded it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit so if you downloaded it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit so if you downloaded it like
+I first downloaded it in 2011 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first downloaded it in 2011 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first downloaded it in 2011 and it
+took overnight to download everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took overnight to download everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took overnight to download everything
+and the download was vastly smaller it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the download was vastly smaller it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the download was vastly smaller it
+was less than a gigabyte to download the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than a gigabyte to download the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than a gigabyte to download the
+entire blockchain so what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blockchain so what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blockchain so what's interesting
+is that the time taken for initial block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the time taken for initial block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the time taken for initial block
+download over the last seven years has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download over the last seven years has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download over the last seven years has
+been somewhat constant in that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been somewhat constant in that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been somewhat constant in that the the
+blockchain gets bigger and bigger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain gets bigger and bigger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain gets bigger and bigger but
+there's all these optimizations to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these optimizations to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these optimizations to the
+code and the databases and so that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the databases and so that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the databases and so that sort
+of keeps pace although actually I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeps pace although actually I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeps pace although actually I'd say
+recently it's it's gotten faster because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently it's it's gotten faster because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently it's it's gotten faster because
+like 0.5 teen weight Oh point alert 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.5 teen weight Oh point alert 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.5 teen weight Oh point alert 11
+or 12 had a big speed up as well yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12 had a big speed up as well yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12 had a big speed up as well yeah so
+quarry fields who also works with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarry fields who also works with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarry fields who also works with the
+DCI helped to you know refactor the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCI helped to you know refactor the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCI helped to you know refactor the code
+make it a lot faster there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a lot faster there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a lot faster there's still
+definitely still optimizations a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still optimizations a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still optimizations a lot of
+cool you know a lot of it's pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you know a lot of it's pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you know a lot of it's pretty low
+level like tweaks kind of stuff but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like tweaks kind of stuff but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like tweaks kind of stuff but some
+of them are pretty big things that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are pretty big things that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are pretty big things that most
+of the big things low-hanging fruit has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big things low-hanging fruit has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big things low-hanging fruit has
+already been got the worry is that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been got the worry is that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been got the worry is that long
+term this this just keeps going up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this this just keeps going up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this this just keeps going up right
+as the blockchain gets bigger and longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the blockchain gets bigger and longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the blockchain gets bigger and longer
+it's gonna take heart it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna take heart it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna take heart it's gonna be
+harder to validate it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to validate it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to validate it can be
+parallelized to some extent but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelized to some extent but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelized to some extent but there's
+also like network i/o concerns things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like network i/o concerns things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like network i/o concerns things
+like that so it's tricky but doable ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it's tricky but doable ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it's tricky but doable ok
+any questions about initial block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about initial block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about initial block
+download good ok so here's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download good ok so here's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download good ok so here's a question
+you've got this utx ODB what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this utx ODB what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this utx ODB what about this
+hundred 70 gigabytes do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred 70 gigabytes do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred 70 gigabytes do you have to
+store it or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it or can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it or can
+you delete it this you can't delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you delete it this you can't delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you delete it this you can't delete
+right so do you think this is okay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so do you think this is okay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so do you think this is okay like
+you know yeah you can delete some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah you can delete some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah you can delete some of
+this actually there's a lot of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually there's a lot of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually there's a lot of research
+into maybe we can delete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accumulators cool stuff like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators cool stuff like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators cool stuff like that it
+would be really cool to have some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really cool to have some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really cool to have some kind
+of data structure where we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure where we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure where we can keep
+adding these you know we can add remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these you know we can add remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these you know we can add remove
+and prove that some things in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that some things in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that some things in and you
+know seek and see if something's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know seek and see if something's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know seek and see if something's in
+there where it either is like constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where it either is like constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where it either is like constant
+size or LOGIN size or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or LOGIN size or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or LOGIN size or something like
+that that'll be really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that'll be really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that'll be really cool
+there are constructions like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are constructions like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are constructions like that but
+they don't work for what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't work for what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't work for what we're trying to
+do right now but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right now but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right now but there's a lot of
+research into that if anyone here finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into that if anyone here finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into that if anyone here finds
+some cool data structure that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cool data structure that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cool data structure that you can
+use for the DxO DB that doesn't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the DxO DB that doesn't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the DxO DB that doesn't keep
+growing you know linear size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing you know linear size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing you know linear size of the
+number of keys everyone a Bitcoin will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of keys everyone a Bitcoin will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of keys everyone a Bitcoin will
+sing your praises forever so but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing your praises forever so but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing your praises forever so but it's a
+active research area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active research area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active research area
+okay so pruning by default oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pruning by default oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pruning by default oh sorry
+the there's only 500 K blocks not 500 am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's only 500 K blocks not 500 am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's only 500 K blocks not 500 am
+anyway um by default your your client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um by default your your client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um by default your your client
+will download all these blocks and store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will download all these blocks and store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will download all these blocks and store
+them on the disk and that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the disk and that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the disk and that's important
+because what if someone else requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if someone else requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if someone else requests
+them from you you know someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from you you know someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from you you know someone else
+everyone you know everyone starts out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you know everyone starts out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you know everyone starts out as
+a noob someone else comes and says hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noob someone else comes and says hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noob someone else comes and says hey
+guys I just downloaded a Bitcoin what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I just downloaded a Bitcoin what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I just downloaded a Bitcoin what's
+gone you know what's going on for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone you know what's going on for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone you know what's going on for the
+last nine years and you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last nine years and you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last nine years and you might want to
+give them blocks to let them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them blocks to let them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them blocks to let them into the
+system so you can serve to others who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you can serve to others who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you can serve to others who
+are doing IBD however if you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing IBD however if you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing IBD however if you want and
+your hard drive small area of an SSD or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hard drive small area of an SSD or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hard drive small area of an SSD or
+something you can prune and delete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can prune and delete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can prune and delete the
+blocks after you've done IBD with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks after you've done IBD with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks after you've done IBD with no
+loss of security right anyone think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of security right anyone think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of security right anyone think of
+downsides doing so not really right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downsides doing so not really right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downsides doing so not really right the
+only I mean the real downside is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I mean the real downside is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I mean the real downside is sort of
+this right Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right Oh
+not everyone can prune right if everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone can prune right if everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone can prune right if everyone
+prunes no new entrants to the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prunes no new entrants to the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prunes no new entrants to the system so
+it's a little bit of a tricky sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of a tricky sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of a tricky sort of
+like seed versus leech kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seed versus leech kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seed versus leech kind of problem
+where someone's got to be there to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone's got to be there to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone's got to be there to serve
+up these blocks you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these blocks you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these blocks you don't have to
+trust them right you're still you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them right you're still you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them right you're still you're
+still validating all the work validating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still validating all the work validating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still validating all the work validating
+all the signatures they can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signatures they can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signatures they can't do
+anything bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad
+but someone's got to be there to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but someone's got to be there to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but someone's got to be there to provide
+the network capacity and so it is tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network capacity and so it is tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network capacity and so it is tricky
+like most of the nodes on the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the nodes on the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the nodes on the network
+are behind people's you know cable modem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are behind people's you know cable modem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are behind people's you know cable modem
+firewall kind of thing so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewall kind of thing so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewall kind of thing so you can't
+actually connect to them and download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually connect to them and download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually connect to them and download
+and if you run a node that does allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you run a node that does allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you run a node that does allow
+people to connect in and serve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to connect in and serve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to connect in and serve them
+blocks people will download quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks people will download quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks people will download quite a bit
+so I had I have one in the office over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I had I have one in the office over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I had I have one in the office over
+there it ends up upload you know sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it ends up upload you know sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it ends up upload you know sending
+out about three terabytes a month which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about three terabytes a month which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about three terabytes a month which
+is a lot right like it's you know dozens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot right like it's you know dozens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot right like it's you know dozens
+of gigabytes a day so yeah people people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gigabytes a day so yeah people people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gigabytes a day so yeah people people
+are doing this people are connecting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this people are connecting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this people are connecting in
+and downloading all the blocks either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downloading all the blocks either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downloading all the blocks either
+through IBD or just keeping up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through IBD or just keeping up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through IBD or just keeping up with
+current transactions so yeah pruning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current transactions so yeah pruning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current transactions so yeah pruning is
+possible but it's someone you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it's someone you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it's someone you know not
+everyone can do it so it's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can do it so it's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can do it so it's sort of an
+unsolved issue there there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved issue there there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved issue there there's a lot of
+research into how we can do partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into how we can do partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into how we can do partial
+pruning where okay I'm gonna only store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pruning where okay I'm gonna only store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pruning where okay I'm gonna only store
+the last month's worth of blocks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last month's worth of blocks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last month's worth of blocks which
+is mostly what people do because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly what people do because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly what people do because a lot
+of people have intermittent connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have intermittent connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have intermittent connectivity
+where they'll turn off their their node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll turn off their their node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll turn off their their node
+and then start it back up again a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start it back up again a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start it back up again a few
+days later and they just need to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days later and they just need to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days later and they just need to catch
+up with the last few blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the last few blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the last few blocks
+okay so pruning school that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pruning school that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pruning school that's been
+incense Oh point twelve or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incense Oh point twelve or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incense Oh point twelve or something so
+I'll go through in practice if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go through in practice if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go through in practice if you go to
+you know your Bitcoin node what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your Bitcoin node what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your Bitcoin node what is
+actually store and if you just go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store and if you just go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store and if you just go to
+your Bitcoin folder which in in UNIX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bitcoin folder which in in UNIX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bitcoin folder which in in UNIX
+type OSS is like home directory slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type OSS is like home directory slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type OSS is like home directory slash
+dot Bitcoin total random aside I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Bitcoin total random aside I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Bitcoin total random aside I I don't
+like how they put a dot in front of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how they put a dot in front of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how they put a dot in front of all
+the really important folders right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really important folders right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really important folders right it's
+like they hide all the important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they hide all the important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they hide all the important things
+like your GPG folders it's got a dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your GPG folders it's got a dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your GPG folders it's got a dot and
+your bitcoin folders got a dot but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bitcoin folders got a dot but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bitcoin folders got a dot but like
+downloads doesn't and like anyway so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloads doesn't and like anyway so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloads doesn't and like anyway so if
+you just you know LS in your folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you know LS in your folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you know LS in your folder
+here's all the files and just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's all the files and just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's all the files and just go through
+real quick here's the files and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick here's the files and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick here's the files and also
+described so there's a band list dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described so there's a band list dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described so there's a band list dot dot
+this is a list of IP addresses that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a list of IP addresses that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a list of IP addresses that you
+have banned because they're bad they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have banned because they're bad they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have banned because they're bad they're
+doing something where so I'll get to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something where so I'll get to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something where so I'll get to at
+the end I I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I I sort of
+of making a band list for the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a band list for the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a band list for the problem
+set because there are some knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because there are some knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because there are some knows that
+are doing non good things other that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing non good things other that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing non good things other that was
+what caused yesterday's outage someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what caused yesterday's outage someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what caused yesterday's outage someone
+was connecting although it was really my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connecting although it was really my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connecting although it was really my
+fault because the the server code was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault because the the server code was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault because the the server code was
+not verifying inputs correctly but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not verifying inputs correctly but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not verifying inputs correctly but yeah
+in Bitcoin you verify everything if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin you verify everything if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin you verify everything if
+people start sending you nonsense data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start sending you nonsense data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start sending you nonsense data
+or they say hey here's a block and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they say hey here's a block and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they say hey here's a block and it's
+wrong or hey here's the transaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or hey here's the transaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or hey here's the transaction and
+it the signatures are wrong you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the signatures are wrong you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the signatures are wrong you'll
+you'll pretty quickly ban them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pretty quickly ban them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pretty quickly ban them because
+it's like well if they're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well if they're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well if they're making a
+mistake you know it's a computer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake you know it's a computer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake you know it's a computer there's
+no excuse for making a mistake right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excuse for making a mistake right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excuse for making a mistake right so
+either their software's just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either their software's just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either their software's just different
+than mine or something's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than mine or something's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than mine or something's wrong with
+their software or their hardware I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their software or their hardware I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their software or their hardware I don't
+know but they're wasting my time they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they're wasting my time they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they're wasting my time they're
+sending me nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending me nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending me nonsense
+BAM so you have your own band list then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAM so you have your own band list then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAM so you have your own band list then
+these the blue ones are folders I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the blue ones are folders I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the blue ones are folders I'll
+talk about those later then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those later then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those later then you have
+peers docked at which is good notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers docked at which is good notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers docked at which is good notes so
+it's quite a bit four megabytes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a bit four megabytes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a bit four megabytes and you
+keep track of here's all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of here's all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of here's all the different
+nodes I've connected to for the past you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I've connected to for the past you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I've connected to for the past you
+know the duration of my however long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the duration of my however long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the duration of my however long
+I've been using Bitcoin I keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been using Bitcoin I keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been using Bitcoin I keep track of
+all their IP addresses how how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their IP addresses how how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their IP addresses how how much
+uptime they've had what I've downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptime they've had what I've downloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptime they've had what I've downloaded
+from them and so you know I sort of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them and so you know I sort of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them and so you know I sort of sort
+them and put the good ones at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put the good ones at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put the good ones at the top
+and like okay here's all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like okay here's all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like okay here's all the different
+Bitcoin nodes so the next time I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin nodes so the next time I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin nodes so the next time I start
+up Bitcoin I'm gonna try to connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Bitcoin I'm gonna try to connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Bitcoin I'm gonna try to connect to
+them so this makes the network very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this makes the network very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this makes the network very
+robust because everyone remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust because everyone remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust because everyone remembers
+everyone else and then when they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else and then when they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else and then when they need to
+you know if there's a network disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if there's a network disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if there's a network disruption
+maybe half the nodes go off the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe half the nodes go off the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe half the nodes go off the network
+you can still try to connect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still try to connect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still try to connect all the
+rest and then and also peers will share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and then and also peers will share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and then and also peers will share
+their peers files not directly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their peers files not directly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their peers files not directly but
+they'll sort of take random samplings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll sort of take random samplings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll sort of take random samplings of
+this file and share it with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file and share it with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file and share it with each other
+so that everyone sort of knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that everyone sort of knows about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that everyone sort of knows about
+everyone else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else okay
+then there's a wallet dot that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a wallet dot that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a wallet dot that which is
+very important if that's got all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important if that's got all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important if that's got all your
+precious UTX those and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious UTX those and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious UTX those and we'll talk about
+wallets one day there's a Bitcoin conf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallets one day there's a Bitcoin conf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallets one day there's a Bitcoin conf
+little config file you can set some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little config file you can set some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little config file you can set some
+settings and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and things like that
+debug file which shows all these weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug file which shows all these weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug file which shows all these weird
+messages and a memo about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and a memo about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and a memo about that
+so the mempool is transaction you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mempool is transaction you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mempool is transaction you've
+seen that you've not seen in a block yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that you've not seen in a block yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that you've not seen in a block yet
+right so people are broadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so people are broadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so people are broadcasting
+transactions and you store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and you store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and you store them
+it used to be just in memory hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be just in memory hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be just in memory hence the
+word mempool now it's more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word mempool now it's more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word mempool now it's more like this
+cool because you actually store them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because you actually store them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because you actually store them on
+disk because it saves a little speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk because it saves a little speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk because it saves a little speed
+when you shut down and start up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shut down and start up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shut down and start up again
+okay so any questions about just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions about just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions about just what
+all these files are doing okay make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these files are doing okay make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these files are doing okay make
+sense so now the folders chained state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so now the folders chained state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so now the folders chained state
+blocks and database so any guesses on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and database so any guesses on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and database so any guesses on to
+how big these things are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big these things are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big these things are based on
+previous slides or so how big is chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides or so how big is chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides or so how big is chain
+State for example yes we gave ok ok yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State for example yes we gave ok ok yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State for example yes we gave ok ok yeah
+three gigs right this is the UT exocet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gigs right this is the UT exocet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gigs right this is the UT exocet
+3ish gigs this is all the blocks what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then database actually I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then database actually I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then database actually I have no
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+does anyone know what that is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what that is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what that is there's a
+database folder and it's got one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database folder and it's got one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database folder and it's got one little
+log file and it's like 80 kilobytes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log file and it's like 80 kilobytes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log file and it's like 80 kilobytes I
+don't know what it is do you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is do you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is do you guys know
+okay yeah but there's a blocks folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah but there's a blocks folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah but there's a blocks folder
+and that's got all the blocks and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got all the blocks and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got all the blocks and that's
+your you know huge amount of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know huge amount of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know huge amount of data and
+this is the UT Exocet not too bad so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the UT Exocet not too bad so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the UT Exocet not too bad so
+yeah you can you can look in it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can you can look in it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can you can look in it it's
+reasonable but yeah it's kind of it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but yeah it's kind of it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but yeah it's kind of it okay
+and now so any questions about the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so any questions about the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so any questions about the data
+stuff I'm gonna go into blockchain as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm gonna go into blockchain as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm gonna go into blockchain as a
+database real quick at the end okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database real quick at the end okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database real quick at the end okay so
+it's 186 gigabytes or alternatively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 186 gigabytes or alternatively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 186 gigabytes or alternatively you
+can think of it as just three gigabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as just three gigabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as just three gigabytes
+but it's a really crummy database so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a really crummy database so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a really crummy database so
+I've heard a lot that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard a lot that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard a lot that you know
+blockchain is gonna change the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is gonna change the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is gonna change the world and
+it's like a database that's shared among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a database that's shared among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a database that's shared among
+everyone and you can query things it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and you can query things it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and you can query things it's a
+really bad database so for example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad database so for example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad database so for example I'm
+gonna have some like uh fun interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some like uh fun interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some like uh fun interactive
+questions where as these some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where as these some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where as these some of these
+are answerable some of these are not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are answerable some of these are not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are answerable some of these are not so
+for you know and I'm posing the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know and I'm posing the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know and I'm posing the question
+to my Bitcoin node so I post this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my Bitcoin node so I post this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my Bitcoin node so I post this
+question to my Bitcoin node hey remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to my Bitcoin node hey remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to my Bitcoin node hey remember
+transaction 99 5c3 did it from back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction 99 5c3 did it from back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction 99 5c3 did it from back in
+2014 and how do you think the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 and how do you think the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 and how do you think the Bitcoin
+node will answer will it answer or will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node will answer will it answer or will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node will answer will it answer or will
+it not be able to any ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not be able to any ideas yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not be able to any ideas yeah
+uh 183 plus three so the total data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 183 plus three so the total data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 183 plus three so the total data
+usage on this computers under day six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage on this computers under day six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage on this computers under day six
+gigs right the rest are kind of small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs right the rest are kind of small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs right the rest are kind of small so
+I mean like when you're using Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean like when you're using Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean like when you're using Bitcoin
+you've got 186 gigs on your hard drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 186 gigs on your hard drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 186 gigs on your hard drive
+or your SSD devoted to Bitcoin right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your SSD devoted to Bitcoin right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your SSD devoted to Bitcoin right so
+it's so you've got this 186 gigabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so you've got this 186 gigabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so you've got this 186 gigabyte
+database essentially but it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database essentially but it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database essentially but it's a really
+crummy database and it can't do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crummy database and it can't do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crummy database and it can't do a lot of
+the things you might expect it to so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you might expect it to so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you might expect it to so for
+example this you you arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this you you arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this you you arbitrary
+transaction from the past you say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction from the past you say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction from the past you say hey
+there was this transaction a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this transaction a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this transaction a couple
+years ago give me the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago give me the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago give me the information about
+it and what do you think the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what do you think the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what do you think the response
+from the full node is what's right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the full node is what's right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the full node is what's right it's
+valid or not valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid or not valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid or not valid
+any other ideas sorry it asks instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas sorry it asks instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas sorry it asks instead
+for a header okay there it is yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a header okay there it is yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a header okay there it is yeah so
+sort of that it'll say remember TX this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that it'll say remember TX this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that it'll say remember TX this
+no it's somewhere in the blocks maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's somewhere in the blocks maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's somewhere in the blocks maybe
+but I have no idea where it's not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have no idea where it's not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have no idea where it's not on the
+chain State right so the blocks it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain State right so the blocks it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain State right so the blocks it just
+stores the blocks right like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the blocks right like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the blocks right like here's
+block it you know here's this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block it you know here's this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block it you know here's this block
+here's that block in inline and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that block in inline and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that block in inline and if you
+say hey there's this transaction okay go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey there's this transaction okay go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey there's this transaction okay go
+look for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it
+Oh 2014 well that might be somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh 2014 well that might be somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh 2014 well that might be somewhere in
+the middle but yeah if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle but yeah if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle but yeah if you don't know
+what block it's in forget it so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what block it's in forget it so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what block it's in forget it so it does
+have an index of blocks it'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an index of blocks it'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an index of blocks it'll tell you a
+block but transaction no luck yeah he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but transaction no luck yeah he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but transaction no luck yeah he
+won't even tell you this exists it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even tell you this exists it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even tell you this exists it has
+no idea I might be I might have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea I might be I might have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea I might be I might have made
+that up right so if you're saying hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up right so if you're saying hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up right so if you're saying hey
+here's this transaction do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this transaction do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this transaction do you remember
+it does it exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and uh yeah good question but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and uh yeah good question but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and uh yeah good question but I'll
+get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that
+I think but yes if you create a base on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but yes if you create a base on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but yes if you create a base on
+a block hash then it does have that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block hash then it does have that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block hash then it does have that in
+the database and it'll be able to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database and it'll be able to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database and it'll be able to get it
+for you James you know the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you James you know the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you James you know the database
+director does okay I didn't cool it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director does okay I didn't cool it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director does okay I didn't cool it's
+very small so I guess it helps things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small so I guess it helps things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small so I guess it helps things
+work okay so this one you do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so this one you do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so this one you do you know
+this transaction no how about this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction no how about this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction no how about this well
+I've got this output right it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this output right it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this output right it's still
+there in the UTX like you know I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the UTX like you know I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the UTX like you know I spent
+someone spent here it's like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone spent here it's like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone spent here it's like this is a
+transaction and the first one it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and the first one it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and the first one it's an
+opera turn output right so it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera turn output right so it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera turn output right so it's got some
+extra data but opera turn means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra data but opera turn means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra data but opera turn means it's
+invalid I can't spend it can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid I can't spend it can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid I can't spend it can you tell me
+what the data is do you think it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the data is do you think it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the data is do you think it'll be
+able to write if you query hey here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write if you query hey here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write if you query hey here's
+this output what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output what do you think the
+response will be yay nay okay I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response will be yay nay okay I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response will be yay nay okay I'm seeing
+this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah
+nope if it's not returned output even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope if it's not returned output even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope if it's not returned output even
+though it's unspent well it's unspent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's unspent well it's unspent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's unspent well it's unspent
+able so the you don't put it in you TXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able so the you don't put it in you TXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able so the you don't put it in you TXO
+database because you just see oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database because you just see oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database because you just see oh this
+output up returns in there don't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output up returns in there don't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output up returns in there don't bother
+putting it in no one will ever be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in no one will ever be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in no one will ever be able
+to spend it so there's no reason to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend it so there's no reason to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend it so there's no reason to put
+it in so opera turns are used to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in so opera turns are used to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in so opera turns are used to sort of
+commit to data all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit to data all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit to data all these different
+protocols but the actual normal code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols but the actual normal code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols but the actual normal code
+won't store them okay anything else next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't store them okay anything else next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't store them okay anything else next
+one this is one hey I have a public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is one hey I have a public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is one hey I have a public key
+and here's the hash of my public key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the hash of my public key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the hash of my public key is
+this essentially an address so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially an address so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially an address so we didn't
+talk about addresses but the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about addresses but the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about addresses but the Bitcoin
+addresses that start with like a1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that start with like a1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that start with like a1 and
+then have these alphanumeric stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have these alphanumeric stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have these alphanumeric stuff it's
+just a different encoding slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different encoding slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different encoding slightly
+shorter than hexadecimal for a pub key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than hexadecimal for a pub key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than hexadecimal for a pub key
+hash so you say hey I've got this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash so you say hey I've got this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash so you say hey I've got this you
+know I have a private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a private key
+I just computed the public key I hashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just computed the public key I hashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just computed the public key I hashed
+it I got this do I have any money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I got this do I have any money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I got this do I have any money I
+think I did I don't remember but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did I don't remember but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did I don't remember but I
+remember my private key I back that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my private key I back that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my private key I back that up
+that was the important part right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the important part right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the important part right
+everyone says you know keep your private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone says you know keep your private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone says you know keep your private
+keys so I have my private key but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so I have my private key but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so I have my private key but all
+this you know data and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know data and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know data and all this
+blockchain stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain stuff
+I lost my computer but how am i private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lost my computer but how am i private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lost my computer but how am i private
+got my money how many coins do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my money how many coins do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my money how many coins do I have
+how many outputs what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many outputs what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many outputs what do you think the
+full note will tell you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full note will tell you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full note will tell you yeah
+any ideas they'll say I don't know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas they'll say I don't know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas they'll say I don't know well
+you're gonna have to search through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to search through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to search through
+everything in chain State and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in chain State and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in chain State and it doesn't
+index based on the public key script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index based on the public key script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index based on the public key script
+only the transaction ID index right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the transaction ID index right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the transaction ID index right it's
+a key value store and the key is this 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key value store and the key is this 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key value store and the key is this 36
+by exid Index so this is this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exid Index so this is this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exid Index so this is this is a very
+real problem right like okay I backed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem right like okay I backed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem right like okay I backed up
+my key all right I took my private keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my key all right I took my private keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my key all right I took my private keys
+to some other computer or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other computer or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other computer or something like
+that and this is fairly it's gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is fairly it's gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is fairly it's gotten a
+lot faster it used to take hours right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot faster it used to take hours right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot faster it used to take hours right
+where you had a hard drive and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had a hard drive and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had a hard drive and you're
+like okay import a key to this wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay import a key to this wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay import a key to this wallet
+and it's like well when did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like well when did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like well when did you do
+transactions has to look through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions has to look through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions has to look through the
+entire blockchain see Tinley I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blockchain see Tinley I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blockchain see Tinley I'm
+linearly to see if any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly to see if any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly to see if any of these
+transactions have an output that matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions have an output that matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions have an output that matches
+that and then says oh yeah you got money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then says oh yeah you got money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then says oh yeah you got money
+back in 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2013
+oh then you spent it or then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh then you spent it or then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh then you spent it or then you know
+and sort of replays things because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of replays things because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of replays things because it
+doesn't have an address index okay next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an address index okay next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an address index okay next
+one this is an example how many coins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is an example how many coins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is an example how many coins so
+you say hey here's this output this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey here's this output this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey here's this output this
+transaction : one how many coins does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction : one how many coins does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction : one how many coins does it
+have will the full node be able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have will the full node be able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have will the full node be able to tell
+you this seeing about your nays know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this seeing about your nays know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this seeing about your nays know it
+will yeah this is this is the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah this is this is the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah this is this is the one thing
+it can do so if you say hey seven four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do so if you say hey seven four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do so if you say hey seven four
+three four then another : one it'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four then another : one it'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four then another : one it'll know
+that that's in the you txt ODB because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's in the you txt ODB because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's in the you txt ODB because
+that's that's the key that the utx ODB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the key that the utx ODB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the key that the utx ODB
+sorts by right yep this is it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts by right yep this is it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts by right yep this is it this is
+aut EXO it's unspent and it has a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aut EXO it's unspent and it has a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aut EXO it's unspent and it has a bunch
+of coins and this is fairly recent I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coins and this is fairly recent I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coins and this is fairly recent I was
+just looking through someone got yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking through someone got yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking through someone got yes the
+new tax offset hasn't been spent and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tax offset hasn't been spent and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tax offset hasn't been spent and you
+can sort quickly based on exid index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort quickly based on exid index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort quickly based on exid index
+pair right so we said I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair right so we said I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair right so we said I think this is
+some software called an out point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some software called an out point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some software called an out point where
+it's like you concatenate them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you concatenate them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you concatenate them in this
+32 it ends up being 36 bytes right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 it ends up being 36 bytes right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 it ends up being 36 bytes right this
+is 32 bytes this is 4 so you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 32 bytes this is 4 so you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 32 bytes this is 4 so you sort of
+have a 36 bytes out point which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 36 bytes out point which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 36 bytes out point which
+describes what goes into the exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what goes into the exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what goes into the exit
+it's very funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very funny
+yeah once this is spent you delete it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once this is spent you delete it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once this is spent you delete it
+from the you tick so and you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the you tick so and you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the you tick so and you won't
+remember it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it anymore
+it'll just be hey do you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just be hey do you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just be hey do you know how many
+coins is happy like well well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins is happy like well well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins is happy like well well you can
+you can still answer it you say none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still answer it you say none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still answer it you say none
+right if it's if it's spent and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's if it's spent and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's if it's spent and you say
+how many coins does this guy have none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many coins does this guy have none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many coins does this guy have none
+it's not in the EXO set which was yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in the EXO set which was yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in the EXO set which was yeah
+so the previous one I just copy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the previous one I just copy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the previous one I just copy these
+randomly okay okay so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly okay okay so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly okay okay so any questions
+about what is stored and what is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is stored and what is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is stored and what is not
+stored weight basically keeps track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored weight basically keeps track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored weight basically keeps track of
+ut EXO's and it keeps track of historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut EXO's and it keeps track of historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut EXO's and it keeps track of historic
+blocks in order to give them to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in order to give them to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in order to give them to people
+and it keeps that to the header so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps that to the header so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps that to the header so the
+headers ends up being small all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers ends up being small all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers ends up being small all the
+headers total is like what 40 Meg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers total is like what 40 Meg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers total is like what 40 Meg's
+something like that so yeah you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so yeah you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so yeah you can and
+further indices right you you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further indices right you you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further indices right you you could
+write software to answer all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write software to answer all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write software to answer all these
+questions very quickly but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions very quickly but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions very quickly but that's not
+what Bitcoin does by default those types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bitcoin does by default those types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bitcoin does by default those types
+of indices would take a lot of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indices would take a lot of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indices would take a lot of extra
+space and and add a lot of CPU or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and add a lot of CPU or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and add a lot of CPU or things
+like that so a very common thing is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so a very common thing is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so a very common thing is an
+address index so people can ask if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address index so people can ask if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address index so people can ask if they
+have any money so that last the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any money so that last the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any money so that last the the
+second the last one where you say hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the last one where you say hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the last one where you say hey I
+have this key you know key hash do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this key you know key hash do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this key you know key hash do I
+have any money do I have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any money do I have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any money do I have any
+transactions having an address index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions having an address index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions having an address index is
+actually pretty useful for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty useful for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty useful for a lot of
+things for example importing keys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for example importing keys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for example importing keys or
+like web wallet kind of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web wallet kind of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web wallet kind of things but
+Bitcoin by default doesn't do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin by default doesn't do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin by default doesn't do it because
+well why I mean you can make arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why I mean you can make arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why I mean you can make arguments
+that it'll be actually useful to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll be actually useful to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll be actually useful to have in
+the normal code but we don't okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal code but we don't okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal code but we don't okay any
+other questions about what indices what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about what indices what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about what indices what
+it can do what it cannot do somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do what it cannot do somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do what it cannot do somewhat
+counterintuitive in many cases where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive in many cases where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive in many cases where you
+say hey here's this transaction and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey here's this transaction and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey here's this transaction and you
+can't actually find it or you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually find it or you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually find it or you have to
+scan through 180 gigabytes in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan through 180 gigabytes in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan through 180 gigabytes in order to
+find it yeah so with James I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it yeah so with James I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it yeah so with James I have a
+question so how big is an address index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so how big is an address index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so how big is an address index
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wow so give me hundreds of gigs yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow so give me hundreds of gigs yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow so give me hundreds of gigs yeah we
+used to generate okay well that's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to generate okay well that's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to generate okay well that's I mean
+so the other thing is these these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing is these these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing is these these are
+like fairly involved sort of CSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fairly involved sort of CSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fairly involved sort of CSC
+software engineering problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineering problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineering problems and
+optimization really works right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization really works right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization really works right if you
+download like Bitcoin 0.9 it'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download like Bitcoin 0.9 it'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download like Bitcoin 0.9 it'll still
+work but you're never gonna catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but you're never gonna catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but you're never gonna catch up
+maybe not never I don't know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not never I don't know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not never I don't know if you have
+a fast computer but it'll take you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast computer but it'll take you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast computer but it'll take you know
+months and months and as people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and months and as people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and months and as people have
+been updating the software and making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been updating the software and making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been updating the software and making it
+faster making it more efficient now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster making it more efficient now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster making it more efficient now it's
+quite fast and you can you know sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fast and you can you know sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fast and you can you know sink
+from the holes you think the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the holes you think the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the holes you think the whole thing
+in a few hours on a good computer so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few hours on a good computer so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few hours on a good computer so so
+address index is one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address index is one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address index is one of those things
+where it hasn't had like the full force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it hasn't had like the full force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it hasn't had like the full force
+of all these Bitcoin protocol coder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these Bitcoin protocol coder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these Bitcoin protocol coder
+people on it because it's sort of seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on it because it's sort of seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on it because it's sort of seen
+it's like well yeah that's kind of a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well yeah that's kind of a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well yeah that's kind of a fun
+feature if you want but it's not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature if you want but it's not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature if you want but it's not like a
+core utilities okay so yeah maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core utilities okay so yeah maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core utilities okay so yeah maybe you
+know it is a database maybe not the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is a database maybe not the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is a database maybe not the best
+way to think of it though as don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of it though as don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of it though as don't think
+of the blockchain as like a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blockchain as like a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blockchain as like a global
+shared database because it sort of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared database because it sort of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared database because it sort of is
+but it's a fairly specific database that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a fairly specific database that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a fairly specific database that
+isn't useful for many other things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't useful for many other things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't useful for many other things yeah
+and it's also untrusted another part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also untrusted another part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also untrusted another part of
+why is it's untrusted right most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it's untrusted right most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it's untrusted right most of
+these things exist so that they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things exist so that they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things exist so that they can be
+used over the peer-to-peer network right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used over the peer-to-peer network right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used over the peer-to-peer network right
+if you request a block I'll give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you request a block I'll give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you request a block I'll give it to
+you if you give me a transaction I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you give me a transaction I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you give me a transaction I'll
+match it against my UT Exocet but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it against my UT Exocet but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it against my UT Exocet but an
+address index doesn't work that way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address index doesn't work that way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address index doesn't work that way it
+sort of trusted I can easily omit things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trusted I can easily omit things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trusted I can easily omit things
+right if you say hey I've got a key what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you say hey I've got a key what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you say hey I've got a key what
+are the transactions involved with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the transactions involved with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the transactions involved with this
+key I can admit things very easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key I can admit things very easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key I can admit things very easily and
+there's no way for you to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for you to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for you to prove it
+you know or verify it so your DV queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or verify it so your DV queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or verify it so your DV queries
+aren't really given out to network peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really given out to network peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really given out to network peers
+and that works peers are scary and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that works peers are scary and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that works peers are scary and you
+need to ban them if they act funny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ban them if they act funny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ban them if they act funny and
+this happens all the time if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens all the time if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens all the time if you look
+through Bitcoin logs and you have a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Bitcoin logs and you have a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Bitcoin logs and you have a node
+that's up every few seconds you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up every few seconds you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up every few seconds you're gonna
+be disconnecting from someone or banning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be disconnecting from someone or banning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be disconnecting from someone or banning
+them because they're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're doing something
+crazy trying to hack into you or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy trying to hack into you or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy trying to hack into you or so
+basically all you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all you're doing is you're
+providing headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing headers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing headers
+blocks transactions and you're sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks transactions and you're sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks transactions and you're sharing
+the other IPS of notes you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other IPS of notes you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other IPS of notes you try to
+simplify okay other questions yeah bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify okay other questions yeah bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify okay other questions yeah bad
+database good for consensus kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database good for consensus kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database good for consensus kind of
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+everyone's got the same UT Exocet even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's got the same UT Exocet even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's got the same UT Exocet even
+though they all really would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they all really would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they all really would like to
+change that UT Exocet I would much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that UT Exocet I would much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that UT Exocet I would much
+rather everyone had a UT Exocet where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather everyone had a UT Exocet where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather everyone had a UT Exocet where I
+had those 273 coin use EXO so almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had those 273 coin use EXO so almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had those 273 coin use EXO so almost
+everyone in the systems would rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the systems would rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the systems would rather
+there was a different UT Exocet and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a different UT Exocet and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a different UT Exocet and yet
+they all managed to agree on a single UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all managed to agree on a single UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all managed to agree on a single UT
+Exocet so pretty cool
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3AVSORIJJJY.txt b/3AVSORIJJJY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb7ba8b30819987d304fe84b089d5e1ec4eadfa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3AVSORIJJJY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2283 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, I want to take
+10 more seconds now the
+
+clicker slide.
+
+This is giving us one more try
+on the vsper geometries,
+
+because it didn't go so
+well on Wednesday.
+
+All right, excellent.
+
+So that is a very good job.
+
+Let's quickly go over why.
+
+We have p h 3.
+
+We told you that phosphorous has
+5 valence electrons plus 3
+
+from each of the hydrogens,
+so we have a total
+
+of 8 valence electrons.
+
+How many do we need to get
+full valence shells
+
+everywhere?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: 14.
+
+So, we need 14 minus 8.
+
+That leaves us with 6
+bonding electrons.
+
+And if we put that in our bond
+here, we have 1, 2, 3 bonds,
+
+plus we have one lone
+pair left over.
+
+So this is our Lewis
+structure here.
+
+If these bonds were all
+completely of equal distance
+
+apart, whether is was a lone
+pair or bonding electrons, the
+
+angles would be 109 .
+
+5 degrees.
+
+But because there's this lone
+pair here, it's pushing down
+
+on the other bonds, so we
+end up with an angle of
+
+less than 109 .
+
+5 degrees.
+
+All right, so let's switch
+over to notes for today.
+
+So we're going to finish
+talking about molecular
+
+orbital theory, and then we'll
+switch over to discussing
+
+bonding in larger molecules,
+even larger than diatomic, so
+
+we'll move on to talking about
+valence bond theory and
+
+hybridization.
+
+So, clearly you don't have your
+notes in front of you
+
+yet, so you can just listen,
+take it all in.
+
+What I'll do is I'll post the
+notes filled in to the point
+
+where you actually get your
+class notes today.
+
+So, this will be a little bit
+more like a seminar to start
+
+with, and a little bit less
+like a lecture in class.
+
+But let's go ahead and start
+our discussion in terms of
+
+molecular orbital theory.
+
+So where we had left off with
+was we'd fully discussed up to
+
+the point of considering
+homonuclear diatomic
+
+molecules, so molecules that
+both have the same nucleus.
+
+And where we had left off was
+we were going to start one
+
+example of thinking about now
+where we have a heteronuclear
+
+diatomic molecules, so two
+different atoms in terms of
+
+forming the molecule.
+
+But first, I just want to remind
+you when we're talking
+
+about molecular orbital theory,
+this is treating
+
+electrons as waves, so what
+we're actually able to do is
+
+either constructively or
+destructively combine atomic
+
+orbitals to form molecular
+orbitals.
+
+So you should remember that
+any time we combine 2 s
+
+orbitals, what we're going to
+find is if we constructively
+
+interfere those two orbitals,
+we're going to
+
+form a bonding orbital.
+
+And that's going to be lower
+in energy than the two
+
+individual atomic orbitals.
+
+And we call that, for this case,
+our sigma 2 s orbital.
+
+In contrast, if we have
+destructive interference, what
+
+we're going to form is a sigma
+2 s star, and what does the
+
+star designate?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Anti-bonding, yup.
+
+So it's an Anti-bonding
+orbital.
+
+It's going to be higher in
+energy than the individual
+
+atomic orbitals.
+
+All right, great.
+
+So, I think we have these
+molecular orbital energies
+
+down, so let's move on
+to talking about
+
+more complex molecules.
+
+And to do this we're going to
+introduce valence bond theory,
+
+and the idea of hybridization
+of orbitals.
+
+So the idea behind valence bond
+theory is very easy to
+
+understand.
+
+Essentially what you have is
+bonds resulting from the
+
+pairing of unpaired electrons.
+
+So the simplest case we can
+think of is with h 2 where we
+
+have two unpaired electrons,
+each in a 1 s orbital of a
+
+separate h atom.
+
+And if we picture those two
+coming together, we form the h
+
+2 molecule.
+
+And again, we have the pairing
+of the unpaired electrons, and
+
+we have two orbitals
+coming together.
+
+So in molecular orbital theory,
+what we did was we
+
+named orbitals based
+on their symmetry.
+
+In valence bond theory, the
+focus is on discussing the
+
+bonds, but it should look very
+familiar to you, because
+
+there's two types of bonds that
+we want to discuss here.
+
+We want to discuss sigma
+bonds and pi bonds.
+
+So this is very similar to what
+we saw in terms of sigma
+
+orbitals and pi orbitals.
+
+So in this first case
+here, what we're
+
+seeing is a sigma bond.
+
+And a sigma bond forms any time
+you have two orbitals
+
+coming together and interacting
+on that
+
+internuclear axis.
+
+So we talk about a sigma bond
+as being cylindrically
+
+symmetric about the bond axis,
+and it's important to point
+
+out that it has no nodal plane
+across this bond axis.
+
+This is in direct contrast
+to when we're
+
+thinking about pi bonds.
+
+So pi bonds have electron
+density both above and below
+
+the bond axis, but they actually
+have a nodal plane at
+
+this z, this bond axis here.
+
+And remember for this class,
+we always define z as the
+
+internuclear or the bond axis.
+
+So it might look like here, if
+you don't understand about p
+
+orbitals, which I know all you
+do, but if someone else was
+
+just looking and seeing, it kind
+of looks like there's two
+
+bonds here.
+
+There's not two bonds, that's
+one pi bond, and the reason is
+
+because it's 2 p orbitals coming
+together, and remember
+
+p orbitals have electron density
+above and below the
+
+axis, so when they come
+together, it kind of looks
+
+like one bonds, but essentially
+what we have here
+
+is one pi bond.
+
+So let's think about how we can
+classify single and double
+
+and triple bonds, which is
+what we're really used to
+
+dealing with in terms
+of these sigma bonds
+
+and these pi bonds.
+
+So, if we take a look at what
+a single bond is, and let me
+
+grab some molecules here.
+
+If we're talking about a single
+bond, we're talking
+
+about 2 orbitals overlapping
+in the internuclear axis.
+
+So if we have a single bond
+here, would you consider that
+
+a sigma bond or a pi bond?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, it's
+a sigma bond.
+
+Essentially what we're
+seeing is overlapping
+
+in this z axis here.
+
+In contrast, if we talk about a
+double bond, what we're now
+
+talking about is having
+both a sigma bond
+
+and also one pi bond.
+
+And I apologize, I intended to
+set this up right before
+
+class, but that didn't
+happen today.
+
+All right, so what we see here
+is we have our sigma bond
+
+that's along the internuclear
+axis here, but we also have a
+
+pi bond, because each of these
+atoms now has electrons in
+
+it's in a p orbital, so we're
+going to overlap of electron
+
+density above and
+below the bond.
+
+So that's exactly what our
+definition of a pi bond is, so
+
+we have one sigma bond,
+and one pi bond.
+
+So now let's think about
+a triple bond.
+
+A triple bond, again is going to
+have one sigma bond on the
+
+internuclear axis.
+
+How many pi bonds would
+you expect?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Two, great.
+
+So, we're going to
+see two pi bonds.
+
+The first one will be above
+and below the bond axis is
+
+where we'll see the electron
+density, and the second will
+
+be perpendicular to that, so it
+will be a density in front
+
+of and behind the bond axis.
+
+So we can kind of flip it this
+way -- this will be one pi
+
+bond, this will be another
+interacting
+
+between these p orbitals.
+
+All right, so that's really all
+there is to thinking about
+
+valence bond theory in
+terms of the most
+
+simple explanation here.
+
+But what we're going is we're
+going to start trying to apply
+
+it to a molecule, and I actually
+picked a molecule
+
+that it's not going to work for,
+even though it would work
+
+even just at this level for
+many, many molecules.
+
+And I picked looking at methane
+so we could see if
+
+there are other factors that
+we're not considering, that we
+
+need to maybe tweak our model
+a little bit, and I think
+
+we'll find that we do if we take
+a look at a polyatomic
+
+molecule, methane, so c h 4.
+
+So let's think about methane
+using valence bond theory.
+
+So, using our simple valence
+bond theory, what we would
+
+expect is that we want to pair
+up any unpaired electrons in
+
+methane with unpaired electrons
+from hydrogen and
+
+form bonds.
+
+But what we see we have is that
+we only have two unpaired
+
+electrons here.
+
+Because we have paired set in
+a 2 s orbital, so all we're
+
+left essentially is two
+electrons that are available
+
+for bonding.
+
+So this should immediately look
+like a problem because we
+
+know, in fact, that methane is
+tetravalent, and this is
+
+telling us it's only divalent.
+
+Essentially it would only allow
+for us to bond to two
+
+hydrogen atoms. So if it did
+this, it now looks like, from
+
+looking at the paired electrons
+that we have a
+
+stable structure here, and our
+structure is not c h 4, it's a
+
+stable structure of c h 2, and
+it will actually predict,
+
+also, what this h c h
+bond angle it is.
+
+So according to this model
+what is that bond angle?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: One more time.
+
+OK, I hear a mix.
+
+So, according to this model,
+what we're seeing is a bond
+
+angle of 90 degrees.
+
+What do you know the bond
+angle should be?
+
+It's 109 .
+
+5 is what we would expect
+for methane because it's
+
+tetravalent, but here we're just
+seeing something that's
+
+divalent, and they're both
+in p orbitals that are
+
+perpendicular to each other.
+
+So what we're predicting is a
+bond angle of 90 degrees.
+
+This is totally wrong, this is
+the wrong picture altogether.
+
+If you had your notes, you could
+do some fun scribbling
+
+right now, so you can
+do that at home.
+
+We're going to need to tweak our
+explanation here, and take
+
+into account another factor,
+and that factor is the fact
+
+that we know that we must have
+four unpaired electrons in
+
+carbon if we're going
+to form four bonds.
+
+So the way that we can explain
+this is through something
+
+called electron promotion and
+
+hybridization of atomic orbitals.
+
+So let's take a look at
+what we mean by this.
+
+So if we take our carbon atom
+here, which has two electrons
+
+in the 2 s orbital, and we
+promote one of these electrons
+
+into a 2 p orbital, what we see
+now is that yes, we do, we
+
+have four unpaired electrons.
+
+So, looking at this,
+this might not
+
+look so good for you.
+
+What we're proposing here is
+that you take a nice low
+
+energy s electron and
+move it into a
+
+higher energy p orbital.
+
+And the truth is that yes, this
+costs energy, we're going
+
+up to a higher energy state.
+
+But it doesn't actually cost
+as much energy as you might
+
+think, because in this s orbital
+here we have a paired
+
+electron situation where we're
+moving up to a p orbital where
+
+the electron is no longer
+paired, so it won't feel quite
+
+as much electron repulsion, but
+nonetheless, this is going
+
+to cost us energy.
+
+So we'll have to think about
+where that energy is going to
+
+come from and we'll see
+that in just a minute.
+
+But let's assume that this is,
+in fact, going to happen.
+
+So now what we have is four
+unpaired electrons.
+
+That's great, but it's still not
+quite the picture we need,
+
+because actually, all the
+electrons are not in equal
+
+orbitals -- one's in an s
+orbital, and 3 are in p.
+
+But what we need to remember is
+the fact that we're talking
+
+about electrons which
+are waves.
+
+When we're talking about
+orbitals, we're talking about
+
+wave functions.
+
+So we can actually
+constructively and
+
+destructively combine these
+waves, these atomic orbitals
+
+to make a hybrid.
+
+So if we go ahead and hybridize
+our p orbitals and
+
+our s orbitals, we'll switch
+from having these original
+
+orbitals to having something
+called hybrid orbitals.
+
+And hybrid orbitals are all
+going to be completely equal,
+
+and you'll notice that they're
+higher in energy than the s
+
+orbital, and lower in energy
+than the p orbital.
+
+That should make sense because
+they come from combining s
+
+orbitals and p orbitals.
+
+And specifically, when we give
+them a name it's very clear
+
+exactly which orbitals they
+come from combining, we're
+
+calling these s p 3 orbitals
+-- that's because they come
+
+from combining 1 s orbital
+and 3 p orbitals.
+
+You should never get the names
+of hybrid orbitals wrong
+
+because it's very
+straightforward.
+
+If it has 1 s and 3 p's,
+we call it s p 3.
+
+Naming doesn't always make sense
+in chemistry, so I like
+
+to point out this is a place
+where naming does
+
+make a lot of sense.
+
+All right, so let's consider our
+methane situation now that
+
+we have our hybrid orbitals.
+
+So I want to mention also, these
+are exactly equivalent,
+
+they're equivalent in energy,
+they're equivalent in shape.
+
+The only thing that is different
+about these orbitals
+
+is their orientation in space.
+
+So actually, first let's
+take a look at how
+
+we got these orbitals.
+
+We got them from combining
+again, 1 s
+
+orbital and the 3 p orbitals.
+
+If we hybridize these, what we
+end up seeing are these four
+
+hybrid orbitals.
+
+You'll notice the shape is the
+same, all that's different is
+
+their orientation.
+
+So essentially, each of these
+orbitals come from linear
+
+combinations of all of the
+original orbitals, and it's
+
+hard to picture exactly how that
+happens, but one that you
+
+can at least start to get an
+idea is if you think about
+
+combining the 2 s and the 2 p
+z here, which is not quite
+
+accurate because of course,
+we're combining all of them.
+
+But it would just give
+you a little bit
+
+of an idea of shape.
+
+You can see if we combine the s
+with the top lobe of the p,
+
+they're going to constructively
+interfere
+
+because they have
+the same sign.
+
+So you see in the hybrid orbital
+we actually have a
+
+larger lobe on top where they
+constructively interfered.
+
+If you compare the s orbital
+with the bottom lobe, these
+
+have a different sign
+so they're going to
+
+destructively interfere.
+
+So what you see is actually a
+diminished lobe on the back
+
+part of this s p 3 orbital.
+
+So s p 3 orbitals always have
+one huge lobe and one really
+
+little lobe.
+
+A lot of times when people draw
+them, they even only draw
+
+the big lobe just to keep their
+paper looking nicer, but
+
+there is that little tiny
+lobe on the other side.
+
+All right, so in terms of s
+p 3 hybrid orbitals, let's
+
+combine all four together on
+one axis, because this is
+
+what's going to happen in
+an s p 3 carbon atom.
+
+So in this case, what
+would you say that
+
+the angle is here?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, great.
+
+So, we've achieved the angle
+that we observed, which is
+
+good, which is a 109 .
+
+5.
+
+So we can think about now doing
+bonding, and now we have
+
+four equal orbitals with
+one electronic each.
+
+So we can bring in four hydrogen
+atoms, which will
+
+each contribute another
+unpaired electron.
+
+So now what we have
+is four bonds.
+
+And we can think about where
+we did get that energy for
+
+electron promotion that I
+mentioned before where we
+
+moved the electron from
+the 2 s to the 2 p.
+
+We get that from bonding.
+
+We're going to release a lot
+of energy for bonding, it's
+
+going to more than make up for
+the fact that we actually had
+
+to spend some energy to
+promote that electron.
+
+So, we can think about now how
+do we describe this bond in
+
+valence bond theory.
+
+So the way that you describe
+a bond is you describe the
+
+orbitals that the bond comes
+from, and also the
+
+symmetry of the bond.
+
+So would you expect this
+to be a pi bond or
+
+a sigma bond here?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so I'm hearing
+some mixed answers.
+
+It turns out that it's
+a sigma bond.
+
+The reason that it's a sigma
+bond is because the s p 3
+
+hybrid orbital is directly
+interacting with the 1 s
+
+orbital of the hydrogen atom,
+and that's going to happen on
+
+the internuclear axis, they're
+just coming together.
+
+Any time two orbitals come
+straight on together in that
+
+internuclear axis, you're going
+to have a sigma bond.
+
+So if we go ahead and name this
+bond, what we're going to
+
+name it is sigma, because that's
+the -- basically the
+
+shape of the bond or
+that's how our
+
+bond is coming together.
+
+And then we're going to name the
+atomic orbitals that make
+
+it up, and it's being made up
+of a carbon 2 s p 3 orbital,
+
+and a hydrogen 1 s orbital.
+
+All right, so let's think of
+a case now that's getting a
+
+little bit more complicated.
+
+We were talking about
+methane, which has
+
+only one central atom.
+
+We can also talk about atoms
+that have two or more central
+
+atoms. So let's talk about
+ethane now, which is c h 2.
+
+So let's take our carbon s p 3
+hybridized carbon and just
+
+move it around here so we can
+make the z inter- bonding axis
+
+between the two carbons
+right here.
+
+So if we still have an
+angle of a 109 .
+
+5 degrees, and again, we still
+have four unpaired electrons
+
+available for bonding, we can
+make one of those bonds with
+
+another s p 3 hybridized carbon,
+so we're going to make
+
+up one pair here.
+
+If we think about that, that's
+a sigma bond, right, they're
+
+coming together along
+the nuclear axis.
+
+We also have six spots available
+to form hydrogen
+
+bonds, so we can go ahead
+and fill in those
+
+electrons as well.
+
+So in terms of thinking about
+ethane, we actually have two
+
+bond types that we're going to
+be describing just in terms of
+
+the carbon-carbon bond and
+then the carbon h bonds.
+
+So let's talk about ethane and
+how we would actually write
+
+these bonds.
+
+If we have the molecule ethane,
+then what we're going
+
+to have first is our sigma bond
+that we described between
+
+the two carbons.
+
+So it's going to be carbon,
+and then what's the
+
+hybridization here?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, start
+again, what's the
+
+hybridization of the
+carbon atom?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so it's 2 s p
+3, and our second carbon is
+
+also 2 s p 3.
+
+All right, so this is our
+first type of bond here.
+
+Our second bond is going to be
+between the carbon and the
+
+hydrogen atoms. Is that
+a sigma or a pi bond?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Sigma, good.
+
+So again, our carbon is
+going to be 2 s p 3.
+
+And what will our hydrogen be?
+
+1 s -- we don't have to
+hybridize it, it already has
+
+only one unpaired electron
+in a 1 s orbital.
+
+All right, so that's how
+we describe ethane.
+
+We don't have to just stick
+with carbon, we can think
+
+about describing other types
+of atoms as well using this
+
+hybridization.
+
+For example, we can talk about
+nitrogen, and nitrogen has
+
+five valence electrons
+shown here.
+
+Would you expect to see electron
+promotion in nitrogen
+
+where we pull one of these
+2 s electrons into
+
+one of the 2 p orbitals?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: No, good.
+
+So, electron promotion does
+not happen in terms of
+
+nitrogen, because it would not
+increased our number of
+
+unpaired electrons.
+
+No matter what we do in terms
+of promotion, we're always
+
+going to have three unpaired
+electrons.
+
+We can still hybridize all these
+orbitals, however, so we
+
+can still form four hybrid
+orbitals, which are again, 2 s
+
+p 3 hybrid orbitals.
+
+So if we take a look at nitrogen
+here, what you'll
+
+notice is we have thre available
+for bonding, and we
+
+already have our lone pair
+-- one of our orbitals is
+
+already filled up.
+
+So we can add three hydrogen
+atoms here, and fill in our
+
+other orbitals right here.
+
+So if we do this and we form
+the molecule ammonia, let's
+
+switch to a clicker question,
+and have you tell me what the
+
+bond angle is going to
+be in ammonia --
+
+the h n h bond angle.
+
+Actually, let me draw it on
+the board as you look --
+
+actually, can you put the class
+notes on, since you
+
+don't actually have your
+notes to refer to.
+
+So there's the class
+notes there.
+
+All right, this should be a
+pretty quick thing for you to
+
+figure out, so let's just
+take 10 seconds on this.
+
+OK, great.
+
+Even thinking quickly, most
+of you got it correct.
+
+So what we see is on ammonia
+here, we know that it's less
+
+than a 109 .
+
+5, it's actually 107, so
+it's less than a 109 .
+
+5, because of that lone
+pair pushing down
+
+in the bonding electrons.
+
+And what is the shape,
+for one more
+
+clicker question on ammonia?
+
+Let's take 10 seconds again,
+this should be pretty quick.
+
+All right, pretty good.
+
+So, 70% of you.
+
+We'd like to get
+this up higher.
+
+The shape is actually
+trigonal pyramidal.
+
+And you need to just remember
+your shapes.
+
+If they're not obvious to you
+what they're called, you need
+
+to just study them
+and learn them.
+
+So it's trigonal because we have
+these three atoms that
+
+are bound to the central atom
+here, and if you picture it,
+
+it's actually shaped
+like a pyramid.
+
+So it's trigonal pyramidal.
+
+That's what we call when we have
+three bonding atoms and
+
+one lone pair.
+
+All right.
+
+So we can switch all the way
+back to our notes here.
+
+And the last thing we can think
+about is how do we name
+
+this n h bond, and again,
+we just name
+
+it based on it symmetry.
+
+It's a sigma bond, and it's
+going to be -- no.
+
+OK, it's going to be nitrogen
+2 s p 3, because it's a
+
+nitrogen atom, and then
+hydrogen 1 s.
+
+So, I don't even have to worry
+because you're not writing
+
+this down, so I can just fix it
+when I post the notes and
+
+no one will ever know, except
+that this is not
+
+OpenCourseWare.
+
+So let's switch to thinking
+about oxygen
+
+hybridization here.
+
+So in oxygen we have a similar
+situation where, in fact, we
+
+are not going to promote any
+of the electrons because we
+
+have two lone pair electrons
+no matter what we do.
+
+So when we hybridize our
+orbitals, we're going to end
+
+up with again, four hybrid
+orbitals, 4 s p 3 orbitals,
+
+and what we'll see is that two
+of these are already going to
+
+be filled up with a paired
+electrons, so we're only going
+
+to have 2 orbitals with an
+unpaired electron available
+
+for bonding.
+
+So let's think about water here
+as our simplest example
+
+with oxygen.
+
+So we can have our two hydrogen
+atoms come in here,
+
+and what we will find is now
+that we have all of our
+
+orbitals filled up -- so
+thinking about what this angle
+
+is here, would you expect it
+to be less than or greater
+
+than what we saw for
+ammonia before?
+
+STUDENT: Less than.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good, good, it's
+going to be less than, and
+
+it's going to be less
+than because now we
+
+have two lone pairs.
+
+So since we have two lone
+pairs, we're going to be
+
+pushing down even further on
+the bonding electrons, so
+
+we're going to smoosh those
+bonds even closer together.
+
+The bond, it turns
+out, is 104 .
+
+5 degrees, that h o h bond.
+
+So in terms of naming our o h
+bond, good, it's right here.
+
+So it's going to be a sigma
+bond, and we have oxygen 2 s p
+
+3 and hydrogen 1 s.
+
+And the geometry, which I didn't
+ask you, is going to be
+
+bent for this molecule.
+
+All right, so that's s p 3
+hybridization, but those
+
+aren't the only type of hybrid
+orbitals that we can form.
+
+Let's take a look at what
+happens if instead of
+
+combining all four orbitals, we
+just combine three of those
+
+orbitals, and what we'll
+end up with is s p 2
+
+hybridization.
+
+So in s p 2 hybridization,
+instead of combining all four,
+
+we're just combining
+two of the p
+
+orbitals with the s orbital.
+
+So what we're going to
+end up with now is
+
+three hybrid orbitals.
+
+And what happens to this last
+p orbital is nothing at all,
+
+we just get it back.
+
+So we end up with 1 p orbital
+completely untouched, and
+
+three hybrid s p 2 orbitals.
+
+So again, we can think
+of an example here.
+
+So let's take boron, for
+example, and this has -- it
+
+starts off with three
+valence electrons.
+
+Would you expect to see electron
+promotion for boron?
+
+STUDENT: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, absolutely.
+if we move up one of our
+
+electrons into an empty p
+orbital, what were going to
+
+see is now we have three
+unpaired electrons that are
+
+ready for bonding.
+
+So, if we hybridize just these
+three orbitals, what we're
+
+going to end up with is our
+s p 2 hybrid orbitals.
+
+Again, the name is very
+straightforward, it comes from
+
+1 s and 2 p orbital, so
+it will be s p 2.
+
+And again, you might be thinking
+well, why didn't we
+
+actually hybridize this
+2 p y orbital.
+
+It doesn't actually have an
+electron in it, so we don't
+
+have to worry about whether it's
+very high in energy or
+
+not, we don't care that
+it's high in energy.
+
+What we do care about is the
+energy of our orbitals that
+
+have electrons in them, and if
+we combined all four of the
+
+orbitals, then our hybrid
+orbitals would have more p
+
+character to them, so they'd
+actually be higher in energy.
+
+So if we don't have to hybridize
+one of the p
+
+orbitals, we can actually end
+up with a lower energy
+
+situation, because now these
+s p 2 orbitals are 1/3 s
+
+character, and only 2/3 p
+character, instead of 3/4.
+
+So we end up with 3 s p 2 hybrid
+orbitals, so we can
+
+think about what would happen
+here in terms of bonding, and
+
+if we think about how to get
+our bonds as far away as
+
+possible from each other, what
+we're going to have is the
+
+trigonal planer situation.
+
+So if you picture, for example,
+b h 3, it's going to
+
+look like this.
+
+All of our electrons are in our
+bonds, we want to got them
+
+a 120 degrees away from each
+other, that's as far away as
+
+we can get them.
+
+Keep in mind we do have this p
+orbital here and it's coming
+
+right out at us.
+
+And this p orbital is here,
+but it's empty, it doesn't
+
+have any electrons in it, that's
+why we don't have to
+
+worry about it in terms of
+getting our electrons as far
+
+away from each other
+as possible.
+
+So what we'll have here is a
+trigonal planar case, and you
+
+can see that we only have three
+electrons that are set
+
+for bonding, so we'll add three
+hydrogens, and for b h
+
+3, we'll get a stable
+structure here.
+
+So, remember, boron was one of
+those exceptions to our Lewis
+
+structure rules where it was
+perfectly happy not having a
+
+full octet.
+
+So this can tell you why it's so
+happy with only having six
+
+electrons around it.
+
+All right, so if we think about
+b h bond here, again,
+
+it's the sigma bond, and we're
+going to say it's a boron 2 s
+
+p 2 hybrid orbital interacting
+with a hydrogen 1 s orbital.
+
+So let's take a look at another
+case where we have s p
+
+2 hybridization, we can
+actually also have
+
+it happen in carbon.
+
+So if we think about having
+it happen in carbon, we're
+
+starting with the situation
+where we've already promoted
+
+our electron into a 2 p orbital
+here, and what we're
+
+going to do is just combine the
+s and two of the p's, so
+
+we'll end up with electrons
+in one of each three
+
+s p 2 hybrid orbitals.
+
+But unlike the case with boron
+where we had an empty p
+
+orbital, we're actually going
+to have an electron in the p
+
+orbital of carbon as well.
+
+So again, if we think about
+that shape of that carbon
+
+atom, it's going to be trigonal
+planar, it's going to
+
+have bond angles of 120 degrees,
+because we have this
+
+set up of having three
+hybrid orbitals.
+
+So let's take a look at what
+actually happens if we're
+
+talking about a carbon-carbon
+double bond, such as in
+
+ethene, c 2 h 4, we're going
+to have a double bond.
+
+If we have a double bond, we
+know we need to have only one
+
+sigma bond, and we're also going
+to have one pi bond.
+
+So it already should make
+sense why we have that p
+
+orbital there, in order to form
+a pi bond, we're going to
+
+need a p orbital.
+
+So if you picture this as our
+s p 2 carbon atom where we
+
+have three hybrid orbitals,
+and then one p y orbital
+
+coming right out at us.
+
+So again, we picture the same
+thing as we pictured with the
+
+boron there.
+
+If we have, coming along this
+z axis, another carbon atom,
+
+we can actually form one
+bond between the two
+
+carbon atoms there.
+
+So if we picture how this
+happens, what we have here if
+
+these are our 2 s p 2 carbon
+atoms -- so here we have s p 2
+
+hybrid carbon, and here we have
+s p 2 hybrid carbon atom.
+
+These 2 are going to come
+together like this, and the
+
+first bond that we're going to
+form is going to be a sigma
+
+bond, right, so we
+see that here.
+
+If we're looking head on, we
+see they form a sigma bond.
+
+We can also look at them coming
+in from the side, and
+
+that's what I tried to depict
+here where you can actually
+
+see in pink is the p orbital.
+
+So we can also show them coming
+together this way, so
+
+now you're looking at it where
+you can see the p orbital, and
+
+maybe just see well one
+of the hydrogen atoms.
+
+So we can have four total
+hydrogens bonding here, and we
+
+can think about how
+to describe these
+
+carbon-carbon bonds.
+
+So in the first case of this
+first bond here that I've put
+
+in a square, what type
+of a bond is this, is
+
+the sigma or pi?
+
+STUDENT: Sigma.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, it's
+a sigma bond.
+
+We're having two
+orbitals coming
+
+together on the bond axis.
+
+So we'll call this sigma, and
+it's between two s p 2 hybrid
+
+carbon atoms. So it's stigma
+carbon s p 2, carbon s p 2.
+
+What about this second bond here
+where we're going to have
+
+interaction of 2 p orbitals,
+is that sigma or pi?
+
+STUDENT: Pi.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pi, great.
+
+So our second bond is going
+to be a pi bond.
+
+And again, this is between the
+p orbitals, these are not
+
+hybrid orbitals, so when we name
+this bond we're going to
+
+name it as a pi bond here,
+because it's between two p
+
+orbitals, and it's going to be
+between the carbon 2 p y
+
+orbital, and the other
+carbon 2 p y orbital.
+
+Remember, we didn't hybridize
+the 2 p y orbital, so that's
+
+what we have left over to
+form these pi bonds.
+
+All right.
+
+So in addition to having these
+two carbon bonds, we actually
+
+also have four carbon hydrogen
+bonds in addition to our
+
+carbon-carbon bonds.
+
+So why don't you tell me what
+the valence bond description
+
+would be of these carbon
+hydrogen bonds?
+
+So let's take 10 seconds
+on that.
+
+OK, great.
+
+So most and you got it, so we
+can switch to the notes and
+
+let's talk about this here.
+
+So in terms of the carbon
+hydrogen bond, it's a sigma
+
+bond, because we define it --
+any time we are bonding to an
+
+atom, we have to keep redefining
+our bond axis to
+
+whatever two atoms we're
+talking about.
+
+So it's along the bond axis and
+it's between a carbon s p
+
+2 hybrid, and then the hydrogen
+is just a 1 s orbital
+
+that we're combining here.
+
+So those are our three types
+of bonds in ethene.
+
+One thing that I want to
+mention that is really
+
+important is once you have
+double bonds, what happens
+
+between those two atoms in the
+molecule is they can no longer
+
+rotate in relation
+to each other.
+
+So you can think about
+why that is.
+
+When we have just a single bond
+in them molecule, you
+
+have all the free rotation you
+want, you can just spin it
+
+around, there's nothing
+keeping it in place.
+
+But once you have a double
+bond here, we have our pi
+
+bond, as well as
+our sigma bond.
+
+So there's electron density
+above the bond
+
+and below the bond.
+
+So if I try to rotate my 2
+atoms, you see that I have to
+
+break that pi bond, because they
+need to be lined up so
+
+that the electron density
+can overlap.
+
+So in order to rotate a double
+bond, you have to actually
+
+break the pi bond, so
+essentially what you're doing
+
+is breaking the double bond.
+
+So really, you can not ever
+rotate a double bond, it makes
+
+your molecule very rigid.
+
+This is incredibly important
+because if you picture having
+
+a double bond in a very large
+molecule, you could have all
+
+sorts of other atoms off this
+way and all sorts of other
+
+atoms off this way, and you can
+picture the shape would be
+
+very different if you have one
+confirmation versus another
+
+confirmation.
+
+So it's very important that the
+double bond locks it in a
+
+particular conformation.
+
+This completely could change if
+you were to flip from one
+
+to the other conformation
+which can
+
+happen in chemical reactions.
+
+If you were to make that change
+you would find that the
+
+molecule now has completely
+different biological and
+
+chemical properties.
+
+So it's very important to be
+keeping in mind that any time
+
+you see a double bond, you
+have a pi bond there, so
+
+you're not going to see any
+rotation around the bond axis.
+
+All right, so let's think of a
+more complicated example of
+
+having a double bond, and
+maybe a more interesting
+
+example, and this is talking
+about benzene.
+
+I think most and you have talked
+a little bit about
+
+benzene over this past
+week in recitation.
+
+Benzene is a ring that's made up
+of six carbon atoms and six
+
+hydrogen atoms. So let's picture
+what this looks like
+
+here, and we'll start
+with four and we'll
+
+add in our last two.
+
+So essentially, we have two
+ethene or ethylene molecules
+
+here to start with where these
+blue are our 2 s p 2 hybrid
+
+orbitals, so you can see that
+for each carbon atom, one is
+
+already used up binding to
+another carbon atom.
+
+If we think about bringing in
+those last two carbons, what
+
+you can see is that for every
+carbon, two of its hybrid
+
+orbitals are being used to
+bond to other carbons.
+
+So that leaves each carbon
+with only one
+
+hybrid orbital left.
+
+And if we think about the six
+hydrogens, now each of those
+
+are going to bind by combining
+one of the carbon hybrid
+
+orbitals to a 1 s orbital
+of hydrogen.
+
+So, if we think about what bonds
+are in this molecule, we
+
+actually have six of these
+sigma carbon s p 2,
+
+carbon s p 2 bonds.
+
+We also have carbon s p
+2 hydrogen 1 s bonds.
+
+How many of those do we have?
+
+Yup, we also have six of these,
+because we have six
+
+carbon hydrogen bonds.
+
+So that's two of our types of
+bonds in benzene, and we have
+
+one type left, and that's
+going to actually be the
+
+double bond or the pi bond that
+forms between some of
+
+these p orbitals.
+
+So we can have one bond here
+between this carbon's p
+
+orbital and this carbon's
+p orbital.
+
+So let's have a clicker question
+here on how many
+
+total pi bonds do you expect
+to see in benzene?
+
+Oh good, so it's left up -- the
+notes are left up on this
+
+screen right now.
+
+All right, so let's take
+10 seconds on that.
+
+All right, great.
+
+So, most of you saw that what
+we would expect to see is a
+
+three bond, some of
+you thought six.
+
+So let's take a look at
+why three is correct.
+
+So, what we end up having
+is three of these pi --
+
+2 p y 2 p y bonds, we
+can have one between
+
+these two carbons here.
+
+Can we have one between
+these two carbons here
+
+if we have one here?
+
+STUDENT: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, we can't.
+
+We're already using it up in
+this pi bond here, so that
+
+means we're limited to only
+two other spots on the
+
+molecule, so we have three.
+
+But, of course, what you saw in
+recitation, and hopefully,
+
+what you can now think very
+quickly by looking at this, is
+
+that this is not the only
+configuration of pi bonds that
+
+we could have in benzene.
+
+There's absolutely no reason
+I couldn't have switched it
+
+around and said that instead the
+pi orbitals form between
+
+these atoms instead of those
+first atoms I showed.
+
+So, let's look at this in a
+more simple structure here
+
+where we have the two possible
+forms of benzene, and the
+
+reality is is that it's
+going to be some
+
+combination of the two.
+
+This is resonance, this is a
+case of a resonance structure.
+
+So what we see is that those six
+pi electrons are actually
+
+going to be de-localized around
+all six of those atoms.
+
+So if you think about any one of
+these carbon-carbon bonds,
+
+what type of a bond would
+you expect that to be?
+
+What would the bond order
+be for this bond?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, it's going
+to be a 1 and 1/2 bond.
+
+It's a 1 and 1/2 because it's
+halfway between a double bond
+
+and a single bond.
+
+So, of course, this is resonance
+so we can go ahead
+
+and put our resonance notation
+in there to indicate that
+
+benzene is a resonance
+structure.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's quickly talk about our
+last type of hybridization
+
+that we're going to discuss
+today, which is s p
+
+hybridization.
+
+So s p hybridization comes now
+from when we're combining an s
+
+orbital now with only
+one p orbital.
+
+So let's take a look at
+this with carbon.
+
+And if we hybridize these
+orbitals in carbon, what we
+
+end up with is having two hybrid
+orbitals, and then
+
+we're going to be left with two
+of our p orbitals that are
+
+each going to have an electron
+associated in them.
+
+So again, looking at the
+shapes, now we're just
+
+combining two, we've got these
+two equal hybrid orbitals plus
+
+these 2 p orbitals here.
+
+So let's take the case of
+acetylene where we have two
+
+carbon atoms that are going to
+be triple bonded to each
+
+other, each are bonded
+to a carbon
+
+and then to one hydrogen.
+
+So this is a little bit trickier
+to look at and see
+
+what it means, but essentially
+we have two hybrid orbitals,
+
+which are shown in blue here,
+and then we have one p orbital
+
+that's left alone that's going
+up and down on the page.
+
+And then that second p orbital's
+actually coming
+
+right out at you, it's coming
+out of the screen at you.
+
+So, if we think about this z
+bonding axis between the two
+
+carbon atoms, we can picture
+overlap of those s p hybrid
+
+orbitals, and then we can also
+picture bonding to hydrogen.
+
+So, in a settling, what is
+the bond angle here?
+
+This is the easiest question
+all day, what is the bond
+
+angle between all of these?
+
+Great, so it's 180 degrees.
+
+So, if we think about the bonds
+that are forming -- oh I
+
+see our TAs are here, so you
+can start handing them out,
+
+because we have two minutes
+left to go.
+
+So, as they're very quietly
+handing out your class notes,
+
+let's think about what this bond
+is here, this boxed bond,
+
+is it a pi bond or
+a sigma bond?
+
+It's going to be a sigma bond.
+
+So, we have sigma 2
+s p, carbon 2 s p.
+
+So they're two s p
+bonds combining.
+
+Now let's think about this first
+pi bond, which will be
+
+above and below the
+bonding axis.
+
+Is this pi or sigma?
+
+This is pi.
+
+So we're talking about pi carbon
+2 p x, because it's the
+
+x axes combining to
+carbon 2 p x.
+
+And the last bond that we have
+here is a carbon-carbon bond,
+
+and this is our last p orbitals
+
+that are coming together.
+
+These are the ones that are
+coming right out at you, so
+
+this is going to be on
+a second pi orbital.
+
+So this will be pi carbon
+2 p y, carbon 2 p y.
+
+All right.
+
+So, we'll stop here today.
+
+Just stay in your seats for
+another 30 seconds as they're
+
+handing out your notes.
+
+I want to mention that you're
+going to get problem-set five
+
+is posted today, and I'll
+write which ones you can
+
+already do so far, because you
+don't have class on Monday.
+
+But remember that you do have
+recitation on Tuesday, so that
+
+could be very helpful with the
+problem-set, so be sure to go
+
+to recitation on Tuesday, and
+have a great long weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3DQj4dibr78.txt b/3DQj4dibr78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cedb07d934639add46c77cc0cfd1242076de527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3DQj4dibr78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether you are dealing with a solid an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are dealing with a solid an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are dealing with a solid an
+oil or a liquid at some stage you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or a liquid at some stage you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or a liquid at some stage you will
+have to dissolve it in a solvent whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dissolve it in a solvent whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dissolve it in a solvent whether
+you need it as a solution so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it as a solution so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it as a solution so that you
+can run a reaction or perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a reaction or perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a reaction or perhaps a
+chromatographic purification when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatographic purification when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatographic purification when you're
+done you will need to remove the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you will need to remove the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you will need to remove the solvent
+in order to isolate the pure compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to isolate the pure compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to isolate the pure compound
+luckily a very useful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily a very useful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily a very useful piece of
+laboratory equipment called a rotary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory equipment called a rotary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory equipment called a rotary
+evaporator or ravap was designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporator or ravap was designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporator or ravap was designed for
+just this use while raps are very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this use while raps are very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this use while raps are very easy
+to use there are a few general rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use there are a few general rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use there are a few general rules of
+operation that you will need to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that you will need to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that you will need to follow
+this video will demonstrate the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will demonstrate the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will demonstrate the correct
+use of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotovap while raps come in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap while raps come in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap while raps come in a variety of
+different styles they are all made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles they are all made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles they are all made up of
+the same fundamental pieces these are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same fundamental pieces these are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same fundamental pieces these are a
+vacuum line to reduce the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum line to reduce the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum line to reduce the pressure
+inside of the whole root ofap system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the whole root ofap system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the whole root ofap system
+remember solvents boil at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember solvents boil at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember solvents boil at lower
+temperatures under reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures under reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures under reduced
+atmosphere a hot water bath used to warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere a hot water bath used to warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere a hot water bath used to warm
+the flask containing your dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask containing your dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask containing your dissolved
+material evaporation is a cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material evaporation is a cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material evaporation is a cooling
+process so you need to add a little heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you need to add a little heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you need to add a little heat
+to evaporate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaporate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaporate the
+solvent a nice clean bump trap to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a nice clean bump trap to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a nice clean bump trap to which
+you will attach your flask this useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will attach your flask this useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will attach your flask this useful
+piece of glassware will prevent any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glassware will prevent any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glassware will prevent any of
+your material from ending up inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material from ending up inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material from ending up inside the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+rotovap a rotary motor that spins your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap a rotary motor that spins your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap a rotary motor that spins your
+flask and spreads the solvent out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask and spreads the solvent out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask and spreads the solvent out on the
+flask walls this creates more surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask walls this creates more surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask walls this creates more surface
+area and allows for Rapid evaporation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and allows for Rapid evaporation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and allows for Rapid evaporation of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+solvent a cooled condenser to condense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a cooled condenser to condense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a cooled condenser to condense
+the solvent vapor from your flask and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent vapor from your flask and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent vapor from your flask and a
+receiver to collect the condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver to collect the condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver to collect the condensed
+solvent if all goes well the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent if all goes well the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent if all goes well the solvent
+that starts out in your flask ends up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts out in your flask ends up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts out in your flask ends up in
+the receiver while your material stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver while your material stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver while your material stays
+put in your flask rap operation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in your flask rap operation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in your flask rap operation is very
+simple but there are a few guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but there are a few guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but there are a few guidelines
+that you need to follow to avoid some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to follow to avoid some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to follow to avoid some
+potentially painful mistakes rule number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially painful mistakes rule number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially painful mistakes rule number
+one tie back your hair and avoid loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tie back your hair and avoid loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tie back your hair and avoid loose
+sleeves the rotary motor on the rotovap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeves the rotary motor on the rotovap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeves the rotary motor on the rotovap
+is a potential safety hazard take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a potential safety hazard take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a potential safety hazard take care
+not to lean too close or dangle your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to lean too close or dangle your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to lean too close or dangle your
+hair clothing or jewelry near the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair clothing or jewelry near the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair clothing or jewelry near the motor
+otherwise you may end up saying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you may end up saying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you may end up saying a
+painful goodbye to some precious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful goodbye to some precious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful goodbye to some precious
+material maybe even your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material maybe even your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material maybe even your
+scalp rule number two never fill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp rule number two never fill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp rule number two never fill your
+flask more than half full when preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask more than half full when preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask more than half full when preparing
+to use the rotovap you never want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the rotovap you never want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the rotovap you never want to
+fill your round bottom flask more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill your round bottom flask more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill your round bottom flask more than
+half full even if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half full even if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half full even if you have a large
+volume of solution to concentrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of solution to concentrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of solution to concentrate it
+will never save you time to overfill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never save you time to overfill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never save you time to overfill the
+flask it will most likely lead to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask it will most likely lead to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask it will most likely lead to an
+unfortunate and timeconsuming problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate and timeconsuming problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate and timeconsuming problem
+called bumping in other words your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bumping in other words your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bumping in other words your
+material will take a trip to the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material will take a trip to the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material will take a trip to the bump
+trap this will require you to rinse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap this will require you to rinse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap this will require you to rinse the
+bump trap with Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump trap with Sol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump trap with Sol
+adding even more to the overall volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding even more to the overall volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding even more to the overall volume
+you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrate rule number three make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate rule number three make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate rule number three make sure
+there are no solids in the flask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no solids in the flask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no solids in the flask this
+includes stir bars they may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes stir bars they may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes stir bars they may seem
+harmless but they can also lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bumping rule number four always use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping rule number four always use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping rule number four always use a
+clean bump trap even when you're careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap even when you're careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap even when you're careful
+bumping can happen therefore you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping can happen therefore you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping can happen therefore you should
+always thoroughly wash the bump trap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thoroughly wash the bump trap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thoroughly wash the bump trap and
+rinse it with solvent before you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse it with solvent before you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse it with solvent before you use it
+you never know what someone else may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never know what someone else may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never know what someone else may
+have left inside and you don't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left inside and you don't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left inside and you don't want it
+to end up mixed with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up mixed with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up mixed with your
+material but before you attach the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but before you attach the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but before you attach the bump
+trap or your flask to the rotor VAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap or your flask to the rotor VAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap or your flask to the rotor VAP
+proceed to rule number five cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to rule number five cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to rule number five cool the
+condenser and the receiver make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser and the receiver make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser and the receiver make sure
+that cold water is circulating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cold water is circulating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cold water is circulating through
+the condenser and place the receiver in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and place the receiver in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and place the receiver in
+an ice bath this will ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ice bath this will ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ice bath this will ensure that
+minimal solvent paper makes it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal solvent paper makes it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal solvent paper makes it out of
+the rot VAP and into the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rot VAP and into the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rot VAP and into the vacuum
+line now you are ready to put your half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now you are ready to put your half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now you are ready to put your half
+filled solid free flask on the RO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled solid free flask on the RO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled solid free flask on the RO
+ofap attach your flask securely to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofap attach your flask securely to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofap attach your flask securely to the
+bump trap using a c clip and an adapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump trap using a c clip and an adapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump trap using a c clip and an adapter
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary rule number six pull vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary rule number six pull vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary rule number six pull vacuum
+just a little bit before spinning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit before spinning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit before spinning your
+flask after you attach your flask open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask after you attach your flask open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask after you attach your flask open
+the system up to a little bit of vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system up to a little bit of vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system up to a little bit of vacuum
+and start the rotary motor if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start the rotary motor if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start the rotary motor if you start
+the spinning first without the vacuum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning first without the vacuum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning first without the vacuum to
+hold everything in place your flask and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold everything in place your flask and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold everything in place your flask and
+the bump trap might end up floating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap might end up floating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap might end up floating in
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bath rule number seven open the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath rule number seven open the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath rule number seven open the vacuum
+line slowly to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line slowly to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line slowly to start the
+evaporation watch your flask carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation watch your flask carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation watch your flask carefully
+to make sure that the bubbling is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the bubbling is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the bubbling is under
+control and reduce the vacuum if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and reduce the vacuum if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and reduce the vacuum if it
+looks like it is going too fast opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it is going too fast opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it is going too fast opening
+the vacuum line too fast is another good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum line too fast is another good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum line too fast is another good
+way to get your material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get your material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get your material to
+bump when you have achieved a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump when you have achieved a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump when you have achieved a stable
+rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+evaporation lower the flask into the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation lower the flask into the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation lower the flask into the hot
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+bath this will prevent the flask from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath this will prevent the flask from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath this will prevent the flask from
+icing up as it cools during evaporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing up as it cools during evaporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing up as it cools during evaporation
+and it will help the concentration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will help the concentration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will help the concentration to
+proceed at a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed at a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed at a reasonable
+rate leave your flask on the rotovap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate leave your flask on the rotovap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate leave your flask on the rotovap
+until the sample becomes viscous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the sample becomes viscous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the sample becomes viscous and
+sticks to the sides of the flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the sides of the flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the sides of the flask
+depending on the viscosity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the viscosity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the viscosity of your
+material it may even form a ring around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it may even form a ring around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it may even form a ring around
+the middle of the flask solid material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the flask solid material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the flask solid material
+will most likely solidify when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will most likely solidify when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will most likely solidify when
+concentration is complete now you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is complete now you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is complete now you are
+ready to remove your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to remove your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to remove your
+flask to do so turn off the rotary motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask to do so turn off the rotary motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask to do so turn off the rotary motor
+release the vacuum and undo the CET clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the vacuum and undo the CET clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the vacuum and undo the CET clip
+you can proceed to a high vacuum pump if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can proceed to a high vacuum pump if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can proceed to a high vacuum pump if
+you need to remove the small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remove the small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remove the small amount of
+solvent still in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent still in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent still in your
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+let's quickly recap the ravap rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's quickly recap the ravap rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's quickly recap the ravap rules that
+we have learned rule number one tie back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned rule number one tie back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned rule number one tie back
+your hair and avoid loose sleeves rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hair and avoid loose sleeves rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hair and avoid loose sleeves rule
+number two never fill your flask more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two never fill your flask more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two never fill your flask more
+than half full rule number three no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half full rule number three no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half full rule number three no
+solids should be in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids should be in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids should be in your
+flask rule number four always use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number four always use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number four always use a
+clean bump trap rule number five cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap rule number five cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap rule number five cool
+the condenser and the receiver before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and the receiver before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and the receiver before
+you attach your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach your
+flask rule number six pull vacuum just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number six pull vacuum just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number six pull vacuum just a
+little bit before turning on the rotary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before turning on the rotary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before turning on the rotary
+motor to spin your flask and rule number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor to spin your flask and rule number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor to spin your flask and rule number
+seven open the vacuum line slowly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven open the vacuum line slowly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven open the vacuum line slowly so
+that you don't cause your material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bump remember this video is intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump remember this video is intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump remember this video is intended to
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+technique it is not intended as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+or the supplementary material in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+important that you understand both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3gCQ6-yitFc.txt b/3gCQ6-yitFc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5b24ebd2190d7a3bf8a84cefa5bc8987e60ec11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3gCQ6-yitFc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+In this problem, we're given an
+urn with n balls in it, out
+
+of which m balls
+are red balls.
+
+To visualize it, we can draw a
+box that represents the set of
+
+all n balls.
+
+Somewhere in the middle or
+somewhere else we have a cut,
+
+such that to the left we have
+all the red balls (there are
+
+m), and non-red balls.
+
+Let's for now call
+it black balls.
+
+That is n minus m.
+
+Now, from this box, we are to
+draw k balls, and we'd like to
+
+know the probability that
+i out of those k
+
+balls are red balls.
+
+ 
+
+For the rest of the problem,
+we'll refer to this
+
+probability as p-r, where r
+stands for the red balls.
+
+So from this picture, we know
+that we're going to draw a
+
+subset of the balls, such that
+i of them are red, and the
+
+remaining k minus i are black.
+
+And we'll like to know what is
+the probability that this
+
+event would occur.
+
+To start, we define our sample
+space, omega, as the set of
+
+all ways to draw k balls
+out of n balls.
+
+We found a simple counting
+argument -- we know that size
+
+of our sample space has
+n-choose-k, which is the total
+
+number of ways to draw k
+balls out of n balls.
+
+ 
+
+Next, we'd like to know how
+many of those samples
+
+correspond to the event that
+we're interested in.
+
+In particular, we would like to
+know c, which is equal to
+
+the number of ways to get
+i red balls after
+
+we draw the k balls.
+
+To do so, we'll break c into
+a product of two numbers --
+
+let's call it a times b --
+
+where a is the total number of
+ways to select i red balls out
+
+of m red balls.
+
+So the number of ways to get
+i out of m red balls.
+
+Going back to the picture, this
+corresponds to the total
+
+number of ways to
+get these balls.
+
+And similarly, we define b as
+the total number of ways to
+
+get the remaining k minus i
+balls out of the set n minus m
+
+black balls.
+
+This corresponds to the total
+number of ways to select the
+
+subset right here in the
+right side of the box.
+
+Now as you can see, once we have
+a and b, we multiply them
+
+together, and this yields
+the total number of ways
+
+to get i red balls.
+
+To compute what these numbers
+are, we see that a is equal to
+
+m-choose-i number of ways to
+get i red balls, and b is n
+
+minus m, the total number of
+black balls, choose k minus i,
+
+the balls that are not red
+within those k balls.
+
+Now putting everything back, we
+have p-r, the probability
+
+we set out to compute, is equal
+to c, the size of the
+
+event, divided by the size of
+the entire sample space.
+
+From the previous calculations,
+we know that c
+
+is equal to a times b, which
+is then equal to m-choose-i
+
+times (n minus m)-choose-(k
+minus i).
+
+And on the denominator, we have
+the entire sample space
+
+is a size n-choose-k.
+
+And that completes
+our derivation.
+
+Now let's look at a numerical
+example of this problem.
+
+Here, let's say we have
+a deck of 52 cards.
+
+And we draw a box with n equals
+52, out of which we
+
+know that there are 4 aces.
+
+So we'll call these the left
+side of the box, which is we
+
+have m equals 4 aces.
+
+Now if we were to draw
+seven cards--
+
+call it k equal to 7--
+
+and we'd like to know what is
+the probability that out of
+
+the 7 cards, we have 3 aces.
+
+ 
+
+Using the notation we did
+earlier, if we were to draw a
+
+circle representing the seven
+cards, we want to know what is
+
+the probability that we have 3
+aces in the left side of the
+
+box and 4 non-aces for the
+remainder of the deck.
+
+In particular, we'll
+call i equal to 3.
+
+So by this point, we've cast the
+problem of drawing cards
+
+from the deck in the same way
+as we did earlier of drawing
+
+balls from an urn.
+
+And from the expression right
+here, which we computed
+
+earlier, we can readily compute
+the probability of
+
+having 3 aces.
+
+In particular, we just have to
+substitute into the expression
+
+right here the value of m equal
+to 4, n equal to 52, k
+
+equal to 7, finally,
+i equal to 3.
+
+So we have 4-choose-3 times n
+minus m, in this case would be
+
+48, choose k minus i, will be 4,
+and on the denominator, we
+
+have 52 total number of cards,
+choosing 7 cards.
+
+That gives us [the]
+
+numerical answer [for]
+
+the probability of getting 3
+aces when we draw 7 cards.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3oV1saJEZy8.txt b/3oV1saJEZy8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c88e711751ad8a7f5d2052347cd2e7889b55b8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3oV1saJEZy8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11608 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I wish you all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I wish you all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I wish you all have
+a good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good uh
+weekend and uh uh just uh recap of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and uh uh just uh recap of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and uh uh just uh recap of last
+lecture is a little bit extra than last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is a little bit extra than last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is a little bit extra than last
+lecture but say what we solved is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but say what we solved is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but say what we solved is
+problem of heat conding along two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of heat conding along two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of heat conding along two
+dimensional Sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Sy
+film and the uh borma equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and the uh borma equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and the uh borma equation uh
+written for the deviation function g g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for the deviation function g g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for the deviation function g g
+is f minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f minus
+F0 right so G IS F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 right so G IS F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 right so G IS F
+F0 and uh we say G because the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 and uh we say G because the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 and uh we say G because the boundary
+in the y direction so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction so there are
+constraints uh change in G in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh change in G in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh change in G in the y
+direction so we have uh the V cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we have uh the V cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we have uh the V cosine
+Theta way uh cosine Theta is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta way uh cosine Theta is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta way uh cosine Theta is the actual
+direction of the uh Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the uh Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the uh Fon
+propagation and uh um so we have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and uh um so we have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and uh um so we have uh the
+on the left hand side is a function of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side is a function of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side is a function of y
+and then on the right hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the right hand side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the right hand side is the
+function of X right the F0 because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X right the F0 because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X right the F0 because I
+have F0 for Fon is a exponential H Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F0 for Fon is a exponential H Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F0 for Fon is a exponential H Omega
+ktus one so T is a function of X because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktus one so T is a function of X because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktus one so T is a function of X because
+I I was consider heat conduction along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was consider heat conduction along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was consider heat conduction along
+the X Direction and if you do electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction and if you do electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction and if you do electron
+transport which we didn't do last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport which we didn't do last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport which we didn't do last time
+uh you have to keep this term the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to keep this term the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to keep this term the fourth
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+and that's when we did in chapter six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when we did in chapter six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when we did in chapter six
+the theral electric transfer we traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theral electric transfer we traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theral electric transfer we traded
+the both terms but say the point is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both terms but say the point is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both terms but say the point is if
+you look at transport along the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at transport along the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at transport along the X
+Direction and uh on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and uh on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and uh on the right hand side
+is a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of X
+only so I have a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so I have a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so I have a first order
+differential equation for the deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for the deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for the deviation
+function in the Y Direction with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the Y Direction with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the Y Direction with uh
+right hand side is X dependent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is X dependent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is X dependent so
+because of that the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that the right hand
+essentially constant because the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially constant because the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially constant because the left
+hand side is a function of Y so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a function of Y so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a function of Y so when I
+did the integration I find the heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the integration I find the heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the integration I find the heat flux
+and what I'm given here is more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm given here is more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm given here is more than I
+show in the last lecture because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show in the last lecture because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show in the last lecture because this
+solution is a a f s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+timer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+s i check that the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i check that the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i check that the name
+himer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himer
+solution okay and uh Fon himer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and uh Fon himer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and uh Fon himer
+originally solve for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally solve for the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally solve for the electron
+transport so this were in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so this were in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so this were in the original
+paper electric conductivity ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper electric conductivity ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper electric conductivity ratio of the
+syum divide the bulk is say one minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syum divide the bulk is say one minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syum divide the bulk is say one minus so
+it's reduced and this reduction is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reduced and this reduction is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reduced and this reduction is this
+integral mu is cosine Theta so it's 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral mu is cosine Theta so it's 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral mu is cosine Theta so it's 0 to
+1 and the p is specular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the p is specular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the p is specular it
+parameter p uh specularity parameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter p uh specularity parameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter p uh specularity parameter so
+if it's a p equal 1 is a specular p = z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a p equal 1 is a specular p = z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a p equal 1 is a specular p = z
+is a diffused so you can say if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a diffused so you can say if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a diffused so you can say if it's
+specular 1us p is zero so it's more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular 1us p is zero so it's more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular 1us p is zero so it's more like
+a wave guide there's no reduction if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave guide there's no reduction if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave guide there's no reduction if
+it's a specular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a specular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a specular
+interface but P0 is diffuse so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but P0 is diffuse so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but P0 is diffuse so you will
+get reduction in the uh Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reduction in the uh Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reduction in the uh Thal
+conductivity or electric conductivity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity or electric conductivity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity or electric conductivity if
+the interface scatter electron Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface scatter electron Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface scatter electron Fon
+diffusely and uh uh but say it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusely and uh uh but say it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusely and uh uh but say it has been
+actually really difficult to say what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really difficult to say what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really difficult to say what is
+this value of p and so far the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of p and so far the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of p and so far the best
+model people use was still result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model people use was still result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model people use was still result that
+uh derived by zman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derived by zman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derived by zman in
+1950s and this p is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and this p is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and this p is related to the
+surface roughness and the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface roughness and the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface roughness and the wavelength
+of the Fon or electron so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fon or electron so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fon or electron so it's a
+exponential function and in fact you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function and in fact you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function and in fact you see
+in the front it's 16 Pi cubic so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front it's 16 Pi cubic so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front it's 16 Pi cubic so that's
+a pretty large uh uh Lum typically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty large uh uh Lum typically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty large uh uh Lum typically in
+Optics uh when people say a surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics uh when people say a surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics uh when people say a surface is
+rough or is a specular for optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough or is a specular for optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough or is a specular for optically
+smooth surface is typically rough L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth surface is typically rough L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth surface is typically rough L is
+less than one10 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one10 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one10 of the
+wavelength right so you can say uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right so you can say uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right so you can say uh if
+the roughness less than 1/10 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roughness less than 1/10 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roughness less than 1/10 of the
+wance uh this p uh is the uh uh uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wance uh this p uh is the uh uh uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wance uh this p uh is the uh uh uh it's
+getting close to right this one is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to right this one is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to right this one is when
+when it's very large uh very small uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very large uh very small uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very large uh very small uh is
+close to one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one that's
+specular okay so this is a uh F simr uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular okay so this is a uh F simr uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular okay so this is a uh F simr uh
+solution and that's the uh uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that's the uh uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that's the uh uh for
+diffuse uh for the uh electrical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse uh for the uh electrical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse uh for the uh electrical and
+thermal connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal connectivity
+a long a film and we assume that this L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long a film and we assume that this L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long a film and we assume that this L
+of this film is very long so if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this film is very long so if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this film is very long so if you go
+to look at the literature there are lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the literature there are lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the literature there are lot
+of papers publishing on measuring theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers publishing on measuring theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers publishing on measuring theral
+connectivity of s films or Nano wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity of s films or Nano wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity of s films or Nano wires
+and there are also refined the model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also refined the model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also refined the model of
+wires of different cross-section whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires of different cross-section whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires of different cross-section whether
+it's a circular whether is rectangle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circular whether is rectangle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circular whether is rectangle and
+the people try to solve the board M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people try to solve the board M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people try to solve the board M
+equations and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and uh
+uh I mentioned in the last lecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mentioned in the last lecture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mentioned in the last lecture uh
+even now there are some still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now there are some still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now there are some still some
+result on the virus positive and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on the virus positive and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on the virus positive and people
+still writing what could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still writing what could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still writing what could be
+deviation deviation from the huks and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation deviation from the huks and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation deviation from the huks and uh
+Simer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simer uh
+solution okay and uh uh historically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and uh uh historically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and uh uh historically uh
+this is a Casmir C what Casmir uh did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Casmir C what Casmir uh did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Casmir C what Casmir uh did is
+really uh say he explained without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh say he explained without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh say he explained without the
+Sol bsma equation just the no internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol bsma equation just the no internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol bsma equation just the no internal
+scattering you have rough surface and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you have rough surface and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you have rough surface and he
+say okay if you have rough surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if you have rough surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if you have rough surface
+because the scattering uh uh is diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scattering uh uh is diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scattering uh uh is diffused
+so you have effective reduction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have effective reduction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have effective reduction in the
+mean free path of the heat carrier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean free path of the heat carrier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean free path of the heat carrier the
+Fons and with that he uh was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and with that he uh was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and with that he uh was able to
+explain why thermal conductivity at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why thermal conductivity at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why thermal conductivity at low
+temperature is proportional to specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is proportional to specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is proportional to specific
+heat me free pass limited by the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat me free pass limited by the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat me free pass limited by the sample
+size and the low temperature uh uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and the low temperature uh uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and the low temperature uh uh say
+the thermal 1 CV gamma so when the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal 1 CV gamma so when the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal 1 CV gamma so when the mean
+free pass is sample size is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pass is sample size is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pass is sample size is proportional
+to the specific heat which is T cubic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specific heat which is T cubic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specific heat which is T cubic so
+this is the uh Casmir uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh Casmir uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh Casmir uh say
+started so uh that's uh last lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so uh that's uh last lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so uh that's uh last lecture is
+a film conduction along the along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film conduction along the along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film conduction along the along the
+film just one more common you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film just one more common you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film just one more common you actually
+could see that uh recently there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that uh recently there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that uh recently there are
+some some paper on the theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some paper on the theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some paper on the theral
+conductivity of carbon L tubes and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of carbon L tubes and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of carbon L tubes and uh it
+turns out because some L tube the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out because some L tube the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out because some L tube the mean
+free POS is even longer than the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free POS is even longer than the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free POS is even longer than the length
+of the tube so uh there is additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tube so uh there is additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tube so uh there is additional
+size effect at the two ends of the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size effect at the two ends of the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size effect at the two ends of the tube
+okay and uh what we're going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh what we're going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh what we're going to do in
+today's lecture is look at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is look at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is look at the other
+direction so uh uh heat conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so uh uh heat conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so uh uh heat conduction
+perpendicular right let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transport perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+okay and uh uh if I look at the uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh if I look at the uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh if I look at the uh now
+the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh if I have a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if I have a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if I have a temperature
+difference I have to be a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I have to be a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I have to be a little bit uh
+uh ambivalent at this stage what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ambivalent at this stage what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ambivalent at this stage what's this
+temperature really mean so I have T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature really mean so I have T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature really mean so I have T1
+T2 and in the sickness direction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and in the sickness direction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and in the sickness direction of a
+film and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and this is my
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+right and again I have the mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again I have the mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again I have the mean free
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+is uh uh could be longer than the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh could be longer than the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh could be longer than the film
+thickness and then what's my effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and then what's my effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and then what's my effective
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+conductivity right and you can ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity right and you can ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity right and you can ask the
+same question what's my electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question what's my electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question what's my electrical
+conductivity and uh uh also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and uh uh also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and uh uh also there
+solution for radiation Photon transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for radiation Photon transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for radiation Photon transport
+all those are under the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are under the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are under the same uh
+equation and uh I write down the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh I write down the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh I write down the uh
+bards M equation under relax time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bards M equation under relax time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bards M equation under relax time
+approximation so uh here I have D VY DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so uh here I have D VY DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so uh here I have D VY DF
+Dy plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus uh
+equals F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F
+F0 IDE by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 IDE by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 IDE by
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+right because in this case uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in this case uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because in this case uh my
+equivalent temperature changes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent temperature changes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent temperature changes as a
+function y so T is effectively a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y so T is effectively a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y so T is effectively a
+function y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y
+and F0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F0
+now through the temperature dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now through the temperature dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now through the temperature dependence
+exponential H by Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential H by Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential H by Omega
+ktus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so you can
+say uh uh what the difference from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh what the difference from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh what the difference from the
+previous problem is uh in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem is uh in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem is uh in the previous
+problem the relaxation time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the relaxation time is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the relaxation time is a
+function of X but the size effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but the size effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but the size effect
+happens in in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in the y
+direction now my temperature is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now my temperature is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now my temperature is a
+function of Y and the size effect happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y and the size effect happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y and the size effect happen
+in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same
+direction so uh my solution will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so uh my solution will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so uh my solution will be more
+complicated than the previous one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the previous one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the previous one and
+let's uh solve this problem and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh solve this problem and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh solve this problem and uh I
+will first do VY again say uh any Fong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first do VY again say uh any Fong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first do VY again say uh any Fong
+transport Direction let's say along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport Direction let's say along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport Direction let's say along this
+direction and the angle to the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the angle to the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the angle to the Y
+direction is a Theta so I will do this w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is a Theta so I will do this w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is a Theta so I will do this w
+y is V cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is V cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is V cosine
+Theta okay and V * T I will normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay and V * T I will normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay and V * T I will normalize
+gives the mean free pass so mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the mean free pass so mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the mean free pass so mean free
+pass is a way * T and I Define un long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass is a way * T and I Define un long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass is a way * T and I Define un long
+dimensional variable ITA equals y over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional variable ITA equals y over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional variable ITA equals y over
+mean fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean fre
+pass right and in the pre previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass right and in the pre previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass right and in the pre previous one
+say equals D over mean free pass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equals D over mean free pass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equals D over mean free pass so
+that's the normalized to the th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the normalized to the th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the normalized to the th
+this is the arbitrary coordinate Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the arbitrary coordinate Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the arbitrary coordinate Y and
+if I do this I write my the bo my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do this I write my the bo my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do this I write my the bo my
+equation now into uh mu which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now into uh mu which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now into uh mu which is a
+cosine Theta mu equal cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta mu equal cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta mu equal cosine Theta
+that's directional cosine and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directional cosine and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directional cosine and I have
+DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+Dy plus uh F I move to the right not y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus uh F I move to the right not y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus uh F I move to the right not y
+d the mean free pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the mean free pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the mean free pass
+now is V * to so say I is y over mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is V * to so say I is y over mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is V * to so say I is y over mean
+free pa so I L dimensionalize my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pa so I L dimensionalize my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pa so I L dimensionalize my
+equation on the right hand side then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on the right hand side then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on the right hand side then I
+have F0 remember F0 is a function of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F0 remember F0 is a function of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F0 remember F0 is a function of T
+and T is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T is a function
+y I do not know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I do not know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I do not know that
+t so uh now the uh uh if I say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so uh now the uh uh if I say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so uh now the uh uh if I say is the
+function of Y is also function of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y is also function of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y is also function of either
+so I have the uh f is a function of AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the uh f is a function of AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the uh f is a function of AA
+F0 is also a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 is also a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 is also a function of
+AA now this equation is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA now this equation is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA now this equation is a little bit
+harder to solve than the pre previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to solve than the pre previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to solve than the pre previous
+one because in the previous one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because in the previous one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because in the previous one the
+right hand side is a function of X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is a function of X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is a function of X the
+left hand side is a function of Y now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side is a function of Y now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side is a function of Y now in
+the current one both left and right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current one both left and right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current one both left and right hand
+sides are function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are function of
+a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right
+and to solve this first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to solve this first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to solve this first order
+differential equation the trick you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation the trick you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation the trick you do
+is first you solve homogeneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first you solve homogeneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first you solve homogeneous equation
+ala DF D ala plus f = z and here you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ala DF D ala plus f = z and here you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ala DF D ala plus f = z and here you'll
+find out this one gives you f ather is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out this one gives you f ather is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out this one gives you f ather is a
+function of uh uh C exponential Mass AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of uh uh C exponential Mass AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of uh uh C exponential Mass AA
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+mu right that's the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu right that's the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu right that's the solution for
+homogeneous equation when the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation when the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation when the right hand
+side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+zero okay and now when the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and now when the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and now when the right hand
+side is the function of either itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the function of either itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the function of either itself
+you see you change that say into unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you change that say into unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you change that say into unknown
+function you want is a function of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you want is a function of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you want is a function of a so
+that's the standard way of solving now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard way of solving now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard way of solving now
+rather than say is a constant say is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than say is a constant say is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than say is a constant say is a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+a you substitute this back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you substitute this back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you substitute this back into the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+equation right you'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right you'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right you'll find out
+uh say the uh this term will drop out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say the uh this term will drop out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say the uh this term will drop out so
+what I have is a uh mu exponential ala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a uh mu exponential ala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a uh mu exponential ala
+mu uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu uh
+DC D ala equals F0 which is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC D ala equals F0 which is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC D ala equals F0 which is a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a so this is the uh when you substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is the uh when you substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is the uh when you substitute
+this back into the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back into the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back into the differential equation
+this term drops the the other term you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term drops the the other term you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term drops the the other term you
+can take derivative of this also drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take derivative of this also drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take derivative of this also drop
+the c term I cannot so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c term I cannot so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c term I cannot so it's it's
+there right and now I because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right and now I because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right and now I because this is a
+function of a this function a so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a this function a so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a this function a so I can
+integrate so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so what I
+have is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is say
+itself D say d equals uh F0 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself D say d equals uh F0 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself D say d equals uh F0 which is a
+function of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t
+a right that's a function of T and 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right that's a function of T and 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right that's a function of T and 1 /
+mu EXP exponential ala mu so I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu EXP exponential ala mu so I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu EXP exponential ala mu so I integrate
+I will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will get a
+say is uh say Integra another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is uh say Integra another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is uh say Integra another
+integration constant right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant right that's
+depends on where I start so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where I start so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where I start so this is my
+uh e zero to e and uh uh 1/ mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e zero to e and uh uh 1/ mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e zero to e and uh uh 1/ mu
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+exponential um either Prime Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential um either Prime Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential um either Prime Prime and
+F0 it Prime D Prime so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 it Prime D Prime so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 it Prime D Prime so this is
+my uh solution for this constant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh solution for this constant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh solution for this constant uh
+which is now no longer constant is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now no longer constant is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now no longer constant is a
+function of either and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of either and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of either and that's my
+solution and I combine this say back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I combine this say back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I combine this say back
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+original my solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original my solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original my solution for
+f uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh uh
+either but it's also a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but it's also a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but it's also a direction
+function of mu is c0 exponential Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of mu is c0 exponential Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of mu is c0 exponential Mass
+ala over mu that's this term now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ala over mu that's this term now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ala over mu that's this term now this
+term is also multiply into this term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is also multiply into this term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is also multiply into this term so
+what I have because this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have because this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have because this one is
+integrated either Prime so I can put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated either Prime so I can put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated either Prime so I can put in
+that in so what I have is either zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so what I have is either zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so what I have is either zero to
+a 1 / mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 / mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 / mu
+exponential a e Prime mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a e Prime mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a e Prime mu
+F0 d e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime okay so that's my uh General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so that's my uh General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so that's my uh General
+solution for this original differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for this original differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for this original differential
+equation you say that I didn't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you say that I didn't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you say that I didn't go to
+find the deviation I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the deviation I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the deviation I just
+solve uh F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh F
+directly and uh for the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and uh for the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and uh for the previous
+problem this one I use a deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this one I use a deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this one I use a deviation
+function but you don't have to you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you don't have to you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you don't have to you can
+still solve F directly you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still solve F directly you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still solve F directly you get the same
+result it's it's just a math part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's it's just a math part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's it's just a math part
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+okay and again I need now use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again I need now use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again I need now use the
+boundary condition to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition to solve for
+c0 right and for each mu now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 right and for each mu now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 right and for each mu now for the
+problem each mu mu is a cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem each mu mu is a cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem each mu mu is a cosine Theta
+right so that for each Theta I have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that for each Theta I have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that for each Theta I have say
+a different uh origin so if for between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different uh origin so if for between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different uh origin so if for between
+0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to
+90° I have y = 0 this surface if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° I have y = 0 this surface if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° I have y = 0 this surface if a
+diffuse the temperature T1 that goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse the temperature T1 that goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse the temperature T1 that goes out
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+isotropic so and then for 90° to 100°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic so and then for 90° to 100°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic so and then for 90° to 100°
+it's actually coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually coming from this
+surface right and again say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and again say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and again say it's
+diffused the temperature it goes out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused the temperature it goes out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused the temperature it goes out is
+T2 this is what I call Immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 this is what I call Immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 this is what I call Immediate
+temperature right so uh I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right so uh I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right so uh I go
+to uh do the condition where Al equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do the condition where Al equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do the condition where Al equals
+zero so I start with E zero also at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I start with E zero also at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I start with E zero also at zero
+and this one drops out so what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one drops out so what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one drops out so what I have is
+f for um mu is less than one larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f for um mu is less than one larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f for um mu is less than one larger than
+zero that's 0 to Li degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's 0 to Li degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's 0 to Li degree
+f um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um uh
+mu is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is um
+F0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+E1 exponential M to Mu plus Z to e 1/ mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 exponential M to Mu plus Z to e 1/ mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 exponential M to Mu plus Z to e 1/ mu
+exponential eus a prime or mu F0 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential eus a prime or mu F0 D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential eus a prime or mu F0 D
+Prime okay so unfortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so unfortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so unfortunately the
+difficult is this is almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult is this is almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult is this is almost like the
+simplest heat conduction problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest heat conduction problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest heat conduction problem right
+becomes a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a very
+involved so this is the uh solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so this is the uh solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so this is the uh solution for
+0 to me to one I will put it a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to me to one I will put it a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to me to one I will put it a positive
+let's say from bottom to up forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from bottom to up forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from bottom to up forward
+propagating and similarly for 90° to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+180° I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution right for uh 100 Z Ling to 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right for uh 100 Z Ling to 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right for uh 100 Z Ling to 180
+so mu is uh 1 and to Z that's Theta less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu is uh 1 and to Z that's Theta less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu is uh 1 and to Z that's Theta less
+than uh uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh uh say
+180° larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° larger than
+90° so backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so backward
+propagating from Top surface to down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating from Top surface to down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating from Top surface to down and
+my solution F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution F
+prime it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime it
+mu then you say f t E2 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu then you say f t E2 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu then you say f t E2 that's the
+corresponding ban Einstein distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ban Einstein distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ban Einstein distribution
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+Fons that coming into the domain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons that coming into the domain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons that coming into the domain with
+characteristic temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic temperature
+te2 right so this is a uh F0 te2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te2 right so this is a uh F0 te2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te2 right so this is a uh F0 te2 and the
+exponential uh cosine Mass AA over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh cosine Mass AA over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh cosine Mass AA over
+mu this is the effective boundary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu this is the effective boundary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu this is the effective boundary uh
+effect here is a or mu it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here is a or mu it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here is a or mu it's a it's a
+negative it's a exponential decay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's a exponential decay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's a exponential decay so
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+says is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is if
+my Fon is propagating in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Fon is propagating in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Fon is propagating in this direction
+from the boundary at this point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundary at this point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundary at this point right
+because scatter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because scatter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because scatter it
+decays and that distance uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and that distance uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and that distance uh the the
+ratio the Decay is exponential cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the Decay is exponential cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the Decay is exponential cosine
+Min a so that's the really uh D Min y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min a so that's the really uh D Min y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min a so that's the really uh D Min y so
+that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this
+section and divide by cosine divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and divide by cosine divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and divide by cosine divide by
+mu is cosine Theta so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is cosine Theta so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is cosine Theta so that's this
+distance right so it's really because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so it's really because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so it's really because
+the mean free path so the how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path so the how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path so the how much
+distance travel over mean free pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance travel over mean free pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance travel over mean free pass
+exponential that's the Decay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's the Decay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's the Decay because
+they scatter out the boundary term SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scatter out the boundary term SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scatter out the boundary term SC
+get scatter not uh to the internal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get scatter not uh to the internal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get scatter not uh to the internal and
+then uh the uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the uh next
+term is uh C to a and 1 / mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is uh C to a and 1 / mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is uh C to a and 1 / mu
+exponential uh M uh say uh here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh M uh say uh here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh M uh say uh here I have
+to be careful because this is a Cass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful because this is a Cass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful because this is a Cass to
+a so any uh D Prime term I have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so any uh D Prime term I have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so any uh D Prime term I have to make
+sure this is a Decay so uh I have ITA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this is a Decay so uh I have ITA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this is a Decay so uh I have ITA
+ITA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA
+Prime that will be well let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that will be well let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that will be well let me see
+whether it's positive or negative so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's positive or negative so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's positive or negative so any
+term in between this will be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in between this will be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in between this will be negative
+this is negative I should have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative I should have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative I should have another
+negative sign in the front and the f z a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign in the front and the f z a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign in the front and the f z a
+prime so this is how I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so this is how I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so this is how I look at the
+equation where I I see whether my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where I I see whether my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where I I see whether my
+solution is reasonable what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is reasonable what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is reasonable what I have here
+is I'm looking at a certain point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm looking at a certain point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm looking at a certain point this
+point in space I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space I look at this
+distribution in this specific Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in this specific Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in this specific Direction
+and what it comes one part is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it comes one part is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it comes one part is coming
+from the wall the boundary and that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall the boundary and that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall the boundary and that part
+exponentially scatter out so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially scatter out so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially scatter out so that that's
+the first term that's a Decay term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term that's a Decay term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term that's a Decay term right
+this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is
+decaying the other term is along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying the other term is along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying the other term is along the
+path every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path every
+point is re scatter into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is re scatter into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is re scatter into this
+direction right like I say emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right like I say emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right like I say emission
+emission into this direction so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission into this direction so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission into this direction so because
+of this I have contribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this I have contribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this I have contribution the
+contribution from this point that's F ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from this point that's F ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from this point that's F ID
+Prime F0 Ida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime F0 Ida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime F0 Ida
+Prime that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's
+regenerated and the distance is here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated and the distance is here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated and the distance is here the
+difference so this is a regenerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so this is a regenerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so this is a regenerated
+Fon and this is the distance divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and this is the distance divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and this is the distance divide
+cosine Theta so the real distance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta so the real distance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta so the real distance right
+this the y direction coordinate divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the y direction coordinate divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the y direction coordinate divide
+by cosine Theta that's the real distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine Theta that's the real distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine Theta that's the real distance
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+this Source Point and the point I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Source Point and the point I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Source Point and the point I'm
+interested and again during this travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and again during this travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and again during this travel
+there is scattering out so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is scattering out so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is scattering out so that's why
+the exponent I have to make is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent I have to make is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent I have to make is make
+sure this exponent at the end is netive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this exponent at the end is netive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this exponent at the end is netive
+a prime because my this is a c so the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime because my this is a c so the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime because my this is a c so the a
+prime is between a and C so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is between a and C so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is between a and C so this
+negative and mu is a negative so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and mu is a negative so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and mu is a negative so I put
+the negative sign that should be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign that should be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign that should be my
+correct direct solution you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direct solution you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direct solution you can go to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+check the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the uh
+mathematics right so now I have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics right so now I have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics right so now I have the uh
+distribution function and my challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and my challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and my challenge
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+remember this one F0 is a function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this one F0 is a function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this one F0 is a function of a
+itself I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I do not
+know right it's inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right it's inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right it's inside the
+integral and what I have is a long local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what I have is a long local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what I have is a long local
+transport it's not like a FAL law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it's not like a FAL law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it's not like a FAL law of
+heat conduction where Q equals Min K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction where Q equals Min K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction where Q equals Min K
+dtdx right you see this is a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtdx right you see this is a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtdx right you see this is a local
+transport because the heat flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport because the heat flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport because the heat flux is
+proportional to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to local
+gradient it doesn't depend on quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient it doesn't depend on quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient it doesn't depend on quantity
+other place of course they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place of course they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place of course they are all
+coupled but but local flux is only local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled but but local flux is only local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled but but local flux is only local
+Pro uh proportion local gradient what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro uh proportion local gradient what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro uh proportion local gradient what I
+have here is uh the flux at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is uh the flux at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is uh the flux at this point
+Point depends on every point along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point depends on every point along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point depends on every point along the
+trajectory that's why I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that's why I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that's why I have the
+integral path integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral path integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral path integral
+there okay so this is the problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this is the problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this is the problem when
+you go to nalo your transport becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to nalo your transport becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to nalo your transport becomes a
+couple and it's long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and it's long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and it's long
+local okay and now once I have F I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local okay and now once I have F I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local okay and now once I have F I can
+solve for my flux same way Q = 1 / V you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for my flux same way Q = 1 / V you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for my flux same way Q = 1 / V you
+sum up all polarization KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up all polarization KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up all polarization KX
+KY KZ and VY H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY KZ and VY H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY KZ and VY H bar Omega
+F right that's always the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right that's always the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right that's always the starting point
+when we try to find out uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we try to find out uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we try to find out uh what's the
+lead flux here is for heat flux again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead flux here is for heat flux again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead flux here is for heat flux again
+charge flux momentum flux you do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flux momentum flux you do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flux momentum flux you do this is
+how we start we sum up all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we start we sum up all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we start we sum up all possible
+moles uh quantum mechanical or classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles uh quantum mechanical or classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles uh quantum mechanical or classical
+modes and to get the and of course given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and to get the and of course given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and to get the and of course given
+the quantity Omega H Mo carry Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity Omega H Mo carry Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity Omega H Mo carry Quantum
+Quantum state carry and the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state carry and the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state carry and the group
+velocity so if you do this and uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so if you do this and uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so if you do this and uh uh you
+see we have to convert this summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have to convert this summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have to convert this summation
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+integration right and uh my uh I will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right and uh my uh I will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right and uh my uh I will uh
+actually split this into two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually split this into two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually split this into two terms
+positive term and negative term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive term and negative term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive term and negative term and
+positive term are the ones that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive term are the ones that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive term are the ones that goes
+forward negative terms going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward negative terms going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward negative terms going from the
+other boundary going downward right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other boundary going downward right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other boundary going downward right and
+then we can look at what the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can look at what the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can look at what the expression
+after I convert this into from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I convert this into from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I convert this into from
+integration into uh um summation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration into uh um summation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration into uh um summation into
+integration so positive term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so positive term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so positive term is
+actually 02 Pi D so this is a again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 02 Pi D so this is a again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 02 Pi D so this is a again I'm
+changing this into spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this into spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this into spherical
+coordinate right and five is at a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right and five is at a m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right and five is at a m
+angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and
+uh 0 to 90 Dee sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 to 90 Dee sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 to 90 Dee sin
+Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D
+Theta right Theta is the angle the polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right Theta is the angle the polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right Theta is the angle the polar
+angle under my coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle under my coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle under my coordinate
+system and then I have integration over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then I have integration over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then I have integration over
+frequency 0 to Max frequency and H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency 0 to Max frequency and H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency 0 to Max frequency and H bar
+Omega so that's here uh V cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that's here uh V cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that's here uh V cosine Theta
+that's v y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's v y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's v y
+and say when I convert Su into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say when I convert Su into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say when I convert Su into
+integration I have density of States D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I have density of States D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I have density of States D
+Omega over 4 Pi because this D Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 4 Pi because this D Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 4 Pi because this D Omega is
+integrate original for 4 Pi isotropic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate original for 4 Pi isotropic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate original for 4 Pi isotropic uh
+case and then I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then I have uh
+f+ that's the solution I have there here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f+ that's the solution I have there here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f+ that's the solution I have there here
+f plus is a function of both mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus is a function of both mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus is a function of both mu and
+AA and integrate uh lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency okay so that's the uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so that's the uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so that's the uh uh uh uh
+see the uh flux here right and uh uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh flux here right and uh uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh flux here right and uh uh if
+you plug in your solution for f either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug in your solution for f either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug in your solution for f either
+uh plus what we have here and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus what we have here and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus what we have here and we can
+write it into so I I'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it into so I I'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it into so I I'll give you the
+final expression and this one what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final expression and this one what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final expression and this one what I
+have is a uh 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i0 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0 T
+E1 plus uh say times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E3 and this E3 is again the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 and this E3 is again the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 and this E3 is again the integral
+exponential function that we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function that we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function that we introduced
+in the last lecture and 2 pi 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture and 2 pi 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture and 2 pi 0 to
+either i0 e Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either i0 e Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either i0 e Prime and
+e 2 it a prime D Prime right so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 it a prime D Prime right so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 it a prime D Prime right so I have
+to now uh uh say introduce this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now uh uh say introduce this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now uh uh say introduce this i
+z i is uh transformation so i z is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i is uh transformation so i z is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i is uh transformation so i z is just
+a uh integration of H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh integration of H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh integration of H bar
+Omega and way uh time D over 4 pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and way uh time D over 4 pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and way uh time D over 4 pi and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+F0 D Omega so sometimes say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 D Omega so sometimes say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 D Omega so sometimes say this is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity but the uh it's just a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity but the uh it's just a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity but the uh it's just a result
+coming from the uh simplification in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the uh simplification in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the uh simplification in
+rotation and in fact I say in photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and in fact I say in photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and in fact I say in photon
+transport this intensity is widely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this intensity is widely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this intensity is widely used
+but for electron and Fon transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for electron and Fon transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for electron and Fon transport
+uh this is not widely used I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is not widely used I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is not widely used I remember
+when I first wrote the paper and submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first wrote the paper and submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first wrote the paper and submit
+a phase review B and the reviewer come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase review B and the reviewer come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase review B and the reviewer come
+back what is intensity right and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what is intensity right and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what is intensity right and uh uh
+is a scalar or is a vector and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar or is a vector and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar or is a vector and I
+mentioned before the this relate to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the this relate to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the this relate to F
+itself is a f itself a scalar Vector it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a f itself a scalar Vector it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a f itself a scalar Vector it
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+directionality it depends on space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality it depends on space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality it depends on space but
+it's scalar because it's a scaler in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scalar because it's a scaler in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scalar because it's a scaler in the
+face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right
+and the directionality came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the directionality came from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the directionality came from the
+velocity component in the face space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity component in the face space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity component in the face space so
+uh this is a uh again it's just a um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a uh again it's just a um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a uh again it's just a um uh
+it's a scalar so this is the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scalar so this is the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scalar so this is the positive
+heat flux and you can integrate uh the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux and you can integrate uh the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux and you can integrate uh the F
+minus and to get the leg heat flux and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and to get the leg heat flux and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and to get the leg heat flux and
+the leg heat flux is the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg heat flux is the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg heat flux is the difference of
+the two so if I write the Le flux let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so if I write the Le flux let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so if I write the Le flux let me
+write it down and uh you'll get the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down and uh you'll get the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down and uh you'll get the uh
+the Le flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Le flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Le flux
+Q is q+ minus Q minus and uh what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is q+ minus Q minus and uh what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is q+ minus Q minus and uh what I have
+here is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 2
+pi and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and uh uh
+i0 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0 T
+E1 uh E3 either that's the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 uh E3 either that's the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 uh E3 either that's the first term
+and uh uh plus what we just wrote down 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh plus what we just wrote down 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh plus what we just wrote down 0
+to e uh i z e Prime and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e uh i z e Prime and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e uh i z e Prime and the
+E2 I I prime D Prime so that's the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 I I prime D Prime so that's the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 I I prime D Prime so that's the plus
+term and then I have minus term minus i0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then I have minus term minus i0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then I have minus term minus i0
+t E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t E2
+E3 and cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aus a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aus a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aus a to
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+and uh uh I Z at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I Z at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I Z at the
+prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and
+E2 ITA Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 ITA Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 ITA Prime
+Ida D Prime so this word the end result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ida D Prime so this word the end result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ida D Prime so this word the end result
+after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you
+substitute I uh q+ which we derived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute I uh q+ which we derived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute I uh q+ which we derived and
+Q minus which we didn't write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q minus which we didn't write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q minus which we didn't write it
+down okay so this is left he flux this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so this is left he flux this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so this is left he flux this
+term come from boundary this term come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term come from boundary this term come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term come from boundary this term come
+from boundary this terms coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boundary this terms coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boundary this terms coming from
+internal points the long noal part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal points the long noal part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal points the long noal part that
+a source and how much they contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source and how much they contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source and how much they contribute to
+the lead flux at the location ITA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead flux at the location ITA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead flux at the location ITA that
+I'm considering so this one right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm considering so this one right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm considering so this one right this
+is a q is a function of a the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a q is a function of a the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a q is a function of a the different
+locations along the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations along the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations along the Y
+Direction yes how can you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction yes how can you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction yes how can you know the
+effective temperature distribution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective temperature distribution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective temperature distribution I
+don't know yet I didn't tell you I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yet I didn't tell you I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yet I didn't tell you I know
+that's what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to
+find right so this is the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find right so this is the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find right so this is the complexity of
+solving even the simplest bistic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving even the simplest bistic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving even the simplest bistic problem
+non local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non local
+problems right so what I'm going to Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right so what I'm going to Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right so what I'm going to Le
+to this is you ask the question so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is you ask the question so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is you ask the question so how
+I'm going to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find this
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+right so my next step is is to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my next step is is to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my next step is is to say to
+find this out I have to say the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this out I have to say the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this out I have to say the heat
+flux either heat flux if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux either heat flux if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux either heat flux if there's no
+internal heat generation whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal heat generation whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal heat generation whether there's
+internal heat generation or not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal heat generation or not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal heat generation or not right
+remember I'm doing the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm doing the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm doing the steady state
+problem you will see that based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you will see that based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you will see that based on the
+treatment when I do Transit all my anoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment when I do Transit all my anoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment when I do Transit all my anoun
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+work okay so uh uh well here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so uh uh well here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so uh uh well here the
+analysis is fine but see when my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is fine but see when my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is fine but see when my next
+step is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is doing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I say I say uh there's a case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say I say uh there's a case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say I say uh there's a case when
+I'm dealing with no internal he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dealing with no internal he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dealing with no internal he
+generation right and in fact we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation right and in fact we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation right and in fact we wrote
+the paper to compare the case when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper to compare the case when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper to compare the case when there
+is internal heat generation what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is internal heat generation what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is internal heat generation what's the
+difference so uh when now internal heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so uh when now internal heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so uh when now internal heat
+Generation Now heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+and in this case what I have uh Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what I have uh Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what I have uh Q is
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if Q is constant I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if Q is constant I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if Q is constant I can do
+DQ D equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z like so because I don't need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z like so because I don't need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z like so because I don't need to find
+that constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant
+yet right so with that I take this DQ D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right so with that I take this DQ D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right so with that I take this DQ D
+equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+I will find the equation that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will find the equation that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will find the equation that actually
+has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the
+unon i z say i z that I want to find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unon i z say i z that I want to find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unon i z say i z that I want to find so
+you go to take the derivative let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to take the derivative let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to take the derivative let me
+just uh repeat the here what is e right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh repeat the here what is e right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh repeat the here what is e right
+n the n's order integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the n's order integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the n's order integral
+equation equals uh uh say uh T Mass 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equals uh uh say uh T Mass 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equals uh uh say uh T Mass 2
+exponential Mass t/ mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass t/ mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass t/ mu
+and d uh no not t This Is mu and D mu 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d uh no not t This Is mu and D mu 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d uh no not t This Is mu and D mu 0
+to one this is my integral equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one this is my integral equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one this is my integral equation uh
+integral function of order n so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral function of order n so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral function of order n so I have
+uh E3 and here is E2 you can substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh E3 and here is E2 you can substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh E3 and here is E2 you can substitute
+it so if I take a DQ D equal Z what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if I take a DQ D equal Z what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if I take a DQ D equal Z what I
+have is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh
+equation i0 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation i0 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation i0 T
+E1 and the E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and the E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and the E2
+a and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and plus
+a0 uh T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 uh T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 uh T
+E2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and
+E2 cosine Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 cosine Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 cosine Mass
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+plus zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus zero to
+either either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either
+zero e Prim uh i z e Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero e Prim uh i z e Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero e Prim uh i z e Prime
+E1 it e Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 it e Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 it e Prime
+absolute D Prime equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute D Prime equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute D Prime equal
+Z okay I didn't go step by step but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay I didn't go step by step but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay I didn't go step by step but say
+when you take a derivative E3 becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a derivative E3 becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a derivative E3 becomes
+E2 and E2 becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and E2 becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and E2 becomes
+E1 and this two half integral right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and this two half integral right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and this two half integral right this
+is zero to either e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero to either e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero to either e to
+C is combined right into 0 to C say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is combined right into 0 to C say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is combined right into 0 to C say
+inside is i z i Prime but E1 now has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is i z i Prime but E1 now has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is i z i Prime but E1 now has a
+absolute sign because the change sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sign because the change sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sign because the change sign
+when ala equals AA Prime so I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when ala equals AA Prime so I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when ala equals AA Prime so I put the
+abute to simplify the rotation these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abute to simplify the rotation these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abute to simplify the rotation these are
+actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two
+terms okay so now this is the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so now this is the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so now this is the equation
+you need to solve to actually find given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve to actually find given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve to actually find given
+the boundary condition on one side is T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition on one side is T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition on one side is T1
+on the other side the t2 the mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side the t2 the mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side the t2 the mean free
+pass film thickness that determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass film thickness that determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass film thickness that determine
+say right and then you need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right and then you need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right and then you need to solve
+this equation to find that what is i i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation to find that what is i i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation to find that what is i i z
+at each point I Z remember is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point I Z remember is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point I Z remember is related to
+my temperature right I Z is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my temperature right I Z is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my temperature right I Z is related to
+F0 because this is a the Fon property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 because this is a the Fon property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 because this is a the Fon property
+then sub States frequency Omega which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sub States frequency Omega which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sub States frequency Omega which
+you know from the solid that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the solid that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the solid that you're
+dealing with but F0 is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with but F0 is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with but F0 is a function of
+T right T is what I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right T is what I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right T is what I want to find
+so you really have to solve this to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really have to solve this to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really have to solve this to find
+i z from i z you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z from i z you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z from i z you find
+T this is the complication of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is the complication of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is the complication of heat
+conduction L local heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction L local heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction L local heat
+conduction okay and it's a integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction okay and it's a integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction okay and it's a integral
+equation and uh uh uh how many you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh uh uh how many you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh uh uh how many you have
+dealt with integral equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+one right so what do you need to find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so what do you need to find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so what do you need to find is
+what's inside and how to solve integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside and how to solve integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside and how to solve integral
+equations right and uh uh I can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right and uh uh I can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right and uh uh I can simplify
+this a little bit just to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit just to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit just to make the
+equation lcer so let me introduce uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation lcer so let me introduce uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation lcer so let me introduce uh uh
+variable Theta is a function of AA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Theta is a function of AA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Theta is a function of AA and
+that equals long dimensional so I have i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals long dimensional so I have i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals long dimensional so I have i
+z either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z either
+minus i0 t T E2 and I have here i0 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i0 t T E2 and I have here i0 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i0 t T E2 and I have here i0 T
+E1 Min i0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 Min i0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 Min i0
+T2 so I introduce this L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so I introduce this L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so I introduce this L
+dimensional uh uh temperature or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional uh uh temperature or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional uh uh temperature or you can
+say it's temperature or long dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's temperature or long dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's temperature or long dimensional
+intensity right and uh uh then say uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity right and uh uh then say uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity right and uh uh then say uh it
+turns out uh there is also L dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out uh there is also L dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out uh there is also L dimensional
+heat flux which is the Q the heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux which is the Q the heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux which is the Q the heat flux
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Pi i t e uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi i t e uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi i t e uh 1
+i0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0
+T2 so this is the corresponding L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so this is the corresponding L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so this is the corresponding L
+dimensional heat flux and with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional heat flux and with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional heat flux and with this
+Theta I can rewrite the equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I can rewrite the equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I can rewrite the equation you
+basically you you substitute this i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you you substitute this i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you you substitute this i z
+into here and uh using the uh reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and uh using the uh reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and uh using the uh reverse
+back and you can rewrite the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you can rewrite the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you can rewrite the integral
+equation into a more standard form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a what you have is 2 Theta ITA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a what you have is 2 Theta ITA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a what you have is 2 Theta ITA
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+plus 0 to cosine Theta a prime and E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 to cosine Theta a prime and E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 to cosine Theta a prime and E1
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+Prime and this is D Prime so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this is D Prime so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this is D Prime so this is the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+equation um ler form right Theta and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um ler form right Theta and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um ler form right Theta and is
+inside the integral and there is also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the integral and there is also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the integral and there is also uh
+Long Function long zero Long Function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long Function long zero Long Function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long Function long zero Long Function
+and this is called the fredome integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called the fredome integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called the fredome integral
+equation of second F second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can okay and when I try to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay and when I try to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay and when I try to solve this
+integral equation I went to numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equation I went to numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equation I went to numerical
+recipe and uh people will teach you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and uh people will teach you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and uh people will teach you how
+to solve this integral equations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this integral equations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this integral equations there's
+no analytical solution and what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no analytical solution and what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no analytical solution and what you have
+here E1 is often called This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kernel right that will be multiply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel right that will be multiply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel right that will be multiply to
+the unnown function and in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unnown function and in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unnown function and in the old days
+uh for this ker people because when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this ker people because when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this ker people because when the
+computer will become powerful before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer will become powerful before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer will become powerful before
+that uh for this corner people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for this corner people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for this corner people try to
+get the analytical Solution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the analytical Solution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the analytical Solution by
+approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+corners and uh uh but nowadays you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and uh uh but nowadays you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and uh uh but nowadays you can
+solve this integral equation relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this integral equation relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this integral equation relatively
+easily and the way to solve the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and the way to solve the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and the way to solve the integral
+equation is going back to think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is going back to think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is going back to think if you
+want to do a integral of a function what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a integral of a function what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a integral of a function what
+method do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method do you
+use right the simplest method of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use right the simplest method of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use right the simplest method of solving
+uh doing a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing a numerical
+integral is trapezoidal Method right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is trapezoidal Method right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is trapezoidal Method right so
+whatever ma function this Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this is my either this is the Unown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is my either this is the Unown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is my either this is the Unown
+function I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want to find
+right let's say this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and I divide this domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and I divide this domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and I divide this domain
+into N Point or say uh here I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into N Point or say uh here I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into N Point or say uh here I have uh
+say you can do the trapezoid is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can do the trapezoid is equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can do the trapezoid is equally
+divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and for each of this say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for each of this say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for each of this say uh
+trapezoid you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid you take a
+trapezoid you have your area is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid you have your area is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid you have your area is the
+waist times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist times
+height so I can do my uh uh approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so I can do my uh uh approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so I can do my uh uh approximate
+this integral by discretization z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral by discretization z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral by discretization z
+c Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c Theta I
+Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and
+E1 it Prime D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 it Prime D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 it Prime D
+Prime equals and trapezoid typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals and trapezoid typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals and trapezoid typically
+have two ends special because it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two ends special because it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two ends special because it's only
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+C right so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right so I have
+theta0 and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta0 and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta0 and uh uh
+E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+ITA and this is when Theta Prime equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA and this is when Theta Prime equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA and this is when Theta Prime equal
+zero so ITA zero that's AA itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so ITA zero that's AA itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so ITA zero that's AA itself is
+positive so I don't need the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so I don't need the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so I don't need the the
+absolute sign Delta aa/ two so Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sign Delta aa/ two so Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sign Delta aa/ two so Delta is
+the separation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation of the
+points right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right
+and I have similarly at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have similarly at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have similarly at the other end
+point Theta C so this is one other Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Theta C so this is one other Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Theta C so this is one other Prime
+equals this end point I have this half C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this end point I have this half C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this end point I have this half C
+only so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so I have
+E1 and uh uh either Prime equals uh C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and uh uh either Prime equals uh C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and uh uh either Prime equals uh C so
+I have C Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have C Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have C Min
+a and then uh say Theta uh at the uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then uh say Theta uh at the uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then uh say Theta uh at the uh see
+theeta point and then the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theeta point and then the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theeta point and then the rest
+is uh Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Delta
+AA and 1 to n m one point in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA and 1 to n m one point in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA and 1 to n m one point in the center
+of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+e it say I Theta I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e it say I Theta I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e it say I Theta I I
+E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+it I so I'm discretizing AA Prime right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I so I'm discretizing AA Prime right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I so I'm discretizing AA Prime right
+so a is the point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is the point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is the point I want to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+right Thea AA the AA say say AA is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Thea AA the AA say say AA is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Thea AA the AA say say AA is any
+point of this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfied okay so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay so this is my
+disquise term here and I want to if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disquise term here and I want to if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disquise term here and I want to if I
+look at this I have how many points I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I have how many points I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I have how many points I
+have I want to find I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I want to find I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I want to find I have
+theta0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta0
+seta and seta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seta and seta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seta and seta
+I one 2 n one point so I have n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I one 2 n one point so I have n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I one 2 n one point so I have n plus one
+point right I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right I want to find the
+Theta I at i = 0 1 to uh n point so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I at i = 0 1 to uh n point so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I at i = 0 1 to uh n point so I
+have a total n+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point okay now you look at the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay now you look at the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay now you look at the equation
+you substitute this discretized term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute this discretized term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute this discretized term
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+equation and this should be valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this should be valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this should be valid for
+any other point and you know you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other point and you know you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other point and you know you need an
+N equation because you have uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equation because you have uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equation because you have uh you have
+you need n plus one equation because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need n plus one equation because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need n plus one equation because you
+have n+ one on LS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n+ one on LS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n+ one on LS
+right so how you get that n plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how you get that n plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how you get that n plus1
+equation you let your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you let your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you let your
+ITA equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA equals
+zero uh Delta AA to deltaa on TI to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh Delta AA to deltaa on TI to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh Delta AA to deltaa on TI to the
+total end point so you set your AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total end point so you set your AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total end point so you set your AA
+equals e i that's the discretization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e i that's the discretization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e i that's the discretization
+point and then you'll get the n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you'll get the n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you'll get the n + one
+numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+equation and with that you can invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and with that you can invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and with that you can invert
+The Matrix to find what your Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix to find what your Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix to find what your Theta I
+is and this Matrix is different but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this Matrix is different but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this Matrix is different but then
+you solve for heat conduction equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for heat conduction equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for heat conduction equation
+or L St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or L St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or L St
+equation the in that case your Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the in that case your Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the in that case your Matrix is
+mostly zero except the diagonal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly zero except the diagonal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly zero except the diagonal and the
+two uh lines say adjacent to diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh lines say adjacent to diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh lines say adjacent to diagonal
+Direction This Matrix is typically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction This Matrix is typically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction This Matrix is typically a
+full Matrix because every term is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Matrix because every term is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Matrix because every term is non
+zero okay so you need to invert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so you need to invert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so you need to invert that
+Matrix to find the uh um uh temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to find the uh um uh temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to find the uh um uh temperature
+distribution or long in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or long in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or long in this case is
+long Dimension or intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Dimension or intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Dimension or intensity
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay but there is one more trick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there is one more trick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there is one more trick you
+putting in there one more problem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in there one more problem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in there one more problem that's
+this corner most of the time when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner most of the time when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner most of the time when you
+solve integral equation this corner has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve integral equation this corner has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve integral equation this corner has
+a problem is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is a
+singular and uh this is the case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and uh this is the case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and uh this is the case if you
+think when you do your here when uh ITA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you do your here when uh ITA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you do your here when uh ITA
+equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I right what is e 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right what is e 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right what is e 1
+Z when I equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z when I equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z when I equal
+I right E10 if you look at my definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right E10 if you look at my definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right E10 if you look at my definition
+for the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the integral
+function here right n = 1 so mu and z t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here right n = 1 so mu and z t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here right n = 1 so mu and z t
+= 0 so it's a 1/ mu D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu so what I have is 0 to 1 on 1/ mu D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so what I have is 0 to 1 on 1/ mu D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so what I have is 0 to 1 on 1/ mu D
+mu 1/ mu D mu is log mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 1/ mu D mu is log mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 1/ mu D mu is log mu
+what's the value at log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value at log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value at log
+zero blows up so I have a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero blows up so I have a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero blows up so I have a singular
+corner and I have to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and I have to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and I have to deal with that
+problem when I solve integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations no yeah you don't need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations no yeah you don't need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations no yeah you don't need to do
+that there's a there's a trick to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a there's a trick to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a there's a trick to do it
+okay so the trick to do this one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the trick to do this one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the trick to do this one is uh
+uh actually zero to C say and Theta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually zero to C say and Theta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually zero to C say and Theta e
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+E1 uh e e Prime D Prime right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 uh e e Prime D Prime right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 uh e e Prime D Prime right that's
+what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do
+numerically and uh what I what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and uh what I what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and uh what I what I'm going
+to do is actually I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is actually I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is actually I'm going to do
+because this is Theta I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is Theta I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is Theta I'm going to
+subtract this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this point
+out okay so I don't do that integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so I don't do that integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so I don't do that integration
+I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do
+theta Prime minus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+E1 a prime D Prime so this I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 a prime D Prime so this I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 a prime D Prime so this I subtract
+that Theta AA and of course that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta AA and of course that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta AA and of course that means I
+will need to add that back so Theta AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to add that back so Theta AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to add that back so Theta AA
+is not is not an integration variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is not an integration variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is not an integration variable so
+I do theta either Z coside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do theta either Z coside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do theta either Z coside
+E1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 I
+Prime D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime okay so this is just equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so this is just equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so this is just equivalent
+right because this term I subtract I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this term I subtract I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this term I subtract I add
+and because I'm doing this seta I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I'm doing this seta I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I'm doing this seta I can
+pull out this integral the corner itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out this integral the corner itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out this integral the corner itself
+can be analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be analytical
+done and if you do this integration you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and if you do this integration you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and if you do this integration you
+find that it doesn't blow up okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it doesn't blow up okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it doesn't blow up okay so
+that's the trick and this one if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick and this one if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick and this one if if you
+do it uh this term in fact you will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh this term in fact you will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh this term in fact you will say
+this is Mu 2 mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Mu 2 mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Mu 2 mon
+exponential Mass AA over mu and mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass AA over mu and mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass AA over mu and mass
+exponential cosine Mass AA over mu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential cosine Mass AA over mu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential cosine Mass AA over mu so
+this integral doesn't blow up so I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral doesn't blow up so I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral doesn't blow up so I solve
+this Singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Singularity
+problem and that means your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that means your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that means your
+discretization it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization it's a little bit more
+complex you have to write this carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex you have to write this carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex you have to write this carefully
+to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with this
+point but overall now you have by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but overall now you have by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but overall now you have by
+incorporating those tricks you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating those tricks you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating those tricks you can uh
+solve this uh uh integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this uh uh integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this uh uh integral
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to do
+it yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yourself to
+really there's nothing uh you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's nothing uh you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's nothing uh you all know
+my lab my lab is good at the inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab my lab is good at the inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab my lab is good at the inverting
+Matrix when I do it I have to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix when I do it I have to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix when I do it I have to write a
+fortun code that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortun code that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortun code that's what I
+know and uh but there are also libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and uh but there are also libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and uh but there are also libraries
+to call for Unity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call for Unity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call for Unity Matrix
+so so this is the uh uh trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the uh uh trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the uh uh trapezoidal
+method and if you use trapezoidal method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and if you use trapezoidal method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and if you use trapezoidal method
+you you need a lot of points uh this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you need a lot of points uh this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you need a lot of points uh this for
+integration trapezoid is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration trapezoid is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration trapezoid is most
+straightforward but it's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but it's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but it's most
+inefficient right so uh uh as I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right so uh uh as I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right so uh uh as I said I
+I'm not good at really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not good at really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not good at really uh
+uh numerics the coding so but the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numerics the coding so but the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numerics the coding so but the one
+that I can reduce the L of integration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can reduce the L of integration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can reduce the L of integration I
+know is if I use this uh uh quadrature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is if I use this uh uh quadrature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is if I use this uh uh quadrature
+method so uh if I want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so uh if I want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so uh if I want to use the
+quadrature method FX DX any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature method FX DX any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature method FX DX any
+integration and uh uh there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh uh there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh uh there's one
+popular cature not always good I = N uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular cature not always good I = N uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular cature not always good I = N uh
+say equal 1 to n so this quadrature does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equal 1 to n so this quadrature does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equal 1 to n so this quadrature does
+not divide the integration domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divide the integration domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divide the integration domain
+uniformly it actually choose final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly it actually choose final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly it actually choose final
+number of root in this case I have I = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of root in this case I have I = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of root in this case I have I = 1
+to n so n any number you take and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so n any number you take and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so n any number you take and it
+will find the optimal root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find the optimal root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find the optimal root of this
+cure and give away so this is x i the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure and give away so this is x i the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure and give away so this is x i the I
+XI this solution depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI this solution depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI this solution depends on what
+quadrature you choose and how many order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature you choose and how many order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature you choose and how many order
+uh your ear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your ear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your ear is
+okay and then it give us a weight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it give us a weight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it give us a weight to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+point and so uh uh the uh a popular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so uh uh the uh a popular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so uh uh the uh a popular way
+is the uh gusa gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadrature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so when I wrote my code was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when I wrote my code was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when I wrote my code was written
+using g g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using g g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using g g
+cure and sometimes it works well other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure and sometimes it works well other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure and sometimes it works well other
+times it may not be that efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it may not be that efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it may not be that efficient and
+uh uh but there are other cure you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but there are other cure you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but there are other cure you go to
+look at the the uh numerical book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the uh numerical book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the uh numerical book uh
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+Books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Books
+Okay and uh uh so with all this the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and uh uh so with all this the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and uh uh so with all this the math
+part let's look at the result you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part let's look at the result you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part let's look at the result you are
+supposed to get uh look at the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get uh look at the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get uh look at the solution
+so what this solution look like so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this solution look like so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this solution look like so I
+have the problem I'm dealing with uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the problem I'm dealing with uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the problem I'm dealing with uh in
+the current Say the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current Say the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current Say the original
+configuration I draw this is my y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration I draw this is my y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration I draw this is my y
+direction right and uh uh and I use long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and uh uh and I use long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and uh uh and I use long
+dimensional coordinate ITA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional coordinate ITA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional coordinate ITA
+equals y/ by mean free path and so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y/ by mean free path and so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y/ by mean free path and so if I
+plot this solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for this long dimensional intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this long dimensional intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this long dimensional intensity
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay
+and I'm going to actually not use uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to actually not use uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to actually not use uh the
+either here is a little bit confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here is a little bit confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here is a little bit confusion
+what I'm going to do is y over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is y over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is y over
+D so that I can plot all the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so that I can plot all the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so that I can plot all the lines
+between Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z to
+one okay D is the thickness of the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay D is the thickness of the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay D is the thickness of the plate
+so I have zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay and uh this l dimensional so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and uh this l dimensional so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and uh this l dimensional so
+the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is
+one the maximum is one and minimum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the maximum is one and minimum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the maximum is one and minimum is
+zero so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so one
+solution this is a FAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is a FAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is a FAL
+solution when uh the mean free pass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when uh the mean free pass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when uh the mean free pass is
+much smaller than the uh thck uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than the uh thck uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than the uh thck uh
+sickness so what I have here is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness so what I have here is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness so what I have here is uh uh
+this one is Cay equals d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is Cay equals d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is Cay equals d
+or uh mean free pass right so C say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh mean free pass right so C say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh mean free pass right so C say is
+the non-dimensional Signet or mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-dimensional Signet or mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-dimensional Signet or mean free
+pass when this one goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass when this one goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass when this one goes to
+infinite that's a thickness much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite that's a thickness much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite that's a thickness much larger
+than the mean free pass and this profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mean free pass and this profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mean free pass and this profile
+is linear and that's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear and that's what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear and that's what you would
+expect from FAL law of heat conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from FAL law of heat conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from FAL law of heat conduction
+this is a diffusive the local diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a diffusive the local diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a diffusive the local diffusion
+appro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appro
+solution now in the other case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now in the other case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now in the other case
+when this Cass eques to zero what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this Cass eques to zero what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this Cass eques to zero what it
+means there's no scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's no scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's no scattering
+inside right you will be ballistic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside right you will be ballistic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside right you will be ballistic so
+you'll have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a solution
+flat is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the other limit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the other limit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the other limit when
+Cass goes to zero you have ballistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cass goes to zero you have ballistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cass goes to zero you have ballistic
+transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+so why is that and uh although I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that and uh although I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that and uh although I see
+here I'm solving using the Fon Fon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm solving using the Fon Fon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm solving using the Fon Fon as
+example but say this is valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but say this is valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but say this is valid for
+electron and for molecule for Fon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and for molecule for Fon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and for molecule for Fon and
+for Photon so let me take the example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Photon so let me take the example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Photon so let me take the example I
+talked before this is the case when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked before this is the case when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked before this is the case when I
+have radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have radiation
+transfer between two parallel plate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer between two parallel plate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer between two parallel plate in
+vacuum right there's no scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum right there's no scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum right there's no scattering
+inside for full time because cine is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside for full time because cine is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside for full time because cine is say
+goes to zero that means uh D is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero that means uh D is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero that means uh D is very
+small compared to mean free pass there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to mean free pass there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to mean free pass there's
+no internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no internal
+scatter when there's no internal scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter when there's no internal scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter when there's no internal scatter
+what you have here recall we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here recall we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here recall we said that
+here is Sigma T1 Force Power here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Sigma T1 Force Power here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Sigma T1 Force Power here is
+Sigma T2 Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma T2 Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma T2 Force
+Power right that's what you will get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power right that's what you will get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power right that's what you will get if
+you do i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do i z
+integration right we did uh the i z if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right we did uh the i z if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right we did uh the i z if
+you put the uh um for black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the uh um for black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the uh um for black body
+radiation integration from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation integration from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation integration from zero to
+infinite you get Sigma T4 power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite you get Sigma T4 power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite you get Sigma T4 power that's
+the stepan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepan
+bman okay so in this case I do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bman okay so in this case I do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bman okay so in this case I do not have
+any scattering in between I do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any scattering in between I do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any scattering in between I do not have
+equilibrium in between very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in between very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in between very long
+equilibrium but I'm forcing my b m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but I'm forcing my b m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but I'm forcing my b m
+solution to get the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to get the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to get the temperature
+right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this
+temperature is the uh uh equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is the uh uh equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is the uh uh equivalent
+temperature when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when I
+have uh this imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh this imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh this imagin
+absorber that absorb this on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber that absorb this on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber that absorb this on this side
+absorb Sigma T2 Force Power on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb Sigma T2 Force Power on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb Sigma T2 Force Power on the other
+side absorb Sigma T1 Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side absorb Sigma T1 Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side absorb Sigma T1 Force
+Power so equivalently the absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power so equivalently the absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power so equivalently the absorber
+temperature will be the average of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will be the average of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will be the average of this
+two Force Power divide by two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Force Power divide by two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Force Power divide by two right
+and it's everywhere is the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's everywhere is the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's everywhere is the same so
+that's why you say in this limit my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you say in this limit my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you say in this limit my
+solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is
+flat okay and now in between I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat okay and now in between I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat okay and now in between I have a
+jump a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump a
+discontinuity at both sides and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity at both sides and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity at both sides and this
+will be almost linear not exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be almost linear not exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be almost linear not exactly this
+is where uh it's in between when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where uh it's in between when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where uh it's in between when you go
+between zero and infinite that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and infinite that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and infinite that depends
+on how large is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how large is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how large is
+Cain so uh what's interesting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cain so uh what's interesting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cain so uh what's interesting out of
+this is at the boundary there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at the boundary there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at the boundary there's a a
+temperature discontinuity temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature discontinuity temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature discontinuity temperature
+jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump
+okay so this is originally this is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is originally this is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is originally this is say
+uh T1 is here that's normalized to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T1 is here that's normalized to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T1 is here that's normalized to one
+but say what I see here is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say what I see here is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say what I see here is inside the
+material when I use the fal law to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material when I use the fal law to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material when I use the fal law to find
+the equivalent temperature temp when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent temperature temp when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent temperature temp when
+they're scattering even at the wall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scattering even at the wall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scattering even at the wall the
+temperature local temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature local temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature local temperature is
+different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 so this temperature discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so this temperature discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so this temperature discontinuity
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+jump is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump is a very
+tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point I and when we discuss chapter five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I and when we discuss chapter five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I and when we discuss chapter five
+I mentioned this and here it reappear CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned this and here it reappear CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned this and here it reappear CU
+my solution now is more General I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution now is more General I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution now is more General I can
+solve for any in the chapter five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for any in the chapter five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for any in the chapter five
+there's no internal scatter I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no internal scatter I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no internal scatter I see
+there's a jump that's 0.5 from 1 to5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a jump that's 0.5 from 1 to5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a jump that's 0.5 from 1 to5
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so what I'm dealing here is uh uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm dealing here is uh uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm dealing here is uh uh first
+depends on what problem you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what problem you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what problem you you're
+solving if it's a radiation problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving if it's a radiation problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving if it's a radiation problem this
+is physical if a conduction problem what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physical if a conduction problem what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physical if a conduction problem what
+I'm talking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking is
+unphysical it's a wrong definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unphysical it's a wrong definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unphysical it's a wrong definition
+okay so why I see that now let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why I see that now let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why I see that now let's go back
+to think about the radiation I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the radiation I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the radiation I mentioned
+this before here again right so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before here again right so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before here again right so I have
+this imaginary detector I can put there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imaginary detector I can put there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imaginary detector I can put there
+on one side absorb one type of Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side absorb one type of Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side absorb one type of Fon
+Photon as T2 and the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon as T2 and the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon as T2 and the other side
+T1 so once I go to the wall is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so once I go to the wall is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so once I go to the wall is still
+absorb in this side and the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb in this side and the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb in this side and the other side
+and so far I have assumed the is black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far I have assumed the is black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far I have assumed the is black
+what does black means is on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does black means is on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does black means is on this side
+the photon comes in they just go no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon comes in they just go no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon comes in they just go no
+reflection right that's a black black is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right that's a black black is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right that's a black black is
+no reflection everything's coming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reflection everything's coming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reflection everything's coming is
+absorbed so it's also transmission that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed so it's also transmission that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed so it's also transmission that
+means transmission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means transmission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means transmission is
+one right when transmission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right when transmission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right when transmission is
+one so of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so of course this is
+solid a solid that I don't have a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid a solid that I don't have a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid a solid that I don't have a way to
+get into it put a detector but imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into it put a detector but imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into it put a detector but imagine
+you got this magic detector I have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this magic detector I have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this magic detector I have and
+if moves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if moves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if moves into
+solid but it doesn't interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid but it doesn't interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid but it doesn't interact with the
+Fon doesn't interact with solid they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon doesn't interact with solid they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon doesn't interact with solid they
+only measure the light Photon right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measure the light Photon right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measure the light Photon right what
+would be the temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+huh so incoming is so here is here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh so incoming is so here is here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh so incoming is so here is here on
+this side and on this side both side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side and on this side both side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side and on this side both side
+right so you will be Contin used in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you will be Contin used in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you will be Contin used in fact
+there will be no jump if you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be no jump if you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be no jump if you can do that
+magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+detector and of course the solid itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and of course the solid itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and of course the solid itself
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Photon will have absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon will have absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon will have absorption and
+reemission in the solid so what happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemission in the solid so what happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemission in the solid so what happen
+is this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what you
+measure the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the photon
+temperature you would measure but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you would measure but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you would measure but there
+you don't have that detector what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have that detector what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have that detector what you
+have is a Thal couple right and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a Thal couple right and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a Thal couple right and when you
+put a thermal couple into this solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a thermal couple into this solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a thermal couple into this solid
+what you measure is a solid temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you measure is a solid temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you measure is a solid temperature
+that's a fullon lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fullon lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fullon lattice
+vibration okay so this is my T1 what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration okay so this is my T1 what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration okay so this is my T1 what I
+say is this is a fullon temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is this is a fullon temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is this is a fullon temperature and
+if prevalently when the emit I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if prevalently when the emit I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if prevalently when the emit I say this
+is a half of the space that emit as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half of the space that emit as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half of the space that emit as a
+black black body so that's where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black black body so that's where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black black body so that's where my
+physical temperature jump coming from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical temperature jump coming from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical temperature jump coming from in
+the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of
+photon now when I do fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon now when I do fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon now when I do fon
+right and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if the
+surface again is black as what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface again is black as what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface again is black as what I'm
+saying that's immediate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's immediate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's immediate at the
+temperature T1 equilibrium temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T1 equilibrium temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T1 equilibrium temperature
+so transmissivity is one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transmissivity is one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transmissivity is one there's
+no uh so if uh there's no reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh so if uh there's no reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh so if uh there's no reflection
+this is a material one material two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a material one material two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a material one material two
+material three right in solid I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material three right in solid I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material three right in solid I
+typically can do multi-layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically can do multi-layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically can do multi-layer
+structure and uh in that case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and uh in that case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and uh in that case there
+should really be no temperature jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really be no temperature jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really be no temperature jump
+okay it's a similar you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a similar you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a similar you can actually
+measure you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you can actually
+measure the temperature suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the temperature suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the temperature suppose you have
+light way to measure the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light way to measure the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light way to measure the latest
+temperature so there should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so there should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so there should be no
+jump and this jump is only because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and this jump is only because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and this jump is only because I'm
+assuming the Fon coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the Fon coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the Fon coming
+out is at this temperature what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is at this temperature what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is at this temperature what happens
+is this is the interface I discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the interface I discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the interface I discussed
+before right uh if you look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right uh if you look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right uh if you look at what
+comes to this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to this side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to this side is
+te2 and what T1 is going out like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te2 and what T1 is going out like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te2 and what T1 is going out like this
+but the te2 it goes out like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the te2 it goes out like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the te2 it goes out like this
+because lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lower
+temperature right so if you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right so if you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right so if you define
+temperature consistently you should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature consistently you should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature consistently you should not
+have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that
+jump this is a highly long equinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump this is a highly long equinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump this is a highly long equinal
+situation we there's no good temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we there's no good temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we there's no good temperature
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+okay and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh
+however the other solution this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the other solution this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the other solution this is again
+you can go back to rederive everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back to rederive everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back to rederive everything
+that is when your surface is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is when your surface is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is when your surface is not
+black when your surface has finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black when your surface has finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black when your surface has finite
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+right and uh this is where you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh this is where you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh this is where you actually
+have a physical temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical temperature
+discontinuity at the two interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity at the two interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity at the two interface and
+this is a this what if you do BMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this what if you do BMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this what if you do BMA
+equation you can consistent including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can consistent including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can consistent including
+everything okay and in chapter five I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and in chapter five I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and in chapter five I
+discuss this it's really how you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this it's really how you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this it's really how you have to
+be careful how you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful how you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful how you define
+temperature when you go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when you go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when you go to this
+ballistic or qu ballis regime otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic or qu ballis regime otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic or qu ballis regime otherwise
+you may be comparing uh apple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be comparing uh apple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be comparing uh apple and
+orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions it takes a lot of time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it takes a lot of time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it takes a lot of time people
+still continue making those mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still continue making those mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still continue making those mistakes
+okay so if you go to read papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you go to read papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you go to read papers and
+then many of them don't distinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then many of them don't distinguish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then many of them don't distinguish the
+subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference okay so um that's the case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so um that's the case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so um that's the case so
+if we think about what we talked is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about what we talked is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about what we talked is a
+transport along the film transport the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport along the film transport the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport along the film transport the
+perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to
+fil okay I'm going to Le to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fil okay I'm going to Le to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fil okay I'm going to Le to tell you
+story about mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about mixture
+the transport both along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport both along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport both along and
+perpendicular to the film what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the film what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the film what would be
+the case like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh this is a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh this is a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh this is a fluid
+flow think about that you push a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow think about that you push a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow think about that you push a fluid
+through a pipe air molecules right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a pipe air molecules right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a pipe air molecules right a
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+pipe and this is the P flow so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and this is the P flow so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and this is the P flow so let's
+look at the case simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rarify P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flow okay so uh if so this is the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay so uh if so this is the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay so uh if so this is the pi
+flow that you are all familiar with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that you are all familiar with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that you are all familiar with but
+in the limit of Po flow I say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of Po flow I say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of Po flow I say two
+parallel plate between two power plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel plate between two power plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel plate between two power plate
+I'm flowing flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm flowing flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm flowing flu
+through and if this uh if one plate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and if this uh if one plate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and if this uh if one plate is
+moving the other plate is stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the other plate is stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the other plate is stationary
+that's quet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quet
+flow if it's a pressure driven both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow if it's a pressure driven both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow if it's a pressure driven both
+plates are stationary that's poset flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates are stationary that's poset flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates are stationary that's poset flow
+right you learn that in flu mechanics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you learn that in flu mechanics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you learn that in flu mechanics so
+I'm going to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to deal with the
+case where I have stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I have stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I have stationary
+plates I have a fluid flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside and in this case uh we wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and in this case uh we wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and in this case uh we wrote down
+the bman equation DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bman equation DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bman equation DF
+DX right this is my X Direction and my y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right this is my X Direction and my y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right this is my X Direction and my y
+v y DF Dy equal Fus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v y DF Dy equal Fus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v y DF Dy equal Fus
+FD over to that's my relaxation time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FD over to that's my relaxation time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FD over to that's my relaxation time and
+it's another F0 because I have a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another F0 because I have a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another F0 because I have a long
+zero fluid velocity average velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fluid velocity average velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fluid velocity average velocity so
+is displaced Max well distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is displaced Max well distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is displaced Max well distribution we
+said before right so this displaced Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before right so this displaced Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before right so this displaced Max
+well distribution is n um m 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well distribution is n um m 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well distribution is n um m 2 pi
+KBT 3 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT 3 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT 3 over 2
+exponential uh m v that's the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh m v that's the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh m v that's the random
+velocity Min U which is a function uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Min U which is a function uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Min U which is a function uh in
+in the case of laminar flow is two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U is a function only U is changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a function only U is changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a function only U is changing in
+the X Direction but it's a function of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction but it's a function of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction but it's a function of Y
+right that's the pi flow in normal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the pi flow in normal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the pi flow in normal is a
+parab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parab
+parabola and and uh is y is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and and uh is y is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and and uh is y is my
+coordinate U is a flow average flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate U is a flow average flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate U is a flow average flow
+Direction so U is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so U is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so U is a function
+of Y but is in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y but is in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y but is in the X
+direction right so flow is in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so flow is in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so flow is in the X
+Direction my uh constraint is again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction my uh constraint is again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction my uh constraint is again in
+the Y Direction that's a fin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y Direction that's a fin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y Direction that's a fin that
+thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness
+right and uh it's pressure driven so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh it's pressure driven so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh it's pressure driven so
+where does pressure came me it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does pressure came me it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does pressure came me it doesn't
+come into my B equation pressure in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into my B equation pressure in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into my B equation pressure in fact
+is a statistical average just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a statistical average just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a statistical average just like
+temperature is mechanical right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is mechanical right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is mechanical right
+statistical average on the momentum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical average on the momentum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical average on the momentum but
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+here it can relate to N is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it can relate to N is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it can relate to N is a function of
+X and you can use ideal guas and as say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you can use ideal guas and as say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you can use ideal guas and as say
+uh P equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P equals uh
+nrt right so this is a you relay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt right so this is a you relay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt right so this is a you relay this
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+density to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density to the
+pressure I have to say that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure I have to say that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure I have to say that I'm not
+satisfied with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with this
+approximation so ideally I would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so ideally I would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so ideally I would not
+even do that I would say okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do that I would say okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do that I would say okay my
+pressure is just a momentum average I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is just a momentum average I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is just a momentum average I I
+I tried to do that I was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to do that I was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to do that I was not
+successful okay so this is the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful okay so this is the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful okay so this is the classical
+you put in The Bard M equation now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in The Bard M equation now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in The Bard M equation now is
+both in the Z x Direction I have uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the Z x Direction I have uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the Z x Direction I have uh U
+and in the y d and the NX I have the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the y d and the NX I have the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the y d and the NX I have the The
+Source term in the X Direction pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source term in the X Direction pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source term in the X Direction pressure
+and in the y direction I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the y direction I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the y direction I have the
+boundary and if you plug in into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and if you plug in into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and if you plug in into the
+equation you will find out that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will find out that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will find out that you need
+to do the same thing as we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the same thing as we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the same thing as we did for the
+perpendicular transport it's the because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular transport it's the because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular transport it's the because
+U that's a velocity distribution is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's a velocity distribution is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's a velocity distribution is we
+do not know average velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know average velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know average velocity
+distribution just like when you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just like when you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just like when you try to
+find temperature distribution U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find temperature distribution U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find temperature distribution U is a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+Y and so it's U is inside the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so it's U is inside the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so it's U is inside the integral
+it's a integral equation over U when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a integral equation over U when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a integral equation over U when you
+do everything uh uh uh derival just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything uh uh uh derival just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything uh uh uh derival just
+follow the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same way
+okay so what is interesting is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is interesting is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is interesting is out of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem is a uh loose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum so this uh was uh observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so this uh was uh observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so this uh was uh observed
+experimentally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally in
+1905 or 1906 this period by loosen doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 or 1906 this period by loosen doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 or 1906 this period by loosen doing
+rarified gas flow and what they observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarified gas flow and what they observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarified gas flow and what they observe
+is if you plot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you plot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you plot your
+flux uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh
+your um say Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um say Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um say Mass
+flux right which is normalized say to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux right which is normalized say to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux right which is normalized say to R
+ideal gas constant zero and D Square D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas constant zero and D Square D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas constant zero and D Square D
+is the thickness of the plate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thickness of the plate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thickness of the plate and the
+real measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real measure the
+flux and DP DX so this is long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and DP DX so this is long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and DP DX so this is long
+dimensional and uh what what it has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and uh what what it has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and uh what what it has is
+and this is drawn as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is drawn as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is drawn as a function of
+loosen number which is a inverse loosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen number which is a inverse loosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen number which is a inverse loosen
+number is a mean free pass over d The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is a mean free pass over d The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is a mean free pass over d The
+Cay I mentioned before is D over mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cay I mentioned before is D over mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cay I mentioned before is D over mean
+free pass right in different field there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pass right in different field there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pass right in different field there
+are different name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different name for
+example uh uh inverse of this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh uh inverse of this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh uh inverse of this is called
+in Optics called Optical thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Optics called Optical thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Optics called Optical thickness
+acoustic we also call acoustic sign but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic we also call acoustic sign but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic we also call acoustic sign but
+the this inverse mean free pass over D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this inverse mean free pass over D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this inverse mean free pass over D
+is number and that's one has a longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is number and that's one has a longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is number and that's one has a longest
+history so if you say loosen number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so if you say loosen number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so if you say loosen number for
+Fon loosen number for electron that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon loosen number for electron that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon loosen number for electron that's
+all fine you just need to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fine you just need to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fine you just need to follow the
+same mean free plus over the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean free plus over the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean free plus over the thickness
+uh over the carness there people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the carness there people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the carness there people
+actually call the wrong wrong inverse as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call the wrong wrong inverse as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call the wrong wrong inverse as
+Lo number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo number that's
+wrong okay so what they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so what they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so what they find
+experimentally is that it goes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally is that it goes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally is that it goes this
+way and this is the way this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is the way this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is the way this is about
+one this happens around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and when you go uh to uh very so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when you go uh to uh very so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when you go uh to uh very so
+here very small loosen number that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very small loosen number that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very small loosen number that's a
+continum very large loosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continum very large loosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continum very large loosen
+number that's rarify gas flow and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's rarify gas flow and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's rarify gas flow and in
+between there is a minimum and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there is a minimum and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there is a minimum and this
+minimum call a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum call a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum call a new
+minimum this was experimentally found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum this was experimentally found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum this was experimentally found
+though okay so I said the line around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay so I said the line around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay so I said the line around
+1900 and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and there was
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+solution people try to do approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution people try to do approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution people try to do approximate
+solution board my equation and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution board my equation and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution board my equation and it was
+really until 960 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really until 960 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really until 960 or
+950 and uh uh uh there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+950 and uh uh uh there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+950 and uh uh uh there's a great
+mathematician and he solved the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and he solved the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and he solved the problem
+as a sirani he solved the this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sirani he solved the this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sirani he solved the this problem
+Boardman equation this way I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boardman equation this way I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boardman equation this way I just
+written down like y direction you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down like y direction you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down like y direction you find
+the uh velocity and they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh velocity and they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh velocity and they found that
+indeed this solution has a loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this solution has a loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this solution has a loose
+minimum and the reason for this I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and the reason for this I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and the reason for this I try to
+come up with a very in direct picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a very in direct picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a very in direct picture
+right and the reason is this you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason is this you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason is this you have a
+pressure driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure driven
+flux going in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux going in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux going in the X
+Direction and we see in heat conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and we see in heat conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and we see in heat conduction
+it's always the roughness always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always the roughness always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always the roughness always
+decrease the uh thermal connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the uh thermal connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the uh thermal connectivity
+right and but see here actually you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but see here actually you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but see here actually you got
+a regime where in the very dilute regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime where in the very dilute regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime where in the very dilute regime
+your pressure is pressing this fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pressure is pressing this fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pressure is pressing this fluids
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+faster so the boundary effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so the boundary effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so the boundary effect is
+actually uh the scattering at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh the scattering at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh the scattering at the
+boundary is less important and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is less important and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is less important and that's
+why you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have the
+recovery of this uh uh uh see uh flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery of this uh uh uh see uh flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery of this uh uh uh see uh flux
+the fluid Mass flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid Mass flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid Mass flux
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay and then corresponding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then corresponding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then corresponding to this
+solution you go to look at the your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you go to look at the your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you go to look at the your
+velocity distribution in the pipe or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity distribution in the pipe or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity distribution in the pipe or in
+the parallel plate you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel plate you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel plate you actually
+find this is where the LM actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this is where the LM actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this is where the LM actually come
+from right we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right we know that
+typically when we do fluid problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we do fluid problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we do fluid problem you
+see velocity is long sleep boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see velocity is long sleep boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see velocity is long sleep boundary
+condition but the bman equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but the bman equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but the bman equation will
+tell you actually this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you actually this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you actually this is zero
+the velocity has a discontinuity at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity has a discontinuity at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity has a discontinuity at the
+wall so this is the velocity there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall so this is the velocity there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall so this is the velocity there is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+sleep happen between the fluid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep happen between the fluid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep happen between the fluid and the
+wall okay so this is a Vel say uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay so this is a Vel say uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay so this is a Vel say uh uh
+sleep velocity sleep and in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep velocity sleep and in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep velocity sleep and in the next
+lecture we actually discuss people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we actually discuss people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we actually discuss people have
+tried the very let me say if you do rify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried the very let me say if you do rify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried the very let me say if you do rify
+flu or you do flu mechanics and micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu or you do flu mechanics and micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu or you do flu mechanics and micro
+fluidics you'll add uh artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidics you'll add uh artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidics you'll add uh artificial
+velocity sleep and in fact you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity sleep and in fact you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity sleep and in fact you add the
+first order and second order velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order and second order velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order and second order velocity
+sleep to try to accommodate and say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep to try to accommodate and say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep to try to accommodate and say it
+turns out that the first order velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the first order velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the first order velocity
+sleep typically can go to this regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep typically can go to this regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep typically can go to this regime
+cannot go so loosen equals one or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go so loosen equals one or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go so loosen equals one or even
+higher second order velocity sleep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher second order velocity sleep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher second order velocity sleep you
+will over predict the the velocity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will over predict the the velocity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will over predict the the velocity they
+loosen uh say this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen uh say this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen uh say this this this
+range so uh uh even those states there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so uh uh even those states there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so uh uh even those states there
+are people still trying to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people still trying to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people still trying to write the
+boundary condition and I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition and I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition and I'll tell you a
+story how I dve a new boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story how I dve a new boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story how I dve a new boundary condition
+next lecture but uh that's the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture but uh that's the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture but uh that's the uh uh
+this is the uh loosen uh flow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh loosen uh flow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh loosen uh flow and the
+rifi POS flow um new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rifi POS flow um new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rifi POS flow um new
+minimum and uh let me tell you a story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and uh let me tell you a story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and uh let me tell you a story I
+mentioned many times that the dis drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned many times that the dis drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned many times that the dis drive
+right the dis Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the dis Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the dis Drive
+Industry and the dis Drive is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry and the dis Drive is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry and the dis Drive is a
+lubrication problem so what it has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubrication problem so what it has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubrication problem so what it has is
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+dis lubrication problem is typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis lubrication problem is typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis lubrication problem is typical
+reload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reload
+equation uh and the reload equation how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh and the reload equation how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh and the reload equation how
+it is is basically the rotating this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is basically the rotating this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is basically the rotating this is
+magnetic head and this magnetic head has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic head and this magnetic head has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic head and this magnetic head has
+a inclination right so it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inclination right so it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inclination right so it's like a
+airplane you have angle so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you have angle so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you have angle so that gives
+you lift and that lift is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lift and that lift is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lift and that lift is very important
+because otherwise your slide your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise your slide your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise your slide your head
+will crash the disc right and this dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will crash the disc right and this dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will crash the disc right and this dis
+is rotating about 10,000 RPM very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotating about 10,000 RPM very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotating about 10,000 RPM very
+fast it's about 10 years ago I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's about 10 years ago I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's about 10 years ago I have a
+friend they said can you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend they said can you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend they said can you look at the
+this problem we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we have one
+nomer separation that we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomer separation that we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomer separation that we cannot
+predict that one nomer they already long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that one nomer they already long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that one nomer they already long
+for see they have not used the Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for see they have not used the Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for see they have not used the Continuum
+they actually use the bardman equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use the bardman equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use the bardman equation
+solution for the flux so they use City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the flux so they use City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the flux so they use City
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+solution because this problem is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because this problem is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because this problem is say
+when so you stationary this is so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so you stationary this is so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so you stationary this is so you
+can roughly say this is your moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can roughly say this is your moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can roughly say this is your moving
+plate It's a combination of two it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate It's a combination of two it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate It's a combination of two it's a
+pressure because when you have an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because when you have an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because when you have an angle
+if you don't have an angle that's a quet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have an angle that's a quet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have an angle that's a quet
+flow when you have an angle you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow when you have an angle you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow when you have an angle you have a
+pressure difference build up so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure difference build up so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure difference build up so it's
+pressure or driving poset flow so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure or driving poset flow so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure or driving poset flow so it's a
+superp position of quet and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superp position of quet and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superp position of quet and and the
+posive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posive
+flow so they have not used the uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so they have not used the uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so they have not used the uh they
+have been used in the SE signality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used in the SE signality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used in the SE signality
+solution and there was a famous paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and there was a famous paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and there was a famous paper
+for this D Dy problem that decompos it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this D Dy problem that decompos it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this D Dy problem that decompos it
+but they say there is a one nomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they say there is a one nomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they say there is a one nomer
+problem I said what cares one nomer why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I said what cares one nomer why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I said what cares one nomer why
+you need turns out that because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need turns out that because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need turns out that because at the
+time I mentioned there were about 20 NM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I mentioned there were about 20 NM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I mentioned there were about 20 NM
+fly height right and now this height fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly height right and now this height fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly height right and now this height fly
+height I mentioning also to you is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height I mentioning also to you is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height I mentioning also to you is about
+1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5
+nmet okay that's why it's a it's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet okay that's why it's a it's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet okay that's why it's a it's such
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+problem uh we we never find other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh we we never find other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh we we never find other words
+reason say it could be the molecular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason say it could be the molecular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason say it could be the molecular it
+could be absorb the molecule it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be absorb the molecule it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be absorb the molecule it could be
+the molecular found size of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular found size of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular found size of molecules
+right and uh uh but uh it's a very uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh but uh it's a very uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh but uh it's a very uh uh
+relevant technology problem and now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant technology problem and now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant technology problem and now they
+like say they still concerned because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say they still concerned because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say they still concerned because
+you still have a dis and you have slider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a dis and you have slider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a dis and you have slider
+there and finally there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and finally there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and finally there is another
+problem this is a you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a you can think about
+this if I have t hard and T cold I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I have t hard and T cold I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I have t hard and T cold I have
+a small opening so this opening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small opening so this opening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small opening so this opening is
+smaller than molecular me free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than molecular me free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than molecular me free
+pass the question is what's the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the question is what's the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the question is what's the flux
+Direction which what's the mass flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which what's the mass flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which what's the mass flux
+going from cold to hot or hot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from cold to hot or hot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from cold to hot or hot to
+cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold
+H maybe we'll discuss in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe we'll discuss in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe we'll discuss in the next
+lecture you can think about this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you can think about this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you can think about this I'll
+ask at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask at the
+beginning huh but let I want the let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning huh but let I want the let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning huh but let I want the let
+flux
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4B9aIlwEZcQ.txt b/4B9aIlwEZcQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d355400046fb107810532a9aeb34c0798ff24d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4B9aIlwEZcQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7906 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so this is uh I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so this is uh I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so this is uh I got the
+preparation for finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for finite
+elements again we're in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements again we're in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements again we're in one dimension
+because that's where you can see first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where you can see first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where you can see first
+and most clearly how the system works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most clearly how the system works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most clearly how the system works so
+the system was really to begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was really to begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was really to begin with a
+weak form that I introduced last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form that I introduced last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form that I introduced last time
+the guran idea that I introduced just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guran idea that I introduced just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guran idea that I introduced just at
+the very end of last time and that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of last time and that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of last time and that idea
+is that instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of the
+continuous uh differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uh differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uh differential equation
+where guren's idea is how do you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where guren's idea is how do you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where guren's idea is how do you make it
+discreet and he'll choose some trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet and he'll choose some trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet and he'll choose some trial
+functions those are functions and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions those are functions and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions those are functions and some
+test functions and I didn't get to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test functions and I didn't get to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test functions and I didn't get to say
+but I'll say now very often they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll say now very often they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll say now very often they're the
+same so very often uh the fees are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so very often uh the fees are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so very often uh the fees are the
+same as the v's so and and probably they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the v's so and and probably they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the v's so and and probably they
+will be in my all my examples today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in my all my examples today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in my all my examples today and
+then what's new today is what choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's new today is what choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's new today is what choices
+would you make you uh you have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make you uh you have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make you uh you have pretty
+wide choice but uh there's some natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide choice but uh there's some natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide choice but uh there's some natural
+ones to start with and so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to start with and so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to start with and so that's where
+we are today and then also the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are today and then also the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are today and then also the other
+part of today is how do we get from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today is how do we get from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today is how do we get from all
+that prep preparation to the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prep preparation to the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prep preparation to the equations
+that we actually solve the KU equal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually solve the KU equal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually solve the KU equal F
+where does the K come from where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the K come from where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the K come from where does
+the F come from the f is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F come from the f is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F come from the f is going to come
+of course from this somehow this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course from this somehow this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course from this somehow this right
+hand side and the K is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and the K is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and the K is going to come
+from from the left side okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the left side okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the left side okay so that's
+the overall direction if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall direction if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall direction if you want to
+know how finite elements work that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how finite elements work that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how finite elements work that's the
+key line there and then here I've re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key line there and then here I've re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key line there and then here I've re
+recalled what the step was here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalled what the step was here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalled what the step was here's our
+differential equation and there's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and there's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and there's its
+weak form this is the weak form then let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form this is the weak form then let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form this is the weak form then let
+me let me put this in this is here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me put this in this is here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me put this in this is here I've
+reproduced what we reached last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced what we reached last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced what we reached last time the
+weak form of the of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form of the of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form of the of where
+that was the strong form with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the strong form with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the strong form with its
+boundary conditions now we get the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions now we get the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions now we get the weak
+form with its boundary conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form with its boundary conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form with its boundary conditions and
+the weak form in involves you so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form in involves you so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form in involves you so it's
+the boundary conditions on you the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions on you the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions on you the fixed
+the fixed ones that get that get used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed ones that get that get used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed ones that get that get used in
+the weak form the free ones don't appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form the free ones don't appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form the free ones don't appear
+in the weak form but it by the magic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak form but it by the magic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak form but it by the magic of
+integration by parts the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts the the the the
+free ones will sort of come out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free ones will sort of come out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free ones will sort of come out in a
+natural way but we have to build in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way but we have to build in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way but we have to build in the
+essential dir leg boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential dir leg boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential dir leg boundary conditions
+like that fixed right hand end okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that fixed right hand end okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that fixed right hand end okay and
+and that and because I think of v as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and because I think of v as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and because I think of v as a
+little movement away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movement away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movement away from
+U but my U's are all fixed at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but my U's are all fixed at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but my U's are all fixed at the end
+therefore V has to be fixed too right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore V has to be fixed too right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore V has to be fixed too right
+okay okay are are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay are are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay are are you
+so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is
+important but we haven't made it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we haven't made it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we haven't made it down to
+worse yet we we were we were doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse yet we we were we were doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse yet we we were we were doing a lot
+of uh ideas last time which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ideas last time which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ideas last time which are the
+center of things but now let's get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of things but now let's get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of things but now let's get down
+to earth and down to earth really means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to earth and down to earth really means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to earth and down to earth really means
+what functions do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions do we
+choose and then how do we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and then how do we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and then how do we get the
+equation so that's the job today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's the job today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's the job today it's
+the principal job and then and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal job and then and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal job and then and this is
+of course what you would actually code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what you would actually code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what you would actually code
+up to to run a finite element simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to to run a finite element simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to to run a finite element simulation
+you would make a decision on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would make a decision on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would make a decision on these
+functions and let's start with piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and let's start with piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and let's start with piecewise
+linear function so a typical fee goes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function so a typical fee goes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function so a typical fee goes a
+typical fee is maybe centered at a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical fee is maybe centered at a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical fee is maybe centered at a node
+so it goes up and down so there there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes up and down so there there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes up and down so there there is
+if that's node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's node
+two uh yeah let's call let's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh yeah let's call let's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh yeah let's call let's number
+these nodes one two three 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes one two three 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes one two three 3
+4 and five no five I five well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and five no five I five well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and five no five I five well that's
+five there but it I'm I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five there but it I'm I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five there but it I'm I'm going to have
+let's see what do I have here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do I have here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do I have here I've got
+at a typical node two I've got a uh a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a typical node two I've got a uh a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a typical node two I've got a uh a f
+that my function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my function is
+zero except in the intervals a touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero except in the intervals a touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero except in the intervals a touch
+node two it so so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two it so so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two it so so here is
+F2 V2 of X that's its graph it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 V2 of X that's its graph it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 V2 of X that's its graph it comes
+along it's piecewise linear up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it's piecewise linear up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it's piecewise linear up it's
+piecewise then you're back down and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise then you're back down and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise then you're back down and it's
+zero again so that would be F2 then F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again so that would be F2 then F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again so that would be F2 then F1
+there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F1 like so exactly similar the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 like so exactly similar the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 like so exactly similar the whole
+point is keep the system simple that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is keep the system simple that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is keep the system simple that's
+what the finite element idea is keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the finite element idea is keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the finite element idea is keep
+keep using simple functions for the fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep using simple functions for the fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep using simple functions for the fees
+and I'm taking them also to be the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking them also to be the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking them also to be the test
+functions V keep those simple now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions V keep those simple now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions V keep those simple now what
+about at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the
+boundaries okay well we've said our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries okay well we've said our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries okay well we've said our
+functions have to be I'm doing free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have to be I'm doing free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have to be I'm doing free
+fixed so fixed is it it comes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so fixed is it it comes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so fixed is it it comes to zero
+there and I've got all my all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I've got all my all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I've got all my all my
+functions will do that but this end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will do that but this end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will do that but this end is
+free so here's watch this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so here's watch this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so here's watch this this is the
+this is another another what I'll call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another another what I'll call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another another what I'll call a
+half hat if I if I call those hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hat if I if I call those hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hat if I if I call those hat
+functions is that okay it's it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is that okay it's it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is that okay it's it makes a
+nice short word these so these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice short word these so these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice short word these so these are these
+are hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and then the Fuller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then the Fuller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then the Fuller
+description would be piecewise linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description would be piecewise linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description would be piecewise linear
+but but hat functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but hat functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but hat functions
+is clear okay now notice I'm sticking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear okay now notice I'm sticking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear okay now notice I'm sticking in
+here what I maybe could call a half hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I maybe could call a half hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I maybe could call a half hat
+I because I don't my my v's and my fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I don't my my v's and my fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I don't my my v's and my fees
+my functions are not uh constrained at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions are not uh constrained at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions are not uh constrained at
+that leftand end that's that's free so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leftand end that's that's free so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leftand end that's that's free so
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+fe1 and there's a fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe1 and there's a fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe1 and there's a fe
+zero and a fe3 and a fe4 so all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a fe3 and a fe4 so all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a fe3 and a fe4 so all together
+I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have
+five and I'm started the numbering at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and I'm started the numbering at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and I'm started the numbering at
+zero I guess it just happened so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I guess it just happened so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I guess it just happened so let's
+let's accept that so so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's accept that so so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's accept that so so I'm going to
+have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five
+functions and I'm going to and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I'm going to and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I'm going to and they will
+also be my five test function functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be my five test function functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be my five test function functions
+so uh let me first think of them as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me first think of them as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me first think of them as the
+trial functions fee so what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial functions fee so what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial functions fee so what was the
+point about Trial functions the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about Trial functions the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about Trial functions the point
+about is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is my
+approximate my my finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate my my finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate my my finite element
+solution U of X is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U of X is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U of X is going to be a
+combination of those some U not times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those some U not times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those some U not times
+the fot function up to u4 times the F4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fot function up to u4 times the F4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fot function up to u4 times the F4
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and these are my unknowns uo U1 those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are my unknowns uo U1 those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are my unknowns uo U1 those
+numbers I have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I have five
+unknowns and I'm using hat functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and I'm using hat functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and I'm using hat functions so
+I I should really why don't I draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I should really why don't I draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I should really why don't I draw a
+graph of U of X so I don't need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of U of X so I don't need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of U of X so I don't need the
+words peace wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words peace wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words peace wise
+linear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear you
+see I have a kind of space of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have a kind of space of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have a kind of space of functions
+my functions are all come my my my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions are all come my my my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions are all come my my my my
+approximations are combinations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations are combinations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations are combinations of these
+fixed basis functions you could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed basis functions you could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed basis functions you could call
+these fees trial functions basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fees trial functions basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fees trial functions basis
+functions there you're always choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions there you're always choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions there you're always choosing
+in applied math a bunch of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in applied math a bunch of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in applied math a bunch of functions
+which uh whose combinations are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh whose combinations are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh whose combinations are going to
+be is what you're going to work with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is what you're going to work with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is what you're going to work with and
+here I'm I'm making them hat functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm I'm making them hat functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm I'm making them hat functions
+okay so so what does a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what does a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what does a combination of
+those guys look like let me I'll even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys look like let me I'll even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys look like let me I'll even
+erase the word hat functions we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase the word hat functions we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase the word hat functions we won't
+forget that so what what would a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that so what what would a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that so what what would a
+combination of here's the same interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of here's the same interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of here's the same interval
+01 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 with the
+same mesh one two three four guys inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mesh one two three four guys inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mesh one two three four guys inside
+what would I want to just it just helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I want to just it just helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I want to just it just helps
+the visualization to see if I combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visualization to see if I combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visualization to see if I combine
+these guys so those were despite the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so those were despite the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so those were despite the the
+the way it might look that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it might look that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it might look that's one
+separate function 2 3 four and five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate function 2 3 four and five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate function 2 3 four and five and
+now suppose I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I take a
+combination how what kind of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination how what kind of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination how what kind of a function
+do I get what how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get what how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get what how would you
+describe this a combination like this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this a combination like this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this a combination like this of
+those Five Guys what what will it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Five Guys what what will it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Five Guys what what will it look
+like between every node it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like between every node it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like between every node it will
+be a straight line right because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a straight line right because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a straight line right because all
+these guys are straight between nodes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are straight between nodes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are straight between nodes so
+so typically function will start at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically function will start at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically function will start at what
+this height will be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this height will be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this height will be you
+not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because
+because oh well let me draw the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh well let me draw the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh well let me draw the thing
+okay so uh I'll put you know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I'll put you know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I'll put you know a little
+higher because I want to end up down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher because I want to end up down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher because I want to end up down at
+zero so that might be the height you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that might be the height you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that might be the height you not
+then U1 might be pretty close U2 might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U1 might be pretty close U2 might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U1 might be pretty close U2 might
+be coming down a bit coming down a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming down a bit coming down a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming down a bit coming down a bit
+coming down a bit and ending at zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down a bit and ending at zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down a bit and ending at zero so
+those were meant to be Corners in the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were meant to be Corners in the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were meant to be Corners in the it
+w that's that wasn't a very good bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that's that wasn't a very good bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that's that wasn't a very good bit
+there okay I wasn't meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I wasn't meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I wasn't meant to be
+yeah so so that height is you not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so that height is you not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so that height is you not now
+notice why why is why is that why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice why why is why is that why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice why why is why is that why is the
+coefficient of phot exactly the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of phot exactly the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of phot exactly the height
+the the displacement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displacement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displacement at
+zero because all the other fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because all the other fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because all the other fees
+are zero all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero all the other
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+fees are zero at this point only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees are zero at this point only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees are zero at this point only this
+guy's coming in so we'll only see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's coming in so we'll only see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's coming in so we'll only see in
+this in this at this point we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this at this point we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this at this point we're only
+going see even V1 has dropped to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going see even V1 has dropped to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going see even V1 has dropped to zero so
+we're only going to see F0 times u0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to see F0 times u0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to see F0 times u0 so
+oh I should have said all these Heights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I should have said all these Heights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I should have said all these Heights
+are we we take all these Heights to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we we take all these Heights to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we we take all these Heights to be
+one might as well of course we it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might as well of course we it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might as well of course we it
+doesn't matter because we're multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because we're multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because we're multiplying
+by use but so let's settle they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by use but so let's settle they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by use but so let's settle they all have
+Heights one and this was this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights one and this was this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights one and this was this is sort of
+a key part of the finite element idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key part of the finite element idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key part of the finite element idea
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+goeran when he created just two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goeran when he created just two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goeran when he created just two or three
+functions fee he tried to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions fee he tried to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions fee he tried to follow the
+exact solution he he you know he had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution he he you know he had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution he he you know he had an
+idea in his mind what the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in his mind what the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in his mind what the solution to
+the problem will be and he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem will be and he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem will be and he wanted to
+take two or three functions that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two or three functions that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two or three functions that would
+get him close to it here we here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him close to it here we here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him close to it here we here we
+choose the functions they're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the functions they're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the functions they're in the
+finite element library before we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element library before we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element library before we even
+know what the equation is or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the equation is or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the equation is or the
+boundary conditions these functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions these functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions these functions are
+are like uh the the Hat function choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like uh the the Hat function choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like uh the the Hat function choice
+and they have this beautiful sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have this beautiful sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have this beautiful sort
+of a connect to nodes in a way where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a connect to nodes in a way where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a connect to nodes in a way where in
+fact I got involved in finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I got involved in finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I got involved in finite elements
+in the first place just to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place just to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place just to understand
+what's the difference between finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between finite
+elements and finite differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and finite differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and finite differences
+because the finite elements as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the finite elements as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the finite elements as you'll
+see are associated with nodes fe1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are associated with nodes fe1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are associated with nodes fe1 is the
+only guy that's not zero at node one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only guy that's not zero at node one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only guy that's not zero at node one and
+therefore what will this height be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what will this height be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what will this height be
+what's what's that height so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's that height so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's that height so that's
+maybe comes down a little what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe comes down a little what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe comes down a little what's this
+height U1 it's the coefficient of F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height U1 it's the coefficient of F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height U1 it's the coefficient of F1
+because F1 is sitting there and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F1 is sitting there and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F1 is sitting there and all the
+other fees are zero there so this height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fees are zero there so this height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fees are zero there so this height
+is really U1 and u U2 and u3 and u4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really U1 and u U2 and u3 and u4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really U1 and u U2 and u3 and u4 and
+u5 is zero so so that was U1 U2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 is zero so so that was U1 U2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 is zero so so that was U1 U2 and so
+on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay
+so what I'm saying is and we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm saying is and we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm saying is and we'll see it
+happen is that this k u equal F equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that this k u equal F equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that this k u equal F equation
+that we finally get to is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we finally get to is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we finally get to is going to look
+very like a finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like a finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like a finite difference
+equation but it's coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but it's coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but it's coming from this
+different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and it's s of it allow this way allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's s of it allow this way allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's s of it allow this way allows
+many more possibilities gets things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more possibilities gets things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more possibilities gets things uh
+sort of more naturally right uh it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more naturally right uh it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more naturally right uh it it
+takes less with a finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes less with a finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes less with a finite difference
+equation we had to go in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we had to go in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we had to go in there and
+decide what it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what it should
+be with finite elements our decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with finite elements our decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with finite elements our decision is
+just the fees once we've decided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fees once we've decided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fees once we've decided the
+fees gin tells us what the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees gin tells us what the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees gin tells us what the equation is
+and we'll get to we'll get to the KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to we'll get to the KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to we'll get to the KU
+equal F what is it what it is but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F what is it what it is but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F what is it what it is but here
+I'm getting you to sort of see what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting you to sort of see what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting you to sort of see what uh
+what our approximate solution can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our approximate solution can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our approximate solution can look
+like and this beautiful fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and this beautiful fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and this beautiful fact that the
+coefficients in here have a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in here have a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in here have a physical
+meaning they're the they're actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're the they're actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're the they're actually the
+displacements at the nodes for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements at the nodes for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements at the nodes for these
+simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+okay you got a picture of what the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got a picture of what the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got a picture of what the trial
+functions are some people would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are some people would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are some people would think
+about the trial the the the functions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trial the the the functions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trial the the the functions as
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+guys other people might think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys other people might think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys other people might think of this
+picture the combinations so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the combinations so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the combinations so those are
+the individual basis functions these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual basis functions these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual basis functions these are
+the that's a typical combination of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's a typical combination of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's a typical combination of them
+the typical one right okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical one right okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical one right okay so we're
+looking for an equation for these 's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an equation for these 's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an equation for these 's
+five equations of course because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equations of course because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equations of course because we've
+got we've got five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got five
+'s so where so that's my final step here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s so where so that's my final step here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s so where so that's my final step here
+what are the five equations for the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the five equations for the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the five equations for the five
+U's and those are the equations that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and those are the equations that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and those are the equations that I'm
+going to call k equal F okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call k equal F okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call k equal F okay so here's
+now a critical moment where do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a critical moment where do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a critical moment where do the
+equations come from well the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations come from well the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations come from well the equations
+come from the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the weak
+form so I take the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so I take the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so I take the weak
+form and in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and in for
+you for you here I guess it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for you here I guess it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for you here I guess it's just
+there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I
+put this I put capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this I put capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this I put capital
+u so in for so can I just copy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so in for so can I just copy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so in for so can I just copy this is
+the weak form for the before before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form for the before before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form for the before before
+we've made it discreete before we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made it discreete before we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made it discreete before we've
+chosen n fees okay now let's choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen n fees okay now let's choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen n fees okay now let's choose the
+N fee so now this will be the weak form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N fee so now this will be the weak form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N fee so now this will be the weak form
+again the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the weak
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh with gurin I mean after after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with gurin I mean after after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with gurin I mean after after the
+decision so it'll be the integral from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so it'll be the integral from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so it'll be the integral from 0
+to one of the C ofx whatever it is times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the C ofx whatever it is times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the C ofx whatever it is times
+the U of X so or it's sorry times the DU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U of X so or it's sorry times the DU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U of X so or it's sorry times the DU
+DX right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right
+Dux so what is Dux oh you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dux so what is Dux oh you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dux so what is Dux oh you have to pay
+attention so now I'm this was the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so now I'm this was the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so now I'm this was the true
+solution little U but now this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution little U but now this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution little U but now this is my
+this is where I'm working I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I'm working I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I'm working I'm working
+with capital u so so so instead of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with capital u so so so instead of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with capital u so so so instead of D
+little U DX it's D capital u DX maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U DX it's D capital u DX maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U DX it's D capital u DX maybe
+I'll put it in there D capital u DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it in there D capital u DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it in there D capital u DX and
+then I'll put down here what it is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll put down here what it is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll put down here what it is what
+is it it's U KN F not prime can I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it it's U KN F not prime can I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it it's U KN F not prime can I use
+prime just to or D not DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime just to or D not DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime just to or D not DX
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+uh can I use prime for derivative just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I use prime for derivative just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I use prime for derivative just
+save a little space so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a little space so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a little space so so this is the
+derivative of my guy U1 V1 Prime of X up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of my guy U1 V1 Prime of X up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of my guy U1 V1 Prime of X up
+to whatever it was u4 V4 Prime of X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever it was u4 V4 Prime of X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever it was u4 V4 Prime of X okay
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+what that's what that term is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what that term is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what that term is and that
+multiplies DV DX where V is here V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies DV DX where V is here V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies DV DX where V is here V is
+any test any test function any test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any test any test function any test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any test any test function any test
+function only required to have V of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only required to have V of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only required to have V of 1
+equals z but now I don't want I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z but now I don't want I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z but now I don't want I I'm
+going discrete so instead of any test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going discrete so instead of any test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going discrete so instead of any test
+function I'll use these five functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll use these five functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll use these five functions
+so I've got five functions V the fe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got five functions V the fe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got five functions V the fe's
+are the same as the v's then V1 V2 V3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same as the v's then V1 V2 V3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same as the v's then V1 V2 V3
+and V4 same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V4 same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V4 same
+guys so now I'll put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so now I'll put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so now I'll put in
+DV can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV can I say
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+DX DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DX
+and on the right hand side I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand side I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand side I have the
+integral from 0 to 1 of f ofx v i of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 of f ofx v i of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 of f ofx v i of X
+the X and I and I is 0 1 2 3 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and I and I is 0 1 2 3 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and I and I is 0 1 2 3 or
+four I've got five five different I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I've got five five different I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I've got five five different I'm
+testing against five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing against five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing against five
+V's so I have I have this equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's so I have I have this equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's so I have I have this equation for
+five five different V's so I = 0 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five different V's so I = 0 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five different V's so I = 0 1 2 3 4
+give me my five equations here are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me my five equations here are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me my five equations here are my
+five unknowns this is my 5x5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five unknowns this is my 5x5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five unknowns this is my 5x5
+system let me just step back a minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let me just step back a minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let me just step back a minute so
+you see what happened there so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what happened there so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what happened there so what do
+you have to do you have to you chose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do you have to you chose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do you have to you chose you
+chose the functions you wanted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the functions you wanted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the functions you wanted to the
+basis functions the fees the fees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions the fees the fees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions the fees the fees and
+the v's then you just plug them plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's then you just plug them plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's then you just plug them plug
+into the weak form you plug in dudx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the weak form you plug in dudx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the weak form you plug in dudx is
+coming from there so this is dudx you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there so this is dudx you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there so this is dudx you
+have to plug in DVD X you have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to plug in DVD X you have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to plug in DVD X you have to do the
+integrals have to do the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals have to do the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals have to do the integrals
+that's something we didn't have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we didn't have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we didn't have in
+finite differences finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences finite elements
+involves doing the integrals left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves doing the integrals left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves doing the integrals left side
+and right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right hand
+side okay so uh and and here we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so uh and and here we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so uh and and here we we have
+five different integrals to do we have F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different integrals to do we have F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different integrals to do we have F
+ofx times each V giv this will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx times each V giv this will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx times each V giv this will be that
+this number will be F sub I so so my f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number will be F sub I so so my f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number will be F sub I so so my f
+Vector is going to be an F0 F1 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is going to be an F0 F1 down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is going to be an F0 F1 down to
+F4 the Five Guys that I get from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F4 the Five Guys that I get from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F4 the Five Guys that I get from these
+five integrals all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five integrals all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five integrals all
+right and the K Matrix is sitting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the K Matrix is sitting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the K Matrix is sitting here
+somewhere that's the last thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that's the last thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that's the last thing that's
+the final thing is to see where what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing is to see where what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing is to see where what is
+the K Matrix which is coming this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Matrix which is coming this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Matrix which is coming this is
+somehow K's times U's are are sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow K's times U's are are sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow K's times U's are are sitting
+here FS are sitting over there so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here FS are sitting over there so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here FS are sitting over there so maybe
+good to see the fs first so do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see the fs first so do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see the fs first so do you see
+this now we made the choices then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we made the choices then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we made the choices then what's
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+job our job is our next job is to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job our job is our next job is to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job our job is our next job is to do all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Integrations integrate my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations integrate my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations integrate my function
+against V Let's Take let's make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V Let's Take let's make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V Let's Take let's make the
+natural first first example let F be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural first first example let F be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural first first example let F be one
+okay first example let F be one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first example let F be one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first example let F be one all
+right so if f is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if f is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if f is one
+I'm going to do these I'm going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do these I'm going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do these I'm going to find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh I'm going to find the the system KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to find the the system KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to find the the system KU
+equal F so if F of if I know f ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F so if F of if I know f ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F so if F of if I know f ofx is
+one then I I have everything I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I I have everything I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I I have everything I need to
+find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these
+numbers okay actually we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay actually we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay actually we can we can
+probably do those by by uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do those by by uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do those by by uh you can
+probably tell me what they are if f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell me what they are if f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell me what they are if f ofx
+is one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one now
+for this ex so this is example one f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this ex so this is example one f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this ex so this is example one f ofx
+is a constant the one we have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant the one we have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant the one we have solved
+before what's the integral so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what's the integral so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what's the integral so what's the
+integral of v0 right that's what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of v0 right that's what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of v0 right that's what I have
+to do what's the integral of this F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what's the integral of this F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what's the integral of this F ofx
+being one I'm just asking I just have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one I'm just asking I just have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one I'm just asking I just have V
+0 of X the integral of v0 of X and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of X the integral of v0 of X and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of X the integral of v0 of X and let
+me again draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again draw
+v0 which is F0 it's it's that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 which is F0 it's it's that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 which is F0 it's it's that function
+that just it's a half hat and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just it's a half hat and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just it's a half hat and then it
+goes along at zero what's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along at zero what's the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along at zero what's the integral
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+function one yeah what what how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one yeah what what how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one yeah what what how do I
+think about that integral it's the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that integral it's the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that integral it's the area
+of the triangle it's the area that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the triangle it's the area that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the triangle it's the area that's
+what integral is it's the area so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what integral is it's the area so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what integral is it's the area so the
+area is I've got uh uh Del Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is I've got uh uh Del Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is I've got uh uh Del Delta X
+there right Delta X as the base one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right Delta X as the base one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right Delta X as the base one as
+the height and uh see the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height and uh see the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height and uh see the formula for
+the area of a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a triangle
+it's got a half in there somewhere right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a half in there somewhere right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a half in there somewhere right
+a half okay so it's can I factor out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half okay so it's can I factor out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half okay so it's can I factor out the
+Delta X because the Delta X is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X because the Delta X is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X because the Delta X is going to
+come in I think there's a half there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in I think there's a half there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in I think there's a half there and
+then what about F1 what's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about F1 what's the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about F1 what's the integral
+of of this times V1 of X the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this times V1 of X the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this times V1 of X the next
+V it's the area under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it's the area under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it's the area under this
+dashed uh function which is now the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed uh function which is now the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed uh function which is now the base
+is 2 Delta X so I get a one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 Delta X so I get a one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 Delta X so I get a one is that
+right I get a one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get a one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get a one one one
+one okay so that was obviously not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that was obviously not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that was obviously not too
+tough right that that that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough right that that that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough right that that that was uh
+straightforward and notice something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and notice something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and notice something
+notice something even here in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice something even here in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice something even here in fact we
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+here I don't know if you remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know if you remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know if you remember about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+half do you remember something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half do you remember something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half do you remember something about
+when we did finite differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did finite differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did finite differences
+and we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+boundary and we lost an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we lost an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we lost an order of
+accuracy if we didn't do it right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy if we didn't do it right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy if we didn't do it right you
+remember that that that at at the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that that at at the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that that at at the fixed
+boundary we were fine but with finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary we were fine but with finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary we were fine but with finite
+differences at the free boundary where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences at the free boundary where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences at the free boundary where
+where where I was using the Matrix t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where I was using the Matrix t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where I was using the Matrix t
+with one minus one as the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one minus one as the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one minus one as the top
+row uh I lost an order of accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh I lost an order of accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh I lost an order of accuracy
+unless I made some change on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I made some change on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I made some change on the right
+hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+look what's happening the finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what's happening the finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what's happening the finite element
+method is making the change for me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is making the change for me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is making the change for me on
+the right hand side so the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side so the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side so the finite
+element method is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method is going to
+automatically get the keep the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get the keep the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get the keep the second
+order accuracy keep the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy keep the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy keep the second order
+accuracy so that's a key point that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy so that's a key point that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy so that's a key point that this
+that these piecewise linear functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these piecewise linear functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these piecewise linear functions
+are associated with second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with second order
+accuracy it later we'll move up up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy it later we'll move up up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy it later we'll move up up to
+parabas to cubics that will move up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas to cubics that will move up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas to cubics that will move up the
+order of accuracy in a nice way where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of accuracy in a nice way where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of accuracy in a nice way where we
+with finite differences we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with finite differences we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with finite differences we would have
+had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to
+like create new finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like create new finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like create new finite difference
+formulas our minus1 2 minus one formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas our minus1 2 minus one formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas our minus1 2 minus one formula
+that was good for second order accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was good for second order accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was good for second order accuracy
+then we had to we would have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to we would have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to we would have to figure
+out in the quiz and partly started it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the quiz and partly started it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the quiz and partly started it
+what if there's a c ofx in there what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if there's a c ofx in there what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if there's a c ofx in there what do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+do find a different is there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do find a different is there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do find a different is there's more
+thinking involved finite elements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking involved finite elements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking involved finite elements is
+like just press the button uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just press the button uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just press the button uh well
+there's a little more to it than that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little more to it than that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little more to it than that of
+course because it's taking a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because it's taking a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because it's taking a full
+lecture here but it's it's in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture here but it's it's in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture here but it's it's in the end
+it's more systematic you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more systematic you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more systematic you could
+say okay so uh so that's the F now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so uh so that's the F now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so uh so that's the F now
+you're ready for the K so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready for the K so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready for the K so this is the
+the key part okay so I have to I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part okay so I have to I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part okay so I have to I have to
+make some I have to get this thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some I have to get this thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some I have to get this thing to to
+simplify so what am I looking for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so what am I looking for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so what am I looking for here
+I'm looking this whole left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking this whole left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking this whole left hand side
+should be K * U so so I'm looking to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be K * U so so I'm looking to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be K * U so so I'm looking to see
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+multiplies uh yeah I'm I'm I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies uh yeah I'm I'm I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies uh yeah I'm I'm I'm looking
+to make sense out of this what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense out of this what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense out of this what's the
+first equation right so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation right so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation right so the first
+equation or the zeroth equation I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or the zeroth equation I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or the zeroth equation I guess
+the zeroth equation the one that'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth equation the one that'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth equation the one that'll run
+along and and have this right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and and have this right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and and have this right hand side
+the zeroth equation is the equation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth equation is the equation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth equation is the equation when
+I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+zero it's the it's the equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's the it's the equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's the it's the equation that
+comes from testing our weak form at V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from testing our weak form at V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from testing our weak form at V
+for v0 for that particular form so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v0 for that particular form so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v0 for that particular form so the
+so the the maybe I just start over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the maybe I just start over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the maybe I just start over on
+this board I'm just figuring out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board I'm just figuring out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board I'm just figuring out and
+then I can write a formula but i' I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can write a formula but i' I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can write a formula but i' I'd
+rather you see how it how it comes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you see how it how it comes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you see how it how it comes so
+I'm looking at equation zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what so so take I I equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what so so take I I equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what so so take I I equals
+z so my I have my my left side is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so my I have my my left side is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so my I have my my left side is my
+integral of C of x times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of C of x times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of C of x times this
+combination that I wrote u0 v0 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that I wrote u0 v0 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that I wrote u0 v0 prime
+plus u4 V4 Prime Time D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u4 V4 Prime Time D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u4 V4 Prime Time D
+v0 DX DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 DX DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 DX DX
+equal and on the right side is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and on the right side is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and on the right side is where
+where I got the got the F0 which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I got the got the F0 which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I got the got the F0 which I
+already figured out to be Delta x * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out to be Delta x * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out to be Delta x * a
+half it's the left it's the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it's the left it's the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it's the left it's the left side
+that I'm worrying about okay you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm worrying about okay you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm worrying about okay you see
+what's what's happening here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's happening here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's happening here this is
+this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix it's its zeroth row is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's its zeroth row is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's its zeroth row is what we're
+finding multiplying U U1 U2 u3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding multiplying U U1 U2 u3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding multiplying U U1 U2 u3 and
+u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4
+equaling the the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector I'm supposed to be getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I'm supposed to be getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I'm supposed to be getting the
+first row of the Matrix the top row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of the Matrix the top row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of the Matrix the top row of
+the Matrix from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix from the top
+V okay so let's just do these we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay so let's just do these we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay so let's just do these we've got
+integrals to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to do
+again all right what's what is dv0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right what's what is dv0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right what's what is dv0
+DX that this yeah do you see oh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that this yeah do you see oh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that this yeah do you see oh let me
+let me just see what what what number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see what what what number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see what what what number is
+going in here what number is going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in here what number is going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in here what number is going in
+there yeah if we see that we're golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah if we see that we're golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah if we see that we're golden
+what number is going in there that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number is going in there that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number is going in there that's the
+thing that multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that multiplies
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+u0 in the first row that means I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 in the first row that means I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 in the first row that means I should
+use v0 so let's call this is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use v0 so let's call this is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use v0 so let's call this is the point
+this this is k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is k0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is k0
+0 and what's its formula that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and what's its formula that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and what's its formula that you
+realize I'm starting to count at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I'm starting to count at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I'm starting to count at zero
+because all these counts so what is k0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these counts so what is k0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these counts so what is k0 0
+it's a it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's an
+integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of
+what C of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what C of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what C of X
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+times times this guy because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times this guy because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times this guy because it's
+multiplying times this guy v0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying times this guy v0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying times this guy v0
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+DX that's what you have to do that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's what you have to do that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's what you have to do that's
+what you have to do c of x * V Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do c of x * V Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do c of x * V Prime
+Time v0 Prime that's what would sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time v0 Prime that's what would sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time v0 Prime that's what would sit
+there and maybe while we're well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and maybe while we're well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and maybe while we're well let's
+figure that one out shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ah I have to I have to know C of X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I have to I have to know C of X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I have to I have to know C of X right
+that's part of the problem what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the problem what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the problem what what
+would you like me to choose for C of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like me to choose for C of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like me to choose for C of x
+one thank you okay I'll choose one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thank you okay I'll choose one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thank you okay I'll choose one all
+right let this be one all right or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let this be one all right or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let this be one all right or I
+could make it capital c and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it capital c and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it capital c and you would
+see a Capital C of appearing everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a Capital C of appearing everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a Capital C of appearing everywhere
+but let let's make it one so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let let's make it one so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let let's make it one so what are we
+doing now what what's our equation our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now what what's our equation our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now what what's our equation our
+right hand side is one our C of X is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is one our C of X is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is one our C of X is one
+our equation has reduced to minus U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation has reduced to minus U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation has reduced to minus U
+Prime equal 1 the first equation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal 1 the first equation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal 1 the first equation in the
+course right so we're we're we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course right so we're we're we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course right so we're we're we're we're
+back to we're back to September the 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to we're back to September the 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to we're back to September the 3D
+or whatever it was but uh doing it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it was but uh doing it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it was but uh doing it now
+by finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finite
+elements okay so let C of X be one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay so let C of X be one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay so let C of X be one and
+tell me what this integral is so C of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what this integral is so C of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what this integral is so C of X
+is now we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're we're
+taking in our problem we're supposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in our problem we're supposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in our problem we're supposing
+it's one let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one let me just
+say suppose it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose it's some
+function then uh we have an integral we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then uh we have an integral we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then uh we have an integral we
+have lots of integrals to do involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of integrals to do involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of integrals to do involving
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+function um and we might not do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um and we might not do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um and we might not do them
+exactly that would be all right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that would be all right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that would be all right it's
+certainly totally okay to to do uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly totally okay to to do uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly totally okay to to do uh the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+approximately because we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately because we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately because we're doing
+everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+approximately so we just have to be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately so we just have to be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately so we just have to be sure
+that we do the integrals with sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do the integrals with sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do the integrals with sufficient
+accuracy so that we don't lose accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy so that we don't lose accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy so that we don't lose accuracy
+in the integrals but I don't need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integrals but I don't need of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integrals but I don't need of
+course with a one I'm going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with a one I'm going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with a one I'm going to we're
+going to do the integral exactly but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the integral exactly but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the integral exactly but if
+C of X was some variable function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of X was some variable function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of X was some variable function I
+wouldn't have to do it exactly I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to do it exactly I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to do it exactly I would
+just have to do it with enough accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do it with enough accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do it with enough accuracy
+so that I don't lose uh extra accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I don't lose uh extra accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I don't lose uh extra accuracy
+beyond what I'm losing losing it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what I'm losing losing it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what I'm losing losing it in the
+in the whole gurin approximation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole gurin approximation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole gurin approximation okay
+ready for that number what's the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that number what's the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that number what's the what
+number comes out of that what F0 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes out of that what F0 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes out of that what F0 Prime
+is let's graph v0 Prime and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's graph v0 Prime and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's graph v0 Prime and and of
+course it's the same as v0 Prime so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's the same as v0 Prime so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's the same as v0 Prime so can
+I put a little graph here here is 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a little graph here here is 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a little graph here here is 0 to
+one and I'm going to graph v0 Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm going to graph v0 Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm going to graph v0 Prime so
+what's v0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's v0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's v0
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+it's negative isn't it my my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative isn't it my my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative isn't it my my little
+graph isn't going to work I didn't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph isn't going to work I didn't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph isn't going to work I didn't leave
+enough room uh it's negative yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough room uh it's negative yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough room uh it's negative yeah
+so yeah well so I'll just write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah well so I'll just write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah well so I'll just write it in
+words it's the same as v0 Prime and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's the same as v0 Prime and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's the same as v0 Prime and what
+is it tell me what it is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it tell me what it is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it tell me what it is what's the
+derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that
+function it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what1 wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what1 wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what1 wait a
+minute yeah it's only going to be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute yeah it's only going to be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute yeah it's only going to be it's
+going to have a certain value yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a certain value yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a certain value yeah you
+can tell me what it is at beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me what it is at beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me what it is at beyond that
+point real fast so so it's so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point real fast so so it's so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point real fast so so it's so it's
+something up to up to Delta well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up to up to Delta well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up to up to Delta well
+yeah yeah yeah so so what what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so so what what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so so what what is the
+slope what's what's that slope there of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope what's what's that slope there of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope what's what's that slope there of
+F0 it's NE it's not Nega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 it's NE it's not Nega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 it's NE it's not Nega
+one it's because remember what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's because remember what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's because remember what's the
+base here that that's not the0 one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base here that that's not the0 one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base here that that's not the0 one I'm
+sorry sorry the that's only that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry the that's only that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry the that's only that's all
+these were Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X's those were just numbering the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's those were just numbering the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's those were just numbering the nodes
+but it's the the actual length is scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the the actual length is scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the the actual length is scale
+is the Delta X scale so now tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Delta X scale so now tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Delta X scale so now tell me what
+the what it is the the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what it is the the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what it is the the derivative is
+-1 over Delta X right it dropped by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 over Delta X right it dropped by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 over Delta X right it dropped by one
+when it went across by Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it went across by Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it went across by Delta X and
+that's this is only up to up to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is only up to up to node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is only up to up to node
+one up to up to Delta X and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to up to Delta X and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to up to Delta X and and then
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+afterwards this is a a key point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards this is a a key point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards this is a a key point that
+all our functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our functions are
+local our functions are local what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local our functions are local what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local our functions are local what does
+that mean you can tell me what what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean you can tell me what what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean you can tell me what what am I
+going to get when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get when I
+integrate for example when I later on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate for example when I later on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate for example when I later on I
+might be integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be integrating
+V1 Prime against V4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime what's the
+answer that this is the key Point later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that this is the key Point later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that this is the key Point later
+when I'm looking for the four entry when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm looking for the four entry when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm looking for the four entry when
+I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking
+there I I'm going to do an integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I I'm going to do an integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I I'm going to do an integral of
+F1 Prime so let me just I'll erase for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 Prime so let me just I'll erase for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 Prime so let me just I'll erase for a
+moment and do do do this in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and do do do this in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and do do do this in my
+head when I integrate F1 Prime against V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head when I integrate F1 Prime against V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head when I integrate F1 Prime against V
+V4 Prime oh maybe maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 Prime oh maybe maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 Prime oh maybe maybe it's
+the this maybe it's the fourth row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this maybe it's the fourth row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this maybe it's the fourth row and
+the first guy over maybe it's this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy over maybe it's this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy over maybe it's this guy
+I'm doing doesn't matter a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing doesn't matter a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing doesn't matter a whole
+lot because the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot because the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot because the answer
+is when I integrate V1 Prime against V4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I integrate V1 Prime against V4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I integrate V1 Prime against V4
+Prime just it's nice to get the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime just it's nice to get the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime just it's nice to get the easy
+ones it's zero why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones it's zero why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones it's zero why is it
+zero why is the integral of V1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero why is the integral of V1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero why is the integral of V1 Prime
+against V4 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V4 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V4 Prime
+Z because these fees are local V1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z because these fees are local V1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z because these fees are local V1 Prime
+is only nonzero here V4 V4 Prime is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only nonzero here V4 V4 Prime is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only nonzero here V4 V4 Prime is only
+non zero over here the two don't overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero over here the two don't overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero over here the two don't overlap
+one is zero where wherever the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is zero where wherever the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is zero where wherever the other
+anywhere the one is not zero the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere the one is not zero the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere the one is not zero the other
+is zero so that's a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so that's a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so that's a zero
+there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in
+fact our overlaps you you can I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact our overlaps you you can I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact our overlaps you you can I'm just
+sort of looking ahead here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looking ahead here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looking ahead here our
+overlaps a fee overlaps itself of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps a fee overlaps itself of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps a fee overlaps itself of course
+and its right-and neighbor and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its right-and neighbor and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its right-and neighbor and its
+leftand neighbor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftand neighbor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftand neighbor but
+nobody two or three or more away I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody two or three or more away I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody two or three or more away I think
+our our K our all our integrals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our K our all our integrals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our K our all our integrals are
+going to be zero outside a we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero outside a we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero outside a we'll have
+another triagonal Matrix we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another triagonal Matrix we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another triagonal Matrix we're going to
+have zeros all here and we'll only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zeros all here and we'll only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zeros all here and we'll only have
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+where V where the where of of of of Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V where the where of of of of Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V where the where of of of of Fe
+against V when they're either the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V when they're either the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V when they're either the same
+or just differ by one so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just differ by one so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just differ by one so we'll we'll
+only have three diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have three diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have three diagonals
+there okay we were about to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay we were about to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay we were about to find out
+what that number is so the slope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number is so the slope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number is so the slope of this
+is one over is minus one over Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over is minus one over Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over is minus one over Delta X
+and that's that's oh now I'm sorry let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's oh now I'm sorry let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's oh now I'm sorry let
+me go back to z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what
+we're keeping our fingers crossed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping our fingers crossed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping our fingers crossed for
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+number so I have this thing actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I have this thing actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I have this thing actually is
+it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+squared that's the slope and then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that's the slope and then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that's the slope and then I want
+the and the V and the V are I'm choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the V and the V are I'm choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the V and the V are I'm choosing
+the same so that's the slope again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that's the slope again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that's the slope again I
+think I'm just getting 1 over Delta X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just getting 1 over Delta X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just getting 1 over Delta X2
+for for that times that times the one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that times that times the one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that times that times the one so
+what's k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's k0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's k0
+0 one over Delta X why where the Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one over Delta X why where the Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one over Delta X why where the Delta X
+come from because we inte we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from because we inte we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from because we inte we're only
+integrating over we're not I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over we're not I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over we're not I mean it
+looks like 0o to one but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like 0o to one but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like 0o to one but they're all
+zero we're really only integrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're really only integrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're really only integrating the
+only reality was out to node one out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reality was out to node one out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reality was out to node one out to
+Delta X do you see that the number there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X do you see that the number there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X do you see that the number there
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+the number here on the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number here on the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number here on the diagonal
+is 1 over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay how about doing k11 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay how about doing k11 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay how about doing k11 for
+me so again now these guys will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so again now these guys will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so again now these guys will be the
+same guys it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guys it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guys it's a
+square now it's the integral of F1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square now it's the integral of F1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square now it's the integral of F1 Prime
+against V1 Prime they're the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V1 Prime they're the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against V1 Prime they're the same and
+and what is V what is V1 Prime which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is V what is V1 Prime which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is V what is V1 Prime which is
+the same as V1 Prime what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as V1 Prime what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as V1 Prime what's the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's
+ah what yeah what's the slope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah what yeah what's the slope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah what yeah what's the slope of this
+function it goes up and go goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it goes up and go goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it goes up and go goes back
+down right I need a I have a plus part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right I need a I have a plus part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right I need a I have a plus part
+so the slope going up is the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slope going up is the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slope going up is the one over
+Delta X and then the slope coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and then the slope coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and then the slope coming down
+is min-1 over Delta X so this was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min-1 over Delta X so this was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min-1 over Delta X so this was this
+was this was up to up to Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was up to up to Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was up to up to Delta X and
+then to two Delta X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to two Delta X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to two Delta X and then
+zeros that's that's a much more typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's that's a much more typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's that's a much more typical
+thing the the slope go the function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the the slope go the function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the the slope go the function the
+Hat function goes up to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat function goes up to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat function goes up to the top of the
+hat back down the slope up and the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat back down the slope up and the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat back down the slope up and the slope
+down are easy and now the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down are easy and now the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down are easy and now the integral is
+easy so I'm just squaring well when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so I'm just squaring well when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so I'm just squaring well when I
+Square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it
+this squar is the 1 / Delta X squ this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this squar is the 1 / Delta X squ this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this squar is the 1 / Delta X squ this
+is the same because the minus will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same because the minus will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same because the minus will get
+squared so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what's
+k11 what's k11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k11 what's k11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k11 what's k11
+now can you can you have you got k11 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you can you have you got k11 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you can you have you got k11 in
+your head we th this this is this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head we th this this is this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head we th this this is this is 1
+over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+X2 and now what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and now what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and now what is the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+two over Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over Delta X
+because now we're not integrating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're not integrating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're not integrating from
+zero to we're integrating from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to we're integrating from 0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to we're integrating from 0 to 2
+Delta X because that's where the my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X because that's where the my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X because that's where the my
+functions are going out from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are going out from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are going out from zero to
+node two if the the functions numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two if the the functions numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two if the the functions numbered
+one so I get so so it's 2 Delta x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I get so so it's 2 Delta x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I get so so it's 2 Delta x times
+this I think we get a 2 over Delta X on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think we get a 2 over Delta X on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think we get a 2 over Delta X on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal would you care to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal would you care to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal would you care to guess the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+yes you'll tell me what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you'll tell me what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you'll tell me what what's the
+what's what's what's K22 and k33 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's what's K22 and k33 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's what's K22 and k33 and
+k44 they're all the same we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k44 they're all the same we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k44 they're all the same we're just
+shifting over so so the two over Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting over so so the two over Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting over so so the two over Delta X
+goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+there all right one more to do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right one more to do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right one more to do one more
+integral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to
+do this next guy so can you tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this next guy so can you tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this next guy so can you tell me what
+what do I get now for k01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get now for k01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get now for k01
+k01 so now this is the case where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k01 so now this is the case where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k01 so now this is the case where I am
+what am I doing I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I doing I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I doing I'm in
+row0 so just should be v0 because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row0 so just should be v0 because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row0 so just should be v0 because that
+tells me the the row I'm in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 what happens when I integrate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 what happens when I integrate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 what happens when I integrate yeah
+just see the picture here let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the picture here let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the picture here let me let me
+just draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw it
+small F1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small F1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small F1 Prime
+so let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw
+V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+v0 okay so and but it's the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 okay so and but it's the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 okay so and but it's the derivatives
+that I want it's the slopes that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want it's the slopes that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want it's the slopes that I want
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what do I get from here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I get from here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I get from here on
+out zero because this guy only got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out zero because this guy only got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out zero because this guy only got to
+there right the half hat the first guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right the half hat the first guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right the half hat the first guy
+stopped at Delta X so whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped at Delta X so whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped at Delta X so whatever is
+happening here is going to be multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is going to be multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is going to be multiplied
+by a zero so it's just here one Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a zero so it's just here one Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a zero so it's just here one Delta X
+interval for for this for this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for for this for this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for for this for this one and
+what do I yeah they just overlap in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I yeah they just overlap in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I yeah they just overlap in one
+interval of course this guy and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of course this guy and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of course this guy and its
+neighbor only overlap in one interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor only overlap in one interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor only overlap in one interval
+and what's the deal about the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the deal about the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the deal about the two
+slopes they're opposite one's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes they're opposite one's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes they're opposite one's coming
+down one's going up but the the slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one's going up but the the slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one's going up but the the slopes
+are 1 over Delta X and minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1 over Delta X and minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1 over Delta X and minus one over
+Delta X do you see what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X do you see what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X do you see what's happening here
+I'm integrating here I have a slope of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating here I have a slope of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating here I have a slope of 1
+over Delta X and here I have a slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X and here I have a slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X and here I have a slope of
+min-1 over Delta X so I should multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 over Delta X so I should multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 over Delta X so I should multiply
+those min-1 over Delta x^2 integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those min-1 over Delta x^2 integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those min-1 over Delta x^2 integrate
+what goes in k01 what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number what's that number it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what's that number it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what's that number it's it's it's
+that times that integrated but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that integrated but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that integrated but now the
+integral is only going really out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is only going really out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is only going really out to
+Delta X because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X because
+I'm basically I'm just stopping there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically I'm just stopping there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically I'm just stopping there so
+it's but there's a minus now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but there's a minus now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but there's a minus now because
+it's not the square it's this times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the square it's this times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the square it's this times its
+neighbor one's going up one one's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor one's going up one one's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor one's going up one one's going
+down so it's Delta X squ and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's Delta X squ and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's Delta X squ and then the
+length of the interval this is a minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval this is a minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval this is a minus1
+over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X would you care to guess the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X would you care to guess the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X would you care to guess the rest of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+what's what's the rest of that diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the rest of that diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the rest of that diagonal
+above the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the main
+diagonal it's all the same that stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal it's all the same that stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal it's all the same that stays
+the same because when I do V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because when I do V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because when I do V2
+V1 my picture is just like shifted over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 my picture is just like shifted over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 my picture is just like shifted over
+but I still have one coming down and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still have one coming down and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still have one coming down and one
+going up when I do F3 V2 same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up when I do F3 V2 same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up when I do F3 V2 same thing and
+if I do V1 V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do V1 V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do V1 V2
+it'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the
+same I'm going to get this minus1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I'm going to get this minus1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I'm going to get this minus1 over
+Delta X all the way on that diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X all the way on that diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X all the way on that diagonal
+also symmetry is it's going to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also symmetry is it's going to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also symmetry is it's going to come out
+symmetric actually since the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric actually since the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric actually since the course
+started in by speaking about properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in by speaking about properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in by speaking about properties
+of matrices let me just say k is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices let me just say k is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices let me just say k is going
+to turn out to be symmetric positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out to be symmetric positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out to be symmetric positive
+definite and what's more for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and what's more for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and what's more for this
+example we recognize K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we recognize K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we recognize K
+completely you'll will say why did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you'll will say why did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you'll will say why did you
+take so long to to get to this result K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so long to to get to this result K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so long to to get to this result K
+is the 1 over Delta X part times what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 1 over Delta X part times what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 1 over Delta X part times what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix it's t it's t so it's 1 - one -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's t it's t so it's 1 - one -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's t it's t so it's 1 - one -
+one 2 - one - one 2 - one - one 2 - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2 - one - one 2 - one - one 2 - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2 - one - one 2 - one - one 2 - one
+and I guess we had five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess we had five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess we had five of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+oh but nobody there right that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but nobody there right that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but nobody there right that's that's
+not there that that fix why do we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there that that fix why do we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there that that fix why do we not
+have a minus one because we've got no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus one because we've got no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus one because we've got no
+there isn't a six that would be column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a six that would be column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a six that would be column
+we've got one two 3 four five columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got one two 3 four five columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got one two 3 four five columns
+there's no there's no u5 there's no V5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no u5 there's no V5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no u5 there's no V5
+we've got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got them
+all and the F so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the F so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the F so that so
+kuu this thing multiplies u0 to u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuu this thing multiplies u0 to u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuu this thing multiplies u0 to u4
+to u4 and it gives produces F which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u4 and it gives produces F which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u4 and it gives produces F which is
+which is the one over Delta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one over Delta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one over Delta which is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what oh Delta X is in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right times a half one one one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that is the finite element system KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is the finite element system KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is the finite element system KU
+equal f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem it's exactly what finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's exactly what finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's exactly what finite
+differences did so you can see why I why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences did so you can see why I why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences did so you can see why I why
+my first introduction to finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first introduction to finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first introduction to finite elements
+was with the question what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with the question what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with the question what's the
+difference uh the finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh the finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh the finite element
+community at that point this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community at that point this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community at that point this was uh
+finite element this was like the Golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element this was like the Golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element this was like the Golden
+Age of finite elements all this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Age of finite elements all this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Age of finite elements all this was just
+beginning to be created these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to be created these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to be created these these
+elements were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements were being
+used uh uh especially in civil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh uh especially in civil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh uh especially in civil and
+Structural Engineering that's where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Structural Engineering that's where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Structural Engineering that's where a
+lot of the earliest papers came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the earliest papers came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the earliest papers came out of
+and then in a model problem it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in a model problem it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in a model problem it didn't
+look anything new it looked like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look anything new it looked like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look anything new it looked like our
+original finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original finite difference
+Matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but
+uh there were some new things first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were some new things first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were some new things first
+there was this new one half that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this new one half that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this new one half that we
+hadn't particularly noticed with finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't particularly noticed with finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't particularly noticed with finite
+differences we we we could catch on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we we we could catch on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we we we could catch on to
+that here's a minor difference you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's a minor difference you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's a minor difference you
+notice that the Delta X is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the Delta X is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the Delta X is strictly
+speaking the Delta X is up up here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the Delta X is up up here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the Delta X is up up here then
+but when I divide by Delta X then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I divide by Delta X then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I divide by Delta X then I'm
+back to the finite difference I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the finite difference I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the finite difference I have the
+one over Delta x^ squ it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Delta x^ squ it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Delta x^ squ it looks like
+finite differences again uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences again uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences again uh so
+everything looks the same but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks the same but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks the same but of
+course if C of X isn't one or if F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if C of X isn't one or if F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if C of X isn't one or if F ofx
+isn't one oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one oh
+yeah if C of X isn't one then I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if C of X isn't one then I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if C of X isn't one then I've got
+integrals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to
+do I would approximate those and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I would approximate those and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I would approximate those and and I
+could then come out with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then come out with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then come out with something that
+would look like a finite differences let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like a finite differences let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like a finite differences let
+me take our other favorite model problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take our other favorite model problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take our other favorite model problem
+what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the
+F if yeah here's a question what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if yeah here's a question what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if yeah here's a question what would
+be the right side if my Vector instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right side if my Vector instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right side if my Vector instead
+of being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being one
+what's my other favorite Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my other favorite Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my other favorite Choice
+Delta shall I take Delta at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta shall I take Delta at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta shall I take Delta at
+xus let me take Delta xus a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus let me take Delta xus a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus let me take Delta xus a quarter
+first suppose that's my f then this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first suppose that's my f then this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first suppose that's my f then this then
+I've got to change all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to change all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to change all these
+guys and what would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and what would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and what would they
+be what would what would be the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would what would be the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would what would be the what
+would be the new right hand side when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the new right hand side when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the new right hand side when I
+have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+load I have to go back to the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load I have to go back to the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load I have to go back to the integrals
+right I have to go back to These Guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to go back to These Guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to go back to These Guys
+these integrals with that new F this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals with that new F this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals with that new F this is
+now Delta of xus a qu times each V time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Delta of xus a qu times each V time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Delta of xus a qu times each V time
+DX I have to integrate Delta of xus qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX I have to integrate Delta of xus qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX I have to integrate Delta of xus qu
+against every hat function and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against every hat function and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against every hat function and see what
+it equals and will I get yeah yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equals and will I get yeah yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equals and will I get yeah yeah you
+you're going to tell me right away what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to tell me right away what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to tell me right away what
+what what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are those
+integrals it's a point load at node one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals it's a point load at node one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals it's a point load at node one
+times the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the V
+integrated over the whole thing what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the whole thing what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the whole thing what do
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get I get a one yeah it's going to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get a one yeah it's going to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get a one yeah it's going to that
+that integral is going to pick out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral is going to pick out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral is going to pick out the
+value at a quarter right that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at a quarter right that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at a quarter right that's what the
+Delta function does the spike is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function does the spike is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function does the spike is at a
+quarter has area one so it picks out Vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter has area one so it picks out Vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter has area one so it picks out Vi
+at a quarter Vi at a quarter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a quarter Vi at a quarter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a quarter Vi at a quarter will
+be one for the I think we get a 0 one 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one for the I think we get a 0 one 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one for the I think we get a 0 one 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z again a little bit what our finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z again a little bit what our finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z again a little bit what our finite
+element uh uh finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh uh finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh uh finite
+differences suggested that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences suggested that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences suggested that we should
+do all right here's a here's one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all right here's a here's one final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all right here's a here's one final
+one for today suppose the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for today suppose the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for today suppose the Delta function
+is not at a node suppose it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+38 or it could be at any point a but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 or it could be at any point a but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 or it could be at any point a but let
+me just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take a
+typical a special one where I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical a special one where I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical a special one where I can do it
+suppose the the load is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the the load is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the the load is at
+38 what do I get for the integrals now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 what do I get for the integrals now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 what do I get for the integrals now
+so now it's Delta of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's Delta of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's Delta of x -
+38 the spike is at that the spike is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 the spike is at that the spike is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 the spike is at that the spike is
+at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+here that's where Delta is now spiking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's where Delta is now spiking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's where Delta is now spiking
+at 38 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 38 is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 38 is that
+right yeah we had one tell me what oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we had one tell me what oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we had one tell me what oh I
+should have had oneth before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had oneth before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had oneth before
+sorry change that on the videotape all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry change that on the videotape all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry change that on the videotape all
+those all those one quars were that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all those one quars were that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all those one quars were that one
+quarter was 1/5 and now what do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter was 1/5 and now what do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter was 1/5 and now what do I want
+three I I wanted to take a nice one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I I wanted to take a nice one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I I wanted to take a nice one that
+was halfway I just forgot what halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was halfway I just forgot what halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was halfway I just forgot what halfway
+was where is halfway there 3/10 3/10 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where is halfway there 3/10 3/10 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where is halfway there 3/10 3/10 now
+so Delta so so that was before I had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta so so that was before I had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta so so that was before I had it
+for when Delta so so previously was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when Delta so so previously was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when Delta so so previously was
+Delta at xus a 5th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta at xus a 5th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta at xus a 5th and
+now Delta at x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Delta at x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Delta at x -
+3/10 what's what's the F now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/10 what's what's the F now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/10 what's what's the F now what's the
+F now so the spike is right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now so the spike is right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now so the spike is right in the
+middle between one and two what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle between one and two what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle between one and two what's the
+what do what do those integrals come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do those integrals come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do those integrals come out
+to be if I integrate this Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be if I integrate this Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be if I integrate this Delta function
+times the the different hats what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the the different hats what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the the different hats what do I
+get what do I get yeah I get a zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what do I get yeah I get a zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what do I get yeah I get a zero for
+this first guy because it didn't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first guy because it didn't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first guy because it didn't touch
+that half hat and then what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half hat and then what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half hat and then what do I get
+there half and what do I get at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there half and what do I get at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there half and what do I get at the next
+one half again and then the other guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half again and then the other guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half again and then the other guys
+it doesn't touch you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't touch you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't touch you see it
+automatically does it does the smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically does it does the smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically does it does the smart
+thing it automatically makes the smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it automatically makes the smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it automatically makes the smart
+choice and if the if the Delta if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and if the if the Delta if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and if the if the Delta if the
+spike was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike was at
+a at some any point a then at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at some any point a then at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at some any point a then at that
+typical point a wherever it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical point a wherever it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical point a wherever it is like
+there Spike would be there then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Spike would be there then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Spike would be there then I would
+have what would I have if the spike was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what would I have if the spike was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what would I have if the spike was
+there I'd have a little bit of F3 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd have a little bit of F3 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd have a little bit of F3 and a
+big bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bit of
+fe4 and the two parts would add to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe4 and the two parts would add to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe4 and the two parts would add to one
+it would take the right proportion it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take the right proportion it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take the right proportion it
+would be the proportion it would by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the proportion it would by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the proportion it would by by
+sort of however much this Spike was near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of however much this Spike was near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of however much this Spike was near
+there it would give that extra weight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it would give that extra weight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it would give that extra weight to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+F4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F4
+okay right so there is the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so there is the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so there is the finite
+element method It produced something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method It produced something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method It produced something
+that you might say oh we knew that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might say oh we knew that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might say oh we knew that but
+you're you you got to see that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you you got to see that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you you got to see that it it
+deals automatically with C ofx it deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals automatically with C ofx it deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals automatically with C ofx it deals
+automatically with f ofx it deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically with f ofx it deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically with f ofx it deals
+automatically with the free boundary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically with the free boundary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically with the free boundary you
+see it built in the the solution there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it built in the the solution there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it built in the the solution there
+is going to take sort of a balance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take sort of a balance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take sort of a balance a
+pretty close balance of this half hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close balance of this half hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close balance of this half hat
+with this one and this the solution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one and this the solution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one and this the solution will
+actually be a pretty pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a pretty pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a pretty pretty close to
+free it'll be pretty close to having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it'll be pretty close to having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it'll be pretty close to having the
+right zero slope there okay good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4j8mTdmATVg.txt b/4j8mTdmATVg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bad4d13c7fc0ed29e5b8c4b43df9716332b73155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4j8mTdmATVg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+PROFESSOR: I was an
+undergrad at MIT.
+
+And I majored in both economics
+and management.
+
+And while I was taking classes
+in these subjects, I also had
+
+the chance to tutor and teach
+the subjects for a couple of
+
+semesters over a couple
+of years.
+
+And while I was tutoring and
+teaching the subject, what I
+
+noticed is that there were a
+number of problems that would
+
+always trip up students in
+certain and specific ways.
+
+And so what I'm hoping to do
+in these problem-solving
+
+videos is I'm hoping to take
+some of the more difficult
+
+problems from the PSETS, and
+take you through the
+
+solutions, so that these
+problems that come up won't
+
+affect you.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+I want you to not just take
+
+away a quantitative solution
+to the problem.
+
+But more specifically, I want
+you to be able to take that
+
+quantitative solution, link it
+to a conceptual understanding
+
+through figures and diagrams,
+and ultimately build a greater
+
+intuition about economics
+principles in general.
+
+I hope you enjoy the videos,
+and I look forward to
+
+working with you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4v94PCyrQqo.txt b/4v94PCyrQqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dabfb4026291ab05840c7a18802d8c60b18a5eb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4v94PCyrQqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1201 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK, its always
+disappointing when, just as
+
+you're ready to tie everything
+up in a nice, neat little
+
+package and leave the room to a
+round of applause, you screw
+
+up the last little detail.
+
+Anyway, what's wrong here is,
+I said for an arbitrary
+
+rotation around X3, and I'm
+comforted only by the fact
+
+that nobody else caught this
+little glitch either, the
+
+answer elements are a11, a11,
+a33, a12, not 0, and
+
+-a12, 0, 0, 0, 0.
+
+So there's a skew-symmetric
+form when there's just a
+
+single rotation axis.
+
+So this would be asymmetry n
+and this would be one of a
+
+family of two different
+symmetries, the dihedral
+
+groups n22, the two-fold axes
+would require that these be
+
+equal, so, 0, 0, 0,
+a11, 0, 0, 0, a33.
+
+So this is not the form of the
+tensor for a four-fold axis,
+
+it's the form for a crystal
+with symmetry 422.
+
+And same for a three-fold
+axis.
+
+This is the form
+for 32 and 622.
+
+For just the single rotation
+axis of any sort other than 2,
+
+these two terms are equal
+in magnitude, but non-0.
+
+Now if you look at the equation
+for the tensor, the
+
+term in a12, x1, x2, and a21,
+x1, x2 are opposite in sign
+
+and disappear.
+
+So the quadric is, in fact
+a surface of revolution
+
+So the question is why are there
+two degrees of freedom
+
+rather than three?
+
+And I think the answer to that
+is going to lie in what is
+
+required of the eigenvectors
+when the off diagonal turns
+
+are skew-symmetric, and that is
+something I've not thought
+
+about before.
+
+All right, so that one minor
+loose end sticking out of the
+
+lid as we try to close the box
+on this segment of our
+
+discussion.
+
+I'd like t move on to
+a different set of
+
+considerations.
+
+One of the things that we can
+subject a crystal to as a
+
+generalized force is not merely
+a vector force, but
+
+stimulations that are
+more complicated.
+
+And I would like to in
+particular now, as a prelude
+
+to get into getting
+into property
+
+tensors of higher rank.
+
+I'd like to . first discuss
+stress, and then define
+
+strain, and you've all
+heard of these
+
+questions in other contexts.
+
+I'm going to introduce it,
+though, in terms of the tensor
+
+notation that we've used for
+other sorts of tensors, just
+
+so that we have everything in
+terms of the same language.
+
+So let me introduce stress by
+supposing I have a volume
+
+element in a solid, and it will
+not surprise you that I'm
+
+going to define the coordinate
+system in the solid by three
+
+axes, X1, X2, X3
+in a Cartesian.
+
+system, and I will look at a
+surface on the exterior of the
+
+solid that cuts axis X1 at A,
+axis X2 at B, and axis X3 at
+
+C.
+
+Then I'll assume that I have a
+force density, force per unit
+
+area applied to the surface.
+
+And if this is force
+per unit area, why
+
+don't I call it a pressure?
+
+Well, a special case of what
+we normally think of as a
+
+pressure is a hydrostatic
+pressure, and that is
+
+something that's always exactly
+normal to the surface.
+
+So I don't want to call it a
+pressure to mislead you into
+
+the assumption that this force
+per unit area, which is a
+
+vector, has to be normal
+to the surface.
+
+So I'll call it a force density,
+which becomes a
+
+hydrostatic pressure when
+that force vector is
+
+normal to the surface.
+
+And I'll call that force density
+vector K, and it will
+
+have three components, KI.
+
+Now, the solid is in
+equilibrium, I will assume.
+
+And if that external force is
+not balance on the other side
+
+by balancing forced, the volume
+element in the solid
+
+would undergo a linear
+acceleration, or an angular
+
+acceleration at the
+very least.
+
+So I will assume that this
+force on the outside, KI,
+
+which is a force
+per unit area.
+
+So to make that a force, I will
+have to multiply that
+
+force density by the
+area of the surface
+
+ABC, on which it acts.
+
+And I'll say that this has to
+be balanced for each of the
+
+three directions, X1 and X2
+and X3 by a force per unit
+
+area acting on these
+internal surfaces.
+
+So I'll assume that there is
+a force acting in the x1
+
+direction, and I'll call
+those a sigma IJ.
+
+And I'll say that there's a
+first force acting in the X1
+
+direction on--
+
+now I need to somehow specify
+the orientation to the
+
+surface, because on this
+internal surface there's also
+
+a force acting in
+this direction.
+
+Now on this back surface there's
+also a force acting in
+
+this direction.
+
+So the forces acting on all
+three internal surfaces in the
+
+X1 direction have to balance
+exactly the X1 direction, the
+
+X1 component of the
+force density.
+
+So let me turn this to K1, and
+I'll say this has to be a
+
+force per unit area
+acting on area.
+
+First of all, I'll call the
+origin O on area AOC.
+
+Plus a force acting in the
+X1 direction on area A--
+
+whoops, what did I do?
+
+I wanted to do this first
+on area BOC, excuse me.
+
+And a force in the X1 direction
+acting on area AOC.
+
+And finally a force acting
+on area AOB.
+
+And these are all acting in the
+X1 direction, and I now
+
+would like to introduce some
+notation that indicates the
+
+direction of the direction
+orientation of the surface on
+
+which that force acts.
+
+And I will use the normal to
+these internal surfaces to
+
+define that.
+
+So the force per unit area on
+area AOB, that is a surface
+
+whose normal is X3.
+
+And I will call this
+component sigma 13.
+
+And I'll call this one area
+AOC is normal to X2.
+
+That's why I did that little
+sleight of hand as I began
+
+this, and finally area BOC
+has as its normal X1.
+
+So my use of subscripts here is
+that this first subscript
+
+is the direction in which
+the force acts.
+
+And the second subscript
+will be the normal to
+
+the internal surface.
+
+So I've set up algebraically
+a system of
+
+subscripts that works.
+
+We'll see that these
+have some physical
+
+significance in just a moment.
+
+So what will I call these?
+
+Well, let me get this in a
+slightly different form.
+
+Let me take the left hand side
+and divide area ABC into all
+
+of these other areas.
+
+So this then will have
+sigma 11 times area
+
+BOC over area ABC.
+
+And not surprisingly, sigma 12
+will then have multiplying it
+
+a term area AOC divided
+by area ABC.
+
+And this is all looking very
+cumbersome, but you'll be
+
+amazed at how this cleans
+up in just a moment.
+
+And this will be area AOB
+over finally area AOC.
+
+ABC again.
+
+OK, so how can we
+tidy this up?
+
+Well, let me imagine that I have
+some surface, a planar
+
+surface, and its normal points
+in this direction.
+
+And I'm going to take that
+area and project it onto
+
+another surface whose normal
+points in this direction.
+
+And let's suppose that the
+angle between these two
+
+directions is phi, and
+the angle between the
+
+two surfaces is phi.
+
+The area of this original
+surface is A, and its normal
+
+points in this direction.
+
+And I project it onto a surface
+whose normal is an
+
+angle phi away.
+
+This new area, A prime
+is equal to A times
+
+the cosine of phi.
+
+So if we accept that, then the
+first line of this equation,
+
+which will be eventually a set
+of three equations, this is
+
+the ratio of area BOC over area
+ABC, and what is that?
+
+That is the angle between the
+direction of the force density
+
+and area ABC.
+
+And here is area ABC.
+
+That's the normal here.
+
+And the first term involves
+area BOC, and that is the
+
+direction of X, the normal to
+that is X1, and therefore the
+
+ratio of these two areas is the
+same thing as the cosine
+
+of the angle between K and X1.
+
+And this second ratio of areas
+is going to be sigma 12 times
+
+the cosine of the angle between
+the force density
+
+vector K and X2.
+
+And the third term is going to
+be sigma 13 times the cosine
+
+of the angle between K and X3.
+
+What these cosines are are just
+the cosines of the angle
+
+between K and the
+three reference
+
+axes, X1, X2, and X3.
+
+So this is simply the direction
+cosine L1 of K. And
+
+this is the direction cosine
+L2 of K. And this is the
+
+direction cosine L3.
+
+So the X1 component of the force
+density vector is going
+
+to be equal to a term sigma 11
+times L1, plus the term sigma
+
+12 times L2, the term
+sigma 13 L3.
+
+And if I would write down
+similar balances, forces for
+
+the X2 component of the force
+density vector, not
+
+surprisingly these things are
+going to give me coefficients
+
+that I'll label sigma 121, sigma
+22 times L2, plus sigma
+
+23 times L3.
+
+And in general then the
+requirement that this body be
+
+in equilibrium states that each
+component of the force
+
+density vector should be given
+by a coefficient sigma IJ
+
+times L sub J. These are the
+components of the force
+
+density vector.
+
+This is the direction cosines
+of the direction of K.
+
+This is a unit vector in the
+direction of K. This is the
+
+direction of a vector.
+
+These are the components of
+K. And therefore these
+
+coefficients sigma IJ relate to
+vectors, and they must be a
+
+second rank tensor.
+
+And these are called, as you
+all know, it comes as no
+
+surprise as the components
+of stress.
+
+So the reason that these are
+really tensors, and not just a
+
+vector force per unit area
+essentially comes down to the
+
+fact that the behavior of the
+body, dynamically and
+
+mechanically, is going to
+depend not only on the
+
+direction of the force, but on
+the direction of the surface
+
+on which it acts.
+
+Quite clear here, if I shove,
+is a force density,
+
+and that's a vector.
+
+But the way in which this desk
+responds to my pushing on it
+
+with a force vector of that
+magnitude is going to depend
+
+whether I do this, which is
+going to compress it, or
+
+whether it takes the same force
+and direct it this way,
+
+which if I don't move
+the thing is going
+
+to result in a shear.
+
+So the behavior of the body will
+depend on the direction
+
+of the force per unit area
+that I apply, and the
+
+direction of the surface
+on which I apply it.
+
+In this case, that would
+be the surface ABC.
+
+Yes, sir?
+
+AUDIENCE: You say that the force
+density is not parallel
+
+to the normal of the surface?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when you do the
+ratio of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+isn't it supposed to
+be [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of the normal to the
+[INAUDIBLE] and X1?
+
+PROFESSOR: Another way
+of defining it.
+
+This is a vector, and what I'm
+doing is splitting that vector
+
+up into three internal forces
+that act on surfaces whose
+
+normal are here.
+
+So actually, what I'm going to
+do is to take the way in which
+
+the internal force
+pushes back.
+
+I see, that's what's
+confusing.
+
+If the force that I'm putting on
+the body, I didn't mean to
+
+indicate any particular
+direction, but if this
+
+component of K points in this
+direction, this force that
+
+balances it has to go in
+the opposite direction.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you're saying that
+there were surface ABC is
+
+defined as normal to K?
+
+PROFESSOR: ABC is not normal.
+
+No.
+
+ABC is not normal to K. All I'm
+saying is that it if it
+
+were normal to K, then the
+balancing force would be just
+
+a function of this orientation
+of the surface.
+
+But if I allow this to be a
+general force per unit area,
+
+then the balancing force on
+the inside depends on the
+
+angle between K and the angle
+between this internal surface.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't see the
+relation between K and the
+
+ratio between other ends.
+
+BOC and ABC [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The reason that there are three
+areas, is that what's
+
+troubling you?
+
+Because I'm really now splitting
+the balancing force
+
+up into a force per unit area
+on this surface, and a force
+
+per unit area on this surface,
+and a force per unit area on
+
+this surface.
+
+And that's so that I can look at
+these different components
+
+of resistance in terms of
+a Cartesian system.
+
+Clear that the ratio of these
+two areas does go as the--
+
+I erased it now, that is
+going to go as the--
+
+This is A prime, and this is the
+original A, the relation
+
+between those areas is
+given by the cosine
+
+of this angle phi.
+
+If I [INAUDIBLE] this down in
+this projection, and this is
+
+the area of A.
+
+This is the direction of the
+normal to the surface ABC.
+
+And I'm going to let this be the
+direction of the normal to
+
+one of the internal surfaces,
+and these internal surfaces
+
+are going to have as their
+normal either X1, X2, or X3.
+
+AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]
+
+between the normal
+to ABC and X1.
+
+PROFESSOR: And X1, yes.
+
+And that's what I'm saying its,
+and that is going to be
+
+the same thing.
+
+As the cosine of that angle is
+just going to be the direction
+
+cosine of the normal to ABC
+relative to X1, X2, X3.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: So in the end,
+you're saying that K is
+
+parallel to the normal of ABC?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I'm not.
+
+No, I'm not.
+
+This is a relation between
+the areas.
+
+And these are the
+forces acting on
+
+those internal surfaces.
+
+And I'm saying there are three
+of them, and those three
+
+components that are all acting
+in the X1 direction will
+
+depend on the ratio
+of these areas.
+
+The ratio of this area is
+the cosine of the angle
+
+between X1 and K. OK.
+
+This you're OK with?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And what I'm saying now is that
+there is acting on this
+
+internal surface something
+that has to balance the
+
+component of K, which points
+in the direction of X1.
+
+And the component of K before
+we divided out the area, the
+
+component of K1 times the area
+gave me the net force.
+
+So this K1 now is a force per
+unit area, the component of K
+
+per unit area that points
+along the X1 direction.
+
+Now as a force per unit area I
+multiply it by an area that
+
+gave me force.
+
+There are three forces
+internally that balance this
+
+force, and they all act
+in the X1 direction.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're just
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Shouldn't it be the cosine of
+the angle between the normals
+
+of [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's what I'm saying here.
+
+That for X, for this surface,
+yeah, that's what I'm saying.
+
+One of these surfaces here, if
+we look at the first term,
+
+this is the direction of X1, and
+the force here will be the
+
+force along K. And if I take
+this force and put it down in
+
+X1, this is going to be
+the force times the
+
+cosine of the angle.
+
+And the two areas are going to
+go as the cosine of the angle.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+cosine of the normal
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+This is indeed the ratio between
+the internal area and
+
+the external area.
+
+Since the internal area has a
+normal that's either X1, X2,
+
+or X3 the angle between the
+normal to these internal
+
+surfaces and K is going to be
+the direction cosine of K.
+
+I suggest since we're getting
+out of time quickly we either
+
+resolve this after the
+end of class or leave
+
+it until next time.
+
+That's a bad note on
+which to end, too.
+
+The point I want to leave, still
+subject to resolution
+
+and debate is that the
+coefficient sigma IJ I would
+
+like to claim relate
+to vectors.
+
+One is the direction of the
+external surface, and if it
+
+relates to vectors, then this
+set of coefficients qualifies
+
+as a second rank tensor.
+
+And if you accept that, however
+grudgingly, everything
+
+that we've said about second
+rank tensors holds for the
+
+quantity sigma IJ, which are
+called the elements of stress.
+
+In particular, we can talk
+about a stress quadrant.
+
+We can talk about the
+value of a stress in
+
+a particular direction.
+
+If we have a stress tensor in
+which show all the terms are
+
+non-0, it can be diagonalized.
+
+We can also say that if the
+crystal has symmetry, for
+
+example, if the crystal is
+cubic, you can say that the
+
+form of a second rank
+tensor for a cubic
+
+crystal has to be diagonal.
+
+And these diagonal elements
+represent compressive
+
+stresses, so you can say that
+you can only subject a cubic
+
+crystal to compressive stress.
+
+On the other hand, if the
+crystal is a triclinic
+
+crystal, you can say that
+there's a sigma 11, there's a
+
+sigma 12, a sigma 13, a sigma
+21, a sigma 22, sigma 23,
+
+sigma 31, sigma 32, sigma 33.
+
+So for a triclinic crystal,
+there appear to be nine
+
+elements, but next time we will
+show that the nature of
+
+stress is the body has to be in
+equilibrium requires that
+
+the stress tensor be by
+definition symmetric if
+
+there's to be no net couple
+to force on it.
+
+Going to buy this?
+
+You didn't buy the things that
+I said that perhaps were
+
+slightly incorrect.
+
+This is massively incorrect.
+
+Jason?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can rotate a cubic
+crystal [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Because say a tensor
+of this form acts
+
+just like the scalar.
+
+Just like a cubic crystal, you
+don't suddenly get off
+
+diagonal properties
+if you transfer it
+
+to a different axis.
+
+So unless you tell me what's
+wrong here, I'm going to leave
+
+this on your plate
+until next week.
+
+And I don't want you fretting
+over the weekend.
+
+This is clearly nonsense, and
+it is a contradiction that
+
+arises only if you carry too
+much of what we've been doing
+
+for the last month with you into
+a discussion of stress
+
+and strain.
+
+Stress is something that you
+impose on a crystal.
+
+It has nothing to do with what
+kind of crystal it is and
+
+what's going on in the interior
+of the crystal.
+
+There may be constraints on the
+coefficients that relate
+
+stress and strains, and
+there surely are.
+
+But I can take a cubic crystal,
+and I can squeeze it,
+
+and I can twist it and share
+it anyway I like.
+
+So this is an important
+distinction between the
+
+tensors that represent physical
+properties, which
+
+we've been discussing
+up to this point.
+
+And the properties such as
+conductivity, diffusivity,
+
+susceptibility and so on and
+all their many varieties,
+
+these are something
+which we'll refer
+
+to as property tensors.
+
+And they are tensors
+demonstrably, but they are
+
+tensors which describe
+the physical
+
+behavior of a crystal.
+
+Nye uses a term that I don't
+think is self explanatory, so
+
+I don't care for it.
+
+He calls these field tensors.
+
+That sounds like some
+description of a corn patch
+
+that requires a tensor.
+
+But no.
+
+We probably don't really
+think of what we mean
+
+when we say a field.
+
+When we say an electric field,
+you think of an e-vector.
+
+You think of a vector.
+
+But what a field is is just a
+set of coordinates, XYZ, and
+
+that describes an area
+or a volume.
+
+And just like the things that
+corn grow in are referred to
+
+as corn fields, it's an area
+that has corn on a lattice
+
+very often also.
+
+So a field is just a set of
+coordinates in space to which
+
+a value of something
+is a sign.
+
+So if we have an electric field,
+and we express that
+
+electric field as a function
+of X, Y, and Z, that is a
+
+field of vectors.
+
+If we take something that
+has intrinsically, that
+
+intrinsically needs to be
+described as a tensor, then we
+
+have to every point in space XYZ
+a tensor sigma IJ, whose
+
+value and whose components
+value vary with position
+
+within the space.
+
+So talking about the field as
+assigning values of something
+
+to every coordinate in the space
+that could be a tensor.
+
+What we refer to as an electric
+field really is a
+
+field vector.
+
+So that's Nye's term, but the
+fact that it took me three
+
+minutes to explain why he uses
+it explains as well why I
+
+don't care for it.
+
+So we'll talk about these
+as property tensors.
+
+And property tensors are
+something that's
+
+innate to the material.
+
+Something like stress, strain,
+and other second rank tensors
+
+are external stimuli, just
+like an electric field.
+
+And they have value that is
+imposed on the crystal, and
+
+the stress field is defined
+as a function of position.
+
+So that's the distinction
+between a property tensor,
+
+which is subject to symmetry
+constraints, and a tensor that
+
+represents a stimulus, an
+external stimulus applied to
+
+the crystal, and it's defined
+as a function of position.
+
+And that is a field tensor.
+
+OK, so that's the difference.
+
+Since this is something that's
+imposed externally, it can
+
+have any form of the tensor
+that you wish to oppose.
+
+And there are no symmetry
+restrictions on it.
+
+The only restriction is, as
+we'll show next time, that it
+
+must be symmetric if the body
+is to be in equilibrium.
+
+All right.
+
+It is time to quit, and
+that I think is a good
+
+place to leave things.
+
+And we'll say more about
+stress next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5jW7OA3pjSI.txt b/5jW7OA3pjSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6146e609dead78ac666b3144623e0581dea8d179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5jW7OA3pjSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1376 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter
+why does counting and thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does counting and thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does counting and thinking about how
+much of stuff you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of stuff you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of stuff you're using
+by using chemistry and moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using chemistry and moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using chemistry and moles
+why does that matter well let's take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that matter well let's take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that matter well let's take an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+let's take an example of nothing less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example of nothing less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example of nothing less
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+the number of humans on this planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of humans on this planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of humans on this planet
+this is the population of humans and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the population of humans and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the population of humans and you
+can see that it wasn't all that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it wasn't all that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it wasn't all that much
+until lately and but let's focus in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until lately and but let's focus in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until lately and but let's focus in on
+this part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here
+let's focus in on that part there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus in on that part there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus in on that part there right
+so that's billions of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's billions of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's billions of people
+so if i if i zoom in on this there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i if i zoom in on this there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i if i zoom in on this there's an
+up there's a change look at that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a change look at that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a change look at that it's
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+going a little bit up but now it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a little bit up but now it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a little bit up but now it really
+kicks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks up
+what happened during that time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened during that time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened during that time what
+happened is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is a
+very important chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important chemical reaction
+became easy to do or a lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became easy to do or a lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became easy to do or a lot easier
+okay and the process that enabled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the process that enabled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the process that enabled that
+is called the haber bosch process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the haber bosch process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the haber bosch process
+but it is what allowed us to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is what allowed us to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is what allowed us to feed
+billions of people in a sustainable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of people in a sustainable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of people in a sustainable way
+well it's arguable whether we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's arguable whether we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's arguable whether we're doing
+that sustainably but in a way where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainably but in a way where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainably but in a way where we
+could actually produce enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually produce enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually produce enough
+enough what enough ammonia and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough what enough ammonia and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough what enough ammonia and here's
+the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal
+you see because plants yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see because plants yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see because plants yeah there's
+plants need nitrogen to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants need nitrogen to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants need nitrogen to grow
+right but and there's 78 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but and there's 78 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but and there's 78 of the
+atmosphere is nitrogen but it's useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is nitrogen but it's useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is nitrogen but it's useless
+because it's n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's n2
+and n2 is one of the strongest bonds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n2 is one of the strongest bonds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n2 is one of the strongest bonds in
+nature and plants can't break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and plants can't break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and plants can't break it
+now we knew how to break it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we knew how to break it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we knew how to break it before
+we knew how to do this before right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew how to do this before right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew how to do this before right this
+is called fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called fixing
+fixing nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing nitrogen
+and the way it works is you go n2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it works is you go n2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it works is you go n2 plus
+h this is a reaction goes to nh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h this is a reaction goes to nh3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h this is a reaction goes to nh3
+what is wrong with this it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is wrong with this it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is wrong with this it's not
+balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced
+thank you did anybody balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you did anybody balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you did anybody balancing
+is the same as mole ratio balancing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as mole ratio balancing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as mole ratio balancing and
+mole ratio it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole ratio it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole ratio it's the same
+counting balancing remember we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting balancing remember we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting balancing remember we talked
+about but balancing is counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but balancing is counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but balancing is counting
+so let's see how oh two here okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how oh two here okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how oh two here okay that
+helps me with the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me with the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me with the nitrogen
+and then i got what do i oh but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i got what do i oh but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i got what do i oh but this is
+h2 i meant to put that in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 i meant to put that in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 i meant to put that in the first
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and then so this is a three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so this is a three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so this is a three that
+reaction was known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was known
+and doable but it took tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doable but it took tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doable but it took tremendous
+amounts of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of energy
+so it's very difficult to scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very difficult to scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very difficult to scale and
+haberbash came up with a way using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haberbash came up with a way using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haberbash came up with a way using
+catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis
+to do it at much lower temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it at much lower temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it at much lower temperatures
+catalysis is something we'll learn later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis is something we'll learn later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis is something we'll learn later
+in the semester right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester right
+but how do we answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we answer this question
+here's my what's my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my what's my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my what's my question
+my question is how long can we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is how long can we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is how long can we keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+50 of every protein you put in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of every protein you put in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of every protein you put in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this comes from some plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this comes from some plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this comes from some plant
+that was grown using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was grown using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was grown using
+this process that's how important it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that's how important it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that's how important it is
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+500 million tons of nitrogen is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million tons of nitrogen is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million tons of nitrogen is made
+this way every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way every year
+well it's just counting one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of ammonia is 17 grams oh we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia is 17 grams oh we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia is 17 grams oh we're doing
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+how did i know that periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know that periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know that periodic table
+that's how i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i do that
+one mole if i have that many molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole if i have that many molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole if i have that many molecules
+of ammonia i've got 17 grams of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia i've got 17 grams of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia i've got 17 grams of it
+and but i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say i just need to make the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i just need to make the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i just need to make the same
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so times 10 to the 6 tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so times 10 to the 6 tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so times 10 to the 6 tons
+i need that much tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need that much tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need that much tons of
+nh3 per year that's sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh3 per year that's sorry yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh3 per year that's sorry yeah
+per year per year okay so that sets up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year per year okay so that sets up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year per year okay so that sets up
+my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem
+i know how much i need i know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know how much i need i know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know how much i need i know how much
+you know how many atoms we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many atoms we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many atoms we're talking
+about in one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in one mole
+now i can actually understand how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can actually understand how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can actually understand how many
+moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+so i'm just going to not do the detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to not do the detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to not do the detailed
+math but how many moles i have so i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but how many moles i have so i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but how many moles i have so i've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+30 times 10 to the 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 times 10 to the 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 times 10 to the 12th
+moles this is how many moles i need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles this is how many moles i need of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles this is how many moles i need of
+needed okay per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much do i have well we know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do i have well we know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do i have well we know how much
+the atmosphere weighs it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere weighs it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere weighs it turns out
+we know how much the atmosphere weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how much the atmosphere weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how much the atmosphere weighs
+the mass of the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+the mass of the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+is something like 5 times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like 5 times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like 5 times 10
+to the 21st grams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 21st grams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 21st grams and
+if i take 78 percent of that as my n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take 78 percent of that as my n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take 78 percent of that as my n2
+right so 78 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 78 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 78 percent
+is n2 then i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n2 then i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n2 then i can
+tell you that i've got let's see 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that i've got let's see 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that i've got let's see 1.4
+times 10 to the 20th moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of n2 that's how much i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n2 that's how much i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n2 that's how much i have
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+okay so if i keep on taking into out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i keep on taking into out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i keep on taking into out of
+the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+then i can now answer the question just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can now answer the question just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can now answer the question just
+like the candle right how long do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the candle right how long do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the candle right how long do you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+i can answer the question how long can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can answer the question how long can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can answer the question how long can
+we keep taking energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep taking energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep taking energy
+n2 out of the atmosphere and using haber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 out of the atmosphere and using haber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 out of the atmosphere and using haber
+bosch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosch
+right oh well you would use the balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well you would use the balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well you would use the balanced
+reaction so for every mole of n2 i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so for every mole of n2 i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so for every mole of n2 i take
+i get two moles of ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get two moles of ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get two moles of ammonia
+that's good and you can work backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and you can work backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and you can work backwards
+and you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can learn
+that you're good we're good for now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're good we're good for now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're good we're good for now for
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+we have something like we have roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something like we have roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something like we have roughly
+100 million years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have a hundred million years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a hundred million years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a hundred million years
+that we could consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could consume
+um we have 100 million years that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have 100 million years that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have 100 million years that we
+could keep consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep consuming
+uh and then we'll run out of n2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll run out of n2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll run out of n2 in the
+atmosphere that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that's
+how fun was that okay i love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fun was that okay i love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fun was that okay i love
+doing these now when i get excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these now when i get excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these now when i get excited
+wow wait before i get excited what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow wait before i get excited what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow wait before i get excited what's the
+limiting reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it n2 how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it n2 how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it n2 how do you know
+how could you show how could you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you show how could you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you show how could you prove
+limiting reagent means what runs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent means what runs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent means what runs out
+first well oh i'll just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well oh i'll just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well oh i'll just take
+h2 from the atmosphere right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 from the atmosphere right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 from the atmosphere right uh
+there's no h2 in the atmosphere where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no h2 in the atmosphere where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no h2 in the atmosphere where's
+the h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h2
+it's over here h2o it's in the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over here h2o it's in the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over here h2o it's in the oceans
+how much h2o do i have oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out you got a lot 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you got a lot 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you got a lot 10 to the
+23rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd
+ish moles of h2o right 10 to the 23ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish moles of h2o right 10 to the 23ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish moles of h2o right 10 to the 23ish
+moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+and so because of those coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of those coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of those coefficients of
+the reaction you know exactly which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction you know exactly which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction you know exactly which one
+is going to run out first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to run out first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to run out first
+you know it's n2 so your answer over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's n2 so your answer over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's n2 so your answer over
+there was correct and two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was correct and two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was correct and two is the
+limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+i love that little dance i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love that little dance i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love that little dance i'm going to
+try to learn that i'm going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn that i'm going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn that i'm going to learn
+that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later
+it if if you try this you go 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if if you try this you go 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if if you try this you go 100 million
+years you run up into plenty of h2 left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5wHMEQkFzvE.txt b/5wHMEQkFzvE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..699913b23653de6e9b0495dd5a4235d2112cb67a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5wHMEQkFzvE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right right so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right right so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right right so I'm going
+to hand it over to Andrew and um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand it over to Andrew and um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand it over to Andrew and um this is
+basically we're continuing our track on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're continuing our track on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're continuing our track on
+narrative and writing for games um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative and writing for games um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative and writing for games um on
+Wednesday we're switching back over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're switching back over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're switching back over to
+production and we'll be talking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and we'll be talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and we'll be talking with
+we'll have um folks from blizzard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have um folks from blizzard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have um folks from blizzard to
+talk with us but for today more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with us but for today more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with us but for today more
+narrative all right we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative all right we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative all right we're going to talk
+about writing for computer games or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing for computer games or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing for computer games or
+games in general um I'm here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in general um I'm here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in general um I'm here with
+Heather Albano and Laura Baldwin um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather Albano and Laura Baldwin um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather Albano and Laura Baldwin um who
+have very different experiences with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different experiences with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different experiences with
+writing um and so I'm just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing um and so I'm just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing um and so I'm just going to go
+ahead and Dive Right In and we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and Dive Right In and we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and Dive Right In and we'll just
+sort of see what happens on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see what happens on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see what happens on this and
+have a conversation and if in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conversation and if in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conversation and if in a bit
+we're going to start opening up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start opening up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start opening up to
+questions from um you folks um then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from um you folks um then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from um you folks um then we
+will sort of play it by ear and and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of play it by ear and and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of play it by ear and and go
+on so I want to start with i why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so I want to start with i why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so I want to start with i why don't
+you go ahead and answer first Heather um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead and answer first Heather um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead and answer first Heather um
+what was your path towards getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was your path towards getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was your path towards getting into
+writing for computer for games not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for computer for games not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for computer for games not
+forget for computer just games um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget for computer just games um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget for computer just games um I
+usually tell people I got into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tell people I got into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tell people I got into it
+sideways uh so my freshman year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways uh so my freshman year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways uh so my freshman year in
+college my first week of my freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college my first week of my freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college my first week of my freshman
+year in college I looked out the dorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in college I looked out the dorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in college I looked out the dorm
+window and there were people with baffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and there were people with baffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and there were people with baffer
+swords out in the quad and uh my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swords out in the quad and uh my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swords out in the quad and uh my new
+best friend and I looked at each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best friend and I looked at each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best friend and I looked at each other
+and said uh I'll go check it out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said uh I'll go check it out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said uh I'll go check it out if
+you'll come with with me and so I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come with with me and so I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come with with me and so I got
+involved playing with a lar and live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved playing with a lar and live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved playing with a lar and live
+action role playing a game and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action role playing a game and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action role playing a game and then I
+got involved writing for it and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved writing for it and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved writing for it and I did
+that as a hobby for a number of years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a hobby for a number of years um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a hobby for a number of years um
+like through college and into the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like through college and into the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like through college and into the real
+world and uh when I was in 2009 I lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and uh when I was in 2009 I lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and uh when I was in 2009 I lost
+my job in marketing it was a year that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job in marketing it was a year that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job in marketing it was a year that
+everybody lost their job and uh Adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody lost their job and uh Adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody lost their job and uh Adam
+Morse whom I knew from the lar called me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse whom I knew from the lar called me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse whom I knew from the lar called me
+and said he was founding a games company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said he was founding a games company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said he was founding a games company
+this is choice of games which possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is choice of games which possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is choice of games which possibly
+you've heard of they've done pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of they've done pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of they've done pretty well
+in the four years since at the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the four years since at the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the four years since at the time it
+was a lark he said do you want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lark he said do you want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lark he said do you want to write
+for us it may never turn into anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it may never turn into anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it may never turn into anything
+and I said yeah why not so um started me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said yeah why not so um started me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said yeah why not so um started me
+on a really amazing adventure of started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a really amazing adventure of started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a really amazing adventure of started
+writing for them and now I do freelance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for them and now I do freelance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for them and now I do freelance
+for other people as well and here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people as well and here I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people as well and here I am
+all right cool um mine actually is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool um mine actually is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool um mine actually is not
+so dissimilar um I went to college and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dissimilar um I went to college and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dissimilar um I went to college and
+got involved in the MIT assassins guild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved in the MIT assassins guild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved in the MIT assassins guild
+which hopefully some of you have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully some of you have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully some of you have heard
+of um which is their lar um and started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um which is their lar um and started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um which is their lar um and started
+writing for them uh did sit down games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for them uh did sit down games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for them uh did sit down games
+um then I went to grad school got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then I went to grad school got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then I went to grad school got a
+degree in immunology and decided I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in immunology and decided I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in immunology and decided I
+didn't want to be a biologist and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be a biologist and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be a biologist and which
+is much like you losing your job um six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much like you losing your job um six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much like you losing your job um six
+Mon and um I got a halftime job working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mon and um I got a halftime job working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mon and um I got a halftime job working
+at MIT because they only had half of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT because they only had half of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT because they only had half of a
+headcount in the thing that I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headcount in the thing that I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headcount in the thing that I was doing
+and um my other halftime job was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um my other halftime job was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um my other halftime job was a
+friend of mine who I had written some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine who I had written some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine who I had written some
+assassin games with and done some sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin games with and done some sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin games with and done some sit
+Dow with um was had um at a point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow with um was had um at a point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow with um was had um at a point in the
+past founded a computer game company or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past founded a computer game company or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past founded a computer game company or
+been part of creating a computer game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been part of creating a computer game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been part of creating a computer game
+company uh Looking Glass I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh Looking Glass I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh Looking Glass I think it was
+Studios first um and said well I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios first um and said well I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios first um and said well I know
+that you know how to write things and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to write things and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to write things and um
+know how things about games and can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how things about games and can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how things about games and can work
+with well with others so do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well with others so do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well with others so do you want to
+come and work for us and I since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and work for us and I since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and work for us and I since I
+wanted to keep my job with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to keep my job with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to keep my job with the
+healthcare I worked halftime for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare I worked halftime for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare I worked halftime for them
+and um halftime for MIT and um did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um halftime for MIT and um did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um halftime for MIT and um did that
+for a number of years until looking less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years until looking less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years until looking less
+ended up going bankrupt and now I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up going bankrupt and now I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up going bankrupt and now I just
+work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for
+MIT and still do sit downs and stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and still do sit downs and stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and still do sit downs and stuff but
+um but yeah it does seem to be about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah it does seem to be about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah it does seem to be about you
+know you get into Games first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get into Games first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get into Games first and then
+you have connections with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have connections with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have connections with other people
+and they get you into game companies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get you into game companies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get you into game companies um
+networking works is the moral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking works is the moral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking works is the moral of the
+story it really does meet each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it really does meet each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it really does meet each
+other you never know later um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you never know later um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you never know later um um
+everyone you meet today might be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you meet today might be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you meet today might be helpful
+yeah so so um you've both done a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so um you've both done a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so um you've both done a fair
+bit of writing for games we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of writing for games we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of writing for games we've done
+writing outside of games at all you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing outside of games at all you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing outside of games at all you want
+to take the first um so I work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the first um so I work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the first um so I work in
+customer support now and that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer support now and that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer support now and that involves a
+lot of writing email back to people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of writing email back to people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of writing email back to people um
+that has trained me to be concise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has trained me to be concise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has trained me to be concise and
+clear and friendly in writing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and friendly in writing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and friendly in writing it's a
+little bit related but that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit related but that's about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit related but that's about it
+okay uh in contrast I do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in contrast I do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in contrast I do a lot of
+non-game fiction writing um my uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-game fiction writing um my uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-game fiction writing um my uh my
+dream job for years was to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream job for years was to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream job for years was to be able to
+write novels and uh um it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write novels and uh um it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write novels and uh um it's actually
+less so as I've had success in writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so as I've had success in writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so as I've had success in writing
+for games which is uh uh fulfilling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for games which is uh uh fulfilling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for games which is uh uh fulfilling in
+its own way and pays a lot better than W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own way and pays a lot better than W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own way and pays a lot better than W
+short but uh but I've sold some short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short but uh but I've sold some short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short but uh but I've sold some short
+fiction and some poetry to magazines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction and some poetry to magazines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction and some poetry to magazines
+I've self-published two novels um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've self-published two novels um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've self-published two novels um and
+that's uh that's sort of on the hobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's sort of on the hobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's sort of on the hobby
+side of my life these days got it got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my life these days got it got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my life these days got it got it
+and we'll come back to that in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in in a
+little bit I think um so I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I think um so I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I think um so I want to talk
+about what kinds of games you worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what kinds of games you worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what kinds of games you worked on
+and so what kind of writing that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what kind of writing that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what kind of writing that you've
+done has appeared in those games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done has appeared in those games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done has appeared in those games and
+feel free to name names and whatnot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to name names and whatnot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to name names and whatnot of
+what you worked on um um why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you worked on um um why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you worked on um um why don't you
+go ahead Heather uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead Heather uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead Heather uh
+so my professional game writing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my professional game writing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my professional game writing uh
+divides into into three categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into into three categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into into three categories
+pretty neatly I've done most of it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty neatly I've done most of it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty neatly I've done most of it for
+choice of games which does multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of games which does multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of games which does multiple
+choice text based games uh of the choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice text based games uh of the choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice text based games uh of the choose
+your path variety so um kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path variety so um kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path variety so um kind of like the
+old Choose Your Own Adventure books uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Choose Your Own Adventure books uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Choose Your Own Adventure books uh
+if um you're familiar with those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um you're familiar with those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um you're familiar with those uh
+although better written if I say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although better written if I say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although better written if I say it
+myself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+um so that's uh that's all text right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's uh that's all text right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's uh that's all text right
+all text all the time um I was lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all text all the time um I was lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all text all the time um I was lead
+writer on code name signis uh two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer on code name signis uh two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer on code name signis uh two years
+ago now which is an interactive radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now which is an interactive radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now which is an interactive radio
+drama which is sort of the same idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama which is sort of the same idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama which is sort of the same idea in
+that it is all word-based but obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is all word-based but obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is all word-based but obviously
+the interface is very different and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface is very different and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface is very different and I
+have done some work on um uh for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done some work on um uh for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done some work on um uh for for uh
+uh paper and pencil RPGs um uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper and pencil RPGs um uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper and pencil RPGs um uh time
+watch uh by Kevin Culp is coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh by Kevin Culp is coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh by Kevin Culp is coming out
+next year and I've got some work in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and I've got some work in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and I've got some work in that
+there's a small world again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small world again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small world again okay
+I figured you did looking glass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured you did looking glass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured you did looking glass right
+wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah his his wife worked for looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah his his wife worked for looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah his his wife worked for looking
+glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and
+Etc um so talk to me a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um so talk to me a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um so talk to me a little about
+interactive radio show how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive radio show how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive radio show how does that
+work uh so you uh play it off your iPod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh so you uh play it off your iPod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh so you uh play it off your iPod
+and I think now your Android um it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think now your Android um it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think now your Android um it talks
+to you and at the you know tell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and at the you know tell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and at the you know tell it
+narrates what's going on you're you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrates what's going on you're you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrates what's going on you're you play
+a spy in a James Bond kind of world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spy in a James Bond kind of world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spy in a James Bond kind of world and
+so it tells you the circumstance you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it tells you the circumstance you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it tells you the circumstance you're
+in and then asks you if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then asks you if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then asks you if you want to do
+this or that in response and you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that in response and you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that in response and you say the
+word um the voice recognition is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um the voice recognition is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um the voice recognition is pretty
+good but it's not super sophisticated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it's not super sophisticated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it's not super sophisticated it
+wasn't designed to be so you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't designed to be so you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't designed to be so you don't get
+to talk back to it in a in a natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk back to it in a in a natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk back to it in a in a natural way
+you have to say the uh it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say the uh it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say the uh it's a little bit
+better than pick a or pick B but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than pick a or pick B but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than pick a or pick B but you
+have to say the words that it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say the words that it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say the words that it gives you
+got it so you can say shoot gun not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it so you can say shoot gun not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it so you can say shoot gun not not
+villain now I draw the gun and duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villain now I draw the gun and duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villain now I draw the gun and duck
+behind the you know no I shoot the gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the you know no I shoot the gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the you know no I shoot the gun
+um and but yeah so other than that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and but yeah so other than that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and but yeah so other than that it's
+mostly multiple choice all right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly multiple choice all right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly multiple choice all right so so
+the the the behind the scen mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the behind the scen mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the behind the scen mechanics
+are very similar to the multiple choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar to the multiple choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar to the multiple choice
+text Adventure but it's it's text that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text Adventure but it's it's text that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text Adventure but it's it's text that's
+going to be heard instead of instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be heard instead of instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be heard instead of instead of
+read exactly oh all right neat and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read exactly oh all right neat and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read exactly oh all right neat and uh
+you Laura that the original question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Laura that the original question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Laura that the original question the
+original question is what what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question is what what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question is what what what what
+sorts of stuff in has got what gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff in has got what gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff in has got what gains
+kinds of games you worked on and how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games you worked on and how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games you worked on and how did
+your your stuff appear in there um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your stuff appear in there um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your stuff appear in there um so I
+was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of
+a since I was parttime they didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a since I was parttime they didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a since I was parttime they didn't want
+to put me in charge of any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put me in charge of any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put me in charge of any specific
+levels or anything so I was sort of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or anything so I was sort of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or anything so I was sort of I
+did a lot of odd jobs um I I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of odd jobs um I I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of odd jobs um I I ended up
+writing the manual for um for System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the manual for um for System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the manual for um for System
+Shock 2 which was really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shock 2 which was really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shock 2 which was really exciting
+because a lot of the time you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the time you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the time you have to
+write the manual before the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the manual before the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the manual before the game
+mechanics are sorted out so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics are sorted out so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics are sorted out so you would
+say say thing like things like this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say thing like things like this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say thing like things like this s
+power provides defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power provides defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power provides defense
+really have no idea sorry um and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have no idea sorry um and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have no idea sorry um and uh and
+then in Thief and Thief 2 I did a lot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in Thief and Thief 2 I did a lot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in Thief and Thief 2 I did a lot um
+of sort of like random books that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of like random books that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of like random books that are
+scattered around or dialogue that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered around or dialogue that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered around or dialogue that uh
+characters would say to each other there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters would say to each other there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters would say to each other there
+wasn't much that characters said to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't much that characters said to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't much that characters said to each
+other and then um the guards and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then um the guards and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then um the guards and so on
+you're trying to sneak around and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to sneak around and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to sneak around and the
+guards are basically walking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards are basically walking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards are basically walking around
+being emitters of what they think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being emitters of what they think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being emitters of what they think is
+going on right now which you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now which you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now which you know if
+you're really sneaky they're like I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really sneaky they're like I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really sneaky they're like I have
+no idea anything is going on I am bored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea anything is going on I am bored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea anything is going on I am bored
+I see nothing I hear nothing but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see nothing I hear nothing but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see nothing I hear nothing but you
+know if you let them if you if they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you let them if you if they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you let them if you if they see
+you briefly or hear you briefly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you briefly or hear you briefly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you briefly or hear you briefly then
+they sort of have to admit their state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of have to admit their state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of have to admit their state
+which is I'm mildly suspicious because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm mildly suspicious because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm mildly suspicious because I
+heard something but I don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard something but I don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard something but I don't know what it
+was or I am really suspicious because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was or I am really suspicious because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was or I am really suspicious because I
+just saw a thief going that way and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw a thief going that way and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw a thief going that way and um
+but you know they're not very bright AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they're not very bright AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they're not very bright AI
+so they don't have a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have a lot of different
+state that they can say there's they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that they can say there's they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that they can say there's they
+have a level of Suspicion and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a level of Suspicion and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a level of Suspicion and then a
+level of what caused the suspicion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of what caused the suspicion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of what caused the suspicion and
+there's a big Matrix of that um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big Matrix of that um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big Matrix of that um and so
+and then you don't want you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you don't want you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you don't want you don't want
+your guards to say you know the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guards to say you know the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guards to say you know the same
+thing every single time so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing every single time so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing every single time so you have to
+have like 20 different things for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 20 different things for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 20 different things for each
+of those categories and it's it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those categories and it's it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those categories and it's it gets
+kind of tedious and difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tedious and difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tedious and difficult to
+say to come up with 20 different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to come up with 20 different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to come up with 20 different ways to
+say I am mildly suspicious because of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I am mildly suspicious because of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I am mildly suspicious because of a
+noise without sounding like you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise without sounding like you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise without sounding like you've been
+coached to say that you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coached to say that you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coached to say that you know how many
+natural ways can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ways can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ways can you say
+that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and
+then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah
+um yeah yeah that's that's that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah that's that's that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah that's that's that's good
+and so um let's jump right into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um let's jump right into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um let's jump right into a little
+bit here the difference between writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here the difference between writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here the difference between writing
+for stuff that people are going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stuff that people are going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stuff that people are going to read
+versus stuff people are going to hear um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus stuff people are going to hear um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus stuff people are going to hear um
+it sounds like you know you've got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like you know you've got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like you know you've got a lot
+of experience with that with with long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience with that with with long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience with that with with long
+form red words and and you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form red words and and you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form red words and and you're talking
+about um guards that are saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um guards that are saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um guards that are saying things
+out loud or or but also written books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud or or but also written books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud or or but also written books
+and there are very different things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are very different things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are very different things I
+assume in terms of how the player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume in terms of how the player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume in terms of how the player is
+going to appreciate them yeah um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appreciate them yeah um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appreciate them yeah um so the
+thing that I learned pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I learned pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I learned pretty quickly
+about stuff that is said out loud is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stuff that is said out loud is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stuff that is said out loud is
+that the the players want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the players want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the players want it to be
+really really short um which makes it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really short um which makes it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really short um which makes it in
+particular extra hard because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular extra hard because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular extra hard because you know
+huh or what was that you know you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh or what was that you know you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh or what was that you know you they
+want to have about that much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have about that much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have about that much of
+interaction with the guard that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the guard that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the guard that they're
+hiding from and you want to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding from and you want to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding from and you want to you have to
+convey all this like little settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey all this like little settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey all this like little settings
+because you want to be have people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to be have people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to be have people know
+the difference between a h that's like H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a h that's like H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a h that's like H
+or a h that's like huh I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a h that's like huh I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a h that's like huh I'm going to get
+you um um so there's also a lot of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um um so there's also a lot of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um um so there's also a lot of like
+little stage stage notes you know huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stage stage notes you know huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stage stage notes you know huh
+angry um but I ended up I I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry um but I ended up I I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry um but I ended up I I ended up
+writing a lot of like little you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a lot of like little you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a lot of like little you know
+short dialogues for guards to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short dialogues for guards to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short dialogues for guards to be talking
+to each other or other it was mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other or other it was mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other or other it was mostly
+guards um that you could sneak by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards um that you could sneak by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards um that you could sneak by and
+hear and sometimes it was to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear and sometimes it was to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear and sometimes it was to convey
+inform information about where something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform information about where something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform information about where something
+was and um sadly kind of the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and um sadly kind of the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and um sadly kind of the first thing
+that we got told after the play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got told after the play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got told after the play testing
+was those are just too long nobody wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was those are just too long nobody wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was those are just too long nobody wants
+to sit there for 3 minutes and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there for 3 minutes and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there for 3 minutes and you know
+hide in the shadows listening to guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide in the shadows listening to guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide in the shadows listening to guards
+talk to each other about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other about something
+especially not more than once um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not more than once um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not more than once um and so
+really only one of the the conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only one of the the conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only one of the the conversations
+that was more than four lines survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more than four lines survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more than four lines survived
+into the shipping game which is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shipping game which is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shipping game which is at the
+very beginning of the first level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the first level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the first level and
+you can skip it it's the guards talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can skip it it's the guards talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can skip it it's the guards talking
+to each other in the in the courtyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other in the in the courtyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other in the in the courtyard
+about going to the bear pits and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going to the bear pits and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going to the bear pits and you can
+go and you can listen to them and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you can listen to them and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you can listen to them and it
+tells you a little bit about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a little bit about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a little bit about the world
+um or you can just you know sneak around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you can just you know sneak around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you can just you know sneak around
+and go back to the the secret entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back to the the secret entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back to the the secret entrance
+and so you know if you're playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know if you're playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know if you're playing the
+game for the second time you do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for the second time you do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for the second time you do not have
+to listen to all of it um so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to all of it um so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to all of it um so is that
+there was a lot of conversation left on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of conversation left on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of conversation left on
+The Cutting Room floor as it were then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Cutting Room floor as it were then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Cutting Room floor as it were then
+yeah it yeah because it wasn't until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it yeah because it wasn't until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it yeah because it wasn't until
+play test that you realized it was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test that you realized it was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test that you realized it was too
+long um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um I
+think I guess it must have been it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I guess it must have been it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I guess it must have been it must
+have been recorded and CU yeah our most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been recorded and CU yeah our most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been recorded and CU yeah our most
+of our guards were being voiced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our guards were being voiced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our guards were being voiced by
+programmers um at least at least early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers um at least at least early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers um at least at least early
+on I think we we definitely kept Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think we we definitely kept Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think we we definitely kept Dan
+Thon as as the stupid guard um um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thon as as the stupid guard um um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thon as as the stupid guard um um he
+became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very
+popular he's got a very expressive voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular he's got a very expressive voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular he's got a very expressive voice
+um so I imagine your form of fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I imagine your form of fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I imagine your form of fiction
+Heather is a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather is a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather is a little bit different
+because it's longer form to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's longer form to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's longer form to begin with
+so you expect a little bit more patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you expect a little bit more patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you expect a little bit more patience
+on the part of your players Y and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part of your players Y and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part of your players Y and also
+all they've got is the words the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they've got is the words the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they've got is the words the words
+are the dialogue isn't a in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the dialogue isn't a in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the dialogue isn't a in the in the
+radio drama for instance the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio drama for instance the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio drama for instance the dialogue
+isn't a distraction from the mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a distraction from the mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a distraction from the mechanic
+the dialogue is the mechanic it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue is the mechanic it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue is the mechanic it's all
+they got to react to yeah you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to react to yeah you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to react to yeah you don't want
+to they're not going to be saying oh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they're not going to be saying oh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they're not going to be saying oh I I
+want to fast forward through all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fast forward through all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fast forward through all this
+cuz why would they be playing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz why would they be playing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz why would they be playing right
+exactly they're doing is listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they're doing is listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they're doing is listening to
+other voice actors you know putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other voice actors you know putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other voice actors you know putting
+together a drama and then they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a drama and then they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a drama and then they're um
+responding to it interacting with it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to it interacting with it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to it interacting with it um
+the difference between well there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between well there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between well there is a
+difference between writing uh writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between writing uh writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between writing uh writing
+dialogue that will be read and writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that will be read and writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that will be read and writing
+dialogue that will be spoken um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that will be spoken um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that will be spoken um in the
+choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of
+games we have a lot more um we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we have a lot more um we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we have a lot more um we have a
+lot more freedom we have a lot more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more freedom we have a lot more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more freedom we have a lot more um
+we have a lot of things that aren't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of things that aren't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of things that aren't the
+dialogue you can put in a tag that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue you can put in a tag that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue you can put in a tag that says
+hey he he said angrily right and and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey he he said angrily right and and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey he he said angrily right and and or
+you can say that he said it while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that he said it while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that he said it while
+folding his arms or or whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding his arms or or whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding his arms or or whatever that
+gives the reader a clue as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the reader a clue as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the reader a clue as to what
+they're dealing with when you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dealing with when you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dealing with when you're writing
+when you're writing a a radio Drama All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're writing a a radio Drama All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're writing a a radio Drama All
+You've Got is the dialogue and the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've Got is the dialogue and the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've Got is the dialogue and the stage
+cues for the actors um I got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues for the actors um I got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues for the actors um I got a lot
+better writing dialogue very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better writing dialogue very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better writing dialogue very very very
+fast out of necessity working for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast out of necessity working for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast out of necessity working for that
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+um uh people who write uh traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh people who write uh traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh people who write uh traditional
+fiction will tell you that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction will tell you that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction will tell you that that that
+that there there shouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there there shouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there there shouldn't be a
+difference you should always be writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you should always be writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you should always be writing
+dialogue that doesn't need the pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that doesn't need the pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that doesn't need the pros
+around it you should always be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it you should always be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it you should always be able to
+to get the uh the characters um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the uh the characters um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the uh the characters um uh
+personality and and how they're reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and and how they're reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and and how they're reacting
+to the particular situation just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the particular situation just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the particular situation just from
+their word choice um which is a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their word choice um which is a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their word choice um which is a which is
+a great gold standard there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great gold standard there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great gold standard there are some
+some writers who do that very well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some writers who do that very well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some writers who do that very well um
+Dorothy sers who wrote a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothy sers who wrote a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothy sers who wrote a series of
+mysteries back in the early part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries back in the early part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries back in the early part of the
+century um the early part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um the early part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um the early part of the
+1900s um did does this very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s um did does this very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s um did does this very very very
+well you can read she's got there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can read she's got there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can read she's got there's
+pages and Pages where it's just um open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and Pages where it's just um open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and Pages where it's just um open
+quotes close quotes dialogue between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes close quotes dialogue between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes close quotes dialogue between two
+characters and you never lose track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and you never lose track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and you never lose track of
+who's saying what because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's saying what because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's saying what because the
+personalities are so very different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities are so very different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities are so very different so
+very clear very very clear um most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear very very clear um most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear very very clear um most of
+the rest of us aren't that good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of us aren't that good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of us aren't that good that's
+really the gold standard um but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the gold standard um but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the gold standard um but when
+you've only got dialogue to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got dialogue to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got dialogue to work with
+you have to get that good um uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get that good um uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get that good um uh it
+forces you to think very hard about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you to think very hard about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you to think very hard about what
+the different characters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different characters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different characters are
+like sure sure I imagine the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sure sure I imagine the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sure sure I imagine the stage
+Direction um helps a little bit so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction um helps a little bit so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction um helps a little bit so that
+you know you want to get across he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to get across he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to get across he said
+angrily but we can tell the actor to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angrily but we can tell the actor to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angrily but we can tell the actor to do
+that exactly yeah um and and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly yeah um and and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly yeah um and and then of
+course you probably want to pick actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you probably want to pick actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you probably want to pick actors
+with different sounding voices to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different sounding voices to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different sounding voices to help
+it along a little bit and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along a little bit and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along a little bit and that sort of
+thing okay that's more on the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay that's more on the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay that's more on the production
+end but yeah sure sure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so one of the things a friend of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the things a friend of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the things a friend of M
+was talking about was he was he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about was he was he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about was he was he was
+adapting a Shakespearean play for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapting a Shakespearean play for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapting a Shakespearean play for a
+comic book form which is very cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic book form which is very cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic book form which is very cool but
+when he did that he said he got to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did that he said he got to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did that he said he got to take
+out about half of the text of the play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about half of the text of the play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about half of the text of the play
+because in the play most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the play most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the play most of the
+information appeared twice because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information appeared twice because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information appeared twice because the
+listener was hearing the play and needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener was hearing the play and needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener was hearing the play and needed
+to in real time understand it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in real time understand it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in real time understand it for a
+radio play do you give people redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio play do you give people redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio play do you give people redundant
+information or do you just rely on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or do you just rely on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or do you just rely on them
+paying really intense attention to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying really intense attention to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying really intense attention to it
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+how that's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's an interesting question
+um I think I would I would probably need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I would I would probably need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I would I would probably need
+to have to go back over the script to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to go back over the script to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to go back over the script to
+answer that for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that for real
+um my recollection is that we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my recollection is that we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my recollection is that we did a
+little bit of repetition uh to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of repetition uh to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of repetition uh to make sure
+that anytime the player was making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anytime the player was making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anytime the player was making a
+choice they knew the context they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice they knew the context they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice they knew the context they were
+making the choice in so if there had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the choice in so if there had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the choice in so if there had
+been some dialogue they couldn't respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been some dialogue they couldn't respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been some dialogue they couldn't respond
+to they might get like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they might get like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they might get like a
+summary um from from character number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary um from from character number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary um from from character number
+three it it it it looks it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it it it it looks it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it it it it looks it looks like
+John wants to do this but Mary wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John wants to do this but Mary wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John wants to do this but Mary wants to
+do this what do you think agent what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what do you think agent what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what do you think agent what
+should we do um you have a go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do um you have a go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do um you have a go back
+button so you can hear stuff again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button so you can hear stuff again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button so you can hear stuff again uh
+not in the current implementation as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the current implementation as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the current implementation as far
+as I know um but it sounds like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know um but it sounds like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know um but it sounds like you
+could almost play this game without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could almost play this game without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could almost play this game without
+touching anything is the idea that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching anything is the idea that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching anything is the idea that's the
+idea yeah uh you can uh it does come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah uh you can uh it does come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah uh you can uh it does come
+with a with a button that you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a button that you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a button that you can choose
+visually if you like but the idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually if you like but the idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually if you like but the idea was
+that you should be able to play in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to play in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to play in your
+car um got it got it so yeah but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um got it got it so yeah but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um got it got it so yeah but of
+course who weren't dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course who weren't dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course who weren't dealing with
+Shakespeare either so like it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare either so like it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare either so like it was it
+wasn't that level of complexity well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that level of complexity well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that level of complexity well the
+Poetry like in role playing games where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry like in role playing games where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry like in role playing games where
+they have a lot of voiceovers um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of voiceovers um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of voiceovers um and
+they have uh subtitles I usually turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have uh subtitles I usually turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have uh subtitles I usually turn
+the subtitles on just in case like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtitles on just in case like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtitles on just in case like
+sometimes I miss a word or two and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I miss a word or two and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I miss a word or two and I was
+like I can't go back it's a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can't go back it's a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can't go back it's a conversation
+tree you know right right right yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you know right right right yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you know right right right yes I
+that's kind of interesting too because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting too because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting too because a
+lot of the sit down role playing games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the sit down role playing games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the sit down role playing games
+that I've been in the a lot of times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been in the a lot of times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been in the a lot of times the
+game master is very patient with saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game master is very patient with saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game master is very patient with saying
+wait what did that person say and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what did that person say and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what did that person say and if you
+missed it well we'll help you figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed it well we'll help you figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed it well we'll help you figure it
+out but in in in this meeting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but in in in this meeting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but in in in this meeting you're
+talking about no there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about no there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about no there's not a lot of
+help if you missed it you missed it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help if you missed it you missed it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help if you missed it you missed it and
+part of the game is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the game is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the game is in fact
+comprehension the first time through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension the first time through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension the first time through
+that's kind of that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of that's kind of
+neat um so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat um so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat um so all right
+so that you're talking about this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you're talking about this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you're talking about this bit
+already but does this all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but does this all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but does this all these things
+are placing pretty much a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placing pretty much a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placing pretty much a lot of
+constraints on your writing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on your writing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on your writing you know
+you're talking about you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about you have to get
+across ideas for dialogue alone and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across ideas for dialogue alone and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across ideas for dialogue alone and um
+how it's I think it's kind of there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's I think it's kind of there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's I think it's kind of there's a
+difference between there's conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between there's conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between there's conversation
+that gives you an idea of who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea of who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea of who the
+characters are or just sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are or just sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are or just sort of some
+filler and there's conversation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filler and there's conversation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filler and there's conversation which
+has got Vital Information in it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got Vital Information in it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got Vital Information in it and you
+might know before you write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know before you write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know before you write that
+conversation what that information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation what that information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation what that information is
+does that is that does that change how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that is that does that change how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that is that does that change how
+you approach that writing knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approach that writing knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approach that writing knowing that
+you have to stick some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to stick some important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to stick some important
+information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in
+there um or do you not think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um or do you not think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um or do you not think about that
+way at all and I'm just off well no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at all and I'm just off well no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at all and I'm just off well no I'm
+think I yeah think about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think every scene has a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think every scene has a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think every scene has a particular
+Point you're driving towards uh if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point you're driving towards uh if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point you're driving towards uh if there
+are multiple choices in a scene I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple choices in a scene I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple choices in a scene I'm
+thinking now choice of as well as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now choice of as well as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now choice of as well as as
+signis um then every every choice has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signis um then every every choice has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signis um then every every choice has a
+particular piece of information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of information that
+you're needing to get across so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're needing to get across so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're needing to get across so the
+player can make the choice uh I it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player can make the choice uh I it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player can make the choice uh I it's not
+quite a constraint in a bad way though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a constraint in a bad way though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a constraint in a bad way though
+it's more of um I don't know it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of um I don't know it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of um I don't know it's a more
+positive word than that um I feel like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive word than that um I feel like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive word than that um I feel like I
+feel like I've actually had the The Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like I've actually had the The Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like I've actually had the The Good
+Fortune to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune to be uh
+remarkably unconstrained in the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably unconstrained in the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably unconstrained in the writing
+I've done for games because so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done for games because so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done for games because so much of
+it has been text based and and dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been text based and and dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been text based and and dialogue
+driven I think if you want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven I think if you want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven I think if you want to talk about
+constraints writing for actual video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints writing for actual video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints writing for actual video
+games is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is
+the so I mean yeah the the little grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so I mean yeah the the little grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so I mean yeah the the little grid
+of I I'm suspicious is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I I'm suspicious is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I I'm suspicious is is very
+constraining but I mean to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining but I mean to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining but I mean to some extent
+the constraints are what tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints are what tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints are what tell you what
+you have to write about I mean I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to write about I mean I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to write about I mean I I
+pretty much never wake up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much never wake up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much never wake up in the morning
+and say I am going to write a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I am going to write a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I am going to write a thing
+it's always you know what are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always you know what are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always you know what are the things
+you have to write um I I think I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to write um I I think I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to write um I I think I read
+somewhere that poets said that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that poets said that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that poets said that the the
+the very strict poem forms it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very strict poem forms it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very strict poem forms it's the
+pushing against the boundaries that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing against the boundaries that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing against the boundaries that are
+what make them interesting as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what make them interesting as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what make them interesting as opposed to
+um Pros where you sort of like write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pros where you sort of like write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pros where you sort of like write
+whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um
+but it's more that sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more that sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more that sometimes the
+constraints are kind of funny like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are kind of funny like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are kind of funny like um
+for the cutscenes uh we the the rule was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cutscenes uh we the the rule was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cutscenes uh we the the rule was
+you did them in screenplay format um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did them in screenplay format um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did them in screenplay format um and
+you know it's particular margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's particular margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's particular margins
+particular you know fonts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you know fonts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you know fonts and
+capitalization and everything and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization and everything and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization and everything and and
+the rule of thumb was one page per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule of thumb was one page per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule of thumb was one page per
+minute or one page per 30 seconds or I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or one page per 30 seconds or I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or one page per 30 seconds or I I
+don't remember what it was but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what it was but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what it was but it was
+you know and so it was okay well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so it was okay well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so it was okay well we've
+got a we've got 2 minutes and 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a we've got 2 minutes and 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a we've got 2 minutes and 30 seconds
+budgeted for the cut scene so it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeted for the cut scene so it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeted for the cut scene so it can't
+be more than five pages and you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more than five pages and you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more than five pages and you can't do
+the trick of making the font smaller um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick of making the font smaller um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick of making the font smaller um
+so there was a lot of very strange text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a lot of very strange text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a lot of very strange text
+editing where you know someone would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing where you know someone would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing where you know someone would say
+things and it was like a line plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it was like a line plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it was like a line plus a
+word and you can't have that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and you can't have that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and you can't have that that that's
+that's taking up 10 seconds or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking up 10 seconds or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking up 10 seconds or something
+with with the one word at the end which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the one word at the end which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the one word at the end which
+it isn't really but by the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't really but by the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't really but by the measurement
+you know no it has to be you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no it has to be you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no it has to be you have to get
+so you know you would I would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you would I would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you would I would you know
+sometimes you put in a semicolon instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you put in a semicolon instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you put in a semicolon instead
+of a dash because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shorter um and then the you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um and then the you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um and then the you know the the
+you would put in the descriptions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would put in the descriptions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would put in the descriptions of the
+scenes or the action or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes or the action or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes or the action or whatever you
+know which is like you know view of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is like you know view of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is like you know view of a
+study close zoom in on the desk which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study close zoom in on the desk which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study close zoom in on the desk which
+has uh Inkwell and whatever and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh Inkwell and whatever and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh Inkwell and whatever and you had
+to make make those also very short but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make make those also very short but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make make those also very short but
+descriptive because you can't just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive because you can't just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive because you can't just say
+study and leave it to the artist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and leave it to the artist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and leave it to the artist to
+imagine what you mean and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what you mean and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what you mean and the reason
+that the the rules are like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rules are like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rules are like that is
+because sort of like the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sort of like the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sort of like the more
+description you have in the in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you have in the in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you have in the in the set
+scene in the in the in the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in the in the in the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in the in the in the scene
+description sort of the more time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description sort of the more time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description sort of the more time it's
+going to take to show all of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to show all of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to show all of the thing
+you know if you have 15 different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have 15 different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have 15 different things
+on the desk and you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the desk and you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the desk and you want to be able to
+see them all you want to focus on it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them all you want to focus on it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them all you want to focus on it for
+longer so there's it's kind of true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so there's it's kind of true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so there's it's kind of true that
+the more lines you have describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more lines you have describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more lines you have describing the
+scene the longer it takes but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene the longer it takes but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene the longer it takes but it was a
+it was a very strange constraint to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a very strange constraint to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a very strange constraint to
+write to just because it seemed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to just because it seemed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to just because it seemed so
+surreal so you're kind of gaming you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surreal so you're kind of gaming you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surreal so you're kind of gaming you had
+a constraint and you kind of gamed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint and you kind of gamed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint and you kind of gamed the
+constraint to fill in one line um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to fill in one line um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to fill in one line um and
+that's actually that's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually that's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually that's not all
+surprising I mean that happens with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I mean that happens with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I mean that happens with all
+rule sets everywhere right people game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule sets everywhere right people game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule sets everywhere right people game
+the system and I'm sure screenwriters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and I'm sure screenwriters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and I'm sure screenwriters
+have to do that too and they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that too and they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that too and they're probably
+like if there are screenwriters out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there are screenwriters out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there are screenwriters out
+there they're BL like oh yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're BL like oh yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're BL like oh yeah you know
+use the short words and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the short words and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the short words and and
+interestingly there's uh an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there's uh an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there's uh an almost
+identical constraint in choice of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical constraint in choice of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical constraint in choice of games
+where we only want so many words on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we only want so many words on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we only want so many words on any
+given screen people are playing these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given screen people are playing these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given screen people are playing these on
+a phone a lot of the time right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phone a lot of the time right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phone a lot of the time right so you
+you there's a rule of thumb that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a rule of thumb that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a rule of thumb that I can
+no longer remember about uh how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer remember about uh how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer remember about uh how many
+words you can have before you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you can have before you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you can have before you should
+have a choice uh and how many um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice uh and how many um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice uh and how many um
+uh how many words per screen perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many words per screen perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many words per screen perhaps you
+might have two screens before a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have two screens before a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have two screens before a choice
+but you probably you shouldn't do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably you shouldn't do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably you shouldn't do a lot
+of that you get the idea um but so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you get the idea um but so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you get the idea um but so that
+leads to some gaming like with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to some gaming like with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to some gaming like with um
+finding a shorter word to say a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a shorter word to say a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a shorter word to say a thing
+but it also forces you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also forces you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also forces you to think about
+what you actually need to say right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you actually need to say right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you actually need to say right now
+as opposed to later sure or never or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to later sure or never or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to later sure or never or you
+know and what you said about um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and what you said about um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and what you said about um if you
+need more words to paint the scene it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more words to paint the scene it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more words to paint the scene it's
+going to take longer that's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take longer that's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take longer that's definitely
+true when it's Pros right right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when it's Pros right right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when it's Pros right right if the
+if the player needs to know about he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the player needs to know about he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the player needs to know about he's
+sitting at a desk where there's an inkw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at a desk where there's an inkw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at a desk where there's an inkw
+well and a book of um poetry and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and a book of um poetry and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and a book of um poetry and a
+something else that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's going to be
+relevant later you have to describe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant later you have to describe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant later you have to describe them
+all without um without knocking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all without um without knocking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all without um without knocking the
+player over the head necessarily by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player over the head necessarily by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player over the head necessarily by the
+way there's an ink well yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there's an ink well yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there's an ink well yeah yeah
+exactly slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly slipping
+in so you talk about these constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so you talk about these constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so you talk about these constraints
+coming in are these constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in are these constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in are these constraints that
+were were handed to you by the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were handed to you by the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were handed to you by the rest of
+the team and and if so is there cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team and and if so is there cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team and and if so is there cases
+where you how much control creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you how much control creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you how much control creative
+control do you have to sort of fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control do you have to sort of fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control do you have to sort of fight
+back against that sometimes or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back against that sometimes or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back against that sometimes or is it
+pretty much written in stone how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much written in stone how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much written in stone how do you
+interact with a team that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with a team that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with a team that
+way um well when I was at looking less I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um well when I was at looking less I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um well when I was at looking less I
+was kind of the odd jobs person as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the odd jobs person as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the odd jobs person as I
+said so I had really no creative control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so I had really no creative control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so I had really no creative control
+but I wasn't looking for it I was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wasn't looking for it I was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wasn't looking for it I was I was
+happily doing tasks that I was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily doing tasks that I was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily doing tasks that I was given
+um sometimes I guess I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes I guess I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes I guess I would
+say you know sometimes you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know sometimes you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know sometimes you would get
+sort of feedback saying so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of feedback saying so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of feedback saying so you need to
+make these things more this way and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these things more this way and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these things more this way and and
+I would be like well they it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be like well they it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be like well they it isn't
+possible to make them you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to make them you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to make them you know more
+suspicious sounding and still have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious sounding and still have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious sounding and still have them
+in the in the not suspicious category or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the not suspicious category or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the not suspicious category or
+you know but it would be a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but it would be a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but it would be a conversation
+it was like okay you know the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like okay you know the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like okay you know the thing that
+you're telling me to do doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me to do doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me to do doesn't make
+sense please clarify as opposed to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense please clarify as opposed to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense please clarify as opposed to I
+think the thing you're telling me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the thing you're telling me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the thing you're telling me to do
+is wrong and I want it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong and I want it different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong and I want it different
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so communication
+being um and you know and and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um and you know and and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um and you know and and the the
+often it would be a there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it would be a there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it would be a there would be a
+level designer who would say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level designer who would say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level designer who would say things like
+you know okay I need these I need books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay I need these I need books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay I need these I need books
+for this this and this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this this and this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this this and this um
+or you know can you can you translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know can you can you translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know can you can you translate
+the books that I've I have I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books that I've I have I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books that I've I have I have these
+pieces of information can you translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information can you translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information can you translate
+them into hamur speak for me and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into hamur speak for me and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into hamur speak for me and so it
+was you know ah um so the the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know ah um so the the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know ah um so the the um the
+factions in in Thief there were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factions in in Thief there were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factions in in Thief there were there
+were the hammerites who kind of spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the hammerites who kind of spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the hammerites who kind of spoke
+like you King James Bibles um and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you King James Bibles um and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you King James Bibles um and there
+were the the um trickster minions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the um trickster minions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the um trickster minions the
+woodsies um who spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodsies um who spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodsies um who spoke
+weirdly that's kind of the you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly that's kind of the you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly that's kind of the you know they
+they um I think Terry brosus came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um I think Terry brosus came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um I think Terry brosus came up
+with their dialog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their dialog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their dialog
+dialect originally um and it was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect originally um and it was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect originally um and it was you
+know the woodsies sing in the treeses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the woodsies sing in the treeses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the woodsies sing in the treeses
+and then you know it was it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it was it just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it was it just a
+little weird crazy yeah and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird crazy yeah and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird crazy yeah and and it
+tended to be not very grammatical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to be not very grammatical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to be not very grammatical and
+there were a lot of diminutives on it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of diminutives on it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of diminutives on it um
+and but it it made them all sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it it made them all sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it it made them all sound like
+they were from the same subculture and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were from the same subculture and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were from the same subculture and I
+think that you know that was useful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know that was useful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know that was useful but
+where did I start with this you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I start with this you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I start with this you started
+with working with a team creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with working with a team creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with working with a team creative
+control any how do you how you manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control any how do you how you manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control any how do you how you manage
+that or was it frustrating or or any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or was it frustrating or or any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or was it frustrating or or any of
+that I can't do artist stuff and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can't do artist stuff and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can't do artist stuff and I
+wasn't very good at the the level so I W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very good at the the level so I W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very good at the the level so I W
+I don't want the creative control I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want the creative control I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want the creative control I want
+to do the I want to do the stuff I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the I want to do the stuff I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the I want to do the stuff I'm
+good at and let the other people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at and let the other people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at and let the other people who are
+good at stuff do their stuff that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at stuff do their stuff that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at stuff do their stuff that's that
+that's uh I think that's certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh I think that's certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh I think that's certainly the
+attitude I would take if I were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude I would take if I were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude I would take if I were uh
+working on a video game which I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a video game which I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a video game which I haven't
+done yet maybe maybe someday um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet maybe maybe someday um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet maybe maybe someday um because
+uh I have great respect for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have great respect for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have great respect for people who
+can do visual storytelling I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do visual storytelling I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do visual storytelling I have no
+artistic ability myself so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic ability myself so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic ability myself so I would
+definitely be be pushing that off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be be pushing that off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be be pushing that off right
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+the choice of games I'm doing a solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of games I'm doing a solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of games I'm doing a solo
+project for the first time uh Galloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the first time uh Galloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the first time uh Galloping
+towards the end of a solo project uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of a solo project uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of a solo project uh the
+other ones I have done have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones I have done have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones I have done have been
+co-authored and so there was um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authored and so there was um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authored and so there was um the
+first the first uh first one certainly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first uh first one certainly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first uh first one certainly I
+was kind of a junior partner learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of a junior partner learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of a junior partner learning
+the and so the uh choice of broadsides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so the uh choice of broadsides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so the uh choice of broadsides
+was the first game I worked on and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first game I worked on and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first game I worked on and when
+I joined the team it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I joined the team it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I joined the team it was all
+storyboarded and so it was a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarded and so it was a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarded and so it was a matter of
+right well I'm going to learn how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I'm going to learn how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I'm going to learn how to do
+this so I'll take that scene to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'll take that scene to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'll take that scene to start
+with uh you know uh the second game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you know uh the second game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you know uh the second game uh
+choice of romance Adam strong Morris and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of romance Adam strong Morris and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of romance Adam strong Morris and
+I were were definitely colleagues and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were were definitely colleagues and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were were definitely colleagues and so
+there's a give and take in a well any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a give and take in a well any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a give and take in a well any
+kind of any kind of partnership any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of any kind of partnership any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of any kind of partnership any kind
+of creative partnership for sure where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative partnership for sure where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative partnership for sure where
+you have two people with different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two people with different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two people with different uh
+opinions on how to do you know X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions on how to do you know X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions on how to do you know X and Y
+and Z and you know so we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z and you know so we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z and you know so we have we have a
+pretty solid working relationship um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty solid working relationship um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty solid working relationship um the
+one I'm doing solo has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm doing solo has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm doing solo has
+been uh both freeing and terrifying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh both freeing and terrifying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh both freeing and terrifying and
+that I have creative control yay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have creative control yay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have creative control yay you
+know it's it's um it's it's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's um it's it's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's um it's it's wonderful
+it's totally my story and that's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally my story and that's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally my story and that's and
+it's it's phenomenal and it does mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's phenomenal and it does mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's phenomenal and it does mean
+however that when I don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that when I don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that when I don't know how to do
+something uh there are times when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh there are times when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh there are times when I do
+kind of wish I had a co-author to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wish I had a co-author to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wish I had a co-author to say
+you know I actually don't have any good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I actually don't have any good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I actually don't have any good
+ideas for this can you what I do have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for this can you what I do have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for this can you what I do have is
+a very very good editor and so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very good editor and so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very good editor and so uh we
+work in in pretty close partnership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in pretty close partnership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in pretty close partnership
+where I can for instance last week write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can for instance last week write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can for instance last week write
+here an email after a play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an email after a play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an email after a play testing
+session saying I I I think we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session saying I I I think we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session saying I I I think we might have
+to eliminate this section completely if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate this section completely if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate this section completely if
+we do it will cause these other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it will cause these other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it will cause these other problems
+but if we don't I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we don't I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we don't I don't know how to
+solve these problems which do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these problems which do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these problems which do you think
+um leading to a two-hour conference call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um leading to a two-hour conference call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um leading to a two-hour conference call
+where we came up with a third option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we came up with a third option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we came up with a third option
+which was which is which I would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was which is which I would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was which is which I would never
+have come up with by myself which meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up with by myself which meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up with by myself which meant
+we didn't have to cut the scene and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have to cut the scene and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have to cut the scene and we
+solve the problems a different way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problems a different way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problems a different way so
+that's really cool that's I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool that's I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool that's I I really
+like the fact you mentioned that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fact you mentioned that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fact you mentioned that is you
+you you're play testing your work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're play testing your work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're play testing your work and
+it's not done you're play testing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not done you're play testing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not done you're play testing your
+writing which I think is is awesome um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing which I think is is awesome um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing which I think is is awesome um
+um so that's a great example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a great example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a great example of what
+time we play testing totally just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we play testing totally just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we play testing totally just told
+you that something wasn't working um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that something wasn't working um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that something wasn't working um
+does that happen a lot unfortunately I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that happen a lot unfortunately I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that happen a lot unfortunately I
+no for fortunately right because you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for fortunately right because you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for fortunately right because you'd
+much rather have it when it's when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much rather have it when it's when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much rather have it when it's when it's
+um still under your control than when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still under your control than when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still under your control than when
+it's out in the wild right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out in the wild right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out in the wild right so
+um the uh the code name signus thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the code name signus thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the code name signus thing I
+was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+I would I was the lead writer so I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I was the lead writer so I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I was the lead writer so I had a
+lot of uh lot of influence like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh lot of influence like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh lot of influence like a lot of
+control in the script right it was me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in the script right it was me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in the script right it was me
+and the creative director working uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the creative director working uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the creative director working uh
+John Meers uh working together on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Meers uh working together on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Meers uh working together on it but
+John was in charge of production so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John was in charge of production so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John was in charge of production so I
+actually wasn't involved in the play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wasn't involved in the play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wasn't involved in the play
+testing for that I would get notes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for that I would get notes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for that I would get notes that
+were along the lines of this dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were along the lines of this dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were along the lines of this dialogue
+sequence is running way long we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is running way long we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is running way long we need to
+cut it you get the idea the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it you get the idea the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it you get the idea the choice of
+game stuff I have been much more um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game stuff I have been much more um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game stuff I have been much more um in
+the trenches with like with this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trenches with like with this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trenches with like with this game
+I'm working on now um my my solo project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on now um my my solo project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on now um my my solo project
+I'm buying dinner for friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm buying dinner for friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm buying dinner for friends and
+sitting behind them and watching them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting behind them and watching them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting behind them and watching them
+play it uh because it's the only way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it uh because it's the only way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it uh because it's the only way I
+can tell when they're confused like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell when they're confused like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell when they're confused like like
+people you can ask people to write you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you can ask people to write you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you can ask people to write you
+notes and they will and and they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and they will and and they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and they will and and they and
+they mean well but they never remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean well but they never remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean well but they never remember
+any everything and so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any everything and so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any everything and so when you're
+sitting there and somebody's taking 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and somebody's taking 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and somebody's taking 10
+minutes to make a choice you can ask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to make a choice you can ask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to make a choice you can ask so
+what are you thinking right now and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you thinking right now and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you thinking right now and you
+can get an idea of whether they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get an idea of whether they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get an idea of whether they have no
+idea what's going on which which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what's going on which which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what's going on which which was
+actually the problem in this most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the problem in this most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the problem in this most recent
+um that the player was uh utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the player was uh utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the player was uh utterly
+confused and it wasn't the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused and it wasn't the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused and it wasn't the first time
+I'd gotten that feedback although it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd gotten that feedback although it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd gotten that feedback although it was
+the first time it was utter confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it was utter confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it was utter confusion
+rather than mild confusion um or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than mild confusion um or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than mild confusion um or whether
+the player is so engrossed that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player is so engrossed that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player is so engrossed that they
+want to make sure they do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure they do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure they do exactly the
+right thing which is a fine response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing which is a fine response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing which is a fine response and
+they can take 10 minutes if that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take 10 minutes if that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take 10 minutes if that's what
+they need to do um so yes I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do um so yes I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do um so yes I've sort of
+wandered away from what was the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandered away from what was the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandered away from what was the original
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+play test you found it useful you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test you found it useful you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test you found it useful you do it
+all the time in fact you're going out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in fact you're going out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in fact you're going out of
+your way to do it um and at the solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way to do it um and at the solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way to do it um and at the solo
+project which is mostly writing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which is mostly writing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which is mostly writing and
+you're still play testing a lot which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still play testing a lot which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still play testing a lot which I
+think is really fascinating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really fascinating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really fascinating you
+mentioned an editor after imagine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned an editor after imagine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned an editor after imagine so
+you've written books as well yes do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written books as well yes do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written books as well yes do you
+you do play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do play test
+books um yeah I do actually you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um yeah I do actually you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um yeah I do actually you you
+don't call it that in traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call it that in traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call it that in traditional
+fiction but absolutely you have drafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction but absolutely you have drafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction but absolutely you have drafts
+and you I belong to the Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you I belong to the Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you I belong to the Cambridge
+science fiction Workshop my husband gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction Workshop my husband gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction Workshop my husband gets
+really grumpy when I call him a play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grumpy when I call him a play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grumpy when I call him a play
+tester instead of QA oh yeah who's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tester instead of QA oh yeah who's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tester instead of QA oh yeah who's this
+what say that again so Jerry does Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what say that again so Jerry does Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what say that again so Jerry does Works
+in QA um and I I often refer to him as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in QA um and I I often refer to him as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in QA um and I I often refer to him as a
+play tester and he's like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tester and he's like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tester and he's like it's not
+actually play testing QA not for games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play testing QA not for games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play testing QA not for games
+not for games yeah okay that's hilarious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for games yeah okay that's hilarious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for games yeah okay that's hilarious
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+um so Laura you um have you had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Laura you um have you had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Laura you um have you had an
+experiences with play testing being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with play testing being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences with play testing being
+essential or showing you the stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential or showing you the stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential or showing you the stuff you
+didn't expect yeah um I mean in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect yeah um I mean in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect yeah um I mean in general
+for computer games I you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer games I you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer games I you you have to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+you have to have play testing and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have play testing and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have play testing and I feel
+like there's actually a new modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's actually a new modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's actually a new modern
+version where you don't play test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version where you don't play test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version where you don't play test and
+you ship broken games and you just patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ship broken games and you just patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ship broken games and you just patch
+as you go but I don't approve of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go but I don't approve of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go but I don't approve of that um
+that is the new modern version yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the new modern version yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the new modern version yeah
+looking glass had in-house play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking glass had in-house play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking glass had in-house play testing
+so you not only had sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you not only had sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you not only had sort of like the
+naive people saying oh this is confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive people saying oh this is confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive people saying oh this is confusing
+you had people who were like okay I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had people who were like okay I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had people who were like okay I know
+how to do this and this and this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this and this and this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this and this and this and you
+know they would they would try to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they would they would try to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they would they would try to do all
+of the things and tell you which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things and tell you which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things and tell you which ones
+were broken and that's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broken and that's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broken and that's a little bit more
+for the programming side and the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the programming side and the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the programming side and the level
+design side but um there was I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design side but um there was I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design side but um there was I guess
+there was one thing that that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one thing that that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one thing that that came up
+pretty early was um the head designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early was um the head designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early was um the head designer
+thought that it would be really cool if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it would be really cool if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it would be really cool if
+there was sort of a thieves can't and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of a thieves can't and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of a thieves can't and so
+all of the internal stuff that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the internal stuff that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the internal stuff that um that
+the that the um the Garrett character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the um the Garrett character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the um the Garrett character
+would be saying to himself and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be saying to himself and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be saying to himself and sometimes
+the you know the guards might be saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the guards might be saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the guards might be saying
+they would use um you know dialects they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use um you know dialects they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use um you know dialects they
+would say things like eagled instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say things like eagled instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say things like eagled instead of
+um saw or you know I I forget what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um saw or you know I I forget what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um saw or you know I I forget what the
+what we came up with for heard um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we came up with for heard um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we came up with for heard um and
+you know he had this idea of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he had this idea of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he had this idea of you know
+being very Clockwork Orange where it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very Clockwork Orange where it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very Clockwork Orange where it has
+its own you know internal language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own you know internal language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own you know internal language that
+you can mostly figure out if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mostly figure out if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mostly figure out if you're
+paying attention and so you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention and so you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention and so you know my
+first set of of dialogue stuff was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of of dialogue stuff was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of of dialogue stuff was you
+know full of this stuff and the pl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know full of this stuff and the pl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know full of this stuff and the pl is
+like we have no idea what they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have no idea what they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have no idea what they're saying
+this makes no sense they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes no sense they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes no sense they're saying
+random words and it tells us nothing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random words and it tells us nothing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random words and it tells us nothing so
+that all got cut out and pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all got cut out and pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all got cut out and pretty much the
+only thing that that got kept was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that that got kept was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that that got kept was the
+word Taffer um which was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Taffer um which was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Taffer um which was sort of the
+generic swear word um you know you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic swear word um you know you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic swear word um you know you would
+say Taffer I saw you back there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Taffer I saw you back there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Taffer I saw you back there because
+you know we were trying for a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we were trying for a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we were trying for a no
+swearing game um but sometimes you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swearing game um but sometimes you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swearing game um but sometimes you want
+to have think characters sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have think characters sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have think characters sound like
+they're swearing so they we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're swearing so they we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're swearing so they we had that
+word in stay it stayed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in stay it stayed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in stay it stayed that's
+awesome I find there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome I find there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome I find there's a difference
+between um testing and play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um testing and play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um testing and play testing
+though too when you well so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though too when you well so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though too when you well so one is
+technical does the game work are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical does the game work are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical does the game work are there
+crashing bugs and we have uh certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing bugs and we have uh certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing bugs and we have uh certainly a
+choice of that's it's to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of that's it's to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of that's it's to different
+um two different things there's the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two different things there's the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two different things there's the can
+you play to the end of it without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play to the end of it without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play to the end of it without it
+crashing on you good all right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing on you good all right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing on you good all right you know
+F first level that's great can you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F first level that's great can you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F first level that's great can you play
+to it with it with it doing the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it with it with it doing the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it with it with it doing the variable
+hands-off between the scenes correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-off between the scenes correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-off between the scenes correctly
+or do you suddenly find that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you suddenly find that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you suddenly find that you're
+married to this person instead of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to this person instead of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to this person instead of that
+person I mean you know it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mean you know it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mean you know it's probably
+like this happen all the time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this happen all the time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this happen all the time and that's
+actually I mean so so um although my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I mean so so um although my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I mean so so um although my
+undergrad is degree is in English uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad is degree is in English uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad is degree is in English uh I
+did work in consumer electronics so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did work in consumer electronics so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did work in consumer electronics so that
+uh such that I was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh such that I was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh such that I was working with
+programmers I was I was in QA in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers I was I was in QA in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers I was I was in QA in fact a
+long time ago before I was in marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago before I was in marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago before I was in marketing
+um and so thinking about it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so thinking about it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so thinking about it in terms of
+of the blackbox testing of are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blackbox testing of are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blackbox testing of are the
+variables being passed are the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables being passed are the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables being passed are the are the
+um flags being set are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flags being set are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flags being set are
+the uh are there uh typos in the English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh are there uh typos in the English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh are there uh typos in the English
+on the screen everything capitalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen everything capitalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen everything capitalized and
+then there's the play testing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the play testing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the play testing which is
+Are you delivering the experience you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you delivering the experience you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you delivering the experience you're
+trying to deliver which you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deliver which you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deliver which you can only
+tell by watching a human being play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell by watching a human being play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell by watching a human being play it
+got it I I like that you split those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it I I like that you split those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it I I like that you split those two
+apart because we when we talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart because we when we talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart because we when we talk about in
+class we often don't make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we often don't make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we often don't make that
+distinction but I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction but I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction but I think it's an
+important distinction that there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction that there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction that there's the
+does it do what we think it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do what we think it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do what we think it does
+technically and does it do what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically and does it do what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically and does it do what we want
+it to do emotionally or enjoyably or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do emotionally or enjoyably or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do emotionally or enjoyably or
+whatever that that's a good distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that that's a good distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that that's a good distinction
+in consumer electronics I uh I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in consumer electronics I uh I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in consumer electronics I uh I worked
+for for Bose Corporation they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Bose Corporation they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Bose Corporation they used to
+they they separated it into verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they separated it into verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they separated it into verification
+and validation were the subp parts of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validation were the subp parts of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validation were the subp parts of of
+the the test Department it was uh did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the test Department it was uh did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the test Department it was uh did we
+build the thing right and did we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the thing right and did we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the thing right and did we build
+the right thing um I thought was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing um I thought was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing um I thought was pretty
+clever I like that yeah I I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever I like that yeah I I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever I like that yeah I I feel like
+from my experience that it would be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my experience that it would be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my experience that it would be kind
+of more programmer bugs versus design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more programmer bugs versus design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more programmer bugs versus design
+bugs does do the variables do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs does do the variables do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs does do the variables do the right
+thing programmer bugs does it crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing programmer bugs does it crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing programmer bugs does it crash
+programmer bugs is it fun design bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer bugs is it fun design bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer bugs is it fun design bugs
+yeah that's that's a great way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a great way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a great way to think
+of it yeah sure so I'm G i' just got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it yeah sure so I'm G i' just got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it yeah sure so I'm G i' just got one
+more question for then we'll turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more question for then we'll turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more question for then we'll turn it
+over if anyone out there has questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if anyone out there has questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if anyone out there has questions
+but before I do that I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before I do that I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before I do that I want to point out
+that while I did sort of warn you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while I did sort of warn you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while I did sort of warn you that
+I'd be asking a little bit about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be asking a little bit about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be asking a little bit about you
+know have PlayOn been useful for you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have PlayOn been useful for you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have PlayOn been useful for you I
+did not ask them to go on as long and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not ask them to go on as long and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not ask them to go on as long and as
+enthusiastically as they did about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastically as they did about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastically as they did about how
+awesome Place testing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome Place testing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome Place testing has
+been is this something you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been is this something you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been is this something you're trying to
+we say this a lot play test play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this a lot play test play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this a lot play test play test
+play test play test no matter how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test play test no matter how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test play test no matter how much
+you're play testing you probably aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're play testing you probably aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're play testing you probably aren't
+doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it
+enough anyway so the last question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough anyway so the last question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough anyway so the last question I
+have kind of comes back to something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of comes back to something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of comes back to something you
+were talking about how when you did your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about how when you did your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about how when you did your
+first project um um you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first project um um you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first project um um you had the
+storyboards and you're like o I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboards and you're like o I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboards and you're like o I'll take
+on this part and another writer might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part and another writer might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part and another writer might
+take on a different part did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on a different part did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on a different part did you have
+any problems getting the voices to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems getting the voices to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems getting the voices to to
+match presumably you've got different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match presumably you've got different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match presumably you've got different
+authors different writers for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors different writers for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors different writers for different
+sections but you want to feel like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections but you want to feel like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections but you want to feel like it's
+a coherent piece you obviously want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coherent piece you obviously want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coherent piece you obviously want to
+write in a similar style to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in a similar style to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in a similar style to the other
+writers did we have a problem uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers did we have a problem uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers did we have a problem uh the
+answer is yes but not like in a not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes but not like in a not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes but not like in a not like
+in a funny horrible way in a this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a funny horrible way in a this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a funny horrible way in a this is one
+of the challenges with with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the challenges with with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the challenges with with um
+broadsides was three people it was uh me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadsides was three people it was uh me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadsides was three people it was uh me
+and Dan fabulich and Adam Str strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dan fabulich and Adam Str strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dan fabulich and Adam Str strong
+Morse and so it was it was sort of part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse and so it was it was sort of part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse and so it was it was sort of part
+of the cost of doing business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost of doing business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost of doing business of
+dividing the work among three people was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the work among three people was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the work among three people was
+the um hey this guy has a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um hey this guy has a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um hey this guy has a has a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+um has has speech patterns that imply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has has speech patterns that imply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has has speech patterns that imply a
+different educational level when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different educational level when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different educational level when one
+when person a is writing than when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when person a is writing than when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when person a is writing than when
+person B is writing either is fine for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person B is writing either is fine for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person B is writing either is fine for a
+sailor in the Napoleonic era but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailor in the Napoleonic era but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailor in the Napoleonic era but we
+should pick one like these were bugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick one like these were bugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick one like these were bugs in
+the these were bugs in the spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these were bugs in the spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these were bugs in the spreadsheet
+when when we were like we we got we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we were like we we got we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we were like we we got we got
+to fix that because so and so sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that because so and so sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that because so and so sounds
+like he has a split personality um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he has a split personality um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he has a split personality um and
+there were and there were some times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were and there were some times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were and there were some times
+issues between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues between
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um like that's a design thing like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like that's a design thing like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like that's a design thing like as
+you were saying that's a that's a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying that's a that's a flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying that's a that's a flavor
+thing right there were sometimes issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right there were sometimes issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right there were sometimes issues
+with um handoffs on the on the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um handoffs on the on the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um handoffs on the on the technical
+sense uh but that that's also like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh but that that's also like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh but that that's also like that
+was in the in the um somebody wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the in the um somebody wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the in the um somebody wasn't
+setting a flag that someone else needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a flag that someone else needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a flag that someone else needed
+type of thing and that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing and that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing and that was in the
+spreadsheet I think that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet I think that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet I think that's just a
+collaborative thing like you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative thing like you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative thing like you know uh
+what it means interestingly is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means interestingly is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means interestingly is that is
+that um having three writers doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um having three writers doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um having three writers doesn't
+save you as much time as you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you as much time as you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you as much time as you might think
+it is probably quicker than having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably quicker than having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably quicker than having one
+but not not not three times quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not not three times quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not not three times quicker
+because you have the the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the the integration
+phase that you don't otherwise have sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that you don't otherwise have sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that you don't otherwise have sure
+I like you put that because I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like you put that because I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like you put that because I suspect
+you're all encountered the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all encountered the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all encountered the same thing
+your code right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code right
+now yeah I I found that having for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah I I found that having for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah I I found that having for any
+given sort of tone thing having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sort of tone thing having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sort of tone thing having one
+person who was who was the expert or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was who was the expert or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was who was the expert or at
+least the that was their thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the that was their thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the that was their thing like
+Terry would tend to do the pass on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry would tend to do the pass on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry would tend to do the pass on all
+the woodsies and you know make sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woodsies and you know make sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woodsies and you know make sure they
+seemed woodsy enough and I would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed woodsy enough and I would do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed woodsy enough and I would do the
+pass on the Hammers and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass on the Hammers and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass on the Hammers and make sure that
+people hadn't confused thee and thou and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hadn't confused thee and thou and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hadn't confused thee and thou and
+um translate things you know into King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um translate things you know into King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um translate things you know into King
+James I mean it wasn't even real King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James I mean it wasn't even real King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James I mean it wasn't even real King
+James it was sort of like what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James it was sort of like what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James it was sort of like what people
+think King James sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think King James sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think King James sounds
+like um for broadsides we actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um for broadsides we actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um for broadsides we actually had
+Adam was serving as lead writer um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam was serving as lead writer um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam was serving as lead writer um it
+was so this is a um secondary World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so this is a um secondary World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so this is a um secondary World
+Horatio Hornblower um so not the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horatio Hornblower um so not the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horatio Hornblower um so not the real
+nepolean IC War but the Napoleonic War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nepolean IC War but the Napoleonic War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nepolean IC War but the Napoleonic War
+like you know um but so it it was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know um but so it it was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know um but so it it was his
+idea and he was the uh the Hornblower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and he was the uh the Hornblower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and he was the uh the Hornblower
+fan right so if there was a disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan right so if there was a disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan right so if there was a disagreement
+about the right way to name something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right way to name something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right way to name something or
+present something or whatever Adam had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present something or whatever Adam had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present something or whatever Adam had
+final say because I I read three of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final say because I I read three of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final say because I I read three of the
+books really fast as I was getting up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books really fast as I was getting up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books really fast as I was getting up to
+speed for the project and so did Dan but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed for the project and so did Dan but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed for the project and so did Dan but
+that's not the same thing as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same thing as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same thing as being
+immersed in it right um it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in it right um it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in it right um it was actually
+harder when Adam and I were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when Adam and I were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when Adam and I were working
+as complete partners and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as complete partners and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as complete partners and we were
+building our own secondary World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building our own secondary World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building our own secondary World
+medieval fantasy from the ground up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval fantasy from the ground up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval fantasy from the ground up
+because there was no um sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was no um sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was no um sometimes it's
+nice to have a have a final Arbiter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a have a final Arbiter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a have a final Arbiter um
+and as opposed to having to to come to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as opposed to having to to come to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as opposed to having to to come to a
+resolution not necessarily fight it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution not necessarily fight it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution not necessarily fight it out
+but but come to an agreement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but come to an agreement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but come to an agreement with
+everything under discussion MH it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything under discussion MH it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything under discussion MH it's just
+faster if you can when that we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if you can when that we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if you can when that we start to
+get an impass if someone can say nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an impass if someone can say nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an impass if someone can say nope
+we're going to go with a okay go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go with a okay go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go with a okay go all
+right uh any questions from out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh any questions from out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh any questions from out there
+while we're here at the moment uh please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're here at the moment uh please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're here at the moment uh please
+so um something I think is true about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um something I think is true about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um something I think is true about
+the uh choice of games is that like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh choice of games is that like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh choice of games is that like if
+you make choices at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make choices at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make choices at the beginning of the
+story they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story they'll
+like carry over and possibly have grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like carry over and possibly have grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like carry over and possibly have grand
+repercussions at like 30 hour mark or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions at like 30 hour mark or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions at like 30 hour mark or
+something like that how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that how would you
+actually play test that like could seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play test that like could seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play test that like could seem
+like play test having to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play test having to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play test having to deal with
+something that happened 3 hours ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happened 3 hours ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happened 3 hours ago
+without having the play test go on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having the play test go on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having the play test go on for
+three hours let me paraphrase that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours let me paraphrase that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours let me paraphrase that just
+for the microphones um um you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the microphones um um you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the microphones um um you're asking
+about you have a play test that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have a play test that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have a play test that that
+would take a long long time to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a long long time to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a long long time to see the
+results but your play tester isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but your play tester isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but your play tester isn't that
+patient so how do you work with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient so how do you work with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient so how do you work with that
+yeah well um I actually don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well um I actually don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well um I actually don't know how
+you work with it in that constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with it in that constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with it in that constraint
+because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the
+you can if you are the author and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you are the author and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you are the author and you
+know the game you can selfplay test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the game you can selfplay test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the game you can selfplay test it
+such that you skip ahead to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you skip ahead to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you skip ahead to see how
+scene five feels when you're married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene five feels when you're married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene five feels when you're married
+to um Grace instead of to Diana right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Grace instead of to Diana right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Grace instead of to Diana right
+but if you're play testing play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're play testing play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're play testing play testing
+for real the the gas Choice by gas light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real the the gas Choice by gas light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real the the gas Choice by gas light
+the game that I hope will ship early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that I hope will ship early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that I hope will ship early in
+the winter um has about four hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter um has about four hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter um has about four hours of
+gameplay and the only way I have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay and the only way I have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay and the only way I have found
+to test what it feels like for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test what it feels like for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test what it feels like for the
+players to make the choices and be in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to make the choices and be in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to make the choices and be in it
+is to sit behind them for four hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sit behind them for four hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sit behind them for four hours
+which is why I buy them dinner um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I buy them dinner um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I buy them dinner um
+because it's the very least I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the very least I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the very least I can do
+these are this is all informal these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is all informal these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is all informal these are
+all friends of mine course um so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all friends of mine course um so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all friends of mine course um so I think
+there are things that you can't shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that you can't shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that you can't shortcut
+you just got to do it if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just got to do it if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just got to do it if you want to
+know what it's like for the player on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's like for the player on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's like for the player on
+the other hand there may be a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand there may be a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand there may be a better
+solution to that that I just haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that that I just haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that that I just haven't
+found yet I don't know I mean so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found yet I don't know I mean so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found yet I don't know I mean so for a
+larger company the answer is you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger company the answer is you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger company the answer is you pay
+them a wage to do it for 3 hours I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a wage to do it for 3 hours I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a wage to do it for 3 hours I mean
+you it's their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's their job
+um and and do they do become faster at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and do they do become faster at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and do they do become faster at
+it like you know if they're play if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like you know if they're play if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like you know if they're play if they
+were you know play testing choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know play testing choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know play testing choice of
+games they would probably be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games they would probably be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games they would probably be able to
+read pretty quickly the things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read pretty quickly the things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read pretty quickly the things that they
+have read before but um absolutely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read before but um absolutely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read before but um absolutely it
+when I say four hours of gameplay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say four hours of gameplay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say four hours of gameplay that's
+you know that's the first time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the first time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the first time the
+um the first three or four scenes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first three or four scenes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first three or four scenes are
+not substantively different no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not substantively different no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not substantively different no matter
+what you pick I mean there there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you pick I mean there there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you pick I mean there there's some
+flavor taex differences but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor taex differences but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor taex differences but they're not
+meaningfully so so once you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfully so so once you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfully so so once you realize that
+then this the second playthrough is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this the second playthrough is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this the second playthrough is just
+yeah right right right right right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right right right right right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right right right right right okay
+here's where it starts getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it starts getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it starts getting
+interesting now I'm going to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now I'm going to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now I'm going to slow down
+and read again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read again um
+sure um and I think that's in in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um and I think that's in in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um and I think that's in in large
+part actually why we encourage shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part actually why we encourage shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part actually why we encourage shorter
+games um in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um in the class
+actually um partially because of scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um partially because of scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um partially because of scope
+for your own development but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your own development but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your own development but also
+partially because of that play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because of that play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because of that play test
+problem U speaking as um the author of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem U speaking as um the author of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem U speaking as um the author of
+some of the more longer and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more longer and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more longer and more
+convoluted choice of games um speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted choice of games um speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted choice of games um speaking
+also because the company encourages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the company encourages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the company encourages
+people to download the code and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to download the code and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to download the code and make
+their own they have a hosted games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own they have a hosted games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own they have a hosted games
+program you shouldn't start with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you shouldn't start with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you shouldn't start with one
+convoluted anything you should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted anything you should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted anything you should start
+with like seriously seriously seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like seriously seriously seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like seriously seriously seriously
+seriously start with something short and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously start with something short and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously start with something short and
+simple and prove that you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and prove that you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and prove that you you know
+you've got the language and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the language and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the language and you've got
+you know and and then Branch out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and then Branch out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and then Branch out into
+things that will take you forever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that will take you forever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that will take you forever and
+lots of dinners to properly test what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of dinners to properly test what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of dinners to properly test what
+what might be a good sort of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be a good sort of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be a good sort of first
+project there like a conversation or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there like a conversation or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there like a conversation or you
+know a one-page short story that ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a one-page short story that ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a one-page short story that ends up
+being you know OB with branching a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know OB with branching a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know OB with branching a lot
+more writing than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more writing than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more writing than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh a typical choice of game is divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a typical choice of game is divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a typical choice of game is divided
+into 10ish chapters which at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 10ish chapters which at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 10ish chapters which at least
+within the um senior staff we refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the um senior staff we refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the um senior staff we refer to
+as vignettes I don't know if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vignettes I don't know if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vignettes I don't know if that
+terminology got to the website or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology got to the website or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology got to the website or not
+but we call them vignettes so writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we call them vignettes so writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we call them vignettes so writing a
+vignette which has I forgot how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette which has I forgot how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette which has I forgot how many
+words they're supposed to have and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they're supposed to have and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they're supposed to have and you
+know let's say let's say four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say let's say four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say let's say four or five
+choices is is a good way to get a handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices is is a good way to get a handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices is is a good way to get a handle
+on um how it all works on the on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um how it all works on the on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um how it all works on the on on the
+Rhythm on the technicalities I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm on the technicalities I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm on the technicalities I go back
+to what I said earlier which is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I said earlier which is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I said earlier which is when I
+joined the company I picked a vignette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined the company I picked a vignette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined the company I picked a vignette
+from the 10 that like the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 10 that like the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 10 that like the the the
+partners had already laid out and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners had already laid out and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners had already laid out and they
+they asked me which one I wanted and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked me which one I wanted and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked me which one I wanted and I
+picked I picked the uh the courtship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked I picked the uh the courtship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked I picked the uh the courtship
+scene in no small part because there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in no small part because there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in no small part because there was
+a similar one in the game that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar one in the game that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar one in the game that had
+shipped and I had something I could work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped and I had something I could work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped and I had something I could work
+from so what what are we working towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so what what are we working towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so what what are we working towards
+it should be about this long it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be about this long it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be about this long it should
+it should have about this many choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have about this many choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have about this many choices
+it should have about this pacing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have about this pacing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have about this pacing okay
+all right so I can copy that got it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I can copy that got it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I can copy that got it got
+it all right now I'll do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right now I'll do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right now I'll do something
+totally different now I can do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different now I can do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different now I can do a whole
+game now you know get so you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game now you know get so you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game now you know get so you started
+kind of it's it's actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's it's actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's it's actually really
+interesting because a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because a lot of people
+doing computer game development start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing computer game development start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing computer game development start by
+as modders you're going to mod modify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as modders you're going to mod modify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as modders you're going to mod modify an
+existing game or existing level and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing game or existing level and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing game or existing level and you
+almost start with a you know you mod the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost start with a you know you mod the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost start with a you know you mod the
+existing writing but of course replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing writing but of course replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing writing but of course replace
+all the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey uh you know a lot of um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey uh you know a lot of um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey uh you know a lot of um a lot of
+traditional fiction writers start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional fiction writers start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional fiction writers start
+writing fanfic I mean it's it's a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing fanfic I mean it's it's a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing fanfic I mean it's it's a thing
+right it's it means that you have a uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it means that you have a uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it means that you have a uh I
+me I'm sort of off in the Weeds now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm sort of off in the Weeds now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm sort of off in the Weeds now
+right but fanfic in particular means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but fanfic in particular means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but fanfic in particular means
+that the World building is done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the World building is done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the World building is done the
+character voices are set what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character voices are set what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character voices are set what you need
+aim for a voice supped to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim for a voice supped to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim for a voice supped to make one
+exactly and and similarly the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and and similarly the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and and similarly the the
+constraints of the world are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the world are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the world are known
+rather than things you have to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than things you have to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than things you have to impose
+right so what you have to figure out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you have to figure out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you have to figure out is
+a plot that works with this world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot that works with this world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot that works with this world and
+these characters and that oh that's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters and that oh that's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters and that oh that's s
+just that's just a plot you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just a plot you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just a plot you know and
+then you once you got that down you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you once you got that down you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you once you got that down you can
+grow into sort of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow into sort of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow into sort of the other
+things that's a good little way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's a good little way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's a good little way to do it
+I think so um something that Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so um something that Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so um something that Laura
+mentioned earlier was the whole standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier was the whole standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier was the whole standing
+around and listening to NPC's talk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and listening to NPC's talk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and listening to NPC's talk for
+you know minutes and um it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minutes and um it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minutes and um it seems to me
+that in the shock games in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the shock games in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the shock games in particular
+they answered that with the audio LS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they answered that with the audio LS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they answered that with the audio LS
+that uh now are a lot more pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh now are a lot more pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh now are a lot more pervasive
+than just a shock series and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a shock series and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a shock series and I'm
+wondering um has that started become to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering um has that started become to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering um has that started become to
+to much of a crutch to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much of a crutch to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much of a crutch to sort of get
+around this whole we want to we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this whole we want to we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this whole we want to we want to
+do all this Exposition but we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all this Exposition but we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all this Exposition but we don't want
+to tie people down to a location or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tie people down to a location or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tie people down to a location or do
+you find that that's um you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that that's um you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that that's um you know there
+is very specific use for for for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very specific use for for for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very specific use for for for that
+kind of um I so I think that the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um I so I think that the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um I so I think that the shock
+shock in particular it it's trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in particular it it's trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in particular it it's trying to do
+it's trying to be sort of a role playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to be sort of a role playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to be sort of a role playing
+game which at its Hallmark has dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which at its Hallmark has dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which at its Hallmark has dialogue
+trees and stuff except there's no people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and stuff except there's no people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and stuff except there's no people
+there and so it's replacing dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so it's replacing dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so it's replacing dialogue
+trees with little monologue trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees with little monologue trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees with little monologue trees and
+but I and so it's both Exposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I and so it's both Exposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I and so it's both Exposition and
+also atmosphere setting um so I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also atmosphere setting um so I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also atmosphere setting um so I I think
+that actually I thought that worked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I thought that worked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I thought that worked very
+well um uh Shock 2 had had a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um uh Shock 2 had had a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um uh Shock 2 had had a lot of um
+sort of cutscene in engine cut scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cutscene in engine cut scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cutscene in engine cut scenes
+where you would you would go up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would you would go up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would you would go up you
+would be going down a corridor and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going down a corridor and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going down a corridor and there
+would be a window and then there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a window and then there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a window and then there would
+be something that happens on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that happens on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that happens on the other
+side of the window and that felt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the window and that felt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the window and that felt a
+little bit more like the Thief listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like the Thief listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like the Thief listening
+to people talk is because it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people talk is because it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people talk is because it would be
+the scripted thing to happen that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scripted thing to happen that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scripted thing to happen that you
+would have to watch or not watch her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to watch or not watch her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to watch or not watch her and
+it and it would take place whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it would take place whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it would take place whether or
+not you were paying attention to it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you were paying attention to it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you were paying attention to it um
+and then it always had to be built so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it always had to be built so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it always had to be built so
+that you couldn't interact with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't interact with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't interact with it
+because you you know you didn't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know you didn't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know you didn't want it
+to be the case that you saved the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the case that you saved the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the case that you saved the person
+who was being killed or whatever um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was being killed or whatever um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was being killed or whatever um but
+yeah the audio logs felt like a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the audio logs felt like a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the audio logs felt like a I
+thought we're a nicely atmospheric way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we're a nicely atmospheric way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we're a nicely atmospheric way
+to do text stumps um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do text stumps um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do text stumps um
+you the question is is it overused now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the question is is it overused now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the question is is it overused now
+and I don't know I imagine just like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I imagine just like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I imagine just like any
+any trick you use in a game if everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trick you use in a game if everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trick you use in a game if everyone
+does it yeah it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it yeah it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it yeah it'll be
+overused but you know in some games it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overused but you know in some games it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overused but you know in some games it's
+the right tool in some games it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tool in some games it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tool in some games it's
+not just just following up on that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just just following up on that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just just following up on that it
+seems to be um serve a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be um serve a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be um serve a very similar
+function to say written books that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to say written books that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to say written books that you
+find around in a game like Skyrim or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find around in a game like Skyrim or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find around in a game like Skyrim or
+something um it that M building and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um it that M building and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um it that M building and I
+was build building bit um but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was build building bit um but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was build building bit um but because
+you hear it as opposed to read it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear it as opposed to read it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear it as opposed to read it it's
+something that you can do while doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can do while doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can do while doing
+other things you know uh you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you know uh you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you know uh you can go
+ahead and do the colage hands while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do the colage hands while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do the colage hands while
+you're you know receiving all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know receiving all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know receiving all this
+information and I'm wondering um if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and I'm wondering um if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and I'm wondering um if that
+is if that diminishes its value because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if that diminishes its value because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if that diminishes its value because
+you don't really have to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have to pay attention
+to it you can just kind of like be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it you can just kind of like be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it you can just kind of like be the
+pack and collect all the AIO LS without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack and collect all the AIO LS without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack and collect all the AIO LS without
+really any of them or is it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any of them or is it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any of them or is it more
+prevalent because there's no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent because there's no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent because there's no reason to
+avoid them it doesn't stop you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid them it doesn't stop you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid them it doesn't stop you from
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+wrong yeah I I mean I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong yeah I I mean I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong yeah I I mean I I think
+that I would listen to all the aogs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would listen to all the aogs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would listen to all the aogs but
+there are uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh what is
+the there are some games that have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are some games that have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are some games that have had
+too many books I could not possibly read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many books I could not possibly read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many books I could not possibly read
+all the books and so I didn't um so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the books and so I didn't um so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the books and so I didn't um so I I
+think it's it's almost more a setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's almost more a setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's almost more a setting
+the the right number for any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right number for any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right number for any particular
+players's enjoyment and how you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players's enjoyment and how you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players's enjoyment and how you know I
+have no idea how to pick what the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea how to pick what the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea how to pick what the right
+number is I mean probably somebody read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is I mean probably somebody read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is I mean probably somebody read
+all the books in morrowwind I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the books in morrowwind I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the books in morrowwind I did not
+um but players specifically too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but players specifically too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but players specifically too I
+imagine there some players who read none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there some players who read none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there some players who read none
+of them some players all of them but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them some players all of them but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them some players all of them but but
+the question of you know I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of you know I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of you know I I don't know
+if it's I don't know if you even need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's I don't know if you even need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's I don't know if you even need
+want to try to say well we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to say well we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to say well we don't want to
+let the player not care about the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the player not care about the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the player not care about the things
+I mean the players don't want to care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the players don't want to care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the players don't want to care
+that's that's their choice I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's their choice I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's their choice I guess
+um I mean that's a totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean that's a totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean that's a totally different
+thing you know what if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know what if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know what if people are
+playing your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong you know do about there right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you know do about there right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you know do about there right yeah
+you know so there's the question of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so there's the question of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so there's the question of you
+know should you be able to use the mods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should you be able to use the mods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should you be able to use the mods
+to let you just kill anything is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let you just kill anything is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let you just kill anything is that
+playing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it
+wrong or is it does everyone get to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or is it does everyone get to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or is it does everyone get to pick
+how they want to play it you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they want to play it you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they want to play it you know is
+using cheat codes evil or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cheat codes evil or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cheat codes evil or you know
+letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is there an analog of concept art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there an analog of concept art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there an analog of concept art
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+writing for example you have a paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for example you have a paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for example you have a paragraph
+that explains what a character is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains what a character is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains what a character is that's
+not in the game yes yeah yeah how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the game yes yeah yeah how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the game yes yeah yeah how often
+are you for that as well um so I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you for that as well um so I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you for that as well um so I I guess
+those would be design documents um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be design documents um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be design documents um and
+those are traditionally not as well kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are traditionally not as well kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are traditionally not as well kept
+up as they should be so they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as they should be so they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as they should be so they often
+describe the state of the game game as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the state of the game game as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the state of the game game as
+it was 3 months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 3 months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 3 months ago
+um um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I
+mean um that those tend to be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um that those tend to be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um that those tend to be written
+more by the higher level people than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more by the higher level people than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more by the higher level people than I
+ever was so they would be you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever was so they would be you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever was so they would be you know there
+would be the overall design document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the overall design document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the overall design document
+here's what our what we want the game to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what our what we want the game to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what our what we want the game to
+be like here's what we want this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like here's what we want this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like here's what we want this level
+to be like um but that that is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like um but that that is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like um but that that is a good
+way of using of of being sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of using of of being sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of using of of being sort of a
+reference of a tone reference or a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference of a tone reference or a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference of a tone reference or a you
+know gameplay here are the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gameplay here are the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gameplay here are the things we
+were aiming for and you can always go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aiming for and you can always go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aiming for and you can always go
+back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at
+that specifically character um you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specifically character um you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specifically character um you said
+concept art so were you thinking were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art so were you thinking were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art so were you thinking were
+you thinking characters were you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thinking characters were you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thinking characters were you think
+game overall they talked about concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game overall they talked about concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game overall they talked about concept
+art being partly to explain to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art being partly to explain to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art being partly to explain to the
+artists what they're going to do sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists what they're going to do sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists what they're going to do sure
+partly just to inspire the team which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly just to inspire the team which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly just to inspire the team which I
+thought was an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was an interesting
+right I see that um so the games I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I see that um so the games I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I see that um so the games I've
+worked on all the games I've worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on all the games I've worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on all the games I've worked on
+actually uh except for the RPG where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh except for the RPG where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh except for the RPG where I
+was in the world building part of it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the world building part of it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the world building part of it um
+have had character Bibles separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had character Bibles separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had character Bibles separate from
+other design documents so the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other design documents so the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other design documents so the there's
+the design documents that say choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design documents that say choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design documents that say choice of
+broadsides will have 10 vignettes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadsides will have 10 vignettes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadsides will have 10 vignettes and
+this is the one where you capture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one where you capture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one where you capture a
+prize ship and here are the five main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize ship and here are the five main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize ship and here are the five main
+choices and here's the one where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and here's the one where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and here's the one where you
+have the evil Lieutenant over you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the evil Lieutenant over you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the evil Lieutenant over you and
+here are the five main choices uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the five main choices uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the five main choices uh and so
+there was that and and those do fall out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was that and and those do fall out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was that and and those do fall out
+of date very quickly because once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of date very quickly because once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of date very quickly because once you're
+in the code you realize you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code you realize you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code you realize you want to do
+different things nobody likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things nobody likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things nobody likes
+documentation absolutely absolutely but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation absolutely absolutely but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation absolutely absolutely but
+the now still true the character Bibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now still true the character Bibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now still true the character Bibles
+though I have found to be more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I have found to be more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I have found to be more um
+inspiring right and so you sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring right and so you sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring right and so you sit down and
+you say that the um you can do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that the um you can do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that the um you can do it in a
+few lines right the the the backstory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines right the the the backstory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines right the the the backstory of
+this character is this and the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this character is this and the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this character is this and the things
+they care about are this and the and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about are this and the and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about are this and the and um
+I recently learned a technique um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recently learned a technique um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recently learned a technique um uh
+Richard danky from uh Ubisoft is um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard danky from uh Ubisoft is um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard danky from uh Ubisoft is um uh
+friend of a friend and and and boy is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of a friend and and and boy is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of a friend and and and boy is he
+a very very very skilled game writer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very very skilled game writer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very very skilled game writer and
+uh technique he referred to was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technique he referred to was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technique he referred to was
+um uh dear what was it it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh dear what was it it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh dear what was it it was uh
+interview questions right but but um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview questions right but but um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview questions right but but um the
+point is you answer them in the voice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you answer them in the voice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you answer them in the voice of
+the character not just what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character not just what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character not just what the
+character would answer their favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character would answer their favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character would answer their favorite
+you know you know they their their best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know they their their best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know they their their best
+friend is Susan but but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is Susan but but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is Susan but but there's a
+difference between a character who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a character who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a character who said
+say uh oh you know Bob he's always got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh oh you know Bob he's always got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh oh you know Bob he's always got
+my back and I first met Susan when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back and I first met Susan when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back and I first met Susan when we
+were in kindergarten and we were friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in kindergarten and we were friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in kindergarten and we were friends
+all through Elementary School except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through Elementary School except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through Elementary School except for
+that time when we had a fight in sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time when we had a fight in sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time when we had a fight in sixth
+grade over the and like you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade over the and like you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade over the and like you you know
+something about both of the speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about both of the speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about both of the speakers
+just from the way they answer um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the way they answer um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the way they answer um a
+design docu most design documents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design docu most design documents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design docu most design documents are
+not necessarily inspiring but one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily inspiring but one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily inspiring but one that
+something that is is possibly more so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is is possibly more so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is is possibly more so is
+the one minute of gameplay and it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one minute of gameplay and it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one minute of gameplay and it's sort
+of like the little narration of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the little narration of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the little narration of what
+you're doing as some random moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing as some random moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing as some random moment in
+the game and why is it fun um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and why is it fun um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and why is it fun um because
+you know why is it fun is is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is it fun is is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is it fun is is kind of the
+thing that you need to keep focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to keep focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to keep focusing
+everyone on you know that the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on you know that the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on you know that the point of
+the game is not to show you the cool art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is not to show you the cool art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is not to show you the cool art
+or to like make you listen to my really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to like make you listen to my really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to like make you listen to my really
+cool dialogue it's it's to be fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool dialogue it's it's to be fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool dialogue it's it's to be fun and
+and I think that if you can if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that if you can if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that if you can if you can
+write a one minute of gameplay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a one minute of gameplay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a one minute of gameplay which is
+somewhat inspiring for your designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat inspiring for your designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat inspiring for your designers
+and and programmers then then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and programmers then then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and programmers then then that's
+really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I think I will follow up with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think I will follow up with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think I will follow up with one
+last thing and we may have already may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing and we may have already may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing and we may have already may
+have already used up an answer here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already used up an answer here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already used up an answer here but
+we I'll try it um um is there what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll try it um um is there what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll try it um um is there what can
+you think of that you didn't know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of that you didn't know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of that you didn't know when
+you started trying to write for games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started trying to write for games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started trying to write for games
+that kind of surprised you and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of surprised you and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of surprised you and now you
+would think to yourself yeah I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think to yourself yeah I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think to yourself yeah I didn't
+know that I did not expect that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I did not expect that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I did not expect that to be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way I think the screenplay thing was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think the screenplay thing was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think the screenplay thing was the
+weirdest just the the a screenplay has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdest just the the a screenplay has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdest just the the a screenplay has
+these fonts and these margins and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fonts and these margins and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fonts and these margins and and
+you can't go over the yeah I I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go over the yeah I I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go over the yeah I I you know
+I I gather that you know you can submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I gather that you know you can submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I gather that you know you can submit
+academic abstracts and it has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic abstracts and it has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic abstracts and it has the same
+sort of thing you know no more than 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing you know no more than 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing you know no more than 800
+characters or whatever but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters or whatever but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters or whatever but I think that
+was the the strangest like I just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the strangest like I just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the strangest like I just had
+that was a very big surprise most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very big surprise most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very big surprise most
+writing I think feels more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I think feels more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I think feels more
+natural sure screenplays are pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural sure screenplays are pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural sure screenplays are pretty uh
+pretty specific yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um my my personally speaking my biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my my personally speaking my biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my my personally speaking my biggest
+surprises have all been have all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises have all been have all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises have all been have all been
+the positive ones um uh I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive ones um uh I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive ones um uh I thought I
+wanted to write novels and I still think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to write novels and I still think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to write novels and I still think
+I probably want to write novels but I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably want to write novels but I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably want to write novels but I uh
+I didn't expect this to be as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't expect this to be as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't expect this to be as um
+artistically satisfying as it has turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically satisfying as it has turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically satisfying as it has turned
+out to be uh now granted I'm in a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be uh now granted I'm in a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be uh now granted I'm in a pretty
+narrow writing field what I do is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow writing field what I do is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow writing field what I do is not
+typical of what what Laura's done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of what what Laura's done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of what what Laura's done is
+more typical of writing for the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical of writing for the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical of writing for the games
+industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+um something that I think surprises a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that I think surprises a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that I think surprises a
+lot of people who have a background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who have a background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who have a background in
+traditional fiction and then transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional fiction and then transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional fiction and then transition
+into writing games because I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into writing games because I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into writing games because I've seen
+this a lot is the um uh back in the lar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot is the um uh back in the lar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot is the um uh back in the lar
+days we used to call it the oops I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days we used to call it the oops I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days we used to call it the oops I
+forgot to add the interactive part where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to add the interactive part where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to add the interactive part where
+you have people who are very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people who are very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people who are very very very
+skilled at at plots and at character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled at at plots and at character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled at at plots and at character
+arcs and at story arcs and are are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs and at story arcs and are are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs and at story arcs and are are not
+accustomed to having to leave room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to having to leave room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to having to leave room for
+the player to interact with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player to interact with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player to interact with the world
+and this is I think a problem you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I think a problem you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I think a problem you get
+specifically when you have a somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically when you have a somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically when you have a somebody
+transitioning from non-interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from non-interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from non-interactive
+fiction to interactive fiction um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction to interactive fiction um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction to interactive fiction um I
+think I was fortunate that I made those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was fortunate that I made those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was fortunate that I made those
+mistakes very early when I was running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes very early when I was running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes very early when I was running
+Lars when I was in college and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lars when I was in college and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lars when I was in college and you know
+learned those lessons fast right um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned those lessons fast right um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned those lessons fast right um it's
+it's sort of uh um at least at least at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh um at least at least at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh um at least at least at
+that time doing Quest at Wesleyan was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time doing Quest at Wesleyan was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time doing Quest at Wesleyan was um
+it was a uh one of the the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a uh one of the the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a uh one of the the typical
+firsttime Jam mistakes was uh putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsttime Jam mistakes was uh putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsttime Jam mistakes was uh putting
+too much on the uh their on their staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much on the uh their on their staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much on the uh their on their staff
+members their non-player characters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members their non-player characters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members their non-player characters and
+not giving enough room for the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not giving enough room for the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not giving enough room for the players
+to you know play the game and and affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know play the game and and affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know play the game and and affect
+the world and and impact what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and and impact what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and and impact what happens
+you you can't impact what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't impact what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't impact what happens
+because we have the scene for the end no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the scene for the end no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the scene for the end no
+it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a
+play right yeah I have another answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play right yeah I have another answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play right yeah I have another answer
+okay ex it is awesome how your writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ex it is awesome how your writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ex it is awesome how your writing
+sounds when it is spoken by an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds when it is spoken by an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds when it is spoken by an actual
+professional voice actor and I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional voice actor and I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional voice actor and I did not
+expect that as opposed to pram or by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that as opposed to pram or by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that as opposed to pram or by me
+like when I say it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when I say it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when I say it in my
+hand and then you know there was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and then you know there was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and then you know there was there
+was a little ritual at the end of thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little ritual at the end of thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little ritual at the end of thief
+where uh the dark God is doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the dark God is doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the dark God is doing this
+ritual and I was like well he he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual and I was like well he he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual and I was like well he he's doing
+this thing he has to say something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing he has to say something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing he has to say something you
+always have to have a poem for a ritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have a poem for a ritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have a poem for a ritual
+so I wrote him a poem to be saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote him a poem to be saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote him a poem to be saying and
+then the actor for Constantine came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actor for Constantine came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actor for Constantine came in
+and spoke it in his dark God voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spoke it in his dark God voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spoke it in his dark God voice
+and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+awesome like and then the even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome like and then the even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome like and then the even better
+was when it was translated into French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when it was translated into French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when it was translated into French
+and spoken by the French dark God and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spoken by the French dark God and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spoken by the French dark God and it
+still rhymed and I was like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still rhymed and I was like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still rhymed and I was like they
+translated my dog ear into dog girl in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated my dog ear into dog girl in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated my dog ear into dog girl in
+French oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French oh my
+God that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God that was
+neat all right well thank you both very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat all right well thank you both very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat all right well thank you both very
+much for coming and sharing your PR with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for coming and sharing your PR with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for coming and sharing your PR with
+us you're very welcome thank you for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you're very welcome thank you for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you're very welcome thank you for me
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I'll stand here for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll stand here for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll stand here for your
+micophone yeah thank you so it's 208 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micophone yeah thank you so it's 208 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micophone yeah thank you so it's 208 um
+we're going to give you a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you a few more
+minutes to take a break um they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to take a break um they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to take a break um they're going
+to be here how how much time do you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here how how much time do you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here how how much time do you all
+have um 12 do you have any time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um 12 do you have any time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um 12 do you have any time after
+sure yeah so if you'd like to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah so if you'd like to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah so if you'd like to get them
+to play test your game just come on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play test your game just come on down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play test your game just come on down
+grab them bring them to your game um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab them bring them to your game um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab them bring them to your game um if
+you like to ask them any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to ask them any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to ask them any questions
+personally please do just come on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally please do just come on down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally please do just come on down
+uh the rest of the time is for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6-gN0dDHU-4.txt b/6-gN0dDHU-4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40b313c46c3468c2c78cb9971d6c1db53ffe99ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6-gN0dDHU-4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we make a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we make a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we make a connection
+between the correlation coefficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the correlation coefficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the correlation coefficient and
+some fairly realistic real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly realistic real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly realistic real-world
+situations the bottom line will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the bottom line will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the bottom line will be that
+the presence or absence of correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence or absence of correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence or absence of correlations
+can make a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a huge difference
+suppose that you run an investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you run an investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you run an investment
+company that invests in real estate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that invests in real estate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that invests in real estate and
+you have a hundred million of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hundred million of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hundred million of capital
+that you want to invest now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to invest now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to invest now you have
+learned or believed that it helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned or believed that it helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned or believed that it helps to
+diversify to not put all of your eggs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify to not put all of your eggs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify to not put all of your eggs in
+the same basket and for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basket and for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basket and for that reason
+you're going to invest some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to invest some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to invest some of your
+money in two different states you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in two different states you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in two different states you will
+be investing in ten different states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be investing in ten different states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be investing in ten different states and
+in each state you will invest ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each state you will invest ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each state you will invest ten
+million so that your total investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so that your total investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so that your total investment is
+spread between those ten states for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread between those ten states for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread between those ten states for each
+state you have a model that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you have a model that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you have a model that tells you
+that the return on your investment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the return on your investment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the return on your investment that
+is your profit it's of course random but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your profit it's of course random but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your profit it's of course random but
+you expect it to be 1 million on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect it to be 1 million on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect it to be 1 million on the
+average that is in terms of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that is in terms of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that is in terms of the expected
+value but there's also a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but there's also a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but there's also a fair amount of
+randomness and so the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and so the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and so the standard deviation
+is 1.3 now if you look at the one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1.3 now if you look at the one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1.3 now if you look at the one state
+in isolation it would be a pretty risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isolation it would be a pretty risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isolation it would be a pretty risky
+investment because the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment because the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment because the standard
+deviation is comparable to the mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is comparable to the mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is comparable to the mean it's
+not an unlikely event to have a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an unlikely event to have a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an unlikely event to have a return
+that's one standard deviation below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one standard deviation below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one standard deviation below the
+mean and if that happens your return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and if that happens your return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and if that happens your return is
+going to be negative and you're losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative and you're losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative and you're losing
+money but then you argue that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but then you argue that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but then you argue that you're
+investing in ten different states yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in ten different states yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in ten different states yes
+you might lose money in some of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might lose money in some of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might lose money in some of them but
+overall you would expect to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall you would expect to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall you would expect to have a
+pretty high confidence that you will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high confidence that you will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high confidence that you will end
+up having a positive return is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having a positive return is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having a positive return is this
+correct or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or not
+let us do some calculations we will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us do some calculations we will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us do some calculations we will look
+at the variance of your total return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the variance of your total return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the variance of your total return the
+variance of a sum of random variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a sum of random variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a sum of random variables is
+given by the formula that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the formula that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the formula that we have
+developed it's the sum of the variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it's the sum of the variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it's the sum of the variances
+but then you also have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you also have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you also have a bunch of
+covariance terms that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance terms that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance terms that have to do with
+the relation of the different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of the different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of the different random
+variables now you make the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables now you make the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables now you make the assumption
+that the different states are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the different states are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the different states are different
+markets one doesn't affect the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets one doesn't affect the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets one doesn't affect the other so
+that the excise are uncorrelated in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the excise are uncorrelated in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the excise are uncorrelated in that
+case in this variance formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in this variance formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in this variance formula the
+covariance terms are all zero and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance terms are all zero and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance terms are all zero and they
+disappear and you're left with the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and you're left with the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and you're left with the sum
+of ten variance terms now each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ten variance terms now each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ten variance terms now each one of
+these variances is equal to the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variances is equal to the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variances is equal to the square
+of the standard deviation and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard deviation and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard deviation and we have a
+variance of 16.9 you then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of 16.9 you then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of 16.9 you then take the
+square root to find the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root to find the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root to find the standard
+deviation and the square root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and the square root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and the square root of this
+number is 4.1 now your expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is 4.1 now your expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is 4.1 now your expected return
+is equal to 10 which is two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 10 which is two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 10 which is two and a half
+standard deviations you will only lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations you will only lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations you will only lose
+money if the outcome is two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if the outcome is two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if the outcome is two and a half
+standard deviations below the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations below the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations below the mean and
+that's a fairly unlikely outcome and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fairly unlikely outcome and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fairly unlikely outcome and so
+in this situation you feel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation you feel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation you feel very
+confident that you will have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you will have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you will have a positive
+profit suppose however that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit suppose however that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit suppose however that your
+assumption is wrong and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is wrong and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is wrong and that actually
+the different excise are correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different excise are correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different excise are correlated with
+each other and suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and suppose that the
+correlation is pretty high point nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is pretty high point nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is pretty high point nine
+essentially this means that the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this means that the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this means that the real
+estate market in one state is strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate market in one state is strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate market in one state is strongly
+related to the behavior of the market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the behavior of the market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the behavior of the market in
+another state and that could be perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state and that could be perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state and that could be perhaps
+because the markets in different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the markets in different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the markets in different states
+are affected by some more global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by some more global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by some more global
+phenomenon that operates on a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that operates on a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that operates on a national
+level so in this case the covariance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so in this case the covariance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so in this case the covariance of
+X I with XJ is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I with XJ is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I with XJ is going to be the
+correlation coefficient times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient times the
+standard deviation of X I times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of X I times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of X I times the
+standard deviation of XJ which is 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of XJ which is 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of XJ which is 0.9
+times 1.3 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1.3 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1.3 times
+1.3 and so the covariance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and so the covariance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and so the covariance to
+to be 1.52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1.52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1.52
+and in that case the variance of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using this formula here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula here is going to be
+equal to 10 times the variance that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 10 times the variance that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 10 times the variance that you
+have in each state which is 1.3 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in each state which is 1.3 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in each state which is 1.3 squared
+plus you have a bunch of terms here how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you have a bunch of terms here how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you have a bunch of terms here how
+many terms there's 90 of them and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many terms there's 90 of them and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many terms there's 90 of them and each
+one of these terms is equal to one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these terms is equal to one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these terms is equal to one point
+52 and the variance turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 and the variance turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 and the variance turns out to be a
+hundred fifty four now you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred fifty four now you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred fifty four now you take the
+square root of that and you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that and you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that and you find the
+standard deviation of twelve point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of twelve point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of twelve point four
+now your expected profit is ten but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your expected profit is ten but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your expected profit is ten but the
+standard deviation is twelve point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is twelve point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is twelve point four
+and if you happen to be one standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you happen to be one standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you happen to be one standard
+deviation below the expectation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation below the expectation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation below the expectation which is
+something that has a sizable probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a sizable probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a sizable probability
+of occurring then your profit is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurring then your profit is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurring then your profit is going
+to be negative so in the uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative so in the uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative so in the uncorrelated
+case you're pretty certain that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're pretty certain that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're pretty certain that you will
+have a positive profit but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive profit but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive profit but if the
+correlations actually turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations actually turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations actually turn out to be
+significant then you are facing a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant then you are facing a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant then you are facing a very
+risky situation to some extent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky situation to some extent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky situation to some extent this is
+similar to what happened during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what happened during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what happened during the
+great financial crisis that is many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great financial crisis that is many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great financial crisis that is many
+investment companies thought that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment companies thought that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment companies thought that they
+were secure by diversifying and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were secure by diversifying and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were secure by diversifying and by
+investing in different housing markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in different housing markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in different housing markets
+in different states but then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different states but then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different states but then when the
+economy moved as a whole it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy moved as a whole it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy moved as a whole it turned out
+that there were high correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were high correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were high correlations
+between the different states and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different states and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different states and so the
+unthinkable that is large losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unthinkable that is large losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unthinkable that is large losses
+actually did occur
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6FYk-3vt4FE.txt b/6FYk-3vt4FE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d742676b17c4ca430fe1c10d648cb36ec01ce527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6FYk-3vt4FE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning everyone so we come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone so we come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone so we come to the
+end one last lecture and puzzle today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end one last lecture and puzzle today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end one last lecture and puzzle today
+we're going to look at a little coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a little coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a little coin
+grow game and talk about obviously an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow game and talk about obviously an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow game and talk about obviously an
+algorithm to solve the game code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve the game code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve the game code the
+algorithm and I'm going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I'm going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I'm going to introduce
+this notion of dynamic programming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of dynamic programming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of dynamic programming to
+you which is an algorithmic technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which is an algorithmic technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which is an algorithmic technique
+that's going to be useful in this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be useful in this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be useful in this game
+though it's not essential to solving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not essential to solving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not essential to solving it
+it's going to be important in improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be important in improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be important in improving
+the efficiency of this first algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of this first algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of this first algorithm
+that we come up with so the game itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we come up with so the game itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we come up with so the game itself
+is very straightforward you have coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very straightforward you have coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very straightforward you have coins
+in in a row given to you so each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a row given to you so each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a row given to you so each of
+these has different values and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has different values and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has different values and you can
+think of all of them as being positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all of them as being positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all of them as being positive
+but it doesn't really matter and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really matter and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really matter and your
+job is to pick coins to maximize total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to pick coins to maximize total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to pick coins to maximize total
+value and obviously that's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and obviously that's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and obviously that's not very
+interesting you just pick all of them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you just pick all of them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you just pick all of them if
+they're all positive and if they had if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all positive and if they had if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all positive and if they had if
+some of them happen to be negative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them happen to be negative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them happen to be negative you
+wouldn't pick those so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pick those so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pick those so that's not
+particularly interesting but it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting but it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting but it becomes
+much more interesting if you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting if you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting if you add the
+constraint that if you pick a coin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't pick the next one the immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pick the next one the immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pick the next one the immediate
+next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so if I pick tree I can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if I pick tree I can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if I pick tree I can't take
+27 if I pick 14 I can't pick three but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 if I pick 14 I can't pick three but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 if I pick 14 I can't pick three but I
+could pick 27 so clearly I can alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick 27 so clearly I can alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick 27 so clearly I can alternate
+because I could pick skip pick skip etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could pick skip pick skip etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could pick skip pick skip etc
+but I just can't pick pick but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just can't pick pick but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just can't pick pick but I could
+go pick skip skip pick if I wanted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go pick skip skip pick if I wanted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go pick skip skip pick if I wanted a
+value that corresponds to that fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that corresponds to that fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that corresponds to that fourth
+location so there's nothing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so there's nothing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so there's nothing that's
+stopping me from doing 14 and 4 I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping me from doing 14 and 4 I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping me from doing 14 and 4 I mean
+the only thing that's stopping me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's stopping me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's stopping me from
+doing that as I dropped this 27 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that as I dropped this 27 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that as I dropped this 27 which is
+a large value and it seems like a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large value and it seems like a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large value and it seems like a bad
+idea but on the other hand if I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but on the other hand if I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but on the other hand if I I mean
+you can think of a different situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a different situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a different situation
+where you wanted 27 and 15 and so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wanted 27 and 15 and so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wanted 27 and 15 and so maybe
+you want to skip 4 and 5 right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to skip 4 and 5 right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to skip 4 and 5 right so what
+is the maximum value for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum value for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum value for this particular
+puzzle that you can come up with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle that you can come up with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle that you can come up with and
+what are the coins that you would pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the coins that you would pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the coins that you would pick
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+56 how did you get 56 you went 14 27 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 how did you get 56 you went 14 27 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 how did you get 56 you went 14 27 and
+then you went skip skip you didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you went skip skip you didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you went skip skip you didn't want
+to pick five you could have picked five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick five you could have picked five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick five you could have picked five
+you can't pick four but you decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't pick four but you decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't pick four but you decided that
+15 was was was much better so you ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 was was was much better so you ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 was was was much better so you ended
+up freaking 15 right and if in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up freaking 15 right and if in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up freaking 15 right and if in fact you
+had something like eleven here so so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something like eleven here so so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something like eleven here so so let
+me just write that first so if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write that first so if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write that first so if you did
+that it's 56 and you're picking 14 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's 56 and you're picking 14 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's 56 and you're picking 14 27
+and 15 right so so is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 right so so is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 right so so is that right
+how do you get is that 56 yes that is 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get is that 56 yes that is 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get is that 56 yes that is 56
+good but if I had something slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if I had something slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if I had something slightly
+different someone else tell me what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different someone else tell me what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different someone else tell me what I
+should pick here what's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick here what's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick here what's the maximum
+value and what should I pick in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what should I pick in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what should I pick in terms of
+coins yeah go ahead Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you go 14 27 that's 41 now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go 14 27 that's 41 now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go 14 27 that's 41 now you
+want to pick five and so that's 46 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick five and so that's 46 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick five and so that's 46 and
+then you can't pick 15 but you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't pick 15 but you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't pick 15 but you get to
+pick 11 and so you go 50 I'm sorry 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this one was alternation pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this one was alternation pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this one was alternation pretty
+much strict alternation right so well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much strict alternation right so well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much strict alternation right so well so
+you guys are getting good at this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are getting good at this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are getting good at this so
+I'll give you a hard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that enough or should we go for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this is the final question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the final question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the final question
+final exam you got ten minutes seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam you got ten minutes seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam you got ten minutes seconds
+ten seconds so Gilly I mean this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds so Gilly I mean this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds so Gilly I mean this is not
+something you want to do manually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do manually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do manually it's
+going to take a while there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a while there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a while there's a lot of
+combinations here right there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations here right there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations here right there's a lot of
+combinations here and if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations here and if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations here and if you do this
+you're gonna go well you know you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna go well you know you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna go well you know you can do
+it in a greedy way you can say I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a greedy way you can say I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a greedy way you can say I'll just
+do alternation and so you know you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do alternation and so you know you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do alternation and so you know you go
+three plus seventeen you guys gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plus seventeen you guys gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plus seventeen you guys gonna have
+to help me here because these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me here because these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me here because these numbers
+are gonna get large but that's 20 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna get large but that's 20 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna get large but that's 20 and
+then I can't pick 23 so I go 20 plus 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can't pick 23 so I go 20 plus 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can't pick 23 so I go 20 plus 11
+which is 31 31 plus 4 35 35 Plus 17 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 31 31 plus 4 35 35 Plus 17 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 31 31 plus 4 35 35 Plus 17 52
+52 plus 34 I check my math please 86 86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 plus 34 I check my math please 86 86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 plus 34 I check my math please 86 86
+plus 18 is 104 104 plus 12 is 116 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 18 is 104 104 plus 12 is 116 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 18 is 104 104 plus 12 is 116 is a
+possibility but you you know at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but you you know at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but you you know at this
+point you you have no idea I'd I know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you you have no idea I'd I know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you you have no idea I'd I know so
+I have some idea that whether 116 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some idea that whether 116 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some idea that whether 116 is the
+highest or not right and I'll tell let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest or not right and I'll tell let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest or not right and I'll tell let
+you I'll tell you that it's not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll tell you that it's not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll tell you that it's not okay
+it's not the highest you can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the highest you can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the highest you can do better
+okay and you can maybe go and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can maybe go and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can maybe go and see if you
+can twiddle things here a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can twiddle things here a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can twiddle things here a little bit but
+remember that if you you you obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if you you you obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if you you you obviously
+just don't want to drop something but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't want to drop something but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't want to drop something but if
+you just drop something you want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just drop something you want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just drop something you want to pick
+something else because if you just drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because if you just drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because if you just drop
+something and you you'd lower 116 and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you you'd lower 116 and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you you'd lower 116 and if
+you want to do better than 116 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do better than 116 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do better than 116 you
+absolutely have to pick something up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to pick something up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to pick something up but
+especially when you're alternating I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're alternating I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're alternating I
+mean clearly you could have done I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean clearly you could have done I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean clearly you could have done I mean
+can you do a little bit better by last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do a little bit better by last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do a little bit better by last
+thing that I picked was 12 and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I picked was 12 and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I picked was 12 and because
+of that I you know what happened so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I you know what happened so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I you know what happened so can
+I do a little bit better than 116 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a little bit better than 116 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a little bit better than 116 yeah
+by dropping 12 and grabbing 15 and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dropping 12 and grabbing 15 and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dropping 12 and grabbing 15 and I get
+a plus 3 and you might think that 119 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus 3 and you might think that 119 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus 3 and you might think that 119 is
+is the optimum but it turns out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimum but it turns out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimum but it turns out that's
+not even the optimum all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even the optimum all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even the optimum all right and so
+there's a lot of combinations and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of combinations and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of combinations and I just
+looked at something local here to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at something local here to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at something local here to try
+and improve things but you know maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improve things but you know maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improve things but you know maybe I
+should you know 34 it's probably a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know 34 it's probably a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know 34 it's probably a was
+good that I picked the 34 but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that I picked the 34 but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that I picked the 34 but I don't
+really know that I mean it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know that I mean it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know that I mean it's possible
+that if I hadn't picked the 34 that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I hadn't picked the 34 that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I hadn't picked the 34 that I
+could have picked the 23 and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked the 23 and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked the 23 and the and the
+17 and that is 40 right so so maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and that is 40 right so so maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and that is 40 right so so maybe you
+know that was better right so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that was better right so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that was better right so so this is
+non-trivial I mean this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial I mean this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial I mean this is a very simple
+I at least to describe a puzzle but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at least to describe a puzzle but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at least to describe a puzzle but it's
+non-trivial in terms of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial in terms of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial in terms of finding the
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+longer the row gets longer the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the row gets longer the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the row gets longer the numbers
+being large is not really the issue it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being large is not really the issue it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being large is not really the issue it's
+the number of numbers that's the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of numbers that's the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of numbers that's the issue
+right so how are we going to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how are we going to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how are we going to solve this
+of what what can we do and let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what can we do and let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what can we do and let's not
+worry about efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about efficiency
+how could we solve this and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we solve this and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we solve this and obviously
+we've been talking about recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about recursive
+algorithms and we've solved n-queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and we've solved n-queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and we've solved n-queens
+which has lots of combinations Sudoku
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has lots of combinations Sudoku
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has lots of combinations Sudoku
+even more combinations there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more combinations there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more combinations there's a lot of
+combinations here but honestly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations here but honestly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations here but honestly the
+number of combinations is dwarfed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations is dwarfed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations is dwarfed by the
+number of combinations we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations we've already
+handled in these other puzzles right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled in these other puzzles right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled in these other puzzles right so
+yeah so someone wants to give me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so someone wants to give me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so someone wants to give me some
+sense of how this could be done I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how this could be done I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how this could be done I'd go
+ahead buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you're basically trying to trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're basically trying to trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're basically trying to trying
+to create some sort of exhaustive search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create some sort of exhaustive search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create some sort of exhaustive search
+what your algorithm that was iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your algorithm that was iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your algorithm that was iterating
+over the gaps and there's many gaps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the gaps and there's many gaps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the gaps and there's many gaps by
+the way you know you have a gap of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you know you have a gap of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you know you have a gap of one
+at least and the and and another gap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least and the and and another gap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least and the and and another gap of
+one another gap of one if I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another gap of one if I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another gap of one if I had the
+strict alternation and you have to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict alternation and you have to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict alternation and you have to vary
+you know one of the gaps to two and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the gaps to two and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the gaps to two and that
+obviously impacts the numbers you picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously impacts the numbers you picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously impacts the numbers you picked
+even for the the gap might stay the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for the the gap might stay the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for the the gap might stay the same
+for the next pair of numbers but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next pair of numbers but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next pair of numbers but the
+numbers would be shifted in the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers would be shifted in the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers would be shifted in the coin
+draw sequence and it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw sequence and it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw sequence and it's fairly
+complicated okay if you are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay if you are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay if you are willing to
+give up efficiency and you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up efficiency and you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up efficiency and you have a set of
+n items then how many different ways how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items then how many different ways how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items then how many different ways how
+many different subsets of n items do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different subsets of n items do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different subsets of n items do I
+actually have when you have n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have when you have n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have when you have n elements
+you might have learned this in set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have learned this in set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have learned this in set
+algebra but if you haven't I will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but if you haven't I will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but if you haven't I will will
+go over it here real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it here real quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it here real quick
+but you know how many combinations how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know how many combinations how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know how many combinations how
+many subsets do you have when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subsets do you have when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subsets do you have when you have a
+set of n elements you have to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of n elements you have to count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of n elements you have to count the
+empty set and and the entire set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set and and the entire set right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set and and the entire set right
+so if I have if I have as a set of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have if I have as a set of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have if I have as a set of one
+element then the empty set is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element then the empty set is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element then the empty set is a subset
+of the one element set and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one element set and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one element set and then
+obviously the one element set is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the one element set is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the one element set is the
+subset of itself so that's two right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of itself so that's two right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of itself so that's two right and
+then if I had two elements then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I had two elements then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I had two elements then you know
+a and B then it's empty a B and a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B then it's empty a B and a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B then it's empty a B and a B
+that's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's four
+so you said get a pattern here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said get a pattern here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said get a pattern here right so
+it's 2 to the N right so so if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 to the N right so so if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 to the N right so so if I could
+generate the 2 to the n subsets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the 2 to the n subsets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the 2 to the n subsets that
+corresponds to the N element set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the N element set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the N element set and
+there's actually library functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually library functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually library functions in
+Python power set that lets you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python power set that lets you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python power set that lets you do this
+but that's cheating for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's cheating for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's cheating for this class
+because you can't use libraries ok real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't use libraries ok real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't use libraries ok real
+programmers don't use libraries that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers don't use libraries that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers don't use libraries that's
+actually not true at all that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not true at all that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not true at all that is
+probably the most dishonest statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most dishonest statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most dishonest statement
+I've made in this course but real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made in this course but real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made in this course but real
+programmers actually exploit libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers actually exploit libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers actually exploit libraries
+but introductory programmers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but introductory programmers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but introductory programmers should
+learn programming by programming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn programming by programming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn programming by programming from
+scratch right and so but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch right and so but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch right and so but you can
+generate the tutor and subsets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the tutor and subsets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the tutor and subsets for
+example by I'm just I'm not going to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by I'm just I'm not going to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by I'm just I'm not going to I
+can show you code for this offline by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you code for this offline by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you code for this offline by
+running through and incrementing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through and incrementing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through and incrementing an
+integer to go from 0 to 2 raised to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer to go from 0 to 2 raised to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer to go from 0 to 2 raised to n
+you know so 2 raise to n could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so 2 raise to n could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so 2 raise to n could be a
+million which is not that bad and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million which is not that bad and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million which is not that bad and then
+this you could encode as you turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could encode as you turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could encode as you turn it
+into binary so if there if n happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into binary so if there if n happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into binary so if there if n happens to
+be 4 then this turns into 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4 then this turns into 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4 then this turns into 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+1 and each of these is a is a distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and each of these is a is a distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and each of these is a is a distinct
+subset right this means none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset right this means none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset right this means none of the
+elements are in there this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in there this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in there this means that
+that last element is in there this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last element is in there this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last element is in there this means
+that all 4 elements are in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all 4 elements are in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all 4 elements are in there and
+somewhere in here if you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in here if you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in here if you have something
+like this the second one is in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the second one is in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the second one is in there and
+the fourth one is in there right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one is in there right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one is in there right so you
+could essentially use iteration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could essentially use iteration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could essentially use iteration to
+generate all of the subsets and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate all of the subsets and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate all of the subsets and that
+you're not done yet what do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not done yet what do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not done yet what do you have to
+do now now that I've given you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now now that I've given you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now now that I've given you all the
+subsets it's to three lines of code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets it's to three lines of code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets it's to three lines of code to
+solve our problem someone tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve our problem someone tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve our problem someone tell me what
+those two three lines of code are from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two three lines of code are from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two three lines of code are from a
+standpoint of operations required right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of operations required right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of operations required right
+I'm now looking at each of the subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now looking at each of the subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now looking at each of the subsets
+what do I need to do for a given subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to do for a given subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to do for a given subset
+yeah go ahead right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that's right I could iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's right I could iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's right I could iterate
+through the subset and find the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the subset and find the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the subset and find the sum of
+second plus fourth I do that for you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus fourth I do that for you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus fourth I do that for you I
+do I do that for all the subsets or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do that for all the subsets or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do that for all the subsets or and
+and pick the maximum or do I do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick the maximum or do I do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick the maximum or do I do that for
+a subset of the subsets and pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the subsets and pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the subsets and pick the
+maximum well what happens with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum well what happens with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum well what happens with this one
+this is picking every every number so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is picking every every number so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is picking every every number so I
+mean this is obviously gonna be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is obviously gonna be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is obviously gonna be bigger
+than all of the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all of the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all of the other ones
+so did I have to enumerate all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did I have to enumerate all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did I have to enumerate all of them
+what what is what is wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is what is wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is what is wrong with this
+picture here what is wrong with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here what is wrong with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here what is wrong with what I
+just said what is someone other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said what is someone other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said what is someone other than
+cannot row what is wrong with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot row what is wrong with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot row what is wrong with with this
+with this solution which picks all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this solution which picks all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this solution which picks all the
+numbers it's on the it's on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's on the it's on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's on the it's on the board
+the answer is on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is on the board
+yeah go ahead Ryan constraint so not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead Ryan constraint so not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead Ryan constraint so not all
+of the subsets I mean if all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subsets I mean if all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subsets I mean if all of the
+subsets work then you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets work then you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets work then you don't have to
+enumerate all the subsets you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate all the subsets you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate all the subsets you would just
+pick the numbers all the numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the numbers all the numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the numbers all the numbers right
+so so you have to now check that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have to now check that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have to now check that and
+that is that is some code so I lied I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is some code so I lied I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is some code so I lied I
+guess I I mean I mean we're not finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I I mean I mean we're not finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I I mean I mean we're not finished
+with my dishonesty but it's not to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my dishonesty but it's not to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my dishonesty but it's not to three
+lines of code it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code it's a little bit more
+than that to check that a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that to check that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that to check that a particular
+subset whether it violates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset whether it violates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset whether it violates the
+constraints or not right and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or not right and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or not right and so you
+never see and so what is the check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see and so what is the check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see and so what is the check I
+mean so it's gonna be four or five lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so it's gonna be four or five lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so it's gonna be four or five lines
+of code what is the simple check if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code what is the simple check if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code what is the simple check if I
+give you a bit string what is the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a bit string what is the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a bit string what is the simple
+check that you need to perform in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that you need to perform in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that you need to perform in order
+to check the violation of the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check the violation of the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check the violation of the constraint
+in terms of zeros and ones yeah I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of zeros and ones yeah I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of zeros and ones yeah I go
+ahead yeah you have not two consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah you have not two consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah you have not two consecutive
+once right if you ever see two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right if you ever see two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right if you ever see two or more
+consecutive ones you got a problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive ones you got a problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive ones you got a problem right
+so that's that's easy to check and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's easy to check and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's easy to check and this
+constraint is no two consecutive ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is no two consecutive ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is no two consecutive ones
+okay so you can imagine coding this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can imagine coding this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can imagine coding this up
+and if you coded that strategy up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you coded that strategy up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you coded that strategy up it
+turns out that this particular thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this particular thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this particular thing I
+it's a it's reasonable strategy if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's reasonable strategy if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's reasonable strategy if n is
+small and it turns out that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and it turns out that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and it turns out that it would
+tell you that you want to pick 1523 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you want to pick 1523 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you want to pick 1523 for
+interesting enough 17:34 so double skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enough 17:34 so double skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enough 17:34 so double skip
+over there because you would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there because you would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there because you would really
+wanted to get to 17 this 34 and 18 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get to 17 this 34 and 18 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get to 17 this 34 and 18 and
+you want 15 that makes sense you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want 15 that makes sense you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want 15 that makes sense you don't
+want 12 and so this ends up adding up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 12 and so this ends up adding up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 12 and so this ends up adding up to
+126 which happens to be the optimal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 which happens to be the optimal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 which happens to be the optimal okay
+so you can you can certainly do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can certainly do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can certainly do that you
+can as I said use the power set to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as I said use the power set to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as I said use the power set to save
+yourself some trouble but you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself some trouble but you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself some trouble but you still have
+to code the violation of constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to code the violation of constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to code the violation of constraints
+right we want to do substantially better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to do substantially better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to do substantially better
+than this because if n happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this because if n happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this because if n happens to be a
+52 raised to 50 is way too large a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 raised to 50 is way too large a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 raised to 50 is way too large a
+number and we don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we don't want to be
+enumerated all of these subsets in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated all of these subsets in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated all of these subsets in fact
+there's a way of doing this in certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of doing this in certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of doing this in certainly
+in polynomial time and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time and it's going to be
+at something where we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something where we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something where we're going to be
+able to run this this algorithm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to run this this algorithm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to run this this algorithm in
+linear time we can kind of make a pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time we can kind of make a pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time we can kind of make a pass
+through this list and get that 126
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this list and get that 126
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this list and get that 126
+number blazingly fast okay using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number blazingly fast okay using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number blazingly fast okay using the
+notion of memorization and dynamic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of memorization and dynamic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of memorization and dynamic which
+is related to dynamic programming and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to dynamic programming and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to dynamic programming and so
+this is a powerful algorithmic technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a powerful algorithmic technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a powerful algorithmic technique
+that you'll see over and over especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see over and over especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see over and over especially
+if you take classes like double O six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take classes like double O six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take classes like double O six
+and or four six that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or four six that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or four six that gives you
+exponential improvements in run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential improvements in run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential improvements in run time
+rather than 2 raise to n a growing as 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 2 raise to n a growing as 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 2 raise to n a growing as 2
+raise to n you grow as n ok is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise to n you grow as n ok is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise to n you grow as n ok is a
+huge difference obviously now usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference obviously now usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference obviously now usually
+when we talk about dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about dynamic programming
+be the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the star
+with the recursive strategy not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recursive strategy not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recursive strategy not this
+enumerative subset strategy to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerative subset strategy to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerative subset strategy to generate
+the different solutions and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different solutions and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different solutions and one of the
+problems with this is you're generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this is you're generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this is you're generating
+a lot of solution a lot of incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of solution a lot of incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of solution a lot of incorrect
+invalid subsets right because one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid subsets right because one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid subsets right because one one
+one one is an invalid subset and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is an invalid subset and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is an invalid subset and there's
+a lot of them that are invalid a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them that are invalid a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them that are invalid a a
+better approach which it would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better approach which it would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better approach which it would still be
+exponential but it's better then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it's better then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it's better then in
+terms of numbers then to raise to n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of numbers then to raise to n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of numbers then to raise to n is
+to only generate recursively the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only generate recursively the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only generate recursively the legal
+combinations and then pick the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and then pick the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and then pick the best
+legal combination and the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal combination and the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal combination and the legal
+combination of course in this case as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of course in this case as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of course in this case as we
+described was no two consecutive ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described was no two consecutive ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described was no two consecutive ones
+right and so now we've done recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now we've done recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now we've done recursion
+we've looked at recursive code so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at recursive code so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at recursive code so the
+key thing when you write recursive code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing when you write recursive code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing when you write recursive code
+is remember you want to I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember you want to I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember you want to I get
+subproblems that looked like the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems that looked like the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems that looked like the problem
+that you're solving right they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're solving right they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're solving right they look
+exactly like the problem you're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the problem you're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the problem you're solving
+because then you can invoke yourself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can invoke yourself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can invoke yourself as
+a procedure with different arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure with different arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure with different arguments
+right and we kind of went through this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we kind of went through this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we kind of went through this a
+couple of times right so this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times right so this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times right so this problem is
+actually is less complicated than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is less complicated than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is less complicated than the
+tiling problem it's basically a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling problem it's basically a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling problem it's basically a row of
+numbers and you you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you you're going to have
+let's just say you have numbers a b c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say you have numbers a b c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say you have numbers a b c d
+e f try to think of a recursive strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e f try to think of a recursive strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e f try to think of a recursive strategy
+that says i want you know let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says i want you know let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says i want you know let's call it
+coin row and coin row is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin row and coin row is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin row and coin row is going to have a
+through f as an argument that's the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through f as an argument that's the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through f as an argument that's the list
+I'm just using pseudocode here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using pseudocode here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using pseudocode here and I
+want coin row to do some computation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want coin row to do some computation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want coin row to do some computation and
+it's going to call coined row maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to call coined row maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to call coined row maybe
+multiple times but the key thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the arguments that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the arguments that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the arguments that you have
+inside of those recursive calls for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of those recursive calls for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of those recursive calls for
+Cointreau and that's the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cointreau and that's the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cointreau and that's the biggest
+question the easier question to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the easier question to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the easier question to answer
+is what happens when you have the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when you have the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when you have the base
+case and you you end up essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and you you end up essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and you you end up essentially
+saying you got one coin on the row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you got one coin on the row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you got one coin on the row so
+you got a one coin problem right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a one coin problem right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a one coin problem right what
+happens then what is the base case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then what is the base case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then what is the base case what
+do you do you pick the coin okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do you pick the coin okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do you pick the coin okay because
+if you had two of them if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had two of them if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had two of them if you happen to
+choose the base case to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the base case to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the base case to be two
+and in this case E and F what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case E and F what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case E and F what would you
+do in that case compare the two and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in that case compare the two and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in that case compare the two and pick
+the bigger one right but you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger one right but you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger one right but you have to be
+a little bit careful here because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit careful here because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit careful here because when
+you make the recursive calls obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the recursive calls obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the recursive calls obviously
+you can't have I would this work you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have I would this work you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have I would this work you if
+you pick a if I did something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a if I did something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a if I did something like this
+I do a plus coin row so inside here I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a plus coin row so inside here I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a plus coin row so inside here I do
+a plus coined row B through F if I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus coined row B through F if I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus coined row B through F if I wrote
+this code as a plus coin row B through F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code as a plus coin row B through F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code as a plus coin row B through F
+what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen
+whatever happened if I had coin row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened if I had coin row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened if I had coin row and
+then I said I'm going to return a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said I'm going to return a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said I'm going to return a plus
+coin row B through F and then I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin row B through F and then I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin row B through F and then I have a
+base case that says that if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case that says that if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case that says that if I have a
+single I still need a base case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single I still need a base case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single I still need a base case this is
+just the recursive step I need a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the recursive step I need a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the recursive step I need a base
+case so this would complete and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so this would complete and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so this would complete and then I
+say that if I ever have an argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if I ever have an argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if I ever have an argument of
+length one I'm going to return that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one I'm going to return that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one I'm going to return that
+argument all right so what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument all right so what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument all right so what would happen
+with this code any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go ahead kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead kai
+if you pick all the coins it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick all the coins it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick all the coins it would just
+totally pick all the coins because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally pick all the coins because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally pick all the coins because it
+would go a plus and then it go B through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go a plus and then it go B through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go a plus and then it go B through
+F the constraint hasn't been encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the constraint hasn't been encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the constraint hasn't been encoded in
+here right so we would just pick all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we would just pick all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we would just pick all the
+coins right so that doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins right so that doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins right so that doesn't make sense
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so I have to I haven't I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to I haven't I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to I haven't I have some
+choices here and so this was a it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices here and so this was a it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices here and so this was a it was a
+giveaway that this would not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giveaway that this would not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giveaway that this would not work
+because it's not doing any choices I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not doing any choices I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not doing any choices I
+mean it's just picking all the coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just picking all the coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just picking all the coins
+right so what happens if I pick a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what happens if I pick a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what happens if I pick a what
+what does it mean if I pick a what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean if I pick a what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean if I pick a what does
+that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+what does that mean to my value I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean to my value I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean to my value I that I
+want to return which is that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to return which is that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to return which is that which
+eventually needs to be the maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually needs to be the maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually needs to be the maximum value
+and what does it mean with respect to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it mean with respect to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it mean with respect to I
+the subproblems right so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subproblems right so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subproblems right so the first
+question is easier what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is easier what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is easier what does it mean
+with respect to my value I need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to my value I need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to my value I need to add
+it to the value right okay what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the value right okay what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the value right okay what the
+second question is what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is what happens to the
+if I pick a what happens to the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick a what happens to the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick a what happens to the coin
+draw problem that remains what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw problem that remains what can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw problem that remains what can I say
+about the coin draw problem that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the coin draw problem that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the coin draw problem that remains
+that's going to tell me about if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell me about if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell me about if I
+picked a so this might be pick the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a so this might be pick the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a so this might be pick the first
+one pick first in this case which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pick first in this case which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pick first in this case which is
+which is a I'll just put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a I'll just put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a I'll just put that in
+brackets so what what do I need to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets so what what do I need to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets so what what do I need to send
+as an argument to coin row as is as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an argument to coin row as is as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an argument to coin row as is as one
+possibility what do I need to send as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility what do I need to send as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility what do I need to send as an
+argument to coin row right someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to coin row right someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to coin row right someone who
+hasn't answered this should use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't answered this should use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't answered this should use the
+constraint use the constraint what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint use the constraint what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint use the constraint what do I
+need to send is a argument to coin row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah go ahead I saw a cry first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead I saw a cry first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead I saw a cry first
+but C through F exactly I cannot pick D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but C through F exactly I cannot pick D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but C through F exactly I cannot pick D
+right so so I encode the constraint in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so I encode the constraint in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so I encode the constraint in
+the recursive call by saying that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive call by saying that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive call by saying that if I
+picked a then I encode this as C dot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a then I encode this as C dot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a then I encode this as C dot a
+dot F okay I'll just say C - f right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot F okay I'll just say C - f right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot F okay I'll just say C - f right and
+let me go ahead and raise this to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go ahead and raise this to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go ahead and raise this to give
+myself a little bit more room but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a little bit more room but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a little bit more room but I'm
+not done yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done yet so
+that if I ended up taking a and I go if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I ended up taking a and I go if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I ended up taking a and I go if
+I don't write any more code and I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't write any more code and I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't write any more code and I end up
+picking up a plus the value that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up a plus the value that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up a plus the value that I get
+from coin row C through F and if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coin row C through F and if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coin row C through F and if I don't
+write any more code what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write any more code what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write any more code what does that
+correspond to in terms of an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in terms of an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in terms of an algorithm
+we've actually used that algorithm what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually used that algorithm what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually used that algorithm what
+does that correspond to if I only make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that correspond to if I only make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that correspond to if I only make
+one recursive call and and I and I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recursive call and and I and I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recursive call and and I and I pick
+a and I go see through F what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I go see through F what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I go see through F what does that
+correspond to with respect to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to with respect to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to with respect to an
+algorithm so on someone who has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so on someone who has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so on someone who has an
+answer this is your last chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is your last chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is your last chance
+that's lecture right yep you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lecture right yep you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lecture right yep you're thinking
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+go ahead right so Sally on E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead right so Sally on E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead right so Sally on E
+right so Johnny says and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Johnny says and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Johnny says and you know
+basically it's an alternation algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's an alternation algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's an alternation algorithm
+right you know you're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you're going to end up
+picking a and then C and then E and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a and then C and then E and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a and then C and then E and then
+air I'm that you can't pick F because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air I'm that you can't pick F because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air I'm that you can't pick F because
+you had to skip F so it's also nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to skip F so it's also nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to skip F so it's also nation
+right I mean we did this alternation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean we did this alternation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean we did this alternation
+algorithm we said if we knew it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we said if we knew it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we said if we knew it wasn't
+going to be optimal so it clearly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be optimal so it clearly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be optimal so it clearly it's
+not a solution to our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a solution to our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a solution to our problem
+algorithmically speaking because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmically speaking because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmically speaking because they're
+only going to give you the alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to give you the alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to give you the alternating
+coins and that might work out but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and that might work out but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and that might work out but it
+didn't work out in the case of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out in the case of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out in the case of our
+longer problem right we got the what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer problem right we got the what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer problem right we got the what was
+it 116 right so so that doesn't work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 116 right so so that doesn't work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 116 right so so that doesn't work but
+so what what what else do I do what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what what else do I do what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what what else do I do what is
+the other case that corresponds to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case that corresponds to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case that corresponds to what
+I have here I can pick the coin and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could skip the coin right I could pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could skip the coin right I could pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could skip the coin right I could pick
+the coin and I could skip the gun skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin and I could skip the gun skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin and I could skip the gun skip
+first a aha what now can I pass into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a aha what now can I pass into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a aha what now can I pass into the
+coin draw argument what can I pass into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin draw argument what can I pass into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin draw argument what can I pass into
+the coin draw argument if I skip a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin draw argument if I skip a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin draw argument if I skip a go
+ahead right D through F exactly so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead right D through F exactly so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead right D through F exactly so it's
+different P through F right that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different P through F right that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different P through F right that's it
+that's around with them all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's around with them all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's around with them all right this
+is now four lines of code in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now four lines of code in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now four lines of code in terms of
+recursive calls okay one last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls okay one last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls okay one last thing I
+did these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these two things
+I'm gonna get values back for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get values back for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get values back for each of
+these because I'm gonna get a value back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because I'm gonna get a value back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because I'm gonna get a value back
+it's you know that's essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know that's essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know that's essentially what
+I'm doing but I'm picking I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing but I'm picking I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing but I'm picking I'm going to
+add the value a and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the value a and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the value a and then I'm going to
+add it to the return value corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to the return value corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to the return value corresponding
+to coin row seed through F and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coin row seed through F and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coin row seed through F and then in
+this case I'm gonna get simply the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm gonna get simply the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm gonna get simply the value
+corresponding to B through F what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to B through F what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to B through F what do I
+do with rel one and Val - what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with rel one and Val - what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with rel one and Val - what do I do
+with these two values do I look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two values do I look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two values do I look at them
+do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I
+yeah what what is the value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what is the value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what is the value for the
+original what is the value that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original what is the value that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original what is the value that I want
+to return for the original problem just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return for the original problem just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return for the original problem just
+like with all of the things we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with all of the things we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with all of the things we've done
+we've taken values of sub of subproblems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken values of sub of subproblems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken values of sub of subproblems
+solutions to subproblems and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to subproblems and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to subproblems and we've
+actually done something with them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done something with them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done something with them to
+return the value or solution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the value or solution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the value or solution for the
+original problem so what do I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem so what do I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem so what do I need to do
+what line of code do I need to write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what line of code do I need to write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what line of code do I need to write to
+return a value for the original coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return a value for the original coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return a value for the original coin
+draw problem that had eight through F as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw problem that had eight through F as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw problem that had eight through F as
+its arguments it's one line of code what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its arguments it's one line of code what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its arguments it's one line of code what
+is that line of code right go ahead Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that line of code right go ahead Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that line of code right go ahead Josh
+return the max that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the max that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the max that's exactly right
+you return max well one well - all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return max well one well - all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return max well one well - all right
+and so let me show you the code for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me show you the code for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me show you the code for that
+alright so this is a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is a little bit better
+than the subset solution that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the subset solution that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the subset solution that we
+described but as it turns out it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but as it turns out it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but as it turns out it's not a
+whole lot better and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot better and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot better and we'll talk about
+that but this code now should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but this code now should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but this code now should not be
+surprising to you right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you right because we
+talked about it and effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it and effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it and effectively
+collectively we wrote it right that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively we wrote it right that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively we wrote it right that was
+there was a collective coding exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a collective coding exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a collective coding exercise
+called cooperative coding not really but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cooperative coding not really but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cooperative coding not really but
+close enough and so you see what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough and so you see what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough and so you see what I have
+up there and there's there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and there's there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and there's there's only one
+thing that I didn't describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't describe to you
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is something that I'm gonna get to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that I'm gonna get to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that I'm gonna get to in a
+second but you see something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but you see something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but you see something called
+table in there which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in there which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in there which is essentially
+something that keeps the the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that keeps the the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that keeps the the maximum
+value corresponding to the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value corresponding to the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value corresponding to the smaller
+problems that we're looking at right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're looking at right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're looking at right so
+it keeps keeps that around and so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps keeps that around and so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps keeps that around and so but
+you can see that there's a base case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's a base case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's a base case if
+you forget a table I and this reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget a table I and this reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget a table I and this reason the
+table is in there and I'm gonna ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is in there and I'm gonna ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is in there and I'm gonna ask you
+why in a minute but forget about table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a minute but forget about table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a minute but forget about table
+for a second if Len is 0 you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second if Len is 0 you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second if Len is 0 you're gonna
+return 0 that's a base case if Len is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 0 that's a base case if Len is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 0 that's a base case if Len is 1
+you're going to return that coin that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to return that coin that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to return that coin that's
+also another base case and you might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another base case and you might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another base case and you might you
+know end up with one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know end up with one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know end up with one or the other
+because obviously you're skipping coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously you're skipping coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously you're skipping coins
+right so it's possible that you you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's possible that you you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's possible that you you need
+to need to take into account both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to take into account both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to take into account both of
+these base cases you say what do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these base cases you say what do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these base cases you say what do I need
+to base cases well you're taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base cases well you're taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base cases well you're taking away
+coins so you might end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so you might end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so you might end up with something
+that's empty right so you need both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's empty right so you need both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's empty right so you need both of
+those base cases and then pick equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those base cases and then pick equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those base cases and then pick equals
+coin road a table this thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin road a table this thing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin road a table this thing over here
+is is picking the coin and then 2 : says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is picking the coin and then 2 : says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is picking the coin and then 2 : says
+that you're dropping the in in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're dropping the in in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're dropping the in in in our
+case we picked a we would drop B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we picked a we would drop B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we picked a we would drop B and
+start with C and skip is your skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with C and skip is your skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with C and skip is your skipping
+it so you just skipped it and you go row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you just skipped it and you go row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you just skipped it and you go row
+1 : makes perfect sense right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 : makes perfect sense right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 : makes perfect sense right and I
+don't know if you guys have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you guys have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you guys have ever
+returned you I think you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned you I think you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned you I think you have in
+exercises if you return multiple values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises if you return multiple values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises if you return multiple values
+in in the return statement and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the return statement and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the return statement and so this
+thing over here is the 0 says that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here is the 0 says that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here is the 0 says that I'm
+gonna look at at the first value not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at at the first value not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at at the first value not the
+table because that's a value and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because that's a value and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because that's a value and I'm
+gonna add two values up and I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna add two values up and I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna add two values up and I'm only
+concerned with this value here but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with this value here but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with this value here but I'm
+actually returning this table thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually returning this table thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually returning this table thing and
+this table thing as you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table thing as you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table thing as you can see from
+here is simply computing the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is simply computing the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is simply computing the optimum
+values that correspond to problems of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that correspond to problems of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that correspond to problems of of
+the entire problem and essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire problem and essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire problem and essentially the
+problems that are there are smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are there are smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are there are smaller and
+so when we end up you're skipping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we end up you're skipping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we end up you're skipping from
+the beginning and so when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and so when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and so when you look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Landro -1 that is effectively since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landro -1 that is effectively since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landro -1 that is effectively since
+you're going to in the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to in the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to in the beginning of the
+list that is telling you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that is telling you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that is telling you what the
+optimum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum is
+Landro - 130 Landro minus 1 i yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landro - 130 Landro minus 1 i yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landro - 130 Landro minus 1 i yeah
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+Landro the the number of entries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landro the the number of entries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landro the the number of entries in the
+table is is len row plus 1 the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is is len row plus 1 the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is is len row plus 1 the total
+number of entries in the table is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of entries in the table is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of entries in the table is is
+starts with 0 always so it's land row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with 0 always so it's land row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with 0 always so it's land row
+plus 1 and so table rent land row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and so table rent land row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and so table rent land row is
+there is the entirety that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the entirety that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the entirety that's what you
+want for the original thing and len row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for the original thing and len row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for the original thing and len row
+minus 1 looks at an optimum for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 looks at an optimum for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 looks at an optimum for that
+skipping the first one and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping the first one and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping the first one and and so on
+right so you're skipping from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're skipping from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're skipping from the
+beginning so remember that why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so remember that why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so remember that why do you
+think we have this table in here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have this table in here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have this table in here if
+you're only concerned with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only concerned with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only concerned with with the
+maximum value are are we only concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value are are we only concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value are are we only concerned
+with the maximum value what did i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maximum value what did i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the maximum value what did i do
+when i when i got these numbers up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i when i got these numbers up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i when i got these numbers up what
+else did I do other than pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did I do other than pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did I do other than pointing out
+these numbers I also gave you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers I also gave you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers I also gave you more
+information right right I mean I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right right I mean I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right right I mean I just
+said 120 see if I just told you 126 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said 120 see if I just told you 126 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said 120 see if I just told you 126 what
+would you believe me well you I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you believe me well you I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you believe me well you I mean
+it's very hard to check I mean I it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to check I mean I it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to check I mean I it made
+it was it was credible because I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was credible because I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was credible because I said
+126 and then I told you by circling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 and then I told you by circling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 and then I told you by circling them
+what the numbers were right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the numbers were right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the numbers were right so if you
+don't have this table stuff in here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this table stuff in here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this table stuff in here it
+turns out that you can actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you can actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you can actually you
+don't have enough information to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information to figure
+out what coins were picked right you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what coins were picked right you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what coins were picked right you'll
+get the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct answer
+I mean it's guaranteed to be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's guaranteed to be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's guaranteed to be correct
+answer but you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but you don't have the
+information about 1523 skipping 11 and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about 1523 skipping 11 and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about 1523 skipping 11 and 3
+and getting 4 and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting 4 and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting 4 and so on and so forth
+right so we need other more code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need other more code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need other more code that
+takes this collection of subproblems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this collection of subproblems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this collection of subproblems
+that each have been solved so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each have been solved so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each have been solved so if you
+actually solved all of the subproblems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solved all of the subproblems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solved all of the subproblems
+corresponding to picking this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to picking this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to picking this and
+picking that and then picking this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking that and then picking this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking that and then picking this and
+so on and so forth and you need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth and you need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth and you need to use
+those values in order to discover using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values in order to discover using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values in order to discover using
+a traceback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traceback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traceback
+procedure what what the coins are or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure what what the coins are or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure what what the coins are or you
+could do more work in here I chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do more work in here I chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do more work in here I chose to
+you'll see why I chose to do it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why I chose to do it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why I chose to do it this way
+where I'm collecting up everything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm collecting up everything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm collecting up everything into
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+and I'm going to eventually and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to eventually and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to eventually and we'll
+talk about this code if at least briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this code if at least briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this code if at least briefly
+but this code trace back is taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this code trace back is taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this code trace back is taking the
+original problem and a table and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem and a table and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem and a table and it's
+just iteratively going through there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just iteratively going through there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just iteratively going through there's
+no enumeration here this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no enumeration here this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no enumeration here this is very
+efficient it's iteratively going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient it's iteratively going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient it's iteratively going through
+row and table and discovering what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and table and discovering what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and table and discovering what the
+selected coins are okay and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected coins are okay and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected coins are okay and so that's
+that's something that we look at and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we look at and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we look at and in
+just a minute actually not just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute actually not just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute actually not just a minute
+but after we go back to this and and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after we go back to this and and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after we go back to this and and I'm
+gonna tell you or ask you about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you or ask you about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you or ask you about this in
+terms of its computational complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its computational complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its computational complexity
+okay so anyway so assume that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway so assume that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway so assume that we've done
+trace back and it's not hard to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back and it's not hard to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back and it's not hard to do if
+you have the table of results then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the table of results then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the table of results then let's
+go back to this and let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this and let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this and let's talk about the
+recursive calls and let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls and let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls and let's take a look at
+what's going on here with respect to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here with respect to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here with respect to how
+many recursive calls are made and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many recursive calls are made and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many recursive calls are made and then
+we'll get to memorization and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to memorization and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to memorization and dynamic
+programming so let me just say if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming so let me just say if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming so let me just say if I had
+coins that this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins that this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins that this is the number of
+elephants so I have five then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants so I have five then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants so I have five then I'm going
+to you know call coins for and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know call coins for and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know call coins for and I'm gonna
+call coins three and so I'm here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call coins three and so I'm here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call coins three and so I'm here I
+skipped the first one here I picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped the first one here I picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped the first one here I picked the
+first one and therefore I had to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and therefore I had to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and therefore I had to skip
+the second one so I have three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one so I have three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one so I have three here
+right that makes sense and then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense and then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense and then over
+here what what can i what any what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what can i what any what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what can i what any what do I
+need to write here if I follow exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write here if I follow exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write here if I follow exactly
+the pattern I'm gonna write coins three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern I'm gonna write coins three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern I'm gonna write coins three
+right so I have coins three over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have coins three over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have coins three over here
+and here it's coins two and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's coins two and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's coins two and here I'm
+just going to write the numbers down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write the numbers down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write the numbers down to
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+again I got two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I got two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I got two one
+and so on now the the base case might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on now the the base case might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on now the the base case might
+you might keep going you know even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might keep going you know even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might keep going you know even after
+two because the base cases are you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because the base cases are you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because the base cases are you go
+one zero one zero right what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero one zero right what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero one zero right what do you see
+in here that's a little bothersome what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that's a little bothersome what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that's a little bothersome what
+do you see here that's bothersome what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see here that's bothersome what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see here that's bothersome what
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+symbolically if I had some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically if I had some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically if I had some number of
+elements and elements what I put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and elements what I put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and elements what I put here
+it's n right and what do you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n right and what do you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n right and what do you see here
+it's getting very pretty big getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting very pretty big getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting very pretty big getting
+pretty big so down here is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big so down here is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big so down here is getting
+pretty big right so that's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big right so that's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big right so that's the problem
+right and one of the reasons is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the reasons is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the reasons is getting
+pretty big is because you're doing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big is because you're doing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big is because you're doing work
+over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over
+you see coins three here a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coins three here a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coins three here a couple of
+places points to in three places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places points to in three places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places points to in three places
+and if this were larger you see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this were larger you see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this were larger you see a lot of
+sub problems being solved over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems being solved over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems being solved over and over
+so this code that you see up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this code that you see up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this code that you see up on the
+screen is include incredibly inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is include incredibly inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is include incredibly inefficient
+because it's solving the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's solving the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's solving the same problem
+over and over okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over okay
+in particular if you had-even would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you had-even would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you had-even would
+solve coins for exactly once but coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve coins for exactly once but coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve coins for exactly once but coins
+three twice coins two three times and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three twice coins two three times and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three twice coins two three times and if
+I just sort of went up and made this 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just sort of went up and made this 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just sort of went up and made this 10
+coins ten then you would see things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins ten then you would see things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins ten then you would see things that
+are solved tens of times and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solved tens of times and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solved tens of times and eventually
+you'll see things that are solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see things that are solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see things that are solved
+hundreds of times okay you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of times okay you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of times okay you're just
+repeating work over and over you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating work over and over you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating work over and over you can
+actually write a recurrence relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write a recurrence relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write a recurrence relationship
+that says that if you had an n-element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin row problem then your recurrence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin row problem then your recurrence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin row problem then your recurrence is
+your the recurrence corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the recurrence corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the recurrence corresponds to the
+number of calls that are made number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calls that are made number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calls that are made number of
+operations therefore that are performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations therefore that are performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations therefore that are performed
+as a n equals n minus 1 plus a and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a n equals n minus 1 plus a and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a n equals n minus 1 plus a and minus
+2 and then the base cases are you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then the base cases are you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then the base cases are you know a
+0 equals 1 and a 1 equals 1 because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equals 1 and a 1 equals 1 because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equals 1 and a 1 equals 1 because it's
+just picking that and so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking that and so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking that and so if you look at
+what a 2 would be a 2 is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a 2 would be a 2 is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a 2 would be a 2 is 2
+but then a 3 is 2 plus it initially it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then a 3 is 2 plus it initially it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then a 3 is 2 plus it initially it
+grows fairly slowly but then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows fairly slowly but then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows fairly slowly but then when you
+get to a 4 it becomes 5 and so on and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a 4 it becomes 5 and so on and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a 4 it becomes 5 and so on and at
+people see this number have you seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see this number have you seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see this number have you seen
+this number before this recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number before this recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number before this recurrence
+relationship before is called Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship before is called Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship before is called Fibonacci
+right it's called the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's called the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's called the Fibonacci
+recurrence and this this actually shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and this this actually shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and this this actually shows
+up here so this has a relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so this has a relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so this has a relationship to
+Fibonacci and it's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci and it's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci and it's the number of
+computations in a recursive Fibonacci is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations in a recursive Fibonacci is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations in a recursive Fibonacci is
+exactly the same as as in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as as in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as as in this problem
+but if I told you to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I told you to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I told you to compute the
+Fibonacci number F of n can you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number F of n can you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number F of n can you do that
+quickly I mean you just do that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I mean you just do that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I mean you just do that if I
+wanted to just for you to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to just for you to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to just for you to compute the
+Fibonacci number and then you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number and then you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number and then you just do
+that iteratively like I'm doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iteratively like I'm doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iteratively like I'm doing here
+right the numbers would get bigger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the numbers would get bigger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the numbers would get bigger but
+there's no reason to do exponential work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to do exponential work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to do exponential work
+for Fibonacci right but here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Fibonacci right but here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Fibonacci right but here of course
+we're doing something much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing something much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing something much more
+sophisticated than just a Fibonacci in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than just a Fibonacci in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than just a Fibonacci in
+the sense that we're working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that we're working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that we're working with the
+coin draw problem but this should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin draw problem but this should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin draw problem but this should give
+you a sense of of the efficiency that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of of the efficiency that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of of the efficiency that is
+possible here by thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible here by thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible here by thinking about the
+relationship between recursive Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between recursive Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between recursive Fibonacci
+that would look a lot like the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look a lot like the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look a lot like the structure
+that you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here
+you know just calling fib of a a of n I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just calling fib of a a of n I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just calling fib of a a of n I
+and a fib of sorry for fib of n you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fib of sorry for fib of n you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fib of sorry for fib of n you're
+calling fib of n minus 1 and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling fib of n minus 1 and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling fib of n minus 1 and you're
+calling fib of n plus n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling fib of n plus n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling fib of n plus n minus 2
+recursively you're adding them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively you're adding them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively you're adding them up and
+the base cases are exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base cases are exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base cases are exactly the same as
+you have here returning to 0 or 0 case F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here returning to 0 or 0 case F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here returning to 0 or 0 case F
+0 you're returning one and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 you're returning one and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 you're returning one and so on and so
+forth and even Funaki would you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and even Funaki would you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and even Funaki would you end up
+having redundancy in the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having redundancy in the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having redundancy in the recursive
+formulation which is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation which is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation which is exactly the
+redundancy that you see here ok and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy that you see here ok and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy that you see here ok and so
+basically it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it turns out that
+if you want to go exponential to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go exponential to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go exponential to linear
+and you kind of see where this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of see where this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of see where this is going
+the recursive was exponential at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive was exponential at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive was exponential at the
+iterative in the case of Fibonacci is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative in the case of Fibonacci is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative in the case of Fibonacci is
+linear so two things I won you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so two things I won you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so two things I won you can take
+this and you can turn it into iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can turn it into iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can turn it into iteration
+and make it linear but you know that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it linear but you know that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it linear but you know that is
+actually a more dramatic transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a more dramatic transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a more dramatic transformation
+of the code you can do something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code you can do something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code you can do something that is
+equivalent in efficiency to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in efficiency to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in efficiency to the
+iterative version both for Fibonacci and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative version both for Fibonacci and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative version both for Fibonacci and
+for our coin draw problem and we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our coin draw problem and we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our coin draw problem and we'll do
+it for our coin draw a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for our coin draw a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for our coin draw a problem that
+corresponds to as I said a more local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to as I said a more local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to as I said a more local
+modification of this code at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of this code at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of this code at that
+eliminates redundancy that eliminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates redundancy that eliminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates redundancy that eliminates
+redundant computations okay and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant computations okay and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant computations okay and all of
+these things are equivalent and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are equivalent and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are equivalent and they're
+all part of dynamic programming and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all part of dynamic programming and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all part of dynamic programming and you
+know if we have four lectures on dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we have four lectures on dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we have four lectures on dynamic
+programming in double oh six so in ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming in double oh six so in ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming in double oh six so in ten
+minutes or fifteen minutes you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or fifteen minutes you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or fifteen minutes you're just
+going to get some sense for what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some sense for what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some sense for what this is
+all about okay and so this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about okay and so this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about okay and so this is really a
+preview or an elevator pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview or an elevator pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview or an elevator pitch
+perhaps a trailer right so you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a trailer right so you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a trailer right so you end up
+essentially doing equivalent work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing equivalent work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing equivalent work in the
+recursive memorized version of this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive memorized version of this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive memorized version of this code
+that I'll show you in just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll show you in just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll show you in just a minute
+that adds three lines occurred to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds three lines occurred to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds three lines occurred to this
+and makes the complexity go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes the complexity go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes the complexity go from
+exponential to linear and all you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential to linear and all you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential to linear and all you do in
+this code that makes this complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code that makes this complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code that makes this complexity
+equivalent to the iterative and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the iterative and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the iterative and you know
+that's very efficient is you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very efficient is you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very efficient is you remember
+the results you memorize the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results you memorize the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results you memorize the results of
+the computation and you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation and you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation and you remember that
+you've solved coins for which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've solved coins for which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've solved coins for which doesn't
+really help you in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you in this particular
+instance but you remember that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but you remember that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but you remember that you've
+solved coins three and so you don't end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved coins three and so you don't end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved coins three and so you don't end
+up doing all of this work you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing all of this work you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing all of this work you end up
+kind of just saying okay I mean depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just saying okay I mean depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just saying okay I mean depends
+on I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm sorry
+depends on on which direction you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on which direction you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on which direction you went
+let's say that you for argument's sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you for argument's sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you for argument's sake
+that you went in this in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you went in this in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you went in this in this direction
+first okay it totally depends on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay it totally depends on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay it totally depends on which
+direction you went first and since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you went first and since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you went first and since I
+drew this out and I don't want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew this out and I don't want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew this out and I don't want to change
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+let's just assume that you went in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that you went in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that you went in in
+terms of points three first which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of points three first which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of points three first which in
+fact is correct in terms of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is correct in terms of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is correct in terms of the code
+because if you see what I have there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you see what I have there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you see what I have there I
+went in the pig Direction first which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in the pig Direction first which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in the pig Direction first which
+meant that I would go ahead and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that I would go ahead and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that I would go ahead and pick
+that that first value and then I'd go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that first value and then I'd go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that first value and then I'd go in
+in the right direction okay the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction okay the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction okay the right
+hand side direction so if I did all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side direction so if I did all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side direction so if I did all of
+that I did all I do all of this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did all I do all of this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did all I do all of this work
+now there's also memorization going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also memorization going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also memorization going on
+inside of here so it's not like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of here so it's not like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of here so it's not like I'm
+doing all of this work I'm not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of this work I'm not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of this work I'm not only
+getting it just a factor too in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it just a factor too in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it just a factor too in terms of
+improvement but definitely once I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement but definitely once I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement but definitely once I do
+this and I get the value I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I get the value I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I get the value I can just
+return that value here and I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that value here and I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that value here and I don't have
+to do all the work underneath this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all the work underneath this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all the work underneath this
+that's why I put this in a square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put this in a square okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put this in a square okay
+and it remembers that this is being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it remembers that this is being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it remembers that this is being done
+recursively okay so I'm gonna do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively okay so I'm gonna do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively okay so I'm gonna do it for
+coins too and so if I had multiple coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins too and so if I had multiple coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins too and so if I had multiple coins
+Stu's then you know I won't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stu's then you know I won't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stu's then you know I won't have to do
+that and then over here if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then over here if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then over here if I had a
+longer coin draw problem to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer coin draw problem to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer coin draw problem to begin with
+there's a lot of memorization that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of memorization that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of memorization that goes
+on right and you end up only solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right and you end up only solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right and you end up only solving
+this is the key you end up only solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key you end up only solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key you end up only solving
+each sub-problem how many times once now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sub-problem how many times once now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sub-problem how many times once now
+the aha moment how many subproblems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aha moment how many subproblems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aha moment how many subproblems are
+there how many coin draw problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many coin draw problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many coin draw problems are
+there given an n-element coin draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there given an n-element coin draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there given an n-element coin draw
+problem how many all of you together how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how many all of you together how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how many all of you together how
+many coins or problems are there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coins or problems are there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coins or problems are there and
+that's it there's only n coin draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there's only n coin draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there's only n coin draw
+problems okay it's like you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay it's like you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay it's like you had a
+through F he had B through F yet C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through F he had B through F yet C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through F he had B through F yet C
+through a few D through F yet EF and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few D through F yet EF and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few D through F yet EF and F
+so if you only solve a coin draw problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you only solve a coin draw problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you only solve a coin draw problem
+once and there's only n coin draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and there's only n coin draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and there's only n coin draw
+problems the complexity clearly cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the complexity clearly cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the complexity clearly cannot
+be exponential it's going to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exponential it's going to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exponential it's going to be linear
+because whatever work you did for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whatever work you did for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whatever work you did for that
+problem is all that you have to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is all that you have to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is all that you have to do and
+so maybe there's a constant factor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's a constant factor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's a constant factor but
+let's say that the number of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the number of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the number of operations
+obviously there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's
+- max I mean it's not complicated we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- max I mean it's not complicated we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- max I mean it's not complicated we
+know what that is right so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is right so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is right so it would be
+the complexity of solving a subproblem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of solving a subproblem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of solving a subproblem
+times the number of subproblems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of subproblems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of subproblems the
+complexity of solving a subproblem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of solving a subproblem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of solving a subproblem is
+constant you know it's just a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you know it's just a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you know it's just a small
+number of operations and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations and the number of
+subproblems is is linear so it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems is is linear so it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems is is linear so it's linear
+time which is exactly the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is exactly the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is exactly the same as the
+iterative version okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative version okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative version okay
+this is an incredibly powerful notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly powerful notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly powerful notion
+you know which is why there's classes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is why there's classes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is why there's classes on
+this topic right just this very topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic right just this very topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic right just this very topic
+and we spend a lot of time on this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spend a lot of time on this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spend a lot of time on this in
+double-o six as well as so four six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-o six as well as so four six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-o six as well as so four six so
+what I'm going to do for the the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do for the the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do for the the main
+thing I want to do is show you this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is show you this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is show you this code
+that is an incremental modification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an incremental modification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an incremental modification of
+the code I showed you before that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code I showed you before that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code I showed you before that takes
+this complexity and turns it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity and turns it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity and turns it from
+exponential to linear right using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential to linear right using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential to linear right using this
+notion of memorization and then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of memorization and then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of memorization and then I want
+to tell you a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a little bit about the
+traceback code because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traceback code because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traceback code because that's
+interesting but from a standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but from a standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but from a standpoint of
+just getting the value back you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting the value back you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting the value back you're all
+good right with or even understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right with or even understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right with or even understanding
+trace back so all I've done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back so all I've done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back so all I've done here is
+taken table and I've turned it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken table and I've turned it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken table and I've turned it into a
+dictionary okay and I have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary okay and I have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary okay and I have to do a
+little bit of work here with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of work here with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of work here with respect to
+the memorization right so so if you if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memorization right so so if you if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memorization right so so if you if I
+look at the base cases it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the base cases it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the base cases it's pretty much
+exactly the same I just have a memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same I just have a memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same I just have a memo
+instead of table and all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of table and all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of table and all of these are
+are essentially the same I'm sorry all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the same I'm sorry all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the same I'm sorry all
+of these up here are essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these up here are essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these up here are essentially the
+same and then I'm looking at but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then I'm looking at but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then I'm looking at but I'm
+looking at a particular problem I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a particular problem I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a particular problem I'm I
+see whether the memo table that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the memo table that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the memo table that I have
+if Len row in memo then if it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Len row in memo then if it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Len row in memo then if it's in the
+dictionary that means I've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary that means I've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary that means I've already seen
+this problem before and I just return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem before and I just return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem before and I just return
+the the values stored in that dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the values stored in that dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the values stored in that dictionary
+and the value stored in the dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value stored in the dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value stored in the dictionary
+is is essentially a pair which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essentially a pair which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essentially a pair which
+corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to
+not just the value of the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the value of the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the value of the problem but
+also I'm storing I'm sorry I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'm storing I'm sorry I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'm storing I'm sorry I take that
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+so memo itself is just like table this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so memo itself is just like table this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so memo itself is just like table this
+this is just this memo here is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just this memo here is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just this memo here is simply
+because overall I want to return both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because overall I want to return both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because overall I want to return both
+the value and the memo table okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and the memo table okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and the memo table okay so
+this memo table is exactly like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this memo table is exactly like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this memo table is exactly like the
+original table it's simply a set of key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original table it's simply a set of key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original table it's simply a set of key
+value pairs that go a memo five you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value pairs that go a memo five you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value pairs that go a memo five you know
+equals 56 memo for maybe equals 42 etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 56 memo for maybe equals 42 etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 56 memo for maybe equals 42 etc
+so that's just that's just a simple memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just that's just a simple memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just that's just a simple memo
+table and I just need to return the memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and I just need to return the memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and I just need to return the memo
+and so that's why I had this memo out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why I had this memo out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why I had this memo out
+here and this looks exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this looks exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this looks exactly the same as
+it did before these three lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did before these three lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did before these three lines are
+exactly the same this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same this is an important
+line right so these lines were added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right so these lines were added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right so these lines were added
+because I wanted memo eyes and look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted memo eyes and look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted memo eyes and look up
+what I solved before and this line was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I solved before and this line was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I solved before and this line was
+added it well added in the sense that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added it well added in the sense that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added it well added in the sense that it
+was added for memo but I already had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was added for memo but I already had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was added for memo but I already had it
+for table so it's just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for table so it's just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for table so it's just a simple
+replacement so perhaps I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement so perhaps I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement so perhaps I should have
+said added but this is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said added but this is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said added but this is important because
+I'm I'm putting it into the memo table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm putting it into the memo table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm putting it into the memo table
+and and really it's really this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really it's really this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really it's really this if
+statement that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that's the key
+I don't do redundant work so if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't do redundant work so if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't do redundant work so if you get
+to the safe statement you're obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the safe statement you're obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the safe statement you're obviously
+getting to a return which means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a return which means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a return which means you're
+not making these recursive calls which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making these recursive calls which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making these recursive calls which
+is exactly going over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly going over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly going over here and
+remembering that you solve coins three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that you solve coins three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that you solve coins three
+and returning the value of coins three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returning the value of coins three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returning the value of coins three
+the moment you see it alright that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you see it alright that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you see it alright that makes
+sense everybody's good with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense everybody's good with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense everybody's good with that
+excellent let's just run this and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent let's just run this and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent let's just run this and I want
+to show you what this gives you just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what this gives you just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what this gives you just so
+you get some sense with what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some sense with what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some sense with what's going on
+you're getting up there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting up there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting up there's a couple of
+different problems and I'm running them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems and I'm running them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems and I'm running them
+I with a different code and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with a different code and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with a different code and so you're
+getting the same answers that's just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same answers that's just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same answers that's just for
+verification purposes so if you focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification purposes so if you focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification purposes so if you focus in
+on on what what happens here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on what what happens here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on what what happens here this is
+essentially solving our first smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially solving our first smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially solving our first smaller
+problem and it's telling you that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's telling you that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's telling you that if you
+have the entire problem with the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the entire problem with the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the entire problem with the seven
+coins which is what I have up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins which is what I have up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins which is what I have up there
+the first problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem here
+then what you have is 56 and if in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you have is 56 and if in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you have is 56 and if in fact
+you ended up dropping you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ended up dropping you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ended up dropping you're looking at
+the subproblem that goes from 3 to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subproblem that goes from 3 to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subproblem that goes from 3 to 1 and
+you drop 14 the optimum value for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop 14 the optimum value for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop 14 the optimum value for that
+is 42 okay and then if you drop both 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 42 okay and then if you drop both 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 42 okay and then if you drop both 14
+and 3 and you went with that then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 and you went with that then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 and you went with that then the
+you need to go backwards from here 56:42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to go backwards from here 56:42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to go backwards from here 56:42
+and it's still 42 and even if you so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still 42 and even if you so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still 42 and even if you so if
+you drop 14 it's 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop 14 it's 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop 14 it's 42
+if you drop 3 it's still 42 because 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drop 3 it's still 42 because 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drop 3 it's still 42 because 27
+and 15 you know give you your 42 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 you know give you your 42 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 you know give you your 42 and
+that makes sense and so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense and so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense and so you can see that
+right and then this other thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this other thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this other thing here is
+the bigger problem it says table equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger problem it says table equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger problem it says table equals
+sorry yikes Python shell let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yikes Python shell let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yikes Python shell let me just
+point with the cursor this large thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the cursor this large thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the cursor this large thing
+here is our bigger problem and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our bigger problem and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our bigger problem and you can
+see the table for this 126 if you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the table for this 126 if you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the table for this 126 if you drop
+the first one you still get 126 but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one you still get 126 but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one you still get 126 but then
+if we drop the first 2 3 and 15 you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we drop the first 2 3 and 15 you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we drop the first 2 3 and 15 you get
+obviously a smaller result and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a smaller result and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a smaller result and so on and
+so forth and this table that I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and this table that I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and this table that I'm getting
+back which is basically the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back which is basically the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back which is basically the original
+table that could you think of as a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that could you think of as a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that could you think of as a list
+that turned into a dictionary when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned into a dictionary when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned into a dictionary when I
+wanted to memorize because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to memorize because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to memorize because I want to
+look it up very efficiently I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up very efficiently I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up very efficiently I could have
+left it in this case I'm as a Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it in this case I'm as a Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it in this case I'm as a Python
+list I did not need to use a dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I did not need to use a dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I did not need to use a dictionary
+because I can always I didn't need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can always I didn't need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can always I didn't need the
+generality of a dictionary where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of a dictionary where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of a dictionary where the
+indices to a list can be strings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices to a list can be strings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices to a list can be strings or
+negative numbers right I mean I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers right I mean I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers right I mean I'm just
+indexing into this so the dictionary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing into this so the dictionary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing into this so the dictionary is
+a it's a bit of a red herring I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a bit of a red herring I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a bit of a red herring I just
+happen to use it in general you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to use it in general you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to use it in general you use
+dictionaries because you may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries because you may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries because you may have to
+look up things that are more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up things that are more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up things that are more complicated
+than just integer values but here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just integer values but here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just integer values but here I
+could just number the subproblems 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just number the subproblems 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just number the subproblems 0
+through 7 what have you and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 7 what have you and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 7 what have you and then just
+look it up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up right
+so the bottom line is I need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is I need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is I need that
+information in order to compute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in order to compute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in order to compute or
+figure out what coins were selected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what coins were selected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what coins were selected and
+so that last thing that I will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that last thing that I will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that last thing that I will show you
+is the trace back routine which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the trace back routine which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the trace back routine which I just
+put up there briefly but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up there briefly but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up there briefly but I just want to
+spend one minute on this and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend one minute on this and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend one minute on this and we will
+close and this trace back routine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and this trace back routine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and this trace back routine is
+taking the values that you saw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the values that you saw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the values that you saw and
+figuring out whether you picked a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out whether you picked a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out whether you picked a coin
+or not so what it does is it looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so what it does is it looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so what it does is it looks at
+the entire thing and it knows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire thing and it knows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire thing and it knows that the
+the entire thing is 56 and then it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire thing is 56 and then it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire thing is 56 and then it says
+if I drop the first one and I get 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I drop the first one and I get 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I drop the first one and I get 42
+right and it compares 56 Evette 42 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it compares 56 Evette 42 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it compares 56 Evette 42 and
+says wait a minute the difference there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says wait a minute the difference there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says wait a minute the difference there
+is 14 and that is exactly the the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 14 and that is exactly the the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 14 and that is exactly the the value
+of the first element right so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first element right so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first element right so what this
+tells me is that if I had the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me is that if I had the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me is that if I had the original
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+I got 56 if I drop the first one I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got 56 if I drop the first one I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got 56 if I drop the first one I get
+42 right foot as optimal so that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 right foot as optimal so that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 right foot as optimal so that implies
+that for the original problem I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the original problem I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the original problem I picked
+the first coin okay because 56-42 is 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coin okay because 56-42 is 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coin okay because 56-42 is 14
+that's it that's pretty much all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's pretty much all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's pretty much all you
+have to do you just have to do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do you just have to do that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do you just have to do that over
+and over and it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and it's a little bit more
+complicated than that only because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that only because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that only because you
+don't want to get into negative indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into negative indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into negative indices
+for tables and so the only reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tables and so the only reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tables and so the only reason that
+first line table renderer - I equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line table renderer - I equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line table renderer - I equals
+equals Rho I is there is for the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Rho I is there is for the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Rho I is there is for the corner
+case where you have a single element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have a single element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have a single element
+list and you don't want to get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and you don't want to get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and you don't want to get into a
+situation where this thing here cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where this thing here cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where this thing here cannot
+be negative if this is negative then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative if this is negative then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative if this is negative then the
+program crashes so you don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program crashes so you don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program crashes so you don't want to get
+to this statement it becomes negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this statement it becomes negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this statement it becomes negative
+when it's a degenerate case and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's a degenerate case and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's a degenerate case and you
+don't want to get there this or takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get there this or takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get there this or takes
+care of that you essentially check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of that you essentially check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of that you essentially check for
+the singleton equality and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singleton equality and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singleton equality and then you
+don't fall through the second if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall through the second if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall through the second if this
+part of the statement is true then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the statement is true then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the statement is true then this
+doesn't get computed so if table land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get computed so if table land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get computed so if table land
+row I equals equals Rho I is true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I equals equals Rho I is true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I equals equals Rho I is true then
+you don't compute that you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't compute that you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't compute that you don't get a
+negative index and everything works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative index and everything works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative index and everything works out
+right but it comes down to 56-42 is 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it comes down to 56-42 is 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it comes down to 56-42 is 14
+and you're all good to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're all good to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're all good to go
+all right good all right so that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good all right so that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good all right so that's all I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+well for this lecture for the class I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this lecture for the class I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this lecture for the class I'm
+gonna be collecting six double oh six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be collecting six double oh six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be collecting six double oh six
+next semester I noticed that some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester I noticed that some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester I noticed that some of you
+were pre registered so I guess it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pre registered so I guess it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pre registered so I guess it's not
+goodbye but it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye but it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye but it doesn't have to be
+goodbye for the rest of you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye for the rest of you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye for the rest of you you know
+where I said happy to talk algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I said happy to talk algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I said happy to talk algorithms
+and computer science thanks for being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer science thanks for being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer science thanks for being an
+attentive audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6SGBOZM842A.txt b/6SGBOZM842A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f880ab3324de36ecd54dbc875a87b5ef2338f09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6SGBOZM842A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so study of how these organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so study of how these organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so study of how these organized
+sequences of movement that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of movement that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of movement that we've been
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+are produced and how they can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced and how they can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced and how they can change
+has led to the development of some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has led to the development of some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has led to the development of some basic
+ideas that about how the brain works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that about how the brain works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that about how the brain works and
+influence theory the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence theory the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence theory the brain
+i call them basic organizing concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call them basic organizing concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call them basic organizing concepts
+and theories of cns function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theories of cns function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theories of cns function
+when we think of them at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think of them at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think of them at the level of
+connections and circuits that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and circuits that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and circuits that is
+and this is just a summary of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning with a straight through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with a straight through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with a straight through
+processing concepts that are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing concepts that are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing concepts that are used in
+analysis of reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of reflexes
+and they're used in sr models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're used in sr models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're used in sr models
+but they've also it's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've also it's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've also it's the basic
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+it's the way we think of input analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way we think of input analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way we think of input analysis
+going from one stage to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one stage to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one stage to the next
+you could call them the filters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could call them the filters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could call them the filters of the
+brain the sensory filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the sensory filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the sensory filters
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+from retina through several stages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from retina through several stages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from retina through several stages to
+the geniculate body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate body
+to the cortex and then through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cortex and then through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cortex and then through
+multiple stages and then to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stages and then to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stages and then to a
+an association area and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an association area and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an association area and so forth
+that type of analysis is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of analysis is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of analysis is basically a
+straight through processing type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through processing type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through processing type of
+concept the same based on the sr model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the same based on the sr model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the same based on the sr model
+it's and it's still a very dominant way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's still a very dominant way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's still a very dominant way
+to think about the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the brain
+but then we have the various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have the various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have the various kinds of
+feedback control which play major role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control which play major role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control which play major role
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+our models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our models to
+the old idea of reverberating circuits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old idea of reverberating circuits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old idea of reverberating circuits a
+positive feedback is still there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback is still there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback is still there is
+examples of that now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that now in
+physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reciprocal inhibition we know is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal inhibition we know is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal inhibition we know is is
+critically important for movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important for movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important for movement
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+homeostats with negative feedback are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostats with negative feedback are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostats with negative feedback are
+also known to occur in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known to occur in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known to occur in the brain
+and then we have the spontaneous cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the spontaneous cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the spontaneous cns
+activity of endogenous orange the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of endogenous orange the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of endogenous orange the red
+there just means it wasn't on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just means it wasn't on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just means it wasn't on your
+original printout so you can ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original printout so you can ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original printout so you can ignore that
+since you have the new printout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you have the new printout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you have the new printout
+but there's two types of spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's two types of spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's two types of spontaneous
+activity we've talked about the rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we've talked about the rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we've talked about the rhythmic
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+which often leads to periodic bursts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which often leads to periodic bursts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which often leads to periodic bursts of
+action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials
+but also we have what we call maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we have what we call maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we have what we call maintained
+excitatory states so for example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory states so for example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory states so for example there
+are neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neurons that
+the hungrier you are the more active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hungrier you are the more active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hungrier you are the more active
+they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become
+it's just it's a central excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's a central excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's a central excitatory
+state some in it's called that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state some in it's called that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state some in it's called that in some
+models okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that activity can be either endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity can be either endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity can be either endogenous
+or it comes from another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it comes from another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it comes from another part of the
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+at least it's not a direct result of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's not a direct result of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's not a direct result of a
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+and finally important to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally important to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally important to all these
+concepts has been the idea of plasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts has been the idea of plasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts has been the idea of plasticity
+and that usually means a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that usually means a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that usually means a change in
+connection so it can mean other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so it can mean other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so it can mean other things
+too there are other kinds of plasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too there are other kinds of plasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too there are other kinds of plasticity
+okay that could affect neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that could affect neural activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that could affect neural activity
+but usually when we talk about classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually when we talk about classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually when we talk about classes
+we're talking about changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about changes in
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+involving the molecules at the synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the molecules at the synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the molecules at the synapses
+that can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can change
+change the sensitivity of the synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sensitivity of the synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sensitivity of the synapse
+or we can be talking about anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can be talking about anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can be talking about anatomical
+changes like sprouting of various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes like sprouting of various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes like sprouting of various kinds
+collateral sprouting being one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today we're gonna continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're gonna continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're gonna continue this
+topic of rhythmic output and timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of rhythmic output and timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of rhythmic output and timing
+we're gonna switch to talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna switch to talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna switch to talking about
+circadian rhythms okay sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythms okay sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythms okay sleep and
+dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circadian about a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian about a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian about a day
+because the natural rhythm is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the natural rhythm is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the natural rhythm is not
+exactly a day in length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a day in length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a day in length
+these are the topics i'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the topics i'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the topics i'll talk about
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+we may not finish talk about sleep today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not finish talk about sleep today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not finish talk about sleep today
+but we'll see how far we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+these three topics at the top are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three topics at the top are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three topics at the top are what
+we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+proving the endogenous nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the endogenous nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the endogenous nature of the
+biological clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological clock
+and then dealing with this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then dealing with this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then dealing with this question
+at least the beginning the first answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the beginning the first answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the beginning the first answers
+to that question about why we sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that question about why we sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that question about why we sleep
+why does any animal sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does any animal sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does any animal sleep
+and don't you wish you didn't have to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't you wish you didn't have to oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't you wish you didn't have to oh
+i don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isn't sleep fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't sleep fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't sleep fun
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay endogenous first periodic inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay endogenous first periodic inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay endogenous first periodic inputs
+weather sleep the sleep waking cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather sleep the sleep waking cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather sleep the sleep waking cycle
+the rhythm of activity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythm of activity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythm of activity was
+primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily
+controlled by endogenous inputs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by endogenous inputs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by endogenous inputs or
+periodic inputs coming from outside was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic inputs coming from outside was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic inputs coming from outside was
+a major controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major controversy
+in the middle of the last century 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the last century 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the last century 1960s
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it was resolved first by behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was resolved first by behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was resolved first by behavioral
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+and i'll talk about those and then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll talk about those and then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll talk about those and then by
+brain research and we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain research and we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain research and we'll be talking
+about those also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first proof of the endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first proof of the endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first proof of the endogenous
+nature of the body's clock mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+came from behavioral studies of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from behavioral studies of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from behavioral studies of free
+running rhythms of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running rhythms of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running rhythms of activity
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+for example the hamsters are an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the hamsters are an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the hamsters are an animal
+commonly used for this because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used for this because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used for this because they are
+very precise and easy to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise and easy to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise and easy to measure
+circadian rhythms of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you put them in constant conditions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them in constant conditions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them in constant conditions you
+put them in a room with continuous light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a room with continuous light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a room with continuous light
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+continuous low light or continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous low light or continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous low light or continuous
+darkness or continuous lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly humans have been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly humans have been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly humans have been studied
+where they wanted to isolate them even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they wanted to isolate them even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they wanted to isolate them even
+from cosmic rays they wanted to isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cosmic rays they wanted to isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cosmic rays they wanted to isolate
+them from anything that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from anything that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from anything that might be
+periodic as the earth turns so they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic as the earth turns so they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic as the earth turns so they put
+them on the ground bunkers it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the ground bunkers it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the ground bunkers it was
+impossible of course to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible of course to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible of course to eliminate
+everything but they did get free running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but they did get free running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but they did get free running
+rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythms
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for hamsters this was one common way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for hamsters this was one common way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for hamsters this was one common way
+i've done this these kinds of studies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done this these kinds of studies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done this these kinds of studies in
+hampshire so i did not use a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire so i did not use a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire so i did not use a running
+wheel i used an elongated cage where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel i used an elongated cage where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel i used an elongated cage where i
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+breaking of a light beam they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of a light beam they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of a light beam they had to
+break one and then the other and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break one and then the other and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break one and then the other and if they
+did that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that it would
+move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the
+the needle on a strip recorder like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle on a strip recorder like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle on a strip recorder like this
+at that time i wasn't recording and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time i wasn't recording and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time i wasn't recording and with
+computer memory i was recording it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer memory i was recording it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer memory i was recording it on
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+but it was done very much like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was done very much like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was done very much like this
+where here every revolution of the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here every revolution of the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here every revolution of the wheel
+causes a blip on the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a blip on the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a blip on the paper
+and then what they do is each 24-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do is each 24-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do is each 24-hour
+record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+is put just below the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put just below the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put just below the previous one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so as you go down this chart you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you go down this chart you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you go down this chart you're
+going from day to day today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from day to day today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from day to day today
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see there
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+the period of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period of light
+period of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+right here at the beginning they cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at the beginning they cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at the beginning they cut the
+optic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you can see he still maintains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see he still maintains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see he still maintains
+a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice
+24-hour activity cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-hour activity cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-hour activity cycle
+he's inactive in this period and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's inactive in this period and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's inactive in this period and then he
+becomes active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes active
+okay then he goes back you start the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then he goes back you start the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then he goes back you start the day
+again he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again he's
+goes to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to sleep
+or he's very inactive wakes up almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he's very inactive wakes up almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he's very inactive wakes up almost
+the same time every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time every day
+okay the optic tract is cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the optic tract is cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the optic tract is cut
+but the important thing is is where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is is where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is is where it
+was cut it was cut above the opticalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cut it was cut above the opticalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cut it was cut above the opticalism
+but before it reached the january bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before it reached the january bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before it reached the january bodies
+so no accidents were reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no accidents were reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no accidents were reaching the
+geniculate bodies pre-tactile areatectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies pre-tactile areatectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies pre-tactile areatectum
+any of the areas we've talked about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the areas we've talked about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the areas we've talked about and
+we'll be talking about more later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about more later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about more later on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+the question was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was well
+is this because of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this because of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this because of light
+so right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed
+to continuous dim light and now see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continuous dim light and now see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continuous dim light and now see what
+happens to the rhythm now he wakes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the rhythm now he wakes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the rhythm now he wakes up
+later every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later every day
+goes to sleep later every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some students think that that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students think that that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students think that that is a
+powerful tendency in them they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tendency in them they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tendency in them they always
+want to stay up later and get up later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay up later and get up later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay up later and get up later
+it may actually be true because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may actually be true because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may actually be true because the
+studies of humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of humans
+in underground bunkers that was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in underground bunkers that was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in underground bunkers that was first
+done in xavies in germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the father of one of our graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father of one of our graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father of one of our graduate
+students here a former graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here a former graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here a former graduate student
+the father's name is aaron's purple i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father's name is aaron's purple i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father's name is aaron's purple i
+met him in germany when he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him in germany when he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him in germany when he was doing
+these studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he put humans in underground bunkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put humans in underground bunkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put humans in underground bunkers
+took all their clocks away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all their clocks away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all their clocks away
+so they were isolated from time cues as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were isolated from time cues as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were isolated from time cues as
+far as he could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as he could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as he could do it
+he did have a telephone there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did have a telephone there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did have a telephone there
+and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just
+found out about their rhythm of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out about their rhythm of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out about their rhythm of activity
+initially they were students you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially they were students you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially they were students you know
+they slept for about 48 hours initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they slept for about 48 hours initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they slept for about 48 hours initially
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then they started showing a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they started showing a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they started showing a regular
+rhythm of activity but it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm of activity but it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm of activity but it was not
+exactly 24 hours it was close usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 24 hours it was close usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 24 hours it was close usually
+about 25 with humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 with humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 with humans
+now with hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with hamsters
+recorded like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded like this
+the ones i've measured i've had maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones i've measured i've had maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones i've measured i've had maybe
+one or two hamsters with a rhythm less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two hamsters with a rhythm less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two hamsters with a rhythm less
+than 24 hours almost all of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 24 hours almost all of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 24 hours almost all of them are
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+24 hours and 20 minutes or 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours and 20 minutes or 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours and 20 minutes or 30 minutes
+roughly in that vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in that vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in that vicinity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but it's free running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's free running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's free running
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and with the hamsters the rhythm stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the hamsters the rhythm stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the hamsters the rhythm stayed
+free running even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free running even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free running even though
+there was activity of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was activity of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was activity of people in the
+hallways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallways
+that was regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was regular
+okay the janitors came around regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the janitors came around regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the janitors came around regularly
+they were fed regularly and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were fed regularly and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were fed regularly and yet
+none of those things influenced their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those things influenced their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those things influenced their
+activity rhythm the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity rhythm the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity rhythm the only thing
+that influenced the rhythm of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that influenced the rhythm of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that influenced the rhythm of activity
+was the light dark cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the light dark cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the light dark cycle
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i think that may be a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think that may be a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think that may be a mistake
+i don't know i noticed that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i noticed that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i noticed that also
+they noticed that there was i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they noticed that there was i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they noticed that there was i think
+something caused the phase to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something caused the phase to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something caused the phase to shift
+there but in fact if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but in fact if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but in fact if you keep
+the light dark cycle it you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light dark cycle it you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light dark cycle it you might do
+something to cause a shift but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to cause a shift but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to cause a shift but it will
+still stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stay
+20 24 hour rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 24 hour rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 24 hour rhythm
+they didn't i don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what about the brain studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about the brain studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about the brain studies
+there was a long period of searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a long period of searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a long period of searching for
+biological a biological clock that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological a biological clock that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological a biological clock that can
+be entrained by the large dark cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be entrained by the large dark cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be entrained by the large dark cycle
+then then there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then there were
+some of those studies involved ablation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those studies involved ablation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those studies involved ablation
+about the correct terminal areas now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the correct terminal areas now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the correct terminal areas now i
+mentioned that they could cut the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that they could cut the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that they could cut the whole
+optic crack but they also made lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic crack but they also made lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic crack but they also made lesions
+of optic tectum spheroliculus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optic tectum spheroliculus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optic tectum spheroliculus or
+geniculate body or other regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body or other regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body or other regions and
+they always got a persistence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always got a persistence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always got a persistence of the
+circadian rhythm although they sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythm although they sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythm although they sometimes
+did get a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phase
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+it was a puzzle for a long time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a puzzle for a long time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a puzzle for a long time because
+we knew light was affecting the rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew light was affecting the rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew light was affecting the rhythm
+and yet we thought we had cut all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we thought we had cut all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we thought we had cut all the
+projections but in fact our anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections but in fact our anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections but in fact our anatomical
+tracing methods weren't sensitive enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing methods weren't sensitive enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing methods weren't sensitive enough
+sensitive enough to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive enough to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive enough to see
+a projection that was known from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection that was known from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection that was known from some
+studies of non-mammalian forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of non-mammalian forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of non-mammalian forms
+namely a retinal projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely a retinal projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely a retinal projection of the
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+and that projection is very easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that projection is very easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that projection is very easy to see
+with modern tract tracing techniques it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modern tract tracing techniques it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modern tract tracing techniques it
+goes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
+which in textbooks is often abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in textbooks is often abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in textbooks is often abbreviated
+scn okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scn okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scn okay
+i usually put sch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually put sch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually put sch
+because i use ch for the chiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i use ch for the chiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i use ch for the chiasm
+so the suprachiasmatic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you remove the eyes if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove the eyes if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove the eyes if they don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+any retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if they don't have a suprachiasmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't have a suprachiasmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't have a suprachiasmatic
+nucleus or you section that connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus or you section that connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus or you section that connection
+you get a free running circadian rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a free running circadian rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a free running circadian rhythm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without that connection if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that connection if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that connection if you actually
+remove the suprachiasmatic nucleus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the suprachiasmatic nucleus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the suprachiasmatic nucleus you
+can get a disorganized rhythm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a disorganized rhythm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a disorganized rhythm okay
+now if you look at those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at those cells
+you find that they do generate even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that they do generate even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that they do generate even if
+you isolate them from connections with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you isolate them from connections with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you isolate them from connections with
+the rest of the brain they do show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the brain they do show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the brain they do show
+circadian changes in activity they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian changes in activity they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian changes in activity they also
+show circadian changes in some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show circadian changes in some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show circadian changes in some in
+transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+okay there are some cycles of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are some cycles of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are some cycles of molecules
+they're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're producing
+but then there are other studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there are other studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there are other studies that
+show that there are other biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there are other biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there are other biological
+clocks in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks in addition
+we know less about the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know less about the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know less about the others
+than about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's go to this question for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to this question for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to this question for a minute
+before we talk more about the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk more about the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk more about the brain
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+brain mechanisms will come at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mechanisms will come at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mechanisms will come at various
+points in this talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this talk
+why do we animals sleep why do we sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we animals sleep why do we sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we animals sleep why do we sleep
+now this kind of question when any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this kind of question when any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this kind of question when any
+anytime you get a question like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you get a question like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you get a question like that
+about human nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human nature
+it's got multiple levels of meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got multiple levels of meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got multiple levels of meaning
+first of all we can think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we can think of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we can think of it in
+evolutionary terms why is sleep adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can talk about it as an instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can talk about it as an instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can talk about it as an instinct
+that's triggered by a biological clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's triggered by a biological clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's triggered by a biological clock
+which is entrained by the leg dart cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is entrained by the leg dart cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is entrained by the leg dart cycle
+which is what i was implying in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what i was implying in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what i was implying in the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+slides then we can talk about specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides then we can talk about specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides then we can talk about specific
+aspects of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of that
+how is that instinct represented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that instinct represented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that instinct represented in the
+brain there are neuromodulator systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there are neuromodulator systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there are neuromodulator systems
+with widespread axon connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with widespread axon connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with widespread axon connections
+so we know that widespread parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that widespread parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that widespread parts of the
+brain could be affected at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain could be affected at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain could be affected at the same time
+by activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by activation
+for example serotonin axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example serotonin axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example serotonin axons
+norepinephrine containing axons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norepinephrine containing axons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norepinephrine containing axons or
+acetylcholine containing axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine containing axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine containing axons
+usually i abbreviate that with a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually i abbreviate that with a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually i abbreviate that with a capital
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+and then there's other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's other types of
+neuromodulators chemicals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromodulators chemicals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromodulators chemicals in the
+cerebral spinal fluid that can influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral spinal fluid that can influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral spinal fluid that can influence
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+so let's talk about adaptive pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about adaptive pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about adaptive pressures
+why would sleep evolve in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would sleep evolve in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would sleep evolve in the first
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and of course we always think first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we always think first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we always think first we
+need rest and recuperation there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need rest and recuperation there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need rest and recuperation there are
+certain processes that the body needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain processes that the body needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain processes that the body needs to
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+recover from to change with rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from to change with rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from to change with rest and
+there is evidence that in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is evidence that in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is evidence that in fact is
+important but we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we also know
+that there are other reasons to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are other reasons to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are other reasons to sleep
+it's been proposed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been proposed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been proposed that
+animals need to avoid predators if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals need to avoid predators if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals need to avoid predators if
+especially a light active animal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a light active animal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a light active animal that
+can't see well in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see well in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see well in the dark
+and there are some predators that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some predators that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some predators that can
+see and hear very well in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and hear very well in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and hear very well in the dark
+they're much more likely to get caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more likely to get caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more likely to get caught
+so if they go to a secure place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they go to a secure place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they go to a secure place and
+sleep all night they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep all night they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep all night they're going to be
+safer even though they might be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer even though they might be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer even though they might be too
+stupid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid to
+fox the predators which are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fox the predators which are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fox the predators which are often
+smarter animals than they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter animals than they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter animals than they are
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so sleep could evolve for that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sleep could evolve for that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sleep could evolve for that kind of
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+it's also been proposed and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been proposed and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been proposed and because
+infants sleep much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants sleep much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants sleep much more
+and they have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a lot more
+what we call active sleep which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call active sleep which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call active sleep which we'll
+talk about in a minute where the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute where the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute where the brain
+is very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very active
+this could be very important promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be very important promoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be very important promoting
+development of neural circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of neural circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of neural circuits
+and it has been proposing we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has been proposing we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has been proposing we'll look at
+a graph of how sleep changes with age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph of how sleep changes with age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph of how sleep changes with age
+more recent studies have focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent studies have focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent studies have focused on
+the role of sleep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of sleep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of sleep in
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+in memory consolidation and in editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory consolidation and in editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory consolidation and in editing
+our memories we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our memories we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our memories we'll talk a little bit
+more about that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that also
+but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first
+let's talk more about this instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk more about this instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk more about this instinct
+that's triggered by the biological clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's triggered by the biological clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's triggered by the biological clock
+and entrained by the light dark cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrained by the light dark cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrained by the light dark cycle
+let me give some more examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give some more examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give some more examples of
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+first of all we had already mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we had already mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we had already mentioned
+the retina to suprachiasmatic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina to suprachiasmatic nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina to suprachiasmatic nucleus
+studies and i said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and i said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and i said that
+the suprachiasmatic nucleus cells seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suprachiasmatic nucleus cells seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suprachiasmatic nucleus cells seem
+to be very important for this rhythm if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important for this rhythm if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important for this rhythm if
+you take them out you can disrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take them out you can disrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take them out you can disrupt the
+rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm
+the clincher there was with hamsters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clincher there was with hamsters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clincher there was with hamsters to
+get an animal that had no super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an animal that had no super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an animal that had no super
+chasmatic nucleus so he didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasmatic nucleus so he didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasmatic nucleus so he didn't have
+an a biological clock he didn't have his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a biological clock he didn't have his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a biological clock he didn't have his
+natural rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rhythms
+and you implant in his brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you implant in his brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you implant in his brain
+suprachiasmatic cells from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suprachiasmatic cells from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suprachiasmatic cells from another
+animal and you can do that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and you can do that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and you can do that from
+using tissue a very young animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using tissue a very young animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using tissue a very young animal
+they were able to succeed in that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to succeed in that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to succeed in that and
+they were able to restore the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to restore the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to restore the biological
+rhythm in some animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm in some animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm in some animals
+such transplant studies are difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such transplant studies are difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such transplant studies are difficult
+but it has been possible to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has been possible to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has been possible to do that
+there's other studies then that show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other studies then that show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other studies then that show
+molecular changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular changes
+and they find that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find that sometimes
+you get the left and right supracosmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the left and right supracosmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the left and right supracosmetic
+nuclei there's a pair of them one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei there's a pair of them one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei there's a pair of them one on
+either side of the midline sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the midline sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the midline sometimes
+they oscillate out of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they oscillate out of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they oscillate out of phase
+and i brought a few slides showing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i brought a few slides showing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i brought a few slides showing one
+of these studies first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies first of all
+look at the left here i described it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the left here i described it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the left here i described it
+here it's wheel running activity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's wheel running activity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's wheel running activity and we
+saw an example of that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw an example of that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw an example of that before
+now this animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this animal is
+in constant light and notice what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant light and notice what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant light and notice what
+happens here around day 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here around day 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here around day 40
+his activity splits into two rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his activity splits into two rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his activity splits into two rhythms
+okay one you see there one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one you see there one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one you see there one here
+okay so now he's becoming active twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now he's becoming active twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now he's becoming active twice
+in a day and they they don't sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a day and they they don't sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a day and they they don't sometimes
+the two rhythms didn't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two rhythms didn't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two rhythms didn't have the same
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they looked at
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proteins resulting from certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins resulting from certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins resulting from certain
+genes i think actually they were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes i think actually they were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes i think actually they were looking
+at messenger rna as we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at messenger rna as we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at messenger rna as we're looking at
+transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+okay and here's these are the per genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's these are the per genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's these are the per genes
+known to be important in circadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be important in circadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be important in circadian
+rhythm control because if you knock them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm control because if you knock them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm control because if you knock them
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+you can disrupt circadian rhythms notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can disrupt circadian rhythms notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can disrupt circadian rhythms notice
+that per one here in this animal at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per one here in this animal at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per one here in this animal at the
+time they killed him was more active on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they killed him was more active on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they killed him was more active on
+the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side
+also per two but per three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also per two but per three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also per two but per three
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+didn't show such an extreme asymmetry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show such an extreme asymmetry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show such an extreme asymmetry it
+was active on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+they looked at that same animal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at that same animal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at that same animal they
+looked at the amount of left right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the amount of left right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the amount of left right
+asymmetry of these three genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry of these three genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry of these three genes
+and they measured it as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measured it as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measured it as a function of
+the time the animal was killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the animal was killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the animal was killed
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+activity onset okay in hours okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity onset okay in hours okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity onset okay in hours okay
+so when he first became active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when he first became active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when he first became active
+four hours later six hours later and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hours later six hours later and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hours later six hours later and so
+forth and you can see that they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you can see that they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you can see that they got
+differences among those genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences among those genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences among those genes
+now this was simply the the asymmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was simply the the asymmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was simply the the asymmetry of
+those two genes and they've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two genes and they've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two genes and they've seen that
+this antiphase oscillation is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this antiphase oscillation is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this antiphase oscillation is fairly
+common here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common here's uh
+antiphase oscillation of these two genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's where the they're oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where the they're oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where the they're oscillating
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and here's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a case
+where they're in antiphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're in antiphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're in antiphase
+we don't fully understand that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't fully understand that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't fully understand that but it
+this we think can explain some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we think can explain some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we think can explain some of these
+peculiar effects you get an abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar effects you get an abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar effects you get an abnormal
+condition sometimes and it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition sometimes and it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition sometimes and it happens in
+humans too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's
+talk about the discovery of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the discovery of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the discovery of different
+we're just going to talk about sleep for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about sleep for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about sleep for
+a while now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while now
+and we'll talk about different sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about different sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about different sleep
+stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+you have to know what these terms mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to know what these terms mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to know what these terms mean
+at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+from your reading you might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your reading you might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your reading you might know
+what does the eeg mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electroencephalogram what about eog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalogram what about eog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalogram what about eog
+electro oculogram for measuring eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro oculogram for measuring eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro oculogram for measuring eye
+movements okay what about emg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements okay what about emg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements okay what about emg
+electromyogram for amazing muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromyogram for amazing muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromyogram for amazing muscle
+tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i actually showed when i was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually showed when i was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually showed when i was talking
+about movement control some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about movement control some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about movement control some
+electromyographs showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromyographs showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromyographs showing
+activity remember the oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity remember the oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity remember the oscillating
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+limb muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb muscles
+and also so these are all used in sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also so these are all used in sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also so these are all used in sleep
+studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and
+they make various measures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make various measures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make various measures of the
+autonomic nervous system as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system as well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was hans berger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hans berger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hans berger
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the last century early by the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last century early by the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last century early by the last
+century that first used eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that first used eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that first used eeg
+to look at sleep and waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at sleep and waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at sleep and waking
+first of all he knows just in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all he knows just in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all he knows just in normal
+human beings during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings during the day
+they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed
+with the eeg indicated two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the eeg indicated two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the eeg indicated two different
+kinds of awakening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of awakening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of awakening
+a person is sitting still with his eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person is sitting still with his eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person is sitting still with his eyes
+closed can even have his eyes open if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed can even have his eyes open if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed can even have his eyes open if
+there's nothing happening around him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing happening around him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing happening around him and
+he can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can show
+a lot of alpha waves you know in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of alpha waves you know in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of alpha waves you know in his
+which is slower not fairly synchronized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is slower not fairly synchronized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is slower not fairly synchronized
+activity especially in the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity especially in the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity especially in the posterior
+knee over the posterior part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee over the posterior part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee over the posterior part
+posterior part of the brain they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior part of the brain they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior part of the brain they're
+recording actually from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording actually from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording actually from
+the surface their scalp electrodes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface their scalp electrodes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface their scalp electrodes but
+they're recording small currents induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're recording small currents induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're recording small currents induced
+by underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrical activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+burger also began to get evidence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger also began to get evidence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger also began to get evidence on
+different stages of sleep but most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages of sleep but most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages of sleep but most of
+that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work
+came later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came later
+with the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demand and kleitman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and kleitman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and kleitman
+and demand is still active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand is still active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand is still active
+in this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this work
+work on sleep stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i and i just want to note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and i just want to note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and i just want to note here
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+these eeg is useful as it is in studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eeg is useful as it is in studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eeg is useful as it is in studying
+sort of system properties of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system properties of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system properties of the brain
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+studies that show that in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cns arousal indicated by the eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cns arousal indicated by the eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cns arousal indicated by the eeg
+doesn't correlate with behavioral states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't correlate with behavioral states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't correlate with behavioral states
+you can give drugs for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give drugs for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give drugs for example
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+will give a lot of the slow activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a lot of the slow activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a lot of the slow activity and
+yet the animal can be quite active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the animal can be quite active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the animal can be quite active
+that's a somewhat of a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a somewhat of a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a somewhat of a problem but
+people don't tend to ignore that we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't tend to ignore that we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't tend to ignore that we like
+our correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our correlations
+it doesn't mean we fully understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to talk about
+the two major kinds of sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major kinds of sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major kinds of sleep
+people divide sleep up into more stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people divide sleep up into more stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people divide sleep up into more stages
+than this but there's really two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this but there's really two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this but there's really two major
+kinds of sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sleep
+rem sleep rapid eye movement sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep rapid eye movement sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep rapid eye movement sleep
+and non-rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+you probably know correspond that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know correspond that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know correspond that's
+corresponds to the mental state we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the mental state we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the mental state we call
+dreaming though it doesn't mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming though it doesn't mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming though it doesn't mean you
+don't have any images occurring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any images occurring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any images occurring in
+non-rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first
+before we talk much about dreaming let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk much about dreaming let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk much about dreaming let's
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+phasic versus tonic activities in rem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasic versus tonic activities in rem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasic versus tonic activities in rem
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+rem sleep we call paradoxical sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep we call paradoxical sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep we call paradoxical sleep
+for the simple reason that the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the simple reason that the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the simple reason that the brain
+waves the e that's the term we use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the e that's the term we use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the e that's the term we use for
+electroencephalograph recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the eeg indica is the eeg of a waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg indica is the eeg of a waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg indica is the eeg of a waking
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+an arrow state remember i said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow state remember i said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow state remember i said there's
+two kinds of waking the person could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of waking the person could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of waking the person could be
+sitting in a relaxed state and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a relaxed state and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a relaxed state and you get
+these slower waves but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slower waves but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slower waves but if you
+attract his attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract his attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract his attention
+you get him to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get him to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get him to pay attention to
+something you rallies him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you rallies him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you rallies him
+he gets the low voltage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets the low voltage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets the low voltage on
+desynchronized activity okay well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronized activity okay well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronized activity okay well that's
+what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's here you get rapid eye movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here you get rapid eye movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here you get rapid eye movements
+islam in addition to the desynchronized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islam in addition to the desynchronized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islam in addition to the desynchronized
+activity now you have the rapid eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity now you have the rapid eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity now you have the rapid eye
+movements some twitching especially of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements some twitching especially of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements some twitching especially of
+the distal muscles and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distal muscles and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distal muscles and you get a
+particular kind of wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of wave in the
+that affects the visual system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects the visual system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects the visual system it
+originates in the pontine region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates in the pontine region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates in the pontine region of the
+hindbrain it goes to the geniculate body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain it goes to the geniculate body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain it goes to the geniculate body
+and then appears in the occipital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then appears in the occipital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then appears in the occipital
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+okay and they have found that that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they have found that that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they have found that that those
+waves of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of activity
+are correlated with at least to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated with at least to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated with at least to some
+degree with the eye movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree with the eye movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree with the eye movements
+there's also tonic states in rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also tonic states in rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also tonic states in rem sleep
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not just momentary states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just momentary states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just momentary states
+whenever you enter rem sleep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you enter rem sleep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you enter rem sleep your
+muscles become relaxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles become relaxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles become relaxed
+muscle atonia you lose muscle tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle atonia you lose muscle tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle atonia you lose muscle tone
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+along with the eeg desynchronization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the eeg desynchronization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the eeg desynchronization
+the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampus
+shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+a theta rhythm a regular rhythm that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta rhythm a regular rhythm that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta rhythm a regular rhythm that's a
+little bit different than the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the alpha
+it's characteristic of hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's characteristic of hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's characteristic of hippocampus
+in certain behavioral states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain behavioral states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain behavioral states
+okay in addition there's an autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in addition there's an autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in addition there's an autonomic
+dysregulation we will call it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysregulation we will call it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysregulation we will call it because
+it's not the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state of the autonomic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the autonomic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the autonomic nervous system
+some regulatory functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regulatory functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regulatory functions
+are either changed or lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either changed or lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either changed or lost
+for example you get exothermia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you get exothermia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you get exothermia
+so if it's very cold in the room your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's very cold in the room your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's very cold in the room your
+body temperature will drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body temperature will drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body temperature will drop
+when you're in rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in rem sleep
+you don't have normal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it won't stay that way because you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't stay that way because you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't stay that way because you'll
+come out of rem sleep and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of rem sleep and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of rem sleep and then you'll
+get better autonomic regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better autonomic regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better autonomic regulation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there's vascular dilation in the genital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's vascular dilation in the genital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's vascular dilation in the genital
+organs so that's one reason that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs so that's one reason that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs so that's one reason that it was
+common to think of dreams as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to think of dreams as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to think of dreams as having
+something to do with sex because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with sex because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with sex because this
+you would always get the sexual arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would always get the sexual arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would always get the sexual arousal
+during it appears to be sexual arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during it appears to be sexual arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during it appears to be sexual arousal
+but i think if we think of it more as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think if we think of it more as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think if we think of it more as
+vascular as a autonomic dysregulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular as a autonomic dysregulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular as a autonomic dysregulation
+characteristic it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic it's probably
+a little more accurate because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more accurate because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more accurate because you can
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+symptom of arousal even when the dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom of arousal even when the dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom of arousal even when the dream
+has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with
+sexuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality
+in addition you get irregularities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition you get irregularities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition you get irregularities in
+the heart rate and breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart rate and breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart rate and breathing
+that are characteristic of that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are characteristic of that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are characteristic of that state
+so here's how that change these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's how that change these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's how that change these states
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+over a human lifetime they've just taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a human lifetime they've just taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a human lifetime they've just taken
+the two major stages of sleep rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major stages of sleep rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major stages of sleep rem sleep
+and yellow there non-rem sleeping here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow there non-rem sleeping here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow there non-rem sleeping here
+is waking and this is divided up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is waking and this is divided up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is waking and this is divided up into
+total amount in 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount in 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount in 24 hours
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so non-rem sleep and rem sleep you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-rem sleep and rem sleep you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-rem sleep and rem sleep you can
+see both go down with age and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see both go down with age and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see both go down with age and you see
+how very high they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how very high they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how very high they are
+in babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in babies
+a newborn here is sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a newborn here is sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a newborn here is sleeping
+almost 16 hours a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 16 hours a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 16 hours a day
+like a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cat
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but it rapidly declines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it rapidly declines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it rapidly declines
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the time you're in your late teens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you're in your late teens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you're in your late teens
+you're down to below nine hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down to below nine hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down to below nine hours
+and that's an average of course people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an average of course people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an average of course people
+will differ and i should say right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ and i should say right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ and i should say right here
+that there's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's in fact
+a lot of variability in sleep times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variability in sleep times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variability in sleep times
+especially in adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in adults
+and i mean the amount that people seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean the amount that people seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean the amount that people seem
+to actually need the amount that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually need the amount that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually need the amount that they
+will naturally sleep if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will naturally sleep if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will naturally sleep if they're not
+under constraints of mit assignments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under constraints of mit assignments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under constraints of mit assignments and
+exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also very common for sleep to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also very common for sleep to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also very common for sleep to
+continue to decline in amount with age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decline in amount with age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decline in amount with age
+so by the time people are over age 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time people are over age 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time people are over age 70
+okay they're falling below six hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're falling below six hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're falling below six hours of
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also note that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also note that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also note that the
+amount of rapid eye movement sleep is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of rapid eye movement sleep is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of rapid eye movement sleep is
+decreasing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing as a
+percentage of the total sleep time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had no real good explanations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no real good explanations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no real good explanations for
+this decline until recently when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decline until recently when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decline until recently when we're
+beginning to find out more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to find out more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to find out more about
+functions of rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other than simple recuperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than simple recuperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than simple recuperation
+during sleep that probably is more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during sleep that probably is more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during sleep that probably is more a
+function of slow wave sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's deal now with the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's deal now with the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's deal now with the questions
+about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why
+we have rem sleep at all why do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have rem sleep at all why do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have rem sleep at all why do you have
+these two different stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's been a lot of it's been an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of it's been an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of it's been an area
+of a lot of controversy and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of controversy and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of controversy and there were
+studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+rem sleep deprivation and the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports
+indicate that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that if you
+deprive animals or people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprive animals or people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprive animals or people
+of rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rem sleep
+over a long enough period of time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long enough period of time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long enough period of time they
+either go crazy or die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go crazy or die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go crazy or die
+of course with they didn't do it long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course with they didn't do it long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course with they didn't do it long
+enough to kill anybody but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to kill anybody but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to kill anybody but
+that was the report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the report
+until somebody realized they'd left out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody realized they'd left out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody realized they'd left out
+the control group you better wake people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group you better wake people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group you better wake people
+up in the other stages of sleep also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the other stages of sleep also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the other stages of sleep also an
+equal number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of times
+and when they did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they did that
+then the effects of deprivation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the effects of deprivation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the effects of deprivation like
+greater irritability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater irritability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater irritability
+and so forth we're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth we're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth we're the same
+people don't like to be woken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like to be woken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like to be woken up
+at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night
+so often so it doesn't much matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often so it doesn't much matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often so it doesn't much matter
+whether you wake him up in dream sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you wake him up in dream sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you wake him up in dream sleep
+or non-durham sleep non-dream sleep or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-durham sleep non-dream sleep or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-durham sleep non-dream sleep or
+if there's it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's it's still
+i've i still see people report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've i still see people report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've i still see people report
+these drastic effects of rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drastic effects of rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drastic effects of rem sleep
+deprivation however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation however
+but they are at least not what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are at least not what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are at least not what people
+initially reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially reported
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what is the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the function of
+the paradoxical part of sleep the rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paradoxical part of sleep the rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paradoxical part of sleep the rapid
+eye movement sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement sleep
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+was that in slow wave sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that in slow wave sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that in slow wave sleep
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+neurons are becoming less active they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are becoming less active they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are becoming less active they
+literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+the brain seems to be shutting down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain seems to be shutting down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain seems to be shutting down and
+the idea was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that
+if that goes too far it could lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that goes too far it could lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that goes too far it could lead to
+plastic changes that could damage brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic changes that could damage brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic changes that could damage brain
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so you needed to wake it up periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you needed to wake it up periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you needed to wake it up periodically
+i don't think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think it was
+i think people come up with theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think people come up with theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think people come up with theories
+like that when they're frustrated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that when they're frustrated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that when they're frustrated at
+coming up with anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with anything else
+so then studies were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then studies were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then studies were done
+on memory consolidation teaching people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on memory consolidation teaching people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on memory consolidation teaching people
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+things just before they go to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just before they go to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just before they go to sleep
+testing their memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing their memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing their memory
+looking at and if you do deprive them of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and if you do deprive them of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and if you do deprive them of
+rem sleep they will not remember as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep they will not remember as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep they will not remember as well
+as if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you don't
+but it's still not very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still not very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still not very clear
+what that role is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that role is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that role is
+there are recent ideas beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are recent ideas beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are recent ideas beginning to
+appear and i've been teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and i've been teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and i've been teaching this
+hypothesis for a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for a few years
+that i developed in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i developed in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i developed in the course of
+teaching this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class
+that this kind of active sleep is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of active sleep is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of active sleep is a kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+involves editing our internal model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves editing our internal model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves editing our internal model of
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+that's the basis of our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis of our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis of our ability to
+predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+actual predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual predict
+our perceptions and events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our perceptions and events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our perceptions and events
+i point out here that the model includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i point out here that the model includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i point out here that the model includes
+the social world and we encounter things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social world and we encounter things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social world and we encounter things
+during the day where sometimes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day where sometimes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day where sometimes there's
+drastic changes novelties that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic changes novelties that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic changes novelties that affect
+that model and yet if we that model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and yet if we that model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and yet if we that model is
+highly overlearned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly overlearned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly overlearned
+our old memory of it is still much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old memory of it is still much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old memory of it is still much
+stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+than the newly encountered thing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the newly encountered thing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the newly encountered thing so we
+need to do something about that old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do something about that old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do something about that old
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+okay so i think in many cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think in many cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think in many cases and
+there's evidence for this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence for this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence for this if you
+encounter very novel things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter very novel things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter very novel things
+a new building goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new building goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new building goes up
+that wasn't suddenly wasn't there before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't suddenly wasn't there before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't suddenly wasn't there before
+and suddenly you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you see it
+you have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to change
+somebody that you thought was happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that you thought was happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that you thought was happily
+married suddenly gets divorced and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married suddenly gets divorced and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married suddenly gets divorced and you
+didn't know about it it's a big change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about it it's a big change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about it it's a big change
+in the social world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the social world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the social world
+people frequently will dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people frequently will dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people frequently will dream
+about those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things
+it doesn't explain all dreams but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't explain all dreams but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't explain all dreams but it
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is a correlate of dreaming so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a correlate of dreaming so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a correlate of dreaming so it could
+involve a kind of editing of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a kind of editing of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a kind of editing of the model
+so that the older memories would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the older memories would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the older memories would not be
+stronger than new ones we just edit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than new ones we just edit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than new ones we just edit them
+we change them so they correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change them so they correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change them so they correspond to
+current realities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current realities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current realities
+and there are some hypotheses now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some hypotheses now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some hypotheses now uh
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+beginning to be studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to be studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to be studied
+of this nature i just this just to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this nature i just this just to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this nature i just this just to point
+out how controversial this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how controversial this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how controversial this is
+about how sleep scientists disagree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how sleep scientists disagree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how sleep scientists disagree and
+this was a report a couple years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a report a couple years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a report a couple years ago
+by the from the associated press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it began with when you're asleep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it began with when you're asleep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it began with when you're asleep your
+mind uses dream time to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uses dream time to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uses dream time to process
+information for use when you're awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for use when you're awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for use when you're awake
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's he published these views the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's he published these views the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's he published these views the
+one was of robert stickgold who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was of robert stickgold who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was of robert stickgold who's a
+professor a man that i know at boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor a man that i know at boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor a man that i know at boston
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+and harvard medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harvard medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harvard medical school
+department of psychiatry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he says that the brain is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that the brain is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that the brain is taking
+information helping us put it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information helping us put it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information helping us put it into a
+form we can understand understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can understand understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can understand understanding the
+complexity of the world is one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the world is one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the world is one of our
+brain's most difficult tests it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain's most difficult tests it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain's most difficult tests it needs
+more than hours of awake time to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than hours of awake time to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than hours of awake time to get the
+job done he was talking to us to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done he was talking to us to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done he was talking to us to a
+reporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this another researcher at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another researcher at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another researcher at the center
+for sleep research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sleep research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sleep research
+of the department of veterans affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this guy jerome siegel says he's looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy jerome siegel says he's looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy jerome siegel says he's looked
+into dozens of studies on dreams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into dozens of studies on dreams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into dozens of studies on dreams and
+learning found no evidence the sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning found no evidence the sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning found no evidence the sleeping
+mind does anything important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i should point out that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with stickgold in his group has come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stickgold in his group has come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stickgold in his group has come up
+with additional evidence that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something important happens in sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important happens in sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important happens in sleep
+people actually they found that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually they found that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually they found that certain
+memories actually improve things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories actually improve things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories actually improve things you
+don't remember well before sleep you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember well before sleep you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember well before sleep you'll
+remember better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember better
+by morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by morning
+and some of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of that is
+looks pretty good to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a little bit about
+sleep pathologies and irregularities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep pathologies and irregularities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep pathologies and irregularities of
+sleep patterns before we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep patterns before we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep patterns before we talk about
+say more about the brain systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about the brain systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about the brain systems of
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+i want to say more than just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say more than just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say more than just talk about
+the super charismatic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are some of the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some of the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some of the problems that
+occur during sleep sleep apnea what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during sleep sleep apnea what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during sleep sleep apnea what is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people that stop breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that stop breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that stop breathing
+while they're sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can be pretty dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be pretty dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be pretty dangerous
+it usually happens when they enter dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually happens when they enter dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually happens when they enter dream
+sleep and their muscles become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and their muscles become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and their muscles become very
+relaxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+because of the relaxation they get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the relaxation they get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the relaxation they get a
+blockage in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockage in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockage in their
+throats okay and it can be corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throats okay and it can be corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throats okay and it can be corrected
+with people with that kind of sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people with that kind of sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people with that kind of sleep
+apnea can be corrected by surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apnea can be corrected by surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apnea can be corrected by surgery
+it's usually in people that are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually in people that are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually in people that are a little
+overweight but not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight but not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight but not always
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there are several forms of sleep apnea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several forms of sleep apnea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several forms of sleep apnea
+people with severe sleep apnea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with severe sleep apnea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with severe sleep apnea the
+normal course of it is that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal course of it is that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal course of it is that they don't
+die in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in fact
+co2 levels go up there are autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 levels go up there are autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 levels go up there are autonomic
+changes that kick in and they wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that kick in and they wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that kick in and they wake up
+so these people are getting very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these people are getting very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these people are getting very bad
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+because they keep stopping their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they keep stopping their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they keep stopping their
+breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+and they wake up to correct it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if they have a partner that notices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a partner that notices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a partner that notices that
+they stop snoring and often these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stop snoring and often these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stop snoring and often these people
+are snorers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are snorers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are snorers
+they'll stop snoring the person learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stop snoring the person learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stop snoring the person learns
+to nudge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then they'll get better sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll get better sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll get better sleep
+because they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they'll
+they'll start breathing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sleep apnea is in a sense related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sleep apnea is in a sense related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sleep apnea is in a sense related to
+insomnia because these people have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia because these people have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia because these people have very
+bad sleep but insomnia of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad sleep but insomnia of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad sleep but insomnia of course is
+people that aren't sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that aren't sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that aren't sleeping
+or have a great deal of difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have a great deal of difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have a great deal of difficulty
+sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+some kinds of insomnia include failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinds of insomnia include failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinds of insomnia include failure
+of entrainment of the activity cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entrainment of the activity cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entrainment of the activity cycle and
+insomnia there are ways to treat it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia there are ways to treat it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia there are ways to treat it the
+course of several different sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of several different sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of several different sleep
+medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+narcolepsy is another one and i have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy is another one and i have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy is another one and i have a a
+video clip that i will try to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clip that i will try to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clip that i will try to remember
+to bring to class next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring to class next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring to class next time
+to show you a little bit of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little bit of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little bit of these things
+there's a narcoleptic dog for example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a narcoleptic dog for example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a narcoleptic dog for example on
+the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film
+and also a narcoleptic human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a narcoleptic human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a narcoleptic human
+just so if you've never seen any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so if you've never seen any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so if you've never seen any of this
+you will you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will you'll see it
+so let's just say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just say a little bit about
+narcolepsy narcolepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy narcolepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy narcolepsy
+broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly
+defined means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined means
+excessive daytime sleepiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean
+just because you didn't get enough sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you didn't get enough sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you didn't get enough sleep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i mean we've all experienced that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we've all experienced that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we've all experienced that at
+least most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least most of us
+if we're academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these people have an abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people have an abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people have an abnormal
+sleepiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepiness
+that can have some really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can have some really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can have some really interesting
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually people that are narcoleptic when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people that are narcoleptic when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people that are narcoleptic when
+they first go to sleep have rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first go to sleep have rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first go to sleep have rem sleep
+they fall into rem sleep that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall into rem sleep that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall into rem sleep that is not
+normal normal person does not have rem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal normal person does not have rem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal normal person does not have rem
+his first rem period until after he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first rem period until after he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first rem period until after he's
+been asleep for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asleep for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asleep for a little while
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people
+have rem sleep right at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often
+some of them will have these hypnagogic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will have these hypnagogic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will have these hypnagogic
+imagery which is a extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery which is a extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery which is a extremely
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+clear kind of imagery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear kind of imagery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear kind of imagery
+where that is really amounts to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is really amounts to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is really amounts to a
+hallucination they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucination they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucination they cannot
+it's so clear to them that they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so clear to them that they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so clear to them that they cannot
+tell it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it from
+normal from reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some people will have this only once or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will have this only once or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will have this only once or
+twice in their lifetime some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in their lifetime some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in their lifetime some people have
+it regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it regularly
+when they daydream or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they daydream or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they daydream or
+when they first wake up how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they first wake up how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they first wake up how many of you
+have had hypnagogic imagery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had hypnagogic imagery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had hypnagogic imagery
+probably a number of you it's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a number of you it's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a number of you it's always a
+you might be reluctant to admit it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be reluctant to admit it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be reluctant to admit it but
+believe me it's not that abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me it's not that abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me it's not that abnormal
+i've had them where i can't i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've had them where i can't i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've had them where i can't i haven't
+had them since college days but when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had them since college days but when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had them since college days but when i
+was your age i had them a few times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was your age i had them a few times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was your age i had them a few times and
+i can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can remember
+of course my sleep patterns were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course my sleep patterns were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course my sleep patterns were pretty
+irregular too in college but i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular too in college but i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular too in college but i do
+remember not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember not
+getting being so aware while i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting being so aware while i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting being so aware while i was
+sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping
+that i thought wasn't quite sure if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i thought wasn't quite sure if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i thought wasn't quite sure if i
+was really sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really sleeping
+because the images were so clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the images were so clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the images were so clear
+i noticed that nobody was talking to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed that nobody was talking to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed that nobody was talking to me
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+maybe that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that was just
+they were all setting for a test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all setting for a test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all setting for a test you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+and but i did various things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but i did various things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but i did various things in the
+dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+to test this image like pinching myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test this image like pinching myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test this image like pinching myself
+and it hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it hurt
+so that test failed i didn't wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that test failed i didn't wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that test failed i didn't wake up
+and all this anyway these are i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this anyway these are i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this anyway these are i don't
+know if other people are so conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if other people are so conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if other people are so conscious
+during these imagery as i was but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during these imagery as i was but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during these imagery as i was but it was
+quite fascinating and i finally when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fascinating and i finally when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fascinating and i finally when i
+did wake up then of course i was greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did wake up then of course i was greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did wake up then of course i was greatly
+relieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+see i was worried that i wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i was worried that i wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i was worried that i wouldn't be
+able to get out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get out of it
+just like a science fiction story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a science fiction story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a science fiction story
+but now let's talk briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's talk briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's talk briefly about
+cataplexy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a narcoleptic many narcoleptic people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narcoleptic many narcoleptic people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narcoleptic many narcoleptic people
+when they become and usually when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they become and usually when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they become and usually when they
+become emotional and the doberman dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become emotional and the doberman dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become emotional and the doberman dogs
+it's like that and there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that and there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that and there's another
+species of dog that's also narcoleptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of dog that's also narcoleptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of dog that's also narcoleptic
+when they get excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get excited
+okay they can suddenly collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they can suddenly collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they can suddenly collapse
+because they their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they their
+their movement their muscles become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their movement their muscles become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their movement their muscles become
+relaxed just like in dream sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed just like in dream sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed just like in dream sleep
+there is a mechanism in your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mechanism in your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mechanism in your brain
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+relaxing the muscles even when why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing the muscles even when why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing the muscles even when why is
+that so important that we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so important that we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so important that we have that
+because in dream sleep our brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in dream sleep our brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in dream sleep our brain is
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+if it was driving movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was driving movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was driving movement
+we would be active too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be active too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be active too
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you need to relax the muscles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to relax the muscles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to relax the muscles but
+here it happens in an abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it happens in an abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it happens in an abnormal
+situation it happens during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it happens during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it happens during the day
+they get a little excited you'll they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a little excited you'll they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a little excited you'll they'll
+start to laugh or something somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to laugh or something somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to laugh or something somebody
+will tell a joke at the dinner table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell a joke at the dinner table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell a joke at the dinner table and
+buying this person's in his soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this person's in his soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this person's in his soup
+you know are on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are on the floor
+so that's a cataplectic attack and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a cataplectic attack and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a cataplectic attack and it
+can be dangerous because it can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dangerous because it can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dangerous because it can happen
+if they're doing a sport for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're doing a sport for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're doing a sport for example
+they'll be running rapidly and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be running rapidly and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be running rapidly and and
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+something it's very exciting and bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's very exciting and bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's very exciting and bang
+they fall yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good question i'm not sure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question i'm not sure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question i'm not sure uh
+the lady in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lady in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lady in the film
+when she comes out of the cataplectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she comes out of the cataplectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she comes out of the cataplectic
+attack she it's like she's waking up she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack she it's like she's waking up she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack she it's like she's waking up she
+seems sleepy i don't know if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems sleepy i don't know if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems sleepy i don't know if that's
+always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true
+that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question
+there's some other even more bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+syndromes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndromes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndromes of
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+disturbances of the sleep mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances of the sleep mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances of the sleep mechanisms
+one of them is called automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is called automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is called automatic
+behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral
+syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens in
+people with sleep apnea and narcolepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in these periods they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these periods they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these periods they have no
+awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+no memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no memory
+complete amnesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete amnesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete amnesia
+so to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to them
+the behavior that they did seems to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that they did seems to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that they did seems to have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic
+without consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without consciousness
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i can tell you what it's like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you what it's like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you what it's like because
+i've had it in influence of hypoglycemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've had it in influence of hypoglycemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've had it in influence of hypoglycemia
+i don't have it normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have it normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have it normally
+okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+when i've had that for example i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i've had that for example i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i've had that for example i'm
+climbing a stairway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing a stairway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing a stairway
+okay and i look at my clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i look at my clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i look at my clock
+i'm having a little trouble moving my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm having a little trouble moving my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm having a little trouble moving my
+blood sugar is very low i'm not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood sugar is very low i'm not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood sugar is very low i'm not quite
+sure what's wrong i look at my clock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what's wrong i look at my clock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what's wrong i look at my clock and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+10 at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 at night
+and then i say oh i forgot already what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i say oh i forgot already what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i say oh i forgot already what
+time it is i look again and it's 10 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it is i look again and it's 10 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it is i look again and it's 10 20.
+what happened to those 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to those 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to those 20 minutes
+it seemed like it was instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like it was instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like it was instant
+so i look again it's 10 20 and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i look again it's 10 20 and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i look again it's 10 20 and suddenly
+i'm on the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm on the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm on the upper
+landing suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing suddenly
+well of course i've walked up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course i've walked up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course i've walked up there
+but because it was automatic behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it was automatic behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it was automatic behavior
+syndrome i don't remember a thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome i don't remember a thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome i don't remember a thing it's
+like so my perception of time is that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so my perception of time is that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so my perception of time is that no
+time has passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has passed
+you can see how some of the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how some of the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how some of the stories
+in folk literature and things arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in folk literature and things arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in folk literature and things arise
+because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these
+brand abnormalities that can occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand abnormalities that can occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand abnormalities that can occur
+occasionally in people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i could have said well i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could have said well i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could have said well i went
+on a magic carpet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a magic carpet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a magic carpet
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other things that you're probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you're probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you're probably more
+familiar with nightmares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with nightmares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with nightmares
+night terror somnambulism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night terror somnambulism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night terror somnambulism
+let's talk about these nightmares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about these nightmares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about these nightmares
+they happen in dream sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen in dream sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen in dream sleep
+they're frightening dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're frightening dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're frightening dreams
+sometimes they wake you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they wake you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they wake you up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but night terror oh do we need to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll define these things because i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll define these things because i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll define these things because i've
+already excited their curiosity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already excited their curiosity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already excited their curiosity and then
+i'll stop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll stop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll stop okay
+night terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night terror
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you become totally frightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become totally frightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become totally frightened
+a very sometimes you don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sometimes you don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sometimes you don't even know
+what you're frightened of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're frightened of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're frightened of
+the images in your mind can be simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images in your mind can be simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images in your mind can be simple
+i actually still remember you can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually still remember you can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually still remember you can we
+don't need that slide anymore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that slide anymore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that slide anymore you can
+turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off
+i still remember a period of night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still remember a period of night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still remember a period of night
+terror when i was a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror when i was a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror when i was a child
+that is not dream sleep that slow wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not dream sleep that slow wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not dream sleep that slow wave
+sleep and yet the images can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and yet the images can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and yet the images can be very
+very vivid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vivid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vivid
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and finally sleepwalking is also an uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally sleepwalking is also an uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally sleepwalking is also an uh
+abnormal state that occurs in slow wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal state that occurs in slow wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal state that occurs in slow wave
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+so you see even though the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see even though the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see even though the brain
+is showing slow waves no arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing slow waves no arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing slow waves no arousal
+indicated by the electroencephalograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the electroencephalograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the electroencephalograph
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+still we can get up and walk and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we can get up and walk and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we can get up and walk and do
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and we're actually asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my brother my brother gives me vivid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brother my brother gives me vivid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brother my brother gives me vivid
+descriptions of what i tried to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of what i tried to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of what i tried to do to
+him when i was sleepwalking of course i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him when i was sleepwalking of course i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him when i was sleepwalking of course i
+was asleep so i had i said i had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asleep so i had i said i had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asleep so i had i said i had not
+responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible
+okay we'll we'll take up the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll we'll take up the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll we'll take up the discussion
+of sleep and dreaming next time and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sleep and dreaming next time and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sleep and dreaming next time and i'll
+try to remember the video clip
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6Vea2rZOA3k.txt b/6Vea2rZOA3k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b74686d79fc61f0bd1019b09333d3e47f5cad8fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6Vea2rZOA3k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I thought that this class would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought that this class would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought that this class would allow
+me an opportunity to first off create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an opportunity to first off create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an opportunity to first off create
+and some sort of application or products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sort of application or products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sort of application or products
+that would be interesting and enjoyable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be interesting and enjoyable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be interesting and enjoyable
+to make and more importantly have actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and more importantly have actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and more importantly have actual
+impact it would be working with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact it would be working with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact it would be working with someone
+and doing something that would directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing something that would directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing something that would directly
+benefit them and a lot of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit them and a lot of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit them and a lot of them to
+improve their daily lives in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their daily lives in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their daily lives in some way
+and I think that gives it a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that gives it a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that gives it a lot more
+meaning a lot more power and makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a lot more power and makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a lot more power and makes it a
+lot more enjoyable of an experience to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more enjoyable of an experience to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more enjoyable of an experience to
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I really wasn't entirely sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I really wasn't entirely sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I really wasn't entirely sure what
+it all would entail initially I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all would entail initially I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all would entail initially I thought
+that I knew we'd be working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I knew we'd be working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I knew we'd be working with a
+client I knew we'd be creating a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client I knew we'd be creating a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client I knew we'd be creating a product
+but I didn't realize all of the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't realize all of the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't realize all of the focus
+that would be put on the looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be put on the looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be put on the looking at the
+client the contextual analysis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client the contextual analysis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client the contextual analysis the
+figuring out what it is that the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what it is that the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what it is that the client
+can do wants to do is able to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do wants to do is able to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do wants to do is able to do and
+there's a lot of focus on features other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of focus on features other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of focus on features other
+than directly creating the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than directly creating the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than directly creating the piece of
+assistive technology and I didn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive technology and I didn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive technology and I didn't expect
+that that would be the case but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be the case but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be the case but I
+realized it was critical that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it was critical that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it was critical that that was
+there because they really make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because they really make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because they really make something
+successful you have to understand all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you have to understand all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you have to understand all of
+the context surrounding it and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context surrounding it and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context surrounding it and to do
+something that is really useful you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is really useful you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is really useful you have
+to know what it is that the client needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it is that the client needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it is that the client needs
+that's applicable both an assistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's applicable both an assistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's applicable both an assistive
+technology and just in an working toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and just in an working toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and just in an working toward
+for any client so I came into this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any client so I came into this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any client so I came into this class
+hoping that I would be able to work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that I would be able to work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that I would be able to work on a
+project that actually had an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that actually had an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that actually had an impact
+because a lot of most of the courses i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of most of the courses i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of most of the courses i
+had taken at MIT they were a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taken at MIT they were a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taken at MIT they were a theoretical
+and you just work on problem sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just work on problem sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just work on problem sets and
+you hope to apply the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope to apply the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope to apply the things that you
+learn after college and so the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn after college and so the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn after college and so the last
+semester and the semester I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and the semester I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and the semester I've been
+trying to find courses where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find courses where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find courses where I can
+actually use those skills like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use those skills like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use those skills like
+immediately and like I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and like I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and like I feel like
+practicing those skills is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing those skills is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing those skills is actually
+what's going to help me learn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to help me learn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to help me learn them
+better and so learning through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and so learning through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and so learning through
+experience and that's exactly what I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that's exactly what I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that's exactly what I got
+out of the stuff i was able to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the stuff i was able to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the stuff i was able to apply the
+web design skills that I learned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web design skills that I learned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web design skills that I learned and
+also just like the design the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just like the design the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just like the design the whole
+design process that we were told about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process that we were told about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process that we were told about
+actually applying into this analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I learned that there was always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I learned that there was always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I learned that there was always a
+lot more than meets the eye I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than meets the eye I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than meets the eye I realized
+that there's a lot of I was surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of I was surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of I was surprised
+working with both our client with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with both our client with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with both our client with
+hearing about the other clients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing about the other clients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing about the other clients in the
+class how much they were able to do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class how much they were able to do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class how much they were able to do even
+with given their disabilities they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with given their disabilities they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with given their disabilities they were
+very well able to do quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well able to do quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well able to do quite a lot of
+things that I wouldn't have expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I wouldn't have expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I wouldn't have expected
+them to be able to and I realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be able to and I realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be able to and I realize that
+you can't you have to really focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you have to really focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you have to really focus on
+what their abilities are in what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their abilities are in what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their abilities are in what their
+needs are and I think having a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs are and I think having a client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs are and I think having a client
+there in the first place gave us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the first place gave us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the first place gave us is
+level of focus that is normally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of focus that is normally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of focus that is normally not
+found in creating in our case a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in creating in our case a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in creating in our case a software
+application we're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application we're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application we're looking at a
+particular user and focusing on what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular user and focusing on what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular user and focusing on what one
+particular person wants and that made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular person wants and that made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular person wants and that made it
+a lot easier to know what direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier to know what direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier to know what direction to
+take it rather than having some nebulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it rather than having some nebulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it rather than having some nebulous
+group of our supposed users out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of our supposed users out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of our supposed users out there
+that we didn't actually know her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't actually know her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't actually know her
+interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put in a lot of time at the beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a lot of time at the beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a lot of time at the beginning to
+understanding the context and the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the context and the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the context and the client
+and the situation and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the situation and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the situation and it's really
+tempting to jump right in and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to jump right in and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to jump right in and start
+coding and we didn't do that and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding and we didn't do that and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding and we didn't do that and I'm
+glad we didn't do that because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we didn't do that because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we didn't do that because we were
+able to understand what it was we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand what it was we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand what it was we were
+supposed to be doing and what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be doing and what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be doing and what direction
+we needed to take so I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to take so I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to take so I think that's the
+biggest piece of advice there is to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest piece of advice there is to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest piece of advice there is to not
+start coding right away but make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start coding right away but make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start coding right away but make sure
+you really understand what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we went through a bunch of iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went through a bunch of iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went through a bunch of iterations
+first we started off with original we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we started off with original we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we started off with original we
+just discussed with our client what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed with our client what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed with our client what he
+wanted what his needs were and then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted what his needs were and then each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted what his needs were and then each
+of us so we had four people in our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us so we had four people in our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us so we had four people in our group
+and we've separated and came up with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've separated and came up with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've separated and came up with our
+own ideas of what the client might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ideas of what the client might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ideas of what the client might want
+and so we came up with paper prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we came up with paper prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we came up with paper prototypes
+and then we brought these four versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we brought these four versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we brought these four versions
+into the next meeting and discussed work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next meeting and discussed work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next meeting and discussed work
+like our client told us what he liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our client told us what he liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our client told us what he liked
+about them what did we didn't like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them what did we didn't like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them what did we didn't like about
+them and so from that we collaborated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so from that we collaborated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so from that we collaborated
+and put those four together into a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put those four together into a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put those four together into a final
+paper prototype and then just kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype and then just kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype and then just kept
+iterating from there going back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating from there going back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating from there going back to our
+client asking what he liked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client asking what he liked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client asking what he liked about it
+what he didn't like about it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he didn't like about it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he didn't like about it and then
+once we had a pretty finalized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we had a pretty finalized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we had a pretty finalized version
+of what we were hoping to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we were hoping to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we were hoping to get out of
+this project we went into actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project we went into actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project we went into actually
+starting to code and separating the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to code and separating the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to code and separating the task
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the most challenging aspect was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most challenging aspect was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most challenging aspect was probably
+while going through all these iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while going through all these iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while going through all these iterations
+and coding um I kind of want to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coding um I kind of want to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coding um I kind of want to say it
+was the actual implementation so coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the actual implementation so coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the actual implementation so coming
+up with the ideas and everything it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the ideas and everything it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the ideas and everything it was
+great it was like a lot of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great it was like a lot of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great it was like a lot of creativity
+and trying to fix these problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to fix these problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to fix these problems but
+then actually going into the coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually going into the coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually going into the coding
+portion was when we came into the bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion was when we came into the bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion was when we came into the bugs
+of like like how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like like how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like like how do we actually
+implement what we want out of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement what we want out of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement what we want out of our
+project we know like that we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we know like that we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we know like that we want this
+certain type of screen there we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of screen there we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of screen there we know how
+we want the user to interact with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the user to interact with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the user to interact with this
+but how do we actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we actually do this
+technically and that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically and that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically and that was one of the
+challenging parts of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the blog's were really a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the blog's were really a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the blog's were really a time
+for reflection and thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reflection and thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reflection and thinking about what
+it was we were doing I use the blogs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was we were doing I use the blogs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was we were doing I use the blogs at
+least is sort of a way to catalyze my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least is sort of a way to catalyze my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least is sort of a way to catalyze my
+analysis of the subjects and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the subjects and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the subjects and the
+material presented in class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material presented in class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material presented in class and the
+things we've been working on so I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've been working on so I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've been working on so I took
+it and really look to analyze some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and really look to analyze some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and really look to analyze some
+thought I'd have been having trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd have been having trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd have been having trying to
+figure out how to think about one on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to think about one on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to think about one on how
+to make computers more accessible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make computers more accessible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make computers more accessible and
+ways in which that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which that is sort of
+fundamental in a lot of the architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in a lot of the architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in a lot of the architecture
+and how it makes it difficult to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it makes it difficult to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it makes it difficult to do that
+we're just analyzing different ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just analyzing different ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just analyzing different ways in
+which we're able to allow people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're able to allow people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're able to allow people with
+disabilities to be more integrated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities to be more integrated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities to be more integrated into
+society and how society has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and how society has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and how society has to
+potentially change their viewpoints a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially change their viewpoints a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially change their viewpoints a
+little bit to allow that happen to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to allow that happen to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to allow that happen to a
+greater degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the most engaging asset was definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most engaging asset was definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most engaging asset was definitely
+working with all of the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with all of the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with all of the people in the
+course so my like three other team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so my like three other team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so my like three other team
+members and our client which like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and our client which like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and our client which like I said
+if you don't entirely get in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't entirely get in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't entirely get in other
+courses and this one's you're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and this one's you're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and this one's you're sitting
+down with the person who is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with the person who is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with the person who is going to be
+using the product and that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the product and that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the product and that is really
+that was the most engaging because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the most engaging because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the most engaging because I
+knew it was gonna be fruitful and I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was gonna be fruitful and I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was gonna be fruitful and I knew
+something was going to come out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was going to come out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was going to come out at the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean as far as like an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean as far as like an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean as far as like an education
+perspective at least on this i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective at least on this i found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective at least on this i found
+this is of course where I was motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course where I was motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course where I was motivated
+to do the best I could not by getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the best I could not by getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the best I could not by getting a
+good grade or even as much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good grade or even as much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good grade or even as much about
+learning something as it was about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something as it was about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something as it was about I
+really wanted to help the client and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to help the client and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to help the client and I
+think it's a client-centered focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a client-centered focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a client-centered focus of
+the course that really drives it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course that really drives it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course that really drives it and
+that is the I feel the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the I feel the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the I feel the most important
+aspect because when you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect because when you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect because when you're working with
+someone one-on-one they're relying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone one-on-one they're relying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone one-on-one they're relying on
+you to create something that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to create something that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to create something that you know
+it's going to help them you are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to help them you are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to help them you are really
+well motivated to do the best you can on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well motivated to do the best you can on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well motivated to do the best you can on
+that product and I think that making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product and I think that making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product and I think that making
+sure that that emphasis is retained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that emphasis is retained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that emphasis is retained and
+is the most important thing to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important thing to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important thing to keep
+everyone really engaged in and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone really engaged in and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone really engaged in and to get
+the best quality of products that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best quality of products that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best quality of products that is
+possible from a class like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible from a class like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible from a class like this and
+that's really the best way to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the best way to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the best way to make it
+happen in my perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're creating a product for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating a product for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating a product for your
+client but you're also learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client but you're also learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client but you're also learning more
+about a certain person's lifestyle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a certain person's lifestyle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a certain person's lifestyle and
+so make sure to go beyond what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so make sure to go beyond what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so make sure to go beyond what you're
+making as a product but get to know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making as a product but get to know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making as a product but get to know your
+client as a person and that's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client as a person and that's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client as a person and that's definitely
+going to be even more fruitful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be even more fruitful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be even more fruitful because
+then you're not just focused on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not just focused on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not just focused on this one
+like product product product but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like product product product but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like product product product but you're
+learning more of how does this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more of how does this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more of how does this one
+person have to live with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person have to live with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person have to live with their
+disabilities and how can you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities and how can you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities and how can you integrate
+like so many other things in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so many other things in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so many other things in your
+environment to work help them and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to work help them and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to work help them and these
+times with people like outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with people like outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with people like outside of the
+semester
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6_SjvA75hqU.txt b/6_SjvA75hqU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a19222455838924f1d73bbf70fe0e20f7e1119c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6_SjvA75hqU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14656 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if
+i've got two issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got two issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got two issues
+that came to my attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came to my attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came to my attention
+since the last class that i want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the last class that i want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the last class that i want to go
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+i want to give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to give your
+papers back but i don't want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers back but i don't want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers back but i don't want to give
+them back today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how soon do you want can thursday wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how soon do you want can thursday wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how soon do you want can thursday wait
+or do you want comments on them tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you want comments on them tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you want comments on them tonight
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thursday
+i had some thoughts on on your papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had some thoughts on on your papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had some thoughts on on your papers
+and i just could not come to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just could not come to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just could not come to one
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i want to
+let's say did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say did you get
+my news article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my news article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my news article
+i don't want to discuss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to discuss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to discuss that
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we have a couple of cases outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a couple of cases outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a couple of cases outstanding
+how many two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ford pinto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford pinto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford pinto
+and challenger and challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenger and challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenger and challenger
+no no no challenger well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no challenger well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no challenger well
+he said we would finish talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said we would finish talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said we would finish talking about
+that okay and then talk about things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and then talk about things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and then talk about things so
+it's like one and a half all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one and a half all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one and a half all right
+and then we'll assign some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll assign some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll assign some more
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll be ready to go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be ready to go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be ready to go um
+let's deal with the two issues first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's deal with the two issues first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's deal with the two issues first uh
+dr ing brought up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i'll tell you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you my
+thoughts on the matter but i'd like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on the matter but i'd like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on the matter but i'd like for
+it to be a class discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a class discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a class discussion
+okay now the way i understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the way i understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the way i understand the
+problem is okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is okay um
+let's see if we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i was going to act it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i was going to act it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i was going to act it out
+i'll try a solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try a solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try a solo
+i like two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like two parts
+i'll try that it's gonna work but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try that it's gonna work but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try that it's gonna work but uh
+the issue the situation is a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue the situation is a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue the situation is a job
+interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am
+just graduated from mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graduated from mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graduated from mit
+and you're going to interview me you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to interview me you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to interview me you're
+this big boss on the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big boss on the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big boss on the job
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you are my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are my friend
+my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal
+friend from years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the job is one in which i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the job is one in which i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the job is one in which i'm going to
+be an engineer but i'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an engineer but i'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an engineer but i'm going to have to
+interface the general public a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know me as a person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know me as a person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know me as a person who
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not exactly the nicest person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the nicest person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the nicest person in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+a little bit moody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit moody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit moody
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but and can generally irritate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and can generally irritate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and can generally irritate people
+occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh but i want this job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i want this job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i want this job
+so the situation is this i go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation is this i go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation is this i go in
+and i'm all happy okay and then you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm all happy okay and then you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm all happy okay and then you tell
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+well sit down mr so-and-so and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sit down mr so-and-so and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sit down mr so-and-so and this is
+company x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company x
+and this is what we do how can you help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we do how can you help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we do how can you help
+us out i'm going to say i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us out i'm going to say i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us out i'm going to say i'm going to
+meet with these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with these people
+i'm going to make them love company x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to make them love company x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to make them love company x
+and we're going to make a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make a lot of money
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of situation
+have i lied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i lied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i lied
+have i misrepresented myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i misrepresented myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i misrepresented myself
+to this potential employer just to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this potential employer just to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this potential employer just to get a
+job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+should i have portrayed myself more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i have portrayed myself more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i have portrayed myself more like
+quote unquote myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is this an ethical situation or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this an ethical situation or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this an ethical situation or just
+some other kind of situation is it legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of situation is it legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of situation is it legal
+is it business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i i have the unfair advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i i have the unfair advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i i have the unfair advantage of
+having thought about this thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having thought about this thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having thought about this thing for
+what about six days five days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you want me to give you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want me to give you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want me to give you my
+reaction first i will do it but i prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction first i will do it but i prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction first i will do it but i prefer
+if you gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you gave me
+yours let me give you a few minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours let me give you a few minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours let me give you a few minutes to
+thank you talk a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+well that your that background helps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that your that background helps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that your that background helps a
+little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because
+as you were explaining the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were explaining the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were explaining the situation
+i was thinking about well he's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking about well he's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking about well he's talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+representation of personality traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of personality traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of personality traits
+because you said you're moody and tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you said you're moody and tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you said you're moody and tend
+to irritate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to irritate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to irritate people
+but what you're talking about is skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you're talking about is skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you're talking about is skills
+what you talked about first anyway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you talked about first anyway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you talked about first anyway is
+skill sets and like misrepresenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets and like misrepresenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets and like misrepresenting
+skill sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets
+in a job interview is different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a job interview is different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a job interview is different than
+portraying yourself to have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraying yourself to have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraying yourself to have a certain
+personality i mean both things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality i mean both things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality i mean both things are
+important for job employees i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well would you say that interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would you say that interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would you say that interacting with
+the general public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general public
+requires a certain skill set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a certain skill set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a certain skill set
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i feel like if you're if you're hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like if you're if you're hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like if you're if you're hiring
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+your job will involve a lot of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job will involve a lot of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job will involve a lot of public
+relations the burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations the burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations the burden
+perhaps falls on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps falls on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps falls on you
+to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really
+find out what that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what that person
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+like interacting with the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interacting with the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interacting with the public
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+can you do it in a job interview is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it in a job interview is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it in a job interview is
+there enough time uh do you have a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there enough time uh do you have a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there enough time uh do you have a test
+case you don't have do you have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't have do you have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't have do you have a random
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+in the room that you can yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room that you can yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room that you can yeah
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i'm trying to make it uh as simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm trying to make it uh as simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm trying to make it uh as simple
+as possible just want those two persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but maybe i make the distinction i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe i make the distinction i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe i make the distinction i think
+it's possible to be a certain way on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to be a certain way on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to be a certain way on the
+job and not really that sort of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and not really that sort of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and not really that sort of way
+because i just know a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i just know a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i just know a lot of people who
+are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now can we put any of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+language of ethics any of these views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of ethics any of these views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of ethics any of these views
+could we defend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we defend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we defend it
+if we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars
+is there does the literature help in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there does the literature help in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there does the literature help in any
+way with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with this
+so one moral rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one moral rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one moral rule
+you're suggesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one should always reveal their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one should always reveal their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one should always reveal their
+personality flaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know setting up a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know setting up a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know setting up a new
+relationship i'm not suggesting that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship i'm not suggesting that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship i'm not suggesting that not
+to take that part away i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that part away i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that part away i'm not
+suggesting that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that yeah
+that is really the question isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really the question isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really the question isn't it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i mean the interviewer didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean the interviewer didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean the interviewer didn't
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+are you moody you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you moody you just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you moody you just said
+how can you help you know how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you help you know how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you help you know how can you
+help our company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help our company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help our company
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay we're thinking about ethics so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're thinking about ethics so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're thinking about ethics so that
+the applicant didn't directly lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know unless you know more about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unless you know more about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unless you know more about what
+went on in the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on in the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on in the interview
+you can't say that he lied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say that he lied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say that he lied
+he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+the skills that would be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the person that it was that i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the person that it was that i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the person that it was that i was
+portraying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraying
+and the way i understood from your email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i understood from your email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i understood from your email
+was a person that was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a person that was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a person that was worried
+that he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he or she
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+using another person as a means to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using another person as a means to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using another person as a means to his
+own ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ends
+and kant says another formulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kant says another formulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kant says another formulation of
+kantian rule is that you don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kantian rule is that you don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kantian rule is that you don't use
+another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+to advance your own ends right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance your own ends right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance your own ends right
+all right and uh the question is can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and uh the question is can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and uh the question is can so
+the question for me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question for me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question for me is
+whether or not all i'm interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not all i'm interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not all i'm interested in is
+using this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this person
+the second question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question is
+there's another question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another question here
+and that's a question that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a question that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a question that has
+a legal term but which is also a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal term but which is also a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal term but which is also a moral
+term i want to use this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term i want to use this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term i want to use this word
+from the moral point of view it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the moral point of view it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the moral point of view it's the
+word contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word contract
+so we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're here
+you may wish to establish a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may wish to establish a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may wish to establish a contract
+with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me
+and the contract is going is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contract is going is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contract is going is not going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+to act out my real or whatever whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act out my real or whatever whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act out my real or whatever whatever
+i think my personality is with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my personality is with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my personality is with this
+public the contract is to act personable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public the contract is to act personable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public the contract is to act personable
+with these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these people
+and the question is from a psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is from a psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is from a psychological
+point of view can i play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the duration of my employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the duration of my employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the duration of my employment
+or will the real be set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or will the real be set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or will the real be set in
+uh and i think you said something that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think you said something that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think you said something that i
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that i see the point to and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i see the point to and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i see the point to and that is that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+personas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personas
+one of them is our personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is our personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is our personality
+but we can put on a persona from nine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can put on a persona from nine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can put on a persona from nine to
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+monday through friday for 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday through friday for 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday through friday for 20 years
+and the contract is you don't care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contract is you don't care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contract is you don't care what
+my personality is you want to know if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personality is you want to know if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personality is you want to know if i
+can do this particular job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this particular job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this particular job
+and if i can really be the nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can really be the nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can really be the nice person
+all right let's put one more little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's put one more little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's put one more little
+piece in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in the game
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't forget the author's name but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you find the book and you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find the book and you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find the book and you have any
+questions the author is a faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the author is a faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the author is a faculty member
+right up the street at heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up the street at heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up the street at heart
+and the book is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magmalian in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this word pygmalia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you heard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you heard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you heard of that
+word before it's a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+george bernard shaw wrote a play called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george bernard shaw wrote a play called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george bernard shaw wrote a play called
+pigment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh you may know it better as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may know it better as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may know it better as um
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+musical that was made for movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical that was made for movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical that was made for movies
+it's called my fair lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+actually pygmalion goes back uh to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pygmalion goes back uh to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pygmalion goes back uh to uh
+i think second or third century bc it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think second or third century bc it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think second or third century bc it's
+a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's deal with uh my fair lady do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's deal with uh my fair lady do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's deal with uh my fair lady do
+you remember the theme of my fair lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know a few months ago they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few months ago they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few months ago they thought
+she came from like even royalty um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she came from like even royalty um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she came from like even royalty um just
+because it changed her manners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the issue was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the issue was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the issue was
+whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not
+gentility and nobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentility and nobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentility and nobility
+was inborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was inborn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was inborn
+or whether it could be taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether it could be taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether it could be taught
+and there's one man as these young guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one man as these young guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one man as these young guys
+had this bed this one guy said well i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this bed this one guy said well i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this bed this one guy said well i'll
+take that flower lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that flower lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that flower lady
+selling the flowers here on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the flowers here on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the flowers here on the street
+and a year from now she'll be a lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a year from now she'll be a lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a year from now she'll be a lady
+and they made this money bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they made this money bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they made this money bet
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+at the end of the year he has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the year he has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the year he has this
+coming out party for her after training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out party for her after training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out party for her after training
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+all three of the guys following up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of the guys following up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of the guys following up with
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three of these aristocrats or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these aristocrats or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these aristocrats or another
+uh pygmalion in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh actually is an empirical science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually is an empirical science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually is an empirical science
+uh study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh study
+that asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asks
+whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not
+a person can a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person can a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person can a teacher
+can have a preconceived notion about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a preconceived notion about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a preconceived notion about a
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consciously and unconsciously but mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously and unconsciously but mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously and unconsciously but mainly
+unconsciously and whether or not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconsciously and whether or not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconsciously and whether or not that
+pre-disposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-disposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-disposition
+will have an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an effect
+on the student's performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so he deals with gender and race issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he deals with gender and race issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he deals with gender and race issues
+and he says if the teacher has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says if the teacher has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says if the teacher has a
+predisposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition
+that women cannot learn math and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women cannot learn math and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women cannot learn math and this is
+a math class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math class
+that no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter how
+he or what you say he in this case no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or what you say he in this case no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or what you say he in this case no
+matter how he tries to be fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how he tries to be fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how he tries to be fair
+chances are the women will not perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are the women will not perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are the women will not perform
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+uh as they would ordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they would ordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they would ordinarily
+now let's see if they can get a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if they can get a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if they can get a real
+case like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+when i was in graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was in graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was in graduate school
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+was actually my first educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually my first educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually my first educational
+experience that was not dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that was not dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that was not dominated by
+blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i go into the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i go into the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i go into the classroom
+and the teacher would ask a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the teacher would ask a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the teacher would ask a particularly
+deep question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep question
+that had a particularly deep answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a particularly deep answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a particularly deep answer
+i'd raise my hand and give that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd raise my hand and give that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd raise my hand and give that
+particularly deep answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly deep answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly deep answer
+decent person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent person
+20 minutes later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes later
+he would attribute that answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would attribute that answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would attribute that answer to
+another student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student
+i raised my hand and said hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i raised my hand and said hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i raised my hand and said hold it
+i was crossing it kowalski didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was crossing it kowalski didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was crossing it kowalski didn't say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i was the one who said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the one who said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the one who said that
+and i take my chances with irritating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take my chances with irritating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take my chances with irritating
+the person and getting a bad grade for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and getting a bad grade for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and getting a bad grade for
+for personality conflict the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for personality conflict the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for personality conflict the good news
+is this is a decent person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a decent person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a decent person
+and person said oh how could i have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person said oh how could i have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person said oh how could i have made
+that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake
+this person's uh research says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person's uh research says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person's uh research says that the
+brain operates off of preconceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain operates off of preconceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain operates off of preconceived
+notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions
+that you are set up your brain is set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are set up your brain is set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are set up your brain is set up
+to see or hear a certain thing a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see or hear a certain thing a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see or hear a certain thing a certain
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+you really have to go out of your way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to go out of your way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to go out of your way to
+retrain your brain in certain cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrain your brain in certain cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrain your brain in certain cases
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now we see why we're talking about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see why we're talking about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see why we're talking about why
+it causes a pygmy there's another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes a pygmy there's another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes a pygmy there's another term
+that came out i think he did not invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out i think he did not invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out i think he did not invent
+was called pygmalion effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called pygmalion effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called pygmalion effect
+so it's more broadly than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more broadly than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more broadly than in the
+classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+so the question is if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is if i
+am a moody person going back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a moody person going back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a moody person going back to our
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+a moody mean-spirited person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moody mean-spirited person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moody mean-spirited person
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+term of the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of the contract
+okay let's go a little bit further just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go a little bit further just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go a little bit further just
+in case you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a big literature on this same subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big literature on this same subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big literature on this same subject
+and i'll give you one name that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you one name that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you one name that i
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll call this one call this two this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call this one call this two this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call this one call this two this is
+an author's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an author's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an author's name
+uh neil noddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neil noddings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neil noddings
+now nell noddings has written some books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now nell noddings has written some books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now nell noddings has written some books
+but she mainly has uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she mainly has uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she mainly has uh the
+has collaborated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has collaborated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has collaborated with
+professors of nursing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the professors of nursing want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professors of nursing want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professors of nursing want to make a
+distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between
+caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring
+and caregiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caregiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caregiving
+and the nursing nurses want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nursing nurses want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nursing nurses want to say
+that a doctor can give care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a doctor can give care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a doctor can give care
+without caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without caring
+strictly business but that a nurse can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly business but that a nurse can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly business but that a nurse can't
+give nursing care without actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give nursing care without actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give nursing care without actually
+caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because of these effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these effects
+that the patient will look at you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the patient will look at you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the patient will look at you and
+say you really don't care about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you really don't care about me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you really don't care about me
+and then suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suffer
+maybe die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe die
+but we don't ask that question with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't ask that question with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't ask that question with the
+doctor the doctor comes in there we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor the doctor comes in there we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor the doctor comes in there we want
+the doctor to do the surgery or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor to do the surgery or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor to do the surgery or whatever
+and get that and do it right we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get that and do it right we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get that and do it right we don't
+care if the person cares about us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if the person cares about us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if the person cares about us so
+they make that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make that statement
+so the question then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then is
+uh can another question is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can another question is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can another question is can we
+actually do these things all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do these things all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do these things all right
+well i want to say that my thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want to say that my thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want to say that my thought about
+the whole matter is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole matter is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole matter is that
+you have to assume that you can do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to assume that you can do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to assume that you can do when
+you come into an interview and portray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come into an interview and portray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come into an interview and portray
+yourself in this particular way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in this particular way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in this particular way to get
+this job and to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job and to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job and to keep it
+you have to assume that you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to assume that you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to assume that you can do it
+that you can put on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put on that
+business persona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business persona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business persona
+and that you are sincere about it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you are sincere about it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you are sincere about it and if
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+then i think that you can uh portray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i think that you can uh portray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i think that you can uh portray
+yourself in in the in that persona that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in in the in that persona that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in in the in that persona that
+has nothing to do with what the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with what the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with what the way you
+see yourself or the way others your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yourself or the way others your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yourself or the way others your best
+friend sees you uh and just do that job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's a
+so i think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that that's
+those are the issues and they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the issues and they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the issues and they work
+themselves around ethically in the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves around ethically in the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves around ethically in the mind
+of the of the in the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the in the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the in the person
+who is taking taking the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is taking taking the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is taking taking the interview
+whether or not they are really using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they are really using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they are really using
+somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+uh and whether or not they can keep up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and whether or not they can keep up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and whether or not they can keep up
+the persona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the two issues then are the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two issues then are the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two issues then are the last one
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+contract uh and the first one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract uh and the first one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract uh and the first one is uh
+respect for persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for persons
+constructive persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive persons
+so therefore if i had to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore if i had to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore if i had to make this
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we're in a situation where it counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a situation where it counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a situation where it counted
+let's say let's say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's say for example
+i'm being interviewed by a judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm being interviewed by a judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm being interviewed by a judge
+in an enron case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an enron case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an enron case
+that's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good one
+and the judge wants to know my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the judge wants to know my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the judge wants to know my my
+opinions about this man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions about this man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions about this man
+well the judge is not going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the judge is not going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the judge is not going to be very
+impressed if i'm giving my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed if i'm giving my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed if i'm giving my personal
+opinions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions
+the judge is going to be oppressed if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judge is going to be oppressed if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judge is going to be oppressed if i
+start grounding my opinions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start grounding my opinions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start grounding my opinions and
+good ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ethical
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+and i've just done it twice we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've just done it twice we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've just done it twice we have just
+done it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it twice
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's the way i thought about that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way i thought about that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way i thought about that one
+my wife gave the approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife gave the approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife gave the approval
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh joel wrote me this note and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh joel wrote me this note and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh joel wrote me this note and um
+it picked up from the last class oh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it picked up from the last class oh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it picked up from the last class oh are
+we done with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i i really apologize if i switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i i really apologize if i switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i i really apologize if i switch
+subjects too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects too fast
+and somebody else has something to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and that had to do with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that had to do with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that had to do with um
+the discussion we had last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion we had last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion we had last time
+where i made a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i made a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i made a statement
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+engineering was a regal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering was a regal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering was a regal
+learning discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and joel wanted to make the remark that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joel wanted to make the remark that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joel wanted to make the remark that
+well it's really aristocratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this nature
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then i've discussed this before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i've discussed this before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i've discussed this before and
+and where we agree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we agree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we agree is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you can't that engineering has never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't that engineering has never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't that engineering has never
+been done and can't cannot be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and can't cannot be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and can't cannot be done
+outside of the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the context
+of authority and power you don't go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authority and power you don't go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authority and power you don't go out
+and build a bridge because you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a bridge because you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a bridge because you think
+it's cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cute
+i think i'll be able to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'll be able to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'll be able to put it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+re-engineering has always been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engineering has always been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engineering has always been done
+uh under the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under the um
+auspicious or under the control to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auspicious or under the control to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auspicious or under the control to some
+extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+kings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kings
+and high priests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high priests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high priests
+local populations getting involved is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local populations getting involved is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local populations getting involved is a
+brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issue for us as we went through last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for us as we went through last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for us as we went through last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and and um i remember the name out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um i remember the name out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um i remember the name out of
+denmark they call it technology shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where a local citizen group can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a local citizen group can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a local citizen group can go
+to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a place
+and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+technological advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advice
+about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to
+participate effectively in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate effectively in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate effectively in public
+decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the city wants to build a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the city wants to build a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the city wants to build a nuclear
+waste dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste dump
+that's in your backyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in your backyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in your backyard
+not in mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in mine
+and the city has the city engineer comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the city has the city engineer comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the city has the city engineer comes
+up with all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with all of this
+all of these explanations as to why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these explanations as to why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these explanations as to why we
+want to put it behind yours and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it behind yours and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it behind yours and not
+behind mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind mine
+then you can go to these technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go to these technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go to these technology
+shops and get an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and get an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and get an engineer
+to help you build your case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so but that's brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but that's brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but that's brand new
+we want to think about and so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think about and so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think about and so here's the
+way i thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i thought about
+responding to that i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to that i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to that i need to
+give him some email but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him some email but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him some email but
+it really didn't come to me until last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really didn't come to me until last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really didn't come to me until last
+night about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i stayed up until one o'clock until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i stayed up until one o'clock until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i stayed up until one o'clock until
+i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought
+and thinking it through really meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking it through really meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking it through really meant
+finding a concise way to put it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a concise way to put it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a concise way to put it to the
+class because it's in my book and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because it's in my book and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because it's in my book and i've
+already written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already written
+200 pages on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 pages on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 pages on this
+so i'm going to see how it works if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to see how it works if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to see how it works if i
+can just do it with a few bullets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do it with a few bullets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do it with a few bullets
+you ready let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ready let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ready let's try
+yes i ask you a clarifying question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i ask you a clarifying question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i ask you a clarifying question
+first yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yes
+um so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so your
+the dispute or the conflict is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispute or the conflict is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispute or the conflict is you're
+saying it's regal and joel's saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's regal and joel's saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's regal and joel's saying it's
+aristocratic right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocratic right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocratic right and
+can you put that in other terms uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you put that in other terms uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you put that in other terms uh let
+me put it in my terms first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it in my terms first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it in my terms first
+and lay out a logic and then we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay out a logic and then we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay out a logic and then we'll put
+it in joel's terms okay if he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in joel's terms okay if he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in joel's terms okay if he doesn't
+come i just wanted to understand where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come i just wanted to understand where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come i just wanted to understand where
+the concept was yeah let's see let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept was yeah let's see let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept was yeah let's see let's see
+it after i lay one out okay because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after i lay one out okay because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after i lay one out okay because this
+is kind of thinking that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of thinking that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of thinking that um
+that you won't see in any textbooks yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you won't see in any textbooks yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you won't see in any textbooks yet
+but i think that's what a class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that's what a class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that's what a class like
+this is about particularly when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about particularly when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about particularly when you have
+faculty members sitting in on the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members sitting in on the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members sitting in on the class
+get more out of it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more out of it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more out of it this way
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+my start my starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my start my starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my start my starting point
+uh for answering this question was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for answering this question was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for answering this question was one
+of the biggest starting was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest starting was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest starting was one of the
+biggest problems i had in writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problems i had in writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problems i had in writing this
+book actually it was in how to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book actually it was in how to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book actually it was in how to set up
+the book how to organize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book how to organize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book how to organize it
+how to organize 14 chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize 14 chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize 14 chapters
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i had to do was add was do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i had to do was add was do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i had to do was add was do with
+jacob pronounced he said i don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacob pronounced he said i don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacob pronounced he said i don't know if
+y'all know him but you don't have he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all know him but you don't have he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all know him but you don't have he
+worked in the manhattan manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in the manhattan manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in the manhattan manhattan
+project he had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he had a good
+tv program and a book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv program and a book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv program and a book called
+the ascent of man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ascent of man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ascent of man
+which if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you recall
+is a mirror image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mirror image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mirror image
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll tell you the books man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you the books man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you the books man
+be decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charles darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+what he said was that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he said was that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he said was that uh
+all the people he knew that made really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people he knew that made really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people he knew that made really
+important contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important contributions
+to science were started off by asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to science were started off by asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to science were started off by asking
+what he called an impertinent question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to ask an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to ask an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to ask an important
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+and the important question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engineering
+the learning discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning discipline
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+of engineers and what engineers think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineers and what engineers think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineers and what engineers think
+and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know that can't be true right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that can't be true right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that can't be true right
+let's i call it impertinent let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's i call it impertinent let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's i call it impertinent let's start
+with that is there's something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that is there's something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that is there's something about
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is distinct from what engineers think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distinct from what engineers think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distinct from what engineers think
+and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now let me bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let me bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let me bring up
+one point maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scientists in the manhattan project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in the manhattan project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in the manhattan project
+were not doing science they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not doing science they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not doing science they were doing
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so therefore there's a difference so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore there's a difference so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore there's a difference so the
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+one could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could say
+were what science what scientists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what science what scientists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what science what scientists were
+thinking about and doing was not science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+do engineers ever do science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do engineers ever do science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do engineers ever do science
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the uh
+invention of uh thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of uh thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of uh thermodynamics
+was done by engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by engineers
+uh but they really weren't they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they really weren't they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they really weren't they started
+out doing herky jerky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out doing herky jerky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out doing herky jerky
+uh engineering on thermodynamics but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering on thermodynamics but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering on thermodynamics but at
+the end of they were doing science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of they were doing science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of they were doing science
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what i want to say to joel and to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to say to joel and to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to say to joel and to you
+all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is
+that you cannot deduce what engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot deduce what engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot deduce what engineering
+is by observing and talking to engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else
+now why is there something else why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is there something else why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is there something else why is
+there this gap can i make sense out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this gap can i make sense out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this gap can i make sense out of
+what i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+because what engineers think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what engineers think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what engineers think about is
+divided between their conscious minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided between their conscious minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided between their conscious minds
+and their unconscious minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so to find out what engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to find out what engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to find out what engineering
+really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is
+you have to somehow get it out of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to somehow get it out of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to somehow get it out of both
+what they say and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say and do
+and some things that they don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that they don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that they don't say
+yeah and don't do you have to look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and don't do you have to look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and don't do you have to look down
+and get the unconscious dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the unconscious dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the unconscious dimension
+now that sounds like an impossible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sounds like an impossible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sounds like an impossible thing
+for anybody other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody other than
+a clinical psychologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinical psychologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinical psychologist
+no there are other ways to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are other ways to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are other ways to do it and
+here's one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one way to do it
+and i'm going to have some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to have some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to have some special
+lectures from some faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from some faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from some faculty
+come in and talk about this i've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and talk about this i've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and talk about this i've already
+got this arrangement just have to settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this arrangement just have to settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this arrangement just have to settle
+on the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the date
+and that is that you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that you can get the
+unconscious dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious dimension
+out of what somebody thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of what somebody thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of what somebody thinks
+by having them write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having them write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having them write it down
+in a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a story
+because the story won't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the story won't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the story won't make sense
+unless their unconscious plays a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do
+is uh take a learned work of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh take a learned work of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh take a learned work of engineering
+a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book
+a research paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research paper
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laboratory demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory demonstration
+what you can do is look at that book or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is look at that book or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is look at that book or
+that research paper and organize it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research paper and organize it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research paper and organize it in
+story terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story terms
+and that's one of the things we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the things we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the things we had
+talked about already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about already
+uh and so what i want to do then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so what i want to do then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so what i want to do then and
+what is is to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is is to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is is to talk about
+engineering in story terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in story terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in story terms
+and what makes one discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what makes one discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what makes one discipline
+different from another is chiefly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from another is chiefly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from another is chiefly this
+is my argument in my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my argument in my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my argument in my book
+it's chiefly the story term that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chiefly the story term that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chiefly the story term that we call
+the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view
+because i can take one document and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can take one document and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can take one document and put
+it here and look at it from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here and look at it from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here and look at it from an
+engineering point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view
+and get a whole different interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a whole different interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a whole different interpretation
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+learning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning point
+from looking at it from a scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at it from a scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at it from a scientific
+an ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethical
+uh or a musician's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now out this is the last piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now out this is the last piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now out this is the last piece of the
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+remember i'm distilling out of 200 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i'm distilling out of 200 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i'm distilling out of 200 pages
+the last piece of the argument is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece of the argument is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece of the argument is that
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+i stand on this on this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stand on this on this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stand on this on this point
+that the learned disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the learned disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the learned disciplines
+don't have but three points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are the points of view of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the points of view of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the points of view of social
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to read
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+from the standpoint of greek philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of greek philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of greek philosophy
+if you want to read science the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to read science the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to read science the way
+aristotle would read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle would read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle would read it
+and the way most westerners read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the point of view
+is a person like socrates who's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person like socrates who's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person like socrates who's looking
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing two things number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two things number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two things number one
+is accommodating the individual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accommodating the individual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accommodating the individual to
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+yeah what you're saying there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what you're saying there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what you're saying there is that
+nature is what it is and i want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is what it is and i want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is what it is and i want to find
+out how i fit with it that is fine truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how i fit with it that is fine truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how i fit with it that is fine truth
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+and the second thing is to accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing is to accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing is to accommodate
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+to the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the individual
+society is no better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is no better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is no better
+can be no better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be no better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be no better
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+it treats than its worst treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it treats than its worst treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it treats than its worst treatment of
+the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual
+the individual is the unit of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual is the unit of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual is the unit of analysis
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the greek concept of ethics is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greek concept of ethics is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greek concept of ethics is that
+there's only one moral agent only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one moral agent only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one moral agent only one
+being that can make an ethical choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that can make an ethical choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that can make an ethical choice
+and that's an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an individual
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+a corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporation
+the notion of a corporation having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of a corporation having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of a corporation having
+personhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personhood
+in law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in law
+comes out of the latin tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the latin tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the latin tradition
+not out of the greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out of the greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out of the greek
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it comes out of
+looking at society from a regal point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at society from a regal point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at society from a regal point of
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+which is a point of view where you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a point of view where you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a point of view where you do
+not accommodate society to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accommodate society to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accommodate society to the
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+you accommodate the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accommodate the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accommodate the individual
+and nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nature
+to society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to society
+and when i say accommodate nature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i say accommodate nature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i say accommodate nature to
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+what i'm talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you want to cross that bridge and nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to cross that bridge and nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to cross that bridge and nature
+does not i'm sorry if you want to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not i'm sorry if you want to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not i'm sorry if you want to cross
+that river and nature does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that river and nature does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that river and nature does not have a
+bridge for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge for you
+then you accommodate nature to the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you accommodate nature to the will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you accommodate nature to the will
+of society you build a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the third point of view when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third point of view when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third point of view when you
+look at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at something
+uh a learning document your ketchup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a learning document your ketchup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a learning document your ketchup
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it
+in a way where you accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where you accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where you accommodate
+the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual
+and society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and society
+to nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a higher cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are my that's the way so when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my that's the way so when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my that's the way so when i
+say that engineering is regal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that engineering is regal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that engineering is regal
+what i'm really saying is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm really saying is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm really saying is that if you
+pick up a learned document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a learned document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a learned document
+and you want to look at it from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to look at it from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to look at it from an
+engineering point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view
+one of the things not i'm i i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things not i'm i i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things not i'm i i haven't
+gone through all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through all of the other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+story terms i'm looking at only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story terms i'm looking at only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story terms i'm looking at only one
+right now the main one if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the main one if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the main one if you look at it
+from a regal point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a regal point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a regal point of view
+then you will look i claim that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will look i claim that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will look i claim that you will
+look at it the way that engineers look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it the way that engineers look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it the way that engineers look
+at it on both conscious and unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it on both conscious and unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it on both conscious and unconscious
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how does that work out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does that work out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does that work out with
+aristocratic well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocratic well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocratic well
+if you look at societies over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at societies over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at societies over time
+from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning
+i think we're talking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're talking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're talking uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+human beings settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings settled
+live the set began living a subtle life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live the set began living a subtle life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live the set began living a subtle life
+in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the
+fertile crescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile crescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile crescent
+even from that point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from that point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from that point of view
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what you'll see is all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see is all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see is all three of these
+principles that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+when they started building irrigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they started building irrigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they started building irrigation
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+you'll see that they built them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that they built them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that they built them from
+the point of view authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if for no other reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you cannot build a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot build a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot build a bridge
+four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different
+correct ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if all of us have correct ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of us have correct ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of us have correct ways of
+building a bridge across that river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a bridge across that river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a bridge across that river
+and those correct ways are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those correct ways are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those correct ways are different
+we'll never get it built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never get it built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never get it built
+there has to be an authority that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be an authority that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be an authority that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+a higher authority than any of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher authority than any of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher authority than any of the four
+of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us
+that says we'll build it his way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says we'll build it his way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says we'll build it his way
+and not yours mind them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't operate like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't operate like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't operate like that
+with a great point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+let's clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's clean up
+any loose ends that we have with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any loose ends that we have with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any loose ends that we have with the
+challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger
+tada washington post wednesday august 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tada washington post wednesday august 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tada washington post wednesday august 27
+2003.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003.
+the headline is report blames flawed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headline is report blames flawed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headline is report blames flawed
+nasa culture for tragedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa culture for tragedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa culture for tragedy
+so i'll pass this that's from the cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll pass this that's from the cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll pass this that's from the cave
+report right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report right
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+so um you can write down that reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you can write down that reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you can write down that reference
+or i'll tell you what you can hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'll tell you what you can hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'll tell you what you can hold on to
+that if you want just bring it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want just bring it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want just bring it back
+hi everyone that's okay i we can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone that's okay i we can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone that's okay i we can find it
+online and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and then
+download it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it
+uh so any loose ends with the challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so any loose ends with the challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so any loose ends with the challenger
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you come up with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean what what the reading talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean what what the reading talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean what what the reading talks about
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um dividing decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dividing decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dividing decisions
+between managers and engineers that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between managers and engineers that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between managers and engineers that that
+managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers
+are responsible for thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for thinking about the
+well-being of the company the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of the company the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of the company the
+organization so that involves costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so that involves costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so that involves costs and
+profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+and the engineers are responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engineers are responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engineers are responsible for
+the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical
+expertise and the well-being of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and the well-being of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and the well-being of the
+clients and the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and the public
+and it's debatable whether it's clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's debatable whether it's clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's debatable whether it's clients
+or public or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or public or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or public or both
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's
+there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always
+pushback between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushback between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushback between those two
+kinds of decision making which is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of decision making which is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of decision making which is a good
+thing so the managers are expecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the managers are expecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the managers are expecting the
+engineers will always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers will always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers will always like
+err on the side of safety so when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+err on the side of safety so when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+err on the side of safety so when they
+propose cuts and safety the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose cuts and safety the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose cuts and safety the engineers
+will push back on them and the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push back on them and the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push back on them and the engineers
+are supposing that the managers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposing that the managers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposing that the managers will
+always want to cut costs so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to cut costs so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to cut costs so they'll
+you know make sure that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make sure that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make sure that they
+think about safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about safety
+right and that's what i read and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what i read and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what i read and that's
+what i understand i'm not sure that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i understand i'm not sure that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i understand i'm not sure that i
+necessarily disagree but from someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily disagree but from someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily disagree but from someone
+who doesn't have a very extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't have a very extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't have a very extensive
+background and i think is that okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and i think is that okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and i think is that okay to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+i don't know there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know there's two different
+groups operating on such different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups operating on such different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups operating on such different
+ethical principles like that well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical principles like that well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical principles like that well yeah
+that's i mean that's unavoidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's i mean that's unavoidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's i mean that's unavoidable
+uh that's kind of within an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's kind of within an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's kind of within an organization
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now here's where you get what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where you get what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where you get what i was
+talking about about this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about this business
+question of the unconscious because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the unconscious because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the unconscious because
+you're going to get a uh some conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a uh some conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a uh some conflict
+in what you will what people will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what you will what people will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what you will what people will say
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think it's right for me to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's right for me to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's right for me to say that
+100 of the engineering managers that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of the engineering managers that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of the engineering managers that i
+have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known
+and read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do not do not make us distinction all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not do not make us distinction all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not do not make us distinction all
+call themselves engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i will say something around 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say something around 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say something around 50
+of the engineers will say that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engineers will say that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engineers will say that they are
+off their engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off their engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off their engineers
+and 50 to say that they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this came to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came to um
+uh this this debate came to a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh about 10 or 12 years ago with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 10 or 12 years ago with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 10 or 12 years ago with
+accreditation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation with
+a b e t and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b e t and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b e t and then
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+there was this argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineers
+become engineering managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become engineering managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become engineering managers
+and the object argument was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the object argument was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the object argument was based on
+data two out of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data two out of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data two out of three
+persons who are engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons who are engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons who are engineers
+will become or wind up in a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become or wind up in a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become or wind up in a job
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+that says engineering management that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says engineering management that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says engineering management that's
+what you do when you're called growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do when you're called growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do when you're called growing
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+there is this other line which they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this other line which they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this other line which they call
+line engineer which remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line engineer which remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line engineer which remains
+a hardcore engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hardcore engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hardcore engineer
+for all of his or her career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of his or her career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of his or her career
+but that they say is about one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they say is about one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they say is about one-third
+and even that's debatable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even that's debatable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even that's debatable because
+most of them have somebody engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them have somebody engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them have somebody engineered
+working under them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working under them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working under them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh there's an analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's an analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's an analogy
+in universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in universities
+between faculty and administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between faculty and administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between faculty and administration
+and uh there's this book i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's this book i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's this book i can't
+remember the name of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the name of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the name of it
+i will think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will think of that
+i think it's the book called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's the book called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's the book called um
+i think it's the book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i'll get it out before the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll get it out before the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll get it out before the end of
+the end of this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this discussion
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where the author points says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is everybody talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is everybody talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is everybody talking about
+the administration president versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administration president versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administration president versus the
+faculty what are you talking about i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty what are you talking about i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty what are you talking about i
+don't know what people are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what people are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what people are talking about
+they're all professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all professors
+they all got phds they all taught at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all got phds they all taught at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all got phds they all taught at one
+time they all did research at one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they all did research at one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they all did research at one time
+you know you're splitting a hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're splitting a hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're splitting a hair
+okay so there is this issue that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is this issue that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is this issue that goes on
+not just in engineering but other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in engineering but other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in engineering but other places
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh it comes out in the end i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it comes out in the end i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it comes out in the end i think that
+in organizations there is a line that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organizations there is a line that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organizations there is a line that's
+drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn
+and the lion is drawn between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lion is drawn between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lion is drawn between
+persons who are in engineering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons who are in engineering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons who are in engineering or
+management and persons who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and persons who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and persons who are
+in the lying profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lying profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lying profession
+and it varies from institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it varies from institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it varies from institutional
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+in the universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universities
+my university well my other university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my university well my other university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my university well my other university
+howard university is pretty much typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard university is pretty much typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard university is pretty much typical
+that department chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that department chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that department chairs
+will be categorized on pretty much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be categorized on pretty much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be categorized on pretty much as
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+because at most institutions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at most institutions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at most institutions the
+department chair can be fired by either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department chair can be fired by either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department chair can be fired by either
+administration or fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but deans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deans
+are on the side of the administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the side of the administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the side of the administration
+and they and so i think the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and so i think the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and so i think the ethical
+issue comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue comes in
+uh with this point this question again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this point this question again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this point this question again
+of contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contract
+what did i what am i contracted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i what am i contracted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i what am i contracted to do
+who am i primarily responsible for who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who am i primarily responsible for who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who am i primarily responsible for who
+or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it seems like the authorities ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like the authorities ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like the authorities ethics
+they're the ones who really at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who really at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who really at the end
+say this is going to go this isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is going to go this isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is going to go this isn't going
+to go you do this but it bothers me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go you do this but it bothers me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go you do this but it bothers me that
+their ethics are grounded in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ethics are grounded in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ethics are grounded in something
+somewhat tied to what the engineers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat tied to what the engineers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat tied to what the engineers are
+doing like safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like safety
+and things like that it seems like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that it seems like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that it seems like they
+need to have some component of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have some component of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have some component of that
+since it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it is
+wait why are you saying their essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait why are you saying their essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait why are you saying their essence
+aren't grounded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't grounded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't grounded and
+because we're just saying like people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just saying like people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just saying like people in
+management positions and i'm assuming i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management positions and i'm assuming i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management positions and i'm assuming i
+put priority in that category i'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put priority in that category i'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put priority in that category i'm pretty
+much concerned in the day of the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much concerned in the day of the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much concerned in the day of the bottom
+line you know they don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know they don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know they don't really care
+they just want this project to go they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just want this project to go they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just want this project to go they
+want this thing to make money but i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing to make money but i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing to make money but i just
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+they need to have something for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to have something for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to have something for me
+you need to be as safe as i mean i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be as safe as i mean i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be as safe as i mean i guess
+you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+well no you can i think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no you can i think that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no you can i think that um
+uh i think that times have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think that times have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think that times have changed
+this way i i think that there was a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way i i think that there was a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way i i think that there was a time
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and let me back up just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me back up just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me back up just a minute
+i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want
+my book and my theories about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book and my theories about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book and my theories about
+engineering to be the dominant position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to be the dominant position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to be the dominant position
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't want that to happen i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want that to happen i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want that to happen i want to
+act because i'm going to assign some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act because i'm going to assign some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act because i'm going to assign some
+other reasons the point about it when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons the point about it when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons the point about it when it
+comes to it philosophy of engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to it philosophy of engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to it philosophy of engineering is
+that only a couple of those have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only a couple of those have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only a couple of those have to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so
+uh that's where you're getting a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's where you're getting a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's where you're getting a unique
+experience because nobody else is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience because nobody else is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience because nobody else is really
+talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet but i do have one reference down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but i do have one reference down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but i do have one reference down
+there billy von cohen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there billy von cohen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there billy von cohen's
+book called discussion of the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called discussion of the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called discussion of the method
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's probably and another one one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably and another one one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably and another one one other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+it's called what engineers know and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called what engineers know and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called what engineers know and how
+they know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it
+written by a man named walter vincente
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by a man named walter vincente
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by a man named walter vincente
+from stanford he retired several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stanford he retired several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stanford he retired several years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+uh those are about the only two that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are about the only two that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are about the only two that out
+that i really think go into depth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i really think go into depth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i really think go into depth in the
+philosophical thought about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical thought about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical thought about what
+engineering is as a learned discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is as a learned discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is as a learned discipline
+do you consider um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you consider um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you consider um
+like the essential pleasures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the essential pleasures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the essential pleasures of
+engineering as in the category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as in the category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as in the category
+a lot of people do i don't okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people do i don't okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people do i don't okay
+uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because
+uh when you look at florman's work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you look at florman's work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you look at florman's work and
+you and you and you look to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you and you look to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you and you look to see what
+what he thinks engineering is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks engineering is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks engineering is as a
+learner discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner discipline
+he's got a short paragraph in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a short paragraph in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a short paragraph in there
+about two sentences long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two sentences long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two sentences long
+he's going to talk about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to talk about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to talk about the nature of
+the profession okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the other two books are engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other two books are engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other two books are engineering
+as a learning discipline and performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a learning discipline and performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a learning discipline and performance
+observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+did you ever read existence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you ever read existence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you ever read existence from
+questions yeah that's the only one i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah that's the only one i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah that's the only one i've
+read about the books that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about the books that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about the books that you've
+mentioned that's why yes yeah what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that's why yes yeah what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that's why yes yeah what did
+you think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for me it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it was
+it was it mostly served to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it mostly served to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it mostly served to be an
+inspirational book about the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational book about the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational book about the engineering
+profession and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+also informative on the history of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also informative on the history of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also informative on the history of how
+engineering is viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is viewed
+it's it's neat reading i mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's neat reading i mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's neat reading i mean it's
+enjoyable reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable reading
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sort of puts forth a vision a lofty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of puts forth a vision a lofty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of puts forth a vision a lofty
+vision of engineering i think he was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of engineering i think he was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of engineering i think he was uh
+he got an engine i think he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got an engine i think he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got an engine i think he was
+undergraduate degrees engineering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degrees engineering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degrees engineering but
+his graduate degree is literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his graduate degree is literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his graduate degree is literature
+and he writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he writes
+with uses his talents in literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uses his talents in literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uses his talents in literature
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so he talks about greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he talks about greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he talks about greece
+ancient greece and all these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient greece and all these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient greece and all these things and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i would say that any engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say that any engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say that any engineer
+of the engineers who are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engineers who are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engineers who are in the
+generation older than me and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation older than me and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation older than me and they're
+very and then hardly end up still around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very and then hardly end up still around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very and then hardly end up still around
+working but in sam foreman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working but in sam foreman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working but in sam foreman's
+and sam florman's uh generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sam florman's uh generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sam florman's uh generation
+i was i would say offhand 85 to 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was i would say offhand 85 to 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was i would say offhand 85 to 95
+percent of the engineers think that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the engineers think that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the engineers think that he
+has got it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got it right
+okay now my generation is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now my generation is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now my generation is a little bit
+different we were freedom fighters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we were freedom fighters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we were freedom fighters and
+all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that
+anti-war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war
+all right so we're a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're a different
+generation but i was on a panel with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but i was on a panel with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but i was on a panel with uh
+sam phillips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+actually it was a it was it was here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was a it was it was here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was a it was it was here's
+what it was it was a panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was it was a panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was it was a panel
+but he gave the keynote address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he gave the keynote address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he gave the keynote address
+so he gave the keynote address i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he gave the keynote address i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he gave the keynote address i really
+wasn't on the panel with it but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't on the panel with it but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't on the panel with it but we were
+there together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there together
+and he got up uh this was right after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he got up uh this was right after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he got up uh this was right after he
+wrote his book and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote his book and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote his book and he said
+that uh his motivation was for writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh his motivation was for writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh his motivation was for writing
+the book was his sons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was his sons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was his sons
+he said one day his sons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said one day his sons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said one day his sons
+told him and i don't remember his exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him and i don't remember his exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him and i don't remember his exact
+words but they were very harsh that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but they were very harsh that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but they were very harsh that he
+and the rest of the engineers out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the engineers out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the engineers out here
+were just murdered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just murdered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just murdered
+so he said daddy wrote that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he said daddy wrote that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he said daddy wrote that book
+for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them
+and so it was an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was an answer
+of a father to tucson right that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a father to tucson right that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a father to tucson right that was
+interesting for me to learn that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for me to learn that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for me to learn that in the
+1960s and 1970s society was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s and 1970s society was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s and 1970s society was
+anti-technological they were how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-technological they were how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-technological they were how to get
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+you know that they accused including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they accused including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they accused including the
+waterways and i mean just because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterways and i mean just because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterways and i mean just because we
+don't hear that message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear that message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear that message
+or i hadn't heard it before anyway well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i hadn't heard it before anyway well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i hadn't heard it before anyway well
+if you're interested in history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in history of
+engineering i'll tell you what i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i'll tell you what i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i'll tell you what i think
+it's definitely the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely the most interesting
+book it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it now
+let's not rule out henry petrovsky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not rule out henry petrovsky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not rule out henry petrovsky and
+david billington in there right but i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david billington in there right but i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david billington in there right but i'll
+tell you where i think you should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where i think you should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where i think you should start
+there's a book called the revolt of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book called the revolt of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book called the revolt of the
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh think of this man's name i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh think of this man's name i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh think of this man's name i
+haven't talked to him in 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked to him in 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked to him in 15 years
+but it's called revolt of the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's called revolt of the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's called revolt of the engineers
+and when you get the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get the book
+let me suggest the first thing you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me suggest the first thing you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me suggest the first thing you do is
+look at the index for a the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the index for a the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the index for a the word
+technocracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technocracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technocracy
+the technocracy movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you read that and you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you read that and you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you read that and you will be
+compelled to read the rest of that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelled to read the rest of that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelled to read the rest of that book
+layton l-a-y-t-o-n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layton l-a-y-t-o-n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layton l-a-y-t-o-n
+edwin layton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so if you remember basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so if you remember basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so if you remember basically what
+it said what people said was well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said what people said was well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said what people said was well we
+live in a technological world now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a technological world now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a technological world now
+so so the world ought to be run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the world ought to be run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the world ought to be run by
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perhaps is that engineers need to inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps is that engineers need to inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps is that engineers need to inform
+the public so it's a shared running so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public so it's a shared running so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public so it's a shared running so
+i i argue straight out in my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i argue straight out in my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i argue straight out in my office
+preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh engineering that everybody should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering that everybody should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering that everybody should
+learn engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn engineering
+but on the other hand that's on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand that's on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand that's on the one
+hand on the other hand engineers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on the other hand engineers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on the other hand engineers have
+not proven to be better citizens than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not proven to be better citizens than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not proven to be better citizens than
+anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else
+so there's something that falls in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something that falls in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something that falls in the
+middle and i call it generalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and i call it generalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and i call it generalist
+expertise as opposed to specialists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise as opposed to specialists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise as opposed to specialists
+so generalist expertise and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generalist expertise and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generalist expertise and the
+generalist sorry a specialist expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalist sorry a specialist expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalist sorry a specialist expert
+does not necessarily possess what i call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily possess what i call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily possess what i call
+general expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's where i'm going with it uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where i'm going with it uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where i'm going with it uh but
+uh you'll find other people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll find other people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll find other people who have
+other points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other points of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other points of view
+but a lot of these this discussion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of these this discussion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of these this discussion is
+quite new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite new
+quite new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay can i shift gears and start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can i shift gears and start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can i shift gears and start talking
+about fort pinto yeah all right then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fort pinto yeah all right then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fort pinto yeah all right then i
+said something i really didn't mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something i really didn't mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something i really didn't mean i
+want to shift gears but you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift gears but you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift gears but you're going to
+talk about four pinto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about four pinto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about four pinto
+okay stop just start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's talk about facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's talk about facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's talk about facts
+uh did you get the chance to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did you get the chance to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did you get the chance to read this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think we can go through and get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can go through and get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can go through and get a lot
+of the facts without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facts without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facts without
+spending a whole lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a whole lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a whole lot of time
+um anybody want to go first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what year
+what year so we're in the late 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what year so we're in the late 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what year so we're in the late 1960s
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ford deciding that they want to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford deciding that they want to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford deciding that they want to design a
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+that will sell for less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will sell for less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will sell for less than two
+thousand dollars and weigh less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and weigh less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and weigh less than two
+thousand pounds and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pounds and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pounds and they
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete
+rushed the production to happen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushed the production to happen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushed the production to happen in a
+little more than two years compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than two years compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than two years compared to
+the usual three and a half years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual three and a half years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual three and a half years
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and and the book says so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the book says so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the book says so this means that
+a lot of the design and styling happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the design and styling happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the design and styling happened
+before the mechanical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the mechanical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the mechanical engineering
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+some engineering decisions were based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineering decisions were based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineering decisions were based on
+design rather than design coming after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design rather than design coming after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design rather than design coming after
+engineering so they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so they um
+decided that the best place for the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that the best place for the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that the best place for the gas
+tank was between the ax the rear axle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank was between the ax the rear axle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank was between the ax the rear axle
+and the bumper between the gas tank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bumper between the gas tank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bumper between the gas tank and
+the bumper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+no they decided the best way for the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they decided the best way for the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they decided the best way for the gas
+tank sorry was between the axle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank sorry was between the axle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank sorry was between the axle and the
+bumper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumper
+and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were
+bolt heads and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it use the term sheet metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it use the term sheet metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it use the term sheet metal
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+just as there are exposed bolt heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as there are exposed bolt heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as there are exposed bolt heads
+that could puncture the gas tank if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could puncture the gas tank if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could puncture the gas tank if the
+tank were driven forward towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank were driven forward towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank were driven forward towards the
+axle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle
+upon impact what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon impact what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon impact what's this
+there was a there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there was a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there was a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a um
+that said a certain amount of sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said a certain amount of sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said a certain amount of sheet
+metal should exist between the gas tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal should exist between the gas tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal should exist between the gas tank
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by taking that sheet metal out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking that sheet metal out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking that sheet metal out you can
+reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+some of the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the weight
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anyway so we we have this gas tank in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we we have this gas tank in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we we have this gas tank in a
+precarious position and they did crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precarious position and they did crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precarious position and they did crash
+tests to see how often the bolt heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests to see how often the bolt heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests to see how often the bolt heads
+were driven into the gas tank causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were driven into the gas tank causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were driven into the gas tank causing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+were that at 21 miles per hour was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that at 21 miles per hour was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that at 21 miles per hour was
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+it was high enough speed for the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was high enough speed for the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was high enough speed for the gas
+tank to be punctured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank to be punctured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank to be punctured
+then they made adjustments just of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they made adjustments just of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they made adjustments just of
+putting the tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the tank
+above the rear axle rather than behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the rear axle rather than behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the rear axle rather than behind
+it or adding like rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or adding like rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or adding like rubber
+rubber bumpers on the gas tank itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber bumpers on the gas tank itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber bumpers on the gas tank itself
+those minor adjustments that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those minor adjustments that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those minor adjustments that would have
+cost like 11 dollars per car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost like 11 dollars per car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost like 11 dollars per car
+prevented the tank from being punctured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented the tank from being punctured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented the tank from being punctured
+and crosstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+manager's decision was that the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager's decision was that the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager's decision was that the cost of
+those adjustments the 11 vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those adjustments the 11 vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those adjustments the 11 vehicle
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+outweigh the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the benefits
+well those costs were too great so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those costs were too great so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those costs were too great so the
+cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the
+deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths
+and destroyed vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destroyed vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destroyed vehicles
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+the cost of eleven dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of eleven dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of eleven dollars
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can't believe it it was like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't believe it it was like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't believe it it was like in
+writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+a memo attached to the report has those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memo attached to the report has those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memo attached to the report has those
+costs and benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits
+now that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's that's
+the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical
+the technical term cost benefit analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical term cost benefit analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical term cost benefit analysis
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't think the word required is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think the word required is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think the word required is the
+right word but in that method it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word but in that method it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word but in that method it is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+it is uh useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh useful
+to put a monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a monetary value
+on in the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the life
+i mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's
+what engineers used to do all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what engineers used to do all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what engineers used to do all of the
+time i don't know if they do it now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i don't know if they do it now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i don't know if they do it now but
+it means to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and include that is the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+as opposed to you know how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to you know how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to you know how much you
+think you're getting it in profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're getting it in profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're getting it in profit
+so keep talking keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right
+i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+here's a little cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little cheaper
+okay let me get are we done let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me get are we done let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me get are we done let me give
+you some background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you probably
+something you have certainly never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have certainly never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have certainly never
+experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced
+i doubt if you've ever heard of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i doubt if you've ever heard of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i doubt if you've ever heard of it's
+called a gas mileage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is driving up to a gas station and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driving up to a gas station and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driving up to a gas station and
+standing in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in line
+to get gas and you got a quota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get gas and you got a quota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get gas and you got a quota
+like being in the war in england right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being in the war in england right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being in the war in england right
+where i lived in virginia at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i lived in virginia at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i lived in virginia at the time
+if you wanted to get gasoline at a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to get gasoline at a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to get gasoline at a gas
+station then you had to be at work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station then you had to be at work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station then you had to be at work at
+nine o'clock in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine o'clock in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine o'clock in the morning
+you had to be in a gas line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to be in a gas line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to be in a gas line
+at seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at seven
+and you were taking your chances but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were taking your chances but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were taking your chances but
+that by the time you got up there they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the time you got up there they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the time you got up there they'd
+have some gas left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what had done what had happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what had done what had happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what had done what had happened was
+opec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had uh increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh increased the
+cost per barrel and etc etc so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost per barrel and etc etc so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost per barrel and etc etc so it was
+really a it was really a psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a it was really a psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a it was really a psychological
+crisis in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in the u.s
+given the way we think about cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the way we think about cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the way we think about cars
+that you have to stay at it in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to stay at it in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to stay at it in line
+for two or three hours to get a fill-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two or three hours to get a fill-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two or three hours to get a fill-up
+then you couldn't get a film you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you couldn't get a film you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you couldn't get a film you could
+only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get
+so many dollars worth and then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many dollars worth and then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many dollars worth and then you might
+stand in line that long and get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in line that long and get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in line that long and get there
+and then you're out they're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're out they're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're out they're out
+so that was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was going on
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+most significant way to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant way to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant way to reduce
+to increase gas mileage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase gas mileage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase gas mileage
+is to reduce weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reduce weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reduce weight
+the weight of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the car
+uh now we don't think about it in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we don't think about it in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we don't think about it in those
+times we think about it in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we think about it in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we think about it in other
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+of how to say how to get more gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to say how to get more gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to say how to get more gas
+mileage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mileage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mileage
+but then it was it hit us for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it was it hit us for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it was it hit us for the first
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+we liked heavy cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we liked heavy cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we liked heavy cars
+it was an aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an aesthetic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i remember one time my dad had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember one time my dad had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember one time my dad had just
+bought this car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought this car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought this car
+it was a christ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a christ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a christ
+okay and it came out this was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it came out this was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it came out this was called the
+push button age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push button age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push button age
+and the first car came out that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first car came out that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first car came out that at least
+in american house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in american house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in american house
+came out with push button transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with push button transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with push button transmission
+y'all ever heard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all ever heard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all ever heard of that
+where the where you want to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where you want to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where you want to go in
+reverse you push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse you push on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse you push on
+whether you want to go forward you press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to go forward you press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to go forward you press
+d you know instead of it was a push push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you know instead of it was a push push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you know instead of it was a push push
+button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and uh this is back to the late late 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is back to the late late 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is back to the late late 50s
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+i went i had this date i was in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went i had this date i was in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went i had this date i was in high
+school i just got my license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school i just got my license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school i just got my license
+and i was going to take this little girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was going to take this little girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was going to take this little girl
+to this dance in my daddy's new car with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this dance in my daddy's new car with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this dance in my daddy's new car with
+the twitch truck button drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twitch truck button drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twitch truck button drive
+and i took her to this dance and when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took her to this dance and when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took her to this dance and when i
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+when we came out of the dance people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we came out of the dance people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we came out of the dance people
+were crowded around the car you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were crowded around the car you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were crowded around the car you know
+how can you have push button drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you have push button drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you have push button drive
+and so this was the first and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was the first and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was the first and the last
+time i showed off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i showed off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i showed off
+what we used to call showing out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to call showing out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to call showing out in a
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+we got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got it
+in the car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the car and
+i want to demonstrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to demonstrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to demonstrate that
+now that i had push button drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i had push button drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i had push button drive
+i didn't have to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't have to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't have to pay attention
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+putting the car in gear like everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the car in gear like everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the car in gear like everybody
+else had most cars that floored here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had most cars that floored here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had most cars that floored here
+a lot of november
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of november
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of november
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+i was looking at my date and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was looking at my date and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was looking at my date and putting
+the car in in gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car in in gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car in in gear
+but i made a mistake and put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i made a mistake and put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i made a mistake and put it in
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+and hit the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit the gas
+and instead of going forward i went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of going forward i went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of going forward i went back
+and hit a brick wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the point that i'm making is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point that i'm making is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point that i'm making is the
+damage was done to the wall it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage was done to the wall it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage was done to the wall it wasn't
+done to the car that car had a fender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to the car that car had a fender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to the car that car had a fender
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that um sort of like we used to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um sort of like we used to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um sort of like we used to call it
+quarter inch armor plate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter inch armor plate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter inch armor plate you know
+but it wasn't quarter of an inch but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't quarter of an inch but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't quarter of an inch but i
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+defender of that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defender of that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defender of that car
+is something like they don't make at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like they don't make at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like they don't make at all
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+all right we'll do a whole new concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll do a whole new concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll do a whole new concept
+about fenders today you want to pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fenders today you want to pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fenders today you want to pretend
+back then you wanted to break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then you wanted to break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then you wanted to break up
+anything that it hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that it hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that it hit
+okay so there was this heavy aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there was this heavy aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there was this heavy aesthetic
+back in those days um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in those days um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in those days um
+and so it was very competitive to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was very competitive to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was very competitive to get a
+car out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car out
+um and get it out with high gas mileage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and get it out with high gas mileage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and get it out with high gas mileage
+so that was a compulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a compulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a compulsion
+uh there's a formal term uh that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a formal term uh that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a formal term uh that people
+use when they talk about engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when they talk about engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when they talk about engineering
+and they call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they call it
+the engineering imperatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering imperatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering imperatives
+cost is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is one
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+now when the gas when a gas crisis came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when the gas when a gas crisis came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when the gas when a gas crisis came
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+there's another thing to be said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing to be said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing to be said about
+that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+food prices went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food prices went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food prices went up
+dramatically because the food that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically because the food that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically because the food that was
+brought into the grocery stores was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought into the grocery stores was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought into the grocery stores was
+brought by trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought by trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought by trucks
+and if the trucks had to pay more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the trucks had to pay more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the trucks had to pay more money
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+diesel field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel field
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+they raised the price of food so a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raised the price of food so a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raised the price of food so a can
+of beans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beans
+so everything started going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything started going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything started going up
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+so there was this big compulsion to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this big compulsion to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this big compulsion to get
+cars with a lot of high gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars with a lot of high gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars with a lot of high gas
+back in those days i drove a diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in those days i drove a diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in those days i drove a diesel
+so i go out to truck stops and get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i go out to truck stops and get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i go out to truck stops and get my
+fuel i didn't stand in mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so there was there was there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so there was there was there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so there was there was there was
+this other issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um the newspapers made a big issue out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the newspapers made a big issue out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the newspapers made a big issue out
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+how it wound up in the courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it wound up in the courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it wound up in the courts
+but it became a big issue for people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it became a big issue for people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it became a big issue for people in
+engineering ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ethics
+and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put the spin on the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the spin on the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the spin on the story
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers
+had not only calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not only calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not only calculated
+how much profit they would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much profit they would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much profit they would get
+but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they
+had calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had calculated
+how many lawsuits they would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many lawsuits they would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many lawsuits they would get
+and how many lawsuits they would lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that irritated the american public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that irritated the american public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that irritated the american public
+to the 8th degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the newspapers had it out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the newspapers had it out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the newspapers had it out where
+this one lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one lady
+got hit got rear-ended she was sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hit got rear-ended she was sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hit got rear-ended she was sitting
+still with a red light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with a red light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with a red light
+the car that hit her was only going 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car that hit her was only going 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car that hit her was only going 20
+miles an hour or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles an hour or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles an hour or something like that
+and the car exploded and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the car exploded and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the car exploded and they had
+pictures of her with all of her skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of her with all of her skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of her with all of her skin
+burned off oh it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned off oh it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned off oh it was just a
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+uh back and so that part the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back and so that part the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back and so that part the ethical
+part was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part was uh
+uh started coming uh that was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started coming uh that was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started coming uh that was being
+discussed it had a lot to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it had a lot to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it had a lot to do with
+putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting
+a monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monetary value
+on human life and whether or not it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on human life and whether or not it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on human life and whether or not it is
+right to just calculate how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to just calculate how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to just calculate how many
+lawsuits will they be able will you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits will they be able will you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits will they be able will you lose
+because technicalities you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because technicalities you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because technicalities you got the
+better lawyers than the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better lawyers than the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better lawyers than the individual
+person who's driving the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's driving the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's driving the car
+the companies have these big lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies have these big lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies have these big lawyers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they just said they'll just pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just said they'll just pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just said they'll just pay the
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh what did some of the uh what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what did some of the uh what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what did some of the uh what were
+some of the issues what were some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the issues what were some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the issues what were some of the
+issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that
+the authors here point out as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors here point out as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors here point out as uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as uh legitimate points of view on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh legitimate points of view on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh legitimate points of view on this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it's a legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legitimate
+cost benefit analysis from a utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit analysis from a utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit analysis from a utilitarian
+point of view i mean the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view i mean the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view i mean the method of
+analysis at least is legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at least is legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at least is legitimate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i saw this as utilitarian ethics going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw this as utilitarian ethics going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw this as utilitarian ethics going
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i think their point of view is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think their point of view is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think their point of view is an
+excuse somewhat but it doesn't really i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse somewhat but it doesn't really i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse somewhat but it doesn't really i
+think get it the essence of what like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think get it the essence of what like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think get it the essence of what like a
+cross limited analysis and what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross limited analysis and what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross limited analysis and what a
+utilitarian approach would kind of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian approach would kind of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian approach would kind of force
+you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah i mean it's interesting one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean it's interesting one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean it's interesting one you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+yeah i feel like this is a utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i feel like this is a utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i feel like this is a utilitarian
+approach that came to the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that came to the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that came to the wrong
+conclusion yeah that's what i wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion yeah that's what i wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion yeah that's what i wanted
+that's what i want to complete anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i want to complete anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i want to complete anyway
+like i want to say that what we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i want to say that what we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i want to say that what we did was
+wrong did they get the numbers wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong did they get the numbers wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong did they get the numbers wrong
+and did they get the numbers wrong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did they get the numbers wrong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did they get the numbers wrong is
+that what you're saying yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're saying yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're saying yeah so that's
+what i want to say is well they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to say is well they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to say is well they just
+didn't put a high enough cost on human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put a high enough cost on human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put a high enough cost on human
+life they put a higher cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life they put a higher cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life they put a higher cost
+then the conclusion would have been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion would have been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion would have been to
+put the safety features into the car you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the safety features into the car you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the safety features into the car you
+know because it they wouldn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because it they wouldn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because it they wouldn't have been
+saving i think their audience is off too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving i think their audience is off too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving i think their audience is off too
+like are they just i mean from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are they just i mean from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are they just i mean from their
+point of view if you just consider their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view if you just consider their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view if you just consider their
+corporation yes it makes sense to not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation yes it makes sense to not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation yes it makes sense to not do
+it but they're not considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but they're not considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but they're not considering
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+everything i think they are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i think they are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i think they are you know
+when they assign the value to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they assign the value to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they assign the value to this
+person's life but i think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's life but i think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's life but i think they're
+looking at a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a little too
+narrowly like something went wrong i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly like something went wrong i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly like something went wrong i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that analysis but they once have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but is a company supposed to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is a company supposed to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is a company supposed to serve
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+well you're talking about management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're talking about management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're talking about management
+strictly yeah the company share all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly yeah the company share all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly yeah the company share all of
+this many engineers are supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many engineers are supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many engineers are supposed to be
+some of that but also some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that but also some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that but also some of the
+safety of the public it doesn't sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of the public it doesn't sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of the public it doesn't sound
+like they may put any weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they may put any weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they may put any weight
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+even the cost on life was from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the cost on life was from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the cost on life was from a
+management point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how would you
+how would you do would have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do would have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do would have done
+if you were an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were an engineer
+make me the bad guy i'm the one who told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me the bad guy i'm the one who told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me the bad guy i'm the one who told
+you to do it i'm your boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what was the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh save that cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh save that cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh save that cost
+i want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want uh
+you know you guys are coming up with too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you guys are coming up with too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you guys are coming up with too
+much weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight
+i want the cost of the weight of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the cost of the weight of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the cost of the weight of this
+vehicle down another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle down another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle down another
+12 pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 pounds
+go back and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do it
+wait what am i doing regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what am i doing regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what am i doing regularly
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+okay now we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we want to talk about
+regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations
+i want to put a but in there i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to put a but in there i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to put a but in there i don't
+want to i don't want the ethics class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to i don't want the ethics class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to i don't want the ethics class to
+turn into a legal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a legal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a legal class
+but what i want to do is to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to do is to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to do is to say well
+what are the regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the regulations
+and i want to ask do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to ask do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to ask do
+we have an ethical obligation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh to abide by the regulations that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary to use for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to use for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to use for example
+here's what is my example now goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what is my example now goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what is my example now goes back
+to what you all said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you all said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you all said
+uh the regulations allow cost-benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the regulations allow cost-benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the regulations allow cost-benefit
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+or allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or allowed
+so it was legal to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was legal to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was legal to do
+that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's exactly what all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly what all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly what all the
+engineers did and all the engineers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers did and all the engineers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers did and all the engineers had
+a right to point to the regulations say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right to point to the regulations say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right to point to the regulations say
+we live within in the law what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live within in the law what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live within in the law what are you
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure
+more regulations came out of this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more regulations came out of this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more regulations came out of this case
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things that made this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that made this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that made this case
+what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+was the was really the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the was really the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the was really the question
+that hurt engineers a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hurt engineers a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hurt engineers a lot
+that came from citizen groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from citizen groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from citizen groups
+how could you all do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can you do how can you just sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do how can you just sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do how can you just sit down
+and just say well we know we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say well we know we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say well we know we're going to
+kill so many people but we can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill so many people but we can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill so many people but we can make a
+profit off of it because they won't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit off of it because they won't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit off of it because they won't lose
+when a lot of these law cases how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a lot of these law cases how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a lot of these law cases how can
+you just how could you do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just how could you do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just how could you do something like
+that and engineers personally i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and engineers personally i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and engineers personally i mean i
+went i was going to conferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went i was going to conferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went i was going to conferences
+roughly once every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly once every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly once every
+four four to six weeks back in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four to six weeks back in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four to six weeks back in those
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i think that i'll never i didn't go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that i'll never i didn't go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that i'll never i didn't go to a
+single conference where somebody didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single conference where somebody didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single conference where somebody didn't
+lose it emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose it emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose it emotionally
+either in the audience on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the audience on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the audience on the
+panel either because they felt attacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel either because they felt attacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel either because they felt attacked
+or because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because they were
+they were on the attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were on the attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were on the attack
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my um
+and some of the people who were on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the people who were on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the people who were on the
+attack could point to a relative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack could point to a relative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack could point to a relative or
+somebody who died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who were
+defending themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending themselves
+were ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ordinary
+decent people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent people
+the engineers go to work at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers go to work at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers go to work at night
+get off of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off of five
+do the best they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they had engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had engineers
+that there was a whole generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a whole generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a whole generation of
+engineers who had never been attacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers who had never been attacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers who had never been attacked
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+the last ones were in the early early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last ones were in the early early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last ones were in the early early
+40s and late 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40s and late 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40s and late 30s
+so this we're talking about the late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we're talking about the late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we're talking about the late 60s
+early 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s
+they thought the engineers were always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought the engineers were always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought the engineers were always
+thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+always thought of themselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought of themselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought of themselves as
+decent people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent people
+there was an article i'm still trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article i'm still trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article i'm still trying to
+find it maybe you all could find it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it maybe you all could find it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it maybe you all could find it for
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+it came out in a magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came out in a magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came out in a magazine
+it was one of two magazines it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of two magazines it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of two magazines it was
+either look or life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those those were magazines that were big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those were magazines that were big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those were magazines that were big
+read big magazines back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read big magazines back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read big magazines back in the
+50s and 60s maybe even the 40s and 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and 60s maybe even the 40s and 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and 60s maybe even the 40s and 30s
+20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s
+everybody read either look or life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i remember in in there there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember in in there there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember in in there there was an
+article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+and it had this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it had this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it had this picture
+introduced in the article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the article
+and the picture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture was
+the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+of american life in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of american life in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of american life in the 1950s
+a husband and wife are two kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a husband and wife are two kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a husband and wife are two kids
+living in the suburbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in the suburbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in the suburbs
+the wife stays home the husband goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife stays home the husband goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife stays home the husband goes to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+and the kids look up to dad like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kids look up to dad like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kids look up to dad like he's
+you know that was the uh it had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was the uh it had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was the uh it had that
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the wife was standing in the doorway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife was standing in the doorway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife was standing in the doorway
+handing him handing the husband his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing him handing the husband his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing him handing the husband his
+lunch pail as i would call it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch pail as i would call it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch pail as i would call it and the
+kids were waving goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids were waving goodbye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids were waving goodbye
+and the title of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the title of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the title of it was
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+were words to the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were words to the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were words to the effect
+he's an engineer and his family doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an engineer and his family doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an engineer and his family doesn't
+know what he's going to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what he's going to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what he's going to do today
+and was based on some national surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was based on some national surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was based on some national surveys
+that the families of engineers had not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the families of engineers had not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the families of engineers had not a
+clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue
+as to what their husband and father was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what their husband and father was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what their husband and father was
+going to do they were all men in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do they were all men in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do they were all men in those
+days when i say all men i don't mean 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when i say all men i don't mean 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when i say all men i don't mean 100
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not know what their father was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not know what their father was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not know what their father was
+going to do all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do all day
+he didn't know what engineering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm still trying to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm still trying to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm still trying to find that
+article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+there was another article that i'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another article that i'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another article that i'm still
+trying to find that came out in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find that came out in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find that came out in one of
+those magazines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those magazines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those magazines
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these pictures of graduation at berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the students the engineering students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students the engineering students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students the engineering students
+had these placards and the liberal arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these placards and the liberal arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these placards and the liberal arts
+students had other placements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had other placements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had other placements
+and they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were not
+anti-war places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war places
+the engineers the liberal arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers the liberal arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers the liberal arts
+students had placards that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had placards that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had placards that said
+we got an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an education
+and the engineering placard said we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engineering placard said we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engineering placard said we got
+jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs
+and they were directed one towards each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were directed one towards each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were directed one towards each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there was this i'm trying to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this i'm trying to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this i'm trying to describe
+the mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mood
+of the times that govern ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times that govern ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times that govern ethical
+decisions because i argue that ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions because i argue that ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions because i argue that ethical
+decisions no matter what plato said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions no matter what plato said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions no matter what plato said
+actually no matter what aristotle said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no matter what aristotle said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no matter what aristotle said
+uh have a lot to do with your passions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have a lot to do with your passions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have a lot to do with your passions
+you're trying to put your passions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to put your passions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to put your passions and
+your reason in some kind of harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reason in some kind of harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reason in some kind of harmony
+and a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it
+but aristotle said no it's all reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but aristotle said no it's all reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but aristotle said no it's all reason
+and plato said no it's all character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh
+well are you willing to take a stand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are you willing to take a stand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are you willing to take a stand on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on the fourth pinto case can you point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fourth pinto case can you point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fourth pinto case can you point
+to somebody who did something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody who did something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody who did something wrong
+can you point to somebody else who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you point to somebody else who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you point to somebody else who did
+something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right
+uh can you tell me what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you tell me what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you tell me what you would do
+if you were in us in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were in us in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were in us in a situation
+would you have blown the whistle on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have blown the whistle on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have blown the whistle on your
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+when the word came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the word came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the word came down
+noticed that nobody in ford blew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that nobody in ford blew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that nobody in ford blew the
+whistle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i mean i feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engine
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+i wonder how much the engineers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wonder how much the engineers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wonder how much the engineers that
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+working on the car design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the car design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the car design
+knew about the crash test results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about the crash test results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about the crash test results
+do you know i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wherever the boss says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like now people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now people
+are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+that's a fair characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there what whistle blowing was not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what whistle blowing was not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what whistle blowing was not new
+in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days
+uh it late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it late
+would show that whistleblowing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show that whistleblowing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show that whistleblowing uh
+i think he traces it back to the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he traces it back to the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he traces it back to the late
+19th century that you would find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century that you would find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century that you would find it
+but it was so rare and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was so rare and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was so rare and so
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+it was equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was equivalent
+it was equivalent to heresy and religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was equivalent to heresy and religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was equivalent to heresy and religion
+i mean if you did it you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you did it you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you did it you'd get
+blackballed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackballed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackballed
+and you would and people thought of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would and people thought of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would and people thought of you
+as a terrible person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you couldn't live there anymore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you couldn't live there anymore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you couldn't live there anymore if
+you blew so you couldn't go home with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blew so you couldn't go home with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blew so you couldn't go home with
+your neighbors even if they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors even if they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors even if they were not
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+they say oh how could you do a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh how could you do a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh how could you do a thing
+like that your times were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that your times were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that your times were different
+uh but times were changing in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but times were changing in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but times were changing in those days
+well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh
+let me say that we're not done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that we're not done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that we're not done with the
+fort pinto i want uh in the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fort pinto i want uh in the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fort pinto i want uh in the next class
+uh come back and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come back and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come back and uh
+tell me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me uh
+if you're willing to take a stand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to take a stand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to take a stand or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+on this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this case
+uh let's let me assign another case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's let me assign another case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's let me assign another case um
+on the list in the syllabus we're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list in the syllabus we're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list in the syllabus we're at a
+point now where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now where um
+we can start picking and choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start picking and choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start picking and choosing
+do you have any preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't have to go in the order that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to go in the order that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to go in the order that i
+presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the pinto is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the pinto is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the pinto is a little more
+you can see why i picked this one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why i picked this one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why i picked this one after
+a7d a7d was pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a7d a7d was pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a7d a7d was pretty straightforward
+pinto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinto
+was a little hard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little hard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little hard right
+yeah i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to be able to say that a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be able to say that a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be able to say that a company
+shouldn't sell a car that they know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't sell a car that they know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't sell a car that they know is
+going to kill someone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kill someone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kill someone but
+all cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cars
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+where's the threshold right how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the threshold right how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the threshold right how many
+deaths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allowable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable and
+what well i'll tell you what where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well i'll tell you what where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well i'll tell you what where i
+will understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand um
+uh on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this
+and um i think that there are contrary i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i think that there are contrary i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i think that there are contrary i
+tell you what there are contrary stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what there are contrary stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what there are contrary stands
+you can take too i tell you what let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take too i tell you what let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take too i tell you what let's
+play a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game
+let's start playing a game and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start playing a game and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start playing a game and that is
+whenever i ask you or whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever i ask you or whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever i ask you or whenever you
+decide to take a stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to take a stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to take a stand
+it can be a stand that you will defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a stand that you will defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a stand that you will defend
+because you believe in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you believe in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you believe in it
+or you can tell us you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can tell us you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can tell us you're going to be
+devil's advocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's advocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's advocate
+take a stand that you don't believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stand that you don't believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stand that you don't believe in
+see how far you can defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let me see the list and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's do chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do chernobyl
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now i'll tell you what let's do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll tell you what let's do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll tell you what let's do two
+let's do two together let's do chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do two together let's do chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do two together let's do chernobyl
+and three mile an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three mile an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three mile an hour
+now the reason for doing them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason for doing them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason for doing them together
+is that we can make a cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can make a cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can make a cultural
+comparison
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7dVYOOHB4g4.txt b/7dVYOOHB4g4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e62e1efc24af879cc46431f0a97d03165e301a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7dVYOOHB4g4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7642 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I for me this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I for me this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I for me this is the
+third and last major topic of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and last major topic of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and last major topic of the course
+the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+was uh initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh initial value
+problems stability accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems stability accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems stability accuracy
+and the topic two was solving large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the topic two was solving large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the topic two was solving large
+linear systems by iterative methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems by iterative methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems by iterative methods and
+also by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by um
+direct methods like reordering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct methods like reordering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct methods like reordering the
+equations now topic three is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now topic three is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now topic three is a whole
+world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+essentially that means in reality it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that means in reality it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that means in reality it
+means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're
+minimizing or possibly Max maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing or possibly Max maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing or possibly Max maximizing
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+expression and that expression could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that expression could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that expression could be
+a function of several variables we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of several variables we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of several variables we could
+be in the discrete case so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the discrete case so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the discrete case so we've got
+maybe I just emphasize that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just emphasize that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just emphasize that we have
+discreete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so
+that's um in in RN discreete in in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um in in RN discreete in in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um in in RN discreete in in N
+dimensions and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and uh
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+um some famous areas as single as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some famous areas as single as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some famous areas as single as small
+subsets really of the of the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets really of the of the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets really of the of the big picture
+for example one subset would be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programming so that's a very special but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming so that's a very special but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming so that's a very special but
+important case of problems that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case of problems that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case of problems that are
+where the cost is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cost is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cost is linear
+the constraints are linear and uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints are linear and uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints are linear and uh has
+its own special methods so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own special methods so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own special methods so I think
+that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth
+uh considering on its own at a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh considering on its own at a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh considering on its own at a later
+point in in a lecture another bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in a lecture another bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in a lecture another bigger
+picture for us actually bigger will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for us actually bigger will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for us actually bigger will be
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+programming where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming where
+the quantity that's being minimized is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity that's being minimized is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity that's being minimized is a
+quadratic function now what's good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function now what's good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function now what's good about
+a qu quadratic function its derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a qu quadratic function its derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a qu quadratic function its derivatives
+are linear so that leads us to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear so that leads us to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear so that leads us to linear
+equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but
+always with constraints this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always with constraints this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always with constraints this is
+the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there
+are we don't have a free choice of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we don't have a free choice of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we don't have a free choice of any
+Vector in RN we have constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in RN we have constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in RN we have constraints on the
+vectors they have to maybe they solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they have to maybe they solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they have to maybe they solve
+a a linear system of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a linear system of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a linear system of their
+own you know we might be in 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own you know we might be in 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own you know we might be in 100
+dimensions and we might have 10 linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we might have 10 linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we might have 10 linear
+equations that the unknowns have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that the unknowns have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that the unknowns have to
+solve so in some way we're really in 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so in some way we're really in 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so in some way we're really in 90
+Dimensions but it might you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions but it might you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions but it might you know how
+should we treat those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we treat those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we treat those
+constraints well you you know that lon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints well you you know that lon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints well you you know that lon's
+multipliers play a role okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers play a role okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers play a role okay so there's
+a there's a big area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a big area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a big area
+very big area of discrete optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big area of discrete optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big area of discrete optimization
+then also there's the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems where the where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where the where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where the where the
+unknown is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is a
+function is a function U of X I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function U of X I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function U of X I'll say
+or U of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or U of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or U of X and
+Y it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y it's a
+function that's why I refer to that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's why I refer to that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's why I refer to that area
+as continuous optimization and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as continuous optimization and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as continuous optimization and and uh
+the the word that's often you well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the word that's often you well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the word that's often you well first
+you you always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you always want to
+get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an
+equation which is in some way going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is in some way going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is in some way going to
+be derivative equals zero right when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be derivative equals zero right when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be derivative equals zero right when we
+learn about minimization in elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about minimization in elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about minimization in elementary
+calculus somewhere along the line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus somewhere along the line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus somewhere along the line is
+going to be an equation that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an equation that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an equation that has
+something like derivative equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like derivative equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like derivative equals
+zero but of course we have to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but of course we have to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but of course we have to account
+for the con straints we have to ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the con straints we have to ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the con straints we have to ask what
+is the derivative of what when we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of what when we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of what when we're uh
+when our unknown is a function can I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when our unknown is a function can I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when our unknown is a function can I I'm
+just going to write down a part A a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write down a part A a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write down a part A a
+topic within mathematics that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic within mathematics that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic within mathematics that this is
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+uh um expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um expressed as
+calculus that would be derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus that would be derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus that would be derivative
+but in the in the case for functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the in the case for functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the in the case for functions
+it's often called the calculus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called the calculus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called the calculus of
+variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's just so you see that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just so you see that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just so you see that word
+there are books with that title okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are books with that title okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are books with that title okay
+so the the idea of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the idea of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the idea of what is the
+derivative when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when
+our unknown is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unknown is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unknown is a
+function and the objective that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the objective that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the objective that we're
+trying to minimize is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize is the integral of
+the function and its derivatives all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and its derivatives all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and its derivatives all
+sorts of uh uh possibilities there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh uh possibilities there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh uh possibilities there okay
+so that that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's a very
+quick overview of a field that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview of a field that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview of a field that we'll
+soon know a lot about and I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon know a lot about and I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon know a lot about and I was trying
+to think where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think where to
+start and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and I think
+maybe better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better be
+discreet uh and I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet uh and I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet uh and I want to get
+to uh I want to get to the set system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I want to get to the set system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I want to get to the set system of
+equations that you constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you constantly
+see so let me use as an example the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so let me use as an example the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so let me use as an example the most
+most basic problem which comes for maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic problem which comes for maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic problem which comes for maybe
+I'll start over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the problem of least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squares which I'll Express this way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares which I'll Express this way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares which I'll Express this way I'm
+given a matrix a and a right hand side B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a matrix a and a right hand side B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a matrix a and a right hand side B
+and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to
+minimize the length squared of a u minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the length squared of a u minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the length squared of a u minus
+B okay so that's that would be a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so that's that would be a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so that's that would be a first
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+to which we could apply calculus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which we could apply calculus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which we could apply calculus because
+it's a straight minimization and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight minimization and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight minimization and I
+haven't got any constraints in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got any constraints in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got any constraints in there
+yet and we could also apply linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and we could also apply linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and we could also apply linear
+algebra and actually linear linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and actually linear linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and actually linear linear
+algebra is going to throw a little extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is going to throw a little extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is going to throw a little extra
+light okay so just what am I thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay so just what am I thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay so just what am I thinking of
+here I'm thinking of a as being M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm thinking of a as being M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm thinking of a as being M
+byn with M larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn with M larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn with M larger than
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I if it if a is a square Matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if it if a is a square Matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if it if a is a square Matrix then
+this problem is the same as solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is the same as solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is the same as solving a
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+B and of course we'll we it will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and of course we'll we it will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and of course we'll we it will always
+reduce to that case if m equals n but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to that case if m equals n but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to that case if m equals n but to
+focus on the problems that I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the problems that I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the problems that I'm really
+thinking about I'm thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about I'm thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about I'm thinking about the
+case where the this is the n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the this is the n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the this is the n is the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+it's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and M the larger number is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and M the larger number is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and M the larger number is the number
+of measurements the number of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements the number of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements the number of the the
+data it's so it's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's so it's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's so it's the number of
+equations and it's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it's the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it's the size of
+B so we have more equations than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we have more equations than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we have more equations than
+unknowns that's and you've met least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns that's and you've met least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns that's and you've met least
+squares before I I I I hope that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares before I I I I hope that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares before I I I I hope that maybe
+even these in these few minutes so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even these in these few minutes so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even these in these few minutes so a
+little new light will shed will be shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little new light will shed will be shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little new light will shed will be shed
+on these squares okay so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these squares okay so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these squares okay so here's our
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and calculus could lead us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculus could lead us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculus could lead us to the
+equation for the best U so u u stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the best U so u u stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the best U so u u stands
+for U1 U2 up to u n they're n components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U1 U2 up to u n they're n components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U1 U2 up to u n they're n components
+in that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Vector
+U okay and maybe you know the equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U okay and maybe you know the equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U okay and maybe you know the equation I
+guess I hope you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I hope you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I hope you know the
+equation um because it's such a key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um because it's such a key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um because it's such a key to
+so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many
+applications and if I just write it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and if I just write it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and if I just write it it
+will sound as if problem over let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sound as if problem over let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sound as if problem over let me let
+me write it though so the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it though so the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it though so the the key
+equation and then this comes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then this comes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then this comes up in
+statistics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for
+example well that's one of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well that's one of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well that's one of a hundred
+examples but in statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but in statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but in statistics
+they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh
+um this is the topic of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the topic of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the topic of linear
+regression in statistics let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in statistics let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in statistics let me write
+down they gave the name normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation to the equation that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to the equation that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to the equation that gives you
+directly and you remember what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and you remember what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and you remember what it
+is the normal equation the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the normal equation the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the normal equation the equation for
+the minimizing U which we could find by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimizing U which we could find by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimizing U which we could find by
+calculus it involves the key Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it involves the key Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it involves the key Matrix a
+trans suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans suppose
+a that's let me call you hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's let me call you hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's let me call you hat
+the the minimizer the winner in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the minimizer the winner in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the minimizer the winner in this
+competition and the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and the right hand side of
+that equation is a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation is a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation is a transpose
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+won't directly go back to derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't directly go back to derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't directly go back to derive it
+although probably I'm going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although probably I'm going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although probably I'm going to end up
+deriving it because you sort of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving it because you sort of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving it because you sort of that you
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+help uh approaching that equation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh approaching that equation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh approaching that equation from
+one side or another and as I say one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or another and as I say one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or another and as I say one way
+to approach it would just be to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach it would just be to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach it would just be to write
+out what that sum of squares is take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that sum of squares is take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that sum of squares is take its
+derivative and you would get linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and you would get linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and you would get linear
+equations okay so again U hat stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so again U hat stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so again U hat stands for
+the U that gives the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U that gives the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U that gives the minimum
+okay and this a transpose a of course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this a transpose a of course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this a transpose a of course so
+I'm putting in a little bit of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting in a little bit of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting in a little bit of linear
+algebra this Matrix a transpose a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra this Matrix a transpose a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra this Matrix a transpose a is
+obvious ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric and its important property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and its important property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and its important property
+beyond the Symmetry is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the Symmetry is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the Symmetry is that it's
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite well yeah I have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite well yeah I have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite well yeah I have to say
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definite there's always a Proviso of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite there's always a Proviso of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite there's always a Proviso of
+course I haven't eliminated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I haven't eliminated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I haven't eliminated the
+degenerate case yet a could a has am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case yet a could a has am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case yet a could a has am
+many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+rows a few a smaller number of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows a few a smaller number of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows a few a smaller number of columns
+and let's let's assume that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let's assume that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let's assume that those
+columns are linearly independent so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are linearly independent so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are linearly independent so that
+we really do have n unknowns if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really do have n unknowns if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really do have n unknowns if those
+columns were say if say if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns were say if say if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns were say if say if all the
+columns were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns were the same
+then Au would just be multiplying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Au would just be multiplying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Au would just be multiplying that
+same column and and there would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column and and there would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column and and there would really
+be only one unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only one unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only one unknown
+so I'm going to say I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say I'm going to say
+that a has rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a has rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a has rank
+n by which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by which I
+mean in independent columns and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in independent columns and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in independent columns and in that
+case that's what guarantees that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's what guarantees that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's what guarantees that this is
+positive definite let me try to draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite let me try to draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite let me try to draw an
+arrow there just that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow there just that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow there just that this is the same
+statement if I if I say about a that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if I if I say about a that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if I if I say about a that the
+columns are are independent then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are are independent then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are are independent then I'm
+saying about a transpose a that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about a transpose a that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about a transpose a that it is
+positive definite and uh that means all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and uh that means all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and uh that means all
+its igen values are positive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values are positive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values are positive it's
+invertible certainly all its pivots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible certainly all its pivots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible certainly all its pivots are
+positive it's the great class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it's the great class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it's the great class of
+matrices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay
+now but I don't really want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I don't really want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I don't really want to start
+with that equation I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that equation I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that equation I want to
+because here's my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here's my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here's my point
+optimization very a a key word that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization very a a key word that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization very a a key word that I'm
+better get on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get on the
+board uh maybe up here to show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh maybe up here to show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh maybe up here to show that it's
+really important is plus the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Duality and the effect of Duality if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality and the effect of Duality if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality and the effect of Duality if I
+just give a first mention to that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give a first mention to that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give a first mention to that word
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that very often optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very often optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very often optimization problems
+there are really two problems two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are really two problems two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are really two problems two
+problems that don't look identical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that don't look identical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that don't look identical but
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+some important way they both each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some important way they both each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some important way they both each
+problem is uh gives our uh each problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is uh gives our uh each problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is uh gives our uh each problem
+is a statement of the of the task ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a statement of the of the task ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a statement of the of the task ahead
+of us okay and and what what are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us okay and and what what are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us okay and and what what are the two
+problems the two dual problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the two dual problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the two dual problems
+in in this basic example of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this basic example of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this basic example of these
+squares all right here here's the here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares all right here here's the here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares all right here here's the here's
+a good picture here's a good picture let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good picture here's a good picture let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good picture here's a good picture let
+me put it on this board so I can recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it on this board so I can recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it on this board so I can recover
+it okay so minimize Au minus B so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so minimize Au minus B so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so minimize Au minus B so I
+think of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the vector
+b as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b as
+being in where it's in M Dimensions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in where it's in M Dimensions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in where it's in M Dimensions so
+it's a picture I'm in M Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a picture I'm in M Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a picture I'm in M Dimensions
+here now what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what about
+Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au
+Au where will Au go in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au where will Au go in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au where will Au go in this
+picture so Au is all the candidates Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so Au is all the candidates Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so Au is all the candidates Au
+multiply a by any Vector U so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a by any Vector U so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a by any Vector U so that
+means Au is a combination of The Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Au is a combination of The Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Au is a combination of The Columns
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a the possible vectors Au lie in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the possible vectors Au lie in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the possible vectors Au lie in a
+Subspace so this is the Subspace of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so this is the Subspace of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so this is the Subspace of all
+possible vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Au and I'm and it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and I'm and it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and I'm and it's only
+dimensional this is only this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional this is only this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional this is only this is a this
+is an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an N
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+Subspace because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace because I have
+only n parameters in U only n columns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n parameters in U only n columns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n parameters in U only n columns in
+a so the set of all Aus is a I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the set of all Aus is a I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the set of all Aus is a I think of
+as a you could say a plane an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a you could say a plane an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a you could say a plane an N
+dimensional plane within the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plane within the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plane within the bigger
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+RM and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another name for that Subspace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for that Subspace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for that Subspace that
+plane is the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is the that's
+the in 1806 I would call it the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in 1806 I would call it the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in 1806 I would call it the column
+space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+a or the range of a is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a or the range of a is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a or the range of a is another
+expression that's used the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's used the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's used the all the
+possible Aus and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Aus and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Aus and here's
+B which isn't one of the possible Aus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which isn't one of the possible Aus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which isn't one of the possible Aus so
+what where is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where is you
+where is the best Au the best Au now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the best Au the best Au now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the best Au the best Au now the
+one that's closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's closest to
+be is now comes another Central word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is now comes another Central word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is now comes another Central word in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+subject if I draw it I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject if I draw it I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject if I draw it I'm going to draw
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+here that will be my best Au which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that will be my best Au which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that will be my best Au which I'm
+calling Au hat that's the the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling Au hat that's the the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling Au hat that's the the if the
+picture seems reasonable to your ey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture seems reasonable to your ey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture seems reasonable to your ey this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+vector that's in the plane closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and what's the geometry here see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what's the geometry here see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what's the geometry here see
+that's what I want to see a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to see a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to see a little
+geometry and a little algebra not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and a little algebra not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and a little algebra not just
+calculus so the geometry is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so the geometry is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so the geometry is that this
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B how's what's the connection between B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B how's what's the connection between B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B how's what's the connection between B
+and that Vector that's the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Vector that's the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Vector that's the closest
+Vector right when we we're minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right when we we're minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right when we we're minimizing
+the distance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance this
+distance here I might call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here I might call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here I might call that the
+error Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Vector
+e this is as small as possible that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is as small as possible that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is as small as possible that's
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+minimized that's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized that's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized that's the difference
+between that this is Pythagoras here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that this is Pythagoras here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that this is Pythagoras here we
+have and of course the when I say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and of course the when I say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and of course the when I say it's
+Pythagoras I'm already saying the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras I'm already saying the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras I'm already saying the most
+important point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that
+this is the project this is a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the project this is a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the project this is a right
+angle here that's a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here that's a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here that's a right
+angle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the
+closest Au which is au hat which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest Au which is au hat which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest Au which is au hat which is this
+Vector what the way geometrically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector what the way geometrically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector what the way geometrically we
+know it's closest is that the line from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's closest is that the line from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's closest is that the line from
+B to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to the
+plane uh that's where the line from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh that's where the line from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh that's where the line from B
+perpendicular to the plan this line this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plan this line this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plan this line this
+error Vector e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Vector e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Vector e is
+perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+okay and there's a a good word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a a good word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a a good word that
+everybody uses for this Vector take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses for this Vector take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses for this Vector take a
+vector B that's not on the plane what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B that's not on the plane what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B that's not on the plane what's
+the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to look for the nearest Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for the nearest Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for the nearest Vector in the
+plane projection projection so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane projection projection so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane projection projection so this is
+the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projection and projection orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and projection orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and projection orthogonal
+projection if I wanted to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection if I wanted to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection if I wanted to be really
+emphasized the fact that that's a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized the fact that that's a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized the fact that that's a right
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right so that would give me uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would give me uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would give me uh a
+uh a geometric way to see the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a geometric way to see the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a geometric way to see the least
+squares problem now how now comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares problem now how now comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares problem now how now comes the
+point to see the dual problem the Dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to see the dual problem the Dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to see the dual problem the Dual
+problem will be here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem will be here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem will be here if I
+draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace it so that's a Subspace of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace it so that's a Subspace of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace it so that's a Subspace of what
+dimension that that contains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that that contains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that that contains this
+contains all the vectors perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains all the vectors perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains all the vectors perpendicular
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+plane so I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so I have it
+this if we're in if if m is three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we're in if if m is three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we're in if if m is three so
+that we're in Three Di dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're in Three Di dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're in Three Di dimensions and
+our plane is an ordinary two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plane is an ordinary two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plane is an ordinary two-dimensional
+plane then the dimension is one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then the dimension is one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then the dimension is one that's
+the perpendicular line but thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular line but thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular line but thinking
+bigger if we're in M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger if we're in M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger if we're in M
+dimensions and this plane is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and this plane is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and this plane is n
+dimensional then this is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional then this is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional then this is going to have
+Real the true dimension of this is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real the true dimension of this is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real the true dimension of this is M
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+n which could be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which could be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which could be pretty
+substantial but anyway that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial but anyway that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial but anyway that's the the
+that's the perpendicular Subspace if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the perpendicular Subspace if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the perpendicular Subspace if I
+call if this is the column space of a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call if this is the column space of a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call if this is the column space of a I
+can figure out what what vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what what vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what what vectors are
+what vectors are perpendicular to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vectors are perpendicular to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vectors are perpendicular to the to
+The Columns of a that's really what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns of a that's really what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns of a that's really what I
+mean these are this contains I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are this contains I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are this contains I I've
+drawn it as a line but it but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it as a line but it but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it as a line but it but I've
+written up there its Dimensions so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written up there its Dimensions so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written up there its Dimensions so that
+you see I just don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I just don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I just don't know how to
+draw like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw like
+a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger
+Subspace and yet you would have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace and yet you would have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace and yet you would have to see
+that all the vectors in it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the vectors in it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the vectors in it were
+perpendicular to all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to all of these
+vectors do you see what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors do you see what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors do you see what I'm saying
+that if we were if we were stuck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we were if we were stuck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we were if we were stuck in
+thinking three in three dimensions if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking three in three dimensions if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking three in three dimensions if I
+make this a plane I can't make that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a plane I can't make that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a plane I can't make that a
+plane if I make m equal three and I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane if I make m equal three and I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane if I make m equal three and I make
+n equal to two I'm only got a line left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal to two I'm only got a line left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal to two I'm only got a line left
+to be perpendicular but in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perpendicular but in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perpendicular but in higher
+Dimensions got there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions got there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions got there are lots of
+Dimensions left okay so what's my dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions left okay so what's my dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions left okay so what's my dual
+problem my dual problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem my dual problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem my dual problem
+is find the vector e in this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find the vector e in this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find the vector e in this plane
+closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B in other words and by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in other words and by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in other words and by the same
+reasoning I all what I'm saying is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning I all what I'm saying is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning I all what I'm saying is take
+the vector B project it over to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane projected orthogonally that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane projected orthogonally that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane projected orthogonally that same
+right angle is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle is going to be
+there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this
+plane what what am I I haven't given I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what what am I I haven't given I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what what am I I haven't given I
+haven't said what's in this I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said what's in this I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said what's in this I've said
+what's in this plane but I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this plane but I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this plane but I haven't
+written it yet but you can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it yet but you can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it yet but you can tell me
+already what is this what's that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already what is this what's that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already what is this what's that Vector
+it's the project you you you could one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the project you you you could one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the project you you you could one
+answer would be it's the projection of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would be it's the projection of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would be it's the projection of B
+onto this perpendicular so you see we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this perpendicular so you see we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this perpendicular so you see we're
+we're really taking the vector B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really taking the vector B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really taking the vector B and
+we're separating it into two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're separating it into two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're separating it into two components
+one in the column space the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the column space the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the column space the other
+perpendicular to the column space so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the column space so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the column space so so
+just tell me what that Vector is it is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me what that Vector is it is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me what that Vector is it is e
+same same guy in other words e is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same guy in other words e is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same guy in other words e is the
+solution to the Dual problem maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the Dual problem maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the Dual problem maybe I
+call this projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this projection
+P for the best Vector in the plane e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P for the best Vector in the plane e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P for the best Vector in the plane e is
+the ve best Vector in this Subspace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ve best Vector in this Subspace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ve best Vector in this Subspace and
+they add up to so we're really taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add up to so we're really taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add up to so we're really taking
+the vector B and we're splitting it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B and we're splitting it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B and we're splitting it into
+a part p in this space and a part e in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part p in this space and a part e in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part p in this space and a part e in
+the perpendicular space and uh if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular space and uh if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular space and uh if I just
+write down the equations for that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the equations for that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the equations for that I'll
+see what's cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's cooking
+okay well I guess what I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I guess what I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I guess what I have to do is
+remember what are the equations to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what are the equations to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what are the equations to be in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Subspace to be perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace to be perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace to be perpendicular to the
+column so I I I I can't go further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so I I I I can't go further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so I I I I can't go further
+without remembering what's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without remembering what's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without remembering what's in that
+Subspace okay so everything in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace okay so everything in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace okay so everything in that
+Subspace is perpendicular to The Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace is perpendicular to The Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace is perpendicular to The Columns
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a let me just write down what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let me just write down what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let me just write down what that means
+let me let me use the letter maybe Y for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me use the letter maybe Y for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me use the letter maybe Y for
+the vectors in that Subspace and E for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors in that Subspace and E for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors in that Subspace and E for
+the winning Vector the the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning Vector the the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning Vector the the projection
+okay so y will be the vectors in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so y will be the vectors in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so y will be the vectors in that
+Subspace so those vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so those vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so those vectors are
+perpendicular so this is the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so this is the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so this is the these are
+the this is the Subspace of y's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the Subspace of y's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the Subspace of y's all the
+Y's in Here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's in Here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's in Here and
+Now what's the condition so Y in that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's the condition so Y in that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's the condition so Y in that y
+in the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the is
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+Subspace what do I mean I mean that's Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what do I mean I mean that's Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what do I mean I mean that's Y
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+perpendicular to The Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and how shall I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and how shall I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and how shall I write
+that perpendicular means inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perpendicular means inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perpendicular means inner product
+zero so I want to write I want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I want to write I want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I want to write I want to change
+the columns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns into
+rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+so and and and take the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and and take the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and and take the inner product
+with Y and get zeros Z zero zero so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y and get zeros Z zero zero so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y and get zeros Z zero zero so this
+is column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one transpose to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transpose to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transpose to be a
+row what I've tried to I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what I've tried to I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what I've tried to I'm trying to
+express this requirement in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this requirement in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this requirement in terms of a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+and so to be perpendicular to the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to be perpendicular to the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to be perpendicular to the First
+Column I know so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column I know so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column I know so that means that the
+inner product of the First Column with Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of the First Column with Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of the First Column with Y
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+zero it the inner product with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it the inner product with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it the inner product with the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+column second column with Y should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column second column with Y should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column second column with Y should be
+zero the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column it's inner product with Y should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it's inner product with Y should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it's inner product with Y should
+be zero so what Matrix have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what's what's the condition on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's what's the condition on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's what's the condition on why
+it's simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple and
+beautiful what Matrix is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful what Matrix is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful what Matrix is that it's a
+transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so
+the the the that perpendicular thing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the that perpendicular thing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the that perpendicular thing are
+this is completely expressed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely expressed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely expressed by the
+equation a transpose yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that that tells me the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that tells me the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that tells me the why
+Y and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and of course
+e is going to be one of the Y's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is going to be one of the Y's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is going to be one of the Y's it's
+going to be I could say y hat but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I could say y hat but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I could say y hat but I've
+already named it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already named it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already named it
+e it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e it's
+the particular one that's closest to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular one that's closest to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular one that's closest to B
+the Y's are everybody all along here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's are everybody all along here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's are everybody all along here are
+this is the null space of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the null space of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the null space of a of a
+transpose so in words I would call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so in words I would call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so in words I would call it
+the that perpendicular thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that perpendicular thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that perpendicular thing is the
+space of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose
+okay so when you did linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you did linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you did linear algebra
+you'll remember that that the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember that that the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember that that the null space
+of a transpose yeah let me write it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose yeah let me write it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose yeah let me write it is
+perpendicular to the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the column
+space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+a the fundamental theorem of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the fundamental theorem of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the fundamental theorem of linear
+algebra right there and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right there and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right there and now we're
+just using it again to see what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using it again to see what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using it again to see what are the
+two dual problems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dual problems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dual problems here
+so the the Primal problem the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the Primal problem the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the Primal problem the one that
+we stated first was this one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stated first was this one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stated first was this one so this
+I'll call this the Primal P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this the Primal P for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this the Primal P for
+Primal and what is the Dual problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primal and what is the Dual problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primal and what is the Dual problem the
+Dual problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is the problem for the about the Y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the problem for the about the Y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the problem for the about the Y's
+not about the U's at all that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the U's at all that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the U's at all that's the
+beauty of these of this is Duality one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these of this is Duality one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these of this is Duality one
+problem is about U's and it's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is about U's and it's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is about U's and it's a problem
+that ends up projecting on the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up projecting on the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up projecting on the column
+space the second problem is about y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the second problem is about y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the second problem is about y's
+it's the problem that ends up projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the problem that ends up projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the problem that ends up projecting
+onto this perpendicular space and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this perpendicular space and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this perpendicular space and and it
+was a projection so the Dual problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a projection so the Dual problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a projection so the Dual problem is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+minimize the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the distance
+from B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+but with the constraint with and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the constraint with and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the constraint with and now I'm
+get to use that word constraint with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to use that word constraint with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to use that word constraint with a
+transpose y equals z so there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y equals z so there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y equals z so there is the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what's the
+so I hope your eye can travel between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope your eye can travel between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope your eye can travel between
+the well let me write underneath it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well let me write underneath it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well let me write underneath it the
+Primal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primal
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+minimize Au U minus b s okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize Au U minus b s okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize Au U minus b s okay
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay and uh this is the one whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh this is the one whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh this is the one whose
+solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is
+e and this is the one whose solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and this is the one whose solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and this is the one whose solution is
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+and the projection p u hat sorry and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projection p u hat sorry and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projection p u hat sorry and the
+the projection p is a you hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection p is a you hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection p is a you hat
+and I guess what I'm trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess what I'm trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess what I'm trying to say is
+that somehow there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow there's
+a very important connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important connection between the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems the first of all the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the first of all the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the first of all the two
+problems use the same data they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems use the same data they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems use the same data they use the
+same Vector B they use the same Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Vector B they use the same Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Vector B they use the same Matrix a
+and notice that in one problem it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that in one problem it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that in one problem it's a
+and in the other problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the other problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the other problem is the
+transpose appears that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose appears that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose appears that's very
+common we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common we'll see that
+always and but there's something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and but there's something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and but there's something a
+little different about the two problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different about the two problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different about the two problems
+this problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem was
+unconstrained any was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained any was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained any was
+allowed this problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed this problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed this problem was
+constrained only uh a subset of y's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained only uh a subset of y's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained only uh a subset of y's only
+that Subspace of y's was allowed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Subspace of y's was allowed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Subspace of y's was allowed this
+this is a problem with n unknown this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem with n unknown this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem with n unknown this is
+a problem with M minus n unknowns M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with M minus n unknowns M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with M minus n unknowns M
+minus n unknown uh unknown uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n unknown uh unknown uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n unknown uh unknown uh
+uh variables once we've accounted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variables once we've accounted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variables once we've accounted for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+constraints but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but
+uh I I guess this is one thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I guess this is one thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I guess this is one thing I'm
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+about often the problem will come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about often the problem will come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about often the problem will come with
+the constraint the and maybe I'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint the and maybe I'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint the and maybe I'll do a
+physical example right away the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example right away the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example right away the the
+problem comes to us with a constraint in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes to us with a constraint in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes to us with a constraint in
+other words suppose you were given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words suppose you were given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words suppose you were given this
+problem how would you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that's that's like the first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's like the first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's like the first question
+in optimization or or one of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in optimization or or one of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in optimization or or one of the central
+questions how do you deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions how do you deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions how do you deal with a
+constraint if we minimize this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint if we minimize this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint if we minimize this of course
+the minimum would be when y equal B but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum would be when y equal B but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum would be when y equal B but
+that's failing to take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's failing to take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's failing to take into account the
+constraint on y so how do you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on y so how do you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on y so how do you take
+constraints into account and end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints into account and end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints into account and end up with
+an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation
+that you know we can see in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we can see in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we can see in this picture
+that somehow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow or
+other we ended up with this normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we ended up with this normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we ended up with this normal
+equation but actually I I would rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but actually I I would rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but actually I I would rather
+end up with a equation I'd rather end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a equation I'd rather end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a equation I'd rather end up
+with a primal dual equation i' I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a primal dual equation i' I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a primal dual equation i' I'd like
+to end up with an equation for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an equation for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an equation for the best
+U and the best y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the best y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the best y
+so what will that be so what what I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will that be so what what I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will that be so what what I need
+now two equations that will connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two equations that will connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two equations that will connect the
+best U and the best Y and probably this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best U and the best Y and probably this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best U and the best Y and probably this
+is going to be the key this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the key this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the key this
+B is au hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this will be one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this will be one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this will be one of my
+equations and this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other let me see if I well okay maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other let me see if I well okay maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other let me see if I well okay maybe I
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+me I don't know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here I've called it y over here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I've called it y over here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I've called it y over here it's
+e I've got myself in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corner maybe I should maybe e should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner maybe I should maybe e should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner maybe I should maybe e should be
+I should call e y hat would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we we we we have in mind that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we we we have in mind that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we we we have in mind that it's
+e the error in the Primal problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the error in the Primal problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the error in the Primal problem but
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to just to make the two the notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just to make the two the notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just to make the two the notation for
+the two problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two problems
+consistent let me call the winner here y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent let me call the winner here y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent let me call the winner here y
+hat the winner here U hat and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat the winner here U hat and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat the winner here U hat and what's the
+relation so let me just here I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so let me just here I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so let me just here I'll write
+down the relation between the two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the relation between the two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the relation between the two well
+it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over
+there uh let's see is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh let's see is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh let's see is that right
+yes y hat plus a u hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes y hat plus a u hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes y hat plus a u hat is
+b and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and a
+transpose y hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's
+it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's
+it here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+yeah th this that's the pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah th this that's the pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah th this that's the pair of
+equations that solves that connects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that solves that connects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that solves that connects the
+Primal and the Dual solves them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primal and the Dual solves them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primal and the Dual solves them both
+solves each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves each
+one and is really it's a system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and is really it's a system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and is really it's a system you
+could say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it's a
+block equation the block Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block equation the block Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block equation the block Matrix
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+zero the unknown being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the unknown being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the unknown being the
+Y and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the
+U the right hand side being the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the right hand side being the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the right hand side being the data
+which in this case was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B I guess what I want to do is emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I guess what I want to do is emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I guess what I want to do is emphasize
+in what's coming for the month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what's coming for the month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what's coming for the month of
+April the importance of this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems and and it's dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and it's dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and it's dealing with
+two it's dealing with the Primal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's dealing with the Primal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's dealing with the Primal and the
+Dual at the same time uh it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dual at the same time uh it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dual at the same time uh it's important
+for so many reasons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so many reasons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so many reasons I
+can't begin to I can't say them all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't begin to I can't say them all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't begin to I can't say them all on
+the first day that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day that would be
+a mistake to try to say everything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake to try to say everything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake to try to say everything the
+first day but let me just say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day but let me just say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day but let me just say something
+that uh linear programming which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh linear programming which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh linear programming which is just
+one example that it doesn't fit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that it doesn't fit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that it doesn't fit this
+because it has inequality constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has inequality constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has inequality constraints
+but you maybe know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you maybe know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you maybe know that the
+the number one method to solve linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one method to solve linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one method to solve linear
+programs is called the Simplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is called the Simplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is called the Simplex
+method well it was the number one method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method well it was the number one method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method well it was the number one method
+for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many
+years it for many problems it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it for many problems it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it for many problems it's still
+the right way to do it but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do it but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do it but a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+method called the Primal Duel at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the Primal Duel at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the Primal Duel at least
+that's part of its name Primal duel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of its name Primal duel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of its name Primal duel it
+it it is ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is ENT
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+the the Primal and the Dual problems at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Primal and the Dual problems at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Primal and the Dual problems at
+once and there are inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and there are inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and there are inequality
+constraints of course I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of course I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of course I'm going to stop
+there with linear programming and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with linear programming and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with linear programming and give
+it its turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it its turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it its turn
+later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in
+this perfect example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfect example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfect example
+here we we have only equations and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we have only equations and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we have only equations and how
+many do we have we have M plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many do we have we have M plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many do we have we have M plus n
+equations because Y is m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because Y is m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because Y is m
+unknowns U is n unknowns I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns U is n unknowns I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns U is n unknowns I have
+altogether M plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations M y's and N U's and they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations M y's and N U's and they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations M y's and N U's and they come
+together okay now could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay now could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay now could you
+just connect back with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect back with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect back with what we
+absolutely know that's normal equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely know that's normal equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely know that's normal equation
+where is this normal equation coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this normal equation coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this normal equation coming
+from okay so here's the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so here's the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so here's the normal
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and we know that that's got to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that that's got to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that that's got to come
+right out of the thing how does it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the thing how does it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the thing how does it come
+suppose I have a block system 2 by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a block system 2 by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a block system 2 by two
+how do I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I solve
+it well actually that's in a way the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well actually that's in a way the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well actually that's in a way the big
+question but one way to solve it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but one way to solve it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but one way to solve it the
+natural way to solve it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to solve it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to solve it would be
+elimination multiply this first row by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination multiply this first row by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination multiply this first row by a
+suitable Matrix subtract from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable Matrix subtract from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable Matrix subtract from the second
+row to produce a zero there in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to produce a zero there in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to produce a zero there in other
+words eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words eliminate
+Y and get an equation for you hat all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and get an equation for you hat all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and get an equation for you hat all
+right so what do I do how do I do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do I do how do I do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do I do how do I do it I
+multiply so do you rather would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so do you rather would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so do you rather would you
+rather look at equations or matrices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather look at equations or matrices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather look at equations or matrices the
+I've tried to keep the two absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to keep the two absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to keep the two absolutely
+together let let me look at the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together let let me look at the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together let let me look at the equation
+what shall I multiply that equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I multiply that equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I multiply that equation by
+and subtract from the SE it I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract from the SE it I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract from the SE it I just want
+to eliminate I want to get y hat out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate I want to get y hat out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate I want to get y hat out of
+there and leave just an equation for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and leave just an equation for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and leave just an equation for you
+hat that we will totally recognize so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that we will totally recognize so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that we will totally recognize so
+what do I do I multiply that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I multiply that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I multiply that first
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+by a transpose thanks all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a transpose thanks all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a transpose thanks all right so I
+multiply this first equation by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this first equation by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this first equation by a
+transpose let me just do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose let me just do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose let me just do it this
+way and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and now
+what a transpose Y is zero by now I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a transpose Y is zero by now I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a transpose Y is zero by now I use
+the second this is one way to do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second this is one way to do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second this is one way to do it a
+transpose Y is zero what I left with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y is zero what I left with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y is zero what I left with the
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+equation well it shouldn't be a surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well it shouldn't be a surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well it shouldn't be a surprise
+we had to end up with the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to end up with the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to end up with the normal
+equation maybe you would rather and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maybe you would rather and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maybe you would rather and I
+actually what I intended was to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I intended was to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I intended was to make it
+look make it sound more like gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look make it sound more like gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look make it sound more like gaussian
+elimination multiply this row by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination multiply this row by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination multiply this row by a
+transpose subtract from this row I get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose subtract from this row I get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose subtract from this row I get I
+still have identity a up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have identity a up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have identity a up
+here when I do that subtraction I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I do that subtraction I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I do that subtraction I get
+the zero that was the point and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero that was the point and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero that was the point and here I
+get a transpose a subtracted from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a transpose a subtracted from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a transpose a subtracted from zero
+is minus a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a transpose
+a y hat U hat and of course I had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y hat U hat and of course I had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y hat U hat and of course I had to do
+the same thing to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to the right hand side
+and when I subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I subtracted
+this the B was still there but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the B was still there but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the B was still there but it was
+minus a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a transpose
+B so now I've got in the second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so now I've got in the second equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so now I've got in the second equation
+the second equation only involves U hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation only involves U hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation only involves U hat
+and of course when I change its signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when I change its signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when I change its signs
+it's our friend a transpose a you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our friend a transpose a you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our friend a transpose a you had
+equal a transpose B so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a transpose B so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a transpose B so uh this
+is maybe you you would say the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe you you would say the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe you you would say the natural
+way to solve this type of system but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve this type of system but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve this type of system but I
+want to emphasize let me throw it away I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize let me throw it away I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize let me throw it away I
+I really want to emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to emphasize the
+importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these yeah let me clean it back up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yeah let me clean it back up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yeah let me clean it back up again
+to what it what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it what it
+was uh of these block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems now what name are they need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now what name are they need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now what name are they need a
+name we have to give some name to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we have to give some name to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we have to give some name to the
+this type of two field problem and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of two field problem and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of two field problem and and I
+guess then in the next month I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess then in the next month I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess then in the next month I'm going
+to find examples of it everywhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find examples of it everywhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find examples of it everywhere so
+here I found the first example of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I found the first example of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I found the first example of it in
+ordinary old-fashioned Le squares okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary old-fashioned Le squares okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary old-fashioned Le squares okay
+and so what what am I going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what am I going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what am I going to call this
+I I'll call it a I'll give it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll call it a I'll give it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll call it a I'll give it a couple
+of names Saddle Point equation saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of names Saddle Point equation saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of names Saddle Point equation saddle
+point system maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point system maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point system maybe I should
+say and I have to explain why do I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and I have to explain why do I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and I have to explain why do I call
+it saddle points system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saddle points system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saddle points system in
+optimization the the uh I could call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization the the uh I could call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization the the uh I could call it
+the optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimality
+equation just meaning that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation just meaning that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation just meaning that's the
+equations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the
+winners in uh in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners in uh in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners in uh in the world of
+optimization the names the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization the names the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization the names the names of
+and Tucker are associated with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tucker are associated with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tucker are associated with these
+equations Tucker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations and their other names we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and their other names we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and their other names we'll
+see but let me just say for a moment why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but let me just say for a moment why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but let me just say for a moment why
+Saddle Point why do I think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saddle Point why do I think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saddle Point why do I think of this as a
+saddle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point
+problem in a way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a way yeah
+why see the point about a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why see the point about a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why see the point about a transpose
+a was that it was positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was that it was positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was that it was positive
+definite this is a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now what's the
+corresponding issue for this Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding issue for this Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding issue for this Matrix so
+this is my Matrix that I'm constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my Matrix that I'm constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my Matrix that I'm constantly
+going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I matrices of that form are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I matrices of that form are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I matrices of that form are going to
+show up all the time and I've said in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up all the time and I've said in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up all the time and I've said in in
+uh probably in 18085 where these appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably in 18085 where these appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably in 18085 where these appear
+but then we don't do much with them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we don't do much with them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we don't do much with them now
+we're ready to do something uh that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to do something uh that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to do something uh that uh I
+I didn't appreciate their importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't appreciate their importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't appreciate their importance
+until I realized in going to lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I realized in going to lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I realized in going to lectures on
+Applied Mathematics that if I waited a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Mathematics that if I waited a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Mathematics that if I waited a
+little while that Matrix would appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while that Matrix would appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while that Matrix would appear
+that block Matrix it just shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block Matrix it just shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block Matrix it just shows up in
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and one of our issues will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one of our issues will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one of our issues will
+be how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how to solve
+it another issue that comes first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another issue that comes first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another issue that comes first is
+what is uh what's the general form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh what's the general form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh what's the general form of
+this can I can I jump to that issue just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I can I jump to that issue just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I can I jump to that issue just
+so we see something more than the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see something more than the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see something more than the single
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let
+me let me put in The Matrix as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me put in The Matrix as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me put in The Matrix as I
+intend as it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend as it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend as it comes in
+applications the a some Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the a some Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the a some Matrix a
+rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular
+right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's
+transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed
+a zero often a zero but what's up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero often a zero but what's up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero often a zero but what's up here
+is not always the identity I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not always the identity I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not always the identity I I want to
+allow something more General I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow something more General I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow something more General I want to
+allow for example weighted Le squares so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for example weighted Le squares so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for example weighted Le squares so
+weighted Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted Le
+squares you if if you've met Le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you if if you've met Le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you if if you've met Le squares
+it's very important to meet its its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to meet its its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to meet its its uh
+its extension to weighted Le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its extension to weighted Le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its extension to weighted Le squares
+when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the
+uh uh the equations Au U equal B are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the equations Au U equal B are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the equations Au U equal B are not
+given the same weight there's a waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the same weight there's a waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the same weight there's a waiting
+Matrix often it's a covariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix often it's a covariance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix often it's a covariance matrix
+I'm going to call the Matrix that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call the Matrix that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call the Matrix that goes
+in here C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse so this will be then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so this will be then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so this will be then an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+uh class of applications this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class of applications this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class of applications this is this is
+is pretty important already when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty important already when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty important already when the
+identity is there but many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is there but many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is there but many many
+applications produce some other Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications produce some other Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications produce some other Matrix
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+usually it very very often is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it very very often is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it very very often is symmetric
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite in that corner like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite in that corner like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite in that corner like the
+identity is but key point which I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is but key point which I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is but key point which I have
+to make today is the whole Matrix either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make today is the whole Matrix either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make today is the whole Matrix either
+this one or this one it is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one or this one it is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one or this one it is symmetric
+right that Matrix is symmetric is it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that Matrix is symmetric is it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that Matrix is symmetric is it or
+isn't it positive definite if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it positive definite if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it positive definite if I do
+elimination do I get all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination do I get all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination do I get all positive
+pivots it's a matrix of size M plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots it's a matrix of size M plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots it's a matrix of size M plus
+n so I'm asking are all its igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so I'm asking are all its igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so I'm asking are all its igen values
+positive but I don't want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but I don't want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but I don't want to really
+compute igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute igen
+values Al in a lot of cases I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Al in a lot of cases I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Al in a lot of cases I would
+finding the igen values of this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the igen values of this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the igen values of this Matrix
+would be the singular value lead me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the singular value lead me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the singular value lead me to
+the singular value decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value decomposition
+absolutely crucial Topic in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely crucial Topic in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely crucial Topic in linear
+algebra that we'll see but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that we'll see but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that we'll see but let me just
+take it as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it as a linear
+system if I do elimination okay what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if I do elimination okay what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if I do elimination okay what are
+the first M pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first M pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first M pivots
+okay let me not be abstract here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me not be abstract here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me not be abstract here let me
+be quite concrete let me put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite concrete let me put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite concrete let me put the
+identity here let me put some Matrix oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here let me put some Matrix oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here let me put some Matrix oh
+I want the Matrix here to be uh I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the Matrix here to be uh I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the Matrix here to be uh I better
+put a bigger identity just so we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a bigger identity just so we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a bigger identity just so we see the
+picture here I'm going to put an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I'm going to put an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I'm going to put an a
+transpose which might be 2 three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which might be 2 three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which might be 2 three four
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+six7 when I write numbers like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six7 when I write numbers like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six7 when I write numbers like that
+you'll realize that I've just picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize that I've just picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize that I've just picked
+them out of the Hat here's the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out of the Hat here's the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out of the Hat here's the transpose
+2 3 4 5 six 7 here's the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block I'd like to know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I'd like to know about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I'd like to know about that
+matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+symmetric there it's and it's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric there it's and it's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric there it's and it's full
+rank it h it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank it h it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank it h it's
+invertible how do I know that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible how do I know that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible how do I know that it's the
+invertibility of course the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertibility of course the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertibility of course the identity
+part is great now I guess I see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is great now I guess I see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is great now I guess I see that
+this is invertible because you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is invertible because you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is invertible because you know I
+I've ended up with a transpose a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ended up with a transpose a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ended up with a transpose a and
+here my a has rank two those two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my a has rank two those two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my a has rank two those two columns
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+independent they're not in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent they're not in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent they're not in the same
+direction 2 3 4 is not a multiple of 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction 2 3 4 is not a multiple of 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction 2 3 4 is not a multiple of 56
+7 that's invert an invertible Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 that's invert an invertible Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 that's invert an invertible Matrix and
+this process finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process finds the
+inverse elimination finds the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse elimination finds the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse elimination finds the inverse
+it's the pivots I want to ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pivots I want to ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pivots I want to ask you about
+what are the pivots in this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the pivots in this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the pivots in this Matrix
+okay so what do I do the first pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I do the first pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I do the first pivot is
+a one I use it to clean out that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one I use it to clean out that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one I use it to clean out that column
+the second pivot is a one I use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pivot is a one I use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pivot is a one I use it to
+clean out that column the third pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean out that column the third pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean out that column the third pivot is
+a one I use it to clean out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one I use it to clean out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one I use it to clean out that
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+and what's the next pivot what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the next pivot what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the next pivot what what what
+do I have of course now some stuff has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have of course now some stuff has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have of course now some stuff has
+filled in here and what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in here and what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in here and what is actually
+filled in there so this is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in there so this is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in there so this is the identity
+if I can write it fast this guy is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can write it fast this guy is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can write it fast this guy is now
+the zero this guy didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero this guy didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero this guy didn't
+move and what matri's filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and what matri's filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and what matri's filled in
+here well just what I was doing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well just what I was doing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well just what I was doing there
+eliminate is exactly what I'm repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate is exactly what I'm repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate is exactly what I'm repeating
+with numbers what I did there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers what I did there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers what I did there with
+letters what's in here is minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters what's in here is minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters what's in here is minus a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+a and I could figure out what that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I could figure out what that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I could figure out what that I
+could do if I was fast enough I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do if I was fast enough I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do if I was fast enough I could do
+2 3 4 5 6 7 * 2 3 4 5 6 7 and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 7 * 2 3 4 5 6 7 and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 7 * 2 3 4 5 6 7 and I would
+get you know I get a 2 by I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know I get a 2 by I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know I get a 2 by I get this
+little 2 by2 Matrix that sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 2 by2 Matrix that sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 2 by2 Matrix that sits
+there with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a minus sign
+and that's the point that the pivots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the point that the pivots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the point that the pivots of
+course what's this first number going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what's this first number going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what's this first number going to
+be 4 + 9 + 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4 + 9 + 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4 + 9 + 16
+29 is that number so a 29 a minus 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 is that number so a 29 a minus 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 is that number so a 29 a minus 29
+sits sits right there and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits sits right there and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits sits right there and that's the
+next pivot the next pivot is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next pivot the next pivot is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next pivot the next pivot is a negative
+number minus 29 and the fifth pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number minus 29 and the fifth pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number minus 29 and the fifth pivot is
+negative so what I'm seeing is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so what I'm seeing is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so what I'm seeing is a matrix
+this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has three positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three positive
+pivots and two negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and two negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and two negative
+pivots it's a it's a that's I associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots it's a it's a that's I associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots it's a it's a that's I associate
+that with a saddle point positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a saddle point positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a saddle point positive
+pivots describe for me a surface that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots describe for me a surface that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots describe for me a surface that's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+upwards this surface is going upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards this surface is going upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards this surface is going upward
+this is I'm a surface in five Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm a surface in five Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm a surface in five Dimensions
+here and it's going up Wards in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's going up Wards in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's going up Wards in three
+directions but it's going downwards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but it's going downwards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but it's going downwards in
+Two and the point at the heart of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two and the point at the heart of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two and the point at the heart of it the
+saddle point is the solution to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point is the solution to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point is the solution to our
+system is the is the Y hat U hat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is the is the Y hat U hat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is the is the Y hat U hat so
+uh what do this well one conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do this well one conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do this well one conclusion
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+uh that I wouldn't be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I wouldn't be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I wouldn't be able to use
+conjugate gradient methods for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient methods for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient methods for example
+which we've just learned how powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've just learned how powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've just learned how powerful
+they are on the big Matrix because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are on the big Matrix because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are on the big Matrix because it's
+not positive definite it's symmetric I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not positive definite it's symmetric I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not positive definite it's symmetric I
+could use some other available methods I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use some other available methods I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use some other available methods I
+couldn't use conjugate gradients so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't use conjugate gradients so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't use conjugate gradients so if I
+wanted to use conjugate gradients I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use conjugate gradients I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use conjugate gradients I
+would i' better do this reduction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would i' better do this reduction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would i' better do this reduction to the
+to the uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh to
+the to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to the
+um definite system okay that that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definite system okay that that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definite system okay that that's uh
+more little longer than I intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more little longer than I intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more little longer than I intended to
+spend on the uh simple example but I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on the uh simple example but I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on the uh simple example but I if
+you see that example then we'll be ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that example then we'll be ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that example then we'll be ready
+to move it to the the wide variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it to the the wide variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it to the the wide variety of
+applications so let me just note that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so let me just note that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so let me just note that uh
+one one section already up on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one section already up on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one section already up on the web
+called saddleo systems solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called saddleo systems solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called saddleo systems solves
+differential equations that are of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that are of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that are of this
+kind so we'll come to that and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind so we'll come to that and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind so we'll come to that and we'll
+come to Matrix problems too it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to Matrix problems too it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to Matrix problems too it's a very
+very central question how to solve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very central question how to solve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very central question how to solve uh
+linear systems with matrices of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems with matrices of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems with matrices of that
+form in fact I I guess I could say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in fact I I guess I could say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in fact I I guess I could say it's
+the it's almost the fundamental problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's almost the fundamental problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's almost the fundamental problem
+of numerical linear algebra is to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerical linear algebra is to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerical linear algebra is to solve
+systems that uh fall into that uh Saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that uh fall into that uh Saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that uh fall into that uh Saddle
+Point description okay I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point description okay I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point description okay I'll try to
+justify that my my the the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify that my my the the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify that my my the the importance
+I'm assigning to this problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assigning to this problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assigning to this problem in the
+next weeks okay thanks for uh today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next weeks okay thanks for uh today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next weeks okay thanks for uh today and
+I'll turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/85le_VkEK5A.txt b/85le_VkEK5A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6dee7bbd90481afedfd2763c0290e06bcc2668ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/85le_VkEK5A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will consider a
+classical application of Markov chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical application of Markov chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical application of Markov chains
+which has to do with the design of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with the design of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with the design of a
+phone system this is a classical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone system this is a classical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone system this is a classical problem
+which was posed analyzed and solved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was posed analyzed and solved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was posed analyzed and solved by
+Danish engineer by the name of Erlang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was more than 100 years ago when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more than 100 years ago when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more than 100 years ago when
+phones just started to exist but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones just started to exist but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones just started to exist but the
+technique remains relevant today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique remains relevant today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique remains relevant today to
+design systems of a similar nature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design systems of a similar nature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design systems of a similar nature as
+for Elling he was trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Elling he was trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Elling he was trying to figure out
+how to design the capacity of a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design the capacity of a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design the capacity of a phone
+system that is how many lines should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is how many lines should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is how many lines should we
+set up for a group of people say in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for a group of people say in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for a group of people say in a
+village to be able to communicate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village to be able to communicate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village to be able to communicate to the
+outside world so here is a cartoon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world so here is a cartoon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world so here is a cartoon of
+the problem where these are the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem where these are the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem where these are the phone
+lines and we need to decide how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and we need to decide how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and we need to decide how many of
+these lines to set up let's say be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines to set up let's say be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines to set up let's say be how
+to do that well we don't want B to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well we don't want B to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well we don't want B to be
+too large much more than needed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large much more than needed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large much more than needed because
+too many lines would be expensive on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many lines would be expensive on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many lines would be expensive on the
+other hand we want to have enough lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand we want to have enough lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand we want to have enough lines
+so that if a reasonable number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if a reasonable number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if a reasonable number of people
+place phone calls during the same period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place phone calls during the same period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place phone calls during the same period
+they will be able to talk and not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be able to talk and not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be able to talk and not get
+busy signals so if B is 10 and 15 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy signals so if B is 10 and 15 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy signals so if B is 10 and 15 people
+want to talk at the same time then 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk at the same time then 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk at the same time then 5
+would get a busy signal and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a busy signal and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a busy signal and that's
+probably not what you want as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not what you want as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not what you want as an
+acceptable level of service so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable level of service so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable level of service so we would
+like B to be just large enough so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like B to be just large enough so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like B to be just large enough so that
+there is a high probability that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high probability that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high probability that no one
+is going to get a busy signal so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get a busy signal so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get a busy signal so how do
+we go about modeling a situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about modeling a situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about modeling a situation like
+this well we need two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we need two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we need two pieces of
+information one describing how phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one describing how phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one describing how phone
+calls get initiated and once a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls get initiated and once a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls get initiated and once a phone
+call gets started how long does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call gets started how long does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call gets started how long does it take
+until it ends we are going to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it ends we are going to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it ends we are going to make some
+very simple but somewhat plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple but somewhat plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple but somewhat plausible
+assumptions we will assume that phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we will assume that phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we will assume that phone
+calls originate as a Poisson process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls originate as a Poisson process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls originate as a Poisson process we
+will assume that out of that population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that out of that population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that out of that population
+there is no coordination at completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no coordination at completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no coordination at completely
+random times people pick up their phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random times people pick up their phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random times people pick up their phone
+and a penalty of each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a penalty of each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a penalty of each other's
+also there is nothing special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there is nothing special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there is nothing special about
+various times and different times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various times and different times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various times and different times are
+independent so a Poisson mall is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so a Poisson mall is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so a Poisson mall is a
+reasonable way of modeling a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of modeling a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of modeling a situation
+and the dis assumptions we also assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dis assumptions we also assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dis assumptions we also assume
+that the rate lambda is known or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate lambda is known or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate lambda is known or has
+been estimated now it might be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been estimated now it might be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been estimated now it might be the case
+that during the night the rate would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during the night the rate would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during the night the rate would be
+different than during the day in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than during the day in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than during the day in that
+case you would design the system to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you would design the system to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you would design the system to meet
+the largest rate of the two for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest rate of the two for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest rate of the two for the
+phone calls themselves we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls themselves we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls themselves we are going to
+assume that the duration of a phone call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the duration of a phone call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the duration of a phone call
+is a random variable that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable that has an
+exponential distribution with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with a certain
+parameter mu so 1 over mu is the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter mu so 1 over mu is the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter mu so 1 over mu is the mean
+duration of a phone call duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of a phone call duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of a phone call duration of
+phone calls are independent between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls are independent between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls are independent between each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+so here again we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again we assume that the
+parameter mu has been estimated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter mu has been estimated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter mu has been estimated for
+example the mean duration one of em you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the mean duration one of em you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the mean duration one of em you
+could be three minutes now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be three minutes now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be three minutes now is the
+exponential assumption a good assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential assumption a good assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential assumption a good assumption
+so here is the PDF of an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the PDF of an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the PDF of an exponential
+random variable with parameter one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with parameter one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with parameter one of
+the three that means that the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three that means that the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three that means that the mean
+duration is about three minutes here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration is about three minutes here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration is about three minutes here so
+if you look at this PDF it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this PDF it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this PDF it means that
+most phone call will be kind of short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most phone call will be kind of short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most phone call will be kind of short
+there is going to be a fraction of phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be a fraction of phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be a fraction of phone
+call that are going to be larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that are going to be larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that are going to be larger and
+then a very small fraction of phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a very small fraction of phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a very small fraction of phone
+calls that are going to be even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that are going to be even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that are going to be even larger
+so it sounds reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sounds reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sounds reasonable
+however it's not exactly realistic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not exactly realistic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not exactly realistic in
+some situations typically phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations typically phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations typically phone calls
+that lasts a very short time are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lasts a very short time are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lasts a very short time are not
+that common as opposed to what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that common as opposed to what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that common as opposed to what an
+exponential distribution would indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution would indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution would indicate
+here so some other distribution might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so some other distribution might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so some other distribution might be
+better like this one for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better like this one for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better like this one for example here
+where during a very small period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where during a very small period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where during a very small period of time
+the wait a corresponds to this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wait a corresponds to this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wait a corresponds to this very
+short period of time are kind of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time are kind of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time are kind of small
+as well there are many distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well there are many distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well there are many distribution of
+this type I've just provided here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type I've just provided here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type I've just provided here one
+simple example this one is the Erlang of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example this one is the Erlang of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example this one is the Erlang of
+parameter 2 and 2/3 what it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 2 and 2/3 what it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 2 and 2/3 what it means is
+that it is the sum of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the sum of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the sum of 2
+independent exponential random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent exponential random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent exponential random variable
+and each one of them of parameter 2/3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of them of parameter 2/3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of them of parameter 2/3 so
+the mean duration associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean duration associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean duration associated with this
+distribution is also three minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is also three minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is also three minutes so
+this might fit better some practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might fit better some practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might fit better some practical
+situation but here we will keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but here we will keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but here we will keep the
+simple assumption associated with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple assumption associated with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple assumption associated with an
+exponential distribution all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution all right so
+let's try now to come up with a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try now to come up with a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try now to come up with a mouse
+that we can decide how many lines B do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can decide how many lines B do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can decide how many lines B do
+we want to set up the Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set up the Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set up the Poisson process
+runs in continuous time and Col
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in continuous time and Col
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in continuous time and Col
+durations being exponential random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations being exponential random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations being exponential random
+variables are also continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are also continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are also continuous random
+variables so it seems that we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so it seems that we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so it seems that we are in a
+continuous time universe here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time universe here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time universe here is the
+cartoon of the evolution of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the evolution of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the evolution of the system
+so here I have in blue when phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have in blue when phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have in blue when phone calls
+get initiated so this is called one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get initiated so this is called one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get initiated so this is called one
+second one a third fourth and fifth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one a third fourth and fifth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one a third fourth and fifth one
+and also I've represented here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I've represented here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I've represented here the
+duration of the call so called one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the call so called one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the call so called one
+lasted that long call to or lasted long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted that long call to or lasted long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted that long call to or lasted long
+until here three up to here four here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until here three up to here four here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until here three up to here four here
+etc so when you look at this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so when you look at this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so when you look at this kind of
+system in that way and you run full time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in that way and you run full time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in that way and you run full time
+in a continuous matter and here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous matter and here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous matter and here you have
+zero line busy you have one line used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero line busy you have one line used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero line busy you have one line used
+zero one then to become busy three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one then to become busy three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one then to become busy three two
+one and zero and so on and so forth also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero and so on and so forth also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero and so on and so forth also
+note that if I look at that system at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if I look at that system at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if I look at that system at
+any time T because of our assumptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time T because of our assumptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time T because of our assumptions of
+a Poisson process and an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson process and an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson process and an exponential
+duration for phone calls and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for phone calls and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for phone calls and the
+memoryless property associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless property associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless property associated with
+these processes it means that the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes it means that the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes it means that the path
+really has no information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has no information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has no information about the
+future and so in some sense a Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and so in some sense a Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and so in some sense a Markov
+property is valid so it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is valid so it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is valid so it looks like a
+continuous time Markov process would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time Markov process would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time Markov process would be
+needed here and this is indeed an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed here and this is indeed an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed here and this is indeed an option
+but we have not studied those in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have not studied those in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have not studied those in this
+class so we will discretize time instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we will discretize time instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we will discretize time instead
+and work with a Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with a Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with a Markov chain
+we are discretizing time in the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are discretizing time in the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are discretizing time in the family
+way the way we did it when you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way we did it when you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way we did it when you we
+studied the Poisson process we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the Poisson process we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the Poisson process we are going
+to take the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time
+exists and split it into little discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and split it into little discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and split it into little discrete
+time slots each of duration delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slots each of duration delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slots each of duration delta and
+delta is supposed to be a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is supposed to be a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is supposed to be a very very
+small number so now under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number so now under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number so now under this
+discretization by the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization by the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization by the definition of the
+Poisson process the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process the probability that
+we'll see one arrival during any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see one arrival during any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see one arrival during any time
+slot of duration Delta will be lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot of duration Delta will be lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot of duration Delta will be lambda
+times Delta also if at any time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta also if at any time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta also if at any time like
+here we have one simple call active the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have one simple call active the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have one simple call active the
+probability that this call will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this call will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this call will end
+during any future time slot of duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during any future time slot of duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during any future time slot of duration
+Delta is mu delta like here indeed as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is mu delta like here indeed as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is mu delta like here indeed as we
+have seen in unit 9 an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen in unit 9 an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen in unit 9 an exponential
+random variable can be thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable can be thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable can be thought of as
+representing the time until the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the time until the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the time until the first
+arrival of a Poisson process with rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of a Poisson process with rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of a Poisson process with rate
+mu what if you have i busy calls at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu what if you have i busy calls at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu what if you have i busy calls at the
+same time then the probability of adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time then the probability of adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time then the probability of adding
+one call ending in a time slot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one call ending in a time slot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one call ending in a time slot of
+duration Delta will be high mu delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration Delta will be high mu delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration Delta will be high mu delta
+like for example here this one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example here this one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example here this one could
+correspond to something as 2 mu delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to something as 2 mu delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to something as 2 mu delta
+indeed each of the Poisson processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed each of the Poisson processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed each of the Poisson processes
+associated with these skulls with rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these skulls with rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these skulls with rate
+mu can be combined into a merge Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu can be combined into a merge Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu can be combined into a merge Poisson
+process of rate I times mu and a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of rate I times mu and a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of rate I times mu and a call
+completion will correspond to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion will correspond to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion will correspond to the time
+until the first arrival of this merged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the first arrival of this merged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the first arrival of this merged
+Poisson process for example if I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process for example if I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process for example if I go back
+here in my situation here at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in my situation here at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in my situation here at time T
+there were still three phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were still three phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were still three phone calls
+active and I represent here the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and I represent here the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and I represent here the call
+number to call number three and colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to call number three and colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to call number three and colon
+before and their remaining duration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and their remaining duration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and their remaining duration and
+if you look at these and you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these and you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these and you combine
+these three associated Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three associated Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three associated Poisson process
+into one you get a merged Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one you get a merged Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one you get a merged Poisson
+process and if you look now at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and if you look now at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and if you look now at the time
+arrival of the first event which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of the first event which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of the first event which would
+correspond to here it would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to here it would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to here it would be an
+exponential random variable the duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable the duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable the duration
+here would correspond to an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would correspond to an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would correspond to an exponential
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+of parameter 3mu so in that case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameter 3mu so in that case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameter 3mu so in that case if you
+go back to that representation here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that representation here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that representation here the
+priority of a departure would be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of a departure would be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of a departure would be three
+times mu times Delta okay so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mu times Delta okay so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mu times Delta okay so let us
+continue with our discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with our discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with our discrete time
+approximation of our system again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of our system again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of our system again we
+have the village the lines the B that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the village the lines the B that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the village the lines the B that we
+would like to decide we have discretized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to decide we have discretized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to decide we have discretized
+the time steps we have made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time steps we have made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time steps we have made some
+approximation and we know that during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and we know that during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and we know that during
+any of these timeslot here the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these timeslot here the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these timeslot here the priority
+that you would get a new call is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would get a new call is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would get a new call is about
+lambda times Delta lambda is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times Delta lambda is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times Delta lambda is the rate of
+the Poisson process and given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process and given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process and given that you
+have I calls the rotor than one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I calls the rotor than one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I calls the rotor than one of these
+calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls
+ends will be I times mu times Delta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends will be I times mu times Delta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends will be I times mu times Delta okay
+if we want to propose a Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to propose a Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to propose a Markov chain
+more for the system we need to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for the system we need to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for the system we need to specify
+the states and the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and the transition
+probabilities what are the states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities what are the states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities what are the states of the
+system if you look at the system at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you look at the system at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you look at the system at any
+particular time the minimum relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time the minimum relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time the minimum relevant
+information to collect would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to collect would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to collect would be the
+number of busy lines something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of busy lines something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of busy lines something like
+these two lines are busy or all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two lines are busy or all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two lines are busy or all of them
+are busy or none of them are used now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy or none of them are used now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy or none of them are used now
+because of our assumptions again but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumptions again but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumptions again but the
+Poisson process arrivals an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process arrivals an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process arrivals an exponential
+duration of calls and their memoryless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of calls and their memoryless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of calls and their memoryless
+property that information is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that information is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that information is enough to
+fully describe the state of our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully describe the state of our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully describe the state of our system
+in such a way that we get a Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that we get a Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that we get a Markov chain
+so the states are numbers from 0 to B 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the states are numbers from 0 to B 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the states are numbers from 0 to B 0
+corresponds to a state in which all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a state in which all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a state in which all the
+phone lines are free no one is talking B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone lines are free no one is talking B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone lines are free no one is talking B
+corresponds to a case where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a case where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a case where all the
+phone lines are busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone lines are busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone lines are busy
+and then you've got States in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got States in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got States in between
+now let us look at the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us look at the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us look at the transition
+probabilities suppose that right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities suppose that right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities suppose that right now you
+are in that state what can happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in that state what can happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in that state what can happen next
+well a new phone call gets placed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a new phone call gets placed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a new phone call gets placed in
+which case the state moves up by 1 or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case the state moves up by 1 or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case the state moves up by 1 or an
+existing call terminates in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing call terminates in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing call terminates in which case
+the state goes down by 1 or none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state goes down by 1 or none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state goes down by 1 or none of the
+two happens in which case the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two happens in which case the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two happens in which case the state
+stays the same well it is also possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same well it is also possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same well it is also possible
+that the phone call gets terminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the phone call gets terminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the phone call gets terminated
+and a new phone call gets placed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new phone call gets placed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new phone call gets placed in the
+same time period but when the duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time period but when the duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time period but when the duration
+of the timeslot are very very small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the timeslot are very very small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the timeslot are very very small the
+Delta here this event is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta here this event is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta here this event is going to have a
+negligible probability order of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible probability order of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible probability order of delta
+squared so we ignore it as we ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we ignore it as we ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we ignore it as we ignore the
+fact that more than one new call can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that more than one new call can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that more than one new call can
+happen or more than one call can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen or more than one call can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen or more than one call can be
+terminated during a given slot so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated during a given slot so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated during a given slot so what
+is the probability of an upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of an upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of an upward
+transition that's the priority that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that's the priority that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that's the priority that the
+Poisson process has an arrival during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process has an arrival during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process has an arrival during
+the slot of duration delta and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slot of duration delta and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slot of duration delta and as we
+have seen this is lambda times Delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this is lambda times Delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this is lambda times Delta so
+each one of this upward transition as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of this upward transition as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of this upward transition as
+the same priority of lambda times Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about phone call terminations if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about phone call terminations if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about phone call terminations if we
+have iPhone calls that are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iPhone calls that are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iPhone calls that are currently
+active the priority of that one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the priority of that one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the priority of that one of them
+terminates becomes I mu delta so here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates becomes I mu delta so here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates becomes I mu delta so here it
+would be mu delta and here b mu delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be mu delta and here b mu delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be mu delta and here b mu delta
+now let us analyze this chain it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us analyze this chain it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us analyze this chain it has the
+birth and death form that we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and death form that we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and death form that we discussed
+in the previous lecture so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture so instead of
+writing down the balance equation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the balance equation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the balance equation in a
+general form we think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form we think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form we think in terms of
+frequency of transitions across some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of transitions across some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of transitions across some
+particular cut in this diagram so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cut in this diagram so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cut in this diagram so for
+example here the frequency with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the frequency with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the frequency with which
+transition of this kind happen or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of this kind happen or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of this kind happen or are
+observed has to be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed has to be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed has to be the same as the
+frequency of transition of this kind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of transition of this kind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of transition of this kind the
+frequency of transition of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of transition of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of transition of this type
+will be if you look at PI I here and PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be if you look at PI I here and PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be if you look at PI I here and PI
+of I minus 1 here this transition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I minus 1 here this transition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I minus 1 here this transition here
+will happen with PI high times I mu data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen with PI high times I mu data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen with PI high times I mu data
+and the transition of this type here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll be PI I minus 1 times lambda Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be PI I minus 1 times lambda Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be PI I minus 1 times lambda Delta
+and the frequency of these transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of these transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of these transitions
+have to be the same as the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same as the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same as the frequency of
+these transitions so we have that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transitions so we have that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transitions so we have that equals
+that and then we can cancel the Delta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we can cancel the Delta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we can cancel the Delta in
+both and we are left with this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and we are left with this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and we are left with this equation
+here so this equation expresses PI of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this equation expresses PI of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this equation expresses PI of I
+in terms of PI of I minus 1 so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of PI of I minus 1 so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of PI of I minus 1 so if we
+knew PI of 0 then we can calculate PI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew PI of 0 then we can calculate PI of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew PI of 0 then we can calculate PI of
+1 and then in turns calculate pi of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then in turns calculate pi of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then in turns calculate pi of 2
+and so on and so forth and the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth and the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth and the general
+formula that comes out of this after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that comes out of this after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that comes out of this after
+some algebra is given by this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algebra is given by this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algebra is given by this expression
+which involves PI of 0 now what is pi 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves PI of 0 now what is pi 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves PI of 0 now what is pi 0
+well we can find it by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can find it by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can find it by using the
+normalization equation summation of Pi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization equation summation of Pi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization equation summation of Pi I
+equals 1 you use this normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 you use this normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 you use this normalization
+replace each pi I by their quantities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace each pi I by their quantities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace each pi I by their quantities as
+a function of Pi zero and then we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Pi zero and then we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Pi zero and then we obtain
+this equation for pi zero so here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for pi zero so here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for pi zero so here again
+we use that normalization we replaced pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that normalization we replaced pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that normalization we replaced pi
+I by their value with sum to 1 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I by their value with sum to 1 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I by their value with sum to 1 and we
+obtain PI of 0 and then in turn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain PI of 0 and then in turn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain PI of 0 and then in turn from
+this PI of 0 you can replace the PI of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PI of 0 you can replace the PI of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PI of 0 you can replace the PI of 0
+in PI of I and you obtain a PI of R as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PI of I and you obtain a PI of R as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PI of I and you obtain a PI of R as a
+function of B lambda and mu so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of B lambda and mu so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of B lambda and mu so if we
+know B and lambda and mu we can set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know B and lambda and mu we can set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know B and lambda and mu we can set up
+this Markov chain and we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Markov chain and we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Markov chain and we can calculate
+pi 0 and then PI of I for all eyes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 0 and then PI of I for all eyes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 0 and then PI of I for all eyes we
+can then answer question like this after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then answer question like this after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then answer question like this after
+the chain has run for a long time how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain has run for a long time how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain has run for a long time how
+likely is it that at any given random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is it that at any given random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is it that at any given random
+time you will find the system with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you will find the system with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you will find the system with high
+Z line well it will be PI of I and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z line well it will be PI of I and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z line well it will be PI of I and also
+we can interpret these steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can interpret these steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can interpret these steady-state
+probabilities as frequencies so once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities as frequencies so once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities as frequencies so once I
+found pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found pi
+I it also tells me what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it also tells me what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it also tells me what fraction of the
+time I will have i busy lines and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I will have i busy lines and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I will have i busy lines and you
+can answer that questions for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer that questions for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer that questions for every
+possible I now we were initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I now we were initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I now we were initially
+interested in the priority that the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the priority that the anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the priority that the anti
+system is busy at any point in time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is busy at any point in time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is busy at any point in time in
+other words in that state here so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in that state here so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in that state here so if a
+new phone call gets placed it is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new phone call gets placed it is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new phone call gets placed it is going
+to find the system in a random state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the system in a random state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the system in a random state
+that random state is described in steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random state is described in steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random state is described in steady
+state by the probity PI's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by the probity PI's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by the probity PI's and the
+probability that the anti system is busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the anti system is busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the anti system is busy
+is going to be given by PI of B and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be given by PI of B and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be given by PI of B and this
+is the probability that we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that we would like to
+be small in a well-engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small in a well-engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small in a well-engineered
+system so again given lambda mu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so again given lambda mu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so again given lambda mu the
+design question is to find B so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design question is to find B so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design question is to find B so that
+this probability is small could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability is small could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability is small could we
+figure out a good value for B by doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a good value for B by doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a good value for B by doing a
+back-of-the-envelope calculation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-of-the-envelope calculation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-of-the-envelope calculation well
+let's suppose that lambda is 30 calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that lambda is 30 calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that lambda is 30 calls
+per minute and let's assume that mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute and let's assume that mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute and let's assume that mu is
+1/3 so that the mean duration is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so that the mean duration is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so that the mean duration is 3
+minutes so on average a call lasts for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so on average a call lasts for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so on average a call lasts for 3
+minutes and you get 30 calls on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and you get 30 calls on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and you get 30 calls on average
+per minute then how many calls would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute then how many calls would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute then how many calls would be
+active on the average if a call lasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active on the average if a call lasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active on the average if a call lasted
+exactly 1 minute then at any time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 minute then at any time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 minute then at any time you
+would have 30 calls being active now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 30 calls being active now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 30 calls being active now a
+call last on the average for 3 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call last on the average for 3 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call last on the average for 3 minutes
+so by thinking in terms of averages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by thinking in terms of averages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by thinking in terms of averages you
+would expect at any time there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect at any time there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect at any time there would be
+about 90 calls that are active 3 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 calls that are active 3 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 calls that are active 3 times
+30 and if 90 calls are active on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 and if 90 calls are active on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 and if 90 calls are active on the
+average you could say okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you could say okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you could say okay I'm going to
+set up my B to be 90 but that's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up my B to be 90 but that's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up my B to be 90 but that's not very
+good because if the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because if the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because if the average number of
+phone calls that want to happen is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls that want to happen is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls that want to happen is on
+the average 90 sometimes you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average 90 sometimes you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average 90 sometimes you're going to
+have 85 and some time you'll get 95 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 85 and some time you'll get 95 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 85 and some time you'll get 95 and
+to be sure that the phone calls will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure that the phone calls will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure that the phone calls will go
+through you probably want to choose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you probably want to choose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you probably want to choose your
+beat to be a number allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat to be a number allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat to be a number allele
+larger than 90 how much larger than 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 90 how much larger than 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 90 how much larger than 90
+well this is a question that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a question that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a question that you can
+answer numerically by looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer numerically by looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer numerically by looking at these
+formulas if you decide that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas if you decide that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas if you decide that you're
+acceptable level of service PI of B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable level of service PI of B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable level of service PI of B has
+to be less than 1% then you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than 1% then you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than 1% then you will find
+that the B that you need to design is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the B that you need to design is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the B that you need to design is to
+be at least 106 so you actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least 106 so you actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least 106 so you actually need
+some margin to protect against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some margin to protect against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some margin to protect against the
+fluctuation if suddenly by chance more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation if suddenly by chance more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation if suddenly by chance more
+people want to talk then on an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to talk then on an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to talk then on an average
+day and if you want to have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and if you want to have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and if you want to have a good
+guarantee that an incoming person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that an incoming person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that an incoming person will
+have a very small probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small probability of finding
+a busy system here 1% then you will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a busy system here 1% then you will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a busy system here 1% then you will need
+about 106 phone lines so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 106 phone lines so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 106 phone lines so that's the
+calculation and the argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and the argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and the argument that
+airline went through a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline went through a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline went through a long time ago
+it's actually interesting that airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually interesting that airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually interesting that airline
+did this calculation before Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this calculation before Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this calculation before Markov
+chains were invented
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8TJQhQ2GZ0Y.txt b/8TJQhQ2GZ0Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f92f1f8f5fc33fa82f71c7a092d15fe36d3d00a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8TJQhQ2GZ0Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12432 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's uh let's
+start so first of all um I hope uh youve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so first of all um I hope uh youve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so first of all um I hope uh youve
+been enjoying the class so far and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been enjoying the class so far and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been enjoying the class so far and uh
+thank you for filling out the survey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for filling out the survey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for filling out the survey so
+we got some very uh useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got some very uh useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got some very uh useful and
+interesting feedbacks one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting feedbacks one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting feedbacks one of the
+feedbacks it's my impression I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks it's my impression I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks it's my impression I haven't
+got a chance to talk to my uh uh co- um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chance to talk to my uh uh co- um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chance to talk to my uh uh co- um
+lecturers or colleagues yet but I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturers or colleagues yet but I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturers or colleagues yet but I read
+some comments uh you were saying that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments uh you were saying that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments uh you were saying that uh
+some of the problem sets are quite hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problem sets are quite hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problem sets are quite hard
+right the math part may be bit uh bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the math part may be bit uh bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the math part may be bit uh bit
+more difficult than the lecture so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult than the lecture so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult than the lecture so I'm
+thinking so this is this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so this is this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so this is this is really the
+application lecture and uh from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application lecture and uh from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application lecture and uh from now on
+after three more lectures by uh chumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after three more lectures by uh chumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after three more lectures by uh chumo
+that will be essentially the remainders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be essentially the remainders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be essentially the remainders
+of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+applications uh the original point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh the original point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh the original point of
+having this class is really to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this class is really to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this class is really to show you
+how math is applied to show you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how math is applied to show you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how math is applied to show you those
+cases in different markets different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in different markets different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in different markets different
+strategies and in the real industry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and in the real industry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and in the real industry so
+I'm trying to think how do I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to think how do I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to think how do I give
+today's lecture with the right balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with the right balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with the right balance
+you know this is after all the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is after all the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is after all the math
+class should I give you more math or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class should I give you more math or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class should I give you more math or
+should I you have you had enough math I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I you have you had enough math I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I you have you had enough math I
+mean sound like from the survey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sound like from the survey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sound like from the survey you
+probably had enough math so I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably had enough math so I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably had enough math so I probably
+want to focus a bit more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus a bit more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus a bit more on the
+application side and from the survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application side and from the survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application side and from the survey
+also seems like most of you enjoyed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seems like most of you enjoyed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seems like most of you enjoyed uh
+or wanted to listen to more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wanted to listen to more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wanted to listen to more on the
+application side so uh anyway as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application side so uh anyway as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application side so uh anyway as uh
+you've already um uh learned from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already um uh learned from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already um uh learned from uh
+Peter's lecture uh the so-called modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter's lecture uh the so-called modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter's lecture uh the so-called modern
+portfolio Theory and it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Theory and it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Theory and it's actually not
+that modern anymore but we still call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern anymore but we still call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern anymore but we still call it
+modern portfolio Theory so you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern portfolio Theory so you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern portfolio Theory so you probably
+wonder in the real world how actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder in the real world how actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder in the real world how actually we
+use it do we follow those steps do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it do we follow those steps do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it do we follow those steps do we do
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+calculations and uh so today I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and uh so today I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and uh so today I like to
+share uh with you my uh my experience on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share uh with you my uh my experience on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share uh with you my uh my experience on
+that both in the past a different area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both in the past a different area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both in the past a different area
+and today probably more uh focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today probably more uh focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today probably more uh focused on
+the on the bu side oh come on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the bu side oh come on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the bu side oh come on in
+yeah actually these are my colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually these are my colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually these are my colleagues
+from Harvard management so so they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Harvard management so so they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Harvard management so so they will
+they will be able to ask me really tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be able to ask me really tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be able to ask me really tough
+questions um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um so anyway
+um so how how I'm going to start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how how I'm going to start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how how I'm going to start this
+class you wonder why I handed out each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you wonder why I handed out each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you wonder why I handed out each
+of you a page so does everyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you a page so does everyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you a page so does everyone have a
+blank page by now yeah actually uh yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank page by now yeah actually uh yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank page by now yeah actually uh yep
+so yeah could you also pass to yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah could you also pass to yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah could you also pass to yeah so I
+want everyone of you use that blank page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone of you use that blank page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone of you use that blank page
+to construct a portfolio Okay so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a portfolio Okay so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a portfolio Okay so you say
+wow I haven't done this before that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I haven't done this before that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I haven't done this before that's
+fine to do it totally from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to do it totally from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to do it totally from your
+intuition from your knowledge base as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition from your knowledge base as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition from your knowledge base as of
+now so what I want you to do is to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what I want you to do is to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what I want you to do is to write
+down to break down the 100% of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to break down the 100% of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to break down the 100% of what you
+want to have in your portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have in your portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have in your portfolio
+okay you said give me choices no I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said give me choices no I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said give me choices no I'm not
+going to give you choices you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you choices you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you choices you think
+about whatever you like to put on wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whatever you like to put on wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whatever you like to put on wide
+open right and uh and don't even ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open right and uh and don't even ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open right and uh and don't even ask me
+the goal or the criteria based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal or the criteria based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal or the criteria based on what
+you want to do and so uh totally free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do and so uh totally free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do and so uh totally free
+thinking and but I want to you do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and but I want to you do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and but I want to you do it in
+five minutes so don't overthink it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes so don't overthink it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes so don't overthink it and
+uh hand it back to me okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hand it back to me okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hand it back to me okay so that's
+really the first part I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the first part I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the first part I want to
+show intuitively how you can construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show intuitively how you can construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show intuitively how you can construct a
+portfolio Okay so what what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Okay so what what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Okay so what what does a
+portfolio mean okay that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio mean okay that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio mean okay that I have to
+explain to you let's say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you let's say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you let's say for
+undergraduates here so your parents give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates here so your parents give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates here so your parents give
+you some allowance you managed to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some allowance you managed to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some allowance you managed to save
+$1,000 on the side you decided to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 on the side you decided to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 on the side you decided to put
+into Investments buying stocks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Investments buying stocks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Investments buying stocks or
+whatever or you know gambling or buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever or you know gambling or buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever or you know gambling or buy
+lottery tickets whatever you can do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery tickets whatever you can do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery tickets whatever you can do just
+break down in percentage that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down in percentage that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down in percentage that could be a
+$1,000 or you could be a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 or you could be a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 or you could be a portfolio
+manager have hundred billions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager have hundred billions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager have hundred billions of dollars
+or whatever or then and save they raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever or then and save they raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever or then and save they raise
+some money start hedge fund they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money start hedge fund they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money start hedge fund they may
+have $10,000 to start with how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $10,000 to start with how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $10,000 to start with how do you
+want to use those money on day one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use those money on day one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use those money on day one right
+just think about and then so why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about and then so why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about and then so why are you
+filling out those pages so please hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out those pages so please hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out those pages so please hand
+it back to me it's your choice to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to me it's your choice to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to me it's your choice to put
+your name down or not and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name down or not and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name down or not and then I will
+start to assemble those ideas and put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to assemble those ideas and put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to assemble those ideas and put on
+blackboard and sometimes I may come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard and sometimes I may come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard and sometimes I may come back
+to ask to your question you know why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask to your question you know why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask to your question you know why do
+you put this so that's okay I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this so that's okay I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this so that's okay I don't feel
+uh embarrassed I we not going to put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embarrassed I we not going to put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embarrassed I we not going to put you
+on the spot but the the idea is uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spot but the the idea is uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spot but the the idea is uh I
+want to use those example right to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use those example right to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use those example right to to
+show you how we actually connect Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how we actually connect Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how we actually connect Theory
+with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with
+practice I I remember when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I I remember when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I I remember when I was a
+college student I learned a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college student I learned a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college student I learned a lot of
+different stuff but I remember one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff but I remember one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff but I remember one
+lecture so well one teacher told me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so well one teacher told me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so well one teacher told me one
+thing I still remember vividly well so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I still remember vividly well so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I still remember vividly well so I
+want to pass it on to you so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pass it on to you so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pass it on to you so how do we
+learn something useful right you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something useful right you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something useful right you always
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observation so that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that's kind of the
+physics side you collect the data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics side you collect the data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics side you collect the data you
+ask a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a lot of
+questions try to find find out patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions try to find find out patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions try to find find out patterns
+then you what you do you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you what you do you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you what you do you build
+models you have theory try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you have theory try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you have theory try to explain
+what is work working what's repeatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is work working what's repeatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is work working what's repeatable
+what's not repeatable right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not repeatable right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not repeatable right so that
+that's where the mass comes in you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the mass comes in you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the mass comes in you solve
+equations sometimes but in economics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations sometimes but in economics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations sometimes but in economics a
+lot of times unlike physics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times unlike physics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times unlike physics the
+repeatable patterns are not so obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable patterns are not so obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable patterns are not so obvious
+so what you do after this so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do after this so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do after this so you you
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+back to observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again you confirm your Theory I verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you confirm your Theory I verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you confirm your Theory I verify
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+predictions and find your error then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and find your error then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and find your error then
+this feeds back to this R and A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feeds back to this R and A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feeds back to this R and A lot of
+times the verification process is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the verification process is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the verification process is really
+about understand understanding special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understand understanding special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understand understanding special
+cases that's why today I really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that's why today I really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that's why today I really want to
+illustrate the portfolio Theory use lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the portfolio Theory use lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the portfolio Theory use lot
+of special cases and uh so can you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special cases and uh so can you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special cases and uh so can you start
+to hand back your portfolio construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand back your portfolio construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand back your portfolio construction
+by now okay so just just hand back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now okay so just just hand back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now okay so just just hand back
+whatever uh you have one even have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh you have one even have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh you have one even have one
+thing on the paper that's fine or many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the paper that's fine or many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the paper that's fine or many
+things on the paper or you think as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the paper or you think as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the paper or you think as a
+portfolio manager or you think as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio manager or you think as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio manager or you think as a
+Trader or you think simply as a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader or you think simply as a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader or you think simply as a student
+as or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself all right so I'm getting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself all right so I'm getting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself all right so I'm getting things
+back I will start to write on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I will start to write on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I will start to write on the
+Blackboard and uh you can finish what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and uh you can finish what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and uh you can finish what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way that's the only slide I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that's the only slide I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that's the only slide I'm
+going to use today I'm not because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use today I'm not because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use today I'm not because I
+realize if I show you a lot of SL slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize if I show you a lot of SL slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize if I show you a lot of SL slides
+you probably can't keep up with me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably can't keep up with me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably can't keep up with me so
+I'm going to write down everything just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write down everything just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write down everything just
+take my time and so hopefully you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my time and so hopefully you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my time and so hopefully you get a
+chance to think about questions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I think uh is is anyone finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think uh is is anyone finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think uh is is anyone finished
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay great you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome okay let me just have a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay let me just have a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay let me just have a quick
+look to see if I missed uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see if I missed uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see if I missed uh any
+okay wow very interesting so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wow very interesting so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wow very interesting so I have to
+say so some people have high conviction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so some people have high conviction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so some people have high conviction
+100% in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% in one of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I think I'm I'm going to I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm I'm going to I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm I'm going to I'm not going
+to reach your names so don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay I just going to read the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay I just going to read the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay I just going to read the the
+assets people put on okay so small cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets people put on okay so small cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets people put on okay so small cap
+equities bonds real estate Commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities bonds real estate Commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities bonds real estate Commodities
+those were there uh quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were there uh quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were there uh quantitative
+strategies selection strategies deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies selection strategies deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies selection strategies deep
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+models Food Drug sector models energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models Food Drug sector models energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models Food Drug sector models energy
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+S&P index ETF fund government bonds top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P index ETF fund government bonds top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P index ETF fund government bonds top
+hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funds so natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds so natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds so natural
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+Timberland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Farmland checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmland checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmland checking
+account stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cash corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash corporate
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+Rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rare
+Coins lotteries Collectibles that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coins lotteries Collectibles that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coins lotteries Collectibles that's
+that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very
+unique and Apple stock Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and Apple stock Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and Apple stock Google
+stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gold long-term saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+annuities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities so
+Yahoo Morgan Stanley stocks I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Family
+Trust okay I think that's that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust okay I think that's that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust okay I think that's that pretty
+much covered it okay so I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much covered it okay so I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much covered it okay so I would say that
+list is more or less here so after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is more or less here so after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is more or less here so after we
+youve done this when you when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve done this when you when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve done this when you when you were
+doing this what kind of questions came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this what kind of questions came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this what kind of questions came
+to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your
+mind anyone wants to uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind anyone wants to uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind anyone wants to uh yeah
+please know was right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please know was right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please know was right but
+um to draw in my portfolio like whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to draw in my portfolio like whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to draw in my portfolio like whether
+it cash bills bonds like that yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cash bills bonds like that yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cash bills bonds like that yeah how
+do you do it right really what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do it right really what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do it right really what's the
+criteria and uh so before we answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and uh so before we answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and uh so before we answer that
+question how you do it how do you group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how you do it how do you group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how you do it how do you group
+assets or exposures or strategies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets or exposures or strategies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets or exposures or strategies or
+even people like Traders together I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even people like Traders together I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even people like Traders together I mean
+before we answer all those questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we answer all those questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we answer all those questions we
+have to ask ourself another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask ourself another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask ourself another question
+what is the goal what is the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the goal what is the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the goal what is the objective
+right so we understand what portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we understand what portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we understand what portfolio
+management is so here in this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is so here in this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is so here in this class we
+are not talking about how to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not talking about how to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not talking about how to come up
+with a specific winning strategy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific winning strategy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific winning strategy in
+trading or Investments but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading or Investments but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading or Investments but we are
+talking about how to put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to put them together
+so this is what a portfolio management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what a portfolio management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what a portfolio management
+is about so before we answer how let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about so before we answer how let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about so before we answer how let's
+see why why we do it why do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why why we do it why do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why why we do it why do we want to
+have a portfolio right that's uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a portfolio right that's uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a portfolio right that's uh that's
+a very very good point so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very good point so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very good point so let's
+understand uh the goals of um portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh the goals of um portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh the goals of um portfolio
+management so before we understand goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so before we understand goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so before we understand goals
+of portfolio management let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of portfolio management let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of portfolio management let's
+understand your um your situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your um your situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your um your situations
+everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's uh look at this chart so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh look at this chart so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh look at this chart so I'm
+going to plot your uh spending uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot your uh spending uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot your uh spending uh as a
+function of your age so when you are age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your age so when you are age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your age so when you are age
+zero to age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to age of
+100 so everyone's spending pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 so everyone's spending pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 so everyone's spending pattern is
+different so I'm not going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so I'm not going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so I'm not going to tell you
+this is the spending pattern so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the spending pattern so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the spending pattern so
+obviously when kids are young they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously when kids are young they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously when kids are young they
+probably don't have a lot of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have a lot of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have a lot of uh uh
+Hobbies or tuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hobbies or tuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hobbies or tuation
+but they have some basic needs so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have some basic needs so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have some basic needs so they
+they spend then the spending really goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend then the spending really goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend then the spending really goes
+up now your parents have to pay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now your parents have to pay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now your parents have to pay your
+tuition or you have to borrow loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition or you have to borrow loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition or you have to borrow loans
+scholarships and then you have that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships and then you have that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships and then you have that's
+College then you have you married you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College then you have you married you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College then you have you married you
+have kids you need to buy a house buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kids you need to buy a house buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kids you need to buy a house buy a
+car pay back student loans you have lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car pay back student loans you have lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car pay back student loans you have lot
+more spending then you you go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spending then you you go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spending then you you go on
+vacation you uh you buy Investments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation you uh you buy Investments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation you uh you buy Investments you
+you just have more spending coming up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have more spending coming up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have more spending coming up so
+but if goes to a certain point it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if goes to a certain point it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if goes to a certain point it will
+taper down right so you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taper down right so you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taper down right so you're not going to
+keep going forever so that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going forever so that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going forever so that's your
+spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending
+curve and the other curve you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the other curve you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the other curve you think
+about is what's your income what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what's your income what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what's your income what's your
+earnings curve you don't you don't earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings curve you don't you don't earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings curve you don't you don't earn
+anything when you just you just born but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything when you just you just born but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything when you just you just born but
+use earning so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spending so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so let's call this
+50 you earn probably typically Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 you earn probably typically Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 you earn probably typically Peaks
+around age of 50 but really depends then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around age of 50 but really depends then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around age of 50 but really depends then
+you probably go down back up right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably go down back up right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably go down back up right so
+that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earning and do they always match well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning and do they always match well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning and do they always match well
+they don't so how do you make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't so how do you make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't so how do you make up the
+difference right you hope to have a fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right you hope to have a fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right you hope to have a fund
+have a investment on the side which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a investment on the side which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a investment on the side which can
+generate those cash flows to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate those cash flows to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate those cash flows to balance
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+earning versus your spending okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning versus your spending okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning versus your spending okay so
+that's only one simple way to put it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only one simple way to put it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only one simple way to put it so
+you got to ask you about your situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to ask you about your situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to ask you about your situation
+what's your cash flow look like so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your cash flow look like so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your cash flow look like so then
+so you said my objective is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said my objective is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said my objective is I'm going to
+retire at age of 50 then after age of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire at age of 50 then after age of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire at age of 50 then after age of 50
+I will live free I travel around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will live free I travel around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will live free I travel around the
+world then I calculate how much money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world then I calculate how much money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world then I calculate how much money I
+need so that's one situation the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so that's one situation the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so that's one situation the other
+situations I want to graduate I pay back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations I want to graduate I pay back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations I want to graduate I pay back
+all the student loan in one year right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the student loan in one year right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the student loan in one year right
+so that's probably another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's probably another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's probably another
+and typically people have to plan this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically people have to plan this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically people have to plan this
+out and or if I'm managing um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and or if I'm managing um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and or if I'm managing um a
+university endowment so I have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university endowment so I have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university endowment so I have to think
+about what the the University's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the the University's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the the University's
+operating budget is like how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating budget is like how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating budget is like how much money
+they need every year drawing from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need every year drawing from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need every year drawing from this
+fund and then by maintaining protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund and then by maintaining protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund and then by maintaining protecting
+the total fund for basically a Perpetual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total fund for basically a Perpetual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total fund for basically a Perpetual
+purpose right ongoing and keep growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right ongoing and keep growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right ongoing and keep growing
+it you you ask for more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you you ask for more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you you ask for more you know
+contributions but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions but at the same time
+generate more return so that's man if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate more return so that's man if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate more return so that's man if
+you're a pension fund you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a pension fund you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a pension fund you have to think
+about at what time frame a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at what time frame a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at what time frame a lot of the
+people the workers will retire they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the workers will retire they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the workers will retire they will
+actually draw from the pension right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw from the pension right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw from the pension right and
+uh so every situation is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so every situation is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so every situation is very different
+I mean let me I even expanded so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean let me I even expanded so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean let me I even expanded so you
+think oh this is all about investment no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh this is all about investment no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh this is all about investment no
+no no this not this not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no this not this not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no this not this not just about
+investment so I was a a Trader for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so I was a a Trader for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so I was a a Trader for a
+long time at the Morgan Stanley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time at the Morgan Stanley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time at the Morgan Stanley and
+later on the trading manager so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on the trading manager so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on the trading manager so when I
+had many Traders working for me the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many Traders working for me the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many Traders working for me the the
+question I was facing is how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I was facing is how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I was facing is how much money
+I need to allocate to each Trader let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to allocate to each Trader let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to allocate to each Trader let
+them trade how much risk they take right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them trade how much risk they take right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them trade how much risk they take right
+so they all said I have this winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all said I have this winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all said I have this winning
+strategy I can make lots of money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I can make lots of money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I can make lots of money you
+why don't you give me more limits no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you give me more limits no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you give me more limits no
+you're not going to have all the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have all the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have all the limits
+you're not going to have all the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have all the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have all the capital
+we can give to you right so I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can give to you right so I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can give to you right so I mean I'm
+going to explain you have to diversify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain you have to diversify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain you have to diversify
+at the same time you have to compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you have to compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you have to compare the
+strategies with different parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies with different parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies with different parameters
+liquidity volatility and uh many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity volatility and uh many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity volatility and uh many other
+parameters and uh even you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and uh even you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and uh even you don't have
+you even you are not menine people let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even you are not menine people let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even you are not menine people let's
+say I was giv this so Dan safe Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was giv this so Dan safe Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was giv this so Dan safe Martin
+and Andrew so they start a hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Andrew so they start a hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Andrew so they start a hedge fund
+together so each of them had a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so each of them had a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so each of them had a you know
+great strategy and Dan has five Andrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great strategy and Dan has five Andrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great strategy and Dan has five Andrew
+has four so they all together have 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four so they all together have 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four so they all together have 30
+strategies but so they raise certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but so they raise certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but so they raise certain
+amount of money or they just pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money or they just pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money or they just pull
+together the savings but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the savings but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the savings but how do you
+decide which strategy to put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which strategy to put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which strategy to put more
+money right so on day one so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right so on day one so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right so on day one so those
+questions are very practical so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are very practical so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are very practical so that's
+all so you understand your goals that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so you understand your goals that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so you understand your goals that's
+then you're really a lot clear on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're really a lot clear on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're really a lot clear on what
+how much risk you can take so let's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much risk you can take so let's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much risk you can take so let's come
+back to that so what is risk as Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that so what is risk as Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that so what is risk as Peter
+explained in his lecture right so risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in his lecture right so risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in his lecture right so risk
+is actually very not very well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very not very well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very not very well defined
+so in the modern portfolio Theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the modern portfolio Theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the modern portfolio Theory we
+typically talk about variance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically talk about variance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically talk about variance or
+standard deviation of return so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of return so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of return so today
+I'm going to start with that concept but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start with that concept but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start with that concept but
+then try to expand it beyond that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to expand it beyond that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to expand it beyond that so
+stay with that concept for now risk we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with that concept for now risk we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with that concept for now risk we
+use standard deviation for now so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use standard deviation for now so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use standard deviation for now so so
+what are we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this you're familiar with this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you're familiar with this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you're familiar with this chart
+right so return versus standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so return versus standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so return versus standard
+deviation standard deviation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation standard deviation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation standard deviation is not
+gonna go negative so we stop at zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go negative so we stop at zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go negative so we stop at zero but
+return can go to go below uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return can go to go below uh zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return can go to go below uh zero
+and I I'm I'm going to reveal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm I'm going to reveal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm I'm going to reveal one
+formula before I go into it I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula before I go into it I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula before I go into it I think it's
+useful to review what the uh previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to review what the uh previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to review what the uh previously
+you learned so you let's say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned so you let's say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned so you let's say you have
+I'm going to also clarify the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to also clarify the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to also clarify the notation
+as well so you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so you don't get
+confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused
+um so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say
+um so Peter mentioned the here REM Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Peter mentioned the here REM Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Peter mentioned the here REM Mark
+with uh modern portfolio Theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh modern portfolio Theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh modern portfolio Theory which
+won him the Nobel Prize in 1990 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won him the Nobel Prize in 1990 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won him the Nobel Prize in 1990 right
+along with shop and uh and a few others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with shop and uh and a few others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with shop and uh and a few others
+so it's a very elegant piece of work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very elegant piece of work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very elegant piece of work and
+uh so but I today I was trying to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but I today I was trying to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but I today I was trying to give
+you some special cases to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some special cases to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some special cases to help you
+understand that uh so let's review one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that uh so let's review one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that uh so let's review one
+of the formulas here which is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the formulas here which is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the formulas here which is really the
+definition so let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so let's say you have a
+portfolio let's call the expected Return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio let's call the expected Return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio let's call the expected Return
+of the portfolio is R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the sum of weighted the sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of weighted the sum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of weighted the sum of all
+the return expected returns of each uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return expected returns of each uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return expected returns of each uh
+asset you basically I linearly I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset you basically I linearly I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset you basically I linearly I'll
+allocate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate them
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance oh let's uh all yeah let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance oh let's uh all yeah let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance oh let's uh all yeah let's just
+look at the variance Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p² so these are vectors this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p² so these are vectors this is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p² so these are vectors this is a matrix
+the the one in the sigma in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one in the sigma in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one in the sigma in the middle
+is a covariance matrix okay that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a covariance matrix okay that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a covariance matrix okay that's all
+you need to know about Mass uh at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about Mass uh at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about Mass uh at this
+point so I want us to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I want us to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I want us to go through the
+exercise on that piece of paper I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise on that piece of paper I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise on that piece of paper I just
+collected the back to put your choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the back to put your choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the back to put your choice of
+investment on this chart okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment on this chart okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment on this chart okay so let's
+start with one so what is cash cash cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with one so what is cash cash cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with one so what is cash cash cash
+is Cash has no standard deviation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Cash has no standard deviation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Cash has no standard deviation you
+hold cash so it's it's going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold cash so it's it's going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold cash so it's it's going to be on
+this access is positive return so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this access is positive return so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this access is positive return so that's
+here so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cash where is uh let me think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash where is uh let me think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash where is uh let me think about
+another where's lottery so you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another where's lottery so you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another where's lottery so you buy
+um your power power barall right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your power power barall right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your power power barall right so
+what's lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's lottery
+for you put let's assume you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you put let's assume you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you put let's assume you put
+everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lottery so you're going to lose so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery so you're going to lose so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery so you're going to lose so your
+expected value is very close to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is very close to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is very close to lose
+100% And your standard deviation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And your standard deviation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And your standard deviation is
+probably very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably very close to
+zero so you'll be here so you somewh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you'll be here so you somewh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you'll be here so you somewh oh
+no no no it's not exactly zero so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no it's not exactly zero so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no it's not exactly zero so okay
+fine so maybe somewhere here okay so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so maybe somewhere here okay so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so maybe somewhere here okay so not
+100% but you still have a pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but you still have a pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but you still have a pretty small
+deviation from getting losing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from getting losing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from getting losing all the
+money what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what
+is coin flipping so let's say you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coin flipping so let's say you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coin flipping so let's say you decide
+put all your money to gamble on the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all your money to gamble on the Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all your money to gamble on the Fair
+coin flip Fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flip Fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flip Fair coin
+zero so expected return zero what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so expected return zero what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so expected return zero what is the
+standard deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good
+so 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100% so we we kind of got the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so we we kind of got the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so we we kind of got the three
+extreme cases covered okay so where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases covered okay so where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases covered okay so where's
+um where's US Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where's US Government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where's US Government
+Bond so let's just call it fiveyear node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so let's just call it fiveyear node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so let's just call it fiveyear node
+or 10e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10e
+Bond so should returns better than cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so should returns better than cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so should returns better than cash
+with some volatility let's call it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is investing in startup Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is investing in startup Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is investing in startup Venture
+Capital fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital fund
+like pretty up there right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty up there right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty up there right so you
+probably get F very high return but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get F very high return but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get F very high return but you
+can lose all your money so probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose all your money so probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose all your money so probably
+somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here
+VC uh buying stocks let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC uh buying stocks let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC uh buying stocks let's call it
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh last uh application lecture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh last uh application lecture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh last uh application lecture you
+heard about investing in Commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about investing in Commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about investing in Commodities
+right trading gold oil so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right trading gold oil so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right trading gold oil so that has
+higher volatility so sometimes higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher volatility so sometimes higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher volatility so sometimes higher
+returns so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns so let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns so let's call this
+commodity and the ETFs is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity and the ETFs is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity and the ETFs is typically
+lower than single stock volatility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than single stock volatility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than single stock volatility so
+because it's un like just like index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's un like just like index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's un like just like index
+funds so here are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds so here are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds so here are there any other
+choices You' like to put on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices You' like to put on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices You' like to put on this
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so let me just look at what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so let me just look at what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so let me just look at what you
+you came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came up
+with real estate okay real estate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real estate okay real estate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real estate okay real estate I
+would say probably somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Equity probably somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity probably somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity probably somewhere
+here or invest in hedge funds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or invest in hedge funds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or invest in hedge funds right
+somewhere so I think that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so I think that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so I think that's you know
+example to cover so now let me turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to cover so now let me turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to cover so now let me turn the
+table around say um ask you a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table around say um ask you a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table around say um ask you a question
+how given this map how would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how given this map how would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how given this map how would you like to
+pick your uh Investments so you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your uh Investments so you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your uh Investments so you learned
+about the portfolio Theory as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the portfolio Theory as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the portfolio Theory as a
+so-called rational investor you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called rational investor you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called rational investor you try to
+maximize your return at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your return at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your return at the same time
+minimize your standard deviation right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your standard deviation right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your standard deviation right I
+I I hesitate to use the term risk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hesitate to use the term risk okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hesitate to use the term risk okay
+because as as I said we we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as as I said we we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as as I said we we need to
+better Define it but let's just say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Define it but let's just say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Define it but let's just say you
+try to minimize this but maximize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to minimize this but maximize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to minimize this but maximize this
+uh the vertical axis okay so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the vertical axis okay so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the vertical axis okay so let's just
+say you trying to find the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you trying to find the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you trying to find the highest
+possible return for that portfolio with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible return for that portfolio with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible return for that portfolio with
+the lowest possible standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible standard deviation
+so will you pick this one would you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will you pick this one would you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will you pick this one would you pick
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one okay so then eliminate those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so then eliminate those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so then eliminate those two
+but for this that's actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this that's actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this that's actually all
+possible right so then that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right so then that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right so then that's where we
+learned about the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frontier so what is efficient Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so what is efficient Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so what is efficient Frontier
+is really the the possible combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the the possible combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the the possible combination
+of those Investments you can push out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those Investments you can push out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those Investments you can push out to
+the boundary that you can no longer find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary that you can no longer find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary that you can no longer find
+another combination given the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another combination given the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another combination given the same
+standard ation you you no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard ation you you no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard ation you you no longer have
+you can find a higher return so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a higher return so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a higher return so you
+reach the boundary and same is true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the boundary and same is true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the boundary and same is true that
+for the same return you can no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same return you can no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same return you can no longer
+minimize your standard deviation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your standard deviation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your standard deviation by
+finding another combination okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding another combination okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding another combination okay so
+that's called efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frontier how do you find the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier how do you find the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier how do you find the efficient
+Frontier right that that's what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier right that that's what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier right that that's what uh
+essentially those work were done and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially those work were done and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially those work were done and uh
+got them Nobel Prize obviously it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them Nobel Prize obviously it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them Nobel Prize obviously it's more
+than that but uh but you get the flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but uh but you get the flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but uh but you get the flavor
+from uh the previous lectures um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the previous lectures um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the previous lectures um so what
+I'm going to do today is really reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do today is really reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do today is really reduce
+all these to the special case of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these to the special case of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these to the special case of two
+assets then we can really derive a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets then we can really derive a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets then we can really derive a lot
+of intuition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have Sigma R we're going to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Sigma R we're going to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Sigma R we're going to ignore
+what's below this now right we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's below this now right we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's below this now right we don't
+want to be there and we want to stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be there and we want to stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be there and we want to stay on
+the upright so let's consider one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upright so let's consider one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upright so let's consider one
+special case um so again for that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case um so again for that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case um so again for that let's
+write out for the two assets so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out for the two assets so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out for the two assets so what is
+r of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of
+p is W1 R1 plus y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is W1 R1 plus y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is W1 R1 plus y -
+W1 or2 right very simple math and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 or2 right very simple math and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 or2 right very simple math and what
+is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma
+P so the standard deviation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so the standard deviation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so the standard deviation of the
+portfolio or the variance of that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or the variance of that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or the variance of that which
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+square we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's for the two AET class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's for the two AET class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's for the two AET class
+special case so let me give you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case so let me give you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case so let me give you um
+further uh restriction which let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh restriction which let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh restriction which let's
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if all1 equal to R2 again here meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all1 equal to R2 again here meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all1 equal to R2 again here meaning
+expected return I'm simplifying some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return I'm simplifying some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return I'm simplifying some of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations
+and sigma 1 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and sigma 2 not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero what is row what is the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero right because you you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right because you you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right because you you have no
+volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+on okay so what is uh so undefined what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so what is uh so undefined what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so what is uh so undefined what
+say it's really undefined it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's really undefined it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's really undefined it's really
+undefined yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined yes
+yeah yeah no there's no yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah no there's no yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah no there's no yeah that's
+right okay so let's look at this uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's look at this uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's look at this uh so
+you have Sigma 2 here Sigma 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Sigma 2 here Sigma 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Sigma 2 here Sigma 1 is
+zero and uh you have R1 equal to R2 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh you have R1 equal to R2 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh you have R1 equal to R2 what
+is r of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P it's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's all right
+so because the weighting doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the weighting doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the weighting doesn't matter
+so it's going to you know it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to you know it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to you know it's going to
+be fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fall
+along this line so here is when Sig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line so here is when Sig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line so here is when Sig
+weight one equal to zero so you weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one equal to zero so you weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one equal to zero so you weigh
+everything on the second asset here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the second asset here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the second asset here you
+weigh way the first asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh way the first asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh way the first asset
+100% so you have a possible combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so you have a possible combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so you have a possible combination
+along this line along this flat line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line along this flat line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line along this flat line so
+very simple right so I like to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple right so I like to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple right so I like to start
+with really simple case so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if what if Sigma one also is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if Sigma one also is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if Sigma one also is not zero
+but Sigma 1 equal to Sigma 2 and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Sigma 1 equal to Sigma 2 and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Sigma 1 equal to Sigma 2 and further
+I impose impose the Cor relation to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I impose impose the Cor relation to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I impose impose the Cor relation to be
+zero okay what is this line look at so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what is this line look at so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what is this line look at so I
+have Sigma 2 equal to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and R one still equal to R2 so r p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and R one still equal to R2 so r p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and R one still equal to R2 so r p
+still equal to R1 or R2 right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still equal to R1 or R2 right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still equal to R1 or R2 right what is
+this line look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so volatility is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so volatility is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so volatility is the
+same return is also the same of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same return is also the same of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same return is also the same of each of
+the asset class you have two strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset class you have two strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset class you have two strategies
+or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+instruments they are zeroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments they are zeroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments they are zeroy
+correlated how would you how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated how would you how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated how would you how would you
+combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+them so you take the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you take the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you take the derivative of this
+variance with regarding to the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance with regarding to the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance with regarding to the weight
+right and then you minimize that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you minimize that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you minimize that so
+that's you what you find is so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you what you find is so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you what you find is so at this
+point is R1 equal to zero or I I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is R1 equal to zero or I I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is R1 equal to zero or I I'm sorry
+W one or W1 equal to 1 you're at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W one or W1 equal to 1 you're at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W one or W1 equal to 1 you're at this
+point right agree so you choose either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right agree so you choose either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right agree so you choose either
+you will be ended up the portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be ended up the portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be ended up the portfolio
+exposure in terms of return and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in terms of return and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in terms of return and the
+variance will be right here but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance will be right here but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance will be right here but what if
+you choose so when you try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose so when you try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose so when you try to find the
+minimum variance you actually end up I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum variance you actually end up I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum variance you actually end up I'm
+not going to do the math you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do the math you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do the math you can do it
+afterwards you check by yourself okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards you check by yourself okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards you check by yourself okay
+you will find at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's
+when they are equally weighted half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are equally weighted half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are equally weighted half and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get square root of that so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get square root of that so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get square root of that so you actually
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+signif significant reduction of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signif significant reduction of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signif significant reduction of uh the
+variance of the portfolio by choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the portfolio by choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the portfolio by choosing
+half and half zero correlated portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and half zero correlated portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and half zero correlated portfolio
+so what's that called what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that called what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that called what's that
+benefit diversification right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit diversification right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit diversification right when you
+have less than perfectly correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than perfectly correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than perfectly correlated
+positively correlated assets you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated assets you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated assets you can
+actually achieve the same return but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieve the same return but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieve the same return but
+having a lower standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lower standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lower standard
+deviation or say okay that's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation or say okay that's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation or say okay that's fairly
+straightforward so so let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so so let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so so let's look at a
+few more special cases I want really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more special cases I want really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more special cases I want really uh
+to have you establish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you establish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you establish this
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think
+about what if in the same example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what if in the same example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what if in the same example what
+if row equals to one perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correlated then you can't right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated then you can't right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated then you can't right so you
+end up just at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up just at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up just at this one
+point you all agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what if it's totally negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if it's totally negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if it's totally negatively
+correlated perfectly negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correlated what's this line look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if you weight everything to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you weight everything to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you weight everything to one
+side you're going to still at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you're going to still at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you're going to still at this
+point but if you wait half and half you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but if you wait half and half you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but if you wait half and half you
+can achieve basically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve basically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve basically zero
+variance I think we you showed that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I think we you showed that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I think we you showed that last
+time you learned that last time okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you learned that last time okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you learned that last time okay and
+so let's look Beyond those cases so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look Beyond those cases so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look Beyond those cases so what
+now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at so all1 does not not equal to R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore Sigma 1 equal to zero there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore Sigma 1 equal to zero there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore Sigma 1 equal to zero there's no
+volatility of the first asset so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the first asset so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the first asset so that's
+cash okay so that's riskless asset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash okay so that's riskless asset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash okay so that's riskless asset in
+the first one so that so let's even call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one so that so let's even call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one so that so let's even call
+it R1 is less than all two so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R1 is less than all two so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R1 is less than all two so that's the
+right you have the cash asset then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have the cash asset then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have the cash asset then you
+have a non-cash asset row equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non-cash asset row equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non-cash asset row equal to zero
+zero correlation so let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlation so let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlation so let's look at what
+this line looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so R1 R2 Sigma 2 here when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so R1 R2 Sigma 2 here when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so R1 R2 Sigma 2 here when you when
+you weigh asset two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100% you're going to get this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you're going to get this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you're going to get this point
+right when you weigh asset one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100% you're going to get this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you're going to get this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you're going to get this point
+right so what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's in the
+middle of your uh return as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your uh return as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your uh return as a function
+of variance can can someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess try
+again yeah I know I know thank you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah I know I know thank you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah I know I know thank you are
+there any other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers okay this actually I let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers okay this actually I let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers okay this actually I let me just
+uh derive very quickly for you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derive very quickly for you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derive very quickly for you right
+Sigma one equal Z row equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one equal Z row equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one equal Z row equal to zero
+what's Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and uh Sigma p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially it's proportional to Sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's proportional to Sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's proportional to Sigma 2
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+weighting okay and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r r is a com linear combination of R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r is a com linear combination of R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r is a com linear combination of R1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+so it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear okay so because in these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay so because in these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay so because in these cases
+you actually you essentially um you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you essentially um you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you essentially um you uh
+return is a linear function uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is a linear function uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is a linear function uh and the
+slope what is what is the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope what is what is the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope what is what is the slope of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+'s let's let's wait on the slope so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s let's let's wait on the slope so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s let's let's wait on the slope so we
+can we can come back to this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can come back to this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can come back to this because
+this actually relates back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually relates back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually relates back to the
+so-called uh uh Capital Market line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called uh uh Capital Market line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called uh uh Capital Market line or
+Capital uh allocation line okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh allocation line okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh allocation line okay because
+last time we talk about efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frontier that's when we have no riskless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier that's when we have no riskless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier that's when we have no riskless
+assets in in the portfolio right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets in in the portfolio right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets in in the portfolio right because
+when you add on cash then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add on cash then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add on cash then you
+actually you can select you can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can select you can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can select you can combine
+the cash into the portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash into the portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash into the portfolio
+by having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a
+higher higher boundary higher efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher boundary higher efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher boundary higher efficient
+Frontier and essentially higher return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and essentially higher return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and essentially higher return
+with the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exposure so let's look at a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure so let's look at a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure so let's look at a couple more
+case then I will uh tell you um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then I will uh tell you um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then I will uh tell you um so I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+at so R1 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so R1 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so R1 is less than
+R2 and uh volatilities are not zero also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and uh volatilities are not zero also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and uh volatilities are not zero also
+Sigma 1 is less than Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 is less than Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 is less than Sigma
+2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh
+but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has it has a negative correlation of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it has a negative correlation of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it has a negative correlation of one
+so you have asset One S at two and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have asset One S at two and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have asset One S at two and as we
+know when you pick half and half this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you pick half and half this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you pick half and half this
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+zero so this is a quadratic function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is a quadratic function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is a quadratic function you
+you can uh verify and prove it later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh verify and prove it later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh verify and prove it later and
+uh what if when row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and uh I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh I actually
+I what I so Sigma one should be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I so Sigma one should be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I so Sigma one should be here
+okay so when row uh equal to zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when row uh equal to zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when row uh equal to zero this
+no longer goes to the variance can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer goes to the variance can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer goes to the variance can no
+longer be minimized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so this is your efficient fronti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is your efficient fronti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is your efficient fronti
+here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part I think that's uh enough examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I think that's uh enough examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I think that's uh enough examples
+of two assets for the efficient Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two assets for the efficient Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two assets for the efficient Frontier
+so you get the idea so then what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the idea so then what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the idea so then what if we
+have three assets right so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three assets right so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three assets right so let me just
+touch upon that very quickly if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon that very quickly if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon that very quickly if you have
+one more asset here essentially you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more asset here essentially you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more asset here essentially you can
+you can solve the same equations and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve the same equations and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve the same equations and uh
+you when the stream uh special case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when the stream uh special case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when the stream uh special case I
+want I can you can verify afterwards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I can you can verify afterwards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I can you can verify afterwards you
+all the volatilities are equal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the volatilities are equal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the volatilities are equal and the
+zero correlation among the assets you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlation among the assets you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlation among the assets you're
+going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to
+minimize Sigma P equal to 1/ theare < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize Sigma P equal to 1/ theare < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize Sigma P equal to 1/ theare < TK
+of 3 of Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so seems pretty neat right the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so seems pretty neat right the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so seems pretty neat right the math
+is uh not hard and straightforward but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh not hard and straightforward but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh not hard and straightforward but
+uh it gives you the idea how answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives you the idea how answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives you the idea how answer your
+question how to select them when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how to select them when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how to select them when you
+have you start with two right so why two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you start with two right so why two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you start with two right so why two
+assets are so important what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets are so important what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets are so important what's what's
+the implication in practice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication in practice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication in practice it's
+actually it's very uh popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's very uh popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's very uh popular
+combination lot of uh the asset managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination lot of uh the asset managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination lot of uh the asset managers
+they simply Benchmark to U bonds versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simply Benchmark to U bonds versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simply Benchmark to U bonds versus
+equity and one famous combination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and one famous combination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and one famous combination is
+really 6040 they call it 6040
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 6040 they call it 6040
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 6040 they call it 6040
+combination 60% in equity 40 in bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination 60% in equity 40 in bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination 60% in equity 40 in bonds
+and even nowadays any fund manager you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even nowadays any fund manager you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even nowadays any fund manager you
+have that people still ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that people still ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that people still ask you to
+compare your performance with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare your performance with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare your performance with that
+combination so the two asset examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so the two asset examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so the two asset examples
+seem to be quite easy and simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be quite easy and simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be quite easy and simple but
+actually it's a uh it's a very um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a uh it's a very um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a uh it's a very um uh
+important one to uh uh to compare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one to uh uh to compare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one to uh uh to compare and
+that will lead me to get into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will lead me to get into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will lead me to get into the uh
+risk parity uh discussion but before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk parity uh discussion but before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk parity uh discussion but before I
+get to risk parity discussion I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to risk parity discussion I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to risk parity discussion I want to
+reveal the concept of beta and Shar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a so your portfolio return uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a so your portfolio return uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a so your portfolio return uh
+you this is your benchmark uh return off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is your benchmark uh return off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is your benchmark uh return off
+ofm expected return this the RF is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofm expected return this the RF is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofm expected return this the RF is the
+risk free uh return so essentially your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk free uh return so essentially your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk free uh return so essentially your
+cash return and Alpha is what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash return and Alpha is what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash return and Alpha is what you can
+generate addition uh additionally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate addition uh additionally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate addition uh additionally so
+let's even not to worry about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's even not to worry about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's even not to worry about this uh
+small other terms or not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small other terms or not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small other terms or not necessarily
+small but uh for the Simplicity I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but uh for the Simplicity I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but uh for the Simplicity I let
+just reveal that so that's your beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reveal that so that's your beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reveal that so that's your beta
+what is your sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh and you can uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and you can uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and you can uh you
+can so sometimes Shar ratio is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so sometimes Shar ratio is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so sometimes Shar ratio is also
+called risk weighted uh uh risk weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called risk weighted uh uh risk weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called risk weighted uh uh risk weighted
+return or risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return or risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return or risk
+adjusted return okay and how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted return okay and how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted return okay and how many of you
+have heard the Kelly's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard the Kelly's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard the Kelly's
+formula so Kelly's formula basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so Kelly's formula basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so Kelly's formula basically uh
+gives you that when you have let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that when you have let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that when you have let's say
+in the in the gambling example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the gambling example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the gambling example you know
+your winning probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p so how this basically tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so how this basically tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so how this basically tells you how
+much to size up how much you want to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to size up how much you want to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to size up how much you want to bet
+on so it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula so if you have a winning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so if you have a winning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so if you have a winning uh
+probability of 50/50 how much you bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 50/50 how much you bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 50/50 how much you bet
+on nothing so if you have P equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nothing so if you have P equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nothing so if you have P equal to
+100% you you you bet 100% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you you you bet 100% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you you you bet 100% of your
+position if you have winning probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if you have winning probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if you have winning probability
+of negative 100% % so that what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative 100% % so that what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative 100% % so that what does it
+mean that means your 100% probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means your 100% probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means your 100% probability of
+losing it what do you do you bet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing it what do you do you bet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing it what do you do you bet the
+other way around right you bet the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around right you bet the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around right you bet the other
+side so when P equal to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so when P equal to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so when P equal to negative
+uh I'm sorry actually I said when P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry actually I said when P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry actually I said when P
+equal to zero your losing probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero your losing probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero your losing probability
+becomes 100% right so you bet 100% the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 100% right so you bet 100% the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 100% right so you bet 100% the
+other way okay so that uh I leave to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way okay so that uh I leave to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way okay so that uh I leave to you
+to think about you know that's when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about you know that's when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about you know that's when you
+have discrete outcome case and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discrete outcome case and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discrete outcome case and uh but
+when you construct a portfolio this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you construct a portfolio this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you construct a portfolio this
+leads to the next question is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the next question is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the next question is in
+addition to the efficient Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the efficient Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the efficient Frontier
+discussion is that really all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is that really all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is that really all about
+asset allocation is that how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset allocation is that how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset allocation is that how we
+calculate our weights of each asset or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate our weights of each asset or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate our weights of each asset or
+strategy to choose from the the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to choose from the the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to choose from the the answer
+is no right so let's look at the 6040 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no right so let's look at the 6040 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no right so let's look at the 6040 uh
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again two assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again two assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again two assets
+stock stock has let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+40% bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so typically you SC I mean stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so typically you SC I mean stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so typically you SC I mean stock
+volatility is higher than the bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is higher than the bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is higher than the bonds and
+the return is expected return is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return is expected return is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return is expected return is also
+higher so your 60 40 combination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so your 60 40 combination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so your 60 40 combination is
+likely fall on this uh on the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely fall on this uh on the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely fall on this uh on the higher
+return and the higher uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the higher uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the higher uh standard
+deviation uh part of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation uh part of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation uh part of the of the
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+Frontier so the question was so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so the question was so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so the question was so that's
+typically people do before 2000 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically people do before 2000 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically people do before 2000 you know
+a real asset manager uh the easiest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real asset manager uh the easiest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real asset manager uh the easiest way
+or the passive way just to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the passive way just to allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the passive way just to allocate
+60/40 but after 2000 what happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60/40 but after 2000 what happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60/40 but after 2000 what happened was
+you know when after the equity Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when after the equity Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when after the equity Market
+peaked and the bond had a huge rally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked and the bond had a huge rally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked and the bond had a huge rally
+right as uh you know first you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as uh you know first you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as uh you know first you know
+Greenspan cut interest rate and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenspan cut interest rate and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenspan cut interest rate and uh um
+before the Y2K uh in the year 2000 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Y2K uh in the year 2000 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Y2K uh in the year 2000 you
+think it's kind of funny at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of funny at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of funny at that time
+everybody worried about the year 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody worried about the year 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody worried about the year 2000
+coming up or the computers going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up or the computers going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up or the computers going to stop
+working because old software were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working because old software were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working because old software were not
+prepared for crossing this uh Millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for crossing this uh Millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for crossing this uh Millennium
+event so they had to cut the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event so they had to cut the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event so they had to cut the interest
+rate for this event but actually nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for this event but actually nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for this event but actually nothing
+happened so everything was okay but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so everything was okay but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so everything was okay but then
+left the market was plenty of cash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the market was plenty of cash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the market was plenty of cash and
+also after the tech bubble uh bursted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also after the tech bubble uh bursted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also after the tech bubble uh bursted so
+that was a good Port portfolio but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a good Port portfolio but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a good Port portfolio but then
+obviously in 2008 when the equity Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in 2008 when the equity Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in 2008 when the equity Market
+crashed the bond market the Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed the bond market the Government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed the bond market the Government
+Bond highgrade Market Market had a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond highgrade Market Market had a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond highgrade Market Market had a huge
+rally and uh so that made people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally and uh so that made people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally and uh so that made people
+question that uh is this 6040 allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that uh is this 6040 allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that uh is this 6040 allocation
+of asset simply by the market value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asset simply by the market value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asset simply by the market value the
+mo the optimal way of doing it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo the optimal way of doing it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo the optimal way of doing it even
+though you're falling on the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're falling on the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're falling on the efficient
+Frontier but how do you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier but how do you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier but how do you compare
+different points is that simple choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points is that simple choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points is that simple choice
+of your objectives your situation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your objectives your situation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your objectives your situation or
+there's actually another ways to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another ways to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another ways to other
+ways to uh optimize it so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to uh optimize it so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to uh optimize it so that's where
+the risk parity concept was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk parity concept was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk parity concept was really the
+concept has been around but the term was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept has been around but the term was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept has been around but the term was
+really coined uh in 2005 so quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coined uh in 2005 so quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coined uh in 2005 so quite
+recently by by a guy named Edwood Chen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently by by a guy named Edwood Chen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently by by a guy named Edwood Chen
+uh he basically said okay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he basically said okay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he basically said okay instead of
+allocating 6040 based on market value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating 6040 based on market value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating 6040 based on market value
+why why shouldn't we consider allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why shouldn't we consider allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why shouldn't we consider allocating
+risk instead of a targeting return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk instead of a targeting return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk instead of a targeting return
+targeting asset amount let's target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting asset amount let's target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting asset amount let's target
+let's think think about a case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think think about a case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think think about a case where we
+can have equal waiting of risk between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have equal waiting of risk between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have equal waiting of risk between
+the two assets so risk parody really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two assets so risk parody really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two assets so risk parody really
+means equal risk waiting rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means equal risk waiting rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means equal risk waiting rather than
+equal uh Market exposure and uh then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal uh Market exposure and uh then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal uh Market exposure and uh then the
+further step uh he took was he said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further step uh he took was he said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further step uh he took was he said okay
+so this actually okay it's equal risk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually okay it's equal risk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually okay it's equal risk so
+you have lower return and the lower uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lower return and the lower uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lower return and the lower uh
+risk a lower standard deviation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk a lower standard deviation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk a lower standard deviation but
+sometimes people really want a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people really want a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people really want a higher
+return right how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right how do you how do you
+satisfy both you know higher return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy both you know higher return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy both you know higher return and
+uh lower risk is there a free lunch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower risk is there a free lunch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower risk is there a free lunch so
+he was thinking right so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was thinking right so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was thinking right so there is
+actually it's not not quite free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not not quite free but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not not quite free but
+it's the closest thing you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the closest thing you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the closest thing you probably
+heard this phrase many times the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this phrase many times the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this phrase many times the closest
+thing in investment of of free lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in investment of of free lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in investment of of free lunch
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+diversification okay and so he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification okay and so he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification okay and so he's he's
+using a leverage here as well so but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a leverage here as well so but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a leverage here as well so but let
+me talk about a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about a bit more about
+diversification give you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification give you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification give you a couple of
+more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples
+okay that that phrase about the the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that phrase about the the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that phrase about the the free
+lunch and the diversification was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and the diversification was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and the diversification was
+actually from uh is that from uh Mars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from uh is that from uh Mars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from uh is that from uh Mars or
+people gave him that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gave him that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gave him that
+term okay but anyway so um so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay but anyway so um so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay but anyway so um so let me
+give you another simple example okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another simple example okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another simple example okay so
+let's consider uh uh two asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider uh uh two asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider uh uh two asset
+A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+B in year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in year
+one a goes up to basically doubles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a goes up to basically doubles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a goes up to basically doubles and
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+two goes down 50% so where does it end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+so start with 100% it goes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so start with 100% it goes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so start with 100% it goes up to
+200% then you you go down 50% on the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200% then you you go down 50% on the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200% then you you go down 50% on the new
+base so returns nothing right it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so returns nothing right it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so returns nothing right it comes
+back so asset B in year one loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so asset B in year one loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so asset B in year one loses
+50% then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% then
+doubles up 100% in the year two so asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles up 100% in the year two so asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles up 100% in the year two so asset
+B it basically goes down to 50% and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it basically goes down to 50% and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it basically goes down to 50% and it
+goes back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back up to
+100% so that's when you look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so that's when you look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so that's when you look at them
+independently but if what if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently but if what if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently but if what if you had a
+5050 weight of the two assets so someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 weight of the two assets so someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 weight of the two assets so someone
+is quick on mass can tell me what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quick on mass can tell me what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quick on mass can tell me what what
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+change so a goes up like that b goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so a goes up like that b goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so a goes up like that b goes
+down like that now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like that now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like that now you have a
+5050 A and B so let's look at Magic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 A and B so let's look at Magic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 A and B so let's look at Magic so
+in in year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in year
+one a you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a you have only
+50% so goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% so goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% so goes up
+100% so that's up 50% on the total basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so that's up 50% on the total basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so that's up 50% on the total basis
+B you also weit 50% but it goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you also weit 50% but it goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you also weit 50% but it goes down
+50% so you you have lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% so you you have lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% so you you have lost
+25% so at the end of the year one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% so at the end of the year one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% so at the end of the year one you
+actually so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so this is a
+combined 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined 5050
+portfolio year one and year two so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio year one and year two so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio year one and year two so you
+start with 100 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with 100 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with 100 you're
+up uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh to
+1.25 at this point okay so at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25 at this point okay so at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25 at this point okay so at the end of
+year one you rebalance right so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year one you rebalance right so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year one you rebalance right so you you
+have to come back to 50/50 so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to 50/50 so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to 50/50 so what do
+you do so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do so this
+becomes 75 right so you no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 75 right so you no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 75 right so you no longer have
+the 5050 weight equal so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5050 weight equal so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5050 weight equal so you have to
+sell a to come back to 50 and buy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a to come back to 50 and buy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a to come back to 50 and buy use
+the money to buy B so you have new 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to buy B so you have new 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to buy B so you have new 50
+50% uh uh weight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% uh uh weight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% uh uh weight uh
+asset again you can figure out the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset again you can figure out the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset again you can figure out the mass
+but what what it happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what it happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what it happens in the
+following year when you have this move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following year when you have this move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following year when you have this move
+this comp comes back 50% this goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comp comes back 50% this goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comp comes back 50% this goes up
+100% you return another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you return another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% you return another
+25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positively without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively without
+volatility so you have a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so you have a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so you have a straight line
+you can keep so you this twoyear is a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep so you this twoyear is a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep so you this twoyear is a so
+that's so-called diversification benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so-called diversification benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so-called diversification benefit
+and in the 6040 bond market that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the 6040 bond market that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the 6040 bond market that's
+really the idea people think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the idea people think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the idea people think about uh
+how to you know combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to you know combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to you know combine them
+and uh so let me talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let me talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let me talk a little bit about
+risk parody and how you actually achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I I try to leave uh plenty of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I I try to leave uh plenty of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I I try to leave uh plenty of time
+for for questions um so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for questions um so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for questions um so that's the
+return and so let's let's forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these so let's leave cach here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so let's leave cach here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so let's leave cach here okay
+so the previous example I gave you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the previous example I gave you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the previous example I gave you when
+you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assets one is cache all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets one is cache all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets one is cache all
+one the other is not the other has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the other is not the other has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the other is not the other has a
+volatility Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 you have this point right so and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 you have this point right so and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 you have this point right so and I
+said what's in between is a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what's in between is a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what's in between is a straight
+line that's your side allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's your side allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's your side allocation
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination did it occur to you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination did it occur to you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination did it occur to you why
+can't we go beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so this point is when we weigh W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this point is when we weigh W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this point is when we weigh W2
+equal to one W1 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one W1 equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one W1 equal to
+zero right that's when you weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that's when you weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that's when you weight
+everything into this asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into this asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into this asset
+two but what if you go beyond that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but what if you go beyond that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but what if you go beyond that what
+does that mean so okay so let's say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean so okay so let's say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean so okay so let's say can
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+W1 = to minus1 W2 = to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 = to minus1 W2 = to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 = to minus1 W2 = to
++2 so they still add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
++2 so they still add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++2 so they still add up to
+100% but what's negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but what's negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but what's negative one
+mean borrow borrow right so you you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean borrow borrow right so you you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean borrow borrow right so you you went
+short cash 100% you borrow money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short cash 100% you borrow money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short cash 100% you borrow money you
+borrowed 100% of cash then put into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed 100% of cash then put into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed 100% of cash then put into to
+buy Equity or whatever risky assets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Equity or whatever risky assets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Equity or whatever risky assets here
+so have plus 2 minus one what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have plus 2 minus one what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have plus 2 minus one what is the
+return look like when you when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return look like when you when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return look like when you when you do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+RP equal to W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP equal to W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP equal to W1
+r1+ W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 so minus R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so minus R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so minus R1
+plus 2 R2 that's your return is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 R2 that's your return is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 R2 that's your return is is this
+point here what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here what's your
+uh uh variance look like or standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh variance look like or standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh variance look like or standard
+deviation look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like as as we did before right so Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as as we did before right so Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as as we did before right so Sigma
+P simply equal to W2 Sigma 2 so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P simply equal to W2 Sigma 2 so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P simply equal to W2 Sigma 2 so in this
+case is 2 Sigma 2 so you're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 2 Sigma 2 so you're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 2 Sigma 2 so you're two
+times more risky two times as risky as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more risky two times as risky as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more risky two times as risky as
+the uh asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh asset
+to so this introduces the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this introduces the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this introduces the concept of
+Leverage whenever you go short you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage whenever you go short you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage whenever you go short you
+introduce leverage you actually on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce leverage you actually on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce leverage you actually on your
+balance sheet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet you
+have you have two times of S2 you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have two times of S2 you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have two times of S2 you also
+sh one of the other instrument right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh one of the other instrument right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh one of the other instrument right so
+that's your that's your liability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your that's your liability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your that's your liability so
+your net is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your net is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your net is still
+one um so what this uh risk parity says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so what this uh risk parity says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so what this uh risk parity says
+is okay so we can Target on the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so we can Target on the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so we can Target on the equal
+risk uh waiting which will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh waiting which will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh waiting which will give you
+somewhere around let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around let's call it
+25 25% bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 25% bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 25% bonds
+75% 25% Equity 75% of fixed income so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% 25% Equity 75% of fixed income so or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% 25% Equity 75% of fixed income so or
+in other words 25% of stocks 75% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words 25% of stocks 75% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words 25% of stocks 75% of
+bonds so you have lower return but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so you have lower return but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so you have lower return but if
+you leverage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you actually
+have higher return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher return
+higher expected return given the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher expected return given the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher expected return given the same
+amount of uh uh standard deviation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh uh standard deviation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh uh standard deviation you
+achieve by leveraging up obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve by leveraging up obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve by leveraging up obviously you
+leverage up right uh there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage up right uh there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage up right uh there other
+implication of that we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of that we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of that we haven't talked
+about the liquidity risk but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the liquidity risk but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the liquidity risk but that's a
+that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different
+topic so um what's your Shar ratio look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so um what's your Shar ratio look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so um what's your Shar ratio look
+like for for risk parity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for for risk parity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for for risk parity uh
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you you essentially maximized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you essentially maximized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you essentially maximized the
+sharp Ratio or risk adjusted return by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp Ratio or risk adjusted return by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp Ratio or risk adjusted return by
+achieving the risk parody portfolio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the risk parody portfolio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the risk parody portfolio so
+6040 is here you actually maximize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6040 is here you actually maximize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6040 is here you actually maximize that
+and U this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+does leverage matter does when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does leverage matter does when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does leverage matter does when you
+leverage up the sh ratio change or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so let's look at that uh that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so let's look at that uh that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so let's look at that uh that uh
+straight line This example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we we said sharp ratio equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we said sharp ratio equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we said sharp ratio equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p what is Sigma p 2 Sigma 2 right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p what is Sigma p 2 Sigma 2 right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p what is Sigma p 2 Sigma 2 right when
+you leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so this equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R1 IDE by Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so that's the same as you at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's the same as you at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's the same as you at this
+point so that's essentially the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's essentially the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's essentially the slope of
+the the whole line it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole line it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole line it doesn't
+change okay so now you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so now you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so now you can see the
+connection right between the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right between the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right between the slope of
+this curve and the sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve and the sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve and the sharp
+ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and
+how that links back to Beta so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that links back to Beta so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that links back to Beta so let me
+ask you another question when a when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you another question when a when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you another question when a when a
+portfolio is uh when the portfolio has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is uh when the portfolio has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is uh when the portfolio has
+higher standard deviation of Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher standard deviation of Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher standard deviation of Sigma
+P will beta to specific asset increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P will beta to specific asset increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P will beta to specific asset increase
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrease so how what's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so how what's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so how what's the relationship
+intuitively between beta so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively between beta so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively between beta so let's say
+look at the 6040 example okay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the 6040 example okay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the 6040 example okay your
+portfolio you have stocks you have Bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you have stocks you have Bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you have stocks you have Bonds
+in it so I'm asking you what is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so I'm asking you what is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so I'm asking you what is really
+the beta of this 6040 portfolio to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta of this 6040 portfolio to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta of this 6040 portfolio to the
+equity Market when Equity Market becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity Market when Equity Market becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity Market when Equity Market becomes
+when the portfolio becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the portfolio becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the portfolio becomes more
+volatile is your beta increas increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile is your beta increas increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile is your beta increas increasing
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decreasing so you can derive that um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing so you can derive that um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing so you can derive that um I'm
+going to tell you the result but uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you the result but uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you the result but uh I'm
+not going to do the math here so beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals to you can in this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case is Sigma p over Sig Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is Sigma p over Sig Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is Sigma p over Sig Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I all right so so much for for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I all right so so much for for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I all right so so much for for all these
+I mean sounds like everything is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sounds like everything is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sounds like everything is uh
+nicely solved and uh so coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely solved and uh so coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely solved and uh so coming back to
+the real world and let me bring you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world and let me bring you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world and let me bring you back
+okay so are we all set for for portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we all set for for portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we all set for for portfolio
+management you know we can program make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management you know we can program make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management you know we can program make
+a robot to do this why do we need all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot to do this why do we need all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot to do this why do we need all
+these guys work on the portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+management right so or why do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management right so or why do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management right so or why do we need
+any anybody to uh you know uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anybody to uh you know uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anybody to uh you know uh to
+to uh to manage a hedge fund you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to manage a hedge fund you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to manage a hedge fund you can
+just give money right so why do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give money right so why do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give money right so why do you need
+somebody anybody to put together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody anybody to put together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody anybody to put together so
+before I answer this question let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I answer this question let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I answer this question let me
+show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um anyone heard about the the London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone heard about the the London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone heard about the the London
+millennian uh Bridge so it was Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennian uh Bridge so it was Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennian uh Bridge so it was Bridge
+built around that time and thought it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around that time and thought it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around that time and thought it uh
+it had the latest technology and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had the latest technology and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had the latest technology and uh uh
+would really perfectly absorb you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really perfectly absorb you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really perfectly absorb you know
+you heard about soldiers marching across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about soldiers marching across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about soldiers marching across
+bridge and uh crush the bridge when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and uh crush the bridge when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and uh crush the bridge when
+everybody's walking in syn your Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's walking in syn your Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's walking in syn your Force
+gets you know synchronized then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you know synchronized then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you know synchronized then the
+bridge was not designed to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge was not designed to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge was not designed to take that
+synchronized the force so the bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized the force so the bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized the force so the bridge
+collaps collapsed in the past so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaps collapsed in the past so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaps collapsed in the past so they
+when they designed this they took all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they designed this they took all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they designed this they took all
+that into fall into account but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into fall into account but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into fall into account but what
+they haven't taken to what they hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't taken to what they hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't taken to what they hadn't
+taken into account was the the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account was the the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account was the the support
+of that is actually so they allowed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is actually so they allowed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is actually so they allowed the
+horizontal move to take take uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal move to take take uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal move to take take uh take
+that uh tension away but the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh tension away but the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh tension away but the problem is
+when everybody sees more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody sees more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody sees more people
+walking in syn then the whole Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking in syn then the whole Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking in syn then the whole Bridge
+start to swell right then the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to swell right then the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to swell right then the only way
+to keep a balance for you standing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep a balance for you standing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep a balance for you standing on
+the bridge is to walk in sync with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bridge is to walk in sync with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bridge is to walk in sync with other
+people so that's that's a survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that's that's a survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that's that's a survival
+Instinct and so I got this I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instinct and so I got this I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instinct and so I got this I mean that's
+actually my friend the Fidelity ranchan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my friend the Fidelity ranchan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my friend the Fidelity ranchan
+Dr Ranch CH brought this up to me he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Ranch CH brought this up to me he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Ranch CH brought this up to me he
+said oh you're doing uh how do you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh you're doing uh how do you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh you're doing uh how do you how
+do you think about the portfolio risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about the portfolio risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about the portfolio risk
+right this is what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is what happened in the
+financial Market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Market in
+2008 when you think you got everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 when you think you got everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 when you think you got everything
+figured out you have the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out you have the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out you have the optimal
+strategy when everybody start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy when everybody start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy when everybody start to
+implement the same optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the same optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the same optimal
+strategy for your own as individual the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for your own as individual the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for your own as individual the
+whole system is actually not optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system is actually not optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system is actually not optimized
+it's actually in danger let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in danger let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in danger let me show you
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one okay these are metronomes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay these are metronomes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay these are metronomes right so
+you you start anywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start anywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start anywhere you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like are they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are they in
+syn not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet what what is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just have to listen you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to listen you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to listen you only have to
+listen to it you don't have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it you don't have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it you don't have to see
+it so what's going on here this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what's going on here this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what's going on here this is not
+that met metronomes don't have brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that met metronomes don't have brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that met metronomes don't have brains
+right they don't really follow the her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't really follow the her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't really follow the her
+why why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why are they
+synchronizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you if you're expecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you if you're expecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you if you're expecting that
+getting out of sync it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of sync it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of sync it's not going to
+happen Okay so I'm going to stop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so I'm going to stop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so I'm going to stop right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay you can try as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can try as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can try as many
+uh how do I get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can try you can look at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can try you can look at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can try you can look at I
+mean this I mean there's actually book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this I mean there's actually book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this I mean there's actually book
+uh uh written on this as well so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh written on this as well so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh written on this as well so but
+um uh the phenomena here is not nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the phenomena here is not nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the phenomena here is not nothing
+new but what when he did this what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but what when he did this what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but what when he did this what did
+he what's that what's that mean when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what's that what's that mean when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what's that what's that mean when he
+actually raised that thing on the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually raised that thing on the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually raised that thing on the plate
+and put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put on the
+cens what happened why why why is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cens what happened why why why is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cens what happened why why why is is
+that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+significant connected they are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant connected they are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant connected they are connected
+right so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they are
+interconnected before they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected before they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected before they are
+individuals now they are connected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals now they are connected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals now they are connected and
+uh why did I show you the London Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why did I show you the London Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why did I show you the London Bridge
+and and this at the same time what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this at the same time what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this at the same time what's
+what this to do with portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this to do with portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this to do with portfolio
+management what's this to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management what's this to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management what's this to do with
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+management like people who are traing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management like people who are traing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management like people who are traing
+like have the same they going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have the same they going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have the same they going to affect
+each other become connected in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other become connected in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other become connected in that way
+right like if as an individual you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if as an individual you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if as an individual you're
+doing a different strategy if everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a different strategy if everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a different strategy if everybody
+is doing something different you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximize right very well said so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize right very well said so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize right very well said so uh so
+if you're looking for this stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking for this stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking for this stationary
+best way of optimizing your portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way of optimizing your portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way of optimizing your portfolio
+chances are everybody else is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are everybody else is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are everybody else is going to
+figure out the same thing and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the same thing and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the same thing and eventually
+you end up in this situation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up in this situation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up in this situation that you
+actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get
+killed okay so um that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed okay so um that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed okay so um that's the that's the
+that's the thing the last thing what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing the last thing what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing the last thing what you
+learn today what you walk away with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn today what you walk away with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn today what you walk away with this
+okay today is not what I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today is not what I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today is not what I want to know
+that all the problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solved right so you say oh the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved right so you say oh the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved right so you say oh the problem
+solved Nobel Prize were given so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved Nobel Prize were given so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved Nobel Prize were given so let's
+just U program them no you actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just U program them no you actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just U program them no you actually it's
+a dynamic situation you you have to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic situation you you have to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic situation you you have to so
+that makes the problem interesting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the problem interesting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the problem interesting right
+as a younger generation you coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a younger generation you coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a younger generation you coming to
+the field the excitement is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field the excitement is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field the excitement is there are
+still a lot of interesting problems out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of interesting problems out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of interesting problems out
+there unsolved you can you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there unsolved you can you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there unsolved you can you can you can
+beat the others already in the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the others already in the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the others already in the field and
+uh and so that's one takeaway and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that's one takeaway and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that's one takeaway and what
+other takeaways you think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other takeaways you think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other takeaways you think by
+uh by listening to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these diversification ISE lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diversification ISE lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diversification ISE lunch
+diversification is a free lunch yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification is a free lunch yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification is a free lunch yeah so
+not so free free right in the end it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so free free right in the end it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so free free right in the end it's
+free to a certain extent but uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to a certain extent but uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to a certain extent but uh but it's
+something you know it's better than not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know it's better than not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know it's better than not
+Diversified right you it depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified right you it depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified right you it depends on how
+you do it but there is way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it but there is way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it but there is way you can
+optimize and so it's I want to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and so it's I want to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and so it's I want to leave
+with you I actually want to finish a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I actually want to finish a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I actually want to finish a few
+minutes earlier so that uh you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes earlier so that uh you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes earlier so that uh you can ask
+me questions uh you can ask you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me questions uh you can ask you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me questions uh you can ask you know
+probably better to have this uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to have this uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to have this uh open
+discussion and so I want you walk away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and so I want you walk away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and so I want you walk away
+to to to Really keep in mind is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to Really keep in mind is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to Really keep in mind is in the
+field of finance and uh particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of finance and uh particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of finance and uh particularly in
+the quantitative Finance um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative Finance um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative Finance um it's not
+mechanical it's not like solving physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical it's not like solving physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical it's not like solving physics
+problems it's not like you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's not like you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's not like you get
+everything's fig out it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fig out it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fig out it becomes
+predictable right so the the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable right so the the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable right so the the level of
+predictability is actually very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability is actually very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability is actually very much
+linked to a lot of other things physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to a lot of other things physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to a lot of other things physics
+you solve Newton's equations you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve Newton's equations you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve Newton's equations you have a
+controlled environment and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled environment and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled environment and you know what
+you're getting in the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting in the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting in the outcome
+but here you when you participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you when you participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you when you participate in the
+market you are changing the market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you are changing the market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you are changing the market you
+you're adding on other factors into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding on other factors into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding on other factors into it
+so think more from a broader scope point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think more from a broader scope point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think more from a broader scope point
+of view rather than uh just solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view rather than uh just solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view rather than uh just solve the
+mathematics that's why I come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that's why I come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that's why I come back to
+the original if you walk away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original if you walk away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original if you walk away from this
+lecture you remember what I said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you remember what I said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you remember what I said at the
+very beginning solving problems is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning solving problems is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning solving problems is about
+observe collecting data building models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe collecting data building models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe collecting data building models
+then verify and observe again okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then verify and observe again okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then verify and observe again okay so
+then with that I end right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yeah yeah just the question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah yeah just the question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah yeah just the question so
+does that does this have anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that does this have anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that does this have anything to do
+with like it kind of sounds like Game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like it kind of sounds like Game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like it kind of sounds like Game
+Theory I'm not exactly too sure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory I'm not exactly too sure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory I'm not exactly too sure because
+you have like a huge population and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a huge population and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a huge population and you
+have no stable really like no stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no stable really like no stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no stable really like no stable
+equilibrium does it have anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium does it have anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium does it have anything to do
+with Game Theory by any chance it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Game Theory by any chance it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Game Theory by any chance it has a
+lot to do with Game Theory but not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to do with Game Theory but not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to do with Game Theory but not only
+to Game Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Game Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Game Theory
+right so Game Theory you have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Game Theory you have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Game Theory you have pretty
+well defined set of rules then two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined set of rules then two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined set of rules then two
+people play chess against each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play chess against each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play chess against each other
+that's where computer actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where computer actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where computer actually can
+become smarter right so in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smarter right so in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smarter right so in this uh
+Market situation you have so many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market situation you have so many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market situation you have so many people
+participating with not without clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating with not without clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating with not without clearly
+defined rules there are some rules but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined rules there are some rules but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined rules there are some rules but
+not not always clearly defined and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not always clearly defined and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not always clearly defined and uh so
+it's much more complex uh game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more complex uh game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more complex uh game the
+and but uh but it's part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but uh but it's part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but uh but it's part of it
+y Dan yeah can you talk maybe about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Dan yeah can you talk maybe about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Dan yeah can you talk maybe about why
+some of the risk parody portfolios did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the risk parody portfolios did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the risk parody portfolios did
+so poorly in May and June when our rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poorly in May and June when our rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poorly in May and June when our rat
+started to rise and what about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to rise and what about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to rise and what about their
+portfolio them to do that good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio them to do that good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio them to do that good question
+right so uh as you can see here what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh as you can see here what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh as you can see here what the
+risk parity uh approach does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk parity uh approach does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk parity uh approach does is
+essentially to wait more on the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to wait more on the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to wait more on the lower
+volatility asset in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility asset in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility asset in this case the
+question is how do you know which asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you know which asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you know which asset
+has low volatility right so you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has low volatility right so you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has low volatility right so you look at
+historical data which you conclude bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data which you conclude bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data which you conclude bonds
+have the lower volatility so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lower volatility so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lower volatility so you
+overweight bonds that's the essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight bonds that's the essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight bonds that's the essence of
+them right so then when bonds start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so then when bonds start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so then when bonds start to
+sell off after banki fed chairman banki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell off after banki fed chairman banki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell off after banki fed chairman banki
+said he's going to taper uh quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he's going to taper uh quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he's going to taper uh quantitative
+easing so bond from a very low high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easing so bond from a very low high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easing so bond from a very low high
+yield a very low yield uh level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield a very low yield uh level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield a very low yield uh level the
+yield went much higher interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield went much higher interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield went much higher interest rate
+when higher bonds got sold off so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when higher bonds got sold off so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when higher bonds got sold off so so
+this get uh this portfolio did poorly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this get uh this portfolio did poorly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this get uh this portfolio did poorly so
+now the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question
+is so does that prove uh risk parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so does that prove uh risk parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so does that prove uh risk parity
+approach wrong or does it prove right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach wrong or does it prove right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach wrong or does it prove right
+does the financial crisis of 2008 prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the financial crisis of 2008 prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the financial crisis of 2008 prove
+the risk parody approach a superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk parody approach a superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk parody approach a superior
+approach or does the June May experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or does the June May experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or does the June May experience
+prove this as a uh you know Les uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this as a uh you know Les uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this as a uh you know Les uh less
+favored approach what what does it tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored approach what what does it tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored approach what what does it tell
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+I mean think about it right so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean think about it right so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean think about it right so it it
+really is inconclusive so you You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is inconclusive so you You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is inconclusive so you You
+observe you extrapolate from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe you extrapolate from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe you extrapolate from your
+historical data but what you really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data but what you really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data but what you really what
+you are really doing is you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are really doing is you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are really doing is you try to
+forecast volatility forecast return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast volatility forecast return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast volatility forecast return
+forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+correlation all based on historical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation all based on historical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation all based on historical data
+it's like a lot of people use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a lot of people use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a lot of people use that
+example it's like driving by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's like driving by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's like driving by looking at
+the the the rear view mirror that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the rear view mirror that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the rear view mirror that's what
+the only thing you look at you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you look at you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you look at you don't
+know what's going to happen in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to happen in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to happen in front of
+you yeah you have other question given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah you have other question given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah you have other question given
+like all this new information like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all this new information like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all this new information like do
+you find that people are still playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that people are still playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that people are still playing
+similar game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar game
+stry with portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stry with portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stry with portfolio
+management very much very much true BEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management very much very much true BEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management very much very much true BEC
+why right so said people should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right so said people should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right so said people should be
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+that it's very difficult to discover new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very difficult to discover new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very difficult to discover new
+asset classes it's also very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset classes it's also very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset classes it's also very difficult
+to discover to invent new strategies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover to invent new strategies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover to invent new strategies and
+which you have a better winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a better winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a better winning
+probability the other risk the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the other risk the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the other risk the other
+very interesting phenomena is most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting phenomena is most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting phenomena is most of
+the Traders and the portfolio managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Traders and the portfolio managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Traders and the portfolio managers
+the investors they are career uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors they are career uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors they are career uh
+investors meaning just like I'm if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors meaning just like I'm if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors meaning just like I'm if I'm
+the baseball coach I'm hired uh to coach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseball coach I'm hired uh to coach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseball coach I'm hired uh to coach
+a baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseball
+team um my performance is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team um my performance is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team um my performance is really
+measured against the other teams when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured against the other teams when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured against the other teams when I
+win or lose right a portfolio manager or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win or lose right a portfolio manager or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win or lose right a portfolio manager or
+investor uh is also measured against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor uh is also measured against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor uh is also measured against the
+peers so this the safest way for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers so this the safest way for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers so this the safest way for them to
+do is to to Benchmark to index to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to to Benchmark to index to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to to Benchmark to index to to the
+herd so there's very little incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herd so there's very little incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herd so there's very little incentive
+for them to get out of the the crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to get out of the the crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to get out of the the crowd
+because if they WR they get killed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they WR they get killed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they WR they get killed first
+they lose their jobs so the tendency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose their jobs so the tendency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose their jobs so the tendency is
+to stay with the crowd it's for survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay with the crowd it's for survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay with the crowd it's for survival
+in think is again not the other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in think is again not the other example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in think is again not the other example
+it's actually the optimal strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the optimal strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the optimal strategy for
+individual uh portfolio manager is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh portfolio manager is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh portfolio manager is
+really to do the same thing as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to do the same thing as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to do the same thing as other
+people are doing because you you stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing because you you stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing because you you stay
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force so you said even we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so you said even we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so you said even we have all these
+tools in the end it's not just that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools in the end it's not just that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools in the end it's not just that we
+could leave it to the computers we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave it to the computers we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave it to the computers we need
+managers so I mean what different are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers so I mean what different are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers so I mean what different are
+the managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the managers
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+can can you can you try to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can you can you try to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can you can you try to answer that
+question yourself what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yourself what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yourself what's what's the
+difference between human and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between human and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between human and the
+computer that's really right what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's really right what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's really right what can
+human add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human add
+value to what computer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to what computer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to what computer can
+do factors the market factors and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do factors the market factors and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do factors the market factors and then
+news and what's going on so taking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and what's going on so taking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and what's going on so taking more
+information processing information make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing information make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing information make
+a judgment on more holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a judgment on more holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a judgment on more holistic
+approach so it's interesting question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so it's interesting question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so it's interesting question I
+had to say that uh computers are beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say that uh computers are beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say that uh computers are beating
+human humans in many different ways can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human humans in many different ways can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human humans in many different ways can
+computer ever get to the to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer ever get to the to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer ever get to the to the to the
+point actually beating human in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point actually beating human in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point actually beating human in
+investment I can't say confidently tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I can't say confidently tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I can't say confidently tell
+you uh that it's not going to happen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh that it's not going to happen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh that it's not going to happen it
+may happen so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh any other questions yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh any other questions yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh any other questions yeah just
+add to that I think there's more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to that I think there's more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to that I think there's more to
+management than just um investing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management than just um investing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management than just um investing I
+think um managers also have like key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um managers also have like key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um managers also have like key
+roles in human um in their HR key roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles in human um in their HR key roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles in human um in their HR key roles
+in just like managing people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just like managing people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just like managing people and
+ensuring that they're maximizing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that they're maximizing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that they're maximizing their
+talents not just like not just oh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents not just like not just oh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents not just like not just oh how
+much money did you make but I mean are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money did you make but I mean are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money did you make but I mean are
+you moving forward in your career while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you moving forward in your career while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you moving forward in your career while
+you're there so I think management has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there so I think management has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there so I think management has a
+role to play in that as well not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investment yep I think that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment yep I think that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment yep I think that's a that's a
+good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+all right so oh sure Jesse what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so oh sure Jesse what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so oh sure Jesse what is your
+portfolio breakdown is my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio breakdown is my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio breakdown is my personal
+portfolio well I I'm actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio well I I'm actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio well I I'm actually very
+conservative at this point because um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative at this point because um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative at this point because um if
+you look at my curve of those uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at my curve of those uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at my curve of those uh uh
+spending and earning curve uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending and earning curve uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending and earning curve uh I'm
+basically I'm trying to protect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm trying to protect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm trying to protect uh
+principles rather than try to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles rather than try to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles rather than try to maximize
+return at this point so I would I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return at this point so I would I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return at this point so I would I would
+be sliding down more towards this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sliding down more towards this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sliding down more towards this this
+this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+rather than try to go to this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than try to go to this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than try to go to this corner
+yeah so I haven't really talked much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I haven't really talked much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I haven't really talked much
+about risk um what is risk right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk um what is risk right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk um what is risk right so I
+talk about volatility or standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about volatility or standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about volatility or standard
+deviation but as we all know that uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation but as we all know that uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation but as we all know that uh as
+uh Peter mentioned last time as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Peter mentioned last time as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Peter mentioned last time as well
+there are many other ways to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other ways to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other ways to look at
+risk value at risk or half distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk value at risk or half distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk value at risk or half distribution
+or truncated distribution or simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or truncated distribution or simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or truncated distribution or simply
+maximum loss you can afford to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum loss you can afford to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum loss you can afford to take
+right and uh on so but looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh on so but looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh on so but looking at a
+standard deviation or volatility is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation or volatility is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation or volatility is an
+elegant way you can see we can we can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant way you can see we can we can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant way you can see we can we can I
+can really show you in a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really show you in a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really show you in a very simple
+math about the how the concept actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math about the how the concept actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math about the how the concept actually
+plays out but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays out but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays out but in the end
+actually volatility is really not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually volatility is really not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually volatility is really not the
+best measure in my view of risk why let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best measure in my view of risk why let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best measure in my view of risk why let
+me give you uh another simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you uh another simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you uh another simple example
+before we we leave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you let's say you have a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overtime this is your accumul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime this is your accumul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime this is your accumul
+accumulative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulative um
+return or your dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return or your dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return or your dollar
+amount so you start from uh here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so you start from uh here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so you start from uh here if you
+go flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then does anyone like to have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then does anyone like to have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then does anyone like to have this kind
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance right of course right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance right of course right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance right of course right this
+very nice you keep going up you never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice you keep going up you never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice you keep going up you never go
+down but what's the volatility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but what's the volatility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but what's the volatility of
+that of that the volatility is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that the volatility is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that the volatility is probably
+not low right and U then on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not low right and U then on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not low right and U then on the other
+hand you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know
+what I'm trying to say when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say when you look at
+expected return matchine expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return matchine expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return matchine expected return
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+volatility uh you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh you you can
+still really not selecting the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still really not selecting the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still really not selecting the the best
+uh combination because what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combination because what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combination because what you really
+should care about is not just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about is not just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about is not just your
+volatility and uh again bear in mind all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and uh again bear in mind all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and uh again bear in mind all
+the discussion about the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion about the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion about the modern
+portfolio theory is based on one key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory is based on one key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory is based on one key
+assumption here is about gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here is about gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here is about gaussian
+distribution okay normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay normal distribution
+you the two parameters mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the two parameters mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the two parameters mean and the
+standard deviation categorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation categorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation categorize the
+distribution but in reality you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but in reality you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but in reality you have you
+know many other sets of distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many other sets of distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many other sets of distributions
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so it's a it's a it's a concept still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's a it's a concept still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's a it's a concept still
+for a lot of uh discussion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of uh discussion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of uh discussion and the
+debate but uh but I want to leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate but uh but I want to leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate but uh but I want to leave that
+with you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+yeah just going back to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just going back to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just going back to the same
+question about these guys were asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about these guys were asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about these guys were asking
+about management and how do that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about management and how do that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about management and how do that they
+add value I think the people who added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add value I think the people who added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add value I think the people who added
+value in two there were some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in two there were some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in two there were some people who
+added a tremendous amount of value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a tremendous amount of value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a tremendous amount of value in
+the financial crisis and they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial crisis and they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial crisis and they were doing
+the same mathematics but the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mathematics but the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mathematics but the difference
+was that their expected return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that their expected return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that their expected return of
+various assets was different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various assets was different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various assets was different from the
+entire the broad market so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire the broad market so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire the broad market so if you can
+just know what expected return is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know what expected return is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know what expected return is that
+probably that is the only answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that is the only answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that is the only answer to the
+whole portfolio management theory yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole portfolio management theory yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole portfolio management theory yes
+you if you can forecast expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you can forecast expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you can forecast expected return
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then that's yeah then you know the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's yeah then you know the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's yeah then you know the game
+you solved it yeah you solve the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solved it yeah you solve the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solved it yeah you solve the big
+part of the P puzzle yeah and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the P puzzle yeah and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the P puzzle yeah and what
+management does is how good it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management does is how good it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management does is how good it can do
+the expected return full stop a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return full stop a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return full stop a thing
+yeah uh I I disagree on that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I I disagree on that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I I disagree on that that's the
+only thing because given two managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing because given two managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing because given two managers
+they have the same expected return but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same expected return but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same expected return but
+you can still further differentiate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still further differentiate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still further differentiate them
+right so that's yeah and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's yeah and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's yeah and that's where
+what this discussion is about yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this discussion is about yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this discussion is about yeah but
+yes expected return will drive a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes expected return will drive a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes expected return will drive a lot of
+these decisions if you know one manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions if you know one manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions if you know one manager
+is good you expect a return three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good you expect a return three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good you expect a return three years
+later he's going to make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he's going to make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he's going to make uh
+150% you don't really care what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150% you don't really care what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150% you don't really care what's in
+between right you're just going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between right you're just going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between right you're just going to write
+it write it through but if you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it write it through but if you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it write it through but if you the the
+problem is you don't know for sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you don't know for sure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you don't know for sure yeah
+you you will never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will never be
+sure yeah i' like that comment on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah i' like that comment on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah i' like that comment on that
+the last problems I've looked at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last problems I've looked at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last problems I've looked at in
+simplified settings estimating returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified settings estimating returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified settings estimating returns
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+volatilities and the problem uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatilities and the problem uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatilities and the problem uh uh the
+conclusion from the problem was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from the problem was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from the problem was you
+basically cannot estimate returns very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cannot estimate returns very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cannot estimate returns very
+well even with more data over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even with more data over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even with more data over an
+historical period but you can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical period but you can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical period but you can estimate
+volatility much better with more data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility much better with more data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility much better with more data so
+there's really an issue of perhaps luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really an issue of perhaps luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really an issue of perhaps luck
+in getting the return estimates right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting the return estimates right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting the return estimates right
+with different managers which are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different managers which are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different managers which are you
+know hard to prove that there was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hard to prove that there was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hard to prove that there was really
+uh expertise behind that although with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expertise behind that although with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expertise behind that although with
+volatility uh you really can have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh you really can have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh you really can have have
+improved estimates and I think possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved estimates and I think possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved estimates and I think possibly
+with the risk parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the risk parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the risk parity
+portfolio uh those portfolios are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio uh those portfolios are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio uh those portfolios are
+focusing not on return expectations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing not on return expectations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing not on return expectations but
+saying we're going to consider different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to consider different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to consider different
+choices based just on how much risk they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices based just on how much risk they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices based just on how much risk they
+have and equalize that risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and equalize that risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and equalize that risk
+and the expected return you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected return you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected return you know we
+should be comparable across those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be comparable across those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be comparable across those
+perhaps so yeah so that's yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps so yeah so that's yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps so yeah so that's yeah so that
+highlights the difficulty of forecasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the difficulty of forecasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the difficulty of forecasting
+return forecasting volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return forecasting volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return forecasting volatility
+forecasting correlation so risk parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting correlation so risk parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting correlation so risk parody
+appears to be another elegant way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be another elegant way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be another elegant way of
+proposing a optimal strategy but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing a optimal strategy but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing a optimal strategy but it has
+the same problems yeah actually I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problems yeah actually I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problems yeah actually I also
+wanted to highlight that you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to highlight that you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to highlight that you mentioned
+the Kelly Criterion yeah which uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kelly Criterion yeah which uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kelly Criterion yeah which uh we
+haven't covered the theory for that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered the theory for that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered the theory for that okay
+previously but I encourage people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously but I encourage people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously but I encourage people to
+look into that it deals with issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that it deals with issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that it deals with issues of
+sort of multi-period investment ments as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-period investment ments as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-period investment ments as
+opposed to single period Investments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to single period Investments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to single period Investments and
+most all this classical Theory we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most all this classical Theory we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most all this classical Theory we've
+been discussing or that I discussed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing or that I discussed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing or that I discussed uh
+covers just a single period analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers just a single period analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers just a single period analysis
+which is an oversimplification of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an oversimplification of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an oversimplification of of
+investment and when you are investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and when you are investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and when you are investing
+over multiple periods uh I the Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over multiple periods uh I the Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over multiple periods uh I the Kelly
+Criterion tells you how to optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion tells you how to optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion tells you how to optimally
+basically bet with your bank role and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bet with your bank role and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bet with your bank role and uh
+the actually there was there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually there was there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually there was there's an
+excellent uh book at least I like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent uh book at least I like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent uh book at least I like it
+called Fortune's formula that talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Fortune's formula that talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Fortune's formula that talks
+about uh way said the origins of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh way said the origins of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh way said the origins of options
+Theory and finance but it does get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and finance but it does get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and finance but it does get into
+the Kelly Criterion and and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kelly Criterion and and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kelly Criterion and and there was a
+a rather major uh discussion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather major uh discussion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather major uh discussion between
+Shannon a mathematician at MIT who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon a mathematician at MIT who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon a mathematician at MIT who
+advocated applying of the Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocated applying of the Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocated applying of the Kelly
+Criterion and Paul Samuelson one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion and Paul Samuelson one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion and Paul Samuelson one of the
+major economists also also from MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major economists also also from MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major economists also also from MIT and
+uh there was great dispute about uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was great dispute about uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was great dispute about uh how
+you should do port F your optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do port F your optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do port F your optimization
+and uh that's a great book and uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's a great book and uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's a great book and uh there
+a lot of characters in that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of characters in that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of characters in that book
+actually are from MIT and at Thorp for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are from MIT and at Thorp for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are from MIT and at Thorp for
+example and it's really about I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and it's really about I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and it's really about I mean
+people try to find the holy Grill magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to find the holy Grill magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to find the holy Grill magic
+formula but not really to that extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but not really to that extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but not really to that extent
+but finding some you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but finding some you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but finding some you know something
+other people haven't figured out but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people haven't figured out but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people haven't figured out but uh
+it's very interesting history you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting history you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting history you know
+big names like uh you know Shannon very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big names like uh you know Shannon very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big names like uh you know Shannon very
+successful in other fields in his later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in other fields in his later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in other fields in his later
+part of uh his career and life really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh his career and life really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh his career and life really
+devoted most of his time studying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted most of his time studying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted most of his time studying this
+problem yeah you know Shannon right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah you know Shannon right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah you know Shannon right so
+the cloud Shannon he's the he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud Shannon he's the he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud Shannon he's the he's the
+father of information Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of information Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of information Theory
+yeah and has a lot to do with the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and has a lot to do with the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and has a lot to do with the later
+you know Information Age invention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Information Age invention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Information Age invention of
+computers and very successful yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and very successful yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and very successful yeah so
+anyway anyway so we'll end the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway anyway so we'll end the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway anyway so we'll end the class
+right here no homework for today okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here no homework for today okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here no homework for today okay so
+you just need to yeah okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to yeah okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to yeah okay all right
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9v25gg2qJYE.txt b/9v25gg2qJYE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..735ac0da398102f431fc68a545ee5e1683d37e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9v25gg2qJYE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7378 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's let's
+begin uh lecture six we're talking today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin uh lecture six we're talking today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin uh lecture six we're talking today
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponentials exponentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logarithms and these are the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms and these are the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms and these are the last
+functions that I need to introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I need to introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I need to introduce the
+last standard functions that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last standard functions that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last standard functions that we need to
+uh connect with Calculus that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connect with Calculus that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connect with Calculus that you've
+learned about and they're as certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about and they're as certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about and they're as certainly
+as fundamental if not more so than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fundamental if not more so than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fundamental if not more so than
+trigonometric function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric function
+so first of all we'll start out with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we'll start out with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we'll start out with a a
+number a which is positive which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a which is positive which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a which is positive which is
+usually called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called a
+base and then we have this uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and then we have this uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and then we have this uh these
+properties um that A to the^ Z is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um that A to the^ Z is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um that A to the^ Z is one
+that's how we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get
+started and a to ^ 1 is a and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and a to ^ 1 is a and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and a to ^ 1 is a and of course
+a sar not surprisingly is a * a etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sar not surprisingly is a * a etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sar not surprisingly is a * a etc and
+the general rule is that a to the X1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general rule is that a to the X1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general rule is that a to the X1 +
+X2 is a to X1 * a X2 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 is a to X1 * a X2 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 is a to X1 * a X2 so this is the
+basic rule of exponents and with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic rule of exponents and with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic rule of exponents and with these
+two uh initial properties that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh initial properties that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh initial properties that that
+defines the exponential property uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the exponential property uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the exponential property uh the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+function and then there's an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then there's an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then there's an additional
+property which is deduced from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is deduced from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is deduced from these
+which is the uh composition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the uh composition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the uh composition of
+exponential functions which is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential functions which is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential functions which is if you
+take a to the X1 power to the X2 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a to the X1 power to the X2 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a to the X1 power to the X2 power
+then that turns out to be a to the X1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that turns out to be a to the X1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that turns out to be a to the X1 *
+X2 so that's an additional property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so that's an additional property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so that's an additional property that
+we'll take for granted what you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take for granted what you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take for granted what you learned
+in high school now in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school now in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school now in order
+to understand what all the values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what all the values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what all the values of a
+to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X
+are uh we need to first remember that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh we need to first remember that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh we need to first remember that if
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+taking a rational power that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a rational power that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a rational power that is the
+ratio of two integers power of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of two integers power of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of two integers power of of uh of
+a that's going to be a to the m and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's going to be a to the m and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's going to be a to the m and then
+we're going to have to take the nth root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to take the nth root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to take the nth root
+of that so that's a definition and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so that's a definition and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so that's a definition and then
+when you're defining a to the X so a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're defining a to the X so a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're defining a to the X so a to
+the x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x is
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+for all X by filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+so I'm going to use that expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use that expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use that expression in
+quotation marks filling in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuity this is really what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity this is really what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity this is really what your
+calculator does when it gives you a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator does when it gives you a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator does when it gives you a to
+the^ X because you can't even punch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ X because you can't even punch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ X because you can't even punch in
+the square root of x it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of x it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of x it doesn't really
+uh exist on your calculator there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exist on your calculator there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exist on your calculator there's some
+decimal expansion so it it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion so it it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion so it it takes a
+decimal expansion to a certain length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion to a certain length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion to a certain length
+and spits out a number which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out a number which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out a number which is pretty
+close to the correct answer but indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the correct answer but indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the correct answer but indeed
+uh in the there's an a the^ < TK of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the there's an a the^ < TK of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the there's an a the^ < TK of two
+even though theun of two is irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though theun of two is irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though theun of two is irrational
+and a the pi and so forth all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a the pi and so forth all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a the pi and so forth all right so
+that's the exponential function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the exponential function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the exponential function and
+let's draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so we'll try uh say Y is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we'll try uh say Y is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we'll try uh say Y is equal to 2
+to the X here and I'm not going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X here and I'm not going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X here and I'm not going to draw
+such a careful graph but let's just plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a careful graph but let's just plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a careful graph but let's just plot
+the most important point which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important point which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important point which is the
+point 0 1 that's 2 to the 0 which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 1 that's 2 to the 0 which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 1 that's 2 to the 0 which is 1
+and then maybe we'll go uh back up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe we'll go uh back up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe we'll go uh back up here
+to minus one here and uh 2 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one here and uh 2 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one here and uh 2 to the minus
+one is um this point here this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is um this point here this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is um this point here this is uh
+minus one2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one2 the
+reciprocal and over here we have one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal and over here we have one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal and over here we have one and
+so that goes all the way up to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that goes all the way up to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that goes all the way up to two and
+then exponentials are remarkably fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exponentials are remarkably fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exponentials are remarkably fast so
+it's off the board what happens next out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off the board what happens next out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off the board what happens next out
+at two it's already above my my range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two it's already above my my range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two it's already above my my range
+here but the but the graph looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the but the graph looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the but the graph looks
+something like this all right now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this all right now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this all right now I've
+just visually at least and graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just visually at least and graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just visually at least and graphically
+filled in all the rest of the points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in all the rest of the points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in all the rest of the points you
+have to imagine all these rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to imagine all these rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to imagine all these rational
+numbers and so forth so this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and so forth so this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and so forth so this point here
+would would have been one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would have been one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would have been one
+two and so forth all right so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so forth all right so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so forth all right so so that's
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+not too far along so now what's our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too far along so now what's our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too far along so now what's our goal
+well obviously we want to do calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously we want to do calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously we want to do calculus
+here so our goal here for now and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so our goal here for now and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so our goal here for now and it's
+going to take us a while we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take us a while we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take us a while we have to
+think about it pretty hard is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it pretty hard is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it pretty hard is to
+calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what
+this this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all
+right so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll get
+started and the way we get started is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and the way we get started is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and the way we get started is
+simply by plugging in the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by plugging in the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by plugging in the definition of
+the derivative the derivative is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative the derivative is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative the derivative is the
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of a to
+the x + Delta xus a x / Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x + Delta xus a x / Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x + Delta xus a x / Delta
+X so that's that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and
+now the only step that we can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only step that we can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only step that we can really
+perform here to make this into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform here to make this into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform here to make this into something
+a little bit simpler is to to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit simpler is to to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit simpler is to to use this
+very first rule that we have here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first rule that we have here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first rule that we have here that
+the exponential of the sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of the sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of the sum is the
+product of the exponentials so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the exponentials so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the exponentials so we have
+here a to the X so what I want to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a to the X so what I want to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a to the X so what I want to use is
+just the property that a to the X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the property that a to the X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the property that a to the X Plus
+Delta X is equal to a to x a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is equal to a to x a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is equal to a to x a to the
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+X and if I do that I see that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and if I do that I see that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and if I do that I see that I can
+factor out a common factor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out a common factor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out a common factor in the
+numerator which is a to the x so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator which is a to the x so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator which is a to the x so we'll
+write this as the limit as Delta X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as the limit as Delta X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as the limit as Delta X goes
+to zero of a x time this ratio now a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero of a x time this ratio now a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero of a x time this ratio now a to
+Delta xus 1 / Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so far so good we're we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so far so good we're we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so far so good we're we're actually
+almost to some serious progress here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost to some serious progress here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost to some serious progress here so
+there's one other important conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other important conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other important conceptual
+uh uh step which we need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh step which we need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh step which we need to understand
+and this is a relatively simple one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a relatively simple one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a relatively simple one and
+we actually did this before by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually did this before by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually did this before by the way
+we did this with signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this with signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this with signs and
+cosin the next thing I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosin the next thing I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosin the next thing I want to point out
+to you is that you're used to thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that you're used to thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that you're used to thinking
+of X as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as being the
+variable and indeed already we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and indeed already we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and indeed already we were
+discussing X as being the variable and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing X as being the variable and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing X as being the variable and a
+is being fixed but for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being fixed but for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being fixed but for the purposes of
+this limit there's a different variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit there's a different variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit there's a different variable
+that's moving X is fixed and Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving X is fixed and Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving X is fixed and Delta X is
+the thing that's moving so so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's moving so so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's moving so so that means
+that this Factor here which is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Factor here which is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Factor here which is a common
+factor is constant and we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is constant and we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is constant and we can just
+factor out of the limit it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out of the limit it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out of the limit it doesn't it
+doesn't affect the limit at all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect the limit at all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect the limit at all a
+constant times a limit is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times a limit is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times a limit is the same as
+whether we multiply before or after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we multiply before or after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we multiply before or after we
+take the limit so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the limit so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the limit so I'm just going to
+factor that out so that's my next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that out so that's my next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that out so that's my next step
+here a to the X and then I have limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a to the X and then I have limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a to the X and then I have limit
+Delta X goes to zero of a to the Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X goes to zero of a to the Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X goes to zero of a to the Delta X
+- 1 / Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 / Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 / Delta
+X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all
+right and so what I have here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what I have here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what I have here so this
+was by definition the derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by definition the derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by definition the derivative so
+here's d by DX of a the X and it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's d by DX of a the X and it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's d by DX of a the X and it's equal
+to this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this expression
+here now I'm going to now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm going to now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm going to now I want to
+stare at this this expression and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this this expression and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this this expression and and
+and see what it's telling us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it's telling us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it's telling us because
+it's telling us as much as we can get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling us as much as we can get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling us as much as we can get so
+far without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far without
+some so first let's just look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so first let's just look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so first let's just look at what
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says so what it's what it's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so what it's what it's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so what it's what it's saying is
+that the derivative of a to X is a to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of a to X is a to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of a to X is a to x
+times something that we don't yet know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something that we don't yet know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something that we don't yet know
+and I'm going to call this something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to call this something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to call this something
+this mystery number M of a so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mystery number M of a so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mystery number M of a so I'm going
+to make the label M of a is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the label M of a is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the label M of a is equal to the
+Limit as Delta X goes to zero of a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit as Delta X goes to zero of a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit as Delta X goes to zero of a to
+Delta X - 1 / Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X - 1 / Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X - 1 / Delta X
+all right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition so this mystery number M of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this mystery number M of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this mystery number M of a
+has a geometric interpretation as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a geometric interpretation as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a geometric interpretation as well
+so let me let me describe that it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me describe that it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me describe that it has a
+geometric interpretation and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric interpretation and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric interpretation and it's a very
+very significant number so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant number so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant number so let's let's
+work out what it is so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what it is so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what it is so first of all
+let's rewrite the expression in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite the expression in the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite the expression in the Box
+using this shorthand for this number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this shorthand for this number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this shorthand for this number so
+if I just write it it says d by DX of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just write it it says d by DX of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just write it it says d by DX of a
+x is equal to this factor which is M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is equal to this factor which is M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is equal to this factor which is M of
+a * a x so the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * a x so the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * a x so the derivative of the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+is this mystery number time a the X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this mystery number time a the X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this mystery number time a the X so
+we've almost solved the problem of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've almost solved the problem of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've almost solved the problem of uh
+finding the derivative of a to the X we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the derivative of a to the X we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the derivative of a to the X we
+just have to figure out this one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to figure out this one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to figure out this one number
+M of a and we get the rest so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of a and we get the rest so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of a and we get the rest so now let me
+first uh so let me point out two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh so let me point out two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh so let me point out two more
+things about this number M of a so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this number M of a so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this number M of a so first
+of all if I plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in X = 0 that's going to be D by DX a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X = 0 that's going to be D by DX a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X = 0 that's going to be D by DX a x
+at x = 0 according to this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x = 0 according to this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x = 0 according to this formula
+that's M of a * a the 0 which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's M of a * a the 0 which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's M of a * a the 0 which is of
+course M of a so what is M of a m of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course M of a so what is M of a m of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course M of a so what is M of a m of a
+is the derivative of this function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of this function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of this function at
+zero so M of a is the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so M of a is the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so M of a is the slope
+SL of a x at x 0 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph the graph of a to the X at zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the graph of a to the X at zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the graph of a to the X at zero so
+again over here if you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over here if you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over here if you looked at the
+picture I'll draw the one tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'll draw the one tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'll draw the one tangent line
+in here which is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here which is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here which is this one
+here and this thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this thing has
+slope what we're calling M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so if I graph the function yal 2 x I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I graph the function yal 2 x I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I graph the function yal 2 x I'll
+get a certain slope here if I graph it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a certain slope here if I graph it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a certain slope here if I graph it
+with a different base I'll maybe get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different base I'll maybe get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different base I'll maybe get
+another slope and what we've got so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another slope and what we've got so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another slope and what we've got so far
+is the following phenomenon if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following phenomenon if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following phenomenon if we know
+this one number if we know the slope at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one number if we know the slope at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one number if we know the slope at
+this one place we'll be able to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one place we'll be able to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one place we'll be able to figure
+out the formula for the slope everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else now that's actually exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now that's actually exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now that's actually exactly the
+same thing that we did for SS and cosin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that we did for SS and cosin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that we did for SS and cosin
+we knew the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the slope
+of the S and the cosine function at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S and the cosine function at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S and the cosine function at at
+xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal
+0 the sign function had slope one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the sign function had slope one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the sign function had slope one the
+cosine function had slope zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function had slope zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function had slope zero and then
+from the sum formulas well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sum formulas well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sum formulas well that's
+exactly this kind of thing here from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this kind of thing here from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this kind of thing here from the
+sum formulas this sum formula in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum formulas this sum formula in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum formulas this sum formula in fact is
+easier than the ones for SS and cosin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than the ones for SS and cosin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than the ones for SS and cosin
+from the sum formulas we worked out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sum formulas we worked out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sum formulas we worked out what
+the slope was everywhere so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope was everywhere so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope was everywhere so this is
+we're following the same procedure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following the same procedure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following the same procedure that
+we did before but at this point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before but at this point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before but at this point we're
+stuck we're stuck because that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck we're stuck because that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck we're stuck because that time
+using radians this very clever idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using radians this very clever idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using radians this very clever idea of
+radians in Geometry we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians in Geometry we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians in Geometry we were able to
+actually figure out what the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out what the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out what the slope is
+whereas here we're not so sure what M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here we're not so sure what M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here we're not so sure what M
+of2 is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of2 is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of2 is for
+instance we just don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we just don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we just don't know
+yet so the basic question that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so the basic question that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so the basic question that we have
+to deal with right now is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with right now is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with right now is what
+is is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is M
+OFA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're left
+with and the Curious fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and the Curious fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and the Curious fact is
+that the the clever thing to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the clever thing to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the clever thing to do is to
+beg the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so so we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so we're going to go through
+a very circular root here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very circular root here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very circular root here that is
+circuitous not circular circular is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitous not circular circular is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitous not circular circular is a
+bad word in in math it means that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad word in in math it means that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad word in in math it means that one
+thing depends on another and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing depends on another and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing depends on another and that
+depends on it and maybe both are wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on it and maybe both are wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on it and maybe both are wrong
+um circuitous means we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um circuitous means we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um circuitous means we're going to be
+going taking a roundabout route and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going taking a roundabout route and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going taking a roundabout route and
+we're going to discover that even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discover that even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discover that even though
+we refuse to answer this question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refuse to answer this question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refuse to answer this question right
+now we'll succeed in answering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll succeed in answering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll succeed in answering it
+eventually all right so how are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually all right so how are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually all right so how are we going
+to beg the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beg the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beg the
+question what we're going to say instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what we're going to say instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what we're going to say instead
+is we're going to define a mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base or a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base or a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base or a number
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+uh as the unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so
+that M of e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M of e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M of e is equal to
+one all right that's the trick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right that's the trick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right that's the trick that
+we're going to use we don't yet know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use we don't yet know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use we don't yet know
+what e is but we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what e is but we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what e is but we're just going to
+suppose that it uh that we have it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that it uh that we have it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that it uh that we have it now
+I'm going to show you a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a bunch of
+consequences of this and also I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of this and also I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of this and also I have to
+persuade you that it actually does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuade you that it actually does exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuade you that it actually does exist
+so first let me explain what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let me explain what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let me explain what the first
+consequence is first of all if M of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence is first of all if M of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence is first of all if M of is
+one then if you look at this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then if you look at this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then if you look at this formula
+over here and you write it down for E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and you write it down for E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and you write it down for E
+you have something which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something which is a very
+usable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable
+formula D by DX of e to the x is just e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula D by DX of e to the x is just e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula D by DX of e to the x is just e
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X all right so that's an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so that's an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so that's an incredibly
+important formula which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important formula which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important formula which is the
+fundamental one is the only one you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental one is the only one you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental one is the only one you have
+to remember from what we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember from what we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember from what we've done so
+maybe I should have highlighted it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have highlighted it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have highlighted it in in
+uh several colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right that's a big deal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right that's a big deal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right that's a big deal all
+right very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very
+happy and again let me just emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and again let me just emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and again let me just emphasize
+also that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that this is the
+one this is the one which at x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the one which at x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the one which at x equals 0
+has slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has slope
+one that's the way we Define it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the way we Define it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the way we Define it all
+right so if you plug in x equals z here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you plug in x equals z here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you plug in x equals z here
+on the right hand side you get you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side you get you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side you get you get
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so one at xal Z all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one at xal Z all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one at xal Z all right so that's
+great uh except of course since we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh except of course since we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh except of course since we don't
+know what e is this is this is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what e is this is this is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what e is this is this is uh a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dicey so next I just even before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicey so next I just even before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicey so next I just even before uh
+explaining what e is in fact we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what e is in fact we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what e is in fact we won't
+get to what e really is until the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to what e really is until the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to what e really is until the very
+end of this lecture but I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture but I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture but I have to
+persuade you that why e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists all right so we we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists all right so we we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists all right so we we have to have
+some explanation for why we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explanation for why we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explanation for why we know that
+there is such a such a number okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a such a number okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a such a number okay so
+first of all let me start with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let me start with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let me start with the the
+one that we supposedly know which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we supposedly know which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we supposedly know which is the
+function 2 to the X we'll call it f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2 to the X we'll call it f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2 to the X we'll call it f ofx
+is 2 to the X all right so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 to the X all right so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 to the X all right so that's that's
+the first thing and remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing and remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing and remember that the
+property that it had was that frime of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it had was that frime of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it had was that frime of 0
+was M of 2 that was the Der itive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was M of 2 that was the Der itive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was M of 2 that was the Der itive of
+this function the slope at at uh at xals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the slope at at uh at xals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the slope at at uh at xals
+0 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of the
+graph of the tangent line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the tangent line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the tangent line that
+is uh so now what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so now what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so now what we're going to
+consider here is some any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider here is some any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider here is some any kind of
+stretching we're going to stretch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function by a factor K any number K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by a factor K any number K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by a factor K any number K so
+what we're going to consider is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to consider is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to consider is f of
+KX now if you do that that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX now if you do that that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX now if you do that that's the same as
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+right but now if I use the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now if I use the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now if I use the the second
+law of exponents that I have over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of exponents that I have over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of exponents that I have over there
+that's the same thing as 2 the K to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as 2 the K to the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as 2 the K to the^
+X which is the same thing as sum base B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is the same thing as sum base B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is the same thing as sum base B
+to the X where B is equal to um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X where B is equal to um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X where B is equal to um so let's
+just write that down over here B is 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that down over here B is 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that down over here B is 2 to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+all right so whatever it is if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so whatever it is if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so whatever it is if I have a
+different base which is expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base which is expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base which is expressed in
+terms of two by being of the form two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of two by being of the form two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of two by being of the form two to
+the k then that new function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k then that new function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k then that new function is
+described by this function f sub uh f f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this function f sub uh f f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this function f sub uh f f
+of KX the stretch now so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KX the stretch now so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KX the stretch now so what happens
+when you stretch a function that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stretch a function that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stretch a function that's the
+same thing as shrinking the x axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as shrinking the x axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as shrinking the x axis so
+when K gets larger this uh this gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K gets larger this uh this gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K gets larger this uh this gets uh
+this corresponding point over here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponding point over here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponding point over here would
+be over here and so this corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over here and so this corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over here and so this corresponding
+point would be over here so you shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would be over here so you shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would be over here so you shrink
+this picture and the uh this slope here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and the uh this slope here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and the uh this slope here
+tilts up so as we as we increase K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilts up so as we as we increase K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilts up so as we as we increase K the
+slope gets steeper and steeper let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope gets steeper and steeper let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope gets steeper and steeper let's see
+that explicitly numerically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explicitly numerically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explicitly numerically here
+explicitly numerically if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly numerically if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly numerically if I take the
+derivative here all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here all right so the
+derivative with respect to X of B to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of B to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of B to the
+X that's the same thing as well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's the same thing as well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's the same thing as well that's
+the chain rule right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule right that's the
+derivative with respect to X of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of f of
+KX which is uh what it's K * frime of KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX which is uh what it's K * frime of KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX which is uh what it's K * frime of KX
+and so if we do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero we're just getting K * frime of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're just getting K * frime of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're just getting K * frime of 0
+which is K * this m of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is K * this m of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is K * this m of
+2 so how is it exactly that we cook up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so how is it exactly that we cook up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so how is it exactly that we cook up
+the right base B so so b equals E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right base B so so b equals E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right base B so so b equals E
+when K is equal to the one over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K is equal to the one over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K is equal to the one over this
+number in other words we can pick all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in other words we can pick all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in other words we can pick all
+possible slopes that we want we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible slopes that we want we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible slopes that we want we just
+this this has the effect of multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this has the effect of multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this has the effect of multiplying
+the slope by a factor and we can shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope by a factor and we can shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope by a factor and we can shift
+the slope at zero however we want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope at zero however we want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope at zero however we want and
+we're going to do it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it so that
+uh so that the slope exactly matches one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the slope exactly matches one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the slope exactly matches one
+the one that we want so we still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we want so we still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we want so we still don't
+know what K is we still don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what K is we still don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what K is we still don't know what
+e is but at least we know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is but at least we know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is but at least we know that it's
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+somewhere excuse me yeah how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere excuse me yeah how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere excuse me yeah how do you know
+it's F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's F of
+KX how do I know well uh f ofx is 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX how do I know well uh f ofx is 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX how do I know well uh f ofx is 2 to
+the X if f ofx is 2 the X then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X if f ofx is 2 the X then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X if f ofx is 2 the X then the
+formula for fkx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for fkx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for fkx is
+this i' I've decided what f ofx is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i' I've decided what f ofx is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i' I've decided what f ofx is so
+therefore there's a formula for f of KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there's a formula for f of KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there's a formula for f of KX
+and furthermore by the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore by the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore by the chain rule
+there's a formula for the derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formula for the derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formula for the derivative and
+it's K * the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f so again scaling does this by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so again scaling does this by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so again scaling does this by the way
+we did exactly the same thing with the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did exactly the same thing with the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did exactly the same thing with the S
+and cosine function if you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine function if you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine function if you think of the
+S function here let me just remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S function here let me just remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S function here let me just remind you
+here what happens with the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happens with the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happens with the chain rule
+you get K * cine KT here so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get K * cine KT here so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get K * cine KT here so the fact
+that we set things up with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we set things up with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we set things up with it's
+beautifully with radians that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully with radians that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully with radians that this thing
+is but we could change the scale to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we could change the scale to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we could change the scale to
+anything such as uh degrees by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything such as uh degrees by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything such as uh degrees by the
+appropriate Factor K and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Factor K and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Factor K and then there
+would be this scale factor shift of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this scale factor shift of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this scale factor shift of the
+uh derivative formulas but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derivative formulas but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derivative formulas but of course the
+one with radians is the easy one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with radians is the easy one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with radians is the easy one because
+the factor is one the one with degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor is one the one with degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor is one the one with degrees
+is horrible because the factor is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horrible because the factor is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horrible because the factor is some
+crazy number uh right like 180 over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy number uh right like 180 over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy number uh right like 180 over Pi
+or something like that okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that okay so there's
+there's something going on here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on here which is
+exactly the same as that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as that kind of
+rescaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling
+okay so so far we've got only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we've got only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we've got only one
+formula that I'm going to which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I'm going to which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I'm going to which is a
+keeper here this one all right we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper here this one all right we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper here this one all right we have a
+preliminary formula that we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary formula that we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary formula that we still
+haven't completely explained which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completely explained which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completely explained which has
+got a little wavy line there and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little wavy line there and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little wavy line there and we have
+to fit all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit all these things
+together okay so now to fit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so now to fit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so now to fit them
+together I need to introduce the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log is denoted this way Ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log is denoted this way Ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log is denoted this way Ln of
+X so maybe I'll call it I'll call a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so maybe I'll call it I'll call a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so maybe I'll call it I'll call a new
+new letter name we'll call it w is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new letter name we'll call it w is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new letter name we'll call it w is equal
+to log X here but if we were reversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log X here but if we were reversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log X here but if we were reversing
+things if we started out with a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if we started out with a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if we started out with a function
+y is equal to e to X the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to e to X the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to e to X the property that
+it would have is that it's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have is that it's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have is that it's the inverse
+function of e to the X so it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of e to the X so it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of e to the X so it has the
+property that the log of Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the log of Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the log of Y is equal to
+X all right so this defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log now the the logarithm has a a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log now the the logarithm has a a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log now the the logarithm has a a bunch
+of properties and they come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties and they come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties and they come from the
+exponential properties and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential properties and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential properties and uh in
+principle you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you remember
+these uh and I'm just going to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh and I'm just going to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh and I'm just going to remind
+you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of
+them so the main one that I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the main one that I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the main one that I just want to
+remind you of is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is that the
+logarithm of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of uh
+well the logarithm of X1 * X2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the logarithm of X1 * X2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the logarithm of X1 * X2 is equal
+to the logarithm of X1 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the logarithm of X1 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the logarithm of X1 plus the
+logarithm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X2 and maybe a few more are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and maybe a few more are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and maybe a few more are are are
+worth reminding you of one is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth reminding you of one is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth reminding you of one is that the
+logarithm of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero a second is that the logarithm of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero a second is that the logarithm of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero a second is that the logarithm of e
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one all right so these correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so these correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so these correspond to the
+inverse relationships here if I plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse relationships here if I plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse relationships here if I plug in
+here uh xal 0 and xal 1 if I plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh xal 0 and xal 1 if I plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh xal 0 and xal 1 if I plug in
+xals 0 and xal 1 I get uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals 0 and xal 1 I get uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals 0 and xal 1 I get uh the
+corresponding numbers here y = 1 yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e and um maybe it would be worth it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and um maybe it would be worth it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and um maybe it would be worth it to
+to plot the picture once to reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the picture once to reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the picture once to reinforce
+this so here I'll I'll put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here I'll I'll put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here I'll I'll put them on the
+same chart if you have here uh e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chart if you have here uh e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chart if you have here uh e to the
+X over here it looks like this then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over here it looks like this then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over here it looks like this then the
+logarithm which I'll maybe put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm which I'll maybe put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm which I'll maybe put in a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color so this cross is at this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so this cross is at this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so this cross is at this all
+important Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point here
+01 and now in order to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and now in order to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and now in order to figure out what
+the inverse function is I have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function is I have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function is I have to take
+the flip across the diagonal xals y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flip across the diagonal xals y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flip across the diagonal xals y so
+that's this shape here going down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this shape here going down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this shape here going down like
+this and here's the point 1 comma 0 so 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's the point 1 comma 0 so 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's the point 1 comma 0 so 1
+comma 0 corresponds to this identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 0 corresponds to this identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 0 corresponds to this identity
+here that the log of one is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the log of one is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the log of one is zero and
+notice so this is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice so this is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice so this is log
+X the graph of log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the graph of log X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the graph of log X
+and notice that it's only defined for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive which corresponds to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive which corresponds to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive which corresponds to the fact
+that e to the x is always positive so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the x is always positive so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the x is always positive so in
+other words this white curve is only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this white curve is only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this white curve is only in
+the is only Above This axis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is only Above This axis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is only Above This axis and the
+orange one is to the right here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange one is to the right here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange one is to the right here it's
+only defined for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only defined for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only defined for X
+positive all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh one other thing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh one other thing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh one other thing I should
+mention is the slope here is one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is the slope here is one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is the slope here is one and so
+the slope there is also going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope there is also going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope there is also going to be one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now what we're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're allowed to
+do relatively easily because we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do relatively easily because we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do relatively easily because we have the
+tools to do it is to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do it is to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do it is to compute the
+derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logarithm so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find to find the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find to find the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find to find the derivative of the
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+use implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use implicit
+differentiation this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation this is how
+we find the the derivative of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the the derivative of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the the derivative of any
+inverse function so remember the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function so remember the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function so remember the way
+that works is if you know the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works is if you know the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works is if you know the derivative
+of the function you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function you can find the
+derivative of the inverse function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the inverse function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the inverse function and
+the mechanism is the following you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism is the following you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism is the following you write
+down here W is equal to log X all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here W is equal to log X all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here W is equal to log X all right
+here's the function we're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the function we're trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the function we're trying to find
+the derivative of w but now we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of w but now we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of w but now we don't
+know how to differentiate this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to differentiate this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to differentiate this equation
+but if we exponentiate it so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we exponentiate it so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we exponentiate it so that's the
+same thing as e to W is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as e to W is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as e to W is equal
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all
+right right because let's just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because let's just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because let's just stick
+this in here e to the log X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X all right now we can differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right now we can differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right now we can differentiate
+this so let's let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's let's do the
+differentiation here we have d by DX e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation here we have d by DX e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation here we have d by DX e
+to W is equal to D by DX of X which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W is equal to D by DX of X which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W is equal to D by DX of X which is 1
+and then this by the chain rule is d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this by the chain rule is d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this by the chain rule is d by
+DW e to the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW e to the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW e to the W
+dwdx the product of these two factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwdx the product of these two factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwdx the product of these two factors
+that's equal to one and now this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to one and now this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to one and now this guy is
+the one little guy that we that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one little guy that we that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one little guy that we that we uh
+actually know and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know and can
+use that's this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's this guy
+here all right so this is e to the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this is e to the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this is e to the W
+dwdx which is one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally um
+dwdx is equal to 1 e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwdx is equal to 1 e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwdx is equal to 1 e to the
+W but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W but what is
+that it's X so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's X so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's X so this is one
+overx all right so what we've discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx all right so what we've discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx all right so what we've discovered
+is and now I get to put another green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now I get to put another green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now I get to put another green
+guy around here is that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy around here is that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy around here is that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/x all right so now we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x all right so now we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x all right so now we have two
+companion formulas here the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion formulas here the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion formulas here the rate of
+change of log X is 1x and the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of log X is 1x and the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of log X is 1x and the rate of
+change of e to the x is is itself is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of e to the x is is itself is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of e to the x is is itself is e
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and it's time to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's time to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's time to return
+to the problem that we having a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem that we having a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem that we having a little
+bit of trouble with which is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of trouble with which is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of trouble with which is somewhat
+not explicit which is this m of a time x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicit which is this m of a time x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicit which is this m of a time x
+we want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to now
+differentiate a to the X in general not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a to the X in general not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a to the X in general not
+just e to the X so let's work that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e to the X so let's work that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e to the X so let's work that out
+and I want to explain it in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to explain it in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to explain it in a couple of
+ways so you're going to have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you're going to have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you're going to have to remember
+this because I'm going to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I'm going to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I'm going to erase
+it but what I'd like you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so now I I want to teach you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now I I want to teach you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now I I want to teach you how to
+differentiate basically any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate basically any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate basically any
+exponential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll so now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+any exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods they're they're practically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they're they're practically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they're they're practically the
+same method they have the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same method they have the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same method they have the same amount of
+arithmetic but you'll see both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic but you'll see both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic but you'll see both of them
+and they're they're they're equally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're they're they're equally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're they're they're equally uh
+valuable so we're going to just describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so we're going to just describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so we're going to just describe
+them so method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so method
+one I'm going to illustrate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to illustrate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to illustrate on the
+function uh uh a to the X so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh uh a to the X so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh uh a to the X so we're we're
+interested in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh
+differentiating this thing exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating this thing exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating this thing exactly this
+problem that I still didn't solve yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I still didn't solve yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I still didn't solve yet
+okay so here it is and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it is and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it is and here's the
+procedure the procedure is to write um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the procedure is to write um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the procedure is to write um
+so the method is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the method is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the method is to use
+base e or convert to base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base e or convert to base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base e or convert to base
+e so how do you convert to base e well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so how do you convert to base e well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so how do you convert to base e well
+you write a to the X as e to some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a to the X as e to some power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a to the X as e to some power
+so what power is it is e to Power log a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what power is it is e to Power log a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what power is it is e to Power log a
+to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power
+x and that is just e to the X log a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and that is just e to the X log a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and that is just e to the X log a all
+right so we've made our conversion now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've made our conversion now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've made our conversion now
+to base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base
+e an exponential of something so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e an exponential of something so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e an exponential of something so now I'm
+going to carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to carry out the
+differentiation so d by DX of a x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so d by DX of a x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so d by DX of a x is
+equal to D by DX of e to the X log a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D by DX of e to the X log a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D by DX of e to the X log a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now this is a a step which causes great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a a step which causes great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a a step which causes great
+confusion when you first see it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion when you first see it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion when you first see it and you
+must get used to it because it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must get used to it because it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must get used to it because it's easy
+not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard
+okay the rate of change of this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rate of change of this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rate of change of this with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+X is let me do it by analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here say I had e 3x and I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here say I had e 3x and I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here say I had e 3x and I were
+differentiating it the ch rule would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating it the ch rule would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating it the ch rule would say
+that this is just three the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just three the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just three the rate of
+change of 3x with respect to X time e 3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of 3x with respect to X time e 3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of 3x with respect to X time e 3x
+the rate of change of e to the U with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of e to the U with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of e to the U with
+respect to U all right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U all right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U all right so this is the
+ordinary chain Rule now what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary chain Rule now what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary chain Rule now what we're doing
+up here is exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is exactly the same thing
+because log a as frightening as it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log a as frightening as it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log a as frightening as it looks
+with all three letters there is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all three letters there is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all three letters there is just a
+fixed number it's not moving it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number it's not moving it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number it's not moving it's a
+constant so the con Conant just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the con Conant just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the con Conant just
+accelerates the rate of change by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates the rate of change by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates the rate of change by that
+factor which is what the chain rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is what the chain rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is what the chain rule is
+doing so this is equal to log a times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so this is equal to log a times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so this is equal to log a times e
+to the X log a all right same business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X log a all right same business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X log a all right same business
+here with log a being replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with log a being replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with log a being replacing
+three so this is something you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this is something you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this is something you've got to
+get used to in time for the exam for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to in time for the exam for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to in time for the exam for
+instance because you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance because you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance because you're going to be
+doing a million of these all right so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a million of these all right so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a million of these all right so do
+get used to it all right so so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it all right so so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it all right so so here's
+the formula on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula on the other
+hand this expression here was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this expression here was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this expression here was the same
+as a to the X so another way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a to the X so another way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a to the X so another way of writing
+this and I'll put this into a into a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll put this into a into a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll put this into a into a box
+but actually I never remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I never remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I never remember this
+particularly I just rederive it every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly I just rederive it every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly I just rederive it every
+time is this is the uh uh derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is this is the uh uh derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is this is the uh uh derivative of
+a to the x is equal to log a a to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the x is equal to log a a to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the x is equal to log a a to the X
+right now I'm going to get rid of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm going to get rid of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm going to get rid of what's
+underneath it here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it here so
+you all right so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right so this is another
+another formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another formula
+now so there's the formula I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so there's the formula I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so there's the formula I've
+essentially finished here and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially finished here and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially finished here and notice
+what is the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number the magic number is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the magic number is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the magic number is the natural
+log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of
+a that's what it was we didn't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's what it was we didn't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's what it was we didn't know what
+it was in advance this is what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in advance this is what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in advance this is what it is
+it's the natural log of a let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the natural log of a let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the natural log of a let me
+emphasize to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize to you
+again something about what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again something about what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again something about what's going on
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+which has to do with scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example the derivative with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the derivative with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the derivative with respect to X
+of 2 to the x is log 2 * 2 x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 to the x is log 2 * 2 x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 to the x is log 2 * 2 x the
+derivative with respect to X these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X these are
+the two most obvious bases that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most obvious bases that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most obvious bases that you
+might want to use is log 10 * 10 x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use is log 10 * 10 x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use is log 10 * 10 x so
+one of the things that's natural about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's natural about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's natural about
+the natural logarithm is that even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural logarithm is that even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural logarithm is that even if we
+insisted that we must use base 2 or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insisted that we must use base 2 or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insisted that we must use base 2 or that
+we must use base 10 we still would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must use base 10 we still would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must use base 10 we still would be
+stuck with natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with natural
+logarithms they come up naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms they come up naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms they come up naturally
+they're the ones which are which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones which are which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones which are which are
+independent of our human constructs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of our human constructs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of our human constructs of
+of base 2 and base 10 the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of base 2 and base 10 the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of base 2 and base 10 the natural
+logorithm is the one that comes up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logorithm is the one that comes up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logorithm is the one that comes up uh
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+reference and we'll be mentioning a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and we'll be mentioning a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and we'll be mentioning a few
+other ways in which it's natural um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which it's natural um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which it's natural um
+later here okay so I have to I I I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later here okay so I have to I I I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later here okay so I have to I I I told
+you about this first method now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this first method now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this first method now I want
+to tell you about a second method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so the second method is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the second method is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the second method is called
+logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation all right so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation all right so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation all right so how does
+this work well sometimes you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work well sometimes you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work well sometimes you're having
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiating a function and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating a function and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating a function and it's
+easier to differentiate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to differentiate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to differentiate its
+logarithm that may seem peculiar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that may seem peculiar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that may seem peculiar but
+actually we'll give several examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we'll give several examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we'll give several examples
+where this is clearly the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is clearly the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is clearly the case that the
+logarithm is easy easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is easy easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is easy easier to
+differentiate than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate than the
+function okay so it could be that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so it could be that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so it could be that this
+is an easier quantity to understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an easier quantity to understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an easier quantity to understand so
+we want to relate it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to relate it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to relate it back to the
+function U so we have to so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U so we have to so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U so we have to so I'm going to
+write it slightly different way so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it slightly different way so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it slightly different way so uh
+let's write it in terms of primes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it in terms of primes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it in terms of primes here
+so the basic identity is the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic identity is the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic identity is the chain rule
+again and the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and the derivative of the
+logarithm well maybe I'll write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm well maybe I'll write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm well maybe I'll write it out
+this way first so this is would be D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way first so this is would be D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way first so this is would be D of
+log U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log U
+du time d by DX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du time d by DX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du time d by DX of
+U okay these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors and that's the same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and that's the same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and that's the same thing so
+remember what the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the derivative of the
+logarithm is this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is this is what is
+it one over U so here I have a one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one over U so here I have a one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one over U so here I have a one over
+U and here I have a du DX so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and here I have a du DX so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and here I have a du DX so I'm going
+to encode this uh on the next board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode this uh on the next board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode this uh on the next board here
+which is the sort of the main formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of the main formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of the main formula
+that you always need to remember which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you always need to remember which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you always need to remember which
+is that log U Prime is equal to U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that log U Prime is equal to U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that log U Prime is equal to U Prime
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+U okay that's the that's the one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U okay that's the that's the one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U okay that's the that's the one to
+remember here yeah did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get the question is how did I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the question is how did I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the question is how did I get this
+step here all right so this is the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here all right so this is the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here all right so this is the chain
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the rate of change of U with respect log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of U with respect log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of U with respect log
+U with respect to X is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U with respect to X is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U with respect to X is the rate of
+change of log U with respect to U times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of log U with respect to U times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of log U with respect to U times
+the rate of change of U with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of U with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of U with respect to
+X that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chain all right so now I've I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain all right so now I've I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain all right so now I've I've I've
+worked out this this identity here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out this this identity here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out this this identity here and
+now let's show how it it handles um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show how it it handles um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show how it it handles um this
+case d by DX a x let's do this one so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case d by DX a x let's do this one so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case d by DX a x let's do this one so in
+order to get that one I would take U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get that one I would take U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get that one I would take U is
+equal to a to X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a to X all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a to X all
+right and now let's just take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now let's just take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now let's just take a look at
+what log U is log U is equal to X log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a all right now I claim that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right now I claim that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right now I claim that this is
+pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to
+differentiate again it may seem hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate again it may seem hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate again it may seem hard but
+it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite
+easy so maybe somebody can Hazard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so maybe somebody can Hazard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so maybe somebody can Hazard a
+guess what's the derivative of x log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a x log a it's just log a right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x log a it's just log a right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x log a it's just log a right so this
+is that same thing that I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that same thing that I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that same thing that I was talking
+about before which is if you've got 3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before which is if you've got 3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before which is if you've got 3x
+and you're taking its derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're taking its derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're taking its derivative with
+respect to X here that's just three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X here that's just three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X here that's just three
+that's the kind of thing you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing you have here
+again don't be put off by this massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't be put off by this massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't be put off by this massive
+piece of junk here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of junk here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of junk here it's a
+constant right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again keep that in mind it it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again keep that in mind it it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again keep that in mind it it comes up
+regularly in this in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly in this in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly in this in this kind of
+question all right so there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so there's our
+formula that is the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is the derivative of the
+the logarithmic derivative is this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithmic derivative is this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithmic derivative is this but
+let's just rewrite that right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just rewrite that right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just rewrite that right that's the
+same thing as U Prime over U which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as U Prime over U which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as U Prime over U which is
+log U Prime is equal to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log U Prime is equal to log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log U Prime is equal to log
+a right so this is our differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so this is our differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so this is our differentiation
+formula so here we have U Prime U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so here we have U Prime U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so here we have U Prime U Prime
+is equal to U * log a if I just multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to U * log a if I just multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to U * log a if I just multiply
+through by U and that's what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by U and that's what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by U and that's what we wanted
+that's d by DX of a x is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's d by DX of a x is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's d by DX of a x is equal
+to uh log a I'll reverse the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh log a I'll reverse the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh log a I'll reverse the order of
+the two which is customary time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x all right so this is this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x all right so this is this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x all right so this is this is the way
+that logarithmic differentiation works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logarithmic differentiation works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logarithmic differentiation works
+it's the same arithmetic as the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same arithmetic as the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same arithmetic as the previous
+method uh but we don't have to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh but we don't have to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh but we don't have to convert
+to base e we're just keeping track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base e we're just keeping track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base e we're just keeping track of
+the exponents and doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponents and doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponents and doing the
+differentiation on the exponents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation on the exponents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation on the exponents and
+multiplying through at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay so so now I I'm going to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay so so now I I'm going to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay so so now I I'm going to do two
+trickier examples which illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier examples which illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier examples which illustrate
+logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again these could be done equally well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these could be done equally well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these could be done equally well
+by using base e but I but I won't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using base e but I but I won't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using base e but I but I won't do it
+method one and Method two always both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one and Method two always both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one and Method two always both
+work all right so here's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right so here's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right so here's a second
+example again this is the problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again this is the problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again this is the problem when
+you have moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponents but this time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents but this time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents but this time we're going to
+complicate Matters by having both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate Matters by having both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate Matters by having both a
+moving X exponent and a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving X exponent and a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving X exponent and a moving
+base all right so we have a function U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base all right so we have a function U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base all right so we have a function U
+which is well maybe I'll call it V since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is well maybe I'll call it V since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is well maybe I'll call it V since
+we already had a function U which is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already had a function U which is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already had a function U which is X
+to the X a really complicated looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X a really complicated looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X a really complicated looking
+function here so again you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here so again you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here so again you can you can
+handle this by converting to base e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this by converting to base e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this by converting to base e
+method one but we'll do the logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one but we'll do the logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one but we'll do the logarithmic
+differentiation version all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation version all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation version all right so I
+take the logs of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and now when I differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now when I differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now when I differentiate this
+here I have to use the product rule this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have to use the product rule this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have to use the product rule this
+time instead of having log a a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instead of having log a a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instead of having log a a constant
+I have a variable here so I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a variable here so I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a variable here so I have two
+factors I have log X when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors I have log X when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors I have log X when I
+differentiate with respect to X when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to X when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to X when I
+differentiate with respect to uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to uh this
+Factor here I get x times the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor here I get x times the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor here I get x times the derivative
+of that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is
+1x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x
+okay so here's here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's here's my
+formula almost finished so I have here V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula almost finished so I have here V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula almost finished so I have here V
+Prime over V is equal to now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over V is equal to now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over V is equal to now I'm going
+to multiply these two things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply these two things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply these two things together
+I'll put it on the other side because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it on the other side because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it on the other side because I
+don't want to get it mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get it mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get it mixed
+up with uh log X + one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with uh log X + one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with uh log X + one the
+quantity all right and now I'm almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity all right and now I'm almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity all right and now I'm almost
+done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have uh V Prime is equal to V * 1 + log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh V Prime is equal to V * 1 + log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh V Prime is equal to V * 1 + log
+X and that's just d by DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that's just d by DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that's just d by DX
+x x is = X x * 1 + log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x is = X x * 1 + log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x is = X x * 1 + log
+X right that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so these two methods always work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these two methods always work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these two methods always work for
+for moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next thing that I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing that I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing that I'd like to do is
+another fairly tricky example and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fairly tricky example and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fairly tricky example and this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this one is not uh strictly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one is not uh strictly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one is not uh strictly speaking
+within calculus although we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within calculus although we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within calculus although we're going to
+use the tools that we've just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tools that we've just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tools that we've just described
+to to uh carry it out in fact it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh carry it out in fact it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh carry it out in fact it will
+use some calculus in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some calculus in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some calculus in the very
+end right and what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right and what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right and what I'm going to do is
+I'm I'm going to evaluate the limit as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to evaluate the limit as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to evaluate the limit as n
+goes to Infinity of 1 + 1 / n to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so now the reason why I want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so now the reason why I want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so now the reason why I want to uh
+discuss this is this is a this is turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this is this is a this is turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this is this is a this is turns
+out to have a very interesting answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have a very interesting answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have a very interesting answer
+and it's a problem that you can approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a problem that you can approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a problem that you can approach
+exactly by this method and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly by this method and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly by this method and the reason is
+that it has a moving exponent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a moving exponent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a moving exponent the
+exponent n here is changing and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent n here is changing and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent n here is changing and so if
+you want to keep track of that a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep track of that a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep track of that a good
+way to do that is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is to use
+logarithms so in order to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms so in order to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms so in order to figure out
+this limit what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit what we're going to do is
+we're take the log of it and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're take the log of it and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're take the log of it and figure out
+what the limit of the log is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the limit of the log is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the limit of the log is instead of
+the log of the limit those will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the limit those will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the limit those will be the
+same thing so we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so we're going to take the
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+log of this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that's n log 1 + 1 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now I'm going to rewrite this in a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to rewrite this in a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to rewrite this in a form
+which will make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will make it more
+recognizable so what I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable so what I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable so what I'd like to do
+is I'm going to write n uh or maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to write n uh or maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to write n uh or maybe I
+should say it this way Delta X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it this way Delta X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it this way Delta X is equal
+to 1 n all right so if n is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 n all right so if n is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 n all right so if n is going to
+Infinity then this Delta X is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then this Delta X is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then this Delta X is going to
+be going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going to
+zero so this is more familiar teritory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is more familiar teritory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is more familiar teritory
+for us uh in this class anyway so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us uh in this class anyway so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us uh in this class anyway so let's
+rewrite it so here we have 1 over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it so here we have 1 over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it so here we have 1 over Delta
+X and then that is multiplied by log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then that is multiplied by log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then that is multiplied by log of
+1 + Delta X all right so n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + Delta X all right so n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + Delta X all right so n is the
+reciprocal of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of Delta
+X now I want to change this in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now I want to change this in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now I want to change this in a very
+very minor way I'm going to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minor way I'm going to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minor way I'm going to subtract
+Zero from it so that's the same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero from it so that's the same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero from it so that's the same thing so
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+subtract log of one from it that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract log of one from it that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract log of one from it that's just
+equal to zero right so this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right so this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right so this is not a
+problem and I'll put some parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'll put some parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'll put some parentheses
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+this all right now you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right now you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right now you're supposed to
+recognize all of a sudden what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all of a sudden what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all of a sudden what this
+thing what pattern this fits into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what pattern this fits into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what pattern this fits into this
+is the thing which we need to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing which we need to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing which we need to calculate
+in order to calculate the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to calculate the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to calculate the derivative of
+the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log
+function okay so this is in the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so this is in the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so this is in the limit as
+Delta X goes to zero equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X goes to zero equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X goes to zero equal to the
+derivative of log X where well the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of log X where well the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of log X where well the base
+point is x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is x =
+1 that's where we're evaluating that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's where we're evaluating that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's where we're evaluating that's
+the x0 that's the base value but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x0 that's the base value but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x0 that's the base value but this is
+the difference quotient that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference quotient that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference quotient that's exactly
+what it is and so this by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and so this by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and so this by definition
+tends to this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to this limit
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but we know what the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know what the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know what the derivative of the
+log function is the derivative of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log function is the derivative of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log function is the derivative of log
+function is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/x so this limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so we got it we got the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we got it we got the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we got it we got the limit
+and now we just have to work backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we just have to work backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we just have to work backwards
+to figure out what this limit that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what this limit that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what this limit that we've
+got over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do
+that so let's see here the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's see here the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's see here the log
+approached one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached one so the
+limit as n goes to Infinity of 1 + 1 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of 1 + 1 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of 1 + 1 n
+to the N so sorry the log of this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N so sorry the log of this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N so sorry the log of this yeah
+let's write it this way so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it this way so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it this way so this is the
+same thing as well the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as well the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as well the thing that we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+is the log of this right 1 + 1 n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the log of this right 1 + 1 n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the log of this right 1 + 1 n the
+n and goes to Infinity that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and goes to Infinity that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and goes to Infinity that's the one
+that we just figured out but now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just figured out but now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just figured out but now this
+thing is the exponential of that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the exponential of that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the exponential of that so it's
+really e to this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really e to this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really e to this power
+here so this guy is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this guy is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this guy is the same as the
+limit of the log of the limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the log of the limit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the log of the limit of this
+thing which is the same as the limit log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the same as the limit log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the same as the limit log
+of the limit the limit of the log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limit the limit of the log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limit the limit of the log and
+the log of the limit are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the limit are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the limit are the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+log Lim equals Lim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log okay so I take the logarithm I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay so I take the logarithm I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay so I take the logarithm I take
+the exponential that just just undoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential that just just undoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential that just just undoes
+what I did before and so this limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did before and so this limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did before and so this limit is
+just one so this is e to the one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one so this is e to the one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one so this is e to the one and so
+this limit that we want here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e so I claim that with this step we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so I claim that with this step we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so I claim that with this step we've
+actually closed Loop finally because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually closed Loop finally because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually closed Loop finally because we
+have an honest numerical way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an honest numerical way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an honest numerical way to
+calculate e the first there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate e the first there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate e the first there are many
+such but this one is a perfectly honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such but this one is a perfectly honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such but this one is a perfectly honest
+numerical way to calculate e we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical way to calculate e we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical way to calculate e we we had
+this e we didn't know exactly what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e we didn't know exactly what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e we didn't know exactly what it
+was it was this m of there was M OFA the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was this m of there was M OFA the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was this m of there was M OFA the
+logarithm and so on we have all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm and so on we have all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm and so on we have all that
+stuff but we really need need to nail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but we really need need to nail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but we really need need to nail
+down what this number e is and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what this number e is and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what this number e is and this is
+telling us if you take for example 1 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us if you take for example 1 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us if you take for example 1 + 1
+over 100 to the 100th power that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 to the 100th power that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 to the 100th power that's going
+to be a very good perfectly decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very good perfectly decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very good perfectly decent
+anyway approximation to e so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway approximation to e so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway approximation to e so this is an
+a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation which is all we can ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which is all we can ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which is all we can ever
+do with this kind of irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this kind of irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this kind of irrational
+number and so that closes the loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so that closes the loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so that closes the loop and
+we now have a coherent uh uh family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a coherent uh uh family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a coherent uh uh family of
+functions which are actually well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are actually well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are actually well
+defined and for which we have practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and for which we have practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and for which we have practical
+methods to calculate okay so see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to calculate okay so see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to calculate okay so see you
+next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ARjSihLe1K8.txt b/ARjSihLe1K8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78064ee505d9456ba4d0135267bce8b8d005c424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ARjSihLe1K8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1289 @@
+Good morning.  Good morning.    
+
+So, I'd like to pick up where we left off last time and just finish  
+
+off translation and then step back and look at how this central dogma  
+
+of DNA is replicated into DNA,  is read into RNA, and is translated  
+
+into protein.  Or, actually, as Francis Crick  
+
+really put it,  all information flow from nucleic  
+
+acid to protein.  How that varies amongst organisms.   
+
+Because first we're going through it and looking at the absolutely  
+
+common features,  DNA replication, so it's five prime  
+
+to three prime,  et cetera, et cetera,   
+
+transcription, translation.  But in a moment I'd like to turn to  
+
+the variations between different kinds of organisms.   
+
+But let me briefly finish up,  if I may, the bit about translation  
+
+in general so we can look at its variation.   
+
+As we talked about last time,  we have a messenger RNA that has  
+
+been transcribed from a specific region of the chromosome starting at  
+
+a promoter and going to some stop of transcription.   
+
+And that messenger RNA will include some particular sequence,   
+
+and I'll copy one here,  A-U-A-C-G-A-U-G-A-A-G-A-G-G-C-C-C,   
+
+et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, out to a UAG.   
+
+And this is the direction five prime to three prime.   
+
+We'll remember that all nucleic acid polymerization goes five prime  
+
+to three prime.  So, what happens is the cell begins  
+
+scanning this message.  And it does that by this message  
+
+being exported into the cytoplasm of the cell.  The ribosome coming along  
+
+and glomming onto this message and scanning on for the  
+
+place to start.  It looks, it looks,   
+
+it looks, it looks, and it finds the first AUG.  Footnote,   
+
+this isn't 100% true.  There are occasional messages that start their  
+
+translation not at an AUG,  and there are even occasional,   
+
+there are even more messages that don't quite start at the first AUG  
+
+because the ribosome is really is looking for something a little bit  
+
+special, but to a first order approximation.   
+
+Good enough for the textbooks.  It goes along to the first AUG.   
+
+In reality it's a little more subtle than that.   
+
+But it starts at the first AUG.  And what it does is it builds a  
+
+protein that corresponds to it according to a three letter genetic  
+
+code.  And you all know the lookup table.  It's in your book.   
+
+AUG, always the first amino acid put in.  A methionine.   
+
+Then AAG.  Lysine,  I think.  Then arginine.   
+
+Then a proline.  Now, I mean this is this particular sequence.   
+
+Any other sequence would be different.  Et cetera.   
+
+How does it accomplish this matching between three letters of  
+
+the genetic code?  Oh, and when it gets to AUG,   
+
+that is one of the three singles for stop, don't put in any more amino  
+
+acids.  There are three such stop signals.   
+
+AUG, sorry, UAG,  UGG and U, oops, what did I just do  
+
+here?  Let's get that right.  UAG, UGG and UGA.  Those are the  
+
+three stop codons.  So, how many total codons are there?   
+
+64 codons.  Three of them spell stop.  61 of them spell  
+
+specific amino acids.  And how many amino acids are there?   
+
+20.  So, the average redundancy is three.  Some are specified by  
+
+multiple codons.  The most extreme is some amino  
+
+acids are specified by as many as six codons.  Did I,   
+
+oh, thank you.  Come back down.  Of course.  U-A, so it's UAG, right?   
+
+ Sorry, UAA and UGA and UAG.   
+
+Thank you.  Very good.  All right.  So, now, how does it accomplish  
+
+this feat of taking amino acids,  of taking nucleotide sequence, RNA  
+
+sequence and converting it into the sequence of amino acids?   
+
+As I mentioned last time,  there was lots of original somewhat  
+
+nutty thinking about some looping codes that would make the RNA fold  
+
+up in such a way to bind the amino acids and all that.   
+
+But, as Francis Crick thought up,  there had to be some kind of an  
+
+adapter molecule that would take the RNA sequence and would somehow  
+
+connect it up to the correct amino acid, and that was UAC.   
+
+A particular transfer RNA molecule.  And the tRNA molecule is an adapter  
+
+sequence that has three nucleotides here that match up to the three  
+
+nucleotides of the codon that we're trying to translate,   
+
+and it has the appropriate amino acid that's been stuck on the end of  
+
+it.  And how does it get there?  How does the right tRNA, the tRNA  
+
+to match this codon have the right amino acid put on it?   
+
+There's a dedicated enzyme that recognizes that tRNA and puts on  
+
+that amino acid.  It's aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.   
+
+It sticks the right amino on the right transfer RNA.   
+
+So, that's how it accomplishes the physical recognition of these three  
+
+bases and has the right amino acid attached to it.   
+
+There's an enzymatic machinery that has all of these tRNAs floating  
+
+around in the cell which can be used for this translation here.   
+
+How does this actually happen physically?   
+
+It happens in this vast machine called the ribosome.   
+
+In the ribosome, if we have,  say, our codon here and we have a  
+
+tRNA that, well,  we'll put that actually in the  
+
+ribosome that,  say, has the first amino acid here,   
+
+methionine, there's a cavity for this guy and there's a cavity  
+
+for the next guy.  And other tRNAs come into the cell  
+
+carrying their next amino acid.  Maybe it will be here a lysine that  
+
+matches up with the codon and the anti-codon.  And when the right tRNA  
+
+fits in the next cavity over,  the ribosome itself catalyzes a  
+
+peptide bond between these amino acids.   
+
+Then it chugs over by one,  it translocates by one moving this  
+
+bit of the complex to the left,  and the peptide chain continues to  
+
+grow out this end as each new codon is moved into position,   
+
+a tRNA comes in bringing the right amino acid until finally a stop  
+
+codon is hit.  And what happens when you hit a stop codon?   
+
+It stops.  And is there a tRNA for a stop?   
+
+It turns out there's not.  There actually isn't.  There's some  
+
+other factor.  There's a protein factor that helps recognize the  
+
+stops.  So, that just continues to chug on.  Those of you who are  
+
+computer scientists or mathematicians will recognize this  
+
+is a two-tape Turing machine.  It is the small two-tape Turing  
+
+machine that I know to exist.  If you don't know what that means,   
+
+you can forget about that comment.  In any case, but some of you know  
+
+what that is.  So,  that's how it proceeds.   
+
+That is your basic protein translation.   
+
+And, I must say,  what I really love about this was  
+
+that Francis Crick kind of figured out what had to happen just on first  
+
+principles and was able to think through it much more clearly and  
+
+direct people to know what to look for in the laboratory.   
+
+And if people had not had the clarity of thinking that Crick  
+
+provided by saying,  look, there's got to be this kind of  
+
+adapter, I don't think they would have found it as quickly.   
+
+But once he said this is what you've got to look for,   
+
+golly, it was there.  You can't do that very often,   
+
+but Francis Crick seemed to have a very good track record of doing  
+
+those things.  OK.  So, that was just finishing off  
+
+translation.  Now what I'd like to do is turn to  
+
+variations on the theme as the major issue for today.   
+
+How does this central dogma,  DNA replicates, is transcribed into  
+
+RNA and is translated into protein,  vary amongst the different kinds of  
+
+organisms that we might be interested in?   
+
+The kinds of organisms we might be interested in,   
+
+eukaryotes, prokaryotes,  viruses.  Sample eukaryote,   
+
+MIT undergraduate.  Prokaryote,  E. coli.  And virus, many possible  
+
+viruses.  The eukaryotes' big nucleated cells.   
+
+So, in here we're going to have our nucleated cells.   
+
+DNA living in there.  In our prokaryotes we have no  
+
+distinct nucleus.  The DNA is not in a distinct  
+
+nucleus, although it's not entirely freely floating around.   
+
+It tends to be clustered together.  In the virus the nucleic acid  
+
+resides in some kind of a capsid,  some kind of a, it could be a  
+
+protein capsid.  There are some of them that have  
+
+lipid capsids with lipid particles around them, but some kind of a coat  
+
+around nucleic acid there.  Do they all do exactly the same  
+
+things with regard to DNA replication, RNA transcription and  
+
+protein translation?  Well, not entirely.  So,   
+
+as a way, in a way to reinforce what we know about these,   
+
+let's look at how they differ.  DNA replication.  Eukaryotes.   
+
+What's the structure of one of your chromosomes?  Is it a long line,   
+
+a long linear molecule, or is it a circular molecule?   
+
+How many of you have linear chromosomes?  How many of you have  
+
+circular chromosomes?  I heard there were some people with  
+
+circular.  And how many of you are unsure about your chromosomes?   
+
+OK.  That's good.  Well, then I'm pleased to inform  
+
+you that you have long linear chromosomes.  Every human chromosome  
+
+is a long double-stranded molecule of DNA.  Linear double-stranded DNA.   
+
+They can be extremely long.  You have 23 chromosomes,   
+
+and together they make up three billion nucleotides of DNA.   
+
+A typical chromosome could be 150 million bases long as an average  
+
+size for a chromosome.  And it's a single connected  
+
+molecule.  150 million bases long in the human is a typical chromosome.   
+
+One tricky little bit about replicating DNA.   
+
+Let's just think back to our little model of replicating DNA.   
+
+Let's come to the chromosome end here.  It's five prime to three  
+
+prime.  Five prime to three prime.  We're going to start replicating.   
+
+We're getting to the end of chromosome number one.   
+
+We've got a primer here,  and the primer is going to be used  
+
+to extend, extend,  extend.  We get right to the end.   
+
+That's good.  Tell me how we're going to replicate back.   
+
+We need a little primer to start it,  right?  And where's that primer  
+
+going to land?  Maybe over here it will start  
+
+replicating back.  Oh, boy, we haven't done this  
+
+figure.  So, what do we have to do there?  So, we need to primer a  
+
+little further back.  OK.  But, you know what,   
+
+the chance that we're going to get that right at the end,   
+
+that we're going to get a primer exactly at the end is pretty low.   
+
+And if we don't have a primer exactly at the end,   
+
+what's going to be wrong with that copy of the chromosome?   
+
+Too short.  Now, big deal.  So, it's short by maybe 20 bases.   
+
+But that's just this cell division.  What about next cell division?  It  
+
+will be short on average by a little bit, and then the next cell division  
+
+and the next cell division.  It's actually pretty tricky to  
+
+replicate a linear chromosome on the lagging strand,   
+
+unless you can land the primer in exactly the right place,   
+
+which doesn't happen.  So, a special little solution is  
+
+used.  The ends of chromosomes here are called telomeres,   
+
+telo meaning end.  These telomeres have very specific structures.   
+
+In the human they repeat,  T-T-A-G-G-G, again and  
+
+again and again.  At the end of the chromosome there's  
+
+a special enzyme that will come along and add some extra telomere to  
+
+the chromosome.  That, sorry?  Did I say leading  
+
+strand?  It's the,  oh, yeah, sorry.  It's the lagging,   
+
+sorry.  It's the leading strand.  No,  no, no, this is the lagging strand.   
+
+This is the leading strand because it's running along happily not  
+
+having to make a primer.  The okazaki fragment should be here.   
+
+I'll stick by that.  We'll debate it later.   
+
+Anyway, they, we get the point.  But it's lagging because you've got  
+
+the ogzocy fragments there.  So, anyway, we have a problem of  
+
+replication.  And the way the cell solves it is the actual replication  
+
+is shorter, but since it manages to stick some repeat at the end of the  
+
+chromosome it adds back some more T-T-A-G-G-G, T-T-A-G-G-G,   
+
+T-T-A-G-G-G, and it keeps dynamically adding more.   
+
+What do you think would happen if you didn't, or what's the enzyme  
+
+that adds telomeres?  Telomerase.  Telomerase adds that.   
+
+What cells do you think need to have active telomerase?   
+
+Rapidly dividing cells would need to have telomerase.   
+
+Cells that are not rapidly dividing,  cells that have stopped dividing can  
+
+shut off their telomerase.  But if a cell is going to go  
+
+through lots and lots of cell divisions it's got to,   
+
+it's got to tidy up its telomeres each time because they're  
+
+getting too short.  You've got to have an enzyme that's  
+
+adding back ends of chromosomes.  What cells do you think  
+
+particularly care about having telomerase on them?   
+
+Cancers.  It turns out that this is not a trivial point.   
+
+More than 90% of cancers turn on actively the telomerase gene,   
+
+which would be a shut off in normal cells because the cell is  
+
+not dividing anymore.  Part of becoming a cancer is having  
+
+to turn on this repair mechanism for the ends, this extension mechanism  
+
+for the ends of your chromosomes.  And so, various people are trying  
+
+to make drugs to inhibit cancers by inhibiting this telomerase enzyme.   
+
+So, understanding just your linear replication of chromosomes is a kind  
+
+of useful thing even in dealing with things like cancer.   
+
+Genome sizes.  I mentioned,  how big was the human genome?   
+
+Three times ten to the ninth bases.  The mouse genome?   
+
+It's almost as big,  about 2.7 times ten to the ninth  
+
+bases, 2.7 million bases.  The elephant genome?  I actually  
+
+just found this out last week because we just finished sequencing  
+
+elephant DNA, and I can now tell you I think it's 3.   
+
+.  The dog is 2.  times ten to the ninth.   
+
+Anyway, it's about, for most mammals it's pretty close  
+
+to three billion bases.  And there is some fluctuation.   
+
+Some are a little bigger.  Some are a little smaller.   
+
+It doesn't scale with sizing the animal, though,   
+
+because the dog has a smaller genome,  for example, than the mouse does,   
+
+but the elephant is a big bigger than us.  And check in later in the  
+
+term, I'll tell you about the aardvark.  We should know in a  
+
+little while.  But here are,  for example, fruit flies.  The fruit  
+
+fly, it has a genome of two times ten to the eighth.   
+
+I'm giving, I'm being quite approximate.  In fact,   
+
+I'll make it, I'll give you 1.  times ten to the eighth.  150  
+
+million bases.  Yeast, by contrast,   
+
+has a genome of 1.2 times ten to the seventh.  So, that's 12 million,   
+
+150 million give or take, and about three billion,   
+
+so 3,000 million.  So, genome sizes can vary quite  
+
+dramatically amongst different eukaryotes.   
+
+Now, what about prokaryotes?  How do the prokaryotes differ?   
+
+Prokaryotes differ because their genomes are typically not linear  
+
+chromosomes.  The typical prokaryotic chromosome is a  
+
+double-stranded circle.  It's a double-stranded circular DNA.   
+
+ Now, the double-stranded circular  
+
+DNA doesn't have this problem of telomeres.  You just keep  
+
+replicating around and you get to the end.  So, there you have a much  
+
+simpler replication system than having to worry about your ends of  
+
+chromosomes.  You also have much smaller genomes.   
+
+The typical prokaryotic genome size,  it's on the order of a few million  
+
+bases.  E. coli, 4.6 million bases.  There are, for example,   
+
+mycobacteria, such as the mycobacteria that caused  
+
+tuberculosis or leprosy,  have on the order of, well,   
+
+actually, not quite them, but other mycobacteria have on the order of  
+
+about a million bases or so.  Mycobacteria, M. genitalia has  
+
+actually slightly less than a million basis.   
+
+So, these are basically several million bases.   
+
+So, there's a huge variation in genome size.   
+
+Your genome is about a thousand times bigger than E.   
+
+coli's genome.  Now, you do actually have one circular chromosome.   
+
+Do you know what it is?  I speak about the 23 pairs of human  
+
+chromosomes.  There's actually one more human chromosome.   
+
+The mitochondria have their own chromosome.  It's a circle.   
+
+That's very odd that you would have one chromosome that's a circle that  
+
+looks like a bacterial chromosome.  Do you know why that is?   
+
+The mitochondria arose as a symbiotic bacterium that became a  
+
+symbiont of eukaryotic cells about 1.  billion years ago.   
+
+It was a bacterium taken up into another cell, and that's how  
+
+eukaryotes evolved.  And we can even see that little  
+
+signature of it having been a prokaryote from the fact that it's  
+
+got one of these circular prokaryotic looking chromosomes.   
+
+Now, it, because it's living in your cells, has thrown out all sorts  
+
+of genes that it doesn't need anymore because the main,   
+
+the nucleus supplies most of the proteins.   
+
+ So, your mitochondrial genome is a circle that's a mere 16,   
+
+00 bases long.  It's a very small circle encoding a very limited  
+
+number of genes,  but it's, in fact,   
+
+the residue of the bacterial symbiont that lead to the formation  
+
+of euks.  Now,  viruses, what do viruses have?   
+
+Do they have double-strained linear chromosomes?  Which is it?   
+
+Is it double-stranded linear DNA or is it double-stranded circular DNA?   
+
+Circular DNA.  So, who votes for linear?  Who votes for circular?   
+
+Who's undecided?  Ah, the undecided are very larger here.  So,   
+
+the answer is both.  Some viruses have double-stranded  
+
+linear DNA.  Some viruses have double-stranded circular DNA.   
+
+It's worse than that, though.  Some viruses have single-stranded  
+
+linear, circular DNA.  Ha?  How does that work?   
+
+Some viruses actually infect the cell injecting DNA,   
+
+and it's just single-stranded.  As soon as it gets into the cell,   
+
+however, it's replicated to make a double-stranded DNA which can then  
+
+be transcribed,  et cetera, et cetera,   
+
+et cetera.  But it travels around as a single-stranded piece of DNA.   
+
+And it's actually weirder than that.  Some viruses,   
+
+viruses being very small can experiment with all  
+
+sorts of things.  Some viruses actually consist not of  
+
+DNA at all but of RNA,  single-stranded RNA.  How does it do  
+
+that?  So, in other words,  in the capsid there's a single  
+
+strand of RNA.  When it gets into the cell,   
+
+what does it do?  Sorry?  It creates DNA.   
+
+How does it create DNA?  From the RNA.  How's it going to do  
+
+that?  Well, how is it going to turn itself into DNA?   
+
+It needs an enzyme to do that?  Reverse transcriptase.  You would  
+
+like to reverse the transcription process, and you would like to name  
+
+that reverse transcriptase.  And where are you going to get this  
+
+reverse transcriptase from?  Laying around.  Laying around where?   
+
+I mean the cell is just sitting there with reverse transcriptase  
+
+waiting to obligingly reverse transcribe this virus?   
+
+Your RNA.  So make it how?  With ribosomes.  So, in other words,   
+
+if I'm an RNA,  why don't I encode the sequence for  
+
+reverse transcriptase and actually translate myself.   
+
+So, if you were really cleaver,  you might decide to put in the  
+
+genetic code for reverse transcriptase.   
+
+And when that message gets into the cell, it will first act as an mRNA,   
+
+a messenger RNA, translate, make,  here's the reverse transcriptase  
+
+enzyme, which is then going to go,  and it's going to reverse transcribe  
+
+this thing into,  say, DNA.  So, wow.   
+
+Now, that's a good one.  This is a plus strand virus.   
+
+It encodes its own reverse transcriptase in its instructions.   
+
+There actually are minus-strand viruses that don't,   
+
+but what they do is instead in their own code, in their own package bring  
+
+a longer reverse transcriptase.  So, either you can encode your own  
+
+reverse transcriptase or in the package you can include your own  
+
+reverse transcriptase.  Do you know any viruses?   
+
+And then the reverse transcriptase is then used to transcribe the DNA,   
+
+the RNA into DNA, and eventually into a double-stranded DNA which,   
+
+in some of the viruses, can then be slammed into and inserted into your  
+
+own chromosomes.  So, a DNA copy of the virus can be  
+
+installed into your own chromosomes,  which is somewhat insidious.   
+
+What viruses do you know that do this?  HIV.  More generally  
+
+retroviruses are the class of these viruses that can,   
+
+in fact, run this replication process from RNA to DNA and install  
+
+DNA copies of them in your genome.  And how do you then get the DNA  
+
+copy out of your genome?  You don't.   
+
+It doesn't come out.  Retroviral insertions don't come  
+
+out.  That's one of the issues in dealing with AIDS is once this DNA  
+
+copy is in a cell it's not coming out.  We have no way to remove it.   
+
+We have to make sure that the virus is shut down by other mechanisms  
+
+that might inhibit its products,  et cetera, but once its stuck a DNA  
+
+copy into your chromosomes,  you know, there's no way of getting  
+
+it out.  So, if we had to try to inhibit the  
+
+action of the AIDS virus,  we might wish to make inhibitors of  
+
+this aspect of replication,  inhibitors or reverse transcription.   
+
+And, of course, as probably many of you know, some of the important AIDS  
+
+drugs are reverse transcriptase inhibitors, very important to  
+
+limiting the replication of the AIDS virus.  And there are many other  
+
+kinds of weirdnesses.  Viruses pretty much explore,   
+
+everything you possibly can do,  viruses come up with ways to do.   
+
+Let's take now the process of transcription.   
+
+We have replication up there.  Let's look at transcription.  And  
+
+this time let's start with prokaryotes.  For the simple aspect  
+
+of transcribing genes,  the prokaryotic genome looks just  
+
+like the simple model I gave you.  There is some kind of a promoter  
+
+that tells RNA polymerase to come sit down here.   
+
+RNA polymerase hops on,  RNA polymerase begins to copy in RNA,   
+
+and eventually it hits the signal that says to terminate transcription.   
+
+OK.  This is not a stop codon which is about translation.   
+
+This is a termination of transcription.   
+
+And this RNA then goes off.  A perfectly happy thing, a  
+
+messenger RNA,  mRNA.  So, there's nothing weird  
+
+about proks compared to the simple description that we gave before.   
+
+But eukaryotes are different.  There are some funny things that  
+
+happen in the eukaryote.  Well, first off it starts the same.   
+
+There's a promoter.  RNA polymerase sits down there,   
+
+it starts transcribing, it makes an mRNA, it hits the transcriptional  
+
+termination signal,  it stops, and then this RNA gets  
+
+processed in interesting ways.  The first thing that happens is  
+
+three modifications happen.  The first one is at the five prime  
+
+end, remember five prime to three prime, a funny modification is put  
+
+on.  It's a, if the message,  say, were A-U-C-U-G-G-C et cetera,   
+
+a G triphosphate is put on backwards.  It's actually a methyl G  
+
+triphosphate is put on backwards,  so going in the other direction.   
+
+You have the triphosphate bond there, a methyl G.   
+
+And the only thing that you share care about that,   
+
+I don't care if you know the structure, is that there's a funny  
+
+cap.  This thing is called a cap that is put on this message.   
+
+And that cap is very important to signaling to the cell this is a  
+
+messenger RNA to be dealt with in a certain way, to get the ribosome to  
+
+hop on, to get this thing processed properly, et cetera.   
+
+At the other end of the message a long string of As is added  
+
+to messenger RNAs.  This long string of As is called,   
+
+very sensibly, a poly A tail.  The poly A tail is added to the  
+
+messenger RNA,  and very often,   
+
+I mean it's, if you wanted to purify messenger RNAs from your own human  
+
+cells, you can actually use poly T as a reagent because it turns out,   
+
+because messenger RNAs have a poly A tail, they'll bind to  
+
+and stick to poly T.  So, people actually purify messenger  
+
+RNAs by binding them to poly T and they get the poly A tail.   
+
+But it is broadly believed that the reason for this poly A tail is not  
+
+to make things convenient for molecular biologists to purify  
+
+messages.  To the contrary,  it is an important function for the  
+
+cell.  And it turns out that this is important in regulating the  
+
+stability of messages.  If, in fact, you don't have a poly  
+
+A tail, if you contrive to make the same message without the poly A tail,   
+
+the message will be degraded rather rapidly.   
+
+And the lengths of the poly A tails control aspects of the degradation,   
+
+et cetera.  So, in a complex eukaryotic cell,   
+
+already it's how to attach a little signal at the front,   
+
+some signals at the back that says process me in a certain way,   
+
+et cetera, don't degrade me yet.  You could even imagine that this  
+
+poly A tail could serve as a little bit of a clock for how long that  
+
+message sticks around.  It's not quite that simple but  
+
+there are ways to do it.  But all of these pale in comparison  
+
+to the third way in which eukaryotic messages differ from prokaryotic  
+
+messages.  These small modifications are,   
+
+as I say, small.  The most striking way in which they differ is that  
+
+only a small portion often of the gene, here's my gene,   
+
+matters for the protein that is made.  So, my mRNA gets made.   
+
+It includes the whole long sequence.  And then the cell comes along and  
+
+splices this message together.  So, this is the immature RNA.   
+
+It is processed by clipping out this,  clipping out this,   
+
+clipping out this.  And what you get is a splice where the mature message  
+
+throws this stuff out,  splices between here and here,   
+
+splices here, splices here, splices here, and you get a  
+
+much shorter mRNA.  And this is a mature mRNA.   
+
+This splicing is a remarkable phenomenon.  In fact,   
+
+it was discovered by Phil Sharp here,  for which he won a Nobel prize.   
+
+This splicing is a very complex operation.  First off,   
+
+how does, well, actually,  what accomplishes splicing?   
+
+It should be splicase, right?  But it turns out it's not a single  
+
+enzyme.  It's a big body of stuff.  So, instead it's the splicosome, OK.   
+
+Everything is either ase or some or something like that.   
+
+So, it turns out it's the splicosome that does that.   
+
+It's just wonderful how all those names work out.  The splicosome.   
+
+The splicosome comes along and splices it.  How does the splicosome  
+
+know how to do this?  Well, there are kind of codes.   
+
+It turns out that there are some information encoded along in these  
+
+messages.  It turns out that there is, you know, slight biases.   
+
+Typically the sequence just after where the slice starts here is a GU  
+
+and the sequence here is an AG,  but that's obviously not enough  
+
+information, right?  It's not enough bases of information  
+
+to get this right.  And so there's a little more  
+
+preferences for what bases use,  but the truth is we don't fully know.   
+
+Our best picture right now involves some cellular factors help  
+
+recognizing the parts that are supposed to stay in some sequences  
+
+here.  But the truth is we don't have the simple codes.   
+
+Because if we had the simple codes,  we'd be able to take a long stretch  
+
+of DNA and figure out exactly where the splices go based on just  
+
+computer analysis.  And we can't do that so well.   
+
+These bits that stay in are called exons.  The bits that go out are  
+
+called introns.  This is the source of extraordinary  
+
+confusion for students because you might think that the bits that are  
+
+excised are the exons,  but they're not.   
+
+The bits that stay in are the exons.  Why are they called exons if they  
+
+stay in and ex is a prefix meaning out?  Well, because the introns are  
+
+named because they're intervening sequences.  Once the introns,   
+
+the intervening sequences were named as intervening sequences or introns,   
+
+you were stuck then having to name the things that stay in as exons.   
+
+This was all done by a Harvard professor, don't blame me.   
+
+In any case, a good friend Harvard professor.   
+
+But, nonetheless,  I'm not sure that this was the best  
+
+way to name them.  But you're stuck with it.   
+
+So, for a typical human gene,  typical human gene, the length of  
+
+the gene itself might be 30,  00 bases.  But the mature RNA,   
+
+the mature mRNA might be one and a half, 1,500 bases.   
+
+That's remarkable.  Out of 30,000 letters in the  
+
+initial transcript that is made,  the genes start, the promoter, and  
+
+the transcription will stop 30,  00 bases away.  The cell goes  
+
+through the trouble of making an RNA of 30,000 bases long,   
+
+and then it trims it down by throwing out 28,   
+
+00 of the bases, keeping only 1,  00 bases at the end.   
+
+Now, this may seem profligate but it ain't nothing compared to some  
+
+extreme cases.  The clotting factor gene,   
+
+the factor 8 gene, the gene that has mutated in individuals with  
+
+hemophilia, that gene is 200,  00 bases long, and it gets spliced  
+
+down to a mere 10,  00 bases.  190,000 bases are thrown  
+
+away.  But that's nothing compared to  
+
+Duchene muscular dystrophy.  The Duchene muscular dystrophy is  
+
+the all time winner.  That gene makes an immature initial  
+
+RNA of 2 million bases.  RNA polymerase hops on at the  
+
+promoter and it gets off at the end of the Boston Marathon on here 2  
+
+million bases later having made an RNA of 2 million bases long.   
+
+Calculate the speed of RNA polymerase and you'll find out that  
+
+it's at it for hours.  It hops on and it stays on for  
+
+hours until it gets to the other end.  And then for all its troubles this  
+
+gene is spliced down to 16,  00 bases in the mature message.   
+
+Yup?  How would it increase the chance of mutations?  Yup.   
+
+So, splicing mutations could be a problem.  Some diseases could arise  
+
+from errors in splicing.  Do you think that happens?   
+
+Sure does.  There could be mutations that create,   
+
+that change a splicing,  or mutations that create a new  
+
+splicing, and all of that could screw up the gene.   
+
+Why do this?  What in the world is going on?   
+
+Just think about the energetic cost.  I mean count up the ATPs involved  
+
+in synthesizing a nucleotide,  and then the ATPs involved in adding  
+
+nucleotides up.  You know, think about this totally  
+
+wasted energy.  What is the point?   
+
+I might be able to encode multiple proteins with the same gene.   
+
+How would I do that?  Ooh, wouldn't that be cleaver?   
+
+I might be able to take a single gene and make a mix and match  
+
+product.  It might be,  do you mean like one type of cell  
+
+might splice up that message one way to produce a certain protein,   
+
+but a different cell type might splice the same gene another way to  
+
+produce a different protein?  Ooh.  So, you're proposing, if I  
+
+understand you correctly,  alternative splicing.   
+
+Alternative splicing could create multiple proteins,   
+
+multiple distinct proteins.  It might be, for example, that you  
+
+might make one protein that has a cytoplasmic tail and another protein  
+
+that doesn't have cytosplasmic tail or a different tail or,   
+
+or, this is true.  This actually happens.  It's very cleaver.   
+
+Anything that can happen does happen somewhere,   
+
+and it's fairly regularly used.  A typical gene in the human being  
+
+has at least two alternative splice forms, on average.   
+
+Most, many don't,  but there are some that have large  
+
+numbers.  The most extreme is there's a gene known,   
+
+drosophila, that has more than a thousand alternative splice forms.   
+
+How does it know, how does the cell know whether to splice it one way in  
+
+the liver and one way in a heart or something?  We don't fully know but  
+
+there's machinery and signals people are trying to work out for that.   
+
+Now, I don't want to confuse you too much about it.   
+
+You know, mostly, when we give you a gene, you should think about it  
+
+spliced out introns, exons.  But the truth is it is more  
+
+complicated than that.  There can be alternative splicing  
+
+that allows genes to be used in multiple ways.   
+
+Sometimes they don't make multiple proteins.  They may splice into  
+
+portions of the mRNA that are not translated, but,   
+
+there is that, but,  boy, it's a huge amount of overhead  
+
+here just to do that.  Is it justified?  Yes?   
+
+That is by computer if I just gave you the sequence?  Not quite.   
+
+Almost.  Maybe.  Sort of.  It turns out that the  
+
+computer programs for automatically recognizing the matter of the human  
+
+genome are sort of,  they're mediocre, not very good.   
+
+We have some idea of the signals,  and various people have trying to  
+
+write better and better algorithms for doing that,   
+
+but the cell knows what it's doing and we don't fully know,   
+
+as evidenced by the fact that we can't write a clean computer program  
+
+to do it yet.  We need to get information from the cell or from  
+
+evolution or various other things like that, and that's the ultimate  
+
+test.  If we knew what we were talking about we'd just be able to  
+
+write a computer program and splice it out.   
+
+And we don't.  There's another reason why people think these big  
+
+introns and exons,  these big introns are helpful,   
+
+and that is an evolutionary reason.  The evolutionary reason is a little  
+
+bit harder to follow,  but let me try it on you.   
+
+Suppose a random event happens and a chromosome breaks,   
+
+that happens, and suppose a random breakage sticks one part of a  
+
+chromosome to some other part of the chromosome.   
+
+If it lands smack dab in the middle of the coding sequence of a gene  
+
+that's bad new.  But it turns out that if it lands  
+
+in the introns of two different genes and sticks them together it  
+
+could make a new gene that would still work.  By having a random  
+
+break between two genes in their introns and slamming them together,   
+
+you could make a gene that had a bunch of exons from one gene and a  
+
+bunch of exons from another gene.  And this intervening sequence in the  
+
+middle and it would get spliced up.  Evolution might like that because  
+
+it would be a very easy way for evolution to build new genes that  
+
+had a portion of one protein and a portion of another protein.   
+
+This kind of mix and match domain swapping could be very useful.   
+
+And when we look across genomes,  we see lots and lots of examples of  
+
+genes that have a similar first half but different second halves.   
+
+Or have some portion in the middle,  a domain that we recognize, that we  
+
+see in multiple proteins.  And so, in fact, an argument for  
+
+why we have all of this intronic DNA,  one that's impossible to prove but  
+
+is an argument is that from an evolution point of view,   
+
+this allows a great deal of evolutionary innovation.   
+
+You have to be careful that you say those organisms that have this extra  
+
+space are able to mix and match and create more new kinds of combination  
+
+proteins, et cetera,  et cetera, and therefore survived  
+
+better, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.   
+
+Why don't bacteria have this?  Sorry?  They're not as complicated.   
+
+That's one though is we can take a sort of condescending attitude to  
+
+these bacteria.  They're not very,   
+
+they're just not so complicated.  There's another point of view which  
+
+is bacteria are far more sophisticated than we are because  
+
+they're under incredibly rigorous evolutionary selection.   
+
+You might argue that if I'm a bacteria, can I really afford all  
+
+this extra DNA?  Now, the metabolic cost of all that  
+
+extra DNA is huge to a bacteria which competes on replication.   
+
+It's got to divide every 20 minutes,  and trying to put in all these extra  
+
+bases would be very news.  So, you might imagine, just to be,   
+
+you know, stand things on its head,  that early life all had introns and  
+
+bacteria, in the process of competing to be more and more  
+
+efficient go rid of their introns.  There's actually a large camp of  
+
+people who think it went that way,  that early life evolved with introns,   
+
+and then bacteria,  in the pressure to compete,   
+
+got rid of them.  And there's some evidence to support that.   
+
+Bacteria don't have introns.  Small eukaryotes like yeast that  
+
+sort of do compete on replication have some introns,   
+
+but a small number.  There are only about 250 introns in  
+
+yeast.  Only about 5% of the genes have an intron and they're small.   
+
+Bigger eukaryotes have bigger introns.  And the bigger you get,   
+
+often on average the bigger the genome sizes are the more  
+
+you can tolerate it.  And so I actually think,   
+
+I actually probably favor this notion that introns were the  
+
+original state and they've been gotten rid of.   
+
+And the more pressure you're under to replicate rapidly the less you  
+
+can tolerate this interesting and complicated innovation.   
+
+Anyway, that's another way that things differ.   
+
+And then, finally,  viruses can do it either way.   
+
+Viruses, depending on whether they are prokaryotic viruses or  
+
+eukaryotic viruses,  are able to replicate,   
+
+are able to either do or don't have splicing.   
+
+Last topic.  Translation.  Here eukaryotes are relatively  
+
+simple.  You get a message,  you get a gene, you get an mRNA.   
+
+The mRNA goes to the ribosome.  Here's a ribosome.   
+
+The ribosome goes to the mRNA,  actually, and it starts turning out  
+
+one protein as it chugs along.  Prokaryotes differ in an interesting  
+
+way.  I get a promoter here that is transcribed into my mRNA,   
+
+but it turns out that the mRNA can encode multiple independent proteins,   
+
+protein one, protein two,  protein three on the same mRNA.   
+
+And a ribosome will hop on here and synthesize this one.   
+
+A ribosome will hop on here and synthesize this one,   
+
+and a ribosome will hop on here and synthesize that one.   
+
+And you have what is called a polycistronic message.   
+
+Poly, many.  Cystronic,  cystrons were an old name for coding  
+
+regions of genes here.  Polycystronic messages.   
+
+Why would you want to do that,  have a single mRNA that encodes  
+
+multiple distinct proteins,  each starting with its own ribosome  
+
+start site there?  Efficiency.  Maybe,   
+
+in fact, these would be,  how about, oh, this would be cleaver,   
+
+make them multiple steps in a biochemical pathway?   
+
+Have them coded on a single messenger so then you'd only have to  
+
+worry about regulating that once.  If you have the regulatory  
+
+machinery to turn on,  you'll make all the enzymes for the  
+
+pathway.  And that's exactly what bacteria do.  They tend to put all  
+
+the enzymes for a pathway on a single message so when they want to  
+
+call up, let's digest hexose this morning, they have a whole thing  
+
+that will let them be able to do that, poly-cystronic.   
+
+That's because they're small genomes.  They're pressed for space.   
+
+And, because of that, they have to slam a lot into a single unit.   
+
+And this single unit that has multiple genes encoded in a single  
+
+message is called an operon,  and we'll talk more about that.   
+
+Last of all viruses.  Viruses.  Viruses have very little room.   
+
+Their genomes can be tiny.  A typical virus might have a genome  
+
+of 5,000 bases to 10,  00 bases to, in some cases,   
+
+200,000 bases, but it hasn't got a lot of room.  It wants to pack a lot  
+
+of protein coating information in.  And some viruses have come up with  
+
+the most extraordinary way of doing that.  Some viruses have gone to the  
+
+extreme of having RNAs that get made from them that have a sequence --  
+
+I'm just going to pick up in the middle of the sequence here.   
+
+A-C-U-A-C-U-A-C-U-A-C-U.  You might decide to read the sequence like  
+
+this, that those are the codons,  and you'd get a certain protein.   
+
+But I might also decide to read that sequence C-U-A-C-U-A-C-U-A.   
+
+And, of course,  I'm giving this in a repeating form  
+
+because it's easy to note.  I could give you any sequence and I  
+
+could read it in this reading frame,  I could read it in this reading  
+
+frame, or I could read it as U-A-C-U-A-C-U-A-C.   
+
+In other words, there are three reading frames that,   
+
+in principle, you could translate a protein from.  In a typical  
+
+prokaryotic gene or eukaryotic gene only one of those is used.   
+
+You start at the first AUG and that sets the reading frame.   
+
+But some viruses are so pressed for space and are so cleaver and are so  
+
+efficient that they make messages that have tricks that they actually  
+
+use two or, in some cases,  all three reading frames, which is  
+
+an extraordinary packing of information density into a simple  
+
+message.  So, the basic point.  We have a simple model.  DNA is  
+
+replicated.  Transcribed into RNA.   
+
+Translated into protein.  But there are a lot of important  
+
+variations between eukaryotes,  prokaryotes and viruses.  And  
+
+understanding them can be useful for treating cancer,   
+
+for treating AIDS,  and for treating viral and bacterial  
+
+infections.  Next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B8Ek-YHBcn8.txt b/B8Ek-YHBcn8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd0b6d1ee3c2fe088cf2523c1fdace54c7c2f257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B8Ek-YHBcn8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about intermediate phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and wine compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+so I want you to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to recall
+um intermediate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a three phase system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to recall it visually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to recall it visually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to recall it visually and
+we're going to remember what the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to remember what the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to remember what the free
+energy composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagram
+looked like in such a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like in such a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like in such a case
+and it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say an alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase
+and uh right so the common tangents sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh right so the common tangents sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh right so the common tangents sort
+of look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a contingency there and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a contingency there and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a contingency there and you see
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see I'm just gonna so eyeball this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm just gonna so eyeball this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm just gonna so eyeball this
+10 see there let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this was your generic kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was your generic kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was your generic kind
+of three-phase situation and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three-phase situation and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three-phase situation and I want to
+remind really just about this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind really just about this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind really just about this region
+here this was let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was let's say
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+label its face let's call this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label its face let's call this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label its face let's call this phase
+Epsilon all right this this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon all right this this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon all right this this region of
+composition was an Epsilon solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition was an Epsilon solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition was an Epsilon solid
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a finite range over which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a finite range over which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a finite range over which you
+have a solid solution that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solid solution that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solid solution that is the
+Epsilon phase has variable composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon phase has variable composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon phase has variable composition
+within a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a range
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Epsilon phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is very intolerant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from stoichiometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for instance for instance let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance for instance let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance for instance let's say
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+a 1 minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 minus m
+b n but in this case n is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b n but in this case n is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b n but in this case n is fixed
+it doesn't vary in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a little bit more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit more like a
+molecule than a solution right if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule than a solution right if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule than a solution right if n is
+fixed it's a little bit more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's a little bit more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's a little bit more like a
+molecule than a solution how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule than a solution how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule than a solution how does that
+look on the free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the free energy composition
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what colors did I use I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what colors did I use I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what colors did I use I used
+blue green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green and
+maroon I guess so all right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maroon I guess so all right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maroon I guess so all right so here's
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+maroon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as before but now let's say that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before but now let's say that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before but now let's say that um
+let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's here's m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that composition
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this solution model is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution model is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution model is going to look
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I I what I drew is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I I what I drew is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I I what I drew is something
+that's really narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really narrow
+so there's a minimum to this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a minimum to this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a minimum to this curve
+the composition at which we find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition at which we find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition at which we find this
+material in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in nature
+but as soon as we deviate from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as soon as we deviate from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as soon as we deviate from that
+composition a little to the right or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition a little to the right or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition a little to the right or a
+little to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to the left
+we have to pay a huge energy cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to pay a huge energy cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to pay a huge energy cost
+you imagine this curve collapsing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine this curve collapsing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine this curve collapsing into
+almost a the shape of a pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so my common tension construction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my common tension construction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my common tension construction is
+going to now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my let's just call this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my let's just call this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my let's just call this solution
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution quotes because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution quotes because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution quotes because it doesn't
+really appear as a position in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appear as a position in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appear as a position in nature
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+for Epsilon phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Epsilon phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Epsilon phase
+so the solution model becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution model becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution model becomes very
+narrowly shaped like a pen all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly shaped like a pen all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly shaped like a pen all possible
+common tangents are going to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+that point is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is X
+of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+equals n right that's that's that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n right that's that's that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n right that's that's that one
+composition that we find uh in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition that we find uh in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition that we find uh in nature
+so you see how that's a geometrical fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how that's a geometrical fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how that's a geometrical fact
+as this thing gets narrower and narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this thing gets narrower and narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this thing gets narrower and narrower
+all common tangents are going to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all common tangents are going to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all common tangents are going to cross
+at that one point right instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that one point right instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that one point right instead of
+instead of crossing at different points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of crossing at different points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of crossing at different points
+giving you a finite range of composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a finite range of composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a finite range of composition
+they're all going to cross at that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to cross at that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to cross at that one
+point and what that means is I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and what that means is I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and what that means is I know
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+a solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I no longer need a solution model oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I no longer need a solution model oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I no longer need a solution model oh I
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I no longer need a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I no longer need a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I no longer need a solution
+model all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is at one point that one point is it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at one point that one point is it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at one point that one point is it one
+free energy point at one composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I can't help myself I got to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can't help myself I got to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can't help myself I got to draw
+the Mouse face but so here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mouse face but so here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mouse face but so here's here's the
+point if you have a very very steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you have a very very steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you have a very very steep
+strategy composition curve like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy composition curve like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy composition curve like this
+right very very steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very very steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very very steep
+all possible common tangents that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible common tangents that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible common tangents that you
+could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are going to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to converge
+at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of that very steep curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that very steep curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that very steep curvature
+down there right so so this kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there right so so this kind of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there right so so this kind of to
+me looks like a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looks like a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looks like a mouse
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so it's a mouse face plot but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a mouse face plot but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a mouse face plot but the point
+here is that these whiskers are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that these whiskers are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that these whiskers are all the
+common tangents kind of coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangents kind of coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangents kind of coming together
+at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point
+so let's let's look at some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at some uh some
+examples here in nature I could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here in nature I could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here in nature I could start
+with the uh magnesium nickel system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh magnesium nickel system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh magnesium nickel system so
+we looked at this system before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at this system before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at this system before
+I don't remember why and when but we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember why and when but we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember why and when but we did
+and so here's a phase diagram it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a phase diagram it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a phase diagram it's got a
+number of different phases it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different phases it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different phases it has a
+liquid phase at high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase at high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase at high temperature
+let me grab a highlighter it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me grab a highlighter it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me grab a highlighter it's got a
+liquid phase of high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase of high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase of high temperature
+and then how many other phases we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how many other phases we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how many other phases we have
+we have magnesium which is hcp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have magnesium which is hcp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have magnesium which is hcp
+we have nickel which is FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nickel which is FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nickel which is FCC
+and then we've got two other phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got two other phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got two other phases
+which appear as line compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got this uh magnesium two nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this uh magnesium two nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this uh magnesium two nickel
+phase which is a line compound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is a line compound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is a line compound and
+there's a this uh magnesium nickel two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a this uh magnesium nickel two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a this uh magnesium nickel two
+phase which is also known as the lab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is also known as the lab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is also known as the lab is
+compound lab is uh is a structure type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this this line compound down here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this line compound down here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this line compound down here it
+actually broadens can you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually broadens can you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually broadens can you see this
+develop some width here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some width here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some width here
+so at high temperature this Lobby space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at high temperature this Lobby space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at high temperature this Lobby space
+develops some width it can be made as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops some width it can be made as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops some width it can be made as a
+solid solution with a very very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution with a very very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution with a very very narrow
+range of solid solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of solid solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of solid solubility
+but when you drop down to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you drop down to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you drop down to low
+temperature both of these intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature both of these intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature both of these intermediate
+phases appear as line compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's an example and you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example and you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example and you know one of
+the Hallmarks of a line compound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hallmarks of a line compound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hallmarks of a line compound and
+phase diagrams with line compounds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams with line compounds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams with line compounds is
+that you have very different structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have very different structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have very different structure
+types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+right so so you can kind of see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you can kind of see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you can kind of see how
+these are not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not um
+uh you know you don't reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you don't reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you don't reach the
+hexagonal magnesium two nickel phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal magnesium two nickel phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal magnesium two nickel phase
+just by uh individually substituting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by uh individually substituting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by uh individually substituting out
+atoms from the HTTP magnesium phase are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms from the HTTP magnesium phase are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms from the HTTP magnesium phase are
+they really fundamentally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really fundamentally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really fundamentally different
+structure so I grabbed some images here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I grabbed some images here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I grabbed some images here
+of the Magnesium two nickel and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Magnesium two nickel and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Magnesium two nickel and this
+magnesium two uh magnesium nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium two uh magnesium nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium two uh magnesium nickel
+through lavish phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lavish phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lavish phase
+um these lavish phases are of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these lavish phases are of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these lavish phases are of interest
+for people that study magnetism because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people that study magnetism because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people that study magnetism because
+they have these triangular sheets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these triangular sheets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these triangular sheets which
+are interesting for spin spin liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting for spin spin liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting for spin spin liquids
+and spin ices and then this FCC nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spin ices and then this FCC nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spin ices and then this FCC nickel
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I haven't found a paper based on on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't found a paper based on on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't found a paper based on on some
+phenomenology here and uh switchable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology here and uh switchable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology here and uh switchable
+mirror is based on nickel magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is based on nickel magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is based on nickel magnesium
+films so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films so
+right but uh this is the point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but uh this is the point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but uh this is the point I want to
+make here is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make here is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make here is is that
+um you know these are very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know these are very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know these are very distinct
+structures and they're only occurring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and they're only occurring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and they're only occurring at
+very distinct compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinct compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinct compositions
+that's the Hallmark of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Hallmark of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Hallmark of uh of
+intermediate phase that that is a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase that that is a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase that that is a um a
+line compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how would you draw the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would you draw the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would you draw the free energy
+composition diagram for the Magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram for the Magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram for the Magnesium
+nickel phase it would be drawn like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnesium nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium nickel
+actually a magnesium nickel system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for instance at some low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at some low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have here this is going to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here this is going to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here this is going to be X
+nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel
+so here we have hcp magnesium on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have hcp magnesium on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have hcp magnesium on the
+left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side
+FCC nickel on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC nickel on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC nickel on the right hand side
+this is going to be a Delta G and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a Delta G and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a Delta G and here's
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+I simply have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a value that represents the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that represents the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that represents the formation of
+magnesium two nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a value that represents the Magnesium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that represents the Magnesium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that represents the Magnesium of
+magnesium nickel two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium nickel two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium nickel two
+and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my
+talk rope construction or my common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk rope construction or my common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk rope construction or my common
+tangent Construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Construction
+ends up being just a series of straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being just a series of straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being just a series of straight
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+magnesium two nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium two nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium two nickel
+this is magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is magnesium
+nickel too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these vertical distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related to formation free Energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my taut rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so instead of being like a taut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of being like a taut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of being like a taut
+rope this is now like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope this is now like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope this is now like um
+well right it's just sort of a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right it's just sort of a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right it's just sort of a string
+held up between needles right needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up between needles right needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up between needles right needle
+points there's no more curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there's no more curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there's no more curvature
+apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's talk about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the size of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertical segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's often written as delta form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what is a compound formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is a compound formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is a compound formation
+energy it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it is the
+free energy change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+reference States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+right I might have two moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I might have two moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I might have two moles of
+magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium
+in its Alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its Alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its Alpha phase
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Alpha let's say hcp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha let's say hcp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha let's say hcp
+plus a mole of nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a mole of nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a mole of nickel
+in its Alpha FCC phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its Alpha FCC phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its Alpha FCC phase
+and these can react to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can react to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can react to form
+magnesium to nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium to nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium to nickel
+right and there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a free energy formation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free energy formation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free energy formation for that
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see I'm ready I'm using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see I'm ready I'm using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see I'm ready I'm using this
+term reaction and we're writing things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term reaction and we're writing things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term reaction and we're writing things a
+little bit more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+molecular reactions right even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular reactions right even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular reactions right even though
+this is an extended solid it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extended solid it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extended solid it's an
+extended solid with fixed Stoichiometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended solid with fixed Stoichiometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended solid with fixed Stoichiometry
+or here's another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's another example
+two aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aluminum
+in its Alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its Alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its Alpha phase
+plus three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three halves
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right delta form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ing Illumina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they're you know an Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're you know an Infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're you know an Infinity of
+examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so
+all right lime compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formed from the elements with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed from the elements with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed from the elements with a
+formation energy Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a detail
+this formation energy is per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formation energy is per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formation energy is per mole
+of compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+draw a free energy composition diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a free energy composition diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a free energy composition diagrams
+we assume one mole total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the components so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components so there's a
+normalization that you need to apply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that you need to apply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that you need to apply in
+order to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation free energies as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation free energies as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation free energies as you might
+find in databases in order to use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in databases in order to use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in databases in order to use those
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in free energy composition diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in free energy composition diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in free energy composition diagrams
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+formation free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation free energy
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so using the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so using the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so using the example
+of magnesium to nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnesium to nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnesium to nickel
+let's see I'm going to redraw the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm going to redraw the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm going to redraw the free
+energy composition plot quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what I want to measure here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I want to measure here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I want to measure here I
+want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+let's talk about what size of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what size of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what size of that
+vertical distance should be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance should be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance should be this is
+Magnesium two nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that green arrow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that green arrow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that green arrow this
+is the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole
+of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnesium two thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium two thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium two thirds
+nickel one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to stop and make sure people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stop and make sure people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stop and make sure people
+recall that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that this was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty much our definition of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much our definition of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much our definition of solution
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+right we have a model for how the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a model for how the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a model for how the free
+energy changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes
+when you combine a total fixed amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you combine a total fixed amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you combine a total fixed amount of
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+in different composition ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different composition ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different composition ratios
+so for example a point on this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example a point on this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example a point on this plot
+represents one mole of total atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents one mole of total atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents one mole of total atoms in
+this case let's say two to one magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case let's say two to one magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case let's say two to one magnesium
+to nickel right so two-thirds of mold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nickel right so two-thirds of mold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nickel right so two-thirds of mold
+magnesium one-third of a mole of nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium one-third of a mole of nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium one-third of a mole of nickel
+combined to form this magnesium two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined to form this magnesium two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined to form this magnesium two
+nickel one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel one phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel one phase
+but there's an this is different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an this is different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an this is different than
+the formation energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation energy right
+this measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third
+times delta form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnesium to nickel so it's simply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium to nickel so it's simply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium to nickel so it's simply you
+know one-third because I have one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one-third because I have one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one-third because I have one-third
+the amount of atoms so that's that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of atoms so that's that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of atoms so that's that is um
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh algebraically simple point but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algebraically simple point but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algebraically simple point but it's a
+conceptual point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual point that
+um it's easy to mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's easy to mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's easy to mess up
+season mess up when you're when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season mess up when you're when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season mess up when you're when you're
+trying to do a free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a free energy composition
+diagram and you're trying to model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and you're trying to model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and you're trying to model a
+system and you go to the textbook or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you go to the textbook or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you go to the textbook or you
+go to the databases and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the databases and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the databases and you look at
+formation energies of compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energies of compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energies of compounds
+and uh the formation energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the formation energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the formation energies of
+compounds are listed um per mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are listed um per mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are listed um per mole of
+compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so if I go over here again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I go over here again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I go over here again I
+there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um
+lots of databases uh out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of databases uh out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of databases uh out there
+but they're all going to list something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all going to list something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all going to list something
+like this properties are selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this properties are selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this properties are selected
+compounds so here's a carbide boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds so here's a carbide boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds so here's a carbide boring
+Boron IV carbide I know you can't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron IV carbide I know you can't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron IV carbide I know you can't read
+that but you know it's it's listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know it's it's listing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know it's it's listing
+let's say Delta H's that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Delta H's that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Delta H's that's not
+per mole of compound not per mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole of compound not per mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole of compound not per mole of
+total atoms so you have to apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total atoms so you have to apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total atoms so you have to apply that
+normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order to if you need to draw such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to if you need to draw such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to if you need to draw such
+spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I want to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I want to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I want to give you some
+examples of line compounds in nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of line compounds in nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of line compounds in nature and
+in technology and then we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technology and then we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technology and then we'll come back
+to discuss the thermodynamics a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss the thermodynamics a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss the thermodynamics a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I move on to some examples other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on to some examples other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on to some examples other
+questions about this this this algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this this this algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this this this algebra
+this arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arithmetic
+the concept of formation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Mouse face plot anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mouse face plot anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mouse face plot anything
+anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's I have some uh examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's I have some uh examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's I have some uh examples
+here I should have animated this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should have animated this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should have animated this I
+didn't we can just walk through this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we can just walk through this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we can just walk through this one
+at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time
+um this Infinity of examples of line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Infinity of examples of line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Infinity of examples of line
+compounds so I I just want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds so I I just want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds so I I just want to show you
+some of different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of different types
+so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example
+um which uh speaks to the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh speaks to the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh speaks to the problem set
+actually I lost my highlighter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I lost my highlighter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I lost my highlighter what
+happened there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there
+let me get my highlighter back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get my highlighter back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get my highlighter back
+okay so here's a copper silicon system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you can see that you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can see that you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can see that you can get it
+you can get a fair amount of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a fair amount of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a fair amount of silicon
+into copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into copper
+up to 10 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 10 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 10 percent
+that's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh
+purple region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple region
+there are silicon bronzes and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are silicon bronzes and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are silicon bronzes and silicon
+brasses that is bronze and Brass alloyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brasses that is bronze and Brass alloyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brasses that is bronze and Brass alloyed
+with silicon those are ternary systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with silicon those are ternary systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with silicon those are ternary systems
+but silicon tends to be a pretty useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but silicon tends to be a pretty useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but silicon tends to be a pretty useful
+additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive
+for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+for copper based alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for copper based alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for copper based alloys
+I use a silicon bronze when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use a silicon bronze when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use a silicon bronze when I was in
+grad school and we were designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school and we were designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school and we were designing
+high pressure cells they needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure cells they needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure cells they needed to be
+actuated at low Kelvin like below one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated at low Kelvin like below one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated at low Kelvin like below one
+below below temperature they're below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below below temperature they're below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below below temperature they're below
+one Kelvin and Below one Kelvin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Kelvin and Below one Kelvin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Kelvin and Below one Kelvin you
+can't use lubricant you can't just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use lubricant you can't just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use lubricant you can't just use
+WD-40 because it'll freeze so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WD-40 because it'll freeze so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WD-40 because it'll freeze so you have
+to look for metals that that slide well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for metals that that slide well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for metals that that slide well
+against each other and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other and it turns out that
+the whole family of silicon bronzes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole family of silicon bronzes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole family of silicon bronzes that
+various space agencies around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various space agencies around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various space agencies around the world
+have developed in the last century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have developed in the last century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have developed in the last century
+um because space is another application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because space is another application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because space is another application
+where you have moving Parts sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have moving Parts sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have moving Parts sometimes
+you have a Machinery that needs to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Machinery that needs to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Machinery that needs to move
+against each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other
+and you can't just have WD-40 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't just have WD-40 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't just have WD-40 right
+there's no real lubricant that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real lubricant that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real lubricant that you can
+use and so uh there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and so uh there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and so uh there are certain
+silicon-based bronzes that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon-based bronzes that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon-based bronzes that have been
+developed for that application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for that application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for that application
+and I didn't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't know anything about
+um all that really when I was in grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all that really when I was in grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all that really when I was in grad
+school but I needed something that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but I needed something that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but I needed something that would
+work for my high pressure experiments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for my high pressure experiments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for my high pressure experiments so
+we ended up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with that
+um so let's see there's there's uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see there's there's uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see there's there's uh this
+there's a couple other solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple other solid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple other solid solution
+phases there's this little guy here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases there's this little guy here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases there's this little guy here and
+this little guy here and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little guy here and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little guy here and then of course
+the big liquid phase but um how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big liquid phase but um how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big liquid phase but um how many
+line compounds are there a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compounds are there a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compounds are there a trick
+question somebody please how many line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somebody please how many line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somebody please how many line
+compounds are there in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it three
+it's not three that's why it's a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not three that's why it's a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not three that's why it's a trick
+question somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somebody else
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+four yeah and see who that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah and see who that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah and see who that was
+right thank you it's four so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you it's four so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you it's four so there are
+the three here which are intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three here which are intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three here which are intermediate
+phases right there's this really funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right there's this really funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right there's this really funny
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+here 0.08.17 does this come there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 0.08.17 does this come there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 0.08.17 does this come there's this
+thing and there's this thing and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's this thing and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's this thing and I don't
+know anything about these phases but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about these phases but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about these phases but I
+do know that they're probably very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that they're probably very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that they're probably very
+distinct Crystal structures with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct Crystal structures with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct Crystal structures with
+distinct distinct properties right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct distinct properties right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct distinct properties right
+that's you can say that as an educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can say that as an educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can say that as an educated
+material scientist not knowing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material scientist not knowing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material scientist not knowing any
+details right you can just say oh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details right you can just say oh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details right you can just say oh these
+must have different Crystal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have different Crystal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have different Crystal structures
+they must have different problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have different problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have different problems okay
+so those are line compounds they appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are line compounds they appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are line compounds they appear
+as lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lines here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lines here
+but what about over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about over here
+silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica
+silicon's not an intermediate phase but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon's not an intermediate phase but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon's not an intermediate phase but
+it is a line compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a line compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a line compound
+this solid silicon phase appears to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid silicon phase appears to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid silicon phase appears to have
+no equilibrium solubility of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in reality
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you always have some finite liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have some finite liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have some finite liability
+of a solute in a solvent you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solute in a solvent you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solute in a solvent you know this
+from maybe a month and a half ago we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from maybe a month and a half ago we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from maybe a month and a half ago we did
+this on a problem set with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a problem set with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a problem set with something
+that was called there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was called there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was called there's always a
+solution because of the driving force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because of the driving force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because of the driving force of
+entropy you can always get some solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you can always get some solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you can always get some solute
+into a solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however in many cases that solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in many cases that solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in many cases that solubility
+limit is very very low so in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is very very low so in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is very very low so in the case of
+silicon the solubility of metals is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the solubility of metals is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the solubility of metals is very
+very low the solubility limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low the solubility limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low the solubility limit is
+typically parts per billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically parts per billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically parts per billion
+so in principle there is a purple region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle there is a purple region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle there is a purple region
+extending along this y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending along this y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending along this y-axis
+of solubility of copper into silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solubility of copper into silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solubility of copper into silicon
+however it's at the parts per billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's at the parts per billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's at the parts per billion
+level so on this plot where you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so on this plot where you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so on this plot where you go from
+zero to 100 Atomic percent silicon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to 100 Atomic percent silicon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to 100 Atomic percent silicon you
+don't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it
+and that's true of line compounds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true of line compounds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true of line compounds in
+general there's always some solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's always some solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's always some solubility
+but it's often so narrow that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's often so narrow that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's often so narrow that that
+you can model as if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model as if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model as if there's no
+solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's not just an academic Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not just an academic Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not just an academic Point
+doping semiconductors is why we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping semiconductors is why we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping semiconductors is why we're able
+to talk to each other or resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to each other or resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to each other or resume
+um without doping there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without doping there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without doping there is no
+semiconductor devices there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices there is no
+electronics Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics Revolution
+so the fact that you can dope some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that you can dope some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that you can dope some
+metals into silicon is is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals into silicon is is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals into silicon is is um
+is as important as it gets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as important as it gets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as important as it gets and the
+solubility limits can be in the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limits can be in the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limits can be in the parts
+per billion they can be sometimes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per billion they can be sometimes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per billion they can be sometimes in the
+parts per trillion but they're rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per trillion but they're rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per trillion but they're rarely
+above parts per billion anyway so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above parts per billion anyway so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above parts per billion anyway so on the
+on the last piece that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last piece that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last piece that you're going to
+do some problems around doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some problems around doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some problems around doping
+semiconductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors
+so I just you know I do want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just you know I do want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just you know I do want to point
+that out there's always a solution good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out there's always a solution good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out there's always a solution good
+okay what about this one this is gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about this one this is gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about this one this is gallium
+arsenic system and so gallon arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic system and so gallon arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic system and so gallon arsenic
+system has a very famous line compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a very famous line compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a very famous line compound
+right up the middle gallium arsenite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up the middle gallium arsenite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up the middle gallium arsenite
+um so why is gallium outside important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so why is gallium outside important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so why is gallium outside important
+does anyone know why gallium arsonite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know why gallium arsonite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know why gallium arsonite is
+important let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important let's talk about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+technologies that are based on gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are based on gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are based on gallium
+arsenic does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic does anybody know
+all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the most uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh um
+the two areas where you're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two areas where you're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two areas where you're going to find
+gallium archive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium archive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium archive
+are places where silicon either isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are places where silicon either isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are places where silicon either isn't
+fast enough for electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough for electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough for electronics
+or you need to use light in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you need to use light in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you need to use light in addition to
+electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics
+so where silicon isn't fast enough are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where silicon isn't fast enough are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where silicon isn't fast enough are
+the transmitters and receivers of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitters and receivers of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitters and receivers of your
+phones right gigahertz RF networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones right gigahertz RF networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones right gigahertz RF networks
+silicon's not fast enough so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon's not fast enough so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon's not fast enough so the
+transmitters and receivers of all modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitters and receivers of all modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitters and receivers of all modern
+telecommunications devices including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications devices including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications devices including
+your phones are based on what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phones are based on what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phones are based on what's called
+three five semiconductors such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five semiconductors such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five semiconductors such as
+gallium arsenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide
+another place so there you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place so there you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place so there you know the
+transistors and and diodes and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors and and diodes and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors and and diodes and so forth
+are just made out of regalium arsenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just made out of regalium arsenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just made out of regalium arsenide
+wafer instead of out of a siliconeifer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer instead of out of a siliconeifer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer instead of out of a siliconeifer
+another place you're going to find it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place you're going to find it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place you're going to find it is
+anywhere you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you need
+um light and so gallium arsenite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um light and so gallium arsenite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um light and so gallium arsenite and
+Alloys thereof which you know we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alloys thereof which you know we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alloys thereof which you know we don't
+we don't show here are the basis for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't show here are the basis for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't show here are the basis for all
+optoelectronics and photonic technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optoelectronics and photonic technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optoelectronics and photonic technology
+so you know right now we're zooming but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know right now we're zooming but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know right now we're zooming but
+likely that some part of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that some part of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that some part of the data
+um between me and you is carried by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between me and you is carried by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between me and you is carried by
+fiber optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optic
+and fiber optics are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fiber optics are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fiber optics are ways of
+transmitting a lot of information over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a lot of information over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a lot of information over
+long distances at low power by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distances at low power by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distances at low power by using
+light instead of electrons and so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light instead of electrons and so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light instead of electrons and so at the
+point where the light and electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the light and electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the light and electrons are
+transduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduced
+you have gallium arsenide and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have gallium arsenide and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have gallium arsenide and uh and
+similar material based chips doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar material based chips doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar material based chips doing the
+work so that's an important and famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that's an important and famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that's an important and famous
+line compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound
+here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right here's here's another system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's here's another system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's here's another system where
+carbon and silicon each don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and silicon each don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and silicon each don't really
+dissolve in each other right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve in each other right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve in each other right you have
+these apparent line compounds along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apparent line compounds along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apparent line compounds along the
+y-axis but there's another line compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis but there's another line compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis but there's another line compound
+right in the middle silicon carbide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle silicon carbide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle silicon carbide
+silicon carbide is a refractory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide is a refractory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide is a refractory
+uh some people will say to ceramic some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people will say to ceramic some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people will say to ceramic some
+people say no because it doesn't contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say no because it doesn't contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say no because it doesn't contain
+oxygen that's kind of a material it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that's kind of a material it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that's kind of a material it's
+basically a refractory material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a refractory material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a refractory material
+it's used for grinding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a enormous industrial importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a enormous industrial importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a enormous industrial importance
+it also is an emerging semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also is an emerging semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also is an emerging semiconductor
+material for high power Electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for high power Electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for high power Electronics
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+high power Electronics is the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power Electronics is the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power Electronics is the idea that
+you could replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replace
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+discrete bulky power handling equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete bulky power handling equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete bulky power handling equipment
+with integrated power handling equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integrated power handling equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integrated power handling equipment
+so I think these uh these power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think these uh these power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think these uh these power
+substations that you see um when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substations that you see um when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substations that you see um when you're
+driving by on the highway these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving by on the highway these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving by on the highway these big
+kind of they take up a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of they take up a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of they take up a whole lot
+property lot and they Buzz at 60 hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property lot and they Buzz at 60 hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property lot and they Buzz at 60 hertz
+or these these cans that you see hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these these cans that you see hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these these cans that you see hanging
+from the utility poles that down convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the utility poles that down convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the utility poles that down convert
+to a voltage for houses right 220 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a voltage for houses right 220 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a voltage for houses right 220 or
+115.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+115.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+115.
+the idea you could replace those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea you could replace those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea you could replace those
+discrete elements with integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete elements with integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete elements with integrated
+circuitry right saving power saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry right saving power saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry right saving power saving
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+saving weight and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving weight and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving weight and so forth
+um that is the field of Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is the field of Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is the field of Power
+Electronics and the thing is you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics and the thing is you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics and the thing is you can't
+do it with silicon because silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with silicon because silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with silicon because silicon
+doesn't perform well at very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't perform well at very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't perform well at very very high
+voltages so you need new semiconductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages so you need new semiconductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages so you need new semiconductors
+they perform well at high voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform well at high voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform well at high voltages
+silicon carbide is one of the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide is one of the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide is one of the leading
+candidates so in in 50 years from now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so in in 50 years from now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so in in 50 years from now if
+the idea of a power substation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a power substation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a power substation is a
+thing of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of the past
+um you know it will be due to silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it will be due to silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it will be due to silicon
+carbide similar high power electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide similar high power electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide similar high power electronics
+that are being developed today right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being developed today right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being developed today right and
+this last one this is a a big old mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last one this is a a big old mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last one this is a a big old mess
+right this is the titanium sulfur system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the titanium sulfur system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the titanium sulfur system
+this is a neat system because first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a neat system because first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a neat system because first of
+all it has like everything in it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it has like everything in it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it has like everything in it right
+it has eutectics it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has eutectics it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has eutectics it has
+um perotectics it has a bunch of lime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perotectics it has a bunch of lime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perotectics it has a bunch of lime
+compounds it has lime compounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds it has lime compounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds it has lime compounds that
+broaden its intermediate phases as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broaden its intermediate phases as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broaden its intermediate phases as you
+raise the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+sulfur which is a liquid below 500c it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur which is a liquid below 500c it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur which is a liquid below 500c it
+melts at 220. and titanium right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts at 220. and titanium right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts at 220. and titanium right which
+doesn't melt till 1670 so it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't melt till 1670 so it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't melt till 1670 so it has this
+totally wacky kind of mismatch between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally wacky kind of mismatch between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally wacky kind of mismatch between
+two elements that are nothing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements that are nothing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements that are nothing nothing
+alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike
+this system contains 2D materials 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system contains 2D materials 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system contains 2D materials 2D
+materials of a lot of interest today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials of a lot of interest today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials of a lot of interest today in
+semiconductor technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor technology
+um Titanium sulfur system is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Titanium sulfur system is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Titanium sulfur system is the basis
+for the original lithium ion batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original lithium ion batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original lithium ion batteries
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+about a third of the Nobel Prize work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the Nobel Prize work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the Nobel Prize work
+that that was uh that was recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was uh that was recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was uh that was recognized
+recently in 2019 with the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in 2019 with the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in 2019 with the chemistry
+Nobel Prize was for work on titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize was for work on titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize was for work on titanium
+sulfide base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide base
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a cathode why it's a layered material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cathode why it's a layered material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cathode why it's a layered material so
+you can shove a lot of lithium in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can shove a lot of lithium in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can shove a lot of lithium in there
+anyway there's a lot of good stories to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's a lot of good stories to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's a lot of good stories to
+tell uh in the titanium Software System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are uh you know um four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are uh you know um four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are uh you know um four
+examples it's extends the headline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples it's extends the headline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples it's extends the headline
+compounds and other things before I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and other things before I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and other things before I move
+back to the board we have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the board we have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the board we have any questions
+on reading these interpreting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on reading these interpreting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on reading these interpreting these
+using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah I have a quick question so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a quick question so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a quick question so on the
+bottom left one in the top right one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom left one in the top right one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom left one in the top right one are
+those both do they both contain three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those both do they both contain three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those both do they both contain three
+line compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compounds
+yeah so for example let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for example let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for example let's look at the
+Silicon carpet system carbon here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon carpet system carbon here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon carpet system carbon here is a
+line compound line line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound line line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound line line
+okay uh line element I guess it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh line element I guess it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh line element I guess it's not a
+combine so a bit of a terminology there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine so a bit of a terminology there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine so a bit of a terminology there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it has a zero apparent solubility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a zero apparent solubility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a zero apparent solubility of
+silicon in carbon all right silicon is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon in carbon all right silicon is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon in carbon all right silicon is a
+line uh element it has zero parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh element it has zero parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh element it has zero parent
+solubility of carbon in Silicon again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of carbon in Silicon again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of carbon in Silicon again
+there is some but it would be invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some but it would be invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some but it would be invisible
+on the spot and silicon carbide is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spot and silicon carbide is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spot and silicon carbide is a
+line compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound
+right so again here's a line here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again here's a line here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again here's a line here's
+another line and here's another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it doesn't have to be that way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have to be that way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have to be that way right
+here's a case of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a case of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a case of a line
+and an element that actually does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an element that actually does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an element that actually does have a
+pretty wide solid solution range right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wide solid solution range right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wide solid solution range right
+so it's not that all elements are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that all elements are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that all elements are always
+pure right that's definitely not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right that's definitely not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right that's definitely not the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the low temperature you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the low temperature you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the low temperature you know what I
+could have a look here at the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a look here at the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a look here at the Silicon
+carbon system silicon carbon system at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon system silicon carbon system at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon system silicon carbon system at
+low temperature at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature at low temperature
+um actually a similar gallium arsenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually a similar gallium arsenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually a similar gallium arsenide
+low temperature it's it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature it's it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature it's it's going to be a
+really boring free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring free energy composition
+diagram at low temperature let's draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's draw what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um would anyone like to take a stab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um would anyone like to take a stab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um would anyone like to take a stab
+at how I would draw a free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how I would draw a free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how I would draw a free energy
+composition diagram for the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram for the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram for the Silicon
+carbon system at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon system at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon system at low temperature
+here's silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's silicon
+here's carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's carbon
+here's Delta G here's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's say this is 50 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off do I need any solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off do I need any solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off do I need any solution
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+right I don't I don't need solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't I don't need solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't I don't need solution
+models because uh Nature has informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models because uh Nature has informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models because uh Nature has informed
+Solutions so no need to model Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so no need to model Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so no need to model Solutions
+so what do I need instead of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I need instead of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I need instead of solution
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like the taut rope like the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the taut rope like the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the taut rope like the lines
+yeah all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a number to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the free energy change on forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy change on forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy change on forming
+silicon carbide I just need that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide I just need that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide I just need that point
+all right and similarly carbon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and similarly carbon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and similarly carbon from
+carbon doesn't take any energy to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon doesn't take any energy to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon doesn't take any energy to form
+so silicon doesn't take any energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so silicon doesn't take any energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so silicon doesn't take any energy to
+form no solution models anywhere needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form no solution models anywhere needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form no solution models anywhere needed
+because nature is informed Solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature is informed Solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature is informed Solutions and
+here is my free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my free energy composition
+diagram it is just a triangle so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it is just a triangle so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it is just a triangle so so it's
+simplified it simplified a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified it simplified a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified it simplified a lot
+any other questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the meaning or importance of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning or importance of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning or importance of this stuff
+I'll go back to the slide quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go back to the slide quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go back to the slide quickly and
+then if there are no more questions I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there are no more questions I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there are no more questions I'll
+I'll finish up on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so getting back to my trick question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back to my trick question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back to my trick question I
+suppose that um because silicon is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that um because silicon is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that um because silicon is not a
+compound but the right answer probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound but the right answer probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound but the right answer probably
+was that there were three line compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there were three line compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there were three line compounds
+but there are one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are one two three four
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a pure phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pure phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pure phases
+in this system and don't worry I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this system and don't worry I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this system and don't worry I'm not
+going to try to get asked for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get asked for questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get asked for questions
+on an exam or anything like that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam or anything like that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam or anything like that but you
+know the thermodynamics here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thermodynamics here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thermodynamics here is that
+this is a pure phase this is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pure phase this is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pure phase this is a pure
+phase this is a pure phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is a pure phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is a pure phase
+this is a pure phase meaning it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pure phase meaning it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pure phase meaning it's always
+going to be a known composition never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a known composition never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a known composition never
+going to be alloyed this is a paraphrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be alloyed this is a paraphrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be alloyed this is a paraphrase
+but this is a pure phase and and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a pure phase and and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a pure phase and and this is
+a pure phase they just appear as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure phase they just appear as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure phase they just appear as as
+single points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single points
+on the free energy composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the free energy composition diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the free energy composition diagram
+that's what I meant to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me move back to the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just make a couple conceptual points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a couple conceptual points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a couple conceptual points and
+we'll finish up comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to line compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line compounds
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+so this is going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's imagine an alpha phase and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine an alpha phase and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine an alpha phase and a
+liquid phase the equilibrium and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase the equilibrium and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase the equilibrium and I'm
+going to draw just a representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw just a representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw just a representative
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram
+just to have something in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's Alpha here's liquid here's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's Alpha here's liquid here's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's Alpha here's liquid here's X
+here's temperature and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's temperature and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's temperature and I'm going to
+imagine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine now
+right some equilibrium Alpha liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some equilibrium Alpha liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some equilibrium Alpha liquid
+equilibrium right as I drew one tie line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right as I drew one tie line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right as I drew one tie line
+there right Alpha liquid equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right Alpha liquid equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right Alpha liquid equilibrium
+just an example this is no system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example this is no system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example this is no system in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+equals mu 1 Alpha minus mu 1 liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dn1 Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn1 Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn1 Alpha
+plus mu 2 Alpha minus mu to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu 2 Alpha minus mu to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu 2 Alpha minus mu to liquid
+t n two alpha this is just recalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n two alpha this is just recalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n two alpha this is just recalling
+previous stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stuff
+we have internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the compositions are variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the compositions are variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the compositions are variable
+right composition variables so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right composition variables so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right composition variables so you know
+we have N1 Alpha we have N1 liquid we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have N1 Alpha we have N1 liquid we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have N1 Alpha we have N1 liquid we
+have N2 Alpha we have N2 liquid and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N2 Alpha we have N2 liquid and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N2 Alpha we have N2 liquid and if
+we if we have conservation of mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we have conservation of mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we have conservation of mass and
+we can boil this down let's say to X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can boil this down let's say to X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can boil this down let's say to X1
+Alpha and X1 liquid right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and X1 liquid right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and X1 liquid right so we have
+these composition variables we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these composition variables we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these composition variables we're
+familiar with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the equilibrium condition DG equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium condition DG equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium condition DG equals zero
+Satisfied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+equal to zero that's where the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero that's where the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero that's where the common
+tangent ensures that the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical potentials are the same in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials are the same in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials are the same in both
+phases so the coefficients of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so the coefficients of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so the coefficients of zero
+chemical potential is the same in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential is the same in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential is the same in both
+phases the coefficient is zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases the coefficient is zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases the coefficient is zero that's
+insured by the common tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insured by the common tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insured by the common tangential
+construction so let's just recalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so let's just recalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so let's just recalling
+right now let's imagine two line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's imagine two line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's imagine two line
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I drew a an unnecessarily complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I drew a an unnecessarily complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I drew a an unnecessarily complicated
+example let me just follow through on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me just follow through on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me just follow through on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+B3 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 A2
+and B for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B for a
+three how did I come up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three how did I come up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three how did I come up with that
+well I sketched an imaginary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I sketched an imaginary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I sketched an imaginary phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+and then I had to follow through on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I had to follow through on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I had to follow through on my
+sketch so I had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have like this
+and like the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the best
+and then like this and then like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like this and then like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like this and then like this
+and that means I had I had a congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means I had I had a congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means I had I had a congruent
+melter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this
+and then I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I drew
+as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this
+and then like this a peritectic anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like this a peritectic anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like this a peritectic anything
+like this I had this complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I had this complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I had this complicated thing
+which I do and the point is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I do and the point is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I do and the point is not the
+complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing
+it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+um you know I have some two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I have some two-phase region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I have some two-phase region
+down here at low temperature where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at low temperature where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at low temperature where I
+have two line compounds coexisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two line compounds coexisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two line compounds coexisting
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's see the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the Gibbs free energy
+of B three a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B three a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B three a two
+all right one mole of that thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one mole of that thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one mole of that thing is
+three times the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the Gibbs free energy
+of B and it's reference State plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and it's reference State plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and it's reference State plus two
+times the Gibbs free energy of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the Gibbs free energy of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the Gibbs free energy of a and
+it's reference State plus Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reference State plus Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reference State plus Delta G
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+of B three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B three
+eight two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight two right
+that gives free energy of B for a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives free energy of B for a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives free energy of B for a three
+is 4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 times
+that of pure G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of pure G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of pure G
+times 3 times that at pure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 times that at pure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 times that at pure a
+plus the free energy of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the free energy of formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the free energy of formation
+of B for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B for a
+three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+composition variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the key point before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key point before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key point before we had
+composition variables because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition variables because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition variables because the
+composition of the phases towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the phases towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the phases towards a
+variable now we don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now we don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now we don't have that
+what that means is that the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that the equilibrium
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DG equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG equals zero
+is satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivially trivially trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no need to do common tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to do common tangents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to do common tangents
+there's no need to equate the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to equate the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to equate the chemical
+potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+because there are no internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no internal
+composition variables the compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition variables the compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition variables the compositions
+aren't changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can write out the total Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write out the total Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write out the total Gibbs free
+energy it's going to be determined just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's going to be determined just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's going to be determined just
+by the phase fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+face fraction of the 2 3 phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face fraction of the 2 3 phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face fraction of the 2 3 phase
+times let's say one fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times let's say one fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times let's say one fifth
+of the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Gibbs free energy
+of the two figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two figures
+plus phase fraction of the three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phase fraction of the three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phase fraction of the three four
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+for a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a three
+times one-seventh of the Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one-seventh of the Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one-seventh of the Gibbs free
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+of the four or three phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four or three phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four or three phase
+and these phase fractions are determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these phase fractions are determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these phase fractions are determined
+by liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is really the point this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the point this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the point this is really
+the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+when you have line compounds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have line compounds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have line compounds in
+coexistence the equilibrium there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence the equilibrium there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence the equilibrium there are no
+internal composition variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas when you have solution phases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when you have solution phases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when you have solution phases in
+equilibrium the internal compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the internal compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the internal compositions
+are variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variable
+and that's what's led to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's led to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's led to you know
+everything we've been enjoying over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've been enjoying over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've been enjoying over the
+last month and a half is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last month and a half is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last month and a half is the fact that
+in solution phases the composition is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution phases the composition is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution phases the composition is a
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+and now we have these cases where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have these cases where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have these cases where the
+compositions are not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I want to leave you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to leave you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to leave you with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one final thought which is leading into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final thought which is leading into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final thought which is leading into
+Wednesday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's lecture
+which is a case of metal oxides which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a case of metal oxides which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a case of metal oxides which
+are line compounds so you know it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are line compounds so you know it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are line compounds so you know it's on
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+but I wanted to introduce this and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to introduce this and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to introduce this and get
+this in your minds let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your minds let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your minds let's imagine
+reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+one mole of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z m
+plus O2 gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus O2 gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus O2 gas
+reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+m g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m g
+oh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+what's Z how do I determine Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anyone know some oxides a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know some oxides a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know some oxides a name for
+me a common oxide that you know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a common oxide that you know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a common oxide that you know what is
+what is rock what's the main component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is rock what's the main component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is rock what's the main component
+of Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the main component in window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the main component in window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the main component in window
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein oxide
+silicon oxide okay so for silicon Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon oxide okay so for silicon Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon oxide okay so for silicon Z is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+no easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no easy
+you know what happens in an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens in an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens in an example of
+an oxide for which Z is not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnesium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide
+yeah magnesium oxide is one to one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah magnesium oxide is one to one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah magnesium oxide is one to one right
+so in that case z would be two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case z would be two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case z would be two okay
+oxygen always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen always
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+two minus right in compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Z is determined by charge balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z is determined by charge balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z is determined by charge balance
+oxygen is always O2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is always O2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is always O2 minus
+and metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metals
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation States can't write anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation States can't write anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation States can't write anymore
+metals have various oxidation States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals have various oxidation States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals have various oxidation States
+that's what that's supposed to mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's supposed to mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's supposed to mean some
+metals have more than one oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals have more than one oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals have more than one oxidation
+statement right so that's Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right so that's Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right so that's Z
+here m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here m
+is in its reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+or even gas although we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even gas although we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even gas although we don't really
+encounter that so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter that so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter that so often
+but you know oxidation of metals at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know oxidation of metals at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know oxidation of metals at low
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+the metals are solid unless it's gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals are solid unless it's gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals are solid unless it's gallium
+or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um
+Mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury
+oxidation Metals at high temperature a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation Metals at high temperature a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation Metals at high temperature a
+lot of them are molten right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them are molten right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them are molten right so this
+matters for high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for high temperature
+electrochemistry all right oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry all right oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry all right oxygen
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+in gas phase we're not talking about low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gas phase we're not talking about low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gas phase we're not talking about low
+temperature physics here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature physics here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature physics here so
+oxygen is always going to be in its gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is always going to be in its gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is always going to be in its gas
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+and these oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these oxides
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+lime compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that Z is not a variable a z is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that Z is not a variable a z is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that Z is not a variable a z is an
+integer or a rational fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or a rational fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or a rational fraction
+and it's fixed all right s i o two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fixed all right s i o two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fixed all right s i o two
+magnesium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide
+al2o3 so forth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al2o3 so forth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al2o3 so forth right
+okay so when we return on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we return on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we return on Wednesday
+we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the
+thermodynamics of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of this reaction
+we're going to use this property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this property of
+being line compounds and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being line compounds and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being line compounds and we're going to
+use a bunch of other things as well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BaBoztM9Q1w.txt b/BaBoztM9Q1w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be517c5195bbf926aaf601a2191e35676514c0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BaBoztM9Q1w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi there welcome to recitation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi there welcome to recitation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi there welcome to recitation in
+lecture you've been learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you've been learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you've been learning about
+vector spaces whose vectors are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces whose vectors are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces whose vectors are actually
+matrices or functions and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or functions and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or functions and this is what
+our problem today is about we have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem today is about we have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem today is about we have a set
+of two by three matrices whose null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two by three matrices whose null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two by three matrices whose null
+space contains the vector 2 1 1 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space contains the vector 2 1 1 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space contains the vector 2 1 1 and I
+want you to show that this set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to show that this set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to show that this set is
+actually a vector space well a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a vector space well a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a vector space well a vector
+subspace of the space of all 2 by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace of the space of all 2 by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace of the space of all 2 by 3
+matrices and then I want you to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and then I want you to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and then I want you to find a
+basis for it when you're done here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for it when you're done here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for it when you're done here's an
+additional question what about the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional question what about the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional question what about the set
+of those 2 by 3 matrices whose column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 2 by 3 matrices whose column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 2 by 3 matrices whose column
+space contains the vector 2 1 alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space contains the vector 2 1 alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space contains the vector 2 1 alright
+hit pause and work on it yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit pause and work on it yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit pause and work on it yourself and
+when you're ready I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're ready I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're ready I'll come back and
+show you how I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I hope you manage to solve it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I hope you manage to solve it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I hope you manage to solve it let's
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+so how do we show that something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we show that something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we show that something is a
+vector subspace well there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subspace well there are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subspace well there are only two
+things that we need to check one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we need to check one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we need to check one is that
+if two matrices well two vectors in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two matrices well two vectors in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two matrices well two vectors in this
+case two matrices are in that space then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two matrices are in that space then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two matrices are in that space then
+their sum is in that space and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sum is in that space and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sum is in that space and if you
+take a vector in this case a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector in this case a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector in this case a matrix and
+you multiply it by a scalar you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by a scalar you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by a scalar you will
+still be in the space so suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be in the space so suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be in the space so suppose that
+the matrices a and B are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices a and B are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices a and B are in this
+subspace then well in this set that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace then well in this set that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace then well in this set that we
+want to prove is a subspace so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove is a subspace so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove is a subspace so that
+means that a time's the vector 2 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a time's the vector 2 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a time's the vector 2 1 1
+that's equal to the vector 0 0 notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the vector 0 0 notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the vector 0 0 notice
+that the dimensions are right a is 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dimensions are right a is 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dimensions are right a is 2 by
+3 this one is 3 by 1 I should get a 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 this one is 3 by 1 I should get a 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 this one is 3 by 1 I should get a 2 by
+1 suppose that 2 1 1 is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 suppose that 2 1 1 is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 suppose that 2 1 1 is in the null
+space of a and that 2 1 1 is also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a and that 2 1 1 is also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a and that 2 1 1 is also in the
+null space of V then what is a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times 2 on 1 it's 2 1 1 in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 on 1 it's 2 1 1 in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 on 1 it's 2 1 1 in the null
+space of a plus B well if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a plus B well if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a plus B well if you think
+about what this means you're just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this means you're just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this means you're just adding
+entry by entry and you can do it slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry by entry and you can do it slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry by entry and you can do it slowly
+on your own and just check but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own and just check but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own and just check but this is
+what happens but by now you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but by now you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but by now you are familiar
+enough with matrices that this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough with matrices that this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough with matrices that this should
+not be a surprise well this is 0 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a surprise well this is 0 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a surprise well this is 0 0 and
+this is 0 0 so their sum is 0 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0 0 so their sum is 0 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0 0 so their sum is 0 0 so
+indeed 2 and 1 is in the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed 2 and 1 is in the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed 2 and 1 is in the null space of a
+plus B so if a and B are in this set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B so if a and B are in this set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B so if a and B are in this set a
+plus B is in the set as well let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B is in the set as well let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B is in the set as well let's check
+the other thing the other thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing the other thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing the other thing is a
+times 2 1 1 0 0 so a is in a set because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 1 1 0 0 so a is in a set because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 1 1 0 0 so a is in a set because
+2 1 1 is in the null space of a and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 1 is in the null space of a and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 1 is in the null space of a and also
+let's not C be a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not C be a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not C be a scalar
+that just means that sees the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means that sees the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means that sees the number
+then we want to check that 2 1 1 is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to check that 2 1 1 is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to check that 2 1 1 is in
+the null space of the matrix CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of the matrix CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of the matrix CA
+that matrix is just the matrix a except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix is just the matrix a except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix is just the matrix a except
+every entry is multiplied by the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry is multiplied by the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry is multiplied by the number
+C well again this is how matrices work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well again this is how matrices work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well again this is how matrices work
+you can just pull out the constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just pull out the constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just pull out the constant and
+do a times 2 1 1 first now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a times 2 1 1 first now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a times 2 1 1 first now this is the
+vector 0 0 so this will simply be C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 0 0 so this will simply be C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 0 0 so this will simply be C
+times 0 0 which is 0 0 so the matrix C a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0 0 which is 0 0 so the matrix C a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0 0 which is 0 0 so the matrix C a
+is also contained in the set so the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also contained in the set so the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also contained in the set so the set
+is closed under addition and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed under addition and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed under addition and other
+multiplication by scalar so the set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by scalar so the set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by scalar so the set is
+indeed a vector subspace well that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a vector subspace well that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a vector subspace well that takes
+care of the first part of the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the first part of the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the first part of the question
+the second part was find a basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part was find a basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part was find a basis for
+this subspace so let's work on that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subspace so let's work on that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subspace so let's work on that now
+well so the condition for a matrix to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the condition for a matrix to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the condition for a matrix to be
+in this subspace is that denotes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this subspace is that denotes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this subspace is that denotes that
+the vector 2 1 1 is in the null space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 2 1 1 is in the null space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 2 1 1 is in the null space so
+I must have a times 2 1 1 is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must have a times 2 1 1 is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must have a times 2 1 1 is equal to 0
+0 so what is happening well a is a 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so what is happening well a is a 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so what is happening well a is a 2 by
+3 matrix so you can actually think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 matrix so you can actually think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 matrix so you can actually think about
+what happens on each row separately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens on each row separately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens on each row separately you
+will have the first row of a times 2 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the first row of a times 2 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the first row of a times 2 1 1
+is equal to 0 in the second row of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 in the second row of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 in the second row of a
+times 2 1 1 is equal to 0 so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 1 1 is equal to 0 so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 1 1 is equal to 0 so let's see
+what that means each row of the matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means each row of the matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means each row of the matrix a
+in this vector subspace must satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+must be ABC 2 1 1 equal to 0 this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be ABC 2 1 1 equal to 0 this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be ABC 2 1 1 equal to 0 this is not
+really a good sentence which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good sentence which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good sentence which means that
+well let's see two a plus B plus C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see two a plus B plus C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see two a plus B plus C is
+equal to 0 so I can actually write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so I can actually write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so I can actually write it in
+this format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+let's see must be of the form of a B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see must be of the form of a B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see must be of the form of a B and
+then C must be equal to minus 2a - beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C must be equal to minus 2a - beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C must be equal to minus 2a - beef
+right so furthermore we can say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so furthermore we can say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so furthermore we can say that it
+well one thing that you can do let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing that you can do let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing that you can do let me
+write this here to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this here to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this here to help you
+it'll be a 0 minus 2a plus 0 B minus B C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a 0 minus 2a plus 0 B minus B C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a 0 minus 2a plus 0 B minus B C
+so what I'm doing is I'm splitting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing is I'm splitting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing is I'm splitting this
+into the linear combination of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the linear combination of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the linear combination of two
+vectors I can pull out the a out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I can pull out the a out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I can pull out the a out of this
+one and pull the B out of this one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and pull the B out of this one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and pull the B out of this one it
+will be must be a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be must be a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be must be a linear combination
+that's what this means linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this means linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this means linear
+combination of the following 1 0 - 2 & 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the following 1 0 - 2 & 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the following 1 0 - 2 & 0
+1 minus 1 does that make sense so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 does that make sense so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 does that make sense so this
+is what each row of a make much must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what each row of a make much must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what each row of a make much must
+satisfy so we can now put everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy so we can now put everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy so we can now put everything
+together into what a basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into what a basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into what a basis for the
+vector space has to be a basis will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's 2 by 3 matrix and each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's 2 by 3 matrix and each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's 2 by 3 matrix and each row
+must be a linear combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a linear combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a linear combination of these
+two vectors so let's write that 1 0 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors so let's write that 1 0 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors so let's write that 1 0 - 2
+now keep the second row with zeros 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now keep the second row with zeros 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now keep the second row with zeros 0 1
+minus 1 and I'll keep the second row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and I'll keep the second row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and I'll keep the second row of
+zeros they're not the same but keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros they're not the same but keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros they're not the same but keeping
+the first row with zeros I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these vectors on the second row so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors on the second row so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors on the second row so this
+is a basis for my vector space 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a basis for my vector space 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a basis for my vector space 1 2 3 4
+that also means that the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also means that the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also means that the dimension of
+this subspace is 4 there was one further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subspace is 4 there was one further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subspace is 4 there was one further
+question which was what what can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which was what what can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which was what what can you say
+about the set of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the set of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the set of those
+matrices that contain the vector to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that contain the vector to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that contain the vector to one
+in their column space me what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their column space me what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their column space me what about the
+set of those two by three matrices whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of those two by three matrices whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of those two by three matrices whose
+column space contains the vector 2 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space contains the vector 2 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space contains the vector 2 1 is
+that a vector subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well one quick check that you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one quick check that you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one quick check that you can always
+do is check that the zero vector in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is check that the zero vector in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is check that the zero vector in this
+case the zero matrix is belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the zero matrix is belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the zero matrix is belongs to the
+set there's the zero two by three matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set there's the zero two by three matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set there's the zero two by three matrix
+zero zero zero zero zero zero does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero zero zero zero zero does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero zero zero zero zero does this
+matrix belong to this set does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix belong to this set does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix belong to this set does this
+matrix contain the vector 2 1 in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix contain the vector 2 1 in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix contain the vector 2 1 in its
+column space it does not so this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space it does not so this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space it does not so this set
+cannot be a vector subspace if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be a vector subspace if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be a vector subspace if you want
+to think about how this zero belonging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how this zero belonging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how this zero belonging
+in the set has anything to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set has anything to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set has anything to do with the
+two conditions being closed under sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions being closed under sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions being closed under sum
+and closed under multiplication by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closed under multiplication by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closed under multiplication by
+scalar simply think that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar simply think that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar simply think that you should
+always be able to multiply a matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to multiply a matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to multiply a matrix by
+the scalar zero and have it still be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar zero and have it still be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar zero and have it still be in
+the set that will be your zero matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set that will be your zero matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set that will be your zero matrix
+well the zero matrix is not in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the zero matrix is not in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the zero matrix is not in this set
+so the set is not a vector subspace all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the set is not a vector subspace all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the set is not a vector subspace all
+right we're done thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CIW1T5YdBuI.txt b/CIW1T5YdBuI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d366d124e067fbf95007cf6a11a1dcc50c0991d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CIW1T5YdBuI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+cafe or espresso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the basic the basic idea the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic the basic idea the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic the basic idea the basic
+idea of the recipe is how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the recipe is how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the recipe is how many of you
+have done done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+Mont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mont
+monan yeah so so where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monan yeah so so where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monan yeah so so where the
+egg and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twister good good good good good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twister good good good good good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twister good good good good good and
+yeah so so lady fingers um the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so lady fingers um the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so lady fingers um the the the
+translation I don't know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation I don't know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation I don't know where the
+translation comes from um da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+daon um but sa because of saas were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daon um but sa because of saas were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daon um but sa because of saas were a
+royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+family we dip them in graa no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I thought that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I thought that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I thought that's how you
+did see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to we have to
+wait to wait a little until it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait to wait a little until it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait to wait a little until it gets
+assemble if you can actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eat that's kind of an Italian inflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat that's kind of an Italian inflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat that's kind of an Italian inflection
+that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay
+so let's separate the eggs and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's separate the eggs and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's separate the eggs and let's
+start making coffee do you guys know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making coffee do you guys know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making coffee do you guys know how
+to make coffee with these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make coffee with these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make coffee with these things
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+laa so this is this is a uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laa so this is this is a uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laa so this is this is a uh so this is
+the funny man with this is the Vietti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funny man with this is the Vietti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funny man with this is the Vietti
+guy and see and see it's the mocha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and see and see it's the mocha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and see and see it's the mocha
+espresso here it's actually the mocha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espresso here it's actually the mocha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espresso here it's actually the mocha
+Espress made in Italy all the way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Espress made in Italy all the way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Espress made in Italy all the way from
+Italy a true a true original so um so la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy a true a true original so um so la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy a true a true original so um so la
+cafetera um so it's uh it's simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafetera um so it's uh it's simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafetera um so it's uh it's simple you
+fill you fill the reservoir with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill you fill the reservoir with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill you fill the reservoir with water
+and then you then you you fill it up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you then you you fill it up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you then you you fill it up so
+uh so that when you so that when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that when you so that when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that when you so that when you put
+uh you put the receptacle they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you put the receptacle they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you put the receptacle they're just
+there there's no not a lot of water here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no not a lot of water here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no not a lot of water here
+maybe maybe just a little a little drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe just a little a little drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe just a little a little drop
+then you put the then you put the Misha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put the then you put the Misha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put the then you put the Misha
+in here um the Misha that has the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here um the Misha that has the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here um the Misha that has the right
+Machina one would that one would hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machina one would that one would hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machina one would that one would hope
+because because these guys do know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because these guys do know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because these guys do know what
+they're doing and then and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and then and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and then and then you
+press it a little not too much some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press it a little not too much some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press it a little not too much some
+people press it a lot because they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people press it a lot because they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people press it a lot because they want
+a creamier coffee but but generally when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creamier coffee but but generally when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creamier coffee but but generally when
+you use these machines it's uh it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use these machines it's uh it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use these machines it's uh it's hard
+for a lot of pressure to build up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of pressure to build up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of pressure to build up and
+actually have the same type of creamy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the same type of creamy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the same type of creamy
+coffee that you get you guys say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee that you get you guys say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee that you get you guys say when
+when you go when you go to Starbucks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go when you go to Starbucks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go when you go to Starbucks or
+when you go to to a to a cafe and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to to a to a cafe and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to to a to a cafe and then
+and then you fill this with coffee you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you fill this with coffee you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you fill this with coffee you
+Pat it yeah you pet it down and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat it yeah you pet it down and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat it yeah you pet it down and then you
+you tighten this up and you put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tighten this up and you put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tighten this up and you put it on
+the stove and then and then it'll the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stove and then and then it'll the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stove and then and then it'll the
+the coffee will come out from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coffee will come out from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coffee will come out from here and
+then at a certain point this thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at a certain point this thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at a certain point this thing will
+this thing will bubble and and make make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will bubble and and make make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will bubble and and make make
+a little bit of noise that's when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of noise that's when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of noise that's when you
+turn it off and then you the coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off and then you the coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off and then you the coffee
+that's pretty cool right doesn't it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool right doesn't it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool right doesn't it like
+isn't it like in in like very swiftly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it like in in like very swiftly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it like in in like very swiftly it
+can go to burning that's right so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to burning that's right so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to burning that's right so as
+soon as really watch you have to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as really watch you have to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as really watch you have to when
+you you don't let it you don't let let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't let it you don't let let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't let it you don't let let
+it um make too much noise as soon as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um make too much noise as soon as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um make too much noise as soon as it
+as as soon as it starts to boil you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as soon as it starts to boil you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as soon as it starts to boil you'll
+hear it and that's when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it and that's when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it and that's when you when you
+turn it off so that you take it off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off so that you take it off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off so that you take it off the
+stove so that it doesn't burn and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove so that it doesn't burn and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove so that it doesn't burn and so and
+so this is this is a I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a I think that this
+is a mocha mocha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+know yeah no it seems like like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah no it seems like like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah no it seems like like this is
+this so so you say so you say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so you say so you say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so you say so you say these
+things these things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well is the amount of cups that you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is the amount of cups that you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is the amount of cups that you that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we need a lot of coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to um we're going to use six eggs so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we're going to use six eggs so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we're going to use six eggs so we
+can we can double we could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can double we could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can double we could probably
+double those if you if you guys if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double those if you if you guys if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double those if you if you guys if you
+guys want only six eggs we might we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want only six eggs we might we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want only six eggs we might we
+might want to make 12 and we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make 12 and we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make 12 and we'll just
+double we'll just double the dose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double we'll just double the dose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double we'll just double the dose and
+and make one gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ENpCNrl_NjI.txt b/ENpCNrl_NjI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e9baab71efce7c5ecaf60a5436d980cf299f021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENpCNrl_NjI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu um so once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um so once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um so once you have the
+batteries out um they go in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries out um they go in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries out um they go in the back of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+camera little notches there just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera little notches there just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera little notches there just make
+sure notes on the battery on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure notes on the battery on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure notes on the battery on the bottom
+of it match up with the notches here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it match up with the notches here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it match up with the notches here and
+then just slide it into place um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just slide it into place um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just slide it into place um there
+should be a a push button on the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a a push button on the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a a push button on the larger
+battery make sure that's on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery make sure that's on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery make sure that's on the bottom
+if that's on the bottom it will match up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's on the bottom it will match up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's on the bottom it will match up
+with the uh The Notches on the back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh The Notches on the back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh The Notches on the back and
+it should just snap in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place um I think it goes the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um I think it goes the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um I think it goes the other way
+yep and you just get to kind of fuel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and you just get to kind of fuel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and you just get to kind of fuel it
+out there you go until it snaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there you go now you guys are already on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go now you guys are already on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go now you guys are already on
+the tape all right uh once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape all right uh once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape all right uh once you have the
+battery in um there's this little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery in um there's this little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery in um there's this little uh
+wheel right here um if you could just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel right here um if you could just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel right here um if you could just uh
+push the green button in on it and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the green button in on it and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the green button in on it and uh
+slide it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and once that happens you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and once that happens you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and once that happens you should be
+in tape mode the green light should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tape mode the green light should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tape mode the green light should be
+at the very top of the three choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent all right uh now you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent all right uh now you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent all right uh now you guys
+should all have uh cassettes tapes uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all have uh cassettes tapes uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all have uh cassettes tapes uh to
+open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the
+cassette uh or where you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassette uh or where you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassette uh or where you put the
+cassette in um you just see this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassette in um you just see this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassette in um you just see this little
+thing on the bottom where it says open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the bottom where it says open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the bottom where it says open
+eject just slide it forward and pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject just slide it forward and pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject just slide it forward and pull the
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+open and it will pop out automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and it will pop out automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and it will pop out automatically
+and then you just have to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just have to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just have to put the
+cassette in make sure that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassette in make sure that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassette in make sure that um the
+cassette is face up when you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in yep just like oh no sorry oh so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yep just like oh no sorry oh so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yep just like oh no sorry oh so like
+it was yep okay and then if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was yep okay and then if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was yep okay and then if you just
+push that down it should go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that down it should go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that down it should go back in
+automatically cool and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically cool and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically cool and then you can
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the and if you push that down it will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and if you push that down it will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and if you push that down it will go
+in automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can just close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this everybody there sweet um now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everybody there sweet um now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everybody there sweet um now on the
+actual lens Hood um some of them might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual lens Hood um some of them might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual lens Hood um some of them might
+be mixed up but um it's either on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mixed up but um it's either on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mixed up but um it's either on your
+left or your right side there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or your right side there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or your right side there's a little
+switch um it says close and open if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um it says close and open if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um it says close and open if you
+could just push that to open just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just push that to open just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just push that to open just so you
+can see stuff when you turn the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see stuff when you turn the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see stuff when you turn the camera
+on or look through the viewfinder or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or look through the viewfinder or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or look through the viewfinder or the
+LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen sweet um now there are two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sweet um now there are two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sweet um now there are two ways
+of doing this uh right now um I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this uh right now um I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this uh right now um I'm just
+going to run you through the LCD screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run you through the LCD screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run you through the LCD screen
+so it's right here on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's right here on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's right here on the left hand side
+of the camera if you can just uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera if you can just uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera if you can just uh open
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+up um you can also close this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um you can also close this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um you can also close this look
+through the viewfinder um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the viewfinder um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the viewfinder um there's
+something right underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right underneath the
+viewfinder called the diopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewfinder called the diopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewfinder called the diopter
+um so if you get see a a blurry image um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you get see a a blurry image um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you get see a a blurry image um
+you can just push that to the side try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just push that to the side try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just push that to the side try
+to sharpen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sharpen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sharpen
+it sometimes with the LCD screens focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes with the LCD screens focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes with the LCD screens focus
+is hard the gauge so uh the viewfinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard the gauge so uh the viewfinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard the gauge so uh the viewfinder
+sometimes is a better gauge of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is a better gauge of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is a better gauge of whether
+or not things are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not things are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not things are in
+Focus so underneath the viewfinder again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus so underneath the viewfinder again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus so underneath the viewfinder again
+there's this little if it looks blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this little if it looks blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this little if it looks blurry
+just uh play with the switch until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh play with the switch until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh play with the switch until it
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+clearer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer um
+again uh if you guys look at the LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh if you guys look at the LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh if you guys look at the LCD
+panel when you open it up um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel when you open it up um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel when you open it up um on the
+bottom right there's a little button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right there's a little button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right there's a little button
+called the P menu which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the P menu which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the P menu which stands for
+personal menu um the menu on this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal menu um the menu on this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal menu um the menu on this the
+regular menu is pretty extensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular menu is pretty extensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular menu is pretty extensive and
+there are a lot of things in there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things in there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things in there that
+you don't really need or that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really need or that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really need or that you'll
+never really use um so if you just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really use um so if you just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really use um so if you just hit
+the pre the P menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre the P menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre the P menu
+now uh you'll have uh two pages open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh you'll have uh two pages open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh you'll have uh two pages open up
+that you can scroll through and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can scroll through and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can scroll through and what
+I've done is I Consolidated the menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is I Consolidated the menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is I Consolidated the menu
+into the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the most uh
+relevant choices that you will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant choices that you will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant choices that you will probably
+run into when you're out there shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into when you're out there shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into when you're out there shooting
+um the top left is the regular menu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the top left is the regular menu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the top left is the regular menu so
+if you ever want to like get more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever want to like get more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever want to like get more like
+Advanced and in- depth into what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced and in- depth into what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced and in- depth into what the
+camera can do um the top left uh just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can do um the top left uh just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can do um the top left uh just go
+through the menu choices there right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the menu choices there right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the menu choices there right now
+it's pretty cursory as far as what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cursory as far as what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cursory as far as what we're
+going to do um so as you can see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do um so as you can see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do um so as you can see you
+have the audio channel one level audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the audio channel one level audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the audio channel one level audio
+channel two level those buttons uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel two level those buttons uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel two level those buttons uh a lot
+of people they make the mistake when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they make the mistake when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they make the mistake when
+they try record audio they'll go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try record audio they'll go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try record audio they'll go to the
+volume which is really controlling just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is really controlling just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is really controlling just
+the headphone volume so sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headphone volume so sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headphone volume so sometimes people
+come back and like the levels are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and like the levels are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and like the levels are too
+low and it's like you have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and it's like you have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and it's like you have to go through
+uh there's a little inside the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a little inside the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a little inside the camera
+case there's a little XLR adapter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's a little XLR adapter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's a little XLR adapter which
+allows you to hook up better shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to hook up better shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to hook up better shotgun
+microphon so you get better sound um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphon so you get better sound um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphon so you get better sound um so
+those are the two uh Audio Level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two uh Audio Level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two uh Audio Level
+channels that you're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels that you're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels that you're going to be using
+or playing with instead of just a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or playing with instead of just a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or playing with instead of just a volume
+that's why they're up there uh the zebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're up there uh the zebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're up there uh the zebra
+uh which is right there audio Channel 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is right there audio Channel 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is right there audio Channel 2
+level uh the zebra is helpful I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh the zebra is helpful I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh the zebra is helpful I think
+you can set it at either a 70 or 100 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set it at either a 70 or 100 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set it at either a 70 or 100 and
+basically it tells you uh when something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it tells you uh when something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it tells you uh when something
+is Overexposed you'll see little zebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Overexposed you'll see little zebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Overexposed you'll see little zebra
+uh stripes on the screen so if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stripes on the screen so if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stripes on the screen so if something
+say you're you're playing with exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're you're playing with exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're you're playing with exposure
+and you're worried about whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're worried about whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're worried about whether or not
+like you've hit the ceiling of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've hit the ceiling of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've hit the ceiling of what the
+camera can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can
+actually record um um basically uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually record um um basically uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually record um um basically uh you
+want to explain Ires or is too dep well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain Ires or is too dep well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain Ires or is too dep well
+yeah remember I I talked about exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah remember I I talked about exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah remember I I talked about exposure
+and the aperture uh in video it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aperture uh in video it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aperture uh in video it's
+measured uh the exposure is measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh the exposure is measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh the exposure is measured in
+units called IR units which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units called IR units which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units called IR units which stands for
+international radio elri engineer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international radio elri engineer yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international radio elri engineer yeah
+it's basically a standard that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a standard that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a standard that was uh
+created 50 years ago uh that measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created 50 years ago uh that measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created 50 years ago uh that measures
+the brightness or the exposure of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brightness or the exposure of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brightness or the exposure of an
+image and if you go past 100 IR units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and if you go past 100 IR units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and if you go past 100 IR units
+you're not going to record anything it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to record anything it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to record anything it's
+that's basically where you hit Pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically where you hit Pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically where you hit Pure
+White and adding light just gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White and adding light just gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White and adding light just gives you
+more white it's just blown out so uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more white it's just blown out so uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more white it's just blown out so uh if
+you go into the editing room and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into the editing room and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into the editing room and you try
+to um bring some detail back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um bring some detail back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um bring some detail back into that
+you can't because there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't because there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't because there's there's
+nothing there so the zebra stripes tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there so the zebra stripes tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there so the zebra stripes tell
+you when you are either approaching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you are either approaching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you are either approaching or
+exceeding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeding that
+threshold and if you guys want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and if you guys want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and if you guys want to just
+hit uh the zebra button right now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit uh the zebra button right now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit uh the zebra button right now um
+because it's kind of you know it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of you know it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of you know it's one
+of those things you probably use um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things you probably use um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things you probably use um just
+hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+zebra on the touch screen and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra on the touch screen and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra on the touch screen and if you
+notice there's three options there's off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's three options there's off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's three options there's off
+70 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 and
+100 um what I would recommend is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 um what I would recommend is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 um what I would recommend is when
+you use the zebra I would set it to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the zebra I would set it to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the zebra I would set it to 100
+um because that's the absolute threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that's the absolute threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that's the absolute threshold
+I mean that's that's the highest you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's that's the highest you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's that's the highest you can
+go when you see zebras on 100 then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go when you see zebras on 100 then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go when you see zebras on 100 then you
+may want to lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to lower your
+exposure and if you hit that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and if you hit that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and if you hit that little
+button on the bottom right of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button on the bottom right of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button on the bottom right of the screen
+the turnaround button button we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turnaround button button we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turnaround button button we'll get
+back to the uh personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+menu um now after zebra there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu um now after zebra there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu um now after zebra there's the
+white balance option um white balance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance option um white balance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance option um white balance is
+one of those things that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things that you want to
+make sure you do but after you've set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you do but after you've set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you do but after you've set
+your exposure after you framed up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exposure after you framed up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exposure after you framed up your
+image after you focused you know um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image after you focused you know um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image after you focused you know um but
+it is uh important to do it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh important to do it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh important to do it's all about
+the color temperature and if you don't W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color temperature and if you don't W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color temperature and if you don't W
+uh whitee balance correctly your image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whitee balance correctly your image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whitee balance correctly your image
+could look too like have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look too like have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look too like have this really
+ugly tint of blue or tint of orange or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly tint of blue or tint of orange or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly tint of blue or tint of orange or
+something you want to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to make sure that the
+color temperature is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color temperature is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color temperature is represented
+correctly um within your camera so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um within your camera so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um within your camera so um
+and if you guys look at the uh the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you guys look at the uh the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you guys look at the uh the right
+side of the camera toward the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the camera toward the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the camera toward the front
+you'll see us a little round button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see us a little round button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see us a little round button
+called the assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the assign
+button uh what I've done with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button uh what I've done with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button uh what I've done with all these
+cameras is um I've already programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras is um I've already programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras is um I've already programmed
+white balance one push white balance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance one push white balance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance one push white balance to
+the assign button but so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assign button but so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assign button but so instead of
+having to go through the menu options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to go through the menu options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to go through the menu options
+whenever you want to white balance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you want to white balance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you want to white balance uh
+you can just press the assign button and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just press the assign button and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just press the assign button and
+it will white balance for you so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will white balance for you so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will white balance for you so it's
+just a little shortcut that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little shortcut that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little shortcut that all the
+cameras should should be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras should should be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras should should be able to uh
+access when you are white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access when you are white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access when you are white
+balancing um whenever you're going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing um whenever you're going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing um whenever you're going out
+on a shoot try to make sure you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a shoot try to make sure you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a shoot try to make sure you have a
+white piece of paper that's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white piece of paper that's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white piece of paper that's probably the
+simplest way to do it um if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to do it um if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to do it um if you're
+working with somebody uh just have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with somebody uh just have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with somebody uh just have them
+stand in front of the camera um Zoom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of the camera um Zoom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of the camera um Zoom so
+So you you're filling the camera the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you're filling the camera the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you're filling the camera the
+frame with about at least 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with about at least 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with about at least 80% of the
+white paper press the assign button um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white paper press the assign button um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white paper press the assign button um
+there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a
+blinking should be a blinking symbol um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinking should be a blinking symbol um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinking should be a blinking symbol um
+and once it stops blinking you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it stops blinking you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it stops blinking you're
+properly white balanced so just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly white balanced so just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly white balanced so just to give
+you a little more background on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little more background on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little more background on that
+basically what you're doing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you're doing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you're doing when you
+hold up that piece of paper is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold up that piece of paper is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold up that piece of paper is you're
+saying to the camera okay camera this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying to the camera okay camera this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying to the camera okay camera this is
+white make this white and whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white make this white and whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white make this white and whatever the
+kind of color of light you have shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of color of light you have shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of color of light you have shining
+on that paper affects what actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that paper affects what actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that paper affects what actually you
+know what the how the paper is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the how the paper is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the how the paper is going to
+read to the camera these fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read to the camera these fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read to the camera these fluorescent
+lights uh look very very different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights uh look very very different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights uh look very very different uh
+compared to the daylight outside and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the daylight outside and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the daylight outside and you
+know you can actually see it in your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can actually see it in your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can actually see it in your eye
+our eyes are great at adjusting but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes are great at adjusting but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes are great at adjusting but if
+you stare at the light and then you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stare at the light and then you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stare at the light and then you look
+down at the the uh exterior you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the the uh exterior you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the the uh exterior you can see
+that it's a little blue uh so you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a little blue uh so you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a little blue uh so you put
+the paper under whatever light you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper under whatever light you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper under whatever light you're
+filming you frame it up and you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming you frame it up and you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming you frame it up and you push
+that button which is saying okay make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that button which is saying okay make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that button which is saying okay make
+that make that that image white balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make that that image white balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make that that image white balance
+all the colors uh in the sensor so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the colors uh in the sensor so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the colors uh in the sensor so that
+so that comes out white and then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out white and then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out white and then all the
+other colors will be uh relatively true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other colors will be uh relatively true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other colors will be uh relatively true
+and accurate because white contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accurate because white contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accurate because white contains all
+the other colors it's a conglomeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other colors it's a conglomeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other colors it's a conglomeration
+of all the other colors like if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the other colors like if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the other colors like if you can
+represent white accurately then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent white accurately then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent white accurately then all the
+other colors will be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other colors will be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other colors will be represented
+accurately as well so uh right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as well so uh right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as well so uh right next to
+white balance is spot Focus which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance is spot Focus which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance is spot Focus which is
+kind of nifty um uh basically if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nifty um uh basically if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nifty um uh basically if you hit
+spot Focus just press it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot Focus just press it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot Focus just press it
+you'll open up this little uh screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll open up this little uh screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll open up this little uh screen and
+if you press something on your screen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you press something on your screen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you press something on your screen on
+the touch screen it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch screen it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch screen it will
+focus that object or that person so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus that object or that person so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus that object or that person so you
+may want to like just uh if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to like just uh if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to like just uh if you guys
+notice on the the back of the camera on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on the the back of the camera on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on the the back of the camera on
+the right there is uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there is uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there is uh a little
+lever which allows you to zoom in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what you may want to do is just zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you may want to do is just zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you may want to do is just zoom
+in go a little uh not too much telephoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in go a little uh not too much telephoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in go a little uh not too much telephoto
+but um zoom into something and try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um zoom into something and try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um zoom into something and try the
+spot focus and see how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you just press something with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just press something with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just press something with the
+spot Focus enabled um press something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot Focus enabled um press something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot Focus enabled um press something on
+the screen and after a few seconds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and after a few seconds it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and after a few seconds it
+should drift into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+focus is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is it
+working it's working for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the best uh way to to judge is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best uh way to to judge is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best uh way to to judge is if you
+zoom into something so go telephoto for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something yeah if you just wait a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah if you just wait a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah if you just wait a few
+seconds it should kick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay um if you see the zebra that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay um if you see the zebra that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay um if you see the zebra that
+means that that's Overexposed it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that's Overexposed it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that's Overexposed it's not a
+huge deal here because I mean it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge deal here because I mean it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge deal here because I mean it's not a
+detail shot if it's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail shot if it's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail shot if it's something that you
+want to like if you want to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like if you want to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like if you want to keep the
+detail in something like whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in something like whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in something like whether it's a
+person or an object um if you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or an object um if you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or an object um if you see the
+zebra you may want to um bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra you may want to um bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra you may want to um bring the
+exposure down just so you can keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure down just so you can keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure down just so you can keep that
+detail and it will record it accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and it will record it accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and it will record it accurately
+but for something like the edge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for something like the edge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for something like the edge of a
+table um it's not a big deal cuz there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um it's not a big deal cuz there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um it's not a big deal cuz there's
+no real detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real detail
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um if you guys uh go back to the P menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you guys uh go back to the P menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you guys uh go back to the P menu
+and I'll try to speed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to speed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to speed this
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay um back to the P menu if you scroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um back to the P menu if you scroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um back to the P menu if you scroll
+down to the second page uh we'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the second page uh we'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the second page uh we'll you'll
+see peaking histogram steady shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see peaking histogram steady shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see peaking histogram steady shot
+exposure level lever and spot meter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure level lever and spot meter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure level lever and spot meter is
+everybody with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with
+me um sometimes with the LCD screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um sometimes with the LCD screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um sometimes with the LCD screens
+it's really hard to gauge Focus so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to gauge Focus so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to gauge Focus so um
+there's something called the the peaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the the peaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the the peaking
+function uh which is the top left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh which is the top left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh which is the top left of the
+second screen if you guys want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second screen if you guys want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second screen if you guys want to just
+uh hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hit
+that um you'll see there's four options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you'll see there's four options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you'll see there's four options
+there's off white red and yellow um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's off white red and yellow um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's off white red and yellow um and
+what peaking does and by the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what peaking does and by the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what peaking does and by the way you
+can't have peaking and zebra at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have peaking and zebra at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have peaking and zebra at the same
+time like they can't both be enabled at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like they can't both be enabled at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like they can't both be enabled at
+the same time so what you probably want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so what you probably want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so what you probably want
+to do is if uh you're going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if uh you're going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if uh you're going to be in the
+same area set your exposure first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same area set your exposure first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same area set your exposure first um
+with the zebra make sure that nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the zebra make sure that nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the zebra make sure that nothing's
+Overexposed and if you want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overexposed and if you want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overexposed and if you want to use the
+peeking go to that after um but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeking go to that after um but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeking go to that after um but with
+these LCD uh LCD screens where it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these LCD uh LCD screens where it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these LCD uh LCD screens where it's like
+really hard to gauge Focus um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to gauge Focus um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to gauge Focus um you have
+the option of uh surrounding people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option of uh surrounding people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option of uh surrounding people that
+or objects that are in focus with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or objects that are in focus with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or objects that are in focus with uh the
+color white like a white outline uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color white like a white outline uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color white like a white outline uh a
+red outline or a yellow outline um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red outline or a yellow outline um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red outline or a yellow outline um so
+anything that's in Focus you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's in Focus you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's in Focus you can choose
+one of those options and um the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those options and um the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those options and um the person
+or thing in Focus will be um have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thing in Focus will be um have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thing in Focus will be um have a a
+slight trace of white red yellow around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight trace of white red yellow around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight trace of white red yellow around
+them and again with these screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and again with these screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and again with these screens
+whether or not sometimes they're smudged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not sometimes they're smudged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not sometimes they're smudged
+or like the resolution just isn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the resolution just isn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the resolution just isn't very
+good um sometimes that's a good option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um sometimes that's a good option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um sometimes that's a good option
+to to have available if because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have available if because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have available if because like
+Chris was saying if something's out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris was saying if something's out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris was saying if something's out of
+focus and you bring it into the editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and you bring it into the editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and you bring it into the editing
+room and it's blown up even bigger you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it's blown up even bigger you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it's blown up even bigger you
+can really tell that something's soft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really tell that something's soft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really tell that something's soft so
+um peing is one of those things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um peing is one of those things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um peing is one of those things that you
+may want to pull out from time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to pull out from time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to pull out from time to time
+just to make sure that you're in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure that you're in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure that you're in focus
+and one of the about about Focus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the about about Focus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the about about Focus um
+sometimes you'll find and today is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll find and today is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll find and today is one
+of those days when it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those days when it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those days when it's really really
+bright out this screen may not be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright out this screen may not be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright out this screen may not be your
+best option in terms of seeing the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best option in terms of seeing the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best option in terms of seeing the image
+if you close the screen you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you close the screen you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you close the screen you can actually
+look through the viewfinder and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the viewfinder and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the viewfinder and then you
+you know your eye is sha shadowed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your eye is sha shadowed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your eye is sha shadowed so
+even in very very bright conditions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in very very bright conditions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in very very bright conditions you
+can see pretty accurately what image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see pretty accurately what image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see pretty accurately what image
+you're getting and that can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting and that can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting and that can be very
+helpful especially for Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful especially for Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful especially for Focus
+yeah unfortunately you cannot use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unfortunately you cannot use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unfortunately you cannot use the
+finder and the screen at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder and the screen at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder and the screen at the same time
+no you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can't
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um after peing there's the histogram um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after peing there's the histogram um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after peing there's the histogram um
+which is just uh it measures uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just uh it measures uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just uh it measures uh your
+exposure levels like uh I think to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure levels like uh I think to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure levels like uh I think to the
+left of the screen is your black levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the screen is your black levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the screen is your black levels
+and to the right is your highlights so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the right is your highlights so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the right is your highlights so
+if you really want to um have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to um have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to um have a nice
+balance and contrast to your frame um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and contrast to your frame um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and contrast to your frame um
+the histogram is is a good thing to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histogram is is a good thing to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histogram is is a good thing to have
+open it's not it doesn't take up too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it's not it doesn't take up too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it's not it doesn't take up too
+much space on the LC screen but uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space on the LC screen but uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space on the LC screen but uh we
+can talk about that more later on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about that more later on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about that more later on um
+steady shot um whenever you're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady shot um whenever you're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady shot um whenever you're not using
+a tripod make sure that steady shot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tripod make sure that steady shot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tripod make sure that steady shot is
+enabled um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled um because
+it it overcompensates like if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it overcompensates like if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it overcompensates like if your
+camera is going one way if it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is going one way if it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is going one way if it's a little
+shaky with your handheld work um study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaky with your handheld work um study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaky with your handheld work um study
+shot just overcompensates um with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot just overcompensates um with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot just overcompensates um with the
+movement of the frame so it just stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the frame so it just stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the frame so it just stays
+uh steadier than if you didn't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh steadier than if you didn't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh steadier than if you didn't have it
+enabled so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled so
+uh exposure lever um it's not really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exposure lever um it's not really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exposure lever um it's not really uh
+big deal spot meter um a spot meter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal spot meter um a spot meter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal spot meter um a spot meter is
+kind of like the uh what was it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the uh what was it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the uh what was it the
+focus meter spot meter is no um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus meter spot meter is no um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus meter spot meter is no um but what
+was the other one spot Focus spot Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the other one spot Focus spot Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the other one spot Focus spot Focus
+yes it's like spot Focus um except it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's like spot Focus um except it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's like spot Focus um except it
+works with uh exposure so um if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with uh exposure so um if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with uh exposure so um if you guys
+want to hit spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hit spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hit spot
+meter um is this is good for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter um is this is good for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter um is this is good for like
+interviews or anything with people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews or anything with people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews or anything with people um
+ESP especially if like say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESP especially if like say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESP especially if like say there's
+somebody sitting right in front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sitting right in front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sitting right in front of a
+window and like you're getting all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and like you're getting all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and like you're getting all kinds
+of zebras in the window because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zebras in the window because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zebras in the window because it's
+Overexposed but you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overexposed but you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overexposed but you want to make sure
+the person sitting in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person sitting in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person sitting in front of the
+window is properly exposed um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window is properly exposed um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window is properly exposed um if you
+again just like uh spot Focus if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just like uh spot Focus if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just like uh spot Focus if you hit
+that person or whatever it is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person or whatever it is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person or whatever it is you want
+to make sure it's properly Exposed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure it's properly Exposed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure it's properly Exposed on
+the screen it will adjust your exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen it will adjust your exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen it will adjust your exposure
+automatically um so it tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically um so it tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically um so it tries
+to maintain uh proper exposure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain uh proper exposure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain uh proper exposure on
+whatever you touch on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you touch on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you touch on the screen
+and a good that's that's good in a jam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a good that's that's good in a jam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a good that's that's good in a jam
+if you ever need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh as far as the basic functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh as far as the basic functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh as far as the basic functions uh
+that are on the outside of the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the outside of the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the outside of the camera
+they're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the
+shell um there are two well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell um there are two well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell um there are two well actually
+three ways to zoom um to go from wide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways to zoom um to go from wide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways to zoom um to go from wide to
+telephoto um one is the ring um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto um one is the ring um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto um one is the ring um but what
+I would uh recommend to everybody is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would uh recommend to everybody is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would uh recommend to everybody is uh
+or recommend everybody do is you see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recommend everybody do is you see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recommend everybody do is you see uh
+on the left hand side of the camera at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of the camera at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of the camera at
+the front right behind the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front right behind the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front right behind the uh
+ring show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me uh right above where it says Focus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh right above where it says Focus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh right above where it says Focus uh
+there are three options you can uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three options you can uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three options you can uh go
+all the way to the front for Zoom um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the front for Zoom um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the front for Zoom um you
+can bring it toward the middle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring it toward the middle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring it toward the middle for
+autofocus Focus or if you switch it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus Focus or if you switch it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus Focus or if you switch it all
+the way to the back you can have manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the back you can have manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the back you can have manual
+focus hold still please show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus hold still please show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus hold still please show
+me thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me thank
+you zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zooming
+in I think might be white all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think might be white all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think might be white all right um
+so if you go all the way back I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go all the way back I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go all the way back I I would
+recommend keeping that on manual focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend keeping that on manual focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend keeping that on manual focus
+which is all the way toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all the way toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all the way toward the
+back um because you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um because you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um because you only have one
+ring and you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and you want to make sure that
+that's freed up for focus because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's freed up for focus because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's freed up for focus because there
+are already two ways to zoom on the LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already two ways to zoom on the LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already two ways to zoom on the LCD
+screen itself um on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen itself um on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen itself um on the left hand side
+of the screen you'll see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen you'll see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen you'll see that there's a
+w and a t um so if you want to zoom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and a t um so if you want to zoom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and a t um so if you want to zoom out
+you'd hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd hit the
+W and it's kind of slow if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and it's kind of slow if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and it's kind of slow if you want to
+zoom in you hit the T for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+telephoto um if that's too slow for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto um if that's too slow for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto um if that's too slow for you
+there's also a snap zoom on back right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a snap zoom on back right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a snap zoom on back right
+of the camera which is this lever right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera which is this lever right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera which is this lever right
+here can can you say that one one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can can you say that one one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can can you say that one one more
+time for me which part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for me which part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for me which part
+what is the snap Zoom uh the snap Zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the snap Zoom uh the snap Zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the snap Zoom uh the snap Zoom
+is on the back right of the camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the back right of the camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the back right of the camera and
+if uh the zoom on the LCD goes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the zoom on the LCD goes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the zoom on the LCD goes a little
+too slowly for you um I would recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slowly for you um I would recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slowly for you um I would recommend
+the snap Zoom which is pressure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snap Zoom which is pressure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snap Zoom which is pressure uh
+pressure sensitive um so it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure sensitive um so it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure sensitive um so it doesn't mean
+that you can't control your Zoom um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't control your Zoom um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't control your Zoom um it
+just means if you want the option of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means if you want the option of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means if you want the option of
+going uh faster you can you have it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh faster you can you have it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh faster you can you have it um
+so if you guys want to play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys want to play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys want to play around with
+the zoom on the back right um again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zoom on the back right um again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zoom on the back right um again it's
+labeled so w and T so w for y t for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled so w and T so w for y t for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled so w and T so w for y t for
+telephoto so just play around with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto so just play around with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephoto so just play around with that
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+sec I'm zooming right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure uh so uh thep top left now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh so uh thep top left now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh so uh thep top left now that
+it's set on manual focus that switch um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's set on manual focus that switch um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's set on manual focus that switch um
+you can now focus with the focus ring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now focus with the focus ring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now focus with the focus ring so
+uh again the best way to uh play around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again the best way to uh play around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again the best way to uh play around
+with focus is use either the uh the zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with focus is use either the uh the zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with focus is use either the uh the zoom
+tools on the LCD or on the back right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools on the LCD or on the back right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools on the LCD or on the back right of
+the camera and maybe zoom into one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and maybe zoom into one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and maybe zoom into one of
+the chairs or something that's um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairs or something that's um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairs or something that's um one of
+the cases or zoom in Fairly closely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases or zoom in Fairly closely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases or zoom in Fairly closely and
+just play with the focus ring so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play with the focus ring so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play with the focus ring so you get
+a a good sense of how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works I'm going to focus on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'm going to focus on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'm going to focus on your
+headphones Brian let Focus those there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent all right uh last thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent all right uh last thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent all right uh last thing is
+exposure um if you guys look um toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure um if you guys look um toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure um if you guys look um toward
+the front of the camera on the bottom on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the camera on the bottom on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the camera on the bottom on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+left um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um there's a
+lever um you move that up and down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever um you move that up and down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever um you move that up and down to
+control uh exposure so again that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh exposure so again that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh exposure so again that's the
+uh the F stop or the aperture so to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the F stop or the aperture so to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the F stop or the aperture so to make
+the image brighter or darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image brighter or darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image brighter or darker
+uh once you guys play around with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you guys play around with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you guys play around with that
+tell me if it's working if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me if it's working if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me if it's working if it's not
+working there's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fix uh this is the exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lever is that working for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever is that working for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever is that working for everybody
+because sometimes you have to press the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you have to press the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you have to press the
+button next to it it's kind of quirky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there should also be a bar on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should also be a bar on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should also be a bar on the bottom
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen as
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exposing um is everybody comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing um is everybody comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing um is everybody comfortable
+with the the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the basic
+functions of the camera and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the camera and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the camera and if you're
+obviously you're going to gain a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you're going to gain a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you're going to gain a lot of
+experience very quickly with kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience very quickly with kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience very quickly with kind of how
+these things work so if a little bit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work so if a little bit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work so if a little bit you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+obviously at C with some of them don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously at C with some of them don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously at C with some of them don't
+work too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+um how do you turn the volume down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you turn the volume down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you turn the volume down so
+it's not oh that's easy um it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not oh that's easy um it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not oh that's easy um it's in the
+uh M oh do you want no go ahead oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M oh do you want no go ahead oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M oh do you want no go ahead oh okay
+it's in the uh menu um so that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the uh menu um so that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the uh menu um so that's one of
+those that let me turn mine back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that let me turn mine back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that let me turn mine back on
+actually that's in the uh main menu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's in the uh main menu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's in the uh main menu so
+if you hit the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+menu and on the top left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and on the top left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and on the top left the
+menu um I believe it's in camera set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu um I believe it's in camera set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu um I believe it's in camera set so
+if camera set is already highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if camera set is already highlighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if camera set is already highlighted
+press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press
+okay and scroll down and you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and scroll down and you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and scroll down and you should see
+beep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually I can hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I can hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I can hear that
+beeping oh actually it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toolbox yeah you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox yeah you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox yeah you're going to have to
+scroll down a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+going volume nope that's for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going volume nope that's for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going volume nope that's for the
+headphones okay and beep is close beep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones okay and beep is close beep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones okay and beep is close beep
+is there it is all right so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there it is all right so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there it is all right so you can see
+that these menus are very complicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these menus are very complicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these menus are very complicated uh
+the main menu there we go thank you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main menu there we go thank you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main menu there we go thank you no
+problem um anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um anything else
+questions we Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no uh sure um so if uh you have somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh sure um so if uh you have somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh sure um so if uh you have somebody
+else with you I mean you could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else with you I mean you could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else with you I mean you could probably
+do it yourself hold a white sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself hold a white sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself hold a white sheet of
+paper in front of your camera and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in front of your camera and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in front of your camera and make
+sure that your frame is I'll I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your frame is I'll I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your frame is I'll I'll be
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+model so again what I would do is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so again what I would do is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so again what I would do is make
+sure that the light that is hitting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the light that is hitting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the light that is hitting your
+subject if the subject is me is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject if the subject is me is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject if the subject is me is also
+hitting the paper which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the paper which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the paper which it is
+now so should I zoom into the zoom into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so should I zoom into the zoom into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so should I zoom into the zoom into
+the paper Y and make sure it fills at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper Y and make sure it fills at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper Y and make sure it fills at
+least 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 80% of the
+frame every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame every time
+change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your
+lighting just the lighting yeah so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting just the lighting yeah so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting just the lighting yeah so once
+you've you know this is this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you know this is this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you know this is this would be a
+difficult room because the light over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult room because the light over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult room because the light over by
+the windows is very different F white so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows is very different F white so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows is very different F white so
+you might adjust if you press button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might adjust if you press button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might adjust if you press button
+you'll see a little blinking it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a little blinking it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a little blinking it looks
+like a flow lines were closed and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flow lines were closed and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flow lines were closed and it was
+all fluorescent once you for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fluorescent once you for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fluorescent once you for these
+lights you would be fine for once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights you would be fine for once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights you would be fine for once that
+stops blinking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops blinking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops blinking you
+probably exact and once you go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exact and once you go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exact and once you go outside
+today to Sho you adjust it once you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to Sho you adjust it once you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to Sho you adjust it once you'll
+be then you have to probably adjust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be then you have to probably adjust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be then you have to probably adjust it
+again as long as bling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as long as bling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as long as bling
+slower it was bling faster it Wasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower it was bling faster it Wasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower it was bling faster it Wasing
+slower let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see um it should stop blinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not working uh it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working uh it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working uh it's still
+blinking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it should be
+okay it shouldn't be blinking but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it shouldn't be blinking but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it shouldn't be blinking but the
+color ch temperature looked to change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color ch temperature looked to change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color ch temperature looked to change so
+seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to
+change all right um now one more quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right um now one more quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right um now one more quick
+thing before we uh head out um you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before we uh head out um you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before we uh head out um you want
+to talk about the tripod yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the tripod yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the tripod yeah that's
+what we're going to do um so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do um so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do um so now
+everybody has tape in the camera right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has tape in the camera right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has tape in the camera right
+because once we put the plates on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once we put the plates on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once we put the plates on the
+bottom of the cameras it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the cameras it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the cameras it's going to be
+impossible to take any tape out or put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to take any tape out or put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to take any tape out or put
+it in yeah tape in one disadvantage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in yeah tape in one disadvantage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in yeah tape in one disadvantage with
+this design is that that if you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design is that that if you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design is that that if you you are
+shooting with the tripod it's you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting with the tripod it's you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting with the tripod it's you have
+to take it off the tripod in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it off the tripod in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it off the tripod in order to
+change tape and that's how they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change tape and that's how they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change tape and that's how they sort of
+comprom made a a nice camera that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprom made a a nice camera that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprom made a a nice camera that's so
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+but but anyway these tripods are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but anyway these tripods are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but anyway these tripods are about
+twice the way to the camera and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the way to the camera and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the way to the camera and you know
+very cumbersome so I I I know you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cumbersome so I I I know you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cumbersome so I I I know you'll
+want to not use them and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to not use them and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to not use them and in some
+situations that's okay um but I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that's okay um but I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that's okay um but I also
+think it's very important to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very important to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very important to know about
+them and get used to using them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and get used to using them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and get used to using them because
+uh for a lot of situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a lot of situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a lot of situations
+interviews uh kind you know like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews uh kind you know like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews uh kind you know like sort of
+elegant sort of architectural shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant sort of architectural shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant sort of architectural shots
+Beauty shots is important to to use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty shots is important to to use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty shots is important to to use them
+and to know how to use them anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to know how to use them anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to know how to use them anything
+that involves control as much control as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves control as much control as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves control as much control as
+possible exactly if you're not shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible exactly if you're not shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible exactly if you're not shooting
+something that's like a lot of action or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like a lot of action or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like a lot of action or
+motion right so anyway go ahead um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right so anyway go ahead um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right so anyway go ahead um so if
+you guys could um just grab the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys could um just grab the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys could um just grab the uh
+tripod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod
+bags that are right there against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags that are right there against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags that are right there against the
+wall there's a plate on top um and you B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall there's a plate on top um and you B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall there's a plate on top um and you B
+you want to release it from the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to release it from the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to release it from the uh the
+head of the tripod so there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the tripod so there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the tripod so there's a little
+lever on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever on the right hand
+side or there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or there's a little
+uh latch hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh latch hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh latch hand
+latch and you just want to turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch and you just want to turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch and you just want to turn that
+latch and then on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch and then on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch and then on the left hand side
+there's a a yellow button that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a yellow button that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a yellow button that you want
+to press in and then your plate should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to press in and then your plate should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to press in and then your plate should
+slide right off the top yeah if you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right off the top yeah if you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right off the top yeah if you push
+that up make sure that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loose yeah it's it's this way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose yeah it's it's this way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose yeah it's it's this way that's
+yeah so that goes on the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that goes on the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that goes on the bottom of the
+camera once that's off uh you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera once that's off uh you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera once that's off uh you notice
+that there'll there's two holes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll there's two holes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll there's two holes on the
+bottom of the camera make sure that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the camera make sure that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the camera make sure that um
+if you turn the plate over um you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you turn the plate over um you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you turn the plate over um you'll see
+there's a word lens and there's an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word lens and there's an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word lens and there's an arrow
+just make sure that arrow is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure that arrow is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure that arrow is pointing
+toward the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the front of the
+camera um and then tighten up the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um and then tighten up the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um and then tighten up the uh the
+screw um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw um I
+wish yes uh the best thing to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish yes uh the best thing to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish yes uh the best thing to use is
+like the the flat side of a key or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the flat side of a key or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the flat side of a key or a
+quarter and make sure that that screw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and make sure that that screw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and make sure that that screw is
+really tight because that's basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tight because that's basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tight because that's basically um
+if you're tilting and panning that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're tilting and panning that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're tilting and panning that's
+what's keeping your camera on the tripod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's keeping your camera on the tripod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's keeping your camera on the tripod
+um and you don't want it falling off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't want it falling off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't want it falling off so
+so the whole purpose of this plate is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole purpose of this plate is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole purpose of this plate is uh
+basically so that you can quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so that you can quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so that you can quickly
+release the camera from the tripod and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the camera from the tripod and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the camera from the tripod and
+quickly put it back on in case you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly put it back on in case you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly put it back on in case you want
+to go handheld in the middle of a shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go handheld in the middle of a shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go handheld in the middle of a shoot
+and then easily slide it back onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then easily slide it back onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then easily slide it back onto the
+the tripod um and just one thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripod um and just one thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripod um and just one thing to note
+the the almost the number one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the almost the number one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the almost the number one thing that
+happens when equipment gets checked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when equipment gets checked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when equipment gets checked in
+and out is that people forget to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out is that people forget to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out is that people forget to take
+the plate off the bottom of the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate off the bottom of the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate off the bottom of the camera
+the plate stays with the tripod not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate stays with the tripod not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate stays with the tripod not with
+the camera so you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera so you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera so you always have to
+remember to unattach it and slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to unattach it and slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to unattach it and slide it
+back onto the tripod when you return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back onto the tripod when you return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back onto the tripod when you return the
+equipment uh now if you have the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment uh now if you have the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment uh now if you have the plate
+um on the bottom of the camera and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the bottom of the camera and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the bottom of the camera and it's
+the screw is really tight on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screw is really tight on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screw is really tight on the bottom
+make sure it's really tight again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's really tight again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's really tight again the
+flat head of a key or a quarter would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat head of a key or a quarter would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat head of a key or a quarter would
+would work very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work very very
+well um and looks like you're all set um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and looks like you're all set um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and looks like you're all set um
+if you just from the back I think slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just from the back I think slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just from the back I think slide
+it back into the top of the tri tripod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the top of the tri tripod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the top of the tri tripod
+head and then tighten that screw on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and then tighten that screw on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and then tighten that screw on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+again or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or the
+latch make sure it's really tight so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch make sure it's really tight so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch make sure it's really tight so the
+camera again doesn't slide off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh actually I guess it's all right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually I guess it's all right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually I guess it's all right what
+I tend to do I tend to line that one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tend to do I tend to line that one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tend to do I tend to line that one up
+see that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that little
+brass so you can it up like that now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass so you can it up like that now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass so you can it up like that now on
+the left side there should be a handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side there should be a handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side there should be a handle
+that you can turn to adjust the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can turn to adjust the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can turn to adjust the the
+fluidity of the actual tripod head so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidity of the actual tripod head so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidity of the actual tripod head so if
+you want to have a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have a little more
+resistance you can play with that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance you can play with that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance you can play with that if you
+want a little less resistance play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a little less resistance play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a little less resistance play with
+it and you it goes on you slide it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you it goes on you slide it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you it goes on you slide it on
+from yeah so again you push that in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah so again you push that in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah so again you push that in and
+slide it on let go of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it on let go of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it on let go of that
+make sure that it's just engaged exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's just engaged exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's just engaged exactly
+like that now let go of the red one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that now let go of the red one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that now let go of the red one and
+now hook lock it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hook lock it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hook lock it with
+that see so now it's nice and snug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see so now it's nice and snug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see so now it's nice and snug and
+then if you want to take it off quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to take it off quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to take it off quickly
+you know you always hold on to it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you always hold on to it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you always hold on to it so it
+doesn't go anywhere right you just undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go anywhere right you just undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go anywhere right you just undo
+that one push that button and it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one push that button and it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one push that button and it always
+goes It goes on back to front so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes It goes on back to front so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes It goes on back to front so it
+comes off that way goes on that way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off that way goes on that way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off that way goes on that way yeah
+again this is this is just like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is this is just like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is this is just like an
+emergency let's say this was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency let's say this was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency let's say this was but
+whenever it's like unattended make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it's like unattended make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it's like unattended make sure
+that this is all the way forward yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is all the way forward yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is all the way forward yeah so
+it doesn't go anywhere but this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't go anywhere but this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't go anywhere but this is uh
+how much fluidity also right here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much fluidity also right here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much fluidity also right here you
+can adjust the fluidity too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay couple
+times because this this is like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times because this this is like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times because this this is like really
+like a basic thing like the camera could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a basic thing like the camera could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a basic thing like the camera could
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fall and I guess the last thing would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall and I guess the last thing would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall and I guess the last thing would be
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh just balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just balance
+it alth I mean there so light that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it alth I mean there so light that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it alth I mean there so light that it
+it's but yeah you're right so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but yeah you're right so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but yeah you're right so that so
+that it doesn't tilt forward or backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't tilt forward or backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't tilt forward or backward
+um no I'm talking about like uh making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I'm talking about like uh making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I'm talking about like uh making
+sure that it's balanced like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it's balanced like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it's balanced like the the
+level oh level yeah oh oh the level um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level oh level yeah oh oh the level um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level oh level yeah oh oh the level um
+so there's a little knob on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little knob on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little knob on the
+underneath if you turn that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath if you turn that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath if you turn that you can
+loosen the actual head from the the legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen the actual head from the the legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen the actual head from the the legs
+and yeah just make sure it's level there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah just make sure it's level there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah just make sure it's level there
+and then tighten it comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tighten it comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tighten it comfort
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+whenever oh should I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holding and just make sure it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding and just make sure it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding and just make sure it's really
+tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's probably best to hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's probably best to hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's probably best to hold the
+camera when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it one thing you could try to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one thing you could try to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one thing you could try to do is just
+nudge it with your like a closed fist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudge it with your like a closed fist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudge it with your like a closed fist or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+just that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's the
+Tilt oh it's it's this it's just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilt oh it's it's this it's just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilt oh it's it's this it's just how
+much you tighten it so like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you tighten it so like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you tighten it so like you can
+tighten it you don't want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten it you don't want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten it you don't want to like
+tighten it so much that you would break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten it so much that you would break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten it so much that you would break
+the tripod obviously but like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripod obviously but like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripod obviously but like this is
+loose this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose this is
+tighter then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter then I
+think here this is I think this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here this is I think this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here this is I think this is the
+pan friction so you know you can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan friction so you know you can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan friction so you know you can give
+add friction by turning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add friction by turning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add friction by turning that
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well so you can both tilt and pan at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you can both tilt and pan at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you can both tilt and pan at
+different rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rates of
+drag and you can mimic um as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag and you can mimic um as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag and you can mimic um as I said
+mimic a much heavier camera like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+camera okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that is for the the head itself I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is for the the head itself I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is for the the head itself I
+think that's if you're going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's if you're going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's if you're going to be like
+uh taking it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking it apart
+um uh you should be pushed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forward okay so let's take um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay so let's take um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay so let's take um if
+everyone is kind of at a a comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is kind of at a a comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is kind of at a a comfortable
+place uh we'll take a short break and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh we'll take a short break and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh we'll take a short break and I
+mean you're welcome to stay here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're welcome to stay here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're welcome to stay here and
+keep playing around with the camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing around with the camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing around with the camera or
+you can you know just relax uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know just relax uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know just relax uh we'll
+come back in 5 or 10 minutes and um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in 5 or 10 minutes and um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in 5 or 10 minutes and um I'll
+talk a little bit about the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the assignment
+the exercise and then the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise and then the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise and then the rest of the
+time we'll basically go out and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll basically go out and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll basically go out and do a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+fing uh I have eight separate kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fing uh I have eight separate kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fing uh I have eight separate kinds of
+subjects types of subjects that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects types of subjects that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects types of subjects that I want
+you to try to go and film and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to go and film and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to go and film and if you
+only film six of them that's fine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only film six of them that's fine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only film six of them that's fine this
+is not you know necessarily A graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know necessarily A graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know necessarily A graded
+exercise but these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but these are the kinds of
+things that that I think you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that I think you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that I think you know it
+would be great for youting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great for youting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great for youting some
+experience doing um so Fil A landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience doing um so Fil A landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience doing um so Fil A landscape
+or an architectural view of an exterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an architectural view of an exterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an architectural view of an exterior
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+building so in other words an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so in other words an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so in other words an
+environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+shot uh fill an interior space either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot uh fill an interior space either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot uh fill an interior space either
+static or moving panning going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static or moving panning going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static or moving panning going through
+the space revealing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space revealing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space revealing the
+space uh you know you can go to stada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh you know you can go to stada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh you know you can go to stada
+you can go to the hall you can just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to the hall you can just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to the hall you can just be
+creative you know explore an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative you know explore an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative you know explore an environment
+with a shot uh film a portrait of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a shot uh film a portrait of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a shot uh film a portrait of a
+person and you you know we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and you you know we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and you you know we're not doing
+audio now we're not doing sound we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio now we're not doing sound we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio now we're not doing sound we're
+not doing interviews we're not worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing interviews we're not worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing interviews we're not worrying
+about that yet but but create a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yet but but create a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yet but but create a nice
+portrait of a person visually um follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of a person visually um follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of a person visually um follow
+something and that could be handheld it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and that could be handheld it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and that could be handheld it
+could be a pan it could be both just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a pan it could be both just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a pan it could be both just
+move the camera and figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the camera and figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the camera and figure out a
+motivation for moving the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for moving the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for moving the camera
+remember what we talked about that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we talked about that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we talked about that you
+know when you're moving the camera you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're moving the camera you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're moving the camera you
+should be doing something with that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing something with that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing something with that move
+you can either literally follow a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either literally follow a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either literally follow a person
+or some other moving object you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other moving object you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other moving object you can
+reveal something so move the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal something so move the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal something so move the camera
+um film a closeup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um film a closeup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um film a closeup of
+something in other words uh you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in other words uh you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in other words uh you know how
+how Brian our our camera person was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Brian our our camera person was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Brian our our camera person was
+zooming in on Dave uh as he showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on Dave uh as he showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on Dave uh as he showed the
+buttons fill in activity and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons fill in activity and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons fill in activity and and
+illustrate something with the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate something with the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate something with the camera
+probably in a close-up like that but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in a close-up like that but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in a close-up like that but if
+you find some other way to do it or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some other way to do it or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some other way to do it or some
+other other shot that tells that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other shot that tells that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other shot that tells that kind of
+story that's fine too um think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that's fine too um think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that's fine too um think about a
+way to employ a for in a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to employ a for in a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to employ a for in a background
+element so a person in the foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so a person in the foreground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so a person in the foreground
+something in the background two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the background two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the background two people
+whatever you might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you might want to do
+um and uh reveal something with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh reveal something with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh reveal something with the
+camera that's kind of uh this that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that's kind of uh this that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that's kind of uh this that can
+be the same as the move the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the move the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the move the camera
+exercise again you don't have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise again you don't have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise again you don't have to come
+back with with eight you know eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with with eight you know eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with with eight you know eight
+shots here um reveal something with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots here um reveal something with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots here um reveal something with the
+camera and then the last thing film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and then the last thing film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and then the last thing film
+something that you think is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you think is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you think is a beautiful
+image create something that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image create something that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image create something that that you
+know is at least your attempt at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is at least your attempt at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is at least your attempt at at
+making something that's beautiful could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something that's beautiful could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something that's beautiful could
+be a person could be an image it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a person could be an image it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a person could be an image it could
+be a landscape could be a closeup could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a landscape could be a closeup could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a landscape could be a closeup could
+be one of these other things but but try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of these other things but but try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of these other things but but try
+to try to create something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to create something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to create something
+aestheticist okay um and whenever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aestheticist okay um and whenever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aestheticist okay um and whenever you're
+panning um it's good to position your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panning um it's good to position your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panning um it's good to position your
+body um where you'll be for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body um where you'll be for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body um where you'll be for the last
+frame so if I'm walking that way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so if I'm walking that way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so if I'm walking that way you
+probably want to position your body like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to position your body like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to position your body like
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um because that way you're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that way you're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that way you're um
+unwinding rather than like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwinding rather than like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwinding rather than like you're
+constantly stumbling with your feet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly stumbling with your feet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly stumbling with your feet so
+find out where your last frame is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where your last frame is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where your last frame is and
+try to position yourself there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to position yourself there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to position yourself there like
+because you're going to be uncoiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be uncoiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be uncoiling
+your body rather than moving your feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body rather than moving your feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body rather than moving your feet
+so um but we'll try it a few times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but we'll try it a few times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but we'll try it a few times and
+then just do you want to try it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just do you want to try it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just do you want to try it once
+without me without recording it and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without me without recording it and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without me without recording it and just
+see how it goes you can practice just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes you can practice just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes you can practice just
+tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay well I think do we have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well I think do we have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well I think do we have to like
+lose the spot Focus um yeah I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the spot Focus um yeah I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the spot Focus um yeah I mean the
+thing with the spot focus is it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the spot focus is it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the spot focus is it takes a
+few seconds just to to adjust so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds just to to adjust so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds just to to adjust so it's
+you may want to try to just manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to try to just manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to try to just manually
+focus or you may want to just uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or you may want to just uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or you may want to just uh try to
+focus as I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus as I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus as I get
+closer and then worry about Focus then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and then worry about Focus then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and then worry about Focus then
+um but also when you're panning when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also when you're panning when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also when you're panning when I
+get closer you can probably have to tilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer you can probably have to tilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer you can probably have to tilt
+a little bit just to try to keep uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit just to try to keep uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit just to try to keep uh like
+the the same composition like medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same composition like medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same composition like medium
+shot try to go with a medium shot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot try to go with a medium shot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot try to go with a medium shot it's
+going to be difficult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be difficult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be difficult but
+yeah what's a medium shot so like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's a medium shot so like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's a medium shot so like from
+here up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up
+okay um so my question is uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so my question is uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so my question is uh because
+you're going to have different if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have different if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have different if you do
+this spot Focus then it's going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot Focus then it's going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot Focus then it's going to focus
+on you automatically focus on you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you automatically focus on you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you automatically focus on you as
+you're walking um yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking um yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking um yeah I
+mean I think you may have to it may take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think you may have to it may take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think you may have to it may take
+a couple seconds to readjust with motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple seconds to readjust with motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple seconds to readjust with motion
+um so it might be yeah just for like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it might be yeah just for like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it might be yeah just for like a
+few seconds but you could try that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds but you could try that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds but you could try that be
+kind of cool give it a shot um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool give it a shot um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool give it a shot um and you
+may want to just adjust the bag on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to just adjust the bag on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to just adjust the bag on this
+a little bit cuz right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit cuz right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit cuz right now
+it's it's pretty tight just give me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty tight just give me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty tight just give me uh
+the okay sign sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iot
+Zoom what's up I was trying to I was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom what's up I was trying to I was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom what's up I was trying to I was so
+um worried about the frame I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worried about the frame I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worried about the frame I forgot to
+actually zoom in okay I mean what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zoom in okay I mean what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zoom in okay I mean what you
+can do is try to worry on one thing at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is try to worry on one thing at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is try to worry on one thing at a
+time like worry about the framing maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like worry about the framing maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like worry about the framing maybe
+try to keep me in a a medium shot um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep me in a a medium shot um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep me in a a medium shot um and
+then like stuff like Focus that that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like stuff like Focus that that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like stuff like Focus that that'll
+take time to juggle all things at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take time to juggle all things at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take time to juggle all things at once
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um maybe just uh worry um about tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe just uh worry um about tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe just uh worry um about tracking
+my motion okay and uh keeping me in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my motion okay and uh keeping me in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my motion okay and uh keeping me in a
+medium shot from the waist up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium shot from the waist up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium shot from the waist up from the
+okay so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're going
+to right um so you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right um so you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right um so you're going to have to
+adjust uh like the the focal length at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust uh like the the focal length at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust uh like the the focal length at
+some point just to keep me a medium shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point just to keep me a medium shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point just to keep me a medium shot
+so let's try that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just
+in uh zooming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh zooming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh zooming in and
+out you're probably going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you're probably going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you're probably going to have to
+zoom out a little bit when I get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out a little bit when I get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out a little bit when I get closer
+turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+panning and zooming out okay and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panning and zooming out okay and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panning and zooming out okay and a
+little bit of a tilt too right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a tilt too right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a tilt too right
+yeah um do you guys want to try um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um do you guys want to try um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um do you guys want to try um some
+of the other shots on the list try one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other shots on the list try one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other shots on the list try one
+more time my first attempt yeah do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time my first attempt yeah do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time my first attempt yeah do you
+um do you want the same thing yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you want the same thing yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you want the same thing yeah this
+the same just give me the okay sign when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same just give me the okay sign when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same just give me the okay sign when
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready and when you're focusing on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and when you're focusing on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and when you're focusing on a
+person try to zoom in all the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person try to zoom in all the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person try to zoom in all the way and
+look for like features on the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for like features on the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for like features on the person's
+face that are really distinctive those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that are really distinctive those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that are really distinctive those
+are the best places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+focus but I mean you're going to be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus but I mean you're going to be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus but I mean you're going to be out
+of focus at some point anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I got we got most of it already minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got we got most of it already minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got we got most of it already minutes
+yeah I mean this is a great place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean this is a great place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean this is a great place to
+yeah I think uh I was over across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think uh I was over across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think uh I was over across the
+street and it was just a hallway that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and it was just a hallway that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and it was just a hallway that we
+so it's definitely uh a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's definitely uh a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's definitely uh a lot more
+pleasing what I find difficult is like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing what I find difficult is like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing what I find difficult is like I
+see something just to make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something just to make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something just to make sure you're
+balanced level oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced level oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced level oh
+yeah like I keep seeing like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like I keep seeing like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like I keep seeing like there's
+like pictures but then like when i ph it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pictures but then like when i ph it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pictures but then like when i ph it
+I feel like it's really a video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it's really a video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it's really a video that
+someone would be interested in is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would be interested in is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would be interested in is you
+know well these are just exercises at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well these are just exercises at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well these are just exercises at
+this point so are they this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so are they this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so are they this
+white uh just fill the frame with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white uh just fill the frame with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white uh just fill the frame with
+something white maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do and make sure that whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and make sure that whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and make sure that whatever you
+filled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in the
+frame with is going to be in your main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with is going to be in your main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with is going to be in your main
+light source under your main light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source under your main light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source under your main light
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually you get plenty of white to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you get plenty of white to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you get plenty of white to
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+from yeah it's mostly white just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah it's mostly white just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah it's mostly white just
+remember what he was saying about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what he was saying about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what he was saying about uh
+asymmetry in a frame' be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in a frame' be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in a frame' be really
+interesting if if it's asymmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if if it's asymmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if if it's asymmetrical
+rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than how can we me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than how can we me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than how can we me this
+exp I was just thinking about you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exp I was just thinking about you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exp I was just thinking about you may
+want to work on exposure too you see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on exposure too you see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on exposure too you see um
+you have the histogram up all those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the histogram up all those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the histogram up all those uh
+levels right there that's all your black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right there that's all your black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right there that's all your black
+level you have hardly anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you have hardly anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you have hardly anything in the
+highlights the right of it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the right of it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the right of it would be
+highlights so if you want to a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights so if you want to a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights so if you want to a nice
+contrast try to balance it out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast try to balance it out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast try to balance it out a little
+bit so it's spread out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so it's spread out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so it's spread out in the
+histogram like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram like that
+yeah um when you're panning try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um when you're panning try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um when you're panning try to
+figure out where your end shot will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where your end shot will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where your end shot will be
+um and stay in that shot so um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and stay in that shot so um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and stay in that shot so um I was
+just telling the other this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling the other this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling the other this
+um so instead of shuffling your feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so instead of shuffling your feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so instead of shuffling your feet
+you're just unwinding your body into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just unwinding your body into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just unwinding your body into its
+natural place of rest you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural place of rest you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural place of rest you know what I
+mean so you're unwinding your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you're unwinding your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you're unwinding your body
+rather than doing this and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than doing this and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than doing this and then it's
+like all jittery I'm staggered so try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all jittery I'm staggered so try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all jittery I'm staggered so try to
+figure out what your last frame will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what your last frame will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what your last frame will be
+and then even if you know you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if you know you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if you know you might want
+to adjust the handle whatever is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust the handle whatever is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust the handle whatever is more
+comfortable but just unwind your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable but just unwind your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable but just unwind your body
+rather than like Shuffle with your feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like Shuffle with your feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like Shuffle with your feet
+and you'll get a much smoother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a much smoother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a much smoother
+pan that's a good question what's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan that's a good question what's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan that's a good question what's next
+you did exterior interior portrait of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did exterior interior portrait of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did exterior interior portrait of a
+person we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we haven't really
+done what is that like do to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what is that like do to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what is that like do to like
+someone's face yeah it's just uh finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's face yeah it's just uh finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's face yeah it's just uh finding
+a person placing them interestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person placing them interestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person placing them interestly
+interestingly in the pr um and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly in the pr um and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly in the pr um and I would
+do like a medium shot from likeed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a medium shot from likeed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a medium shot from likeed up
+play around with like a focal length for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with like a focal length for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with like a focal length for
+that you could do like a wide shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do like a wide shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do like a wide shot
+medium and a closeup the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and a closeup the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and a closeup the same
+person again with with that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person again with with that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person again with with that just
+remember negative space um if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember negative space um if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember negative space um if you have
+the person looking at something just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person looking at something just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person looking at something just
+make sure that whatever they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that whatever they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that whatever they're looking
+for or looking at like the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for or looking at like the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for or looking at like the negative
+space is in front of line of site um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is in front of line of site um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is in front of line of site um so
+so it doesn't look like they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't look like they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't look like they're looking
+looking off frame exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking off frame exactly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking off frame exactly yeah
+uh so yeah I mean how the screen divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah I mean how the screen divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah I mean how the screen divided
+into thirds try to keep the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into thirds try to keep the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into thirds try to keep the eyes
+somewhere in that top third that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that top third that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that top third that
+crossline okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EdXaUfRynx8.txt b/EdXaUfRynx8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77a606fc605898e14427497c8e617352cdcd057c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EdXaUfRynx8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+first are facing the calculation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first are facing the calculation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first are facing the calculation of the
+energy item says with some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy item says with some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy item says with some arbitrary
+potential you probably want to know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you probably want to know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you probably want to know some
+of the key features of the wavefunctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key features of the wavefunctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key features of the wavefunctions
+you're gonna calculate so in fact all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna calculate so in fact all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna calculate so in fact all of
+today's lecture is going to be devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is going to be devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is going to be devoted
+to this kind of intuitive qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this kind of intuitive qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this kind of intuitive qualitative
+insights into the nature of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights into the nature of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights into the nature of the wave
+function so we will discuss a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we will discuss a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we will discuss a few
+properties that help us think clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that help us think clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that help us think clearly
+and this are two of those properties I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this are two of those properties I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this are two of those properties I
+want to begin with them then we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin with them then we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin with them then we'll do a
+third one that would have already used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one that would have already used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one that would have already used a
+below proven completely and then turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below proven completely and then turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below proven completely and then turn to
+the classical and semi classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical and semi classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical and semi classical
+intuition that lets us figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that lets us figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that lets us figure out how
+the wave function will look and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function will look and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function will look and that's a
+great help for you even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great help for you even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great help for you even if you're
+solving for your numerically you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for your numerically you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for your numerically you always
+need to know what the answer should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what the answer should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what the answer should look
+like and it's ideally before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and it's ideally before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and it's ideally before you
+calculate you think about it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you think about it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you think about it and you
+realize well it should have this T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize well it should have this T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize well it should have this T
+properties and if you find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and if you find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and if you find out that
+those are not true well you will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not true well you will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not true well you will learn
+something on your intuition and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on your intuition and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on your intuition and see what
+was wrong with it so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong with it so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong with it so we're talking about
+one dimensional potentials time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional potentials time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional potentials time
+independent potentials and a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent potentials and a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent potentials and a first
+statement that is very important and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that is very important and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that is very important and you
+will prove in an exercise after spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove in an exercise after spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove in an exercise after spring
+break and that is the fact that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and that is the fact that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and that is the fact that one
+without potentials when you look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without potentials when you look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without potentials when you look at what
+are called bound state you never find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called bound state you never find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called bound state you never find
+the generous energy DeGeneres's and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generous energy DeGeneres's and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generous energy DeGeneres's and this
+is but X extents of minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but X extents of minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but X extents of minus infinity to
+infinity you've seen already in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity you've seen already in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity you've seen already in the case
+of a particle in a circle there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle in a circle there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle in a circle there are
+degenerate energy eigenstates but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate energy eigenstates but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate energy eigenstates but if the
+potential extends to infinity there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential extends to infinity there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential extends to infinity there are
+no such things now what is a bound state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such things now what is a bound state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such things now what is a bound state
+a bound state sounds like a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bound state sounds like a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bound state sounds like a complicated
+concept but it is not it really means an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but it is not it really means an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but it is not it really means an
+energy eigenstate that can be normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate that can be normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate that can be normalized
+now if an energy eigenstate can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if an energy eigenstate can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if an energy eigenstate can be
+normalized and you live in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and you live in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and you live in the full
+realign then the wave function must go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realign then the wave function must go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realign then the wave function must go
+to 0 to infinity otherwise you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 to infinity otherwise you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 to infinity otherwise you will
+never be able to normalize it and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to normalize it and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to normalize it and if the
+wave function goes to 0 to infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function goes to 0 to infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function goes to 0 to infinity the
+bound state is some sort of bomb sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state is some sort of bomb sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state is some sort of bomb sort of
+in the middle region or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle region or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle region or something like
+that I mean eventually decay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean eventually decay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean eventually decay so this is
+bound by the potential in some way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by the potential in some way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by the potential in some way and
+and that's basically what we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically what we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically what we use to
+define a bouncing we'll take it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a bouncing we'll take it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a bouncing we'll take it to be
+bad channel so this is something this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad channel so this is something this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad channel so this is something this
+property which is very important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is very important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is very important is
+something you will prove but now we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you will prove but now we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you will prove but now we go
+to another property which we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another property which we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another property which we should
+emphasize forever that the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize forever that the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize forever that the Schrodinger
+equation is an equation with buglets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is an equation with buglets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is an equation with buglets
+numbers and the solutions of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the solutions of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the solutions of complex
+numbers and suddenly you know I wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and suddenly you know I wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and suddenly you know I wrote a
+few lectures ago a wave function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures ago a wave function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures ago a wave function was
+real and I was asked how can it be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and I was asked how can it be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and I was asked how can it be real
+well we've discussed stationary States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've discussed stationary States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've discussed stationary States
+in which the full wave function capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the full wave function capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the full wave function capital
+side is equal to a little side of X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is equal to a little side of X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is equal to a little side of X as
+the exponential of people the - I ET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of people the - I ET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of people the - I ET
+over H bar and there in that Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and there in that Express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and there in that Express
+so there's conference numbers on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's conference numbers on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's conference numbers on this
+side little sigh of eggs in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side little sigh of eggs in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side little sigh of eggs in front of
+that exponential which is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential which is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential which is what we call
+basically those energy eigenstates the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically those energy eigenstates the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically those energy eigenstates the e
+to the minus i ET over H bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i ET over H bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i ET over H bar is
+understood the little side effects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the little side effects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the little side effects is
+the thing we've been looking for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we've been looking for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we've been looking for and
+this side effects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side effects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side effects of the
+time-independent schrodinger equation h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-independent schrodinger equation h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-independent schrodinger equation h
+side equal each side and that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equal each side and that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equal each side and that equation
+has no conference number in it so siphon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no conference number in it so siphon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no conference number in it so siphon
+little side effects can't be real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side effects can't be real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side effects can't be real and
+there's no contradiction it was the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no contradiction it was the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no contradiction it was the full
+solution for the time dependence on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the time dependence on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the time dependence on your
+equation is complex but there are he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is complex but there are he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is complex but there are he
+reserved a statement with V effects real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved a statement with V effects real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved a statement with V effects real
+the energy eigenstates can be chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy eigenstates can be chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy eigenstates can be chosen to
+be real and you know the words can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real and you know the words can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real and you know the words can be
+chosen are very important here it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen are very important here it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen are very important here it means
+that you may find a solution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may find a solution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may find a solution that is
+complex but you need not stick to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex but you need not stick to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex but you need not stick to that
+solution there's always the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution there's always the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution there's always the possibility
+to work with real solutions and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with real solutions and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with real solutions and what is
+the way you prove is this I will put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you prove is this I will put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you prove is this I will put in
+the notes you don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes you don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes you don't have to worry about
+the proof about it now if you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof about it now if you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof about it now if you consider
+the Schrodinger equation for sy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation for sy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation for sy and you
+show that size star the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that size star the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that size star the complex
+conjugate of star solves the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of star solves the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of star solves the same
+equation that size solves and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that size solves and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that size solves and therefore
+if size a solution size star is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if size a solution size star is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if size a solution size star is a
+solution with the same energy that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the same energy that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the same energy that part
+is very important therefore if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important therefore if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important therefore if you have
+two energy eigenstates with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energy eigenstates with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energy eigenstates with the same
+energy you can form the Sun that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you can form the Sun that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you can form the Sun that's still
+an energy eigenstate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy eigenstate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy eigenstate with
+energy you'll inform the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you'll inform the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you'll inform the difference
+that's still an energy eigenstate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still an energy eigenstate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still an energy eigenstate with
+the same energy on this song of side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy on this song of side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy on this song of side
+plus PI star is real and the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus PI star is real and the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus PI star is real and the difference
+side minus psi star if you divide by 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side minus psi star if you divide by 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side minus psi star if you divide by 2i
+is real as well therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real as well therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real as well therefore you can
+construct two solutions side the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct two solutions side the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct two solutions side the real
+part of side and the imaginary part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of side and the imaginary part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of side and the imaginary part of
+side and both are solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and both are solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and both are solutions of the
+Schrodinger equations right sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equations right sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equations right sort of
+seven who works with is that proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven who works with is that proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven who works with is that proof of
+the first line is solution both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line is solution both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line is solution both
+solutions with the same energy as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with the same energy as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with the same energy as this
+one half so these are the two solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half so these are the two solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half so these are the two solutions
+okay so far so good you don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good you don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good you don't like to
+work with complex side no need to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with complex side no need to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with complex side no need to work
+with complex side work with real side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with complex side work with real side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with complex side work with real side
+but here comes the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here comes the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here comes the second part of the
+argument the second sentence I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the second sentence I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the second sentence I want it
+to be alert that the second sentence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be alert that the second sentence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be alert that the second sentence is
+very powerful it says that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful it says that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful it says that if you have a
+bound state of a one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state of a one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state of a one dimension
+potential Morris - there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Morris - there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Morris - there are no
+genuinely complex solutions in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuinely complex solutions in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuinely complex solutions in this case
+any solution that you will find is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any solution that you will find is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any solution that you will find is not
+that it's complex and then you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's complex and then you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's complex and then you can find
+the real and imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary part
+no any solution that you will find will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no any solution that you will find will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no any solution that you will find will
+be basically real and how can it fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically real and how can it fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically real and how can it fail to
+be real it just has a complex number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real it just has a complex number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real it just has a complex number in
+front of it the different making are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it the different making are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it the different making are so
+it is a very strong statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very strong statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very strong statement that the
+wavefunction is not that you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction is not that you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction is not that you can choose
+to work and whether you're forced up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and whether you're forced up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and whether you're forced up to
+a face so how how is that possible how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face so how how is that possible how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face so how how is that possible how
+is that true and here is the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true and here is the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true and here is the argument
+for the second line if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second line if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second line if we're talking
+about States this - then these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about States this - then these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about States this - then these two are
+real solutions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now suppose these are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now suppose these are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now suppose these are bound
+states there is a problem if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is a problem if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is a problem if there are
+two real solutions with the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real solutions with the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real solutions with the same energy
+they would be degenerate and property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be degenerate and property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be degenerate and property
+number one says there's no such thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one says there's no such thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one says there's no such thing as
+the general energy bound States so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general energy bound States so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general energy bound States so they
+cannot be the general so if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be the general so if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be the general so if you start
+with a complex side and you build this -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a complex side and you build this -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a complex side and you build this -
+they must be the same solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be the same solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be the same solution because
+since there are no degenerate bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are no degenerate bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are no degenerate bound
+states then sorry the imaginary of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states then sorry the imaginary of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states then sorry the imaginary of X
+must be proportional to prime real of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be proportional to prime real of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be proportional to prime real of X
+and both are real so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both are real so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both are real so the only
+possibility is that they are equal up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that they are equal up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that they are equal up to
+a constant for the constant constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant for the constant constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant for the constant constant you
+see that cannot be the general bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that cannot be the general bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that cannot be the general bound
+state so the two tentative solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the two tentative solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the two tentative solutions
+must be the same but that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same but that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same but that means that the
+original solution side which is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original solution side which is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original solution side which is by
+definition the real part plus I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the real part plus I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the real part plus I and
+imaginary part is now equal to si R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is now equal to si R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is now equal to si R plus
+R ight and seaters sy r again which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R ight and seaters sy r again which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R ight and seaters sy r again which is
+one plus IC and sy r and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus IC and sy r and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus IC and sy r and that is
+basically the content of the theorem any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the content of the theorem any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the content of the theorem any
+solution is up to a number just the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is up to a number just the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is up to a number just the real
+solution so you're not gonna find a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so you're not gonna find a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so you're not gonna find a real
+solution has non-trivial different real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has non-trivial different real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has non-trivial different real
+imaginary parts if no just a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts if no just a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts if no just a real
+and a complex number now if you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a complex number now if you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a complex number now if you want you
+can just write this as e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write this as e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write this as e to the I
+argument of 1 plus IC that square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of 1 plus IC that square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of 1 plus IC that square root
+of 1 plus C squared side R and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus C squared side R and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus C squared side R and then it's
+literally the way it's set here the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the way it's set here the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the way it's set here the wave
+function is proportional to a real wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is proportional to a real wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is proportional to a real wave
+function up to efface so that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to efface so that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to efface so that's a very
+neat situation and therefore you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat situation and therefore you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat situation and therefore you should
+not be worried and we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be worried and we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be worried and we're going to have
+to assume many times in our analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume many times in our analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume many times in our analysis
+that the bounces we're trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bounces we're trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bounces we're trying to look
+for our real and we plot real bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our real and we plot real bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our real and we plot real bound
+States and we don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and we don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and we don't have to worry about
+what are you plotting in the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you plotting in the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you plotting in the real part
+imaginary part many times you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part many times you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part many times you can just
+work with real things
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EqqUfIQ8948.txt b/EqqUfIQ8948.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3e4d11044fb492baa0d037230ffc74fd0695893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EqqUfIQ8948.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a couple of weeks ago uh we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a couple of weeks ago uh we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a couple of weeks ago uh we ended
+with an example involving uh Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example involving uh Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example involving uh Computing
+probabilities from a joint PDF and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities from a joint PDF and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities from a joint PDF and it
+generated a lot of questions um you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a lot of questions um you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a lot of questions um you guys
+had so I thought it would be useful if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so I thought it would be useful if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so I thought it would be useful if I
+went through another example um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through another example um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through another example um and this
+one is taken from uh deg grut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is taken from uh deg grut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is taken from uh deg grut and
+cherish's uh book but I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherish's uh book but I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherish's uh book but I think it's a
+really nice example it sort of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example it sort of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example it sort of um uh
+lets me draw some uh sort of nice 3D uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets me draw some uh sort of nice 3D uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets me draw some uh sort of nice 3D uh
+pictures of what's going on which I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of what's going on which I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of what's going on which I hope
+will sort of help your intuition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of help your intuition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of help your intuition a
+little bit okay so suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay so suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay so suppose we have a
+joint PDF little f of x and y and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF little f of x and y and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF little f of x and y and it's
+just equal to some constant * x^2 y y uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to some constant * x^2 y y uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to some constant * x^2 y y uh
+for uh these values of X and Y okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh these values of X and Y okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh these values of X and Y okay and
+it's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise well let's first start before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise well let's first start before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise well let's first start before
+we do any kind of calculations let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do any kind of calculations let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do any kind of calculations let's
+draw a picture of the support of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture of the support of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture of the support of this
+distribution what is the support of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what is the support of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what is the support of a
+distribution well it's the region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well it's the region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well it's the region of the
+XY plane uh over which there is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane uh over which there is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane uh over which there is positive
+probability okay so just as a first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so just as a first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so just as a first step
+let's make sure we understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we understand what the
+support is and how do we get uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support is and how do we get uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support is and how do we get uh from the
+specification of the joint distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the joint distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the joint distribution
+I've given you here how do we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you here how do we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you here how do we get the
+support where do we look for information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support where do we look for information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support where do we look for information
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+support right so it's this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right so it's this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right so it's this uh this
+statement right here so this uh PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right here so this uh PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right here so this uh PDF is
+nonzero for values of um Y and X such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero for values of um Y and X such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero for values of um Y and X such
+that x^2 is less than or equal to uh Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x^2 is less than or equal to uh Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x^2 is less than or equal to uh Y
+which is less than equal to one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than equal to one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than equal to one okay so
+the first step is all we do is draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is all we do is draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is all we do is draw that
+support and this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and this is what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and this is what it looks like
+okay so is that clear to everyone where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that clear to everyone where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that clear to everyone where
+that came from so basically I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from so basically I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from so basically I just
+drew uh the function um y = X2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew uh the function um y = X2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew uh the function um y = X2 okay
+here's yal x^2 and then I drew the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's yal x^2 and then I drew the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's yal x^2 and then I drew the line
+Y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y =
+1 and the support is uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the support is uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the support is uh basically
+everything uh that's sort of contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh that's sort of contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh that's sort of contained
+between those two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this is our joint PDF it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is our joint PDF it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is our joint PDF it's
+equal to X sared Y over that support so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X sared Y over that support so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X sared Y over that support so
+what I've done here uh is giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here uh is giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here uh is giving you a
+3D drawing of the actual joint PDF I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D drawing of the actual joint PDF I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D drawing of the actual joint PDF I've
+taken the XY plane the the uh sort of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the XY plane the the uh sort of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the XY plane the the uh sort of Y
+AIS and rotate ated it down so now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and rotate ated it down so now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and rotate ated it down so now it's
+um uh you know sort of on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know sort of on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know sort of on this
+horizontal uh plane along with the x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh plane along with the x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh plane along with the x-
+axis so this is the support that I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so this is the support that I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so this is the support that I drew
+in the previous slide okay right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous slide okay right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous slide okay right here
+and then the joint PDF is the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the joint PDF is the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the joint PDF is the surface
+above that that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that that describes the
+probability with which X and Y take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with which X and Y take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with which X and Y take on
+various values okay so where how did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various values okay so where how did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various values okay so where how did I
+get this how did I get this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this how did I get this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this how did I get this picture
+where did this come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did this come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did this come
+from right so it came from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right so it came from uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right so it came from uh the
+function C * x^2 * y so that's all I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function C * x^2 * y so that's all I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function C * x^2 * y so that's all I've
+done here is just taken uh C some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is just taken uh C some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is just taken uh C some
+constant time x^2 * Y and drawn it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time x^2 * Y and drawn it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time x^2 * Y and drawn it over
+this support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so um so far I haven't told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um so far I haven't told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um so far I haven't told
+you what C is and we might want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what C is and we might want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what C is and we might want to know
+because this isn't uh necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this isn't uh necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this isn't uh necessarily a
+completely specified joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely specified joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely specified joint PDF
+um how do we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we find
+C well one uh the the the sort of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well one uh the the the sort of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well one uh the the the sort of way
+that we um that's the sort of foolproof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we um that's the sort of foolproof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we um that's the sort of foolproof
+way that we have for finding C is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we have for finding C is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we have for finding C is to
+remember that a joint PDF always has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a joint PDF always has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a joint PDF always has to
+integrate to one that's just a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate to one that's just a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate to one that's just a property
+a joint PDF has and so if we integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint PDF has and so if we integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint PDF has and so if we integrate
+this function over the support set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function over the support set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function over the support set that
+uh equal to one set that integral equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equal to one set that integral equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equal to one set that integral equal
+to one then we can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one then we can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one then we can solve for
+C okay okay so that's just what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says now note that we only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says now note that we only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says now note that we only need to
+integrate that function we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that function we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that function we don't need to
+integrate this function over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this function over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this function over the entire
+um XY plane we only have to integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um XY plane we only have to integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um XY plane we only have to integrate it
+over the support of the distribution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the support of the distribution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the support of the distribution uh
+because outside of that support the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because outside of that support the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because outside of that support the PDF
+is equal to zero okay so here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero okay so here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero okay so here's what we
+do I set up the integral so here here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I set up the integral so here here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I set up the integral so here here is
+the joint PDF I've set up the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF I've set up the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF I've set up the double
+integral chosen these limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral chosen these limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral chosen these limits of
+integration so that I'm only integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so that I'm only integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so that I'm only integrating
+over the support of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the support of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the support of the
+PDF and um and and uh uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and um and and uh uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and um and and uh uh you know
+perform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral we get that it's equal to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we get that it's equal to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we get that it's equal to 4
+over 21 * C and we set that equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 21 * C and we set that equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 21 * C and we set that equal to one
+and so then we get C is equal to 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we get C is equal to 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we get C is equal to 21
+over4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4
+Okay so so you might be a little puzzled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so you might be a little puzzled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so you might be a little puzzled
+as to how uh I got these limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to how uh I got these limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to how uh I got these limits of
+integration if for instance you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration if for instance you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration if for instance you haven't
+taken uh calculus in the last you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh calculus in the last you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh calculus in the last you know
+year or so maybe you've sort of uh are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so maybe you've sort of uh are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so maybe you've sort of uh are a
+little rusty about that so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rusty about that so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rusty about that so let's take a
+look again at the um the picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again at the um the picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again at the um the picture of the
+support and see where these limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and see where these limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and see where these limits of
+integration come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration come
+from okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so here's the
+support and what I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and what I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and what I'm doing is I'm
+integrating first out uh over Y and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating first out uh over Y and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating first out uh over Y and Y
+takes on values from x^2 up to 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on values from x^2 up to 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on values from x^2 up to 1 okay
+and then uh the outer integral is over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the outer integral is over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the outer integral is over x
+and x takes on values from -1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x takes on values from -1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x takes on values from -1 to
+1 okay and I could have done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and I could have done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and I could have done the
+integration the other um in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the other um in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the other um in the other
+order as well and that would have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order as well and that would have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order as well and that would have worked
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+fine okay so now we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so now we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so now we've got this
+completely specified joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely specified joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely specified joint PDF
+uh it's we plugged in uh the value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's we plugged in uh the value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's we plugged in uh the value for
+the constant that we computed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant that we computed and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant that we computed and so
+we've got this completely specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this completely specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this completely specified
+joint PDF of X and Y and so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF of X and Y and so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF of X and Y and so now we can
+actually start doing things with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start doing things with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start doing things with it and
+one of the things that we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we can do is
+calculate probabilities of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities of certain
+regions so in particular let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so in particular let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so in particular let's suppose
+that we're interested in the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in the probability
+that X is greater than y how would we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is greater than y how would we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is greater than y how would we do
+that we've got the joint PDF so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got the joint PDF so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got the joint PDF so we have
+all the information we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information we
+need all we do is we just set up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all we do is we just set up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all we do is we just set up an
+integral so that we're integrating The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that we're integrating The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that we're integrating The
+Joint PDF over the region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint PDF over the region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint PDF over the region that's
+described by this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this probability
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+okay so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do
+that well we have to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we have to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we have to figure out the
+region over the XY plane over which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over the XY plane over which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over the XY plane over which to
+integrate which is what I just said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate which is what I just said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate which is what I just said and
+how we do that is we draw the line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do that is we draw the line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do that is we draw the line for
+xal y so this is the line here xal y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal y so this is the line here xal y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal y so this is the line here xal y
+this is part of the support of the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the support of the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the support of the joint
+PDF I didn't draw the entire support I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF I didn't draw the entire support I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF I didn't draw the entire support I
+could have continued and drawn the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have continued and drawn the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have continued and drawn the whole
+thing but the rest of it was Irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the rest of it was Irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the rest of it was Irrelevant
+for this um probability question so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this um probability question so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this um probability question so I
+only Drew part of the support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Drew part of the support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Drew part of the support and
+basically the um what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the um what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the um what I want to do is
+integrate over this slice because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over this slice because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over this slice because this
+slice is the part it's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice is the part it's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice is the part it's the sort of
+intersection between the values where X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between the values where X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between the values where X
+is greater than y so all the values sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than y so all the values sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than y so all the values sort
+of South east of this line are values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of South east of this line are values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of South east of this line are values
+such that X is greater than y and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X is greater than y and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X is greater than y and it's
+the intersection between those and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection between those and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection between those and the
+support okay so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay so is that
+clear okay so once I know once I've sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay so once I know once I've sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay so once I know once I've sort
+of identified what region we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identified what region we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identified what region we need to
+integrate over then all we have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over then all we have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over then all we have to do is
+just remember our multivariable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember our multivariable calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember our multivariable calculus
+and and figure out how to set the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and figure out how to set the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and figure out how to set the limits
+of integration do the integral and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration do the integral and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration do the integral and we're
+all done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if
+we so this is uh we set the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this is uh we set the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this is uh we set the limits of
+integration um to uh ensure that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration um to uh ensure that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration um to uh ensure that we're
+integrating over this little sliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over this little sliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over this little sliver
+here and we get uh if we perform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we get uh if we perform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we get uh if we perform that
+integration we get 3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration we get 3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration we get 3 over
+20 okay so here uh just to reiterate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 okay so here uh just to reiterate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 okay so here uh just to reiterate uh
+Y is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is going from
+X SAR up to X and then X is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X SAR up to X and then X is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X SAR up to X and then X is going from
+0o to one and that's where the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o to one and that's where the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o to one and that's where the limits of
+integration come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from okay so now we're starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so now we're starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so now we're starting to get
+comfortable with the notion of a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the notion of a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the notion of a joint
+distribution being a surface uh or set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution being a surface uh or set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution being a surface uh or set
+of Point masses over the XY plane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point masses over the XY plane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point masses over the XY plane that
+describe the probability uh with which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the probability uh with which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the probability uh with which a
+random Vector takes on certain um or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector takes on certain um or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector takes on certain um or is
+in certain regions of the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain regions of the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain regions of the XY
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+and we've also seen examples of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've also seen examples of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've also seen examples of how to
+calculate probabilities by integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities by integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities by integrating
+the PDF uh over the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF uh over the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF uh over the relevant
+regions now we're going to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions now we're going to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions now we're going to see some
+other things that we can do with joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that we can do with joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that we can do with joint
+PDFs or joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs or joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs or joint
+distributions and uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and uh one of the things
+we can do is we can take the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is we can take the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is we can take the information
+that's embodied in a joint PDF or joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's embodied in a joint PDF or joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's embodied in a joint PDF or joint
+uh probability function and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability function and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability function and we can
+extract the information uh that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the information uh that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the information uh that tells us
+about the individual distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the individual distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the individual distributions of
+those sort of constituent uh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of constituent uh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of constituent uh random
+variables so let's suppose we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's suppose we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's suppose we've got a
+joint PDF of X and Y but we really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF of X and Y but we really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF of X and Y but we really only
+care about X for some reason so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about X for some reason so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about X for some reason so how do
+we get the individual or the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the individual or the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the individual or the marginal
+distribution of x from that joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of x from that joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of x from that joint
+distribution so let me first tell you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so let me first tell you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so let me first tell you um
+how to do it give you sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it give you sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it give you sort of the
+definition and then we'll do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then we'll do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then we'll do some
+examples okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for discrete random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for discrete random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for discrete random variables
+all we do is if we want the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do is if we want the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do is if we want the um the
+marginal distribution of X and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distribution of X and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distribution of X and we have
+the joint distribution of X and Y uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint distribution of X and Y uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint distribution of X and Y uh we
+sum out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum out over
+y uh and I'll sort of give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y uh and I'll sort of give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y uh and I'll sort of give you the
+intuition for that in just a second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for that in just a second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for that in just a second and
+for continuous random variables we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous random variables we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous random variables we do
+not surprisingly the sort of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly the sort of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly the sort of continuous
+analog of that which is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of that which is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of that which is that we
+integrate out over y okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out over y okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out over y okay so what's the
+what's the sort of intuition behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sort of intuition behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sort of intuition behind this
+well for discret random variables um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for discret random variables um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for discret random variables um you
+know for particular value of x what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for particular value of x what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for particular value of x what we
+want to do is we just want to sum up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we just want to sum up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we just want to sum up the
+joint distribution over all the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint distribution over all the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint distribution over all the values
+of Y to obtain the marginal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y to obtain the marginal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y to obtain the marginal distribution
+of X at that point so if we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X at that point so if we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X at that point so if we want to know
+the probability a random variable X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability a random variable X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability a random variable X is
+equal to Little X for instance what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Little X for instance what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Little X for instance what we
+want to do is we want to sum up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to sum up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to sum up the
+probability that uh you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that uh you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that uh you know from the
+joint distribution that uh the pair well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint distribution that uh the pair well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint distribution that uh the pair well
+for any possible value of y all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any possible value of y all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any possible value of y all of the
+pairs for any possible value of y we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs for any possible value of y we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs for any possible value of y we
+want to sum up those probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sum up those probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sum up those probabilities and
+the sum of those probabilities gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of those probabilities gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of those probabilities gives us
+the marginal or individual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal or individual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal or individual uh
+distribution or probability for X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or probability for X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or probability for X okay
+uh and then for continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then for continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then for continuous random
+variables we just do the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we just do the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we just do the continuous
+analog of that so this may seem a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of that so this may seem a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of that so this may seem a little
+kind of vague at this point so uh now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vague at this point so uh now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vague at this point so uh now I
+think would be a good time to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would be a good time to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would be a good time to do an
+example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or
+two okay so let me turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so let me turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so let me turn to
+tennis so uh Esther and I play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis so uh Esther and I play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis so uh Esther and I play
+tennis and um like a lot of sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis and um like a lot of sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis and um like a lot of sports
+tennis players tend to rise or fall to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis players tend to rise or fall to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis players tend to rise or fall to
+the level of their opponent um and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of their opponent um and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of their opponent um and so it
+wouldn't be surprising to learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprising to learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprising to learn that
+we're more likely to both be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're more likely to both be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're more likely to both be playing
+well in a particular day or both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a particular day or both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a particular day or both be
+playing poorly okay um oh by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing poorly okay um oh by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing poorly okay um oh by the way
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+the that's the MIT tennis bubble have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the MIT tennis bubble have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the MIT tennis bubble have
+you guys played there it's a it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys played there it's a it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys played there it's a it's a very
+nice place to play tennis if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice place to play tennis if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice place to play tennis if you ever
+want to um you know play tennis during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um you know play tennis during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um you know play tennis during
+the the winter I'll look into playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the winter I'll look into playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the winter I'll look into playing
+there um okay so let's see where was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um okay so let's see where was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um okay so let's see where was I
+so anyhow it's not surprising that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow it's not surprising that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow it's not surprising that on
+any given day Esther and I if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given day Esther and I if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given day Esther and I if we're
+playing each other we might both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing each other we might both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing each other we might both be
+playing well or both be playing poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing well or both be playing poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing well or both be playing poorly
+okay what would that observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what would that observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what would that observation
+about you know suggest about the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know suggest about the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know suggest about the shape
+of the joint probability function of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the joint probability function of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the joint probability function of our
+unforced Errors By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced Errors By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced Errors By
+game okay so for those of you who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay so for those of you who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay so for those of you who don't
+play tennis just a tiny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tennis just a tiny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tennis just a tiny bit of
+background a game is uh completed when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background a game is uh completed when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background a game is uh completed when a
+player wins Four Points by at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player wins Four Points by at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player wins Four Points by at least two
+points and this scorekeeping has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this scorekeeping has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this scorekeeping has this
+sort of funny historical uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of funny historical uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of funny historical uh you know
+character where we don't count by we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character where we don't count by we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character where we don't count by we
+don't just count 0 1 two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just count 0 1 two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just count 0 1 two three
+um but the an unforced eror is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the an unforced eror is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the an unforced eror is basically
+when uh you know Esther hits me the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh you know Esther hits me the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh you know Esther hits me the ball
+and and uh it's a shot that I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh it's a shot that I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh it's a shot that I can get
+back but I hit it into the net instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but I hit it into the net instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but I hit it into the net instead
+okay so that's an unforced air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an unforced air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an unforced air so
+obviously if we're both playing well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if we're both playing well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if we're both playing well we
+would have relatively few unforced airs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have relatively few unforced airs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have relatively few unforced airs
+if we're both playing poorly uh we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're both playing poorly uh we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're both playing poorly uh we'd
+have more unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more unforced
+airs okay uh so what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airs okay uh so what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airs okay uh so what does this
+observation that we're both we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we're both we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we're both we're
+typically both both going to be play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically both both going to be play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically both both going to be play
+playing well or poorly suggest about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing well or poorly suggest about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing well or poorly suggest about the
+shape of this a joint PDF or joint PF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this a joint PDF or joint PF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this a joint PDF or joint PF of
+our unfor STS by game any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guesses well if you think about it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses well if you think about it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses well if you think about it the
+the probability is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is going to be
+concentrated around values of X and Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around values of X and Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around values of X and Y so
+let's say x is the number of unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x is the number of unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x is the number of unforced
+errors that Esther hits or you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that Esther hits or you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that Esther hits or you know that
+she's responsible for and why isn't my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's responsible for and why isn't my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's responsible for and why isn't my
+unforced errors number of my unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced errors number of my unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced errors number of my unforced
+errors so if we're both playing well or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so if we're both playing well or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so if we're both playing well or
+poorly we would expect the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly we would expect the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly we would expect the probability
+to be concentrated around points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be concentrated around points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be concentrated around points in the
+joint PF where X and Y have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PF where X and Y have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PF where X and Y have similar
+values so we would expect there not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we would expect there not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we would expect there not to
+be a lot of probability for a points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of probability for a points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of probability for a points you
+know where I have a lot of unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where I have a lot of unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where I have a lot of unforced
+errors and Esther has few and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and Esther has few and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and Esther has few and vice versa
+but we would expect a lot of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we would expect a lot of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we would expect a lot of probability
+to be concentrated around uh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be concentrated around uh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be concentrated around uh points
+where we have similar numbers right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have similar numbers right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have similar numbers right so
+exactly what might something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what might something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what might something like this
+look like well here's one example so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well here's one example so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well here's one example so I
+just made this up obviously this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made this up obviously this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made this up obviously this is not
+based on any long-term data that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on any long-term data that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on any long-term data that we've
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+collecting X let's say x is my number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting X let's say x is my number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting X let's say x is my number of
+unforced errors and Y is Esther's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced errors and Y is Esther's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced errors and Y is Esther's uh
+number of unforced errors and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unforced errors and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unforced errors and what we
+see is there's a concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is there's a concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is there's a concentration of
+probability around this sort of axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability around this sort of axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability around this sort of axis
+where X and Y have similar values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X and Y have similar values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X and Y have similar values and
+very little probability here and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little probability here and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little probability here and very
+little probability up there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little probability up there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little probability up there actually
+zero the way I've drawn in okay does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the way I've drawn in okay does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the way I've drawn in okay does
+that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense okay and apparently because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and apparently because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and apparently because we
+don't hit that many N4 stairs uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hit that many N4 stairs uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hit that many N4 stairs uh we're
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+good okay so here's the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so here's the graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so here's the graphical
+representation of exactly the joint P or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of exactly the joint P or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of exactly the joint P or
+joint PF I just showed you so I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PF I just showed you so I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PF I just showed you so I just I
+just sort of Drew what it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of Drew what it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of Drew what it would look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+graphically and now let's calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and now let's calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and now let's calculate the
+marginal distribution um for marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distribution um for marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distribution um for marginal
+distributions for both X and Y okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions for both X and Y okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions for both X and Y okay so
+remember what we said a couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said a couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said a couple of slides
+ago all we want to do is add up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago all we want to do is add up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago all we want to do is add up over
+values of the other random variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the other random variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the other random variable to
+get the value of a marginal the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value of a marginal the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value of a marginal the marginal
+distribution for particular X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for particular X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for particular X or
+particular y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular y so
+specifically the probability that I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the probability that I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the probability that I make
+two unforced errors in a game is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unforced errors in a game is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unforced errors in a game is the
+probability that I make two enforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I make two enforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I make two enforced
+errors and eser makes zero plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and eser makes zero plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and eser makes zero plus the
+probability that I make two and eser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I make two and eser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I make two and eser
+makes one plus the probability that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes one plus the probability that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes one plus the probability that I
+make two and eser makes two Etc okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two and eser makes two Etc okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two and eser makes two Etc okay so
+all I'm doing is just adding up along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm doing is just adding up along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm doing is just adding up along a
+particular uh value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh value for
+x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay
+so then we get if I do that and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we get if I do that and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we get if I do that and I do
+that for all the values of X I get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all the values of X I get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all the values of X I get uh
+the following U marginal distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following U marginal distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following U marginal distribution so
+the probability that big X is equal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that big X is equal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that big X is equal um
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+38 is uh sorry the probability that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 is uh sorry the probability that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 is uh sorry the probability that that
+big X is equal to 0 is equal to 38 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big X is equal to 0 is equal to 38 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big X is equal to 0 is equal to 38 the
+probability it's equal to 1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's equal to 1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's equal to 1 is equal to
+5/16 and so forth okay and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/16 and so forth okay and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/16 and so forth okay and it turns out
+that the marginal distributions of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal distributions of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal distributions of our
+errors are exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are exactly the same
+okay so um I've just written this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um I've just written this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um I've just written this I
+instead of writing both of the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing both of the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing both of the marginal
+distributions out I just wrote it uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions out I just wrote it uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions out I just wrote it uh you
+know that F subx of little X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that F subx of little X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that F subx of little X is equal to
+F sub y of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and um I want to also mention that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and um I want to also mention that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and um I want to also mention that you
+will actually I will never reveal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually I will never reveal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually I will never reveal the
+true distributions of our unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true distributions of our unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true distributions of our unforced
+errors you can speculate if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you can speculate if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you can speculate if you want
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+oh and here it is graphically okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and here it is graphically okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and here it is graphically okay so
+both of the uh marginal distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the uh marginal distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the uh marginal distributions
+look look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now we've done an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we've done an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we've done an example
+using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a
+discret uh PF probability function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret uh PF probability function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret uh PF probability function and
+uh let's do sort of the analogous thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do sort of the analogous thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do sort of the analogous thing
+uh using a continuous distribution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using a continuous distribution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using a continuous distribution or
+continuous joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous joint
+PDF so returning to our example from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so returning to our example from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so returning to our example from the
+beginning of lecture we have um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of lecture we have um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of lecture we have um this
+PDF that I've uh reminded you of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF that I've uh reminded you of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF that I've uh reminded you of there
+and recall this is the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recall this is the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recall this is the shape of the
+support of the PDF and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the PDF and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the PDF and this is my
+three-dimensional rendering of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional rendering of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional rendering of what the
+joint PDF looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um just just sort of applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um just just sort of applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um just just sort of applying
+the formula that I gave you a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that I gave you a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that I gave you a few slides
+ago if we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago if we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago if we want the
+marginal uh PDF of X say all we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal uh PDF of X say all we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal uh PDF of X say all we have to
+do is integrate out Y and so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is integrate out Y and so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is integrate out Y and so what we do
+is we want to integrate in general we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to integrate in general we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to integrate in general we're
+going to integrate The Joint PDF um out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate The Joint PDF um out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate The Joint PDF um out
+you know over the entire support for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over the entire support for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over the entire support for us
+um y only takes on values as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um y only takes on values as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um y only takes on values as a function
+of x for from x^2 up to one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x for from x^2 up to one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x for from x^2 up to one and so
+that's uh the region we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the region we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the region we're going to
+integrate over okay and you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over okay and you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over okay and you can see it
+here I've uh included the support down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've uh included the support down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've uh included the support down
+here to remind you so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to remind you so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to remind you so we're
+integrating for a particular value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating for a particular value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating for a particular value of x
+we just integrate from uh x^2 up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if I wanted to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I wanted to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I wanted to be really
+pedantic and I wanted to be sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic and I wanted to be sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic and I wanted to be sort of very
+precise PR about my notation what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise PR about my notation what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise PR about my notation what I
+would do actually is I'd put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do actually is I'd put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do actually is I'd put an
+indicator function here because this PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator function here because this PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator function here because this PDF
+uh is only uh defined or it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is only uh defined or it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is only uh defined or it's only
+nonzero over um this region here where X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero over um this region here where X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero over um this region here where X
+is between negative 1 and one so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between negative 1 and one so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between negative 1 and one so just to
+be sort of super careful um I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of super careful um I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of super careful um I might
+include an indicator function here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include an indicator function here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include an indicator function here just
+to remind us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind us of
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+and if we perform the integration then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we perform the integration then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we perform the integration then
+this is what we get 218 * x^2 * 1 - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we get 218 * x^2 * 1 - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we get 218 * x^2 * 1 - x
+4th and again just to be uh very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th and again just to be uh very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th and again just to be uh very careful
+I uh put the indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this is what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this is what it looks like
+graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so we can do the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can do the same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can do the same thing we
+already we just calculated the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we just calculated the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we just calculated the marginal
+PDF of X we can do the same thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X we can do the same thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X we can do the same thing uh
+with the uh with Y and calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh with Y and calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh with Y and calculate the
+marginal PDF of Y so here for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF of Y so here for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF of Y so here for a
+particular uh value of um sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh value of um sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh value of um sorry
+for yes for a particular value of x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yes for a particular value of x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yes for a particular value of x the
+um for a particular value of y I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a particular value of y I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a particular value of y I want to
+make sure I get this right uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I get this right uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I get this right uh the the
+limits of integration are going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration are going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration are going from
+uh negative square root of Y to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative square root of Y to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative square root of Y to uh
+square root of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Y
+okay and again uh just to be uh careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again uh just to be uh careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again uh just to be uh careful
+I want to put the the indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to put the the indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to put the the indicator function
+there although a lot of times you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there although a lot of times you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there although a lot of times you you
+might see it not not used and we perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see it not not used and we perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see it not not used and we perform
+that integration and we get uh that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integration and we get uh that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integration and we get uh that it's
+equal to 7 Hal y to the 5 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 7 Hal y to the 5 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 7 Hal y to the 5 over
+two okay and what does this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and what does this look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and what does this look like
+graphically there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Okay
+so we've seen a couple of examples now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen a couple of examples now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen a couple of examples now
+where we take a joint distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take a joint distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take a joint distribution we
+want to extract the information on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to extract the information on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to extract the information on the
+marginal or individual distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal or individual distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal or individual distributions of
+the the random variables that are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the random variables that are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the random variables that are sort
+of part of that joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of that joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of that joint
+distribution so we we have seen examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we we have seen examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we we have seen examples
+of how we can do that and we know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we can do that and we know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we can do that and we know sort
+of in general that we can do that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in general that we can do that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in general that we can do that um so
+I want to pose the following question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to pose the following question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to pose the following question if
+you know the marginals uh can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the marginals uh can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the marginals uh can you
+construct The Joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution so if I give you if I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if I give you if I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if I give you if I gave
+you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for
+instance this marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance this marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance this marginal
+PDF and this marginal PDF do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and this marginal PDF do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and this marginal PDF do you think
+that you could construct reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could construct reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could construct reconstruct the
+joint distribution of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+guesses okay well the answer is no in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses okay well the answer is no in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses okay well the answer is no in
+general no we need another crucial piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general no we need another crucial piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general no we need another crucial piece
+of information and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and that's the
+relationship between the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the random
+variables so in other words another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so in other words another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so in other words another way
+to say this is is basically that a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this is is basically that a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this is is basically that a joint
+uh distribution contains three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution contains three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution contains three different
+types of information it contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information it contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information it contains the
+information about how each one the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how each one the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how each one the two
+if it's by variate distribution about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's by variate distribution about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's by variate distribution about
+how each one of the two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how each one of the two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how each one of the two random variables
+is distributed on its own and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed on its own and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed on its own and then it
+also contains information about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also contains information about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also contains information about how
+they're related to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related to each other and
+without all three of these pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without all three of these pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without all three of these pieces of
+information we can't uh reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we can't uh reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we can't uh reconstruct the
+joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF
+okay so that sort of provides a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that sort of provides a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that sort of provides a nice
+segue into our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue into our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue into our discussion of
+Independence because Independence is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence because Independence is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence because Independence is in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+a special kind of relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special kind of relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special kind of relationship between
+uh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random
+variables and um you know random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and um you know random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and um you know random
+variables can be related in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables can be related in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables can be related in a variety of
+ways um but Independence is kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um but Independence is kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um but Independence is kind of um
+well it's an important and uh special uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an important and uh special uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an important and uh special uh
+type of relationship so it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of relationship so it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of relationship so it's a good
+place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to
+start okay so let's um let me uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define what uh independence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what uh independence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what uh independence of random
+variables is so X and Y are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is so X and Y are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is so X and Y are independent
+if the probability that X is in some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the probability that X is in some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the probability that X is in some um
+region a and that Y is in some region B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region a and that Y is in some region B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region a and that Y is in some region B
+is equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the product of the
+probabilities um that each are in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities um that each are in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities um that each are in those
+respective regions okay for all regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective regions okay for all regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective regions okay for all regions
+of A and B so that if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B so that if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B so that if you think about
+having sort of two uh random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of two uh random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of two uh random variables
+and having their joint distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having their joint distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having their joint distribution
+perhaps and trying to check something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps and trying to check something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps and trying to check something
+like this that's virtually impossible I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's virtually impossible I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's virtually impossible I
+mean you know how how do you check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know how how do you check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know how how do you check that
+something is true for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is true for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is true for all possible
+regions uh sub regions A and B um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions uh sub regions A and B um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions uh sub regions A and B um but in
+fact we can sort of uh come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can sort of uh come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can sort of uh come up with some
+U more useful results that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U more useful results that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U more useful results that we can use to
+test uh whether random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh whether random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh whether random variables are
+independent so this definition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so this definition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so this definition here
+implies that uh in particular The Joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that uh in particular The Joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that uh in particular The Joint
+CDF of two random variables um is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of two random variables um is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of two random variables um is equal
+to the product of the marginal cdfs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product of the marginal cdfs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product of the marginal cdfs okay
+so that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be
+useful and furthermore one can prove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and furthermore one can prove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and furthermore one can prove and
+we won't go through the details here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't go through the details here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't go through the details here uh
+that X and Y are independent if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X and Y are independent if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X and Y are independent if and only
+if that's also true of the PDFs so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's also true of the PDFs so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's also true of the PDFs so in
+other words The Joint PDF factors as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words The Joint PDF factors as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words The Joint PDF factors as the
+two marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two marginal
+PDFs okay so if we have that then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs okay so if we have that then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs okay so if we have that then we
+know that these random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these random variables are
+independent and this condition is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and this condition is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and this condition is easy
+uh easy to check and it's very useful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy to check and it's very useful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy to check and it's very useful so
+we'll sort of use it a lot we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sort of use it a lot we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sort of use it a lot we'll come
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+it okay and in fact we can even go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and in fact we can even go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and in fact we can even go
+further we can say something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we can say something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we can say something even
+stronger about the joint PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger about the joint PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger about the joint PDF of
+independent random variables if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables if they're
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+continuous and they have a joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and they have a joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and they have a joint PDF
+they're independent if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent if and only if the
+joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF
+factors into two um functions where G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors into two um functions where G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors into two um functions where G is
+a non- negative function of X alone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non- negative function of X alone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non- negative function of X alone and
+H is a non- negative function of Y alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a non- negative function of Y alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a non- negative function of Y alone
+okay so that can be a useful way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that can be a useful way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that can be a useful way to
+check independence of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check independence of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check independence of random variables
+we just look at the Joint PDF and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just look at the Joint PDF and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just look at the Joint PDF and if we
+can Factor it if it's continuous and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Factor it if it's continuous and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Factor it if it's continuous and we
+can Factor it in this way we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Factor it in this way we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Factor it in this way we know that
+the random variables are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so do you guys remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so do you guys remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so do you guys remember the
+headache example from uh few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example from uh few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache example from uh few lectures
+ago okay so let's uh return to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay so let's uh return to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay so let's uh return to that
+example and uh ask ourselves about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and uh ask ourselves about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and uh ask ourselves about the
+relationship between the two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the two random
+variables in this example and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in this example and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in this example and and in
+particular whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whether they're
+independent okay so remember I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so remember I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so remember I said that
+this was what the joint PDF of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was what the joint PDF of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was what the joint PDF of um the
+the um effective period of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um effective period of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um effective period of the two
+tablets was okay so the effective period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets was okay so the effective period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets was okay so the effective period
+period of nioxin is random variable X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of nioxin is random variable X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of nioxin is random variable X or
+yeah random variable X and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah random variable X and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah random variable X and uh the
+effective period of uh what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective period of uh what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective period of uh what's the other
+one acetam manin is y okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acetam manin is y okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acetam manin is y okay and this is
+their joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their joint
+distribution um so are X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um so are X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um so are X and Y
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+here what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do you
+think so we look at this joint PDF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so we look at this joint PDF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so we look at this joint PDF and
+we see if it fits any of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see if it fits any of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see if it fits any of these uh
+conditions here like for instance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here like for instance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here like for instance um
+whether we can Factor it into non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can Factor it into non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can Factor it into non-
+negative functions of X alone and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative functions of X alone and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative functions of X alone and Y
+alone and in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and in fact we can
+okay so uh this PDF can be factored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh this PDF can be factored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh this PDF can be factored and
+in fact X and Y if we went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact X and Y if we went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact X and Y if we went to the
+trouble of computing the marginal uh PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of computing the marginal uh PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of computing the marginal uh PDF
+of X and the marginal PDF of Y um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and the marginal PDF of Y um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and the marginal PDF of Y um we
+would see that uh they were identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that uh they were identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that uh they were identical
+okay the X and Y have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the X and Y have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the X and Y have the same
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay but we don't need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we don't need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we don't need to actually
+compute the marginal PDFs to test or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the marginal PDFs to test or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the marginal PDFs to test or to
+you know check whether these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know check whether these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know check whether these are
+independent we can just check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we can just check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we can just check the
+factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result okay second example let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay second example let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay second example let's go back
+to the um example that I started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um example that I started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um example that I started the
+lecture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with
+today and here is the joint PDF of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and here is the joint PDF of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and here is the joint PDF of X and
+Y our X and Y independent in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y our X and Y independent in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y our X and Y independent in this case
+and before you answer let me just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before you answer let me just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before you answer let me just tell
+you it's a bit of a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay well it's a bit of a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay well it's a bit of a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay well it's a bit of a trick
+question because if you just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because if you just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because if you just look at the
+Joint PDF this part of the joint PDF it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint PDF this part of the joint PDF it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint PDF this part of the joint PDF it
+certainly looks like that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly looks like that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly looks like that function
+factors into function a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors into function a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors into function a function of X
+alone and a function of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and a function of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and a function of Y
+Alone um however the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um implies that the values of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um implies that the values of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um implies that the values of the values
+that the random variable y can take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable y can take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable y can take on
+depend on the value of x and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the value of x and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the value of x and vice versa
+so in other words this function or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words this function or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words this function or this
+joint PDF cannot in fact be factored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF cannot in fact be factored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF cannot in fact be factored
+into um you know sort of a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um you know sort of a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um you know sort of a function of X
+alone and a function of Y alone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and a function of Y alone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and a function of Y alone the
+function of X is going to depend on y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X is going to depend on y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X is going to depend on y
+through its support and vice vers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its support and vice vers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its support and vice vers okay
+so these random variables are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these random variables are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these random variables are not
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+and here's uh the third example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's uh the third example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's uh the third example this is
+also just from um few minutes ago so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just from um few minutes ago so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just from um few minutes ago so
+here is the joint PF of unforced errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the joint PF of unforced errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the joint PF of unforced errors
+in mine and Esther's tennis game are X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mine and Esther's tennis game are X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mine and Esther's tennis game are X
+and Y independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y independent
+here what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think no they're not and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no they're not and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no they're not and why is that
+well remember when I told you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember when I told you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember when I told you what the
+definition of independence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of independence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of independence of random
+variables was I said actually let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables was I said actually let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables was I said actually let's just
+flip back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly uh X and Y are independent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh X and Y are independent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh X and Y are independent if
+the probability that X is in some region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X is in some region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X is in some region
+and Y is in some region is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is in some region is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is in some region is equal to the
+product of the probabilities for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probabilities for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probabilities for all
+regions A and B okay and here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions A and B okay and here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions A and B okay and here in this
+example it's easy to think of a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's easy to think of a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's easy to think of a region
+where that definition is violated so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that definition is violated so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that definition is violated so in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+take if you look at this region there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if you look at this region there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if you look at this region there's
+no probability in the joint uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no probability in the joint uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no probability in the joint uh
+probability function okay zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function okay zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function okay zero
+probability for all for that entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for all for that entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for all for that entire
+region and yet the product of um the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and yet the product of um the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and yet the product of um the two
+marginal distributions is non zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distributions is non zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distributions is non zero if
+you think back to the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to the marginal
+distributions that we calculated uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that we calculated uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that we calculated uh for
+this example take their product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example take their product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example take their product the
+marginal distributions are non zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distributions are non zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distributions are non zero so
+this violates the the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let me let me sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me let me sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me let me sort of do
+one additional tell you one additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional tell you one additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional tell you one additional
+fact and do one additional example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and do one additional example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and do one additional example that
+I hope will sort of solidify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope will sort of solidify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope will sort of solidify your
+intuition a little bit about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition a little bit about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition a little bit about uh
+independent random variables and Joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables and Joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables and Joint
+distributions so here's the fact uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so here's the fact uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so here's the fact uh for
+discrete random variables uh if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variables uh if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variables uh if you have
+a table rep representing their joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table rep representing their joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table rep representing their joint
+probability function uh the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function uh the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function uh the two
+variables are independent if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are independent if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are independent if and only if
+the rows of the table are proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows of the table are proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows of the table are proportional
+to one another if and only if The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another if and only if The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another if and only if The
+Columns of the table are proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the table are proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the table are proportional to
+one another okay so basically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another okay so basically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another okay so basically if you
+look at the a table of probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the a table of probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the a table of probabilities
+every row has to be like a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row has to be like a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row has to be like a multiple of
+the other rows every column sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows every column sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows every column sorry I'm
+doing it the wrong way every column has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the wrong way every column has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the wrong way every column has
+to be a multiple of the other columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a multiple of the other columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a multiple of the other columns
+every row has to be a multip both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row has to be a multip both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row has to be a multip both the
+other rows and if that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rows and if that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rows and if that's not the case
+then these the random variables are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these the random variables are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these the random variables are not
+independent okay so why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so why is that well
+Independence means that the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence means that the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence means that the product of
+the marginals is equal to the Joint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginals is equal to the Joint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginals is equal to the Joint so
+each column of the table is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column of the table is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column of the table is just a
+multiple of every other column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of every other column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of every other column the
+multiple being the ratio of the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple being the ratio of the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple being the ratio of the marginal
+probabilities Associated uh with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Associated uh with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Associated uh with the two
+columns okay it's kind of a mouthful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay it's kind of a mouthful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay it's kind of a mouthful so
+let me do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do an example
+okay so here is a table representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a table representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a table representing
+probabilities of two random variables X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of two random variables X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of two random variables X
+and Y so this is the joint PDF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y so this is the joint PDF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y so this is the joint PDF of the
+two random variables and you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables and you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables and you'll notice
+something about um these columns in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about um these columns in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about um these columns in the
+the rows of this table this column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows of this table this column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows of this table this column is
+just a multiple of this column every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a multiple of this column every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a multiple of this column every
+single value is the same uh is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single value is the same uh is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single value is the same uh is the same
+ratio with this value this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio with this value this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio with this value this uh this
+column is is in fact exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is is in fact exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is is in fact exactly the same as
+this one and this one and then this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one and then this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one and then this uh
+column is also multiple of all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is also multiple of all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is also multiple of all the other
+columns you can uh look down the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns you can uh look down the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns you can uh look down the rows
+and see exactly the same um patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see exactly the same um patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see exactly the same um patterns
+existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what might this be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what might this be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what might this be a
+distribution of well again it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of well again it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of well again it's just
+made up but we could think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up but we could think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up but we could think of this as a
+possible joint probability function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible joint probability function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible joint probability function of
+unforced airs if mine and Esther's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced airs if mine and Esther's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced airs if mine and Esther's
+errors were independent okay so if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors were independent okay so if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors were independent okay so if in
+fact we didn't have this situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we didn't have this situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we didn't have this situation where
+when I played well Esther played well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I played well Esther played well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I played well Esther played well
+and and when I played poorly Esther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when I played poorly Esther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when I played poorly Esther
+played poorly or vice versa so if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played poorly or vice versa so if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played poorly or vice versa so if our
+unforced airs were completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced airs were completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforced airs were completely
+independent maybe this is what the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent maybe this is what the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent maybe this is what the joint
+distribution would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution would look like
+okay okay so everyone feel comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so everyone feel comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so everyone feel comfortable
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+Independence well similar to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence well similar to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence well similar to the idea of
+conditional probability so now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability so now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability so now we'll
+move on to talk about a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to talk about a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to talk about a conditional
+distribution similar to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution similar to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution similar to the idea of
+conditional probability uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability uh we want to
+introduce uh the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh the conditional
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+now and basically the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and basically the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and basically the conditional
+distribution allows us to update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution allows us to update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution allows us to update the
+distribution of a random variable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of a random variable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of a random variable if
+necessary given relevant information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary given relevant information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary given relevant information so
+if I tell you for instance that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you for instance that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you for instance that uh
+Esther made uh two unforced errors in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther made uh two unforced errors in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther made uh two unforced errors in a
+particular game of Tennessee that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular game of Tennessee that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular game of Tennessee that we
+played uh then that lets you given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh then that lets you given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh then that lets you given the
+joint distribution of our unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint distribution of our unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint distribution of our unforced
+errors that lets you figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that lets you figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that lets you figure out what the
+what the distribution of um my enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the distribution of um my enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the distribution of um my enforce
+SS was conditional on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS was conditional on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS was conditional on the fact that
+estimate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to
+okay so how do we um calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we um calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we um calculate these
+conditional uh distributions well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional uh distributions well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional uh distributions well for
+continuous uh conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uh conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uh conditional
+PDF um we just calculate at as so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF um we just calculate at as so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF um we just calculate at as so this
+is how we denote it in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we denote it in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we denote it in terms of the the
+notation and it's just the joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and it's just the joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and it's just the joint PDF
+divided by the marginal PDF okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the marginal PDF okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the marginal PDF okay the
+marginal PDF of the conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF of the conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF of the conditioning
+variable and for a discreet um random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and for a discreet um random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and for a discreet um random
+variables uh it's just equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one thing it's a little easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one thing it's a little easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one thing it's a little easy to
+get confused with the notation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused with the notation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused with the notation of
+conditional um distributions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional um distributions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional um distributions because
+they're often written as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often written as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often written as a function of
+both X and Y and so you might if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and Y and so you might if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and Y and so you might if you
+didn't think carefully about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think carefully about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think carefully about it you
+might sort of get confused and think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of get confused and think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of get confused and think it
+was a joint distribution okay but um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a joint distribution okay but um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a joint distribution okay but um for
+a particular but it doesn't behave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular but it doesn't behave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular but it doesn't behave the
+same way as a joint distribution so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as a joint distribution so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as a joint distribution so for
+particular value of the conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of the conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of the conditioning
+distribution or conditioning variable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or conditioning variable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or conditioning variable uh
+it behaves just like a marginal PDF okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behaves just like a marginal PDF okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behaves just like a marginal PDF okay
+so it may be written as a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it may be written as a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it may be written as a function of X
+and Y but then you plug in if if X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y but then you plug in if if X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y but then you plug in if if X is
+your conditioning variable you plug in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conditioning variable you plug in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conditioning variable you plug in a
+particular value of x and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of x and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of x and then you just
+have a marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution okay um so another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay um so another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay um so another way to
+think and we'll see this graphically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and we'll see this graphically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and we'll see this graphically in
+a second another way to think that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second another way to think that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second another way to think that that
+I find useful to think about conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find useful to think about conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find useful to think about conditional
+distributions is that what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions is that what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions is that what we're doing
+is we're taking a slice of the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're taking a slice of the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're taking a slice of the joint
+distribution we're taking the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're taking the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're taking the relevant
+slice which uh corresponds to a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice which uh corresponds to a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice which uh corresponds to a value of
+the conditioning variable and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioning variable and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioning variable and then once
+we take that slice we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that slice we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that slice we have something
+that looks like a PDF perhaps but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a PDF perhaps but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a PDF perhaps but it
+might not or it's not in general going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not or it's not in general going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not or it's not in general going
+to integrate to one and so then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate to one and so then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate to one and so then we have
+to uh sort of blow it up we've got to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sort of blow it up we've got to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sort of blow it up we've got to um
+uh multiply it by some Factor so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiply it by some Factor so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiply it by some Factor so that uh
+it integrates to one okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it integrates to one okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it integrates to one okay so this is
+this is sort of exactly how I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of exactly how I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of exactly how I think of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um you know uh this formula for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh this formula for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh this formula for a
+conditional PDF we're just taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF we're just taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF we're just taking a
+particular slice a particular value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slice a particular value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slice a particular value of x
+of the joint distribution and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the joint distribution and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the joint distribution and then
+blowing it up by this Factor so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing it up by this Factor so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing it up by this Factor so that it
+integrates to one so let's see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples okay so here's our um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so here's our um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so here's our um uh the
+the now familiar original joint uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now familiar original joint uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now familiar original joint uh
+probability function of unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function of unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function of unforced
+Errors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors okay
+and let's take a slice of it okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a slice of it okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a slice of it okay what
+do I mean by take a slice I mean choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by take a slice I mean choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by take a slice I mean choose
+a particular value of y y is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value of y y is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value of y y is going to be
+our conditioning variable this time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conditioning variable this time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conditioning variable this time okay
+so choose a a particular value of y say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose a a particular value of y say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose a a particular value of y say
+y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+then that slice so basically that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that slice so basically that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that slice so basically that tells
+us something about so if if uh Esther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about so if if uh Esther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about so if if uh Esther
+has two un four stairs in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two un four stairs in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two un four stairs in a particular
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+that's what that's what this slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what this slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what this slice
+represents Esther having two unforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents Esther having two unforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents Esther having two unforced
+stairs and then these numbers tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs and then these numbers tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs and then these numbers tell us
+something about the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the relative
+probabilities of me having 0o one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of me having 0o one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of me having 0o one two
+three or four unforced stairs in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four unforced stairs in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four unforced stairs in that
+game okay but as it stands I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay but as it stands I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay but as it stands I mean that
+gives us some information but as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some information but as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some information but as it
+stands this is not a PDF on its own this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands this is not a PDF on its own this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands this is not a PDF on its own this
+slice is not a PDF because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice is not a PDF because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice is not a PDF because it doesn't
+integrate or doesn't sum to one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate or doesn't sum to one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate or doesn't sum to one so we
+need to blow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to blow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to blow it
+up so the factor we blow it up by is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so the factor we blow it up by is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so the factor we blow it up by is
+just the probability that Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability that Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability that Y is equal to
+two and we can go back and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we can go back and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we can go back and look at the
+marginal distribution that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distribution that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distribution that we uh
+calculated several slides ago uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated several slides ago uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated several slides ago uh from
+this uh joint distribution the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh joint distribution the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh joint distribution the marginal
+distribution of Y and we look up that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y and we look up that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y and we look up that um
+the probability that Y is equal to 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Y is equal to 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Y is equal to 2 is
+5 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 over
+32 and that's the factor that we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and that's the factor that we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and that's the factor that we use to
+sort of multiply or divide actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiply or divide actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiply or divide actually all
+of these um probabilities so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um probabilities so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um probabilities so that they
+sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to
+one okay so here we have it uh once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so here we have it uh once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so here we have it uh once
+we've uh divided by that factor then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've uh divided by that factor then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've uh divided by that factor then we
+get the conditional distribution of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the conditional distribution of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the conditional distribution of X
+conditional on y equal uh equaling two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on y equal uh equaling two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on y equal uh equaling two
+is uh 2 fths for x uh equal 1 or 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh 2 fths for x uh equal 1 or 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh 2 fths for x uh equal 1 or 2 and
+1/5 for xal 3 and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/5 for xal 3 and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/5 for xal 3 and zero
+otherwise okay so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay so is that
+clear so basically what we've done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so basically what we've done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so basically what we've done here
+we can we're conditioning on y equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we're conditioning on y equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we're conditioning on y equals 2
+we care about the distribution of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the distribution of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the distribution of x
+given that Y is equal 2 so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that Y is equal 2 so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that Y is equal 2 so we take the
+slice the relevant slice of the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice the relevant slice of the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice the relevant slice of the joint
+PDF but then that thing on its own is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF but then that thing on its own is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF but then that thing on its own is
+not a marginal PDF because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a marginal PDF because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a marginal PDF because it doesn't
+sum to one so we've got to blow it up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one so we've got to blow it up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one so we've got to blow it up so
+it sums to one and that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sums to one and that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sums to one and that's exactly what
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay
+um let's also compute a conditional PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's also compute a conditional PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's also compute a conditional PDF
+um so that's that was sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that was sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that was sort of a a
+discrete example let's do a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete example let's do a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete example let's do a continuous
+example now and we'll return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now and we'll return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now and we'll return to the
+earlier example we had this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier example we had this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier example we had this um
+lecture this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this one
+okay so now what we want to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we want to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we want to do is we
+want to take a slice of this joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a slice of this joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a slice of this joint PDF
+at some particular value and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some particular value and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some particular value and then that
+slice device is not going to be a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice device is not going to be a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice device is not going to be a um
+true PDF and so then we've got to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true PDF and so then we've got to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true PDF and so then we've got to figure
+out what we multiply it uh by so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what we multiply it uh by so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what we multiply it uh by so that it
+integrates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to
+one so let's take the slice uh x = 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's take the slice uh x = 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's take the slice uh x = 12
+okay so I've sort of drawn it here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've sort of drawn it here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've sort of drawn it here maybe
+you can kind of picture in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of picture in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of picture in your mind
+what that slice is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and um so I think I already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um so I think I already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um so I think I already said
+this we're just going to take the slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're just going to take the slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're just going to take the slice
+and then suitably normalize it so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suitably normalize it so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suitably normalize it so it is
+a valid uh PDF on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid uh PDF on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid uh PDF on its
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+okay so uh recall that the joint or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh recall that the joint or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh recall that the joint or
+sorry the marginal we calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the marginal we calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the marginal we calculated the
+marginal PDF X and we'll need this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF X and we'll need this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF X and we'll need this in
+just a second to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second to calculate this
+conditional um PDF because remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional um PDF because remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional um PDF because remember the
+formula for the conditional PDF is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the conditional PDF is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the conditional PDF is the
+joint PDF over the marginal PDF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF over the marginal PDF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF over the marginal PDF of the
+conditioning variable and so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning variable and so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning variable and so I'm just
+reminding you here this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you here this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you here this is the uh
+marginal PDF we computed uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF we computed uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF we computed uh several
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ago okay and note that this PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay and note that this PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay and note that this PDF is
+nonzero for all X in this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero for all X in this interval here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero for all X in this interval here
+except for xals 0 at xals zero this PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for xals 0 at xals zero this PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for xals 0 at xals zero this PDF
+is um uh this PDF is Z okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh this PDF is Z okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh this PDF is Z okay so that
+means in particular if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in particular if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in particular if we're going to
+condition on X we can only condition our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on X we can only condition our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on X we can only condition our
+conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+distribution uh conditioned on X is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh conditioned on X is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh conditioned on X is only
+going to be defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defined for
+nonzero values of uh the PDF of X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values of uh the PDF of X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values of uh the PDF of X okay
+um and so a PDF conditional on X will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so a PDF conditional on X will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so a PDF conditional on X will
+only be defined for uh you know values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be defined for uh you know values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be defined for uh you know values
+in this interval except for zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval except for zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval except for zero
+okay so just note that and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just note that and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just note that and we'll come
+back to that at the end okay we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that at the end okay we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that at the end okay we just
+have to sort of make sure we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of make sure we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of make sure we don't
+forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget
+that okay so we've got the marginal PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we've got the marginal PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we've got the marginal PDF
+of X recall that this is the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X recall that this is the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X recall that this is the formula for
+calculating the uh conditional PDF okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the uh conditional PDF okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the uh conditional PDF okay
+and this is the joint PDF up here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the joint PDF up here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the joint PDF up here so we
+have everything we need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything we need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything we need to calculate the
+conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+PDF and and this is what we have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and and this is what we have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and and this is what we have this is
+what we come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and again keep in mind it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again keep in mind it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again keep in mind it's only
+defined for nonzero values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay so now what we can do so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so now what we can do so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so now what we can do so that's
+fine as I said recall I said a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as I said recall I said a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as I said recall I said a few
+minutes ago that sometimes it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago that sometimes it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago that sometimes it the
+notation of is a little confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of is a little confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of is a little confusing
+because uh conditional PDFs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh conditional PDFs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh conditional PDFs are
+expressed as a function of both X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a function of both X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a function of both X and Y
+so they look kind of like joint PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they look kind of like joint PDFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they look kind of like joint PDFs
+well that's the case here right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the case here right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the case here right so this
+conditional PDF is function of both X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF is function of both X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF is function of both X
+and Y Little X and little y um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y Little X and little y um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y Little X and little y um but what
+we can do is we can plug in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is we can plug in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is we can plug in a particular
+value of x as long as it's a value where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x as long as it's a value where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x as long as it's a value where
+the probability of X is non zero we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of X is non zero we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of X is non zero we plug
+in a particular value of x and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular value of x and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular value of x and then that
+gives us a conditional distribution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a conditional distribution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a conditional distribution um
+of Y that's no longer a function of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y that's no longer a function of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y that's no longer a function of X so
+plug in any legitimate value of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in any legitimate value of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in any legitimate value of x and
+let's just say xal 12 that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say xal 12 that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say xal 12 that's the the
+little sort of red arrow that I had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of red arrow that I had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of red arrow that I had on
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+slide and we get we just plug that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and we get we just plug that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and we get we just plug that into
+the sort of general form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of general form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of general form for the
+conditional Distribution on the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional Distribution on the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional Distribution on the top and
+we get uh 32 over 15 y for y between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get uh 32 over 15 y for y between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get uh 32 over 15 y for y between
+one4 and one okay and zero otherwise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 and one okay and zero otherwise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 and one okay and zero otherwise so
+what does this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this look like
+graphically so here's the picture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically so here's the picture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically so here's the picture from
+before remember I said what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before remember I said what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before remember I said what we were
+going to do is we would take a slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we would take a slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we would take a slice of
+this joint PDF and then just blow it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this joint PDF and then just blow it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this joint PDF and then just blow it up
+so that it was uh a legitimate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it was uh a legitimate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it was uh a legitimate uh
+PDF and this is uh precisely what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and this is uh precisely what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and this is uh precisely what it
+looks like when we sort of do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when we sort of do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when we sort of do the
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so not
+surprisingly uh there is a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly uh there is a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly uh there is a relationship
+between conditional distributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between conditional distributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between conditional distributions and
+Independence right um so we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence right um so we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence right um so we saw this
+when we were just before we were even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were just before we were even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were just before we were even
+talking about uh random variables when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh random variables when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh random variables when
+we were just talking about probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just talking about probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just talking about probability
+uh we talked about the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about the relationship
+between independent events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between independent events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between independent events and
+conditional probability abilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability abilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability abilities and
+something very some very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very some very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very some very similar
+relationship exists here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship exists here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship exists here so in
+particular the conditional distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the conditional distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the conditional distribution
+of Y is equal to the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is equal to the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is equal to the unconditional
+distribution of Y so just the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y so just the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y so just the marginal
+distribution of Y if and only if X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y if and only if X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y if and only if X and Y
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+independent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay
+so the the sort of intuition behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the sort of intuition behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the sort of intuition behind this
+is that if you have two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have two random variables
+and they're independent knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're independent knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're independent knowing
+something about the realizations of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the realizations of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the realizations of one
+of the random variables doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variables doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variables doesn't tell you
+anything about the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the distribution of the
+other and remember how I said that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and remember how I said that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and remember how I said that a
+conditional distribution was like uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution was like uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution was like uh a
+way of updating the distribution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of updating the distribution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of updating the distribution of a
+random variable given some relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable given some relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable given some relevant
+information well if you're told X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information well if you're told X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information well if you're told X is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+2 uh and X and Y are independent well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh and X and Y are independent well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh and X and Y are independent well
+then that's actually not relevant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's actually not relevant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's actually not relevant the
+fact that X is equal to 2 isn't relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that X is equal to 2 isn't relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that X is equal to 2 isn't relevant
+information for the distribution of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the distribution of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the distribution of Y
+okay so that's basically what um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's basically what um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's basically what um what
+this uh relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says okay so now uh in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay so now uh in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay so now uh in the next few
+minutes uh we're going to uh switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh we're going to uh switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh we're going to uh switch
+gears or sort of go on to the uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears or sort of go on to the uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears or sort of go on to the uh start
+the next topic and I want to just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic and I want to just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic and I want to just give
+you a little bit of a preview I guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of a preview I guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of a preview I guess a
+little bit of a segue so so as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a segue so so as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a segue so so as I've
+emphasized before um we need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized before um we need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized before um we need to start
+with a foundation in probability even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a foundation in probability even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a foundation in probability even
+though you know we may be uh ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know we may be uh ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know we may be uh ultimately
+interested in analyzing data and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in analyzing data and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in analyzing data and we
+might be ultimately interested in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be ultimately interested in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be ultimately interested in you
+know sort of statistics and how how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of statistics and how how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of statistics and how how we
+can uh test a various hypotheses using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh test a various hypotheses using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh test a various hypotheses using
+data sets uh but we need to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets uh but we need to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets uh but we need to start with a
+foundation and probability because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and probability because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and probability because we
+can't talk about how functions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't talk about how functions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't talk about how functions of random
+variables behave until we know about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables behave until we know about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables behave until we know about how
+random variables behave and we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables behave and we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables behave and we can't
+talk about statistics such as the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about statistics such as the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about statistics such as the sample
+mean or a t test or whatever until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or a t test or whatever until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or a t test or whatever until we
+know about functions of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about functions of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about functions of random variables
+because that's precisely what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's precisely what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's precisely what a
+statistic is okay so the the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is okay so the the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is okay so the the you know
+there are good reasons to sort of have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are good reasons to sort of have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are good reasons to sort of have a
+foundation in probability otherwise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation in probability otherwise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation in probability otherwise but
+at least for us this may be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for us this may be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for us this may be the most
+important reason because what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason because what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason because what we're
+going to be doing when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing when we talk about
+statistics we're talking about functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we're talking about functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we're talking about functions
+of r variables and we can't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r variables and we can't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r variables and we can't talk about
+functions of random variables unless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables unless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables unless we
+know how random variables behave and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how random variables behave and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how random variables behave and so
+that's what we've been doing uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've been doing uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've been doing uh for the
+better part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better part of this
+semester so now uh we move on to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so now uh we move on to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so now uh we move on to our
+discussion of functions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of functions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of functions of random
+variables and this is going to lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and this is going to lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and this is going to lead us
+into our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Statistics okay so the basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics okay so the basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics okay so the basic idea is
+that we have a random variable X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a random variable X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a random variable X and we
+know its distribution okay and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its distribution okay and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its distribution okay and we want
+to know how a new random variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how a new random variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how a new random variable Y
+which is some known function of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some known function of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some known function of X is
+distributed okay so a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay so a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay so a more complicated
+version of this problem is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this problem is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this problem is that we have
+a whole bunch of random variables X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of random variables X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of random variables X1 X2
+X3 and we want to know how X or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and we want to know how X or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and we want to know how X or sorry
+how h of x a function of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how h of x a function of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how h of x a function of the entire
+random Vector X is distributed okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector X is distributed okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector X is distributed okay so
+here this is maybe not the most careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is maybe not the most careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is maybe not the most careful
+notation in the world but I'm uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the world but I'm uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the world but I'm uh I'll
+sometimes use capital x to refer not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes use capital x to refer not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes use capital x to refer not
+just to a random variable but an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to a random variable but an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to a random variable but an entire
+random vector and that's what I did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let's start so I'm G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's start so I'm G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's start so I'm G to
+we're I'll give you uh probably next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'll give you uh probably next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'll give you uh probably next
+time a specific information about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a specific information about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a specific information about how
+you figure out the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out the distribution of
+functions of random variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables in
+different situations but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations but I think it's
+helpful to start with a graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to start with a graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to start with a graphical
+example uh where we just kind of do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh where we just kind of do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh where we just kind of do it
+intuitively okay so let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively okay so let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively okay so let's suppose we
+want the distribution of some new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the distribution of some new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the distribution of some new random
+variable Y which is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y which is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y which is equal to the
+absolute value of 2 * some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of 2 * some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of 2 * some random
+variable x + 3 Okay so we've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x + 3 Okay so we've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x + 3 Okay so we've got uh
+we've got this random variable X we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this random variable X we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this random variable X we know
+it's distribution I'm putting it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's distribution I'm putting it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's distribution I'm putting it right
+there okay so uh we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so uh we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so uh we know it's
+distribution and what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what we want to do is
+figure out what the distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the distribution of this
+function of the random variable is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the random variable is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the random variable is so
+first what I've done is drawn the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what I've done is drawn the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what I've done is drawn the PDF of
+X okay so I gave it to you in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so I gave it to you in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so I gave it to you in in a
+formula here and then I'm just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here and then I'm just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here and then I'm just sort of
+uh drawing what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drawing what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drawing what it looks like
+graphically and let's uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and let's uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and let's uh sort of
+transform it or or take this consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it or or take this consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it or or take this consider
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+function uh step by step okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh step by step okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh step by step okay so let's
+first multiply the random variable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multiply the random variable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multiply the random variable by
+two and what happens to the PDF when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what happens to the PDF when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what happens to the PDF when we
+multiply the random variable by two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the random variable by two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the random variable by two well
+what happens is it stretches out okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it stretches out okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it stretches out okay so
+basically the random variable used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the random variable used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the random variable used to
+have support Nega 1 to positive one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have support Nega 1 to positive one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have support Nega 1 to positive one it
+now has support -2 to positive2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has support -2 to positive2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has support -2 to positive2 and
+because it still has to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it still has to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it still has to have a
+distribution uh you know the the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh you know the the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh you know the the PDF
+still has to integrate to one uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has to integrate to one uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has to integrate to one uh this
+got squished down okay so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got squished down okay so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got squished down okay so basically the
+PDF just got stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF just got stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF just got stretched
+out so that's the first step we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that's the first step we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that's the first step we've just
+um multiplied by two now let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiplied by two now let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiplied by two now let's take the
+absolute value of this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this random variable
+and see what happens to the PDF okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens to the PDF okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens to the PDF okay all
+of the density over the negative values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density over the negative values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density over the negative values
+that we saw in the last slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw in the last slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw in the last slide so
+basically all of this density here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of this density here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of this density here
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+flipped into positive values when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped into positive values when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped into positive values when you
+take the absolute value okay um so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the absolute value okay um so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the absolute value okay um so then
+our uh PDF looks something like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh PDF looks something like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh PDF looks something like this so
+now the support only goes from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the support only goes from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the support only goes from zero to
+positive2 but it's twice as tall as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive2 but it's twice as tall as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive2 but it's twice as tall as the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um uh previous PDF because um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh previous PDF because um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh previous PDF because um you know I
+guess there are a couple ways to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there are a couple ways to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there are a couple ways to think
+about it first of all this is a PDF so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it first of all this is a PDF so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it first of all this is a PDF so
+it has to integrate to one so it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to integrate to one so it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to integrate to one so it that
+sort of specifies what height it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of specifies what height it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of specifies what height it has to
+have but also you're basically taking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but also you're basically taking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but also you're basically taking um
+you know sort of all of this density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of all of this density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of all of this density and
+adding it to uh the the density over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it to uh the the density over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it to uh the the density over the
+positive values that was already there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values that was already there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values that was already there
+okay and now the final step is so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now the final step is so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now the final step is so we've
+multiplied it by two we've taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by two we've taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by two we've taken the
+absolute value and now we want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value and now we want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value and now we want to add
+three to it okay and what does adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to it okay and what does adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to it okay and what does adding
+three to a random variable do well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to a random variable do well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to a random variable do well it
+just shifts the entire distrib bution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifts the entire distrib bution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifts the entire distrib bution
+over so instead of going instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so instead of going instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so instead of going instead of the
+support being from 0 to two the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support being from 0 to two the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support being from 0 to two the support
+is now from 3 to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so keep in mind uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so keep in mind uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so keep in mind uh that
+throughout this process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process the
+distribution um always retain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um always retain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um always retain the
+properties of a PDF in particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a PDF in particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a PDF in particular it
+integrated to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh let me just do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh let me just do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh let me just do one more
+example uh that should help firm up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that should help firm up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that should help firm up your
+intuition of what a function of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of what a function of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of what a function of a random
+variable does okay so suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable does okay so suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable does okay so suppose we have a
+random variable X which has a uniform 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X which has a uniform 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X which has a uniform 01
+distribution uh what function G can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh what function G can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh what function G can
+transform X to be binomial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X to be binomial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X to be binomial with
+parameters 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 2 and
+0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is kind of a puzzling question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of a puzzling question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of a puzzling question
+right so the last example I gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the last example I gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the last example I gave you the
+function and then we just went step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we just went step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we just went step by
+step uh you know sort of transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh you know sort of transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh you know sort of transforming
+the random variable by the function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable by the function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable by the function here
+I didn't give you the function I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't give you the function I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't give you the function I asked
+you to come up with the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to come up with the function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to come up with the function so
+we've got two random variables one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two random variables one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two random variables one has a
+uniform 01 distribution and one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01 distribution and one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform 01 distribution and one has a
+binomial 2.5 distribution what function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial 2.5 distribution what function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial 2.5 distribution what function
+might transform one into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other well maybe I can give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well maybe I can give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well maybe I can give you a hint
+the first thing so first thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing so first thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing so first thing to do
+that might be helpful is to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be helpful is to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be helpful is to write down
+what these uh PDFs look like okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these uh PDFs look like okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these uh PDFs look like okay so the
+PDF for uniform 01 random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF for uniform 01 random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF for uniform 01 random variable is
+just equal to one over the unit interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to one over the unit interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to one over the unit interval
+and zero otherwise and what is the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise and what is the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise and what is the PDF
+for binomial 2.5 random variable look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for binomial 2.5 random variable look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for binomial 2.5 random variable look
+like well we can sort of calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well we can sort of calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well we can sort of calculate it
+you might sort of be able to figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of be able to figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of be able to figure this
+out off off the top of your head but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out off off the top of your head but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out off off the top of your head but if
+not you can go back and remind yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can go back and remind yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can go back and remind yourself
+what a binomial distribution uh looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a binomial distribution uh looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a binomial distribution uh looks
+like and you get that it's equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you get that it's equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you get that it's equal to one
+qu uh where xals 0 or two and equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu uh where xals 0 or two and equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu uh where xals 0 or two and equal to
+1/2 where xal 1 okay so remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 where xal 1 okay so remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 where xal 1 okay so remember this is
+just a coin flip uh you flip the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a coin flip uh you flip the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a coin flip uh you flip the coin
+two times it's a fair coin so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times it's a fair coin so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times it's a fair coin so there's
+probability one half of a head and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one half of a head and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one half of a head and one
+half of a tail what's the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of a tail what's the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of a tail what's the number of uh
+heads you get well it's zero or two with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads you get well it's zero or two with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads you get well it's zero or two with
+probability one quter and it's um equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one quter and it's um equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one quter and it's um equal
+to one with probability 1/2 okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one with probability 1/2 okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one with probability 1/2 okay so now
+we've got these two PDFs and we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these two PDFs and we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these two PDFs and we still
+want the function that's going to going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the function that's going to going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the function that's going to going
+to map one into the other that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map one into the other that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map one into the other that's going
+to transform the first into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second well how about about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second well how about about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second well how about about just
+chopping up the unit interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopping up the unit interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopping up the unit interval and
+mapping the appropriate sized sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the appropriate sized sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the appropriate sized sub
+intervals into each of these Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals into each of these Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals into each of these Point
+masses so the the other thing I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so the the other thing I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so the the other thing I I didn't
+emphasize already but I should is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize already but I should is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize already but I should is that
+this is a continuous variable here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a continuous variable here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a continuous variable here and
+this is a discrete variable so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a discrete variable so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a discrete variable so we have
+we have the PDF and the PF of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the PDF and the PF of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the PDF and the PF of the two
+random variables um and what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables um and what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables um and what we're going
+to do is chop up the the uh the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is chop up the the uh the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is chop up the the uh the unit
+interval into uh you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into uh you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into uh you know sort of
+sections of sizes and map those uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of sizes and map those uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of sizes and map those uh the
+appropriate size sub intervals to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate size sub intervals to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate size sub intervals to each
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+Mass okay so here graphically is the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay so here graphically is the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay so here graphically is the PDF
+of X there's the PF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X there's the PF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X there's the PF of
+Y and let's suppose we divide up the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and let's suppose we divide up the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and let's suppose we divide up the sub
+interval that way okay keep in mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that way okay keep in mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that way okay keep in mind this
+isn't the only way we could do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the only way we could do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the only way we could do it right
+I mean we could divide it up into any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we could divide it up into any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we could divide it up into any
+way such that a quarter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way such that a quarter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way such that a quarter of the
+probability got mapped into into zero a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability got mapped into into zero a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability got mapped into into zero a
+quarter got mapped into two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter got mapped into two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter got mapped into two and a half
+got mapped into one but this is as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mapped into one but this is as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mapped into one but this is as good
+a way as any and then we map the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way as any and then we map the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way as any and then we map the sub
+intervals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals like
+that okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay does that make
+sense so our function then how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so our function then how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so our function then how do we
+specify this function well we say that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify this function well we say that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify this function well we say that y
+this new random variable Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new random variable Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new random variable Y is equal to
+zero if x is less than a quarter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if x is less than a quarter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if x is less than a quarter it's
+equal to one if x is between a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one if x is between a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one if x is between a quarter
+and 3/4 and it's equal to two if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3/4 and it's equal to two if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3/4 and it's equal to two if x is
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so I mentioned this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I mentioned this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I mentioned this before
+this is one possible way to do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one possible way to do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one possible way to do it uh
+certainly not unique and we'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not unique and we'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not unique and we'll see this
+over and over again when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again when we talk about
+functions of random variables uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables uh
+sometimes there will be multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there will be multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there will be multiple
+functions of a random variable that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a random variable that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a random variable that uh
+will map into to uh the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will map into to uh the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will map into to uh the distribution of
+a a new random variable um and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new random variable um and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new random variable um and so these
+these are not always unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not always unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not always unique
+okay so one final word before we stop uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one final word before we stop uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one final word before we stop uh
+there are various methods uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various methods uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various methods uh that that
+uh some of which I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of which I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of which I'm going to talk about
+can use to figure out the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to figure out the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to figure out the distribution
+of a function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function of random
+variables uh which methods one can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh which methods one can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh which methods one can use
+on a particular problem depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular problem depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular problem depend on
+whether the original random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the original random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the original random variable is
+discrete or continuous uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete or continuous uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete or continuous uh whether
+there's just one random variable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one random variable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one random variable or
+random vector and whether the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random vector and whether the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random vector and whether the function
+uh is invertible or not okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is invertible or not okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is invertible or not okay and we're
+not going to learn all the methods uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to learn all the methods uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to learn all the methods uh if
+you were taking a semester long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking a semester long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking a semester long
+probability class you would presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class you would presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class you would presumably
+learn all of these methods but here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all of these methods but here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all of these methods but here we
+don't have that luxury um instead we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that luxury um instead we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that luxury um instead we're
+going to learn one important method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn one important method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn one important method and
+also see a lot of examples that uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see a lot of examples that uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see a lot of examples that uh we're
+going to be be able to apply pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be be able to apply pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be be able to apply pretty
+generally um and uh to to questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um and uh to to questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um and uh to to questions of
+functions of random variables that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables that come
+up okay so I think that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/F0ulAkrfvzo.txt b/F0ulAkrfvzo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82d6f4ddb6a2636521014df19bfcd28671b16c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/F0ulAkrfvzo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get started since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get started since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get started since I
+had some problems at the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some problems at the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some problems at the end of last
+lecture I'm gonna pick up all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm gonna pick up all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm gonna pick up all right
+where things got a little dicey too last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things got a little dicey too last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things got a little dicey too last
+lecture and we're gonna start over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and we're gonna start over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and we're gonna start over so
+we're looking back at figure 7 3 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking back at figure 7 3 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking back at figure 7 3 which
+if you remember was the cost curves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember was the cost curves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember was the cost curves for
+our cost function 10 plus 5 Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cost function 10 plus 5 Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cost function 10 plus 5 Q squared
+remember we came from this cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we came from this cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we came from this cost function
+we derived ourselves from the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived ourselves from the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived ourselves from the production
+function and wages and rental rates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and wages and rental rates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and wages and rental rates we
+derived this cost function we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived this cost function we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived this cost function we're now
+graphing the cost curves that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing the cost curves that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing the cost curves that come out
+of this cost function and we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cost function and we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cost function and we're talking
+about profit maximization and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about profit maximization and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about profit maximization and we talked
+about measuring profit remember so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring profit remember so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring profit remember so we're
+talking about perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about perfect competition
+perfect competition and remember we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition and remember we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition and remember we said
+that profits are revenues minus costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profits are revenues minus costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profits are revenues minus costs
+that means the profits per unit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the profits per unit our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the profits per unit our
+revenues per unit minus cost per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues per unit minus cost per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues per unit minus cost per unit
+revenues per unit our price and cost per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues per unit our price and cost per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues per unit our price and cost per
+unit is average cost so profits for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is average cost so profits for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is average cost so profits for you
+per unit is price minus average cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit is price minus average cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit is price minus average cost so
+let's go to the diagram you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the diagram you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the diagram you see the
+height of the profit rectangle is price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the profit rectangle is price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the profit rectangle is price
+minus average cost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus average cost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus average cost okay
+so what do you do you start by finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do you start by finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do you start by finding
+the point so what are your steps here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so what are your steps here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so what are your steps here
+step one is you find the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one is you find the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one is you find the point where
+price equals marginal cost that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals marginal cost that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals marginal cost that gives
+you your production level that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your production level that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your production level that gives
+your optimal Q star we derived that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your optimal Q star we derived that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your optimal Q star we derived that last
+time of three okay we derive that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of three okay we derive that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of three okay we derive that last
+time that you want to you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you want to you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you want to you want to
+optimize the point where price equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the point where price equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the point where price equals
+marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+that gives our Q star of three then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives our Q star of three then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives our Q star of three then at
+that level we compute average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level we compute average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level we compute average cost
+average cost at Q of three is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost at Q of three is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost at Q of three is simply
+going to be this cost function divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this cost function divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this cost function divided
+by three so 10 over 3 plus five times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three so 10 over 3 plus five times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three so 10 over 3 plus five times Q
+squared over plus five Q squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over plus five Q squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over plus five Q squared over
+three are just five Q plus 15 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are just five Q plus 15 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are just five Q plus 15 okay so
+the average cost at three is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost at three is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost at three is going to be
+eighteen point three three that's me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen point three three that's me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen point three three that's me the
+average cost at production of three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost at production of three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost at production of three that
+means that profits at that depth at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that profits at that depth at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that profits at that depth at the
+profits were making for that third unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits were making for that third unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits were making for that third unit
+the problems are third you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are third you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are third you
+it is the price profits per unit are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the price profits per unit are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the price profits per unit are the
+price which is a fixed level of 30 - the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which is a fixed level of 30 - the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which is a fixed level of 30 - the
+average cost which is 18 point 3 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost which is 18 point 3 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost which is 18 point 3 3
+so profits per unit equals 11 point 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so profits per unit equals 11 point 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so profits per unit equals 11 point 6 7
+so that's the profit that's the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the profit that's the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the profit that's the height
+of the rectangle the profits per unit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rectangle the profits per unit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rectangle the profits per unit is
+11 point 6 7 the price - the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 point 6 7 the price - the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 point 6 7 the price - the average
+cost is 11 point 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is 11 point 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is 11 point 6 7
+we're selling 3 units so that means our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're selling 3 units so that means our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're selling 3 units so that means our
+total profit rectangle is 35 ok so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total profit rectangle is 35 ok so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total profit rectangle is 35 ok so our
+total profits are 35 which is 3 units at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total profits are 35 which is 3 units at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total profits are 35 which is 3 units at
+a profit of 11 point 6 7 each ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit of 11 point 6 7 each ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit of 11 point 6 7 each ok and
+that's how we get that rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get that rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get that rectangle
+questions about that okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that okay so now let's
+return to what we did last time let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to what we did last time let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to what we did last time let's
+imagine there's a tax of 10 dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's a tax of 10 dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's a tax of 10 dollars per
+unit okay that would shift the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay that would shift the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay that would shift the cost
+curve to C equals 10 plus 5 Q squared +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to C equals 10 plus 5 Q squared +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to C equals 10 plus 5 Q squared +
+10 Q remember it's a tax per unit plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Q remember it's a tax per unit plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Q remember it's a tax per unit plus
+10 Q okay that would mean so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Q okay that would mean so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Q okay that would mean so that is
+illustrated in Figure 7 for okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated in Figure 7 for okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated in Figure 7 for okay that
+means that the marginal cost curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the marginal cost curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the marginal cost curve and
+the average cost curve both ship up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost curve both ship up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost curve both ship up
+shift up marginal cost is now equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift up marginal cost is now equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift up marginal cost is now equal to
+10 Q plus 10 okay we want to set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Q plus 10 okay we want to set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Q plus 10 okay we want to set that
+equal to the price to get the optimal Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the price to get the optimal Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the price to get the optimal Q
+and you solve this and you get a new Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve this and you get a new Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve this and you get a new Q
+star equals 2 so now your optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star equals 2 so now your optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star equals 2 so now your optimal
+production level is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level is 2
+okay you set your new marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you set your new marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you set your new marginal cost
+equal to the price margin cost equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the price margin cost equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the price margin cost equals
+price marsh particles priced at a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price marsh particles priced at a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price marsh particles priced at a new
+quantum quantity of two what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum quantity of two what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum quantity of two what's the
+profits there well once again profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits there well once again profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits there well once again profits
+profits per unit are just price which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit are just price which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit are just price which is
+30 minus average cost what's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minus average cost what's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minus average cost what's the average
+cost to 2 the average cost of 2 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to 2 the average cost of 2 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to 2 the average cost of 2 is going
+to be 10 over Q so 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 10 over Q so 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 10 over Q so 5
+10 over 2 is 5 okay +5 Q because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 over 2 is 5 okay +5 Q because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 over 2 is 5 okay +5 Q because we're
+dividing this by Q 5 Q which is 10 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing this by Q 5 Q which is 10 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing this by Q 5 Q which is 10 okay
+plus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 10
+okay 30 minus 25 which equals 5 so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 30 minus 25 which equals 5 so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 30 minus 25 which equals 5 so your
+profits per unit the height of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit the height of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit the height of that
+rectangle has fallen from eleven point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle has fallen from eleven point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle has fallen from eleven point
+six seven to five so you're now making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven to five so you're now making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven to five so you're now making
+less profit per unit and you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less profit per unit and you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less profit per unit and you're selling
+fewer units the height of the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer units the height of the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer units the height of the rectangle
+is shrunk the width of the rectangle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shrunk the width of the rectangle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shrunk the width of the rectangle is
+shrunk so your total profits have fallen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk so your total profits have fallen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk so your total profits have fallen
+from 30 to ten okay used to make profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 30 to ten okay used to make profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 30 to ten okay used to make profits
+of eleven point six seven in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eleven point six seven in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eleven point six seven in each of
+three units now you make profits of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three units now you make profits of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three units now you make profits of five
+on each of two units so that taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of two units so that taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of two units so that taxes
+lowered your profits from 30 to ten okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered your profits from 30 to ten okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered your profits from 30 to ten okay
+question about that yeah yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that yeah yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that yeah yes exactly
+because you have a higher cost now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a higher cost now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a higher cost now it's
+not just that your cost change if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that your cost change if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that your cost change if your
+cost changing fed through to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost changing fed through to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost changing fed through to your
+production as well so because your cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production as well so because your cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production as well so because your cost
+change you produced a different level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you produced a different level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you produced a different level
+and you made a different profit per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you made a different profit per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you made a different profit per unit
+okay all right now let's go to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now let's go to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now let's go to the other
+point I tried to cover last time though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I tried to cover last time though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I tried to cover last time though
+I only get straight on which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only get straight on which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only get straight on which is the
+shutdown decision now remember we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown decision now remember we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown decision now remember we are in
+the short-run shutdown we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-run shutdown we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-run shutdown we're in the
+short run and the short run there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and the short run there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and the short run there's no
+entry and exit the firm can't literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit the firm can't literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit the firm can't literally
+leave but it can just produce zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave but it can just produce zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave but it can just produce zero that
+would call the short-run shutdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call the short-run shutdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call the short-run shutdown
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+oh sure we're shut down decision you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure we're shut down decision you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure we're shut down decision you're
+still in the market you still paid your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the market you still paid your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the market you still paid your
+fixed costs you just produce zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs you just produce zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs you just produce zero that's
+mean by shutdown as opposed to exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by shutdown as opposed to exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by shutdown as opposed to exit
+which is literally take your toys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is literally take your toys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is literally take your toys and
+leave this is you're still in the mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this is you're still in the mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this is you're still in the mark
+you've paid your fixed cost you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've paid your fixed cost you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've paid your fixed cost you can't go
+anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+remember those costs are fixed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those costs are fixed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those costs are fixed in the
+short run but you just produce zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run but you just produce zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run but you just produce zero so
+now let's ask for example what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's ask for example what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's ask for example what happens
+if the price suddenly dropped to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the price suddenly dropped to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the price suddenly dropped to ten
+let's say the price dropped from 30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the price dropped from 30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the price dropped from 30 to
+ten well you're the fundamental profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten well you're the fundamental profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten well you're the fundamental profit
+maximization rule never changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization rule never changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization rule never changes the
+profit Max's inlet we're not having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit Max's inlet we're not having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit Max's inlet we're not having the
+tax anymore we're back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax anymore we're back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax anymore we're back to the original
+our original cost function so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original cost function so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original cost function so there's no
+cost function see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function see you
+10 plus 5 q squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plus 5 q squared okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plus 5 q squared okay
+so the marginal cost equals 10 Q and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal cost equals 10 Q and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal cost equals 10 Q and our
+profit max is a shoe rule does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit max is a shoe rule does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit max is a shoe rule does not
+change a profit maximization rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a profit maximization rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a profit maximization rule is
+that price equals marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price equals marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price equals marginal cost
+so we set 10 Q to 10 marks cost equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set 10 Q to 10 marks cost equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set 10 Q to 10 marks cost equal to
+price 10 is the price and we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price 10 is the price and we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price 10 is the price and we get to the
+optimal quantity is now 1 okay we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal quantity is now 1 okay we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal quantity is now 1 okay we now
+want to produce one unit that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce one unit that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce one unit that's the
+optimal quantity well what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal quantity well what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal quantity well what is our
+profits if we produce one unit we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits if we produce one unit we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits if we produce one unit we'll
+profits equals revenues 10 minus costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits equals revenues 10 minus costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits equals revenues 10 minus costs
+well what's our costs if we produce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's our costs if we produce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's our costs if we produce one
+unit 10 plus 5 15 so profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit 10 plus 5 15 so profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit 10 plus 5 15 so profits are
+negative 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 5
+okay I'm going fast so jump in if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going fast so jump in if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going fast so jump in if I get
+the math wrong here okay profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math wrong here okay profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math wrong here okay profits are
+negative 5 so you might think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 5 so you might think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 5 so you might think that's
+terrible using money you should get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible using money you should get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible using money you should get out
+of there shut down but the answer is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there shut down but the answer is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there shut down but the answer is as
+we discussed last time you should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last time you should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last time you should not
+shut down because shutting down still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down because shutting down still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down because shutting down still
+means paying your fixed costs no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means paying your fixed costs no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means paying your fixed costs no matter
+what you do you have to pay those fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you have to pay those fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you have to pay those fixed
+costs so shutting down means production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so shutting down means production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so shutting down means production
+of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero
+what are your profits at a production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your profits at a production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your profits at a production of
+zero your profits at a production of 0 R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero your profits at a production of 0 R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero your profits at a production of 0 R
+0 revenues minus the fixed cost of 10 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 revenues minus the fixed cost of 10 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 revenues minus the fixed cost of 10 if
+you produce 0 what's your cost plug 0 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce 0 what's your cost plug 0 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce 0 what's your cost plug 0 in
+here your costs are still 10 so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here your costs are still 10 so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here your costs are still 10 so if you
+produce newer your profits or minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce newer your profits or minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce newer your profits or minus 10
+so you should continue to sell even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should continue to sell even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should continue to sell even
+though you're losing money even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're losing money even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're losing money even though
+you're losing money you continue to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing money you continue to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing money you continue to sell
+that one unit you don't go to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one unit you don't go to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one unit you don't go to zero okay
+because that's zero you're even worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's zero you're even worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's zero you're even worse
+off this is the key thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this is the key thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this is the key thing about
+short-run shutdown decision yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah but that's the key thing once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but that's the key thing once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but that's the key thing once you
+move to the long run you can reoptimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the long run you can reoptimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the long run you can reoptimize
+your capital and you can exit but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital and you can exit but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital and you can exit but in the
+short run you've already paid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you've already paid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you've already paid that
+you've already laid down your blanket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already laid down your blanket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already laid down your blanket
+which cost you ten you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cost you ten you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cost you ten you might as well
+sell it a loss if you just sell zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it a loss if you just sell zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it a loss if you just sell zero you
+then you've laid down your blanket for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've laid down your blanket for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've laid down your blanket for
+ten and got nothing out of it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten and got nothing out of it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten and got nothing out of it okay
+that's the transition to the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transition to the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transition to the long run
+okay so basically and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically and so basically
+that's how you think about the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you think about the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you think about the short run
+ders the long run so what do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders the long run so what do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders the long run so what do we think
+about how this works so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this works so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this works so basically the
+shutdown rule the way to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown rule the way to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown rule the way to think of the
+math the shutdown rule is that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the shutdown rule is that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the shutdown rule is that basically
+you only want to shut down if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only want to shut down if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only want to shut down if your
+revenues are less than your variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues are less than your variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues are less than your variable
+costs because you got to pay your fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs because you got to pay your fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs because you got to pay your fixed
+costs no matter what that's done you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs no matter what that's done you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs no matter what that's done you're
+in the short-run that's gone forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short-run that's gone forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short-run that's gone forget it
+you laid your blanket down on the bazaar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laid your blanket down on the bazaar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laid your blanket down on the bazaar
+that's done so you only want to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done so you only want to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done so you only want to shut
+down if your revenues are less than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if your revenues are less than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if your revenues are less than your
+variable costs you don't care about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable costs you don't care about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable costs you don't care about your
+fixed costs that's done ulicia know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs that's done ulicia know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs that's done ulicia know that
+if your revenues will lessen your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your revenues will lessen your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your revenues will lessen your
+variable costs well that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable costs well that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable costs well that's the same as
+saying you only want to shut down if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you only want to shut down if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you only want to shut down if
+your price variable costs rpq I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your price variable costs rpq I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your price variable costs rpq I'm sorry
+your variable costs you only shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variable costs you only shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variable costs you only shut down
+if your price or less than your then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your price or less than your then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your price or less than your then
+your average variable costs so divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average variable costs so divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average variable costs so divide by
+Q you only shut down if your price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q you only shut down if your price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q you only shut down if your price is
+less than your average variable costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than your average variable costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than your average variable costs
+okay that's the shutdown rule shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the shutdown rule shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the shutdown rule shut down
+if the price you get is less than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the price you get is less than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the price you get is less than on
+average what you'll get for the unit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average what you'll get for the unit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average what you'll get for the unit for
+the unit's you sell so in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit's you sell so in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit's you sell so in our example
+you never shut down and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never shut down and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never shut down and why is that
+listen to the math of our example well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the math of our example well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the math of our example well
+in our example what our variable cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example what our variable cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example what our variable cost
+the variable cost is five Q squared if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable cost is five Q squared if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable cost is five Q squared if I
+put these down the variable cost in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these down the variable cost in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these down the variable cost in our
+example variable costs are five Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example variable costs are five Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example variable costs are five Q
+squared so what our average variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what our average variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what our average variable
+costs five Q okay those are average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs five Q okay those are average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs five Q okay those are average
+variable costs now remember that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable costs now remember that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable costs now remember that um you
+want to shut down if variable costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shut down if variable costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shut down if variable costs are
+greater than the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the price
+we can express the price in terms of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express the price in terms of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express the price in terms of Q
+because remember marginal cost equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember marginal cost equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember marginal cost equals
+price so 10 Q equals P so at the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so 10 Q equals P so at the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so 10 Q equals P so at the optimum
+it is always true that P equals Q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always true that P equals Q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always true that P equals Q over
+10 that's a profit maximizing condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that's a profit maximizing condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that's a profit maximizing condition
+okay that P equals Q over 10 we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that P equals Q over 10 we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that P equals Q over 10 we can just
+substitute that in and we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in and we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in and we have that
+average variable costs equals 5 times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variable costs equals 5 times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variable costs equals 5 times Q
+so average variable costs equals 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so average variable costs equals 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so average variable costs equals 0.5
+times P at the optimum okay because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P at the optimum okay because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P at the optimum okay because we
+know what the outer marginal cost equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the outer marginal cost equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the outer marginal cost equals
+price we can plug that in say at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we can plug that in say at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we can plug that in say at the
+optimum average cost of 0.5 times P yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q let me see if I got that wrong yes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q let me see if I got that wrong yes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q let me see if I got that wrong yes I'm
+sorry Q equals Q equals P over 10 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Q equals Q equals P over 10 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Q equals Q equals P over 10 you're
+right Q equals P over 10 my bad sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Q equals P over 10 my bad sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Q equals P over 10 my bad sorry so
+the average variable cost is 0.5 times P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average variable cost is 0.5 times P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average variable cost is 0.5 times P
+what's the shutdown rule the shutdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shutdown rule the shutdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shutdown rule the shutdown
+rule is that price is less than average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is that price is less than average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is that price is less than average
+variable cost or price is less than 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable cost or price is less than 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable cost or price is less than 0.5
+price which can never be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which can never be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which can never be true
+so you never shut down with this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never shut down with this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never shut down with this cost
+function okay to say it again you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay to say it again you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay to say it again you only
+shut down a price is less than variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down a price is less than variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down a price is less than variable
+cuz then average variable cost we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz then average variable cost we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz then average variable cost we've
+computed our general cost in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed our general cost in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed our general cost in terms of
+price at at 0.5 times price therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at at 0.5 times price therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at at 0.5 times price therefore
+you never shut down okay and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never shut down okay and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never shut down okay and you could
+see this when we actually go to so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this when we actually go to so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this when we actually go to so you
+can actually see this in Figure 75 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see this in Figure 75 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see this in Figure 75 when
+we look at the firm's supply decision so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the firm's supply decision so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the firm's supply decision so
+as figure 75 does is show you at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as figure 75 does is show you at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as figure 75 does is show you at every
+price what the firm wants to produce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price what the firm wants to produce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price what the firm wants to produce in
+the short-run at a price of 10 it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-run at a price of 10 it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-run at a price of 10 it wants
+to produce 1 we showed you that at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce 1 we showed you that at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce 1 we showed you that at a
+price of 20 it wants to produce 2 at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 20 it wants to produce 2 at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 20 it wants to produce 2 at a
+price of 30 wants to loose 3 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 30 wants to loose 3 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 30 wants to loose 3 and so on
+that - that that line that runs from 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that - that that line that runs from 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that - that that line that runs from 0 0
+to 4 40 that's a marginal cost line okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 40 that's a marginal cost line okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 40 that's a marginal cost line okay
+at each point price equals marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point price equals marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point price equals marginal cost
+the alto production decision okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alto production decision okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alto production decision okay so
+and you never shut down you always as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you never shut down you always as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you never shut down you always as
+long as price is positive you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as price is positive you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as price is positive you produce
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry to understand price is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry to understand price is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry to understand price is always
+above average variable cost so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average variable cost so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average variable cost so you'd
+never shut down right that's a shutdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never shut down right that's a shutdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never shut down right that's a shutdown
+rule this kid never this could never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this kid never this could never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this kid never this could never be
+true with this function price is forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with this function price is forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with this function price is forever
+above average for our cost you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average for our cost you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average for our cost you can see
+that in this graph right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this graph right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this graph right
+the price is Oh with the price equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is Oh with the price equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is Oh with the price equals
+the marginal cost and that is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost and that is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost and that is always
+above the average variable cost okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the average variable cost okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the average variable cost okay so
+the bottom line is you never shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is you never shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is you never shut down
+but here's the other cool thing after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the other cool thing after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the other cool thing after
+all this confusing math guess what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this confusing math guess what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this confusing math guess what this
+line is this marginal cost line what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is this marginal cost line what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is this marginal cost line what
+else do we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do we call that
+that's a supply curve people we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a supply curve people we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a supply curve people we just
+derived the supply curve what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the supply curve what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the supply curve what's the
+supply curve the supply curve is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve the supply curve is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve the supply curve is the
+relationship between the price and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the price and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the price and the
+market and the amount of producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the amount of producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the amount of producer
+desires to produce well that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires to produce well that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires to produce well that's what this
+marginal cost curve is so we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve is so we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve is so we've just
+shown you that the firm's supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you that the firm's supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you that the firm's supply curve
+is simply its marginal cost curve so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply its marginal cost curve so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply its marginal cost curve so all
+you need to know to derive what a firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to derive what a firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to derive what a firm's
+supply curve looks like is what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve looks like is what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve looks like is what its
+marginal cost curve looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve looks like and
+you're done so literally you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done so literally you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done so literally you take
+production plus input prices and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production plus input prices and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production plus input prices and that
+gives you the supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the supply curve
+why because production plus input prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because production plus input prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because production plus input prices
+gives you the cost function to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the cost function to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the cost function to take the
+derivative the cost function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the cost function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the cost function with
+respect to quantity that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to quantity that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to quantity that gives you the
+marginal cost function that's the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost function that's the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost function that's the supply
+curve so just like I could give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so just like I could give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so just like I could give you a
+utility function and a budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function and a budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function and a budget constraint
+and you got the demand curve here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got the demand curve here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got the demand curve here I can
+give you a production function and input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a production function and input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a production function and input
+prices and it gets the supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and it gets the supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and it gets the supply curve
+however only under perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however only under perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however only under perfect competition
+okay this is only for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is only for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is only for the case of
+perfect competition that's there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition that's there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition that's there's some
+consumer theory that was in everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory that was in everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory that was in everywhere
+rule because I've given you an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because I've given you an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because I've given you an extra
+constraint which is a constraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is a constraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is a constraint on the
+market I've allowed you to Rive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market I've allowed you to Rive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market I've allowed you to Rive the
+supply curve just like we easily derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve just like we easily derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve just like we easily derived
+the demand curve okay so we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve okay so we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve okay so we have now
+derived a firm's supply curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived a firm's supply curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived a firm's supply curve okay
+questions about that so let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that so let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that so let's go back
+one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time
+just like if I give you on say a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like if I give you on say a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like if I give you on say a problem
+set or an exam a utility function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or an exam a utility function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or an exam a utility function a
+budget constraint you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint you should be able to
+draw a demand curve if I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a demand curve if I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a demand curve if I give you a
+production function and input prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and input prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and input prices
+and I tell you in perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tell you in perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tell you in perfect competition
+then you should be able to draw a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should be able to draw a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should be able to draw a supply
+curve because it's just a marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because it's just a marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because it's just a marginal cost
+curve okay now that's the firm's supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay now that's the firm's supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay now that's the firm's supply
+curve what we care about actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve what we care about actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve what we care about actually in the
+N is the market supply curve right I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is the market supply curve right I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is the market supply curve right I've
+been doing little Q we care about big Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing little Q we care about big Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing little Q we care about big Q
+that's what I drew in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I drew in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I drew in the first lecture
+was a big Q diagram so how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big Q diagram so how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big Q diagram so how do we get
+there well all you do to get the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well all you do to get the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well all you do to get the market
+supply is to horizontally sum each firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is to horizontally sum each firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is to horizontally sum each firms
+supply so we can see that in Figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply so we can see that in Figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply so we can see that in Figure
+seven seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven
+okay what's figure seven seven does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's figure seven seven does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's figure seven seven does is
+take multiple identical firms and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple identical firms and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple identical firms and put
+them in the market so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the market so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the market so for example if
+there's one firm in the market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one firm in the market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one firm in the market the
+supply curve is what we just drew okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve is what we just drew okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve is what we just drew okay
+at a price of ten you get ten at a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price of ten you get ten at a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price of ten you get ten at a price
+of 10 you get one at a price of 30 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 you get one at a price of 30 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 you get one at a price of 30 you
+get three now let's add a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three now let's add a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three now let's add a second
+identical firm well that firm behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical firm well that firm behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical firm well that firm behaves
+the same way at a price of ten it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way at a price of ten it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way at a price of ten it
+produces one and a price of thirty it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces one and a price of thirty it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces one and a price of thirty it
+produces three so the market now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces three so the market now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces three so the market now
+suddenly has twice as much at a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly has twice as much at a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly has twice as much at a price of
+ten it has two at a price of thirty has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten it has two at a price of thirty has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten it has two at a price of thirty has
+six now let's add a third firm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six now let's add a third firm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six now let's add a third firm it
+behaves the same way at a price of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves the same way at a price of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves the same way at a price of ten
+it produces one the price of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces one the price of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces one the price of three
+produces three so each additional firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces three so each additional firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces three so each additional firm
+you add okay just literally shifts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add okay just literally shifts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add okay just literally shifts the
+supply curve down okay so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve down okay so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve down okay so in other words
+the point is that a market supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that a market supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that a market supply curve
+as you add more and more firms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add more and more firms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add more and more firms the
+market supply curve is always more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply curve is always more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply curve is always more
+elastic than the firm's supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic than the firm's supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic than the firm's supply curve
+because any given increase in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any given increase in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any given increase in price
+calls forth from each firm an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls forth from each firm an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls forth from each firm an increase
+in four in quantity and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four in quantity and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four in quantity and as long as
+there's multiple firms that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple firms that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple firms that means a
+flatter market supply curve than a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter market supply curve than a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter market supply curve than a firm
+supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve
+okay so that's how we get the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how we get the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how we get the market
+supply curve we solved for the firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve we solved for the firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve we solved for the firm's
+supply curve we then just horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve we then just horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve we then just horizontally
+sum it over the number of firms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it over the number of firms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it over the number of firms in the
+market get the firm supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market get the firm supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market get the firm supply curve
+horizontally some okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally some okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally some okay questions about
+that now now we have everything we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now now we have everything we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now now we have everything we need
+to go back to the first lecture back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the first lecture back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the first lecture back to
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+okay back to the first lecture and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to the first lecture and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to the first lecture and we
+can actually get to market equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get to market equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get to market equilibrium
+in the first lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture we
+started without supply curve and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started without supply curve and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started without supply curve and demand
+curve and got equilibrium what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and got equilibrium what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and got equilibrium what we
+derived the demand curve a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the demand curve a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the demand curve a few lectures
+ago we've just derived the supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we've just derived the supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we've just derived the supply curve
+so let's do short-run equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do short-run equilibrium okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do short-run equilibrium okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do short-run equilibrium okay
+now the key thing is that so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key thing is that so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key thing is that so how do we
+do short-run equilibrium let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do short-run equilibrium let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do short-run equilibrium let's go
+through the steps step 1 each firm picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the steps step 1 each firm picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the steps step 1 each firm picks
+a fixed amount of capital it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed amount of capital it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed amount of capital it's going to
+have in the short-run okay so each firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the short-run okay so each firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the short-run okay so each firm
+has a K bar okay and based on that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a K bar okay and based on that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a K bar okay and based on that it
+has a production function either as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a production function either as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a production function either as a
+production function - Q equals f of K k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function - Q equals f of K k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function - Q equals f of K k
+bar L okay we and we have some input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar L okay we and we have some input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar L okay we and we have some input
+prices we have some W and some are taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices we have some W and some are taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices we have some W and some are taken
+together we can use those to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can use those to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can use those to create a
+cost function which in our example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function which in our example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function which in our example with
+C equals 10 plus 5 Q squared step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C equals 10 plus 5 Q squared step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C equals 10 plus 5 Q squared step one
+step two okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two okay um
+step two based on this we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two based on this we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two based on this we can get
+optimal production levels from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal production levels from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal production levels from the
+fundamental profit maximization rule MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental profit maximization rule MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental profit maximization rule MC
+equals P okay so this yields we know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P okay so this yields we know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P okay so this yields we know so
+here we say ten Q equals P and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we say ten Q equals P and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we say ten Q equals P and this
+yields a supply function which is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a supply function which is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a supply function which is Q
+equals P over ten and that's our supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P over ten and that's our supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P over ten and that's our supply
+curve that's what I drew here Q equals P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's what I drew here Q equals P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's what I drew here Q equals P
+over ten is the firm's supply curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ten is the firm's supply curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ten is the firm's supply curve okay
+that's step two step three is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's step two step three is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's step two step three is to create
+a market supply curve well let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market supply curve well let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market supply curve well let's say
+there's six firms in the market I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six firms in the market I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six firms in the market I'm just
+pulled this out of thin air in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this out of thin air in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this out of thin air in a minute
+we'll get to how many firms there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to how many firms there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to how many firms there are
+but for now in the short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now in the short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now in the short-run
+there's no entry and exit so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no entry and exit so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no entry and exit so whatever
+number of firms I tell you that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms I tell you that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms I tell you that's what's
+there let's just give it okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's just give it okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's just give it okay so let's
+say N equals six let's say there's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say N equals six let's say there's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say N equals six let's say there's six
+firms okay and I'll come in a minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms okay and I'll come in a minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms okay and I'll come in a minute to
+where six comes from but for now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where six comes from but for now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where six comes from but for now let's
+just assume it okay that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume it okay that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume it okay that means that the
+total market supply big Q is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total market supply big Q is just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total market supply big Q is just equal
+to six little Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six little Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six little Q
+six little q which equals 3/5 P okay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six little q which equals 3/5 P okay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six little q which equals 3/5 P okay or
+6/10 P okay that is our market supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6/10 P okay that is our market supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6/10 P okay that is our market supply
+curve yeah the number of firms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve yeah the number of firms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve yeah the number of firms that are
+out there yeah but once again once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there yeah but once again once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there yeah but once again once
+they're in they're done they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in they're done they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in they're done they know
+there's six firms so they're done let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six firms so they're done let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six firms so they're done let me
+I'm gonna come to this that's that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna come to this that's that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna come to this that's that you
+talk about the long run okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the long run okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the long run okay
+other questions yeah okay so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah okay so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah okay so that that
+gives you your market supply finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you your market supply finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you your market supply finally we
+go back to lecture 1 and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to lecture 1 and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to lecture 1 and the first
+recitation where you saw mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation where you saw mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation where you saw mathematically
+for equilibrium we have some domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equilibrium we have some domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equilibrium we have some domain
+curve I'm just gonna make this up let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I'm just gonna make this up let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I'm just gonna make this up let's
+say the demand curve is Q equals 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the demand curve is Q equals 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the demand curve is Q equals 48
+minus P I just made that up to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P I just made that up to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P I just made that up to make the
+math easy okay where does this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math easy okay where does this come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math easy okay where does this come from
+well you know where that comes from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know where that comes from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know where that comes from you
+solve where that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve where that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve where that comes from
+that comes from consumer maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from consumer maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from consumer maximization
+okay 48 minus P so to get out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 48 minus P so to get out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 48 minus P so to get out the
+Librium we just said 48 minus p equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librium we just said 48 minus p equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librium we just said 48 minus p equal to
+3/5 P okay demand equal the supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/5 P okay demand equal the supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/5 P okay demand equal the supply and
+we end up with P equals 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with P equals 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with P equals 30
+conveniently familiar number okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently familiar number okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently familiar number okay which
+means that the total demand big Q is 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the total demand big Q is 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the total demand big Q is 48
+minus 30 equals 18 also convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 equals 18 also convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 equals 18 also convenient
+number and I'll show you why the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I'll show you why the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I'll show you why the fifth
+step each firm says given this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step each firm says given this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step each firm says given this price
+what do I want to produce well we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to produce well we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to produce well we know
+that given a price of 38 firms little Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given a price of 38 firms little Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given a price of 38 firms little Q
+star is 3 right that's what we solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is 3 right that's what we solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is 3 right that's what we solved
+each firms little Q star is 3 given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each firms little Q star is 3 given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each firms little Q star is 3 given a
+price of 30 okay so each firm produces 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 30 okay so each firm produces 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 30 okay so each firm produces 3
+units how many firms are there what six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units how many firms are there what six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units how many firms are there what six
+times three supply equals demand six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times three supply equals demand six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times three supply equals demand six
+firms brews three each at a price of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms brews three each at a price of 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms brews three each at a price of 30
+that's 18 at a price of 30 people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 18 at a price of 30 people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 18 at a price of 30 people want
+18 equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's how it all works so leaving aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it all works so leaving aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it all works so leaving aside
+where the six came from everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the six came from everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the six came from everything else
+you see here is just taking what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is just taking what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is just taking what we did
+in working out the math and we get six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in working out the math and we get six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in working out the math and we get six
+firms in the market the each one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms in the market the each one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms in the market the each one to
+produce three that's the 18 that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce three that's the 18 that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce three that's the 18 that people
+want okay so to get equilibrium you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so to get equilibrium you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so to get equilibrium you just
+need a ought to get equilibrium you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a ought to get equilibrium you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a ought to get equilibrium you need
+a demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demand curve
+you need a cost function and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a cost function and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a cost function and you need
+the number of firms in the market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of firms in the market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of firms in the market you
+demand curve you need a cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve you need a cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve you need a cost function
+and the number of firms in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of firms in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of firms in the market
+given that you can get you can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you can get you can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you can get you can solve for
+the equilibrium questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium questions about that
+yeah demand curve yeah q equals 40 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah demand curve yeah q equals 40 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah demand curve yeah q equals 40 minus
+P is the demand curve okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is the demand curve okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is the demand curve okay other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+good questions there's a good clarifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions there's a good clarifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions there's a good clarifying
+questions ok so now let's ask where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions ok so now let's ask where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions ok so now let's ask where the
+hell six comes from okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell six comes from okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell six comes from okay
+and where six comes from is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what six comes from is from the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what six comes from is from the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what six comes from is from the long run
+so now we get to long run to long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we get to long run to long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we get to long run to long run
+competition which is in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which is in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which is in the short run
+there's a certain number of firms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain number of firms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain number of firms in the
+market but where those firms come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but where those firms come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but where those firms come from
+well they come from the fact that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they come from the fact that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they come from the fact that each
+short run is a repeated exercise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run is a repeated exercise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run is a repeated exercise that
+makes up the long run so the number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up the long run so the number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up the long run so the number in
+the long run perfect competition in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run perfect competition in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run perfect competition in the
+long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run
+looks just like perfect competition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like perfect competition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like perfect competition the
+short run full information no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run full information no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run full information no
+transaction costs lots of firms with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction costs lots of firms with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction costs lots of firms with one
+difference we're now going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we're now going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we're now going to allow
+entry and exit nothing else is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit nothing else is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit nothing else is going to
+change in the short run except we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the short run except we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the short run except we're now
+gonna allow entry and exit ok so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna allow entry and exit ok so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna allow entry and exit ok so now
+what and one other thing I'm sorry one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and one other thing I'm sorry one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and one other thing I'm sorry one
+other thing changes since all costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing changes since all costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing changes since all costs are
+variable there's no shutdown decision ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable there's no shutdown decision ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable there's no shutdown decision ok
+there's no issue of this shutdown rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issue of this shutdown rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issue of this shutdown rule
+ok there's no more fixed costs space if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there's no more fixed costs space if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there's no more fixed costs space if
+you lose money in the long run you shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose money in the long run you shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose money in the long run you shut
+down so always to worry about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so always to worry about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so always to worry about its
+profits you don't have to shut this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you don't have to shut this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you don't have to shut this
+extra shut so the short rule made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra shut so the short rule made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra shut so the short rule made an
+extra shutdown condition you don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra shutdown condition you don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra shutdown condition you don't worry
+about it not long run just worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it not long run just worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it not long run just worry about
+if you're making money or losing money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making money or losing money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making money or losing money
+in the long run if you're making money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run if you're making money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run if you're making money
+you're in if you're losing money you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in if you're losing money you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in if you're losing money you're
+out so now let's ask how that pins down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so now let's ask how that pins down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so now let's ask how that pins down
+the number of firms in the market ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of firms in the market ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of firms in the market ok
+this is complicated so the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is complicated so the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is complicated so the best way to
+do it I think is an example ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I think is an example ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I think is an example ok
+let's and think about our fun the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and think about our fun the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and think about our fun the
+fundamental rule I want you to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental rule I want you to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental rule I want you to keep in
+mind in the example easy with this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in the example easy with this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in the example easy with this rule
+the simple rule is if there's profits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple rule is if there's profits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple rule is if there's profits to
+be made you enter if this profits if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made you enter if this profits if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made you enter if this profits if
+there's losses you exit and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's losses you exit and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's losses you exit and these two
+things together imply the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together imply the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together imply the fundamental
+rule of competitive equilibrium that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of competitive equilibrium that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of competitive equilibrium that in
+the long run profits are zero because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run profits are zero because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run profits are zero because if
+there's ever profit in the market firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ever profit in the market firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ever profit in the market firms
+will come in as ever lost the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in as ever lost the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in as ever lost the market for
+loop firms will exit and that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop firms will exit and that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop firms will exit and that process
+will continue until profits are zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue until profits are zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue until profits are zero so
+our fundamental conclusion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fundamental conclusion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fundamental conclusion is the
+long-run equilibrium pettite of equi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run equilibrium pettite of equi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run equilibrium pettite of equi
+Librium features zero profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librium features zero profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librium features zero profits
+now let's see why let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see why let's go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see why let's go to figure
+eight one I want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight one I want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight one I want to talk about the
+computer that circuit the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that circuit the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that circuit the market for
+personal computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computers
+let's see you guys were born like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see you guys were born like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see you guys were born like what
+years so you're now like eighteen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so you're now like eighteen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so you're now like eighteen so
+you're born like 1990s it's about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're born like 1990s it's about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're born like 1990s it's about when
+you guys are born okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are born okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are born okay
+1990 was a very interesting time for PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 was a very interesting time for PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 was a very interesting time for PC
+market you all grew up in a PC world not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you all grew up in a PC world not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you all grew up in a PC world not
+a personal computer world and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal computer world and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal computer world and but
+basically in 1990 we're in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in 1990 we're in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in 1990 we're in a very
+different world we're in a world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different world we're in a world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different world we're in a world that
+was dominated by giant mainframe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dominated by giant mainframe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dominated by giant mainframe
+computers okay my graduation speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay my graduation speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay my graduation speaker
+from MIT in 1987 was Ken Olsen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT in 1987 was Ken Olsen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT in 1987 was Ken Olsen the
+chairman of deck which was the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of deck which was the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of deck which was the one of
+the premier manufacturer of giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premier manufacturer of giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premier manufacturer of giant
+computers he gave the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers he gave the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers he gave the worst
+graduation speech you've ever seen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation speech you've ever seen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation speech you've ever seen okay
+if you're ever giving us if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever giving us if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever giving us if you ever
+become famous see a graduation speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become famous see a graduation speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become famous see a graduation speech
+the number one rule is don't spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one rule is don't spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one rule is don't spend the
+whole speech talking about yourself he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole speech talking about yourself he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole speech talking about yourself he
+spent the whole speech talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the whole speech talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the whole speech talking about how
+wonderful he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful he was
+how deck was everything and five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how deck was everything and five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how deck was everything and five years
+later he was bankrupt okay so take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he was bankrupt okay so take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he was bankrupt okay so take that
+Ken Olson that's why you don't give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken Olson that's why you don't give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken Olson that's why you don't give a
+speech talk about how wonderful you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech talk about how wonderful you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech talk about how wonderful you are
+okay what happened well let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happened well let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happened well let's talk about
+what happened let's talk about the PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened let's talk about the PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened let's talk about the PC
+market okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay
+God hope kennels doesn't watch this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God hope kennels doesn't watch this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God hope kennels doesn't watch this okay
+let's let's talk about the PC market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's talk about the PC market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's talk about the PC market
+okay let's talk about Dell who was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about Dell who was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about Dell who was an
+early PC manufacturer and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early PC manufacturer and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early PC manufacturer and what we're
+going to in figure eight one is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to in figure eight one is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to in figure eight one is gonna be
+two side by side grass I'm gonna go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two side by side grass I'm gonna go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two side by side grass I'm gonna go back
+and forth between them if I'm if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between them if I'm if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between them if I'm if you're
+ever not cleared about which graph I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever not cleared about which graph I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever not cleared about which graph I'm
+talking about stop me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stop me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stop me
+but I'll try to be very clear because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll try to be very clear because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll try to be very clear because
+you have to think about both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about both these
+graphs in tandem on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs in tandem on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs in tandem on the right hand side
+is the market for PCs the market graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the market for PCs the market graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the market for PCs the market graph
+on the left hand side is Dells cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side is Dells cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side is Dells cost
+curves so the left hand side graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so the left hand side graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so the left hand side graph is
+firm-specific dowel information the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm-specific dowel information the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm-specific dowel information the
+right hand side graph is the market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side graph is the market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side graph is the market in
+the short run we were at a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run we were at a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run we were at a position
+where people wanted pcs and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people wanted pcs and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people wanted pcs and there
+weren't many people making them pcs guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't many people making them pcs guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't many people making them pcs guys
+these pcs were super cool um I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pcs were super cool um I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pcs were super cool um I guess you
+guys would be on your on laptops at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would be on your on laptops at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would be on your on laptops at
+everything now but like piece like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now but like piece like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now but like piece like a
+desktop PC was like an amazing thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop PC was like an amazing thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop PC was like an amazing thing at
+this point everyone wanted them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point everyone wanted them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point everyone wanted them there
+weren't that many people making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't that many people making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't that many people making them
+okay so at that point Dell could their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at that point Dell could their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at that point Dell could their
+short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run
+they're the short-run market cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the short-run market cost curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the short-run market cost curve
+was sr1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sr1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sr1
+and the demand was D okay that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the demand was D okay that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the demand was D okay that was the
+shirt so we're starting on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt so we're starting on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt so we're starting on the right
+we're gonna go from the right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go from the right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go from the right to the
+left start on the right the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left start on the right the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left start on the right the initial
+market in 1990 was a short run cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in 1990 was a short run cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in 1990 was a short run cost
+curve sr one of the man curve of D act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve sr one of the man curve of D act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve sr one of the man curve of D act
+that intersection the price was p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersection the price was p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersection the price was p1
+meanwhile Dell in the short run had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Dell in the short run had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Dell in the short run had a
+marginal cost curve such now shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve such now shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve such now shift to
+the left hand diagram at a price of p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand diagram at a price of p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand diagram at a price of p1
+Dell wants to produce little q1 pcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell wants to produce little q1 pcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell wants to produce little q1 pcs
+marginal cost equals price right so find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equals price right so find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equals price right so find
+the intersection that price Hood's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection that price Hood's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection that price Hood's
+marginal cost curve once again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve once again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost curve once again this is
+very important so stop me if I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important so stop me if I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important so stop me if I'm going
+too fast fine with the price intersects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast fine with the price intersects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast fine with the price intersects
+the marginal cost curve on the Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost curve on the Left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost curve on the Left
+Dell wants to produce a little q1 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell wants to produce a little q1 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell wants to produce a little q1 well
+what's its profits profits are price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its profits profits are price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its profits profits are price
+minus average cost wealth average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus average cost wealth average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus average cost wealth average cost
+was way below that so Dell made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was way below that so Dell made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was way below that so Dell made this
+huge profit of the lightly shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge profit of the lightly shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge profit of the lightly shaded
+rectangle that was its profit because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle that was its profit because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle that was its profit because it
+produced little q1 at little q1 average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced little q1 at little q1 average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced little q1 at little q1 average
+cost was way below price that made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost was way below price that made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost was way below price that made this
+lighted dot rectangle and profits now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighted dot rectangle and profits now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighted dot rectangle and profits now
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+other companies see this to say hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies see this to say hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies see this to say hey we
+want in what happens as more companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in what happens as more companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in what happens as more companies
+enter a market the supply curve flattens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a market the supply curve flattens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a market the supply curve flattens
+your horizontally summing firm's supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your horizontally summing firm's supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your horizontally summing firm's supply
+curve supply curve flattens as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve supply curve flattens as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve supply curve flattens as it
+flattens you move from SR 1 to SR 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattens you move from SR 1 to SR 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattens you move from SR 1 to SR 2 so
+now we're back on the right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're back on the right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're back on the right in the
+market as more firms enter and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as more firms enter and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as more firms enter and let's
+assume there are more firms identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there are more firms identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there are more firms identical to
+Dell that's our perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell that's our perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell that's our perfect competition
+assumption the each firm that enters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the each firm that enters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the each firm that enters is
+sort of identical so more firms just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of identical so more firms just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of identical so more firms just
+like Dell enter gateway and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dell enter gateway and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dell enter gateway and all these
+guys start entering ok and you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys start entering ok and you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys start entering ok and you get you
+shift to SR to a flatter curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to SR to a flatter curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to SR to a flatter curve that
+intersects the demand curve at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects the demand curve at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects the demand curve at the new
+price p2 now swift to the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p2 now swift to the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p2 now swift to the left-hand
+diagram the price facing Dell Falls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the price facing Dell Falls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the price facing Dell Falls to
+p2 but their cost function hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2 but their cost function hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2 but their cost function hasn't
+changed there's still Dell there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed there's still Dell there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed there's still Dell there's still
+the same underlying technology paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same underlying technology paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same underlying technology paying
+the same wages and rental rates so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wages and rental rates so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wages and rental rates so now
+at their marginal cost curve is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their marginal cost curve is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their marginal cost curve is the same
+so at this new lower price their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this new lower price their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this new lower price their
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+rob's to little queue to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rob's to little queue to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rob's to little queue to their
+production drops the little q2 and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production drops the little q2 and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production drops the little q2 and their
+profits fall to the darkly shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits fall to the darkly shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits fall to the darkly shaded
+rectangle pi/2 they make less money as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle pi/2 they make less money as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle pi/2 they make less money as
+firms enter and this process will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms enter and this process will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms enter and this process will
+continue until profits go to zero even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue until profits go to zero even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue until profits go to zero even
+at pi/2 for another firm I forget where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pi/2 for another firm I forget where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pi/2 for another firm I forget where
+the third PC firm was some other firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third PC firm was some other firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third PC firm was some other firm
+will come in and say wait a second this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in and say wait a second this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in and say wait a second this
+still money to be made I want to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still money to be made I want to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still money to be made I want to come in
+and I'll keep going to profits go to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll keep going to profits go to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll keep going to profits go to 0
+these are repeated short runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are repeated short runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are repeated short runs
+so sr1 was a short run Dell made a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sr1 was a short run Dell made a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sr1 was a short run Dell made a ton
+of money then we get to the next short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money then we get to the next short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money then we get to the next short
+run gateway enters SR 2 is the new short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run gateway enters SR 2 is the new short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run gateway enters SR 2 is the new short
+run gateway and Dell still make money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run gateway and Dell still make money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run gateway and Dell still make money so
+the third period and other firms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third period and other firms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third period and other firms can
+enter ok it's going to go to profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter ok it's going to go to profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter ok it's going to go to profits
+equals 0 yeah yes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 yeah yes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 yeah yes absolutely
+come to that those there's a large set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that those there's a large set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that those there's a large set
+of assumptions on this but that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions on this but that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions on this but that's I
+think of it once again think of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it once again think of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it once again think of like
+Dell and Gateway selling their computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell and Gateway selling their computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell and Gateway selling their computers
+on rugs in front of the Eiffel Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rugs in front of the Eiffel Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rugs in front of the Eiffel Tower
+ok it's all the same just go you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok it's all the same just go you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok it's all the same just go you can
+compare equally they're all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare equally they're all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare equally they're all the same
+thing so it's that kind of market ok now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's that kind of market ok now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's that kind of market ok now
+let's think about poor old IBM flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about poor old IBM flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about poor old IBM flip the
+page IBM dominated despite Ken Olsen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page IBM dominated despite Ken Olsen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page IBM dominated despite Ken Olsen's
+claims IBM dominated the main the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims IBM dominated the main the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims IBM dominated the main the big
+computer market ok they were and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer market ok they were and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer market ok they were and so they
+were initially on the right-hand side in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were initially on the right-hand side in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were initially on the right-hand side in
+equilibrium with supply curve SR 1 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with supply curve SR 1 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with supply curve SR 1 ok
+that intersected demand now we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersected demand now we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersected demand now we're on the
+mainframe market so in figure 8 1 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe market so in figure 8 1 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe market so in figure 8 1 we're
+in the PC market figure 8 1 is the PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the PC market figure 8 1 is the PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the PC market figure 8 1 is the PC
+market figure 8 2 is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market figure 8 2 is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market figure 8 2 is the is the
+mainframe market ok the mainframe market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe market ok the mainframe market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe market ok the mainframe market
+they're initially at supply curve 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're initially at supply curve 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're initially at supply curve 1
+which is very flat because there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very flat because there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very flat because there's lots
+of firms making mainframes intersects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms making mainframes intersects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms making mainframes intersects
+demand at a price p1 ok now we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand at a price p1 ok now we go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand at a price p1 ok now we go to the
+left well remember IBM has to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left well remember IBM has to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left well remember IBM has to produce
+where its marginal cost equals price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where its marginal cost equals price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where its marginal cost equals price
+that occurs at production level q1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs at production level q1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs at production level q1 at
+production of q1 it is losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of q1 it is losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of q1 it is losing
+money iBM is losing money it is losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money iBM is losing money it is losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money iBM is losing money it is losing
+that entire rectangle the entire large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire rectangle the entire large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire rectangle the entire large
+rectangle now does IBM exit it can't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle now does IBM exit it can't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle now does IBM exit it can't in
+the short run but in the long run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run but in the long run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run but in the long run the
+next period some firms will exit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period some firms will exit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period some firms will exit some
+firms will say yeah we lost one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms will say yeah we lost one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms will say yeah we lost one in the
+short run we're stuck but in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run we're stuck but in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run we're stuck but in the long
+run we just don't think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run we just don't think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run we just don't think this is a
+winning game in particular firms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning game in particular firms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning game in particular firms with
+high fixed costs will exit they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fixed costs will exit they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fixed costs will exit they don't
+want to pay those fixed costs again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay those fixed costs again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay those fixed costs again in
+the second period they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second period they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second period they don't have to
+build the new factory they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the new factory they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the new factory they're not going
+to do it they exit yeah I told you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it they exit yeah I told you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it they exit yeah I told you I
+can't tell you that it's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you that it's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you that it's just some
+period of time more than a month less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time more than a month less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time more than a month less
+than 10 years okay it's the period over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 years okay it's the period over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 years okay it's the period over
+which capital is variable think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which capital is variable think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which capital is variable think of the
+period of time for which you can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time for which you can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time for which you can build a
+new plant to make PCs think of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new plant to make PCs think of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new plant to make PCs think of it that
+way so it's it's years okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so it's it's years okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so it's it's years okay so basically
+so what happens then somebody exits says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens then somebody exits says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens then somebody exits says
+I'm Abba this I'm shutting down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Abba this I'm shutting down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Abba this I'm shutting down the
+plant moving somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant moving somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant moving somewhere else
+that deepens the market supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deepens the market supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deepens the market supply curve
+because now fewer firms are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now fewer firms are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now fewer firms are in the
+market as that deepens the supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as that deepens the supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as that deepens the supply curve
+the new intersection of supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new intersection of supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new intersection of supply and
+demand is at the higher price P - IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is at the higher price P - IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is at the higher price P - IBM
+stayed in the market okay they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in the market okay they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in the market okay they just
+built a new plant okay at p2 okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a new plant okay at p2 okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a new plant okay at p2 okay they
+now produce on amount q2 and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now produce on amount q2 and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now produce on amount q2 and at that
+combination they are literally zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination they are literally zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination they are literally zero
+profit that's the point where marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit that's the point where marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit that's the point where marginal
+cost equals average cost which is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals average cost which is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals average cost which is a zero
+profit point why is that zero profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit point why is that zero profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit point why is that zero profits
+it's zero profits because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero profits because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero profits because remember
+profits are price minus average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are price minus average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are price minus average cost
+West price marginal cost so in marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West price marginal cost so in marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West price marginal cost so in marginal
+cost equals average cost profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals average cost profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals average cost profits are
+zero okay should be able to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay should be able to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay should be able to see that
+from the math we did before so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math we did before so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math we did before so what that
+means is that basically when firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that basically when firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that basically when firms are
+losing money they will leave and drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money they will leave and drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money they will leave and drive
+profits from below zero toward zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from below zero toward zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from below zero toward zero so
+in the making one in they enter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the making one in they enter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the making one in they enter and
+drive froster above zero towards zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive froster above zero towards zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive froster above zero towards zero
+when they're losing money they leave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're losing money they leave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're losing money they leave and
+drive profits from below zero towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive profits from below zero towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive profits from below zero towards
+zero okay what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what does that mean
+that means that our long-run perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that our long-run perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that our long-run perfectly
+competitive supply curve is in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive supply curve is in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive supply curve is in figure
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+it's flat long-run perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's flat long-run perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's flat long-run perfectly competitive
+market supply is flat at the price level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply is flat at the price level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply is flat at the price level
+the market long-run supply is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market long-run supply is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market long-run supply is the point
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+or where supply equals average cost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where supply equals average cost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where supply equals average cost okay
+and why is this this is true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is this this is true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is this this is true because
+there any price above that point if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any price above that point if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any price above that point if any
+firm tries to charge more than ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm tries to charge more than ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm tries to charge more than ten
+they'll be driven out of business if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be driven out of business if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be driven out of business if any
+firm tries to charge below ten they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm tries to charge below ten they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm tries to charge below ten they
+won't make any money remember before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make any money remember before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make any money remember before I
+said earlier you said well gee why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier you said well gee why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier you said well gee why don't
+first somebody asked why firms just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first somebody asked why firms just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first somebody asked why firms just
+coming to take the whole market this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to take the whole market this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to take the whole market this is
+why because cost is upward sloping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because cost is upward sloping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because cost is upward sloping you
+don't want to come and take although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to come and take although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to come and take although
+market you'll lose money okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you'll lose money okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you'll lose money okay that's
+quite firms they want the whole market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite firms they want the whole market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite firms they want the whole market
+if marginal costs was flat then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if marginal costs was flat then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if marginal costs was flat then you
+would then be undefined you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be undefined you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be undefined you would want
+the whole market but you don't roger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole market but you don't roger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole market but you don't roger
+cost is rising so you never want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is rising so you never want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is rising so you never want to
+produce at a price above ten because no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at a price above ten because no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at a price above ten because no
+one will buy from you you never want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will buy from you you never want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will buy from you you never want to
+prove that a price below ten cause you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that a price below ten cause you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that a price below ten cause you
+lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money
+therefore supply is perfectly elastic at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore supply is perfectly elastic at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore supply is perfectly elastic at
+a price of ten yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no what see it there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no what see it there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no what see it there's a lot of
+assumptions under this but under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions under this but under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions under this but under these
+assumptions you never make money long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you never make money long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you never make money long
+because they shut down there are short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they shut down there are short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they shut down there are short
+room periods so let's let's say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room periods so let's let's say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room periods so let's let's say what
+happened was let's go back to figure 8 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was let's go back to figure 8 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was let's go back to figure 8 -
+let's say that another firm shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that another firm shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that another firm shut down
+the next period and suddenly IBM started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next period and suddenly IBM started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next period and suddenly IBM started
+making money what would happen some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money what would happen some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money what would happen some
+would enter and drive profits back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter and drive profits back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter and drive profits back to
+zero so under the assumptions we've laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so under the assumptions we've laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so under the assumptions we've laid
+out here profits are zero because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here profits are zero because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here profits are zero because in the
+long run we've achieved cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run we've achieved cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run we've achieved cost
+minimization firms minimize their costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization firms minimize their costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization firms minimize their costs
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+look at the average cost curve firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the average cost curve firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the average cost curve firms are
+producing at the minimum the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing at the minimum the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing at the minimum the minimum of
+average costs is where average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average costs is where average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average costs is where average cost
+equals marginal cost that is competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal cost that is competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal cost that is competition
+has forced cost minimization I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has forced cost minimization I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has forced cost minimization I'm just
+doing all sorts of mind-blowing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all sorts of mind-blowing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all sorts of mind-blowing stuff
+here for you guys you can take hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you guys you can take hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you guys you can take hours to
+recover from this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from this okay
+competition forces cost minimization why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition forces cost minimization why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition forces cost minimization why
+because competition forces each firm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because competition forces each firm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because competition forces each firm to
+produce her price equals marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce her price equals marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce her price equals marginal cost
+and it forces entry and exit until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forces entry and exit until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forces entry and exit until
+marginal cost equals average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equals average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equals average cost
+therefore it forces each firm to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it forces each firm to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it forces each firm to produce
+at the most efficient point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the most efficient point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the most efficient point which is
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where marginal cost equals average cost
+because that is the point at where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is the point at where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is the point at where
+average cost is minimized so under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost is minimized so under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost is minimized so under
+competition in the long run every firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the long run every firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the long run every firm
+is cost minimizing the prusik the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cost minimizing the prusik the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cost minimizing the prusik the
+minimum of their average costs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of their average costs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of their average costs okay
+and therefore the supply curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the supply curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the supply curve is
+elastic and it's defined purely by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic and it's defined purely by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic and it's defined purely by the
+minute of average costs that is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of average costs that is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of average costs that is if you
+know here's a cheat okay if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's a cheat okay if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's a cheat okay if you know
+you're in a perfectly competitive market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a perfectly competitive market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a perfectly competitive market
+and I give you a cost function then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give you a cost function then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give you a cost function then you
+know the I guess you still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the I guess you still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the I guess you still need to
+demand function - if I give you a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function - if I give you a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function - if I give you a cost
+function of man function okay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of man function okay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of man function okay you know
+you don't need to know how many firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know how many firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know how many firms
+are gonna be in the market you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be in the market you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be in the market you don't
+need to know little n ok you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know little n ok you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know little n ok you know in the
+long run profit is going to be zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run profit is going to be zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run profit is going to be zero so
+long run firms are just going to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run firms are just going to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run firms are just going to produce
+at the minimum of average cost you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the minimum of average cost you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the minimum of average cost you find
+that use the demand to find the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use the demand to find the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use the demand to find the price
+and you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're done
+okay so competition leads to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so competition leads to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so competition leads to cost
+minimization questions about that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization questions about that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization questions about that okay
+now you're all thinking well wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're all thinking well wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're all thinking well wait a
+second we've got rich parents many of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we've got rich parents many of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we've got rich parents many of us
+who make money in these businesses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make money in these businesses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make money in these businesses I
+don't see zero profits there's a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see zero profits there's a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see zero profits there's a stock
+market that's been booming where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's been booming where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's been booming where's the
+zero profits buddy I don't see zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero profits buddy I don't see zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero profits buddy I don't see zero
+profits okay well the answer is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay well the answer is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay well the answer is because
+it's twofold first of all remember firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's twofold first of all remember firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's twofold first of all remember firms
+can make money in the short run in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make money in the short run in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make money in the short run in this
+model okay but that does explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay but that does explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay but that does explain the
+stock market stock from you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market stock from you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market stock from you're supposed
+to be forward-looking not months but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be forward-looking not months but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be forward-looking not months but
+years and decades so firms really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and decades so firms really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and decades so firms really
+long-run profit zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run profit zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run profit zero
+why would stalks be expensive why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would stalks be expensive why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would stalks be expensive why would
+people want to invest in these companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to invest in these companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to invest in these companies
+and the answer is because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is because these
+assumptions are unrealistic that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are unrealistic that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are unrealistic that this is
+an extreme version of the model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme version of the model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme version of the model that
+delivers some nice intuition but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers some nice intuition but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers some nice intuition but doesn't
+apply to the real world so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the real world so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the real world so I want to
+take the last few minutes to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the last few minutes to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the last few minutes to talk about
+the assumptions that we've made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions that we've made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions that we've made that
+don't really work in the real world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really work in the real world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really work in the real world to
+make this model work doesn't mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this model work doesn't mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this model work doesn't mean the
+model is invalid we learn a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is invalid we learn a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is invalid we learn a huge amount
+and the key lesson of this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key lesson of this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key lesson of this model is
+competition pushes you towards cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition pushes you towards cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition pushes you towards cost
+minimization compensate I always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization compensate I always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization compensate I always say
+about these models is not delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these models is not delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these models is not delivering
+sort of a level a level truth but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a level a level truth but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a level a level truth but a
+directional truth the directional lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional truth the directional lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional truth the directional lesson
+is this is why competition forces firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is why competition forces firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is why competition forces firms
+towards cost minimization but firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards cost minimization but firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards cost minimization but firms
+weren't actually necessarily get to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't actually necessarily get to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't actually necessarily get to zero
+profits and there's three there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and there's three there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and there's three there's at
+least three complications the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three complications the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three complications the first one
+is limited entry I assumed that firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited entry I assumed that firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited entry I assumed that firms
+could costlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could costlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could costlessly
+enter an exit in this market okay but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter an exit in this market okay but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter an exit in this market okay but in
+fact that might be hard because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that might be hard because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that might be hard because in
+reality we have some costs which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we have some costs which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we have some costs which I
+talked about last time we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time we have some
+costs or two times ago okay costs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs or two times ago okay costs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs or two times ago okay costs which
+once paid can never be recovered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once paid can never be recovered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once paid can never be recovered and
+therefore firms might say look I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore firms might say look I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore firms might say look I don't
+want to get into this market because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into this market because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into this market because
+it's not like I can get my fixed costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like I can get my fixed costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like I can get my fixed costs
+back out next period so if my fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out next period so if my fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out next period so if my fixed
+costs are building a building next pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are building a building next pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are building a building next pair
+I can just sell that building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just sell that building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just sell that building
+someone else but I fixed costs are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else but I fixed costs are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else but I fixed costs are going
+to med school I can't sell that med
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to med school I can't sell that med
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to med school I can't sell that med
+school degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school degree
+therefore if doctors aren't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if doctors aren't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if doctors aren't going
+profitable in the long run I'd be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable in the long run I'd be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable in the long run I'd be zero
+profit long run I'm gonna go be a lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit long run I'm gonna go be a lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit long run I'm gonna go be a lawyer
+instead there are some costs and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there are some costs and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there are some costs and those
+some costs create what we call barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some costs create what we call barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some costs create what we call barriers
+to entry there are barriers to entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to entry there are barriers to entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to entry there are barriers to entry
+that come from costs that are sunk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from costs that are sunk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from costs that are sunk in
+the long run okay med schools but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run okay med schools but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run okay med schools but there
+are other sorts of barriers to entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other sorts of barriers to entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other sorts of barriers to entry
+okay take our vendor market even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take our vendor market even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take our vendor market even in
+vendor markets are not perfectly elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor markets are not perfectly elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor markets are not perfectly elastic
+one baron she could be they could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one baron she could be they could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one baron she could be they could come
+in the night and steal your stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the night and steal your stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the night and steal your stuff and
+beat you up if you try to enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you up if you try to enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you up if you try to enter the
+market okay there's lots of reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay there's lots of reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay there's lots of reasons why
+markets aren't quite entry and exit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets aren't quite entry and exit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets aren't quite entry and exit is
+not costless and easy okay there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not costless and easy okay there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not costless and easy okay there's lots
+of barriers to entry once there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of barriers to entry once there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of barriers to entry once there's a
+barrier to entry this graph goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to entry this graph goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to entry this graph goes away
+because go back to figure eight one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because go back to figure eight one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because go back to figure eight one okay
+after in the second short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after in the second short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after in the second short-run
+equilibrium we've got these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we've got these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we've got these small
+profits this small dark gray rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits this small dark gray rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits this small dark gray rectangle
+right we as a then told you another firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we as a then told you another firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we as a then told you another firm
+would enter and squeeze those away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter and squeeze those away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter and squeeze those away but
+another front will enter only if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another front will enter only if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another front will enter only if what
+only under what somebody raises are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only under what somebody raises are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only under what somebody raises are
+going to tell me under what condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell me under what condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell me under what condition
+would that third fermenter yeah no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that third fermenter yeah no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that third fermenter yeah no not
+perhaps a greater than zero that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a greater than zero that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a greater than zero that's in
+the model that was true but in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that was true but in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that was true but in reality
+what has to be true profits be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to be true profits be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to be true profits be greater
+than what some costs raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what some costs raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what some costs raise your hand
+people I'm gonna give you credit cuz you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I'm gonna give you credit cuz you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I'm gonna give you credit cuz you
+raise your hand regardless of who yelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand regardless of who yelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand regardless of who yelled
+out the answer I'm gonna sue Mew were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the answer I'm gonna sue Mew were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the answer I'm gonna sue Mew were
+right okay some costs profits have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay some costs profits have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay some costs profits have to be
+greater than the barriers to entry so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the barriers to entry so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the barriers to entry so in
+the short run you enter profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run you enter profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run you enter profits are
+greater than zero in the long run you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero in the long run you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero in the long run you
+only enter if profits or greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only enter if profits or greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only enter if profits or greater than
+the barriers to entry which might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers to entry which might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers to entry which might not be
+true there's always some costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true there's always some costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true there's always some costs of
+starting a firm okay so profit will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a firm okay so profit will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a firm okay so profit will
+never really go to zero they'll only go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really go to zero they'll only go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really go to zero they'll only go
+down to the barriers to entry okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the barriers to entry okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the barriers to entry okay so
+that's problem one probably two with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's problem one probably two with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's problem one probably two with
+this model problem two is firms may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model problem two is firms may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model problem two is firms may
+differ I've assumed and this was raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ I've assumed and this was raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ I've assumed and this was raised
+in one question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one question I
+zoomed identical firms here but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed identical firms here but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed identical firms here but in fact
+firms differ and in particular different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms differ and in particular different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms differ and in particular different
+firms have different cost functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms have different cost functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms have different cost functions and
+with different cost functions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different cost functions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different cost functions you can
+get some firms making long-run profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some firms making long-run profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some firms making long-run profits
+so for example let's consider and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's consider and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's consider and figure
+8 for the long-run sub market supply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 for the long-run sub market supply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 for the long-run sub market supply for
+cotton this is from a textbook example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton this is from a textbook example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton this is from a textbook example
+ok and this is from estimates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this is from estimates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this is from estimates that
+people have made of the minimum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made of the minimum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made of the minimum of the
+the minimum average cost of Bruce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum average cost of Bruce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum average cost of Bruce and
+cotton by country so in other words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton by country so in other words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton by country so in other words this
+is old now but it doesn't matter then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is old now but it doesn't matter then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is old now but it doesn't matter then
+country names no matter the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country names no matter the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country names no matter the examples
+what matters in the period of time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters in the period of time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters in the period of time this
+study was done the cheapest place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was done the cheapest place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was done the cheapest place to
+Bruce cotton was Pakistan you Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruce cotton was Pakistan you Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruce cotton was Pakistan you Bruce
+cotton Pakistan for 71 cents per I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton Pakistan for 71 cents per I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton Pakistan for 71 cents per I don't
+know kilogram 1002 cents per kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kilogram 1002 cents per kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kilogram 1002 cents per kilogram
+okay however oh that was only for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however oh that was only for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however oh that was only for a
+certain amount at some point Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount at some point Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount at some point Pakistan
+ran out of cheap cotton and they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of cheap cotton and they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of cheap cotton and they had to
+start preusse and cotton using more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start preusse and cotton using more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start preusse and cotton using more
+expensive methods remember marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive methods remember marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive methods remember marginal
+costs at some point is to slope up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs at some point is to slope up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs at some point is to slope up so
+what is marginal cost was sort of flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is marginal cost was sort of flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is marginal cost was sort of flat
+for a while in Pakistan then has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while in Pakistan then has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while in Pakistan then has to
+slope up and suddenly it becomes cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope up and suddenly it becomes cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope up and suddenly it becomes cheaper
+to Bruce cotton in Argentina at a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bruce cotton in Argentina at a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bruce cotton in Argentina at a dollar
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+okay then Arjun and then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then Arjun and then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then Arjun and then it becomes
+cheaper Bruce continent are Australian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper Bruce continent are Australian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper Bruce continent are Australian
+of dollar fifteen and eventually if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollar fifteen and eventually if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollar fifteen and eventually if the
+price gets to dollar 56 it's finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price gets to dollar 56 it's finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price gets to dollar 56 it's finally
+cheap enough to Bruce cot in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap enough to Bruce cot in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap enough to Bruce cot in the United
+States the point is these flat segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the point is these flat segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the point is these flat segments
+represent the minimum average cost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the minimum average cost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the minimum average cost in
+each country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country
+it's just instead of making it a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just instead of making it a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just instead of making it a point
+I'm making it up there's an amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making it up there's an amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making it up there's an amount of
+production they can do with that average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production they can do with that average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production they can do with that average
+cost I mean an average cost now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I mean an average cost now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I mean an average cost now let's
+say world demand for cotton was 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say world demand for cotton was 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say world demand for cotton was 1
+billion kilograms per year then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion kilograms per year then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion kilograms per year then what
+would happen would be what I taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen would be what I taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen would be what I taught
+there would be you would have Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be you would have Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be you would have Pakistan
+competitors in Pakistan would compete ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors in Pakistan would compete ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors in Pakistan would compete ok
+driving profits down to zero and price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving profits down to zero and price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving profits down to zero and price
+would be 71 cents per kilogram now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 71 cents per kilogram now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 71 cents per kilogram now let's
+say however demand for cotton is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say however demand for cotton is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say however demand for cotton is 5
+billion kilograms per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion kilograms per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion kilograms per year
+well now that intersects this supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that intersects this supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that intersects this supply
+curve this is the world supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve this is the world supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve this is the world supply curve
+is the supply curve at $1 71 so now US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the supply curve at $1 71 so now US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the supply curve at $1 71 so now US
+producers or making zero profits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers or making zero profits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers or making zero profits because
+their marginal cost our 71 the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal cost our 71 the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal cost our 71 the price
+dollar 71 but what about producers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar 71 but what about producers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar 71 but what about producers in
+Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan
+they still make cotton they make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still make cotton they make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still make cotton they make the
+first almost 2 billion kilos but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first almost 2 billion kilos but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first almost 2 billion kilos but they're
+selling it $1 71 and their cost them 71
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it $1 71 and their cost them 71
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it $1 71 and their cost them 71
+cents so they just made profits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents so they just made profits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents so they just made profits the
+point is that if there are firms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if there are firms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if there are firms which
+have rising costs and demand is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rising costs and demand is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rising costs and demand is high
+enough that the high cost firms actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the high cost firms actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the high cost firms actually
+producing that higher price means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that higher price means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that higher price means
+profits for the low cost firm yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits for the low cost firm yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits for the low cost firm yeah that
+could you could imagine those profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could imagine those profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could imagine those profits
+could then have a feedback effect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then have a feedback effect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then have a feedback effect in
+asset markets your and you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset markets your and you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset markets your and you could imagine
+a long run in the very very very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long run in the very very very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long run in the very very very long
+run as people buy land that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run as people buy land that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run as people buy land that could
+dissipate the profits that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate the profits that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate the profits that's a good
+point we'll come back to that but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we'll come back to that but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we'll come back to that but but
+but no that's a very long run okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no that's a very long run okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no that's a very long run okay but
+for now people have their land in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now people have their land in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now people have their land in
+Pakistan and they're making their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and they're making their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and they're making their money
+on it and so that becomes long-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and so that becomes long-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and so that becomes long-run
+profits so long run profits can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so long run profits can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so long run profits can come
+from heterogeneous costs if some firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from heterogeneous costs if some firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from heterogeneous costs if some firms
+are particularly efficient in a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are particularly efficient in a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are particularly efficient in a multi
+market firm those firms can make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market firm those firms can make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market firm those firms can make money
+okay that's a second feature okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a second feature okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a second feature okay now
+the third feature is in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third feature is in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third feature is in some sense the
+most interesting which is input prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting which is input prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting which is input prices
+may not be fixed and in fact input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be fixed and in fact input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be fixed and in fact input
+prices input prices that inputs may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices input prices that inputs may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices input prices that inputs may have
+an upward sloping supply there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping supply there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping supply there could be
+an upward sloping supply for inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping supply for inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping supply for inputs
+we've assumed input Pricer everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed input Pricer everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed input Pricer everywhere
+fixed but that's not true and in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but that's not true and in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but that's not true and in a few
+lectures we'll come and teach you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we'll come and teach you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we'll come and teach you about
+that but for now let's recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for now let's recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for now let's recognize that
+inputs may have an upward sloping supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs may have an upward sloping supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs may have an upward sloping supply
+so let's go through that for couplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through that for couplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through that for couplets
+before we stop let's take a mark in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we stop let's take a mark in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we stop let's take a mark in a
+figure eight five okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eight five okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eight five okay
+this is the market for labor now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the market for labor now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the market for labor now we've
+only been doing markets for good so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been doing markets for good so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been doing markets for good so far
+in this course and I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course and I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course and I'm sort of
+shortcutting by jumping you here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcutting by jumping you here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcutting by jumping you here we'll
+spend a lot more time on this graph but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot more time on this graph but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot more time on this graph but
+the bottom line is this is a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is this is a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is this is a graph of
+the amount of Labor supplied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of Labor supplied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of Labor supplied to the
+market in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in this graph
+people are now the suppliers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are now the suppliers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are now the suppliers because
+they're supplying labor firms are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supplying labor firms are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supplying labor firms are the
+demanders they're demanding labor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanders they're demanding labor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanders they're demanding labor so
+what happens gives a supply curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens gives a supply curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens gives a supply curve of
+Labor and let's assume it's upward slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor and let's assume it's upward slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor and let's assume it's upward slope
+is what I mean by that is as the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I mean by that is as the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I mean by that is as the wage
+goes up people want to work harder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up people want to work harder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up people want to work harder you
+want to work harder as the wage goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work harder as the wage goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work harder as the wage goes up
+so is it upward sloping supply it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it upward sloping supply it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it upward sloping supply it makes
+sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right
+upward supposing slaves labor now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward supposing slaves labor now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward supposing slaves labor now let's
+imagine a firm suddenly wants to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a firm suddenly wants to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a firm suddenly wants to produce
+more they used to produce little q1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they used to produce little q1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they used to produce little q1 now
+they want to produce little q2 to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to produce little q2 to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to produce little q2 to do so
+they need more workers that represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need more workers that represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need more workers that represents a
+shift out in the demand for workers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift out in the demand for workers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift out in the demand for workers with
+upward sloping supply what does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping supply what does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping supply what does that do
+raises the wage if you want more workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the wage if you want more workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the wage if you want more workers
+you've got to pay them more we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to pay them more we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to pay them more we didn't do
+that before we assumed W as a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before we assumed W as a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before we assumed W as a constant
+but imagine if to produce more you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine if to produce more you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine if to produce more you have
+to pay more what does that do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay more what does that do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay more what does that do we see
+that in Figure 86 now I used to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Figure 86 now I used to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Figure 86 now I used to produce
+the market equilibrium used to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market equilibrium used to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market equilibrium used to be at
+little point at Point E one with n ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little point at Point E one with n ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little point at Point E one with n ones
+from n1 firms Bruce and q1 little q1 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n1 firms Bruce and q1 little q1 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n1 firms Bruce and q1 little q1 ok
+so that point big e1 Big E big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that point big e1 Big E big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that point big e1 Big E big big
+comedy one is little n1 there was n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy one is little n1 there was n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy one is little n1 there was n
+firms producing little q1 units per firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms producing little q1 units per firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms producing little q1 units per firm
+and they were making these profits their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were making these profits their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were making these profits their
+profits were where price equals marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits were where price equals marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits were where price equals marginal
+cost one now shifting to the left P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost one now shifting to the left P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost one now shifting to the left P
+equals marginal cost one that little II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal cost one that little II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal cost one that little II
+1 so they were producing where marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so they were producing where marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so they were producing where marginal
+cost equals average cost so little q1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals average cost so little q1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals average cost so little q1 at
+price p1 meant the firm's through Z a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p1 meant the firm's through Z a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p1 meant the firm's through Z a
+little he won which was a zero profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little he won which was a zero profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little he won which was a zero profit
+point ok now what happens now that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point ok now what happens now that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point ok now what happens now that now
+the firm wants to produce more demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm wants to produce more demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm wants to produce more demand
+goes up for a month to produce more it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up for a month to produce more it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up for a month to produce more it
+wants to produce q2 you're in a new long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to produce q2 you're in a new long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to produce q2 you're in a new long
+run I can live with n firms to n two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I can live with n firms to n two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I can live with n firms to n two
+firms producing q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms producing q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms producing q2
+well in that case okay now if you wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that case okay now if you wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that case okay now if you wanna
+produce q2 you're gonna have to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce q2 you're gonna have to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce q2 you're gonna have to pay a
+higher wage a higher wage means a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher wage a higher wage means a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher wage a higher wage means a higher
+marginal average cost higher marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal average cost higher marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal average cost higher marginal
+average costs means that you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average costs means that you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average costs means that you're now
+producing at a higher price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing at a higher price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing at a higher price and
+therefore the supply curve slopes upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the supply curve slopes upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the supply curve slopes upward
+okay now this is very different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is very different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is very different one
+thing to think about I'll let you go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about I'll let you go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about I'll let you go one
+last thing to think about think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing to think about think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing to think about think about
+the difference between this third case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this third case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this third case
+in the other two cases in the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other two cases in the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other two cases in the other two
+cases firms made profits in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases firms made profits in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases firms made profits in this case
+firms still don't make profits so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms still don't make profits so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms still don't make profits so notice
+that profits still zero but the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profits still zero but the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profits still zero but the supply
+curves upward sloping so you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves upward sloping so you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves upward sloping so you don't need
+positive profits to have an upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive profits to have an upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive profits to have an upward
+sloping supply curve so let's stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping supply curve so let's stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping supply curve so let's stop there
+give you a lot to think about and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a lot to think about and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a lot to think about and we
+will come back I talked more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back I talked more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back I talked more about this
+stuff on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Fs4-E4Nj1Ks.txt b/Fs4-E4Nj1Ks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..174a7d02ac6399817accfbcf6223a583706341f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fs4-E4Nj1Ks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we're going
+to do some crossover between two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some crossover between two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some crossover between two kinds
+of data structures memory hierarchy data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structures memory hierarchy data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structures memory hierarchy data
+structures and geometric data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and geometric data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and geometric data structures
+and this will be the final lecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be the final lecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be the final lecture in
+the memory hierarchy Series so the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory hierarchy Series so the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory hierarchy Series so the end
+of cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cach
+oblivious um so we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious um so we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious um so we're going to look at
+two-dimensional geometric data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional geometric data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional geometric data structure
+problems uh both offline and online uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh both offline and online uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh both offline and online uh
+so our good friend orthogonal 2D range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our good friend orthogonal 2D range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our good friend orthogonal 2D range
+searching which we spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching which we spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching which we spent a lot of time
+in a few lectures ago uh we will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few lectures ago uh we will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few lectures ago uh we will come
+back to and try to get our bounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and try to get our bounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and try to get our bounds good
+even cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cash
+obliviously uh and so instead of log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliviously uh and so instead of log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliviously uh and so instead of log n
+we want log based B of n make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want log based B of n make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want log based B of n make things
+interesting and the batched version is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and the batched version is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and the batched version is
+where you're given a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're given a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're given a whole bunch of
+rectangles and a whole bunch of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles and a whole bunch of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles and a whole bunch of points
+up front and you want to find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front and you want to find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front and you want to find all the
+points that live in all the rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that live in all the rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that live in all the rectangles
+so that's an easier version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an easier version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an easier version of the
+problem and then we'll go we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then we'll go we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then we'll go we'll start
+with that and then we'll go to our usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and then we'll go to our usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and then we'll go to our usual
+the usual online version where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual online version where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual online version where you have
+queries coming one at a time rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries coming one at a time rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries coming one at a time rectangles
+coming one at a time the points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming one at a time the points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming one at a time the points are
+pre-processed we'll be static um and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processed we'll be static um and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processed we'll be static um and to
+do the batched we're going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the batched we're going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the batched we're going to introduce
+a new technique called distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new technique called distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new technique called distribution
+sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep
+which is a combination of the sweep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a combination of the sweep line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a combination of the sweep line
+Technique we saw back as a you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technique we saw back as a you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technique we saw back as a you know we
+use persistence to make a sweep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use persistence to make a sweep line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use persistence to make a sweep line
+thing into a data structure thing uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into a data structure thing uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into a data structure thing uh but
+we're just going to use the algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to use the algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to use the algorithmic
+version of that plus a cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that plus a cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that plus a cache oblivious
+sorting algorithm so we'll finally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm so we'll finally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm so we'll finally do
+cache oblivious sorting an optimal n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious sorting an optimal n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious sorting an optimal n
+overb log Bas M overb of n overb use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb log Bas M overb of n overb use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb log Bas M overb of n overb use uh
+using a particular algorithm called lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a particular algorithm called lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a particular algorithm called lazy
+funnel sort um which you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sort um which you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sort um which you can actually
+also use to make another kind of cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use to make another kind of cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use to make another kind of cache
+oblivious priority CU but we won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious priority CU but we won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious priority CU but we won't get
+into that and so by combining those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that and so by combining those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that and so by combining those two
+things we'll get a kind of divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll get a kind of divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll get a kind of divide and
+conquer technique for geometric problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer technique for geometric problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer technique for geometric problems
+that lets us solve the batched thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets us solve the batched thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets us solve the batched thing and
+then we'll use completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll use completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll use completely different
+techniques for the online thing so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for the online thing so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for the online thing so for
+starters let's finally do cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters let's finally do cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters let's finally do cache
+oblivious optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious optimal
+sorting I'm not going to analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting I'm not going to analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting I'm not going to analyze this
+algorithm because it's just an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because it's just an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because it's just an algorithm
+not a data structure uh and also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a data structure uh and also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a data structure uh and also because
+the analysis is pretty close to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the analysis for priority cues we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis for priority cues we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis for priority cues we did
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class so funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so funnel
+sort is basically a merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is basically a merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is basically a merge
+sort I mentioned last time that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort I mentioned last time that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort I mentioned last time that in
+external memory the right way to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory the right way to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory the right way to do uh
+or a right way to do optimal external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a right way to do optimal external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a right way to do optimal external
+memory sorting is an M overb way merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory sorting is an M overb way merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory sorting is an M overb way merge
+sort cach obliviously you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort cach obliviously you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort cach obliviously you don't know
+what m and b are so it's hard to do M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m and b are so it's hard to do M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m and b are so it's hard to do M
+over B way merge merge so instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B way merge merge so instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B way merge merge so instead you
+basically do uh nway merge not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do uh nway merge not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do uh nway merge not quite
+nway I can't afford that but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nway I can't afford that but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nway I can't afford that but it's going
+to be n to the 1/3 way merge sort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n to the 1/3 way merge sort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n to the 1/3 way merge sort and
+the big question then becomes how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question then becomes how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question then becomes how do you
+do a merge and the answer is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a merge and the answer is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a merge and the answer is with a
+funnel and so the heart of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel and so the heart of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel and so the heart of the algorithm
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funnel so if you have K sorted lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel so if you have K sorted lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel so if you have K sorted lists
+that are big size K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are big size K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are big size K
+cubed then uh you can merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then uh you can merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then uh you can merge
+them in basically the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound so K funnel K sorted list total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so K funnel K sorted list total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so K funnel K sorted list total
+size K cubed uh number of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K cubed uh number of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K cubed uh number of memory
+transfers to merge them is K Cub over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to merge them is K Cub over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to merge them is K Cub over B
+* log Bas m/ B of K Cub B uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* log Bas m/ B of K Cub B uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* log Bas m/ B of K Cub B uh there's a
+plus K term uh and when you plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K term uh and when you plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K term uh and when you plug this
+into an actual sorting algorithm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an actual sorting algorithm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an actual sorting algorithm you
+need to think about that but uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about that but uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about that but uh it's not
+a big deal as long as usually this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal as long as usually this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal as long as usually this term
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dominate okay so let me show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate okay so let me show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate okay so let me show you how
+funnel Works we're just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel Works we're just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel Works we're just going to go
+through the algorithmic part and I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the algorithmic part and I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the algorithmic part and I won't
+analyze the number of memory transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we're going to have the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to have the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to have the inputs
+down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the
+bottom of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this
+funnel so they have some data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them there's K inputs down here total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's K inputs down here total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's K inputs down here total
+size all these is uh Theta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubed uh and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed uh and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed uh and then at
+the the top here we have our output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the top here we have our output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the top here we have our output
+buffer this is where we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer this is where we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer this is where we're going to put
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+results and this will have size K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubed maybe it's already we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed maybe it's already we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed maybe it's already we've already
+done some work and we filled some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some work and we filled some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some work and we filled some of
+it okay uh the question is what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh the question is what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh the question is what do you
+put in this triangle to do the merge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this triangle to do the merge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this triangle to do the merge and
+the obvious thing is recursive triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing is recursive triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing is recursive triangles
+that's the recursion is like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the recursion is like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the recursion is like the one
+Technique we know in cious data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technique we know in cious data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technique we know in cious data
+structures so we're going to take square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so we're going to take square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so we're going to take square
+root of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funnels and just join them together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels and just join them together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels and just join them together in
+the obvious way so just like Venom de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious way so just like Venom de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious way so just like Venom de
+layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except didn't quite leave enough room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except didn't quite leave enough room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except didn't quite leave enough room
+here in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in between the
+levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are
+buffers there's a buffer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers there's a buffer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers there's a buffer here
+between those to between the nodes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those to between the nodes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those to between the nodes of
+this funnel and the nodes of this funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay these buffers may have some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these buffers may have some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these buffers may have some stuff
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+them at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at any
+moment okay and the big question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay and the big question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay and the big question is how
+do you set the buffer size this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you set the buffer size this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you set the buffer size this is the
+key step and the claim is each buffer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step and the claim is each buffer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step and the claim is each buffer we
+set to a size of K to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to a size of K to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to a size of K to the three
+Hales because the number of buffers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales because the number of buffers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales because the number of buffers is
+about square root of K because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about square root of K because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about square root of K because there's
+one per Leaf of this funnel and a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per Leaf of this funnel and a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per Leaf of this funnel and a k
+funnel has K inputs so root K funnel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel has K inputs so root K funnel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel has K inputs so root K funnel is
+going to have root K inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have root K inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have root K inputs
+here and so the total size of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the total size of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the total size of all the
+buffers is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared which is uh not too big I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is uh not too big I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is uh not too big I'm not
+going to go through the recurrence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the recurrence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the recurrence but
+if you add up the total size of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add up the total size of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add up the total size of this
+thing it is linear size in the output K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it is linear size in the output K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it is linear size in the output K
+cubed uh I think also if you don't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed uh I think also if you don't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed uh I think also if you don't count
+the output buffer it's linear in k s if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output buffer it's linear in k s if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output buffer it's linear in k s if
+I recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recall
+correctly um we're not too concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um we're not too concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um we're not too concerned
+with that here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that here just
+overall uh once we have K funnels uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh once we have K funnels uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh once we have K funnels uh
+funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort is just going to be n to the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is just going to be n to the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is just going to be n to the 1/3
+way merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with uh and N to the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funnel as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+merger uh we can only afford up to n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger uh we can only afford up to n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger uh we can only afford up to n to
+the 1/3 because of this this cubic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/3 because of this this cubic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/3 because of this this cubic thing
+we can only uh merge if we want uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only uh merge if we want uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only uh merge if we want uh the
+Sorting bound n over B log Bas m b of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorting bound n over B log Bas m b of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorting bound n over B log Bas m b of n
+over B uh we can only afford uh K being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B uh we can only afford uh K being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B uh we can only afford uh K being
+up to n to the 1/3 so that's the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n to the 1/3 so that's the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n to the 1/3 so that's the biggest
+we can do uh so it's a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do uh so it's a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do uh so it's a recursive
+algorithm where each of the merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm where each of the merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm where each of the merging
+steps is uh this recursive data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is uh this recursive data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is uh this recursive data
+structure now this is really just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now this is really just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now this is really just about
+layout I haven't told you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout I haven't told you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout I haven't told you what the
+actual algorithm is yet um but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual algorithm is yet um but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual algorithm is yet um but it's a
+recursive layout right you store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive layout right you store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive layout right you store the
+entire upper triangle then each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire upper triangle then each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire upper triangle then each of the
+triangles somewhere you put the buffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles somewhere you put the buffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles somewhere you put the buffers
+doesn't really matter where the buffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter where the buffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter where the buffers
+are as long as each triangle is stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as long as each triangle is stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as long as each triangle is stored
+as a consecutive array of memory will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consecutive array of memory will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consecutive array of memory will be
+okay and now let me tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let me tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let me tell you about the
+actual algorithm to do this it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual algorithm to do this it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual algorithm to do this it's a very
+simple lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm so there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so there's a whole bunch of
+buffers if you want to do this merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers if you want to do this merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers if you want to do this merge
+really what you'd like to do is fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you'd like to do is fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you'd like to do is fill
+this output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output
+buffer so you call this sub routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so you call this sub routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so you call this sub routine
+called fill on the output buffer and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fill on the output buffer and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fill on the output buffer and say
+I would like to fill this entire buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to fill this entire buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to fill this entire buffer
+with elements uh precondition if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elements uh precondition if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elements uh precondition if you're
+going to do a fill right now the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a fill right now the buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a fill right now the buffer
+is empty and then at the end of The Fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty and then at the end of The Fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty and then at the end of The Fill
+you'd like this to be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like this to be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like this to be completely
+full and how do you do it well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and how do you do it well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and how do you do it well if you
+look at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any
+buffer uh partially filled whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer uh partially filled whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer uh partially filled whatever you
+look right below it there's a node in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right below it there's a node in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right below it there's a node in
+this tree you know you recurse all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree you know you recurse all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree you know you recurse all the
+way down in the end this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down in the end this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down in the end this is just a
+binary tree with buffers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree with buffers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree with buffers in
+it so it's going to be there's a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's going to be there's a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's going to be there's a buffer
+then there's a node then there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a node then there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a node then there's two
+children each of which is a buffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children each of which is a buffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children each of which is a buffer and
+then there's a node below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever okay so how do I fill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay so how do I fill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay so how do I fill this
+thing I just read the first item or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just read the first item or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just read the first item or you
+know the the beginning this the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the beginning this the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the beginning this the smallest
+item for each of these compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item for each of these compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item for each of these compare them
+whichever's smaller I stick it here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever's smaller I stick it here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever's smaller I stick it here it's
+just a regular binary merge just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular binary merge just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular binary merge just kind of
+cool you've got two arrays you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you've got two arrays you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you've got two arrays you want to
+merge them stick the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge them stick the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge them stick the results
+here so that's how we do fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+merge of the two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers
+until we're full but there's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we're full but there's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we're full but there's one thing
+that can happen which is that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen which is that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen which is that one of the
+child buffers might empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we do then recursively fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that's the algorithm very simple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the algorithm very simple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the algorithm very simple the
+obvious lazy thing to do do a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious lazy thing to do do a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious lazy thing to do do a binary
+merge this is going to be nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge this is going to be nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge this is going to be nice because
+it's like two scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like two scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like two scans
+until one of these guys empties and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until one of these guys empties and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until one of these guys empties and then
+you pause this merge and then say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause this merge and then say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause this merge and then say okay
+I'm going to fill this entire buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to fill this entire buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to fill this entire buffer
+which will recursively do stuff till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will recursively do stuff till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will recursively do stuff till
+it's completely full or I run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely full or I run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely full or I run out of
+input elements whichever comes first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input elements whichever comes first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input elements whichever comes first and
+then uh resume this merch question are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh resume this merch question are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh resume this merch question are
+there more than two buffers should only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more than two buffers should only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more than two buffers should only
+be two children buffers uh because I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two children buffers uh because I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two children buffers uh because I uh
+questions what are there more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what are there more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what are there more than
+two this recur recursion of the root K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this recur recursion of the root K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this recur recursion of the root K
+and root K child triangles of size root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and root K child triangles of size root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and root K child triangles of size root
+K is exactly the recursion we did in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is exactly the recursion we did in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is exactly the recursion we did in a
+binary tree I didn't say but underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree I didn't say but underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree I didn't say but underlying
+this is a binary tree the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a binary tree the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a binary tree the only
+difference between this and a VM to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this and a VM to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this and a VM to both
+lay is we adding these buffers so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay is we adding these buffers so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay is we adding these buffers so this I
+intended to draw this as binary it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to draw this as binary it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to draw this as binary it's a
+little hard to tell because I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to tell because I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to tell because I didn't
+draw the base case but it is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the base case but it is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the base case but it is indeed
+binary tree in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay other
+questions so that's the algorithm and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so that's the algorithm and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so that's the algorithm and as
+I said not going to analyze it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said not going to analyze it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said not going to analyze it but it's
+the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of
+analysis you uh look at the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you uh look at the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you uh look at the threshold
+where things fit in cach or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things fit in cach or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things fit in cach or
+don't and argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accordingly it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly it's pretty
+handwavy uh I what I want to get to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy uh I what I want to get to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy uh I what I want to get to is
+how we use this to solve more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use this to solve more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use this to solve more
+interesting problems than sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems than sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems than sorting
+sorting is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is a little bit
+boring so let's go to batched orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring so let's go to batched orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring so let's go to batched orthogonal
+Range searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Range searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Range searching
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in general this technique called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this technique called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this technique called uh
+distribution sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea with distribution sweep is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea with distribution sweep is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea with distribution sweep is that
+uh not only can we use this cool funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only can we use this cool funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only can we use this cool funnel
+sword algorithm to sort but we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword algorithm to sort but we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword algorithm to sort but we can think
+of it as doing a divide and conquer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as doing a divide and conquer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as doing a divide and conquer on
+the key value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and in this case we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this case we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this case we have two
+coordinates we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're going to use the
+divide and conquer on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer on one of the
+coordinates um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates um
+and where we have some flexibility is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we have some flexibility is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we have some flexibility is in
+this binary merge step we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binary merge step we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binary merge step we're doing this
+binary merge and normally it's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary merge and normally it's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary merge and normally it's just you
+take them in you spit it out here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them in you spit it out here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them in you spit it out here you
+take the Min you spit it out here but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Min you spit it out here but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Min you spit it out here but if
+there's that's the Min of one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that's the Min of one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that's the Min of one particular
+coordinate now you've got to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate now you've got to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate now you've got to deal with
+some auxiliary information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some auxiliary information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some auxiliary information about the
+other coordinates so in general you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinates so in general you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinates so in general you're
+merging two sorted things uh if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging two sorted things uh if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging two sorted things uh if there's
+other geometric information you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other geometric information you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other geometric information you can try
+to preserve it during the merge as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve it during the merge as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve it during the merge as long
+as you can do that this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can do that this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can do that this is sort of the
+conquer part or the combined step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer part or the combined step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer part or the combined step of
+divide and conquer you can do a lot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer you can do a lot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer you can do a lot it's
+a powerful technique turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful technique turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful technique turns
+out it's by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's by uh
+broal and fagerberg in the in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broal and fagerberg in the in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broal and fagerberg in the in the early
+days of cach oblivious it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of cach oblivious it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of cach oblivious it's the first
+geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+paper uh fine so replace or say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh fine so replace or say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh fine so replace or say
+augment the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+merge which is in the end the only part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge which is in the end the only part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge which is in the end the only part
+of the algorithm other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algorithm other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algorithm other than the
+recursion so it's the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so it's the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so it's the only thing you
+need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maintain auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain auxiliary
+information okay that's the generic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay that's the generic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay that's the generic idea
+of distribution sweep and distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution sweep and distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution sweep and distribution
+sweep has been applied to solve lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep has been applied to solve lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep has been applied to solve lots of
+different problems bat orthogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems bat orthogonal range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems bat orthogonal range
+queries is one of them um generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is one of them um generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is one of them um generally
+you've got a bunch of orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bunch of orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bunch of orthogonal
+segments rectangles points you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments rectangles points you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments rectangles points you want to
+compute how they intersect the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how they intersect the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how they intersect the sorts of
+problems that can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that can be solved
+here uh also weird things like I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh also weird things like I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh also weird things like I give
+you a bunch of points and I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of points and I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of points and I want to know
+for every Point what's its nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Point what's its nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Point what's its nearest
+neighbor in ukian sense that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor in ukian sense that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor in ukian sense that can be
+solved uh but I like orthogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved uh but I like orthogonal range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved uh but I like orthogonal range
+searching because it's the closest to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching because it's the closest to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching because it's the closest to a
+data structure problem it's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure problem it's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure problem it's problem
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+seen so the actual batched orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so the actual batched orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so the actual batched orthogonal
+range searching is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range searching is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range searching is you're
+given n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangles and you want to know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles and you want to know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles and you want to know which
+points are in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are in which
+rectangles okay that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles okay that's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles okay that's the general
+problem so normally we're given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so normally we're given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so normally we're given the
+points first and then we're given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points first and then we're given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points first and then we're given the
+rectangles one at a time that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles one at a time that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles one at a time that's what
+we've solved in the past it's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved in the past it's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved in the past it's what we
+will solve later that's the online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve later that's the online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve later that's the online
+version the batch version is I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the batch version is I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the batch version is I give you
+whole bunch of queries I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of queries I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of queries I want to know
+simultaneously uh and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh and we're going to
+achieve uh the Sorting bound n/ B log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve uh the Sorting bound n/ B log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve uh the Sorting bound n/ B log
+base M over b n/ b plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base M over b n/ b plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base M over b n/ b plus
+size of the output over B and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the output over B and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the output over B and this is
+generally the optimal bound you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the optimal bound you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the optimal bound you could
+hope for uh it's not obvious you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for uh it's not obvious you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for uh it's not obvious you need
+the log but I think for most problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log but I think for most problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log but I think for most problems in
+external memory you need this log you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory you need this log you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory you need this log you
+need it's hard to beat the Sorting bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it's hard to beat the Sorting bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it's hard to beat the Sorting bound
+and then once you're pay the Sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you're pay the Sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you're pay the Sorting
+bound this is the optimal linear time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this is the optimal linear time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this is the optimal linear time to
+just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the
+output uh now this problem can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh now this problem can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh now this problem can be solved
+give me all the point rectangle pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me all the point rectangle pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me all the point rectangle pairs
+that uh that result I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that result I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that result I'm not going to
+solve it here exactly um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it here exactly um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it here exactly um we're going to
+solve a slightly different version or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a slightly different version or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a slightly different version or in
+general n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general n
+whatever let me tell you about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let me tell you about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let me tell you about another
+version of this problem which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this problem which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this problem which is a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+easier then I'll sketch how we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier then I'll sketch how we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier then I'll sketch how we solve
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so remember we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so remember we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so remember we've talked about
+range reporting and also range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range reporting and also range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range reporting and also range
+counting you just want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you just want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you just want to know the
+number of answers uh here's something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of answers uh here's something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of answers uh here's something in
+between you want to know for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you want to know for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you want to know for every
+Point how many rectangles contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point how many rectangles contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point how many rectangles contain
+it okay in particular this will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay in particular this will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay in particular this will tell you
+for each point does it appear in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each point does it appear in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each point does it appear in any of
+the rectangles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangles in the
+Set uh it'll tell you how many and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh it'll tell you how many and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh it'll tell you how many and this
+is actually necessary as a first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually necessary as a first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually necessary as a first step
+because one of the hard Parts in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the hard Parts in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the hard Parts in solving
+these kinds of problems reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of problems reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of problems reporting
+problems is that the output could be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is that the output could be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is that the output could be big
+we know that's always an issue but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that's always an issue but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that's always an issue but with
+obliv it's a big issue literally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliv it's a big issue literally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliv it's a big issue literally because
+space is important you can't afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is important you can't afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is important you can't afford to
+you put space anywhere if I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put space anywhere if I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put space anywhere if I want to put
+if if in here if these buffers have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if in here if these buffers have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if in here if these buffers have to
+get much bigger in order to store those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much bigger in order to store those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much bigger in order to store those
+answers then life is kind of tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers then life is kind of tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers then life is kind of tough
+because then this data structure gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then this data structure gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then this data structure gets
+too big and then my analysis goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and then my analysis goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and then my analysis goes out
+the window because things that used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window because things that used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window because things that used to
+fit in cash no longer fit in cash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in cash no longer fit in cash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in cash no longer fit in cash the
+analysis I didn't show you so uh it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I didn't show you so uh it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I didn't show you so uh it's an
+issue so for starter so the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so for starter so the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so for starter so the first step
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+algorithm is to First figure out how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is to First figure out how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is to First figure out how big
+those buffers have to be so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those buffers have to be so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those buffers have to be so that we
+don't have to allocate them too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to allocate them too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to allocate them too large
+and to do that we need to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that we need to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that we need to basically
+count how many answers there are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many answers there are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many answers there are and
+this is what we'll do and to do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we'll do and to do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we'll do and to do this uh
+to compute these values the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute these values the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute these values the answers
+aren't very big I me these answers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very big I me these answers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very big I me these answers are
+just single numbers per point so it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just single numbers per point so it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just single numbers per point so it's no
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+deal okay so here's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay so here's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay so here's what we do
+sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points and the corners of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangles by x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate using lazy funnel sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate using lazy funnel sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate using lazy funnel sort
+nothing fancy here no augmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fancy here no augmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fancy here no augmentation
+regular old sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old sort
+then this will be useful later then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be useful later then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be useful later then
+we're going to divide and conquer on y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh via distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sweep and here our binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+merger is going to be an upward sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger is going to be an upward sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger is going to be an upward sweep
+line algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about that sweep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm okay uh we presort our points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay uh we presort our points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay uh we presort our points
+by X and now if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X and now if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X and now if you think about the
+merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging
+step what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this
+confusing we're trying to sort by why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing we're trying to sort by why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing we're trying to sort by why we
+were in in a certain sense but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in in a certain sense but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in in a certain sense but we were
+we're always going to be sorted by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always going to be sorted by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always going to be sorted by X
+because we did that up front so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did that up front so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did that up front so uh the
+picture is going to be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to be something like
+this we're in a slab there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're in a slab there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're in a slab there's going to be
+the left slab so here's the here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left slab so here's the here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left slab so here's the here's the
+binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+merger there's the L points and the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger there's the L points and the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger there's the L points and the R
+Points the L points are going to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points the L points are going to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points the L points are going to be in a
+particular X interval the R Points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X interval the R Points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X interval the R Points are
+going to be in another X in an adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in another X in an adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in another X in an adjacent
+X interval corresponding to this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X interval corresponding to this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X interval corresponding to this tree
+picture and then uh we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then uh we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then uh we have these
+points which uh you know they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which uh you know they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which uh you know they they
+overlap in y because the whole point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in y because the whole point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in y because the whole point is
+we're trying to merge by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to merge by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to merge by
+y okay we also have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangles and their Corners are what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles and their Corners are what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles and their Corners are what we
+have represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably should have used colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay uh and now we so we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and now we so we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and now we so we're given
+essentially we we have whatever we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we we have whatever we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we we have whatever we want
+on the points and Corners in here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the points and Corners in here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the points and Corners in here we
+have whatever we want in the points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whatever we want in the points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whatever we want in the points and
+Corners in this lab let me add a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners in this lab let me add a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners in this lab let me add a little
+bit of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of color
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines and now we want to merge these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and now we want to merge these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and now we want to merge these two
+things and merging here is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and merging here is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and merging here is all about
+counting how many rectangles contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how many rectangles contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how many rectangles contain
+each point now we already know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point now we already know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point now we already know how many
+points over here are contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over here are contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over here are contained in
+rectangles that are over here so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles that are over here so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles that are over here so we've
+presumably already found that this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably already found that this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably already found that this point
+lies in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in this
+rectangle we've already found I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle we've already found I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle we've already found I guess
+there's no points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no points here
+right you found that this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you found that this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you found that this point is
+contained in this rectangle okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this rectangle okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this rectangle okay because
+these Corners were in this slab and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Corners were in this slab and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Corners were in this slab and so
+let's say every corner knows the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say every corner knows the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say every corner knows the entire
+rectangle so when you were processing R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so when you were processing R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so when you were processing R
+you saw these Corners you saw this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw these Corners you saw this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw these Corners you saw this point
+somehow you figured that out what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you figured that out what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you figured that out what we're
+missing are things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing are things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing are things like this
+rectangle where none of the corners are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle where none of the corners are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle where none of the corners are
+inside R so R knew nothing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside R so R knew nothing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside R so R knew nothing about this
+rectangle and yet it has points that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and yet it has points that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and yet it has points that are
+contained in it similarly there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in it similarly there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in it similarly there are
+these rectangles that completely span L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles that completely span L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles that completely span L
+they go and so therefore none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go and so therefore none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go and so therefore none of the
+corners are inside L but we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners are inside L but we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners are inside L but we need to know
+that these points are in there those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these points are in there those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these points are in there those are
+the only things that will be missing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only things that will be missing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only things that will be missing at
+this level now there might be uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level now there might be uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level now there might be uh I mean
+there might be other rectangles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be other rectangles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be other rectangles that
+completely span L and R those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely span L and R those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely span L and R those will be
+discovered at higher levels not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered at higher levels not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered at higher levels not
+here so it's a little bit awkward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a little bit awkward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a little bit awkward to
+check that this will actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this will actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this will actually find
+everything but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it
+will so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so
+uh to find to figure this out we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find to figure this out we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find to figure this out we have to
+when we're merging L and R see L knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're merging L and R see L knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're merging L and R see L knows
+about this rectangle because it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this rectangle because it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this rectangle because it sees
+these points we want to keep track as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points we want to keep track as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points we want to keep track as we
+sweep upwards we want to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep upwards we want to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep upwards we want to realize that
+these points are in a big rectangle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points are in a big rectangle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points are in a big rectangle here
+whereas they weren't discovered in L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they weren't discovered in L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they weren't discovered in L
+they weren't discovered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't discovered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't discovered in
+R to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maintain a number as we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a number as we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a number as we have a
+horizontal line we're sweeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line we're sweeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line we're sweeping
+up we want to maintain the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we want to maintain the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we want to maintain the number of
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+rectangles active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles active
+means that it's currently being sliced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's currently being sliced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's currently being sliced
+by The Sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that
+have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Corners uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners uh in
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+and completely span R so that's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely span R so that's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely span R so that's these
+guys so that's easy to do as we're as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so that's easy to do as we're as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so that's easy to do as we're as
+we're we're merging these points so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're merging these points so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're merging these points so they
+they each of them has been sorted by y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each of them has been sorted by y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each of them has been sorted by y
+now uh we're doing a merge so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we're doing a merge so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we're doing a merge so we're
+considering all the corners and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering all the corners and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering all the corners and all the
+points in increasing y-coordinate as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in increasing y-coordinate as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in increasing y-coordinate as we
+do that binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that binary
+merge so whenever we visit a left corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge so whenever we visit a left corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge so whenever we visit a left corner
+of a rectangle a lower left corner we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rectangle a lower left corner we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rectangle a lower left corner we
+say oh uh does this rectangle go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh uh does this rectangle go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh uh does this rectangle go all the
+way across this one does not by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way across this one does not by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way across this one does not by the time
+we get to here this one goes all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to here this one goes all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to here this one goes all the way
+across R and so we increment CL and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across R and so we increment CL and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across R and so we increment CL and when
+we get to the upper left corner we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the upper left corner we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the upper left corner we
+decrement CL say oh that rectangle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement CL say oh that rectangle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement CL say oh that rectangle's
+over so it's very easy to do constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so it's very easy to do constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so it's very easy to do constant
+time or constant time but it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or constant time but it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or constant time but it's only
+going to be one overb memory transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one overb memory transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one overb memory transfers
+per one of these because it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per one of these because it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per one of these because it's a nice
+cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+merge uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh and then
+symmetrically we do CR is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically we do CR is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically we do CR is the number of
+number of active rectangles with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of active rectangles with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of active rectangles with the
+right Corners in r that span l so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Corners in r that span l so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Corners in r that span l so
+that's this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this guy
+C CR I guess and this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C CR I guess and this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C CR I guess and this guy is
+CL General there might be a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL General there might be a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL General there might be a lot of them
+so you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you count
+them and then only thing we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do is whenever we encounter a point as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is whenever we encounter a point as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is whenever we encounter a point as
+opposed to a corner because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a corner because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a corner because we're
+storing them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing them all together
+uh we add I got this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we add I got this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we add I got this right
+CR to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR to its
+counter we want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter we want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter we want to know how many
+rectangles contain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles contain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles contain that
+point and so for example when we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so for example when we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so for example when we see
+this point and CR is currently one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and CR is currently one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and CR is currently one then
+we know that this point appeared in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this point appeared in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this point appeared in some
+rectangle that spanned l so we increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle that spanned l so we increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle that spanned l so we increment
+this Point's counter similarly when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Point's counter similarly when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Point's counter similarly when we
+see these points CL is positive so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these points CL is positive so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these points CL is positive so we
+increment these guys counters by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment these guys counters by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment these guys counters by
+whatever CL is so there's this symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+version uh in R we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh in R we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh in R we add
+CL probably should have called them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL probably should have called them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL probably should have called them the
+other names but anyway CLC doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other names but anyway CLC doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other names but anyway CLC doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+clrs question the bottom is the XIs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clrs question the bottom is the XIs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clrs question the bottom is the XIs
+right this is the x- axis yeah so are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diving it does look like we're dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving it does look like we're dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving it does look like we're dividing
+and conquering on X I think you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquering on X I think you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquering on X I think you're right
+sorry for some reason I thought it was y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for some reason I thought it was y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for some reason I thought it was y
+you're right so it's a funny thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so it's a funny thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so it's a funny thing we're
+we're presorting by X yeah which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're presorting by X yeah which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're presorting by X yeah which is
+what's getting us thank you that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's getting us thank you that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's getting us thank you that's much
+clearer now my mind is like well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer now my mind is like well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer now my mind is like well there's
+something weird here we're presorting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something weird here we're presorting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something weird here we're presorting on
+X and then we're just sticking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then we're just sticking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then we're just sticking these
+guys down here so like evenly dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys down here so like evenly dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys down here so like evenly dividing
+them into into lists um or I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into into lists um or I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into into lists um or I guess
+actually we're doing our uh where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're doing our uh where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're doing our uh where is it
+funnel sort the merge sort things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sort the merge sort things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sort the merge sort things have
+already been sorted by X but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been sorted by X but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been sorted by X but now we're
+merge sorted starting again and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sorted starting again and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sorted starting again and this
+time when we merge we carry along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we merge we carry along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we merge we carry along this
+information so they're both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so they're both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so they're both in terms of
+X just kind of funny another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X just kind of funny another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X just kind of funny another
+question sorry is it important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upep
+uh the upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the upward
+sweep yeah we have to do the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep yeah we have to do the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep yeah we have to do the points in
+order by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by
+y we want to by y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we want to by y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we want to by y
+oh so confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now yeah I know in the notes it says y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah I know in the notes it says y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah I know in the notes it says y
+it used to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to say
+x I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I
+believe we're dividing and conquering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're dividing and conquering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're dividing and conquering on
+X but we're sorting by Y and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but we're sorting by Y and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but we're sorting by Y and that's the
+confusion I'll I'll double check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion I'll I'll double check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion I'll I'll double check
+this but in order in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but in order in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but in order in order for this
+sweep to work so it's like you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep to work so it's like you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep to work so it's like you first
+sort by X you throw we are in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort by X you throw we are in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort by X you throw we are in some sense
+doing divide and conquer by X because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing divide and conquer by X because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing divide and conquer by X because we
+did the sort by X but the merge s is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the sort by X but the merge s is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the sort by X but the merge s is on
+y it's right it makes more sense if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's right it makes more sense if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's right it makes more sense if
+you're already in X order sorting isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already in X order sorting isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already in X order sorting isn't
+going to learn isn't going to learn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn isn't going to learn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn isn't going to learn you
+much isn't going to teach you much um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much isn't going to teach you much um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much isn't going to teach you much um so
+first you sort by X things are nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you sort by X things are nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you sort by X things are nicely
+ordered by X so we get these nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered by X so we get these nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered by X so we get these nice
+horizontal slabs in the decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal slabs in the decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal slabs in the decomposition
+but now when we merge now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when we merge now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when we merge now we're going to
+sort by y so we're going to reorder the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort by y so we're going to reorder the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort by y so we're going to reorder the
+points and that's what lets us do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and that's what lets us do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and that's what lets us do the
+sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep
+and we are in the end merging all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are in the end merging all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are in the end merging all these
+points together in y order and as we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points together in y order and as we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points together in y order and as we do
+it then we get the information we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then we get the information we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then we get the information we want
+about rectangles and points okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rectangles and points okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rectangles and points okay this is
+why I wanted this to be both X and Y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted this to be both X and Y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted this to be both X and Y but
+really the divide and conquer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the divide and conquer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the divide and conquer is
+happening on X but we are doing a merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on X but we are doing a merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on X but we are doing a merge
+sort on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on
+y finally clearer thanks for helping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y finally clearer thanks for helping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y finally clearer thanks for helping me
+solve this this is a new lecture as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this this is a new lecture as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this this is a new lecture as you
+may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have
+guessed so still working out some Kinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed so still working out some Kinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed so still working out some Kinks
+but uh I I really really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I I really really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I I really really wanted to
+introduce this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this lecture
+because the next thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the next thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the next thing we're going to
+cover which is a way to do orthogonal 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover which is a way to do orthogonal 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover which is a way to do orthogonal 2D
+range search in cach obiviously is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range search in cach obiviously is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range search in cach obiviously is super
+cool it's it's like one of the craziest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it's it's like one of the craziest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it's it's like one of the craziest
+things there is so at least in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there is so at least in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there is so at least in cash
+oblivious World any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious World any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious World any other questions
+before Oh I should say a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Oh I should say a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Oh I should say a little bit more
+about this um this is we we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um this is we we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um this is we we've now
+solved this first step so speak which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this first step so speak which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this first step so speak which is
+figuring out the output size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the output size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the output size
+counting how for each point how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how for each point how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how for each point how many
+rectangles contain it which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles contain it which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles contain it which is an
+interesting Problem by itself that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Problem by itself that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Problem by itself that's the
+range counting problem um you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range counting problem um you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range counting problem um you can also
+use it to figure out at this level at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to figure out at this level at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to figure out at this level at
+this merging step how many things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this merging step how many things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this merging step how many things will
+be output here how many new outputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be output here how many new outputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be output here how many new outputs are
+there how many points in rectangles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many points in rectangles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many points in rectangles are
+there it's essentially just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's essentially just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's essentially just the sum of
+all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+okay um so you can count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so you can count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so you can count the number of
+outputs per merge and so then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs per merge and so then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs per merge and so then there's a
+a natural strategy which is you build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural strategy which is you build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural strategy which is you build a
+new funnel structure where these buffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new funnel structure where these buffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new funnel structure where these buffers
+have the right size you've precomputed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right size you've precomputed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right size you've precomputed
+what all the sizes need to be at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the sizes need to be at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the sizes need to be at every
+merge you know how many things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge you know how many things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge you know how many things are going
+to get spit out here so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get spit out here so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get spit out here so you could
+allocate that much space and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that much space and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that much space and that will
+be a kind of decent uh merge because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of decent uh merge because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of decent uh merge because I
+haven't done the analysis as hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the analysis as hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the analysis as hard to get
+into detail about this but uh it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail about this but uh it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail about this but uh it will
+not be optimal on unfortunately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be optimal on unfortunately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be optimal on unfortunately to
+actually make it work you end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it work you end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it work you end up having
+to take this tree carving it into subtes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this tree carving it into subtes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this tree carving it into subtes
+of linear size so normally the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear size so normally the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear size so normally the whole
+thing is linear size everything's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is linear size everything's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is linear size everything's fine
+and where the analysis breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the analysis breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the analysis breaks
+essentially is if you have a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is if you have a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is if you have a giant
+buffer because one of the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer because one of the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer because one of the outputs
+potentially the output size here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially the output size here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially the output size here is
+quadratic and so you might the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and so you might the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and so you might the overall
+thing might be super linear and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might be super linear and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might be super linear and so when
+you have a super linear buffer or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a super linear buffer or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a super linear buffer or a
+bunch of very large buffers that sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of very large buffers that sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of very large buffers that sum to
+linear size essentially need to carve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size essentially need to carve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size essentially need to carve
+that tree which you do by recursive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree which you do by recursive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree which you do by recursive uh
+carving of the tree so that each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving of the tree so that each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving of the tree so that each of the
+trees has linear size then you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees has linear size then you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees has linear size then you apply the
+analysis to each of the trees separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to each of the trees separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to each of the trees separately
+you store them consecutively separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store them consecutively separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store them consecutively separately
+each of them has good optimal running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them has good optimal running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them has good optimal running
+time and then the combination does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then the combination does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then the combination does
+that's the handwavy version of how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the handwavy version of how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the handwavy version of how to do
+actual range reporting with end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual range reporting with end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual range reporting with end points
+and end rectangles if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end rectangles if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end rectangles if you're interested
+in the details read the paper it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the details read the paper it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the details read the paper it's just
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+messy and especially when you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy and especially when you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy and especially when you don't know
+the analysis but I want to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis but I want to move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis but I want to move on to
+online orthogonal 2D range searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online orthogonal 2D range searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online orthogonal 2D range searching
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's it's the hardest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the hardest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the hardest and
+coolest of them all unless there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest of them all unless there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest of them all unless there are
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly if at this point if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly if at this point if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly if at this point if you
+believe in funnel sort you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in funnel sort you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in funnel sort you should
+believe that range counting is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that range counting is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that range counting is easy to
+do and I just handwave the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I just handwave the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I just handwave the range
+reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+part are you scribing is that why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part are you scribing is that why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part are you scribing is that why you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ask that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that's where we
+stand um the next thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand um the next thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand um the next thing we're going to
+do is is regular range reporting regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is is regular range reporting regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is is regular range reporting regular
+online stuff so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online stuff so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online stuff so this is
+orthogonal 2D range search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we spent a couple of lectures on 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spent a couple of lectures on 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spent a couple of lectures on 2D
+and 3D range search all this crazy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3D range search all this crazy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3D range search all this crazy stuff
+with uh uh fractional cascading and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh fractional cascading and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh fractional cascading and so
+on and the layered range trees uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the layered range trees uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the layered range trees uh we're
+going to use some of those techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use some of those techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use some of those techniques
+that we we built there and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we built there and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we built there and in particular
+you may recall there was this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may recall there was this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may recall there was this idea that
+if we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a bunch of
+points uh regular 2D range searching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh regular 2D range searching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh regular 2D range searching is
+I give you a rectangle give me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a rectangle give me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a rectangle give me all the
+points in the rectangle fine all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the rectangle fine all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the rectangle fine all our
+goal is to achieve log base B of n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to achieve log base B of n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to achieve log base B of n plus
+output size over B that's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output size over B that's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output size over B that's the new
+optimal bound this is how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal bound this is how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal bound this is how long it takes
+to do a regular search in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a regular search in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a regular search in one
+dimension uh so uh if you have output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension uh so uh if you have output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension uh so uh if you have output
+size whatever and we we'll probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size whatever and we we'll probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size whatever and we we'll probably be
+able to do range counting but I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do range counting but I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do range counting but I won't
+worry about it here we'll just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it here we'll just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it here we'll just think
+about range reporting if there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about range reporting if there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about range reporting if there's this
+many points output them all in that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points output them all in that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points output them all in that much
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+B this is what we call a regular range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is what we call a regular range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is what we call a regular range
+search uh but I'm going to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search uh but I'm going to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search uh but I'm going to distinguish
+it and call it a four-sided range search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and call it a four-sided range search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and call it a four-sided range search
+because a rectangle has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a rectangle has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a rectangle has four
+sides uh but you could think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides uh but you could think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides uh but you could think of the
+other versions and we actually did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other versions and we actually did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other versions and we actually did this
+when we were doing the 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing the 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing the 3D
+problem so if these are two rays and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if these are two rays and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if these are two rays and an
+edge this you might call a three-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge this you might call a three-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge this you might call a three-sided
+rectangle and you can go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and you can go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and you can go all the way
+down to two sides hard to go down to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two sides hard to go down to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two sides hard to go down to one
+side uh here is a two-sided rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh here is a two-sided rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh here is a two-sided rectangle
+just has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rays okay as you might expect this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays okay as you might expect this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays okay as you might expect this is
+easier than that and if I recall in 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than that and if I recall in 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than that and if I recall in 3D
+we ended up doing this thing in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up doing this thing in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up doing this thing in linear
+space with this fancy uh first you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with this fancy uh first you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with this fancy uh first you do a
+search on the left coordinate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on the left coordinate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on the left coordinate and then
+you just walk we subdivided with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just walk we subdivided with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just walk we subdivided with
+fractional cascading so that every face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading so that every face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading so that every face
+had constant size and so you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had constant size and so you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had constant size and so you could just
+walk in each step you'd report a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in each step you'd report a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in each step you'd report a new
+point if you may recall for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you may recall for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you may recall for this kind of
+two-sided thing first you search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided thing first you search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided thing first you search for
+this and then you basically just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then you basically just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then you basically just follow
+this line till you found this point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line till you found this point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line till you found this point this
+corner um so in this we could achieve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner um so in this we could achieve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner um so in this we could achieve in
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+space uh logarithmic time this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh logarithmic time this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh logarithmic time this one we
+needed n log n space actually the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed n log n space actually the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed n log n space actually the best
+known is n log n divided by log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known is n log n divided by log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known is n log n divided by log log n
+that um but we could do n log n using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but we could do n log n using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but we could do n log n using
+range trees and we got down to log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range trees and we got down to log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range trees and we got down to log n
+time using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time using uh
+log n query time and log n space using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n query time and log n space using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n query time and log n space using
+layered range trees okay that's that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered range trees okay that's that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered range trees okay that's that was
+the internal memory regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms am I missing an M over B no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms am I missing an M over B no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms am I missing an M over B no
+this is log base B of n not log base M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is log base B of n not log base M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is log base B of n not log base M
+over B of n yeah it's good to ask when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B of n yeah it's good to ask when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B of n yeah it's good to ask when
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+sorting this kind of thing we get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting this kind of thing we get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting this kind of thing we get log
+base M over B um but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base M over B um but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base M over B um but when you're
+searching the best you can do is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching the best you can do is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching the best you can do is log
+base B we actually proved a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B we actually proved a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B we actually proved a lower bound
+about this in the first memory hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the first memory hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the first memory hierarchy
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+because if you're looking at B thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're looking at B thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're looking at B thing I
+mean when you read in a block because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you read in a block because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you read in a block because
+this is online you read it in a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is online you read it in a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is online you read it in a block
+you can only learn where you fit among B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only learn where you fit among B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only learn where you fit among B
+items and so the best you can hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and so the best you can hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and so the best you can hope to
+achieve is log Bas B ofn for search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve is log Bas B ofn for search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve is log Bas B ofn for search in
+one dimension so this is a lower Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension so this is a lower Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension so this is a lower Bound
+for search when you're doing batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for search when you're doing batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for search when you're doing batch
+operations then you can hope to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations then you can hope to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations then you can hope to achieve
+this stuff which is a lot faster then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff which is a lot faster then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff which is a lot faster then
+it's like one over B * log Bas M over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one over B * log Bas M over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one over B * log Bas M over B
+of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over
+B okay so in a certain sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so in a certain sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so in a certain sense this is
+slower than the batched operations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the batched operations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the batched operations but
+it's more online so it's a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for all of these problems we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for all of these problems we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for all of these problems we can
+achieve log Bas B of n plus out over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log Bas B of n plus out over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log Bas B of n plus out over B
+the issue is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space uh maybe I'll do sort of regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh maybe I'll do sort of regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh maybe I'll do sort of regular
+Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram
+algorithms versus cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we've got two-sided three-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we've got two-sided three-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we've got two-sided three-sided
+four-sided and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided
+uh believe these are the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh believe these are the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh believe these are the right
+answers l in over log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers l in over log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers l in over log log
+in we haven't actually seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh and cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and cache oblivious
+here's what we can do this is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we can do this is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we can do this is with
+optimal query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal query
+times and this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+static okay and if there's time I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static okay and if there's time I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static okay and if there's time I'll
+cover all of these uh so they're not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all of these uh so they're not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all of these uh so they're not not
+perfect these two were off by log Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect these two were off by log Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect these two were off by log Factor
+but not bad pretty good uh orthogonal 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not bad pretty good uh orthogonal 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not bad pretty good uh orthogonal 2D
+range queries and really the coolest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range queries and really the coolest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range queries and really the coolest one
+is this one this once blows my mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one this once blows my mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one this once blows my mind and
+every time I see it so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it we'll start with two-sided and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll start with two-sided and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll start with two-sided and then
+we we have existing techniques once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have existing techniques once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have existing techniques once you
+have two-sided to add on more sides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two-sided to add on more sides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two-sided to add on more sides you
+may recall from the 3D range searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may recall from the 3D range searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may recall from the 3D range searching
+lecture so we're going to use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so we're going to use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so we're going to use those
+techniques and refine them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and refine them a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and refine them a little
+bit to get that log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to get that log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to get that log log
+Factor but you may recall uh way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor but you may recall uh way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor but you may recall uh way back
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+that lecture six or so uh that we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture six or so uh that we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture six or so uh that we had a
+technique once it was two-sided every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique once it was two-sided every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique once it was two-sided every
+time we added a log factor in space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we added a log factor in space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we added a log factor in space we
+could add another side um the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add another side um the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add another side um the hard part
+was getting up the number of dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting up the number of dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting up the number of dimensions
+then the easy part was uh turning half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the easy part was uh turning half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the easy part was uh turning half
+infinite inter intervals into regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite inter intervals into regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite inter intervals into regular
+intervals uh so it's once we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh so it's once we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh so it's once we have this
+it's easy to add a log add another log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to add a log add another log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to add a log add another log
+just with a bit of sophistication we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a bit of sophistication we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a bit of sophistication we can
+save a log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a log log
+Factor okay but let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay but let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay but let's do
+two-sided this will be the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture this is a paper by arga and z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2006 all right so we want to do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 all right so we want to do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 all right so we want to do I'm
+going to assume that they are this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that they are this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that they are this kind
+of quarter plane query so less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quarter plane query so less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quarter plane query so less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+X less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X less than or equal
+to some y coordinat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some y coordinat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some y coordinat
+we want to know all the points in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know all the points in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know all the points in that
+quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter
+plane so here's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so here's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so here's what we're going to
+do it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's all
+static we're going to have a Venom deis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static we're going to have a Venom deis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static we're going to have a Venom deis
+layout so um you know binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout so um you know binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout so um you know binary
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+y-coordinate so this just stores all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate so this just stores all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate so this just stores all the
+points sorted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points sorted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points sorted by
+y Okay so if you're if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Okay so if you're if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Okay so if you're if you want to do
+this query you search for that value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this query you search for that value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this query you search for that value of
+y then each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then each of these
+positions uh you know in between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions uh you know in between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions uh you know in between two
+keys in here has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys in here has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys in here has a
+pointer to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array the array is not sorted by X or Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array the array is not sorted by X or Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array the array is not sorted by X or Y
+it's a weird very weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and then here's the algorithm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then here's the algorithm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then here's the algorithm you
+follow when you you follow this pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow when you you follow this pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow when you you follow this pointer
+you go here here you walk to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here here you walk to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here here you walk to the right
+until you find a point whose uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you find a point whose uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you find a point whose uh x
+coordinate is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big it's bigger than x I should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it's bigger than x I should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it's bigger than x I should probably
+call this X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this X2
+Y2 so first you search for Y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 so first you search for Y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 so first you search for Y2
+here in this thing keyed by y follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this thing keyed by y follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this thing keyed by y follow the
+pointer you look at all the points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer you look at all the points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer you look at all the points that
+have x coordinate less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x coordinate less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x coordinate less than or equal to
+X2 those are the ones you want once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 those are the ones you want once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 those are the ones you want once you
+find a point whose x coordinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a point whose x coordinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a point whose x coordinate is
+bigger than X2 you stop and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than X2 you stop and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than X2 you stop and then you
+report these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report these
+points and it's not quite so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it's not quite so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it's not quite so simple
+because some of these points might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of these points might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of these points might be
+duplicates you have to remove duplicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates you have to remove duplicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates you have to remove duplicates
+that is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer to me this is an insane idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to me this is an insane idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to me this is an insane idea I
+would never imagine this to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never imagine this to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never imagine this to work but
+claim is you can make this array have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is you can make this array have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is you can make this array have
+linear size that's the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size that's the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size that's the hard
+part make this the amount of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part make this the amount of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part make this the amount of stuff that
+you have to Traverse here be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to Traverse here be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to Traverse here be linear
+in out in the number of points that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in out in the number of points that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in out in the number of points that are
+actually in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this
+range so you don't have you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so you don't have you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so you don't have you you are
+going to do a little bit more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little bit more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little bit more work
+because there are duplicates in here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are duplicates in here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are duplicates in here but
+only a constant Factor more work and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a constant Factor more work and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a constant Factor more work and yet
+somehow you've taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you've taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you've taken this
+two-dimensional problem and squashed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional problem and squashed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional problem and squashed it
+onto a line you did one search at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a line you did one search at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a line you did one search at the
+beginning which costs you log Bas B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning which costs you log Bas B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning which costs you log Bas B of
+in then you do this line your scan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then you do this line your scan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then you do this line your scan and
+you get the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magically I don't know how they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically I don't know how they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically I don't know how they thought
+this would be possible but magically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be possible but magically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be possible but magically it
+turns out it is possible it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it is possible it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it is possible it's kind of a
+breakthrough in cach oblivious range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in cach oblivious range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in cach oblivious range
+searching it was known how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching it was known how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching it was known how to do this
+for external memory a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for external memory a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for external memory a lot
+easier uh for example you can do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh for example you can do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh for example you can do it with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+persistence but uh this is a much cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence but uh this is a much cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence but uh this is a much cooler
+way to two-sided range queries all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to two-sided range queries all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to two-sided range queries all right
+so I've explained the query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've explained the query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've explained the query
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+uh well the big thing I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the big thing I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the big thing I haven't
+explained is how to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array and yeah maybe maybe I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and yeah maybe maybe I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and yeah maybe maybe I'll write
+down the things we need to prove as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the things we need to prove as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the things we need to prove as well
+before we get there so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get there so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get there so you can think
+about them as we're writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as we're writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as we're writing down the
+algorithm uh first claim is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh first claim is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh first claim is that this
+algorithm which just decides to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which just decides to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which just decides to stop
+when whenever it gets an x coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whenever it gets an x coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whenever it gets an x coordinate
+that's too big actually finds the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too big actually finds the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too big actually finds the right
+answer finds all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer finds all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer finds all
+points in the range that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about uh second thing is that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh second thing is that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh second thing is that the number
+of scanned points the length of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scanned points the length of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scanned points the length of that
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+order the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the size of the
+output the number actual output points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the number actual output points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the number actual output points
+so there isn't we don't waste time doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there isn't we don't waste time doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there isn't we don't waste time doing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+scan and the other thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and the other thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and the other thing is that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+array has size order n that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array has size order n that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array has size order n that's sort of
+the biggest surprise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest surprise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest surprise to
+me so those are three things we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so those are three things we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so those are three things we need to
+prove about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove about the
+algorithm which I will now tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay before I can Define how this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before I can Define how this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before I can Define how this array
+works I need to define a concept called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so
+uh if we look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query uh there's sort of two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh there's sort of two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh there's sort of two things that
+could happen the good thing for us would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen the good thing for us would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen the good thing for us would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+if uh get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh get this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points in less or equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star is at most Alpha times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is at most Alpha times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is at most Alpha times the number
+of points and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer okay star means no restriction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay star means no restriction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay star means no restriction on
+y minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity this would be good for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this would be good for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this would be good for us
+because it says I mean ultimately what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says I mean ultimately what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says I mean ultimately what
+we're trying to do here is do a scan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do here is do a scan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do here is do a scan in
+X so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if
+uh yeah it's the right right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it's the right right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it's the right right thing to do
+here um then for for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um then for for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um then for for this particular
+y-coordinate we could just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate we could just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate we could just basically
+start at the beginning of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the beginning of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the beginning of the array
+start scanning and just report all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start scanning and just report all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start scanning and just report all the
+points that are actually in our range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are actually in our range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are actually in our range
+sorry I need I need to also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I need I need to also here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I need I need to also here
+potentially throw away points that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially throw away points that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially throw away points that are
+not uh not low enough so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh not low enough so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh not low enough so the answer is
+is contained in here I should say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in here I should say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in here I should say to
+throw away duplicates you have to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away duplicates you have to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away duplicates you have to throw
+away points that are not in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away points that are not in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away points that are not in the range
+less equal to X comma less than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less equal to X comma less than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less equal to X comma less than equal to
+Y still we claim the number of scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y still we claim the number of scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y still we claim the number of scan
+points is proportional to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is proportional to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is proportional to the output
+size that's what we need so if this held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's what we need so if this held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's what we need so if this held
+for every query we'd be happy to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every query we'd be happy to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every query we'd be happy to start
+at the beginning scan and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning scan and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning scan and as long as
+this Alpha is some constant it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alpha is some constant it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alpha is some constant it's going
+to be a constant bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant bigger than
+one then the number of points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the number of points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the number of points in the
+aners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aners
+proportional uh or sorry the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional uh or sorry the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional uh or sorry the number of
+points we had to scan through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we had to scan through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we had to scan through is
+proportional to the number of points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of points uh
+in the end answer and so we're done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end answer and so we're done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end answer and so we're done okay
+so this is the easy case we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the easy case we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the easy case we need to
+distinguish it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it um
+otherwise we call this range query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we call this range query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we call this range query
+sparse and those are the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases so nothing deep here but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so nothing deep here but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so nothing deep here but we're
+going to use this concept A lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so we're going to actually try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so we're going to actually try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so we're going to actually try
+to solve this problem twice uh first try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem twice uh first try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem twice uh first try
+isn't going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be quite
+successful but it gets a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful but it gets a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful but it gets a lot of the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ideas so I'm going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so I'm going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so I'm going to let
+s0 be all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points uh sorted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh sorted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh sorted by
+X always going to be sorted by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X always going to be sorted by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X always going to be sorted by X
+I put things down here uh and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put things down here uh and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put things down here uh and just to
+give you an idea where we're going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea where we're going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea where we're going the
+array we're imagining here is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we're imagining here is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we're imagining here is first
+we'll write down all the points then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write down all the points then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write down all the points then
+we'll write down some subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write down some subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write down some subset of the
+points S1 then some subset of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points S1 then some subset of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points S1 then some subset of that
+subset and so on until we get down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and so on until we get down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and so on until we get down to a
+constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size
+structure okay first we write down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay first we write down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay first we write down all
+the points why because for dense queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points why because for dense queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points why because for dense queries
+that's what we want we want all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want we want all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want we want all the
+points just sit in there so then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points just sit in there so then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points just sit in there so then you can
+just read through all the points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read through all the points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read through all the points and
+dense queries will be happy so for if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense queries will be happy so for if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense queries will be happy so for if we
+detect a y-coordinate where it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect a y-coordinate where it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect a y-coordinate where it's the
+quer is going to be dense I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quer is going to be dense I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quer is going to be dense I don't know
+how we detect that but let's not worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we detect that but let's not worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we detect that but let's not worry
+about it right now then uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right now then uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right now then uh you could
+just look through s z that's fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look through s z that's fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look through s z that's fine but
+some queries are going to be sparse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some queries are going to be sparse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some queries are going to be sparse and
+for that we're going to use S1 S2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we're going to use S1 S2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we're going to use S1 S2 and so
+on the intuition is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the intuition is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the intuition is the following
+um if in your query the y-coordinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if in your query the y-coordinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if in your query the y-coordinate is
+very large like say infinity then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large like say infinity then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large like say infinity then your
+query is guaranteed to be dense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is guaranteed to be dense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is guaranteed to be dense it
+doesn't matter what x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what x
+is okay and in general if if Y is near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and in general if if Y is near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and in general if if Y is near
+the top like it's at the topmost point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top like it's at the topmost point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top like it's at the topmost point
+or maybe the next to topmost point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the next to topmost point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the next to topmost point or
+maybe a little bit farther down depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit farther down depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit farther down depends
+on the point set then a lot of queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the point set then a lot of queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the point set then a lot of queries
+are going to be dense so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be dense so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be dense so that's good
+news let's consider the first time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news let's consider the first time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news let's consider the first time when
+there's a sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sparse
+query so we're going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query so we're going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query so we're going to let
+Yi be the largest y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+where uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh some
+query some x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query some x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query some x
+coordinate that y coordinate so this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that y coordinate so this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that y coordinate so this to
+be less than equal to X comma less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than equal to X comma less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than equal to X comma less than
+equal to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y
+i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sparse in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse in s
+ius1 okay so initially we have s0 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ius1 okay so initially we have s0 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ius1 okay so initially we have s0 all
+points y y 1 is the largest y-coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points y y 1 is the largest y-coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points y y 1 is the largest y-coordinate
+where there's so we work our way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's so we work our way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's so we work our way down
+until there's some sparse query in s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there's some sparse query in s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there's some sparse query in s0
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+Yi so uh then we just filter based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi so uh then we just filter based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi so uh then we just filter based on
+that so throw away all the points above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so throw away all the points above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so throw away all the points above
+y above Yi so we're going to say take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y above Yi so we're going to say take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y above Yi so we're going to say take
+sius one intersect it with the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sius one intersect it with the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sius one intersect it with the range
+query star less than equal to y i okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query star less than equal to y i okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query star less than equal to y i okay
+so the picture is we have some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture is we have some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture is we have some some
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and
+here and it at some you know up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it at some you know up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it at some you know up here
+every possible query along this line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible query along this line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible query along this line is
+going to be dense because everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dense because everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dense because everything to
+the left of the x coordinate will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the x coordinate will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the x coordinate will be in
+the output at some point we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output at some point we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output at some point we're going to
+decide oh this is too scary there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide oh this is too scary there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide oh this is too scary there's a
+query here maybe this one or maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query here maybe this one or maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query here maybe this one or maybe it's
+this query uh that's sparse and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this query uh that's sparse and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this query uh that's sparse and so we
+say okay let's throw away these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's throw away these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's throw away these points
+redo the data structure from here down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the data structure from here down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the data structure from here down
+ignoring all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring all these
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+repeat write down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat write down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat write down these
+things so the idea is that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the idea is that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the idea is that if you look
+at a particular query it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular query it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular query it will be
+dense in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense in one of these
+SI and you can tell that just according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI and you can tell that just according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI and you can tell that just according
+to your y-coordinate because you said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your y-coordinate because you said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your y-coordinate because you said oh
+well if you're up here in y-coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're up here in y-coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're up here in y-coordinate
+you're guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're guaranteed
+safe so just do that search uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe so just do that search uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe so just do that search uh and
+you're okay uh in general we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay uh in general we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay uh in general we continue
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+process until we get to some SI that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until we get to some SI that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until we get to some SI that has
+constant size at that point we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size at that point we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size at that point we're done
+then we can afford to look through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can afford to look through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can afford to look through all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+points unfortunately this is not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points unfortunately this is not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points unfortunately this is not a very
+good strategy but it's a first first cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good strategy but it's a first first cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good strategy but it's a first first cut
+and it's close to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's close to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's close to what
+works uh here's a problem with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh here's a problem with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh here's a problem with it
+suppose you have this point set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what happens is start at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens is start at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens is start at the top
+everything looks fine at some point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks fine at some point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks fine at some point you
+decide oh there's a query here this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide oh there's a query here this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide oh there's a query here this one
+which has an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an empty
+answer and yet there are points to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and yet there are points to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and yet there are points to the
+left of this x coordinate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this x coordinate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this x coordinate right so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+bad uh because zero it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh because zero it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh because zero it's very hard to
+get within a constant factor of zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get within a constant factor of zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get within a constant factor of zero so
+pretty much immediately you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much immediately you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much immediately you've got to
+draw a line here and say okay s0 is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a line here and say okay s0 is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a line here and say okay s0 is all
+points and S1 is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and S1 is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and S1 is these
+points uh S2 is going to be these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh S2 is going to be these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh S2 is going to be these points
+in general they're suffixes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general they're suffixes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general they're suffixes of the
+points and so the total space will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so the total space will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so the total space will be
+quadratic okay so the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay so the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay so the first two
+properties will be correct because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties will be correct because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties will be correct because
+you're just looking in s in s0 or S1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking in s in s0 or S1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking in s in s0 or S1 or
+whatever everything looks fine but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever everything looks fine but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever everything looks fine but your
+array does not have linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array does not have linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array does not have linear
+size so no good first try failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so no good first try failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so no good first try failed
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+second time's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time's a
+charm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so need a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sophistication and how we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and how we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and how we do this
+partitioning how we build our array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning how we build our array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning how we build our array and
+we'll get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have written here I didn't read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have written here I didn't read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have written here I didn't read this
+before uh this one one line it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh this one one line it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh this one one line it says
+maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize
+common suffix I have no idea what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common suffix I have no idea what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common suffix I have no idea what this
+means but maybe it will mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but maybe it will mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but maybe it will mean something
+by the end let's see okay here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end let's see okay here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end let's see okay here this is
+the part I've read um so x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part I've read um so x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part I've read um so x
+i is going to be so we had a Yi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is going to be so we had a Yi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is going to be so we had a Yi that's
+going to be the same as before this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as before this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as before this is
+why I did the first attempt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I did the first attempt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I did the first attempt this
+definition Remains the Same the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition Remains the Same the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition Remains the Same the largest
+Y where we have some sparse query and Si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y where we have some sparse query and Si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y where we have some sparse query and Si
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one okay I want to look at what that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay I want to look at what that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay I want to look at what that x
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+is just said here it says there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just said here it says there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just said here it says there's some
+x uh what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh what is that
+X let's just look at the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's just look at the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's just look at the maximum
+possible X that it could be this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible X that it could be this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible X that it could be this will
+turn out to be really useful maximum x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be really useful maximum x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be really useful maximum x
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+where less than equal to x i comma less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where less than equal to x i comma less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where less than equal to x i comma less
+than equal to y i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sparse uh in sius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse uh in sius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse uh in sius
+one okay we know there's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we know there's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we know there's something we
+can put in here that makes y i sparse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in here that makes y i sparse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in here that makes y i sparse so
+look at the largest possible such X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the largest possible such X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the largest possible such X so
+that means any query so we have this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means any query so we have this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means any query so we have this new
+point it's not an actual point in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's not an actual point in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's not an actual point in our
+problem but it's a query XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's a query XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's a query XI
+Yi and it's dense or sorry it's sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and it's dense or sorry it's sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and it's dense or sorry it's sparse
+it's bad we know that any query up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is dense that was the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is dense that was the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is dense that was the definition of
+Yi and now we also know that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and now we also know that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and now we also know that any
+query uh over here I guess not saying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh over here I guess not saying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh over here I guess not saying a
+lot but these queries are also dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but these queries are also dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but these queries are also dense
+because again if you're far enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again if you're far enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again if you're far enough to
+the right that's going to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right that's going to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right that's going to be basically
+everything so let's let's get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so let's let's get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so let's let's get rid of
+that as well and this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well and this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well and this is a problem
+queries over here are also potentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries over here are also potentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries over here are also potentially a
+problem we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't
+know okay it doesn't seem like much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay it doesn't seem like much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay it doesn't seem like much but
+it will be enough uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be enough uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be enough uh we're going to
+redefine SI as well so here's the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine SI as well so here's the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine SI as well so here's the fun
+part if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part if we
+have some SI minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one we're going to define a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to define a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to define a new thing
+which is pi I minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+this okay this is a funny thing um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay this is a funny thing um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay this is a funny thing um but
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of the point set this is pi I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the point set this is pi I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the point set this is pi I minus
+one so the points we care about are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the points we care about are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the points we care about are kind
+of here but let's just take everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here but let's just take everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here but let's just take everything
+to the left of this x coordinate why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of this x coordinate why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of this x coordinate why not
+it's a thing okay that is pi minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing okay that is pi minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing okay that is pi minus one
+so SI minus one is everything in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SI minus one is everything in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SI minus one is everything in this
+picture we now just first let's restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we now just first let's restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we now just first let's restrict
+to X then the next step is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X then the next step is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X then the next step is we're going
+to restrict to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restrict to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restrict to
+Y uh but it's in a funny way so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y uh but it's in a funny way so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y uh but it's in a funny way so this is
+the SI the next s set take the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI the next s set take the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI the next s set take the previous
+set we intersect it with a funny thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we intersect it with a funny thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we intersect it with a funny thing
+um it's harder to write algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's harder to write algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's harder to write algebraically
+than it is to draw the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's intersected with a union which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's intersected with a union which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's intersected with a union which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+basically uh dare I draw it on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh dare I draw it on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh dare I draw it on the same
+picture there's my red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh it's going to be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's going to be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's going to be less than or
+equal to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SI okay um we'll see why eventually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI okay um we'll see why eventually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI okay um we'll see why eventually this
+works uh I still don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh I still don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh I still don't know what
+maximize common suffix means but get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize common suffix means but get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize common suffix means but get
+there um so we're looking at the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so we're looking at the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so we're looking at the points
+below the line that's what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the line that's what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the line that's what we did before
+we used to say si is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to say si is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to say si is just the
+intersection with less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with less than or equal to
+Yi but uh things are just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi but uh things are just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi but uh things are just a little bit
+Messier because of uh this restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier because of uh this restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier because of uh this restriction
+do I really not have a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really not have a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really not have a p
+here ah okay here's the difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah okay here's the difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah okay here's the difference the
+reason we have to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have to go through this
+business the array that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the array that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the array that we're going to
+store is not the si si are still too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is not the si si are still too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is not the si si are still too big
+potentially what we're going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially what we're going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially what we're going to store
+are the pis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Pi I minus one and then in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi I minus one and then in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi I minus one and then in the end
+we're going to store si si again has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to store si si again has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to store si si again has
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+size the final SI has constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the final SI has constant size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the final SI has constant size
+probably should have used a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have used a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have used a different
+letter SK or whatever but we do we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter SK or whatever but we do we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter SK or whatever but we do we keep
+doing this until we get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this until we get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this until we get down to
+something constant size then we store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something constant size then we store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something constant size then we store it
+that's easy case um until then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy case um until then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy case um until then we just
+store the pis because really I we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the pis because really I we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the pis because really I we know
+that all the queries up here and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the queries up here and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the queries up here and over
+here are okay they're nice and dense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are okay they're nice and dense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are okay they're nice and dense we
+sort of only care about the points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of only care about the points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of only care about the points to
+the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the
+line okay but that essentially the SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay but that essentially the SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay but that essentially the SI
+has to pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick up the
+slack um and we have to include these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack um and we have to include these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack um and we have to include these
+points in the next SI whereas before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the next SI whereas before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the next SI whereas before we
+did not before we just took things below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not before we just took things below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not before we just took things below
+the line now we have to take things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line now we have to take things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line now we have to take things that
+are below the line or to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are below the line or to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are below the line or to the right of
+the hor of the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hor of the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hor of the vertical
+line okay this is essentially necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay this is essentially necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay this is essentially necessary
+for correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we kind of win some we lose some but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we kind of win some we lose some but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we kind of win some we lose some but
+it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns
+out all is well so I know this is weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all is well so I know this is weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all is well so I know this is weird
+uh but let's jump to the analysis these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's jump to the analysis these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's jump to the analysis these
+claims in particular that the array has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims in particular that the array has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims in particular that the array has
+linear size think about that and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size think about that and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size think about that and it'll
+become clear why the heck we made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clear why the heck we made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clear why the heck we made these
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+let's see have a question first is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see have a question first is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see have a question first is there
+any relationship between the SI here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any relationship between the SI here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any relationship between the SI here and
+the SI from our first try now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI from our first try now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI from our first try now this
+definition of Si is no longer in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Si is no longer in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Si is no longer in effect
+uh s0 is correct and all the s are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s0 is correct and all the s are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s0 is correct and all the s are still
+sorted by X but yeah this is we're no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by X but yeah this is we're no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by X but yeah this is we're no
+longer doing this instead of this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer doing this instead of this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer doing this instead of this rule
+we're doing this rule so it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this rule so it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this rule so it has this
+part is the same but we have this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the same but we have this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the same but we have this extra
+Union which contradicts the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union which contradicts the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union which contradicts the previous
+rule so the Yi definition is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so the Yi definition is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so the Yi definition is the same
+sorry it's a little weird XI is new Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's a little weird XI is new Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's a little weird XI is new Pi
+is new and Si is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+okay at this point it's this algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at this point it's this algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at this point it's this algebraic
+weird thing but here's the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing but here's the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing but here's the cool
+thing for the Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the Space
+Bound claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is pi -1 intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi -1 intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi -1 intersect
+SI is lesser equal to 1 / Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is lesser equal to 1 / Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is lesser equal to 1 / Alpha
+* pi i -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* pi i -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* pi i -
+1 okay this is hard to even interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay this is hard to even interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay this is hard to even interpret
+what it means but it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but it's good
+news so uh remember Alpha is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news so uh remember Alpha is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news so uh remember Alpha is a number
+bigger than one it's the we what we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one it's the we what we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one it's the we what we use
+in the definition of density you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition of density you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition of density you can set
+this parameter whatever you want say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter whatever you want say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter whatever you want say
+two okay uh so then we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay uh so then we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay uh so then we're going to get
+that this thing whatever it is is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing whatever it is is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing whatever it is is at
+half the size of the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the size of the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the size of the previous one
+okay I claim this is good news I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim this is good news I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim this is good news I claim
+it means that these pis essentially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that these pis essentially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that these pis essentially are
+geometrically decreasing in size which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically decreasing in size which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically decreasing in size which
+is how we get uh it's not liter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we get uh it's not liter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we get uh it's not liter that's
+not quite right but there this will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right but there this will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right but there this will give
+us a charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a charging
+scheme uh which will prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme uh which will prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme uh which will prove that the
+whole thing has linear size okay first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing has linear size okay first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing has linear size okay first
+why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this
+true could really only be true from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true could really only be true from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true could really only be true from
+sparity from the alpha right so we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparity from the alpha right so we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparity from the alpha right so we said
+oh density is good if we have dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh density is good if we have dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh density is good if we have dense
+there's nothing to do it's just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to do it's just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to do it's just put the
+points in X order we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in X order we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in X order we're
+done uh sparse is bad but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh sparse is bad but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh sparse is bad but actually
+sparse tells us something it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse tells us something it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse tells us something it tells us
+there are a lot of points that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of points that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of points that are not
+in the answer so we're looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the answer so we're looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the answer so we're looking at this
+query XI Yi right we'd like to just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query XI Yi right we'd like to just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query XI Yi right we'd like to just say
+oh start at negative infinity and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh start at negative infinity and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh start at negative infinity and just
+take all the points up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the points up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the points up to
+here if we're dense that is a within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we're dense that is a within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we're dense that is a within a
+constant factor of the number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of the number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of the number of points
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+in the answer which is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the answer which is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the answer which is down
+here if we're sparse that means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we're sparse that means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we're sparse that means there
+are a lot of points up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of points up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of points up
+here most of the points have to be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most of the points have to be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most of the points have to be up
+here in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to be
+sparse okay and that's actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse okay and that's actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse okay and that's actually what
+this is saying if you expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying if you expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying if you expand the
+definitions so Pi minus one that was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so Pi minus one that was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so Pi minus one that was all
+the stuff to the left okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff to the left okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff to the left okay so that's
+this thing this is what we would get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing this is what we would get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing this is what we would get if
+we just did a linear scan from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did a linear scan from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did a linear scan from left to
+right uh versus we're considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh versus we're considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh versus we're considering the
+points in pi minus one just restricts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in pi minus one just restricts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in pi minus one just restricts to
+X and then we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then we're looking at
+si si does you know this business but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si si does you know this business but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si si does you know this business but if
+we restrict to the SI points that are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we restrict to the SI points that are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we restrict to the SI points that are to
+the left of the line so we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the line so we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the line so we're looking at
+basically this left portion which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this left portion which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this left portion which was
+this white rectangle intersected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this white rectangle intersected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this white rectangle intersected with
+this funny red rectangle which was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny red rectangle which was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny red rectangle which was kind
+of awkward the intersection is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of awkward the intersection is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of awkward the intersection is just this
+that's the answer for this query XI Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer for this query XI Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer for this query XI Yi
+okay so this is the size of the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the size of the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the size of the size of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for XI
+Yi okay and this was uh the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi okay and this was uh the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi okay and this was uh the number of
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+of number of points in less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of points in less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of points in less than or
+equal to XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to XI
+star this is we wanted to just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this is we wanted to just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this is we wanted to just do a
+linear scan like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scan like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scan like this
+but this is the correct answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the correct answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the correct answer and
+because we know that this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that this point is
+sparse that was the definition of XI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse that was the definition of XI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse that was the definition of XI and
+Yi it was the maximum sparse point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi it was the maximum sparse point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi it was the maximum sparse point so
+it's a sparse Point therefore we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sparse Point therefore we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sparse Point therefore we know
+that this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this does not
+hold so the number of points less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold so the number of points less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold so the number of points less than
+equal to X comma star is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X comma star is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X comma star is greater than
+Alpha times number of points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha times number of points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha times number of points in the
+correct range and if I got it right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct range and if I got it right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct range and if I got it right that
+should be this could put Alpha over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this could put Alpha over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this could put Alpha over here
+without the one over and I guess this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the one over and I guess this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the one over and I guess this is
+strictly greater no big deal okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater no big deal okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater no big deal okay so
+that's the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of
+sparsity so this is the cool thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity so this is the cool thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity so this is the cool thing we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+now uh we're going to use this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we're going to use this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we're going to use this this is
+now a numbered less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yes that's the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right uh for after we restrict to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right uh for after we restrict to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right uh for after we restrict to
+SI yeah we've thrown away all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI yeah we've thrown away all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI yeah we've thrown away all of these
+points right so if you take the next Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right so if you take the next Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right so if you take the next Pi
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+be the points Lal to it's true I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the points Lal to it's true I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the points Lal to it's true I don't
+when I say points I don't mean all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say points I don't mean all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say points I don't mean all
+points I mean points in si minus one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I mean points in si minus one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I mean points in si minus one in
+fact I'm dropping that because it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm dropping that because it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm dropping that because it gets
+awkward to keep talking about as long um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to keep talking about as long um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to keep talking about as long um
+so that's a correctness issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a correctness issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a correctness issue
+essentially you have to argue that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have to argue that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have to argue that we
+can throw away these points and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can throw away these points and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can throw away these points and it's
+safe once we do then you just for ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe once we do then you just for ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe once we do then you just for ignore
+their existence and because I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their existence and because I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their existence and because I mean you
+can ignore their existence because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore their existence because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore their existence because you
+already solved all the you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved all the you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved all the you already
+solved all the dense queries which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all the dense queries which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all the dense queries which are
+over here or over here which involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here or over here which involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here or over here which involve
+those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points
+and so we we now know that we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we now know that we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we now know that we're only
+going to be queries from here down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be queries from here down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be queries from here down and
+so otherwise you look at p 0 so forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so otherwise you look at p 0 so forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so otherwise you look at p 0 so forget
+about those forget about those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those forget about those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those forget about those points
+now you're going to be searching in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to be searching in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to be searching in one
+of these structures so you can forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these structures so you can forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these structures so you can forget
+about all the points over here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the points over here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the points over here so that's
+that argument now once once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument now once once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument now once once you've
+restricted to SI minus one and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to SI minus one and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to SI minus one and you don't
+have to look at any other points among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at any other points among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at any other points among
+those points this is going to be all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points this is going to be all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points this is going to be all the
+points less than equal to X I uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points less than equal to X I uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points less than equal to X I uh but
+that's how we were defining sparse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we were defining sparse right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we were defining sparse right
+we said sparse in sius one so it's among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said sparse in sius one so it's among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said sparse in sius one so it's among
+those points we have sparcity so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points we have sparcity so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points we have sparcity so this is
+the definition of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of what we
+have okay the claim is it's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay the claim is it's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay the claim is it's a good thing
+here's a charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme uh so this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sparsity so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity so I'm going to
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+storing Pi minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing Pi minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing Pi minus one
+to Pi IUS one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi IUS one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi IUS one minus
+SI this algebra I have to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI this algebra I have to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI this algebra I have to interpret
+every single time but that's fine let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time but that's fine let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time but that's fine let's
+look at the picture Okay Pi minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the picture Okay Pi minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the picture Okay Pi minus one
+remember was this white rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember was this white rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember was this white rectangle
+here everything to the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything to the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything to the left of the
+line so now we we have to store Pi so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so now we we have to store Pi so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so now we we have to store Pi so we
+want to we want that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want that the sum of the
+sizes of the piis is good and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the piis is good and so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the piis is good and so here's
+my charging scheme we have to store pi -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my charging scheme we have to store pi -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my charging scheme we have to store pi -
+one I'm going to charge it to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to charge it to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to charge it to these
+points what are those points those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what are those points those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what are those points those are
+the points that are inside the White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that are inside the White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that are inside the White
+rectangle but outside the Red Tri uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle but outside the Red Tri uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle but outside the Red Tri uh the
+the red L shape so that's these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red L shape so that's these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red L shape so that's these points
+this is Pius one minus SI those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Pius one minus SI those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Pius one minus SI those are the
+points that I'm throwing away that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that I'm throwing away that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that I'm throwing away that's
+good if I charge them now I will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if I charge them now I will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if I charge them now I will never
+charge them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge them in the
+future because I just threw them away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because I just threw them away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because I just threw them away
+they are no long they're not in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are no long they're not in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are no long they're not in the next
+SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so each point overall in the point set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each point overall in the point set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each point overall in the point set
+only gets charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once okay how much does it get charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay how much does it get charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay how much does it get charged
+how do the these things relate to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the these things relate to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the these things relate to each
+other in size that's where we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in size that's where we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in size that's where we use this
+thing it gets confusing to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it gets confusing to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it gets confusing to think about
+intersection versus difference but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection versus difference but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection versus difference but the
+point is we look at the pi minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we look at the pi minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we look at the pi minus ones
+that are in si that's a small fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in si that's a small fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in si that's a small fraction
+think of alpha as 100 so then the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of alpha as 100 so then the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of alpha as 100 so then the pi
+minus one so this part down here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this part down here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this part down here that's
+in si this is only 100th of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in si this is only 100th of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in si this is only 100th of the whole
+white rectangle so that means this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white rectangle so that means this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white rectangle so that means this part
+is 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 99
+hundreds uh of the pi so if we charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds uh of the pi so if we charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds uh of the pi so if we charge
+the storing of the entire rectangle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storing of the entire rectangle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storing of the entire rectangle to
+these guys we're only losing a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys we're only losing a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys we're only losing a very
+small factor like 100 over 99 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small factor like 100 over 99 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small factor like 100 over 99 or
+something it is actually exactly 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it is actually exactly 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it is actually exactly 100
+over 99 I believe uh I worked it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 99 I believe uh I worked it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 99 I believe uh I worked it out and
+the the factor of charging assuming I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the factor of charging assuming I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the factor of charging assuming I
+did it correctly is 1 over 1 - 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it correctly is 1 over 1 - 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it correctly is 1 over 1 - 1 over
+Alpha which works out to Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha which works out to Alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha which works out to Alpha over
+Alpha minus one it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus one it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus one it doesn't really matter
+it's but the point is it's constant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but the point is it's constant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but the point is it's constant okay
+I think that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's easy to
+believe uh maybe it's actually EAS just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh maybe it's actually EAS just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh maybe it's actually EAS just
+think about when Alpha is two so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when Alpha is two so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when Alpha is two so then
+um at most half the points are here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at most half the points are here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at most half the points are here at
+least half the points are here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least half the points are here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least half the points are here and so
+we're charging storing the entire Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're charging storing the entire Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're charging storing the entire Point
+set to these points which will never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to these points which will never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to these points which will never get
+charged again so we're only charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged again so we're only charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged again so we're only charging
+with a factor of two that's all we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a factor of two that's all we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a factor of two that's all we need
+constant Factor okay therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor okay therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor okay therefore this
+thing has linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has linear
+size that's the cool thing we get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's the cool thing we get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's the cool thing we get more
+though uh we also get the query bound we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want let's think about the query bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let's think about the query bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let's think about the query bound
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is fun think about where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is fun think about where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is fun think about where the
+query is it used to be over here we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is it used to be over here we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is it used to be over here we do a
+search in s0 or we do a search in S1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in s0 or we do a search in S1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in s0 or we do a search in S1 or
+we do a search in S2 we'd never do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a search in S2 we'd never do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a search in S2 we'd never do we
+never look at multiple SI because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never look at multiple SI because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never look at multiple SI because
+there'd be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be no
+point either s0 was dense and we're fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point either s0 was dense and we're fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point either s0 was dense and we're fine
+just do it or you have to jump to S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it or you have to jump to S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it or you have to jump to S1
+skip some guys up top do the search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip some guys up top do the search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip some guys up top do the search in
+there fine we no longer have that luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there fine we no longer have that luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there fine we no longer have that luxury
+over here because we're using pis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because we're using pis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because we're using pis
+instead of Si so it actually may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Si so it actually may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Si so it actually may be a
+search starts in P1 but then has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search starts in P1 but then has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search starts in P1 but then has to go
+through P2 and has to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P2 and has to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P2 and has to go through
+P3 but it's okay because the farther we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 but it's okay because the farther we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 but it's okay because the farther we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+right we have this sparcity condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have this sparcity condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have this sparcity condition
+that tells us basically the points we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us basically the points we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us basically the points we're
+looking at are I mean the number points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are I mean the number points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are I mean the number points
+we're looking at are getting smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller so uh I wave my hand a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so uh I wave my hand a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so uh I wave my hand a little
+bit here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here but
+the claim is it's a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is it's a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is it's a geometric
+Series this needs a formal proof but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series this needs a formal proof but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series this needs a formal proof but
+won't go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+decreasing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing uh
+so so uh this is the query bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh this is the query bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh this is the query bound the
+number of scan points is order output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scan points is order output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scan points is order output
+size so you have to check that no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so you have to check that no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so you have to check that no matter
+where you start in pi that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start in pi that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start in pi that's a little
+bit tricky part we're not looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricky part we're not looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricky part we're not looking at all
+of Pi we're looking at some of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi we're looking at some of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi we're looking at some of Pi
+and then we're going to the right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to the right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to the right from
+there actually is that true maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually is that true maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually is that true maybe we
+always look at all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always look at all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always look at all of
+Pi think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I think we do actually so sorry we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think we do actually so sorry we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think we do actually so sorry we
+that's what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did before
+um so you know we basically figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know we basically figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know we basically figure out
+where we are in y coordinate that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in y coordinate that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in y coordinate that was
+the overall structure right we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall structure right we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall structure right we had a
+Venom de search tree on y so all we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venom de search tree on y so all we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venom de search tree on y so all we know
+at this point is the y-coordinate of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point is the y-coordinate of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point is the y-coordinate of our
+search and so we use that to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and so we use that to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and so we use that to determine
+which of the pis we go to based on sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the pis we go to based on sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the pis we go to based on sort
+of where the Yi becomes no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the Yi becomes no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the Yi becomes no longer
+dense uh and then we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense uh and then we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense uh and then we're going to have to
+search through that entire pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search through that entire pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search through that entire pi and
+potentially more of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially more of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially more of them uh
+because yeah because this is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah because this is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah because this is no longer
+an SI it's just doing the things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SI it's just doing the things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SI it's just doing the things to the
+left and so you know if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so you know if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so you know if we're
+lucky the the pi we're looking at or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky the the pi we're looking at or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky the the pi we're looking at or you
+know the the query we're doing is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the query we're doing is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the query we're doing is not to
+the right of this point okay maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of this point okay maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of this point okay maybe it's
+right here that would be great then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that would be great then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that would be great then all
+our answers are done uh we know our if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our answers are done uh we know our if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our answers are done uh we know our if
+our quer is here that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quer is here that would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quer is here that would have been
+DSE so we would have done it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSE so we would have done it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSE so we would have done it in an
+earlier stage our query might be down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stage our query might be down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stage our query might be down
+here though okay when the query is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here though okay when the query is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here though okay when the query is down
+here um you we need to do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um you we need to do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um you we need to do we need to
+report on these points then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on these points then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on these points then we're going
+to have to do more that's going to be Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do more that's going to be Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do more that's going to be Pi
++ one so we'll do more and more uh pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one so we'll do more and more uh pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one so we'll do more and more uh pi
+until we get to our actual query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to our actual query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to our actual query
+here okay but in any case the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but in any case the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but in any case the claim is
+that this is geometrically decreasing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is geometrically decreasing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is geometrically decreasing by
+the same charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme okay that's two out of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme okay that's two out of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme okay that's two out of the three
+claims there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more which is closely related still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more which is closely related still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more which is closely related still
+about the query problem what we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the query problem what we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the query problem what we haven't
+shown is that we actually find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is that we actually find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is that we actually find all the
+points this is what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this is what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this is what you might call
+correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to prove this what we need to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this what we need to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this what we need to say what
+we what we claim is that after you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we what we claim is that after you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we what we claim is that after you do
+the p1s and now you do the say uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p1s and now you do the say uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p1s and now you do the say uh now
+you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p2s uh well I'll I'll I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2s uh well I'll I'll I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2s uh well I'll I'll I'll tell you the
+claim is that you you visited some x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that you you visited some x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that you you visited some x
+coordinates here P were all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates here P were all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates here P were all the things
+up to some x coordinate claim that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some x coordinate claim that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some x coordinate claim that the
+very next point in here in P2 has has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very next point in here in P2 has has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very next point in here in P2 has has a
+smaller x coordinate than what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller x coordinate than what you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller x coordinate than what you just
+did okay I think that should be clear I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay I think that should be clear I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay I think that should be clear I
+mean because presumably there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because presumably there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because presumably there are some
+points in here so the very next Pi it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in here so the very next Pi it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in here so the very next Pi it's
+it's it's restricted within this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's restricted within this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's restricted within this red
+thing but it's going to be up to some x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but it's going to be up to some x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but it's going to be up to some x
+coordinate you're basically starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate you're basically starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate you're basically starting
+over every time you go to the pis you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every time you go to the pis you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every time you go to the pis you're
+starting over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over an
+X go back to minus infinity and X so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X go back to minus infinity and X so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X go back to minus infinity and X so the
+idea is is the picture will something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is is the picture will something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is is the picture will something
+look something like this you start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this you start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this you start at
+minus infinity you read points at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity you read points at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity you read points at some
+point you run out of the pis then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you run out of the pis then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you run out of the pis then you
+start over again you read some smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over again you read some smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over again you read some smaller
+set of the points maybe you get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the points maybe you get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the points maybe you get a little
+farther start over again read a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther start over again read a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther start over again read a little
+farther at some point you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther at some point you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther at some point you're going to
+reach your threshold X that's when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach your threshold X that's when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach your threshold X that's when you
+stop so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctness unbelievable I feel like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness unbelievable I feel like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness unbelievable I feel like I
+need another sentence there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another sentence there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another sentence there
+um right once once your Pi encompasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right once once your Pi encompasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right once once your Pi encompasses
+your X range you are that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your X range you are that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your X range you are that's going to
+have your answer then you're so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your answer then you're so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your answer then you're so that's
+this moment and so the only worry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment and so the only worry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment and so the only worry is
+that an early Pi basically or or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an early Pi basically or or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an early Pi basically or or you
+know maybe the next Pi does this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe the next Pi does this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe the next Pi does this and
+then we do this or something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we do this or something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we do this or something like this
+that never happens basically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never happens basically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never happens basically because
+you're always resetting X range and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always resetting X range and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always resetting X range and so
+your X will always start over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your X will always start over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your X will always start over to
+something less than what you had and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something less than what you had and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something less than what you had and so
+uh the termination condition which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the termination condition which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the termination condition which I
+probably didn't write down here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably didn't write down here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably didn't write down here but
+which is uh yeah stop when your x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh yeah stop when your x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh yeah stop when your x
+coordinate is bigger than what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is bigger than what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is bigger than what you want
+never terminates Earth early therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never terminates Earth early therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never terminates Earth early therefore
+we get all the points we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get all the points we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get all the points we care
+about okay a little bit hand wavy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay a little bit hand wavy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay a little bit hand wavy but
+that is why this structure works it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why this structure works it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why this structure works it's
+kind it's a very weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's a very weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's a very weird
+setup but linear size and you just jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup but linear size and you just jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup but linear size and you just jump
+into the right point in the array start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right point in the array start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right point in the array start
+reading throw away the points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading throw away the points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading throw away the points that
+aren't in your range because they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't in your range because they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't in your range because they just
+happen to be there those would be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be there those would be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be there those would be these
+points up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points up
+here uh throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh throw away
+duplicates just output put the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates just output put the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates just output put the points in
+your range and it gives you magically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range and it gives you magically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range and it gives you magically
+all the points in here by a linear scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points in here by a linear scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points in here by a linear scan
+I still find this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still find this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still find this so
+weird but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but it's
+true truth is Stranger Than Fiction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true truth is Stranger Than Fiction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true truth is Stranger Than Fiction I
+guess uh other fun facts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh other fun facts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh other fun facts you can
+actually compute this thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute this thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute this thing in the
+Sorting bound so pre-processing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorting bound so pre-processing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorting bound so pre-processing is just
+sort um and won't prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um and won't prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um and won't prove that
+here so uh this was two-sided let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh this was two-sided let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh this was two-sided let me
+briefly tell you how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly tell you how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly tell you how to solve
+three-sided and four-sided I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-sided and four-sided I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-sided and four-sided I mean we
+basically already did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically already did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically already did this
+one uh which was remind you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which was remind you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which was remind you what it
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so you have a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you have a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you have a binary
+tree and in each node you store two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and in each node you store two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and in each node you store two
+augmented structures one which can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented structures one which can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented structures one which can do
+range queries like this and one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range queries like this and one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range queries like this and one which
+can do inverted range queries like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do inverted range queries like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do inverted range queries like this
+this should look familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you do your you do a search on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do your you do a search on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do your you do a search on
+let's say we want to do this thing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to do this thing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to do this thing so we
+have X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X1 X2
+Y2 you search for X1 you search for X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 you search for X1 you search for X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 you search for X1 you search for X2
+find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+LCA and then in let's see in in this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA and then in let's see in in this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA and then in let's see in in this sub
+tree you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you do a
+search right in this sub tree you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search right in this sub tree you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search right in this sub tree you
+already know that you're less than X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that you're less than X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that you're less than X2
+and so you do the X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do the X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do the X1
+one uh Y 2 search in this node and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Y 2 search in this node and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Y 2 search in this node and then
+in the right sub tree you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right sub tree you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right sub tree you do
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+X2 Y2 search you take the union of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 Y2 search you take the union of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 Y2 search you take the union of those
+two results and that is your this query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two results and that is your this query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two results and that is your this query
+right that's how we did it before no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how we did it before no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how we did it before no no
+difficulty here the point is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty here the point is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty here the point is in this
+world you can build this put it in vanm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can build this put it in vanm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can build this put it in vanm
+deos layout you do this search you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deos layout you do this search you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deos layout you do this search you do
+this search you find the LCA in log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this search you find the LCA in log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this search you find the LCA in log base
+B of n to check that everything works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of n to check that everything works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of n to check that everything works
+catch obliviously then these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch obliviously then these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch obliviously then these structures
+are just structures which we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just structures which we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just structures which we already
+built and so yes we lose a log Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and so yes we lose a log Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and so yes we lose a log Factor
+because every Point appears in log data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every Point appears in log data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every Point appears in log data
+structures uh but that's it everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh but that's it everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh but that's it everything
+else works the same so we get n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else works the same so we get n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else works the same so we get n log n
+space log base B of n plus output over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space log base B of n plus output over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space log base B of n plus output over B
+query because we now we just have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query because we now we just have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query because we now we just have to do
+two queries instead of one we don't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two queries instead of one we don't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two queries instead of one we don't lose
+a log Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log Factor
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the that's the trick we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the trick we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the trick we did
+before okay that was easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay that was easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay that was easy
+uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one
+more so that was three-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next is foursided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foursided of course we could do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foursided of course we could do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foursided of course we could do exactly
+the same thing lose another log factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing lose another log factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing lose another log factor
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space uh maintain log base B of n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh maintain log base B of n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh maintain log base B of n plus
+output over B query time but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output over B query time but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output over B query time but I want to
+do slightly better and this is a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do slightly better and this is a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do slightly better and this is a trick
+we could have done in in internal memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done in in internal memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done in in internal memory
+as well but I have two minutes to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but I have two minutes to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but I have two minutes to show
+it to you so here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you so here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you so here here
+bonus uh and didn't have to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus uh and didn't have to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus uh and didn't have to do this in
+external memory context but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory context but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory context but we
+can foursided so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can foursided so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can foursided so
+so we're going to do the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do the same thing but
+not on a binary tree take this binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on a binary tree take this binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on a binary tree take this binary
+tree this is uh sorted by X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is uh sorted by X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is uh sorted by X I
+suppose this is key on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is key on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is key on
+X instead of making it binary make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X instead of making it binary make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X instead of making it binary make it
+root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root log
+n so imagine taking the binary tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so imagine taking the binary tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so imagine taking the binary tree
+taking little chunks which have size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking little chunks which have size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking little chunks which have size
+square root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root log
+n it's capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's capital n
+and imagine Contracting those chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine Contracting those chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine Contracting those chunks
+into single nodes so we have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into single nodes so we have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into single nodes so we have a single
+node which has square root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node which has square root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node which has square root log
+n children another node as square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n children another node as square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n children another node as square root
+log n children this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n children this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n children this is all
+static and so on otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and so on otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and so on otherwise the
+same the augmentation is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the augmentation is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the augmentation is going to be a
+little bit different okay if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different okay if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different okay if we look at
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+node we're going to store same things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we're going to store same things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we're going to store same things we
+had before which was this kind of query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before which was this kind of query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before which was this kind of query
+and this kind of query we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of query we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of query we're going to
+store a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a little bit
+more uh namely for any interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh namely for any interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh namely for any interval of
+children like here you have some start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children like here you have some start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children like here you have some start
+child and some end child I want to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and some end child I want to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and some end child I want to store
+for all the points that are down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the points that are down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the points that are down
+there for this thing store a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for this thing store a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for this thing store a regular
+binary search tree on y for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree on y for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree on y for those
+points why because if we do a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points why because if we do a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points why because if we do a search
+okay same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same
+we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the
+LCA of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA of
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+X1 I don't know let's say it's on X we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 I don't know let's say it's on X we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 I don't know let's say it's on X we
+let to do it again on y whatever uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let to do it again on y whatever uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let to do it again on y whatever uh so
+here's the LCA let's say there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the LCA let's say there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the LCA let's say there's a lot
+of children okay maybe here is X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children okay maybe here is X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children okay maybe here is X1 and
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+X2 okay so in this sub tree we we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 okay so in this sub tree we we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 okay so in this sub tree we we do
+this uh sorry we do this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh sorry we do this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh sorry we do this range
+query cuz that we want to go from X1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query cuz that we want to go from X1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query cuz that we want to go from X1 to
+Infinity over in this sub tree we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity over in this sub tree we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity over in this sub tree we want
+to do this range query because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this range query because we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this range query because we want
+to go from infinity negative Infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from infinity negative Infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from infinity negative Infinity to
+X2 but then there's all this stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 but then there's all this stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 but then there's all this stuff in
+the middle I don't want to have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle I don't want to have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle I don't want to have to do a
+query for every single tree instead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query for every single tree instead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query for every single tree instead I
+have this augmentation that says for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this augmentation that says for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this augmentation that says for
+this interval here all the points sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here all the points sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here all the points sorted
+by X coordinate I guess we're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X coordinate I guess we're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X coordinate I guess we're doing it
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way uh fine so then it is a range query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh fine so then it is a range query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh fine so then it is a range query
+I mean I want to know what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I want to know what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I want to know what are all the
+points W this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points W this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points W this is
+confusing like I've missed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing like I've missed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing like I've missed something
+here no this is on y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry these points I've got sorted by y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these points I've got sorted by y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these points I've got sorted by y
+so I should draw it the other way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should draw it the other way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should draw it the other way right
+these points we already know are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points we already know are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points we already know are in
+between X1 and x2 in X we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X1 and x2 in X we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X1 and x2 in X we've already
+solve the X problem here so now I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the X problem here so now I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the X problem here so now I just
+need to restrict to the Y range from y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to restrict to the Y range from y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to restrict to the Y range from y1
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Y2 in these trees these already match in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 in these trees these already match in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 in these trees these already match in
+X I just need to make sure they match in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I just need to make sure they match in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I just need to make sure they match in
+y so I do a regular 1D range tree I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I do a regular 1D range tree I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I do a regular 1D range tree I
+search for y1 search for Y2 take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for y1 search for Y2 take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for y1 search for Y2 take all the
+points in between this is cheap if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in between this is cheap if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in between this is cheap if I
+just have a regular old binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a regular old binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a regular old binary search
+tree now this thing has linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now this thing has linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now this thing has linear
+size this thing has uh oh sorry I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size this thing has uh oh sorry I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size this thing has uh oh sorry I think
+I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually
+need I should have a three-sided range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I should have a three-sided range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I should have a three-sided range
+query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+thanks these should be three-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks these should be three-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks these should be three-sided
+cuz here I know that uh I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz here I know that uh I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz here I know that uh I've got the
+right side covered already in this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side covered already in this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side covered already in this tree
+I've got the left side covered already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the left side covered already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the left side covered already
+in this tree but I still need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree but I still need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree but I still need the
+remaining three sides in here I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining three sides in here I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining three sides in here I only
+need these two sides because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these two sides because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these two sides because I've
+already got X1 and X2 covered okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got X1 and X2 covered okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got X1 and X2 covered okay so
+this is cheap I only need a linear space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cheap I only need a linear space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cheap I only need a linear space
+data structure this thing is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure this thing is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure this thing is not so
+cheap I'm using the previous data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap I'm using the previous data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap I'm using the previous data
+structure this thing which has n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this thing which has n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this thing which has n log n
+size these are three-sided range queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size these are three-sided range queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size these are three-sided range queries
+sorry for drawing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for drawing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for drawing it
+wrong okay so I need two three-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so I need two three-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so I need two three-sided
+structures then I need actually a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures then I need actually a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures then I need actually a whole
+bunch of these structures Cu uh this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these structures Cu uh this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these structures Cu uh this was
+for every interval but conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every interval but conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every interval but conveniently
+there're Only log n intervals because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're Only log n intervals because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're Only log n intervals because
+there's root log n children so root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's root log n children so root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's root log n children so root log
+n s is log n so there's root n but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s is log n so there's root n but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s is log n so there's root n but then
+we need log n of them and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need log n of them and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need log n of them and so that's what
+these things balance out as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things balance out as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things balance out as you
+see so normally this would be n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so normally this would be n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so normally this would be n log
+squar n because every point would appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar n because every point would appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar n because every point would appear
+in log n trees but now the height of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log n trees but now the height of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log n trees but now the height of my
+tree is merely log n over log log n with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is merely log n over log log n with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is merely log n over log log n with
+a factor two out here because I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor two out here because I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor two out here because I have a
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+here okay so tree has height log n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so tree has height log n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so tree has height log n over
+log log n so each point only appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n so each point only appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n so each point only appears in
+log n over log log n structures each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n over log log n structures each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n over log log n structures each of
+them needs a structure size n log n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them needs a structure size n log n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them needs a structure size n log n so
+we end up with n log s n over log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with n log s n over log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with n log s n over log log n
+space kind of crazy but this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space kind of crazy but this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space kind of crazy but this is how you
+get that last little bit of log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that last little bit of log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that last little bit of log log n
+space Improvement by Contracting nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Improvement by Contracting nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Improvement by Contracting nodes
+doing a simpler data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a simpler data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a simpler data
+structure uh for these middle children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for these middle children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for these middle children
+and just focusing on the the left child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just focusing on the the left child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just focusing on the the left child
+and the right child you have to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right child you have to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right child you have to do one
+three-sided call but then the middle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-sided call but then the middle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-sided call but then the middle is
+a very simple two-sided call it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple two-sided call it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple two-sided call it's just a
+1D structure and so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D structure and so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D structure and so it's really
+cheap uh that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G9k_SnJH__c.txt b/G9k_SnJH__c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7281495563c182b5f8b402b6b041c6efc20daab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G9k_SnJH__c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want to finish the auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to finish the auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to finish the auditory system
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+and then we'll get into the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get into the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get into the topic of
+pain and limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'd gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd gone through
+rather complicated connections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather complicated connections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather complicated connections of the
+subcortical auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointing out that there are two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that there are two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that there are two major
+streams of information flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams of information flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams of information flowing
+concerning more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning more with
+identity of the stimulus particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the stimulus particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the stimulus particularly
+concerned with pattern temporal patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with pattern temporal patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with pattern temporal patterns
+and we'll see more about that today when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see more about that today when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see more about that today when
+we talk about the cortical regions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the cortical regions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the cortical regions which
+is represented in this diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented in this diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented in this diagram here
+here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the
+primary sensory neurons connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neurons connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neurons connected to the
+receptor cells the hair cells in cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the two
+cochlear nuclei the dorsal and ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you have number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have number of different
+neuron types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron types
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+some of which project particularly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which project particularly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which project particularly for
+this ventral stream concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ventral stream concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ventral stream concerned with
+spatial localization project to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial localization project to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial localization project to the
+cell groups in the trapezoid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups in the trapezoid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups in the trapezoid body
+there's at least three cell groups there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least three cell groups there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least three cell groups there
+nucleus of the trapezoid body or medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the trapezoid body or medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the trapezoid body or medial
+nucleus the trap side body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+superior olivary nuclei a lateral one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior olivary nuclei a lateral one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior olivary nuclei a lateral one
+and a medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a medial
+one and we talked about the medial one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we talked about the medial one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we talked about the medial one
+being equivalent to this nucleus into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent to this nucleus into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent to this nucleus into
+this laminars in the chick which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laminars in the chick which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laminars in the chick which
+gets input from the two ears with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets input from the two ears with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets input from the two ears with
+precise timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise timing
+and the time difference will determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time difference will determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time difference will determine
+where you will get enough spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will get enough spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will get enough spatial
+summation to fire the neuron so you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation to fire the neuron so you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation to fire the neuron so you end
+up with a place code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a place code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a place code for
+location of the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the sound
+different neurons are excited according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons are excited according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons are excited according
+to where the neuron is located along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the neuron is located along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the neuron is located along the
+azimuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the pathways go up reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the pathways go up reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the pathways go up reach
+through the inferior colliculus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the inferior colliculus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the inferior colliculus here
+something reach the superior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reach the superior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reach the superior colliculus
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+one's concerned with spatial location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's concerned with spatial location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's concerned with spatial location
+then they reach the thalamus the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they reach the thalamus the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they reach the thalamus the main
+nucleus and the thalamus we think of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the thalamus we think of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the thalamus we think of for
+auditory information is the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory information is the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory information is the medial
+geniculate body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body
+let's call that geniculate because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that geniculate because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that geniculate because it's
+a knee-like bump on the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knee-like bump on the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knee-like bump on the side of the
+diencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon
+in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human
+but it's true also in many animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the more in the human because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the more in the human because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the more in the human because of
+the growth of the lateral nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of the lateral nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of the lateral nucleus and
+the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called
+part week part of the lateral nucleus we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part week part of the lateral nucleus we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part week part of the lateral nucleus we
+call the pulvinar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the pulvinar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the pulvinar
+the lateral junctual body gets pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral junctual body gets pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral junctual body gets pushed
+more laterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more laterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more laterally
+so the medial one then is the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the medial one then is the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the medial one then is the auditory
+nucleus and it gets a very large bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it gets a very large bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it gets a very large bundle
+of fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fibers
+shown only represented only about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown only represented only about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown only represented only about a
+couple of them in the diagram here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them in the diagram here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them in the diagram here but
+it's very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very large
+called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the
+brachium of the inferior colliculus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brachium of the inferior colliculus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brachium of the inferior colliculus the
+arm or brachium of the inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm or brachium of the inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm or brachium of the inferior
+colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus
+in other words you can see it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you can see it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you can see it in a
+dissection when you do your sheep brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection when you do your sheep brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection when you do your sheep brain
+sections you'll be able to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections you'll be able to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections you'll be able to see that
+you can open up the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open up the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open up the surface of the
+membrane you'll see the four colleculi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane you'll see the four colleculi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane you'll see the four colleculi
+and you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that
+big bundle of axons myelinated axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bundle of axons myelinated axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bundle of axons myelinated axons
+going into the medial genicular body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the medial genicular body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the medial genicular body
+but there are other nuclei in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other nuclei in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other nuclei in the
+posterior thalamus that also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior thalamus that also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior thalamus that also get
+auditory information but they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory information but they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory information but they get
+polysensory information they get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysensory information they get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysensory information they get more
+than just auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just auditory
+posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior
+nuclear group and the lateral posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear group and the lateral posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear group and the lateral posterior
+nucleus which also get input from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which also get input from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which also get input from the
+spreader colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreader colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreader colliculus
+and then we reach the auditory cortex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we reach the auditory cortex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we reach the auditory cortex so
+that's what we want to talk about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about how
+the areas have been defined in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas have been defined in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas have been defined in terms of
+a ton of topic maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as if there's a place code also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if there's a place code also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if there's a place code also for
+frequency representation and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representation and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representation and there is
+but that doesn't mean that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean that that's the
+main function the auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main function the auditory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main function the auditory cortex
+i'll give some examples of unit response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give some examples of unit response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give some examples of unit response
+properties from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties from
+some of the best studies in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best studies in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best studies in this area
+were done a long time ago by evans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done a long time ago by evans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done a long time ago by evans and
+whitfield in england and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whitfield in england and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whitfield in england and i'm going to
+use those studies and then talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those studies and then talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those studies and then talk a little
+bit about ablation effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you plot the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the characteristic
+frequencies of neurons in the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of neurons in the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of neurons in the so-called
+primary auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditory cortex
+a1 auditory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 auditory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 auditory one
+you find the tonatopic map as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the tonatopic map as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the tonatopic map as you go
+from posterior to anterior the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from posterior to anterior the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from posterior to anterior the frequency
+best frequencies change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best frequencies change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best frequencies change
+and there's at least three other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's at least three other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's at least three other such
+maps in the cat neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps in the cat neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps in the cat neocortex
+so four tonotopic maps in the cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so four tonotopic maps in the cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so four tonotopic maps in the cortex and
+there's at least four other areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least four other areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least four other areas in
+addition i'll show you that map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition i'll show you that map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition i'll show you that map
+and then we'll talk about whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about whether this
+really means that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means that frequency
+discrimination is what the cortex is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination is what the cortex is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination is what the cortex is all
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this figure indicated to me that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure indicated to me that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure indicated to me that that's
+unlikely that frequent discrimination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that frequent discrimination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that frequent discrimination is
+the main thing what they've done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing what they've done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing what they've done here is
+they've plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've plotted
+distance across the cortex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance across the cortex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance across the cortex in the
+posterior super sylvian sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior super sylvian sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior super sylvian sulcus
+in the cat these are in millimeters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cat these are in millimeters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cat these are in millimeters you
+can see it's a pretty big structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's a pretty big structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's a pretty big structure in
+the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat
+we go from 7 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from 7 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from 7 15
+and here they've plotted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they've plotted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they've plotted the
+characteristic frequency the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency the best
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+the frequency where the neuron is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency where the neuron is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency where the neuron is most
+sensitive so you can see if you take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive so you can see if you take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive so you can see if you take one
+position here say at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here say at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here say at 10
+millimeters look at all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters look at all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters look at all the different
+frequencies you can get those neurons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you can get those neurons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you can get those neurons to
+respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to
+but if you take the envelope of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take the envelope of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take the envelope of all the
+frequencies across cortex then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies across cortex then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies across cortex then you do
+get the tonatopic map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tonatopic map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tonatopic map
+you get response to higher frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get response to higher frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get response to higher frequencies
+the further you are from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further you are from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further you are from the
+posterior end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior end
+of that gyrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gyrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gyrus
+defined by the postures or sylvian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the postures or sylvian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the postures or sylvian
+sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the posterior sylvian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the posterior sylvian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the posterior sylvian
+sulk is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you're into a1 not right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're into a1 not right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're into a1 not right at the
+zero point but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point but when you're
+somebody know like seven millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody know like seven millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody know like seven millimeters
+forward and then they're going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and then they're going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and then they're going this way
+across that cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that cortex
+in the supercilion sulcus which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supercilion sulcus which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supercilion sulcus which is the
+sulcus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this gyrus this is the sulcus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this gyrus this is the sulcus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this gyrus this is the sulcus the
+groove here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the visual areas would be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual areas would be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual areas would be in this
+lateral surface up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these would be so-called association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be so-called association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be so-called association
+areas in between primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas in between primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas in between primary visual
+and the auditory regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the auditory regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the auditory regions
+everything in the pink color there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the pink color there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the pink color there is
+ought responsive to auditory input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought responsive to auditory input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought responsive to auditory input in
+the cat so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat so you can see that
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carnivorous animals that prey on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnivorous animals that prey on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnivorous animals that prey on
+other animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals
+sound plays a very important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound plays a very important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound plays a very important role
+in this behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this behavior
+and they have an expansion of auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have an expansion of auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have an expansion of auditory
+representation in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it doesn't mean they're not they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean they're not they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean they're not they don't
+also use other senses very well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use other senses very well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use other senses very well they're
+also a lot of some sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of some sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of some sensory
+representation here and visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here and visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here and visual
+representation back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+an attempt to sort of pry open these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to sort of pry open these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to sort of pry open these
+the salsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salsa
+and show these auditory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show these auditory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show these auditory areas
+so a1 then is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a1 then is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a1 then is here
+and they're showing that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're showing that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're showing that high
+frequencies are represented or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are represented or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are represented or
+anteriorly in low frequencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteriorly in low frequencies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteriorly in low frequencies or
+posteriorly the orange color is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriorly the orange color is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriorly the orange color is just
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+cortex is normally completely buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is normally completely buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is normally completely buried
+in the soul side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the soul side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the soul side
+there's another representation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another representation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another representation in the
+anterior region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior region here
+this region cortex the anterior like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region cortex the anterior like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region cortex the anterior like the
+sylvian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvian
+gyrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes from
+high here to low so there's a reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high here to low so there's a reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high here to low so there's a reversal
+of the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the map
+and then there's two more maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's two more maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's two more maps
+one in the this posterior area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the this posterior area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the this posterior area
+and in the ventral posterior area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just by using frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by using frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by using frequency
+representation right they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right they know that
+these can be separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they also get auditory resp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also get auditory resp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also get auditory resp
+responses where they cannot find such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tonotopic map the second auditory area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonotopic map the second auditory area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonotopic map the second auditory area
+is this one it's ventral to a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+the ventral area here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral area here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral area here
+the dorsal posterior area and temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal posterior area and temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal posterior area and temporal
+cortex we don't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex we don't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex we don't hear
+these would be equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be equivalent to
+areas that were originally called visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that were originally called visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that were originally called visual
+association areas but then we know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas but then we know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas but then we know they
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+they have maps of the visual field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have maps of the visual field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have maps of the visual field or
+these partial maps and respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partial maps and respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partial maps and respond to
+two more complicated aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more complicated aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more complicated aspects of the
+stimuli and there's some evidence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and there's some evidence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and there's some evidence that's
+happening in auditory cortex too but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in auditory cortex too but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in auditory cortex too but the
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+of the auditory system is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auditory system is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auditory system is not as
+ext has not been as extensive as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ext has not been as extensive as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ext has not been as extensive as the
+visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+so let me just tell you about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you about a little
+bit about the early studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the early studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the early studies
+of whitfield and evans and england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whitfield and evans and england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whitfield and evans and england
+looking at some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of their
+recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings
+first look at this one the graph it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at this one the graph it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at this one the graph it's a
+plot of the characteristic frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the characteristic frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the characteristic frequency of
+a particular neuron so they varied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular neuron so they varied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular neuron so they varied the
+frequency here they plot it in kilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here they plot it in kilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here they plot it in kilo
+cycles per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles per second
+or kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kilohertz
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and here they've shown the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they've shown the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they've shown the sound
+pressure level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in decibels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in decibels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in decibels
+and they're showing there with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're showing there with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're showing there with the
+weakest sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakest sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakest sounds
+they can get the neuron to respond about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get the neuron to respond about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get the neuron to respond about
+13.6 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.6 kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.6 kilohertz
+but it still does respond the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still does respond the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still does respond the other
+frequencies if you're a little louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies if you're a little louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies if you're a little louder
+okay now up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now up here
+in these they've shown stimulation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these they've shown stimulation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these they've shown stimulation at
+this frequency and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency and for
+frequency modulated tones that vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency modulated tones that vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency modulated tones that vary
+these frequencies so it's going it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequencies so it's going it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequencies so it's going it's
+wavering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this one okay so first of all with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one okay so first of all with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one okay so first of all with a
+steady tone in that frequency range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady tone in that frequency range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady tone in that frequency range
+you can see that the neuron fires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the neuron fires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the neuron fires
+after the onset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the onset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the onset
+and then it stops firing then again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it stops firing then again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it stops firing then again it
+fires at the onset of the tone and stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires at the onset of the tone and stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires at the onset of the tone and stops
+firing if they give the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing if they give the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing if they give the frequency
+modulation notice what it's doing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation notice what it's doing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation notice what it's doing it's
+responding only with the upward sweep of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding only with the upward sweep of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding only with the upward sweep of
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+okay so it's got some temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's got some temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's got some temporal
+specificity to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity to it
+you see that again here where they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that again here where they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that again here where they use
+ramp stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp stimuli
+here they have a lower tone and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they have a lower tone and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they have a lower tone and then it
+jumps up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps up
+and the neuron just responds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neuron just responds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neuron just responds to the
+the ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ramp
+when it jumps up in frequency doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it jumps up in frequency doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it jumps up in frequency doesn't
+respond when the same frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond when the same frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond when the same frequencies are
+traversed but it's going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicating the specificity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the specificity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the specificity of this
+neuron the neuron is tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron the neuron is tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron the neuron is tuned
+to upward frequency sweeps right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upward frequency sweeps right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upward frequency sweeps right in this
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even though it will respond to weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it will respond to weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it will respond to weaker
+sounds in slightly higher frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in slightly higher frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in slightly higher frequencies
+a little more about these temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about these temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about these temporal
+pattern specificities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern specificities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern specificities
+using these very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these very simple
+very simple tone stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here for example they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example they give
+a repeated tone and notice that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeated tone and notice that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeated tone and notice that it
+habituates it responds best at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituates it responds best at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituates it responds best at the
+beginning and then less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and then less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and then less and less
+there are many neurons like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many neurons like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many neurons like that
+but many do they have neurons that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many do they have neurons that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many do they have neurons that do
+just the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the opposite
+you can call this an augmenting response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call this an augmenting response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call this an augmenting response
+here doesn't respond at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't respond at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't respond at all
+to a brief tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a brief tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a brief tone
+again it doesn't respond at all and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't respond at all and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't respond at all and then
+it starts responding at the offset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts responding at the offset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts responding at the offset of
+the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it doesn't respond at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't respond at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't respond at the beginning
+it needs some kind of summation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs some kind of summation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs some kind of summation it's
+taking time to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking time to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking time to build up
+to that pulsed tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that pulsed tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that pulsed tone
+here's another example of an off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of an off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of an off
+response where here the neuron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response where here the neuron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response where here the neuron is
+responding all the time but it increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding all the time but it increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding all the time but it increases
+its firing at the offset of the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its firing at the offset of the tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its firing at the offset of the tone
+and it does so a little bit with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does so a little bit with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does so a little bit with the
+short tones with a longer tone it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short tones with a longer tone it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short tones with a longer tone it does
+so much more so there's an off type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more so there's an off type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more so there's an off type
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+in the primary auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's an example of a neuron that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a neuron that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a neuron that will
+not respond to prolonged tones but will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not respond to prolonged tones but will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not respond to prolonged tones but will
+respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond
+the offset are very short tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offset are very short tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offset are very short tones
+so it just gives you an idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just gives you an idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just gives you an idea of the
+variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of
+pattern specificity that's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern specificity that's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern specificity that's going on in
+the auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory cortex
+when people were just plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were just plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were just plotting the
+frequency specificity they missed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency specificity they missed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency specificity they missed all
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and then evans and whitfield started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then evans and whitfield started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then evans and whitfield started
+looking at varying the temporal pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at varying the temporal pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at varying the temporal pattern
+and finding these interesting properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding these interesting properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding these interesting properties
+and just like people had done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like people had done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like people had done in the
+retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+it's a much bigger topic in the retinas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much bigger topic in the retinas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much bigger topic in the retinas
+not been studied as much in the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been studied as much in the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been studied as much in the auditory
+system but it's very easy to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's very easy to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's very easy to come up
+with a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a model
+involving asymmetric inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving asymmetric inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving asymmetric inhibitory
+connections that could account for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that could account for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that could account for that
+these would have to be if these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would have to be if these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would have to be if these are the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+to inputs to neurons in the cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inputs to neurons in the cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inputs to neurons in the cortex and
+these the outputs these could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the outputs these could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the outputs these could be the
+fibers coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming from
+the medial geniculate where we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial geniculate where we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial geniculate where we know we
+have telotopic maps orderly maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have telotopic maps orderly maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have telotopic maps orderly maps
+and if you connected then low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you connected then low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you connected then low
+frequencies and high frequencies but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and high frequencies but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and high frequencies but you
+also had inhibitory interneurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had inhibitory interneurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had inhibitory interneurons that
+had an asymmetric distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an asymmetric distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an asymmetric distribution
+then you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could get
+a neuron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuron that
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here these neurons would respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to upward frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upward frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upward frequency
+and not to not to descending frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not to not to descending frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not to not to descending frequency
+is that right yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right yeah because
+if you go this way then the neurons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go this way then the neurons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go this way then the neurons the
+slightly lower frequency are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower frequency are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower frequency are already
+inhibited by the time the frequency gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited by the time the frequency gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited by the time the frequency gets
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so you get a preferential excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a preferential excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a preferential excitation
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+low to high frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we don't have direct evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have direct evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have direct evidence for
+that kind of connection in the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of connection in the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of connection in the auditory
+cortex but we do have some evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but we do have some evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but we do have some evidence that
+i pointed out before in the retina for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pointed out before in the retina for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pointed out before in the retina for
+movement specificity direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement specificity direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement specificity direction
+specificity in the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in the retina
+now if you ablate the auditory cortex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you ablate the auditory cortex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you ablate the auditory cortex in
+the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat
+you in fact don't abolish discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in fact don't abolish discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in fact don't abolish discrimination
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+they can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can still
+they've learned to discriminate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've learned to discriminate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've learned to discriminate one
+tone versus another tone they can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone versus another tone they can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone versus another tone they can still
+do it they could still discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it they could still discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it they could still discriminate
+different loudnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different loudnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different loudnesses
+you will disrupt those things for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will disrupt those things for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will disrupt those things for a
+while but they return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but they return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but they return
+but you really just what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you really just what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you really just what you really
+disturb is discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb is discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb is discrimination
+temporal patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns
+if you've trained the cat to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've trained the cat to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've trained the cat to respond
+normally cats can do very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally cats can do very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally cats can do very well
+learning to respond to these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to respond to these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to respond to these various
+kinds of temporal patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of temporal patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of temporal patterns
+we've mentioned you can't get them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned you can't get them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned you can't get them to do
+that after these lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you just test habituation the novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just test habituation the novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just test habituation the novelty
+you get the same kind of thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same kind of thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same kind of thing it
+reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds
+the the thing in human neurology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing in human neurology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing in human neurology that
+this is reminiscent of this kind of word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reminiscent of this kind of word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reminiscent of this kind of word
+deafness you can get with auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deafness you can get with auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deafness you can get with auditory
+cortex lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex lesions
+people can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can hear
+and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can
+discriminate tones tell when tones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate tones tell when tones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate tones tell when tones are
+louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder
+soft but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft but
+they can't discriminate the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't discriminate the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't discriminate the temporal
+patterns involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in hearing words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hearing words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hearing words
+so something similar may be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there have been other were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been other were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been other were other
+many other studies in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other studies in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other studies in this
+though not nearly as many as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though not nearly as many as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though not nearly as many as in the
+visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+i remember some of the earlier ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember some of the earlier ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember some of the earlier ones
+where they use squirrel monkeys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they use squirrel monkeys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they use squirrel monkeys in
+germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+found in the more ventral parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the more ventral parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the more ventral parts
+equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+second and more ventral auditory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and more ventral auditory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and more ventral auditory areas
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+what they were doing in the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing in the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing in the monkey
+but equivalent to areas below a1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but equivalent to areas below a1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but equivalent to areas below a1 and the
+cat they were able to find some neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat they were able to find some neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat they were able to find some neurons
+that they could only get to fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could only get to fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could only get to fire
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+another monkey was screaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another monkey was screaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another monkey was screaming
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and monkeys have a particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monkeys have a particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monkeys have a particular set of
+vocalizations with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocalizations with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocalizations with different
+meanings to other squirrel monkeys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings to other squirrel monkeys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings to other squirrel monkeys and
+they found neurons that would respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found neurons that would respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found neurons that would respond
+specifically to the sum of those sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the sum of those sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the sum of those sounds
+it reminded me of some early studies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reminded me of some early studies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reminded me of some early studies at
+cornell university on bullfrog where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornell university on bullfrog where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornell university on bullfrog where
+they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+neurons tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons tuned
+to things relevant in the life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things relevant in the life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things relevant in the life of the
+bullfrog and one thing that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrog and one thing that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrog and one thing that's very
+relevant is to detect this splash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant is to detect this splash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant is to detect this splash of
+another bullfrogs you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bullfrogs you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bullfrogs you know and
+bullfrogs entering the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrogs entering the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrogs entering the water
+and they found neurons that respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found neurons that respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found neurons that respond
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+to the temporal pattern of that splash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temporal pattern of that splash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temporal pattern of that splash
+obviously a pretty complex sound yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a pretty complex sound yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a pretty complex sound yet the
+neuron could do it they didn't respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron could do it they didn't respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron could do it they didn't respond
+as well to other kinds of splashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think
+this kind of specificity that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of specificity that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of specificity that's been
+seen in the auditory system of animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the auditory system of animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the auditory system of animals
+probably means that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means that humans
+have units selectively tuned to phonemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units selectively tuned to phonemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units selectively tuned to phonemes
+involved in speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in speech
+and the evidence is that we can respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the evidence is that we can respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the evidence is that we can respond
+to all different phonemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all different phonemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all different phonemes
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+we're babies and then we we lose some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're babies and then we we lose some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're babies and then we we lose some of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so we end up responding mainly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up responding mainly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up responding mainly to
+phonemes in our own language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are probably experience effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are probably experience effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are probably experience effects
+involved in the tuning of the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the tuning of the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the tuning of the auditory
+cortex again there have been fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex again there have been fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex again there have been fewer
+studies of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of that
+most of the studies have been in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the studies have been in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the studies have been in the
+visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+i just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to mention
+before we deal with a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we deal with a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we deal with a couple other
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+about the work on birdsong it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work on birdsong it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work on birdsong it's been
+important in recent years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in recent years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in recent years
+after the discovery of very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the discovery of very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the discovery of very specific
+pathways involved in control of birdsong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways involved in control of birdsong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways involved in control of birdsong
+beginning in the auditory system and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the auditory system and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the auditory system and on
+the output side as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are in male songbirds males of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in male songbirds males of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in male songbirds males of
+canaries male zebra finches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaries male zebra finches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaries male zebra finches
+they involve structures in the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve structures in the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve structures in the so-called
+neostriatum and hyperstriatum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neostriatum and hyperstriatum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neostriatum and hyperstriatum in the
+forebrain of these animals they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain of these animals they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain of these animals they have a
+much more developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more developed
+striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less
+development of anything that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of anything that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of anything that looks like
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+it has to do with early the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with early the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with early the
+developmental dynamics for brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental dynamics for brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental dynamics for brain
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+you have more subcortical structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do have structures especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have structures especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have structures especially
+advanced birds especially the crows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced birds especially the crows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced birds especially the crows
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also parrots have a part of the striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also parrots have a part of the striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also parrots have a part of the striatum
+that is layered looks sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is layered looks sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is layered looks sort of like a
+cortex but it doesn't have a ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but it doesn't have a ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but it doesn't have a ventricle
+below it so it doesn't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it so it doesn't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it so it doesn't have the same
+configuration as mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration as mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration as mammals
+but these birds have these subcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these birds have these subcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these birds have these subcortical
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+have marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have marked
+differences in the sexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the sexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the sexes
+they're much more pronounced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more pronounced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more pronounced in the
+singing birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing birds
+not only that but they're asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but they're asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but they're asymmetric
+there's a left right difference and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a left right difference and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a left right difference and it's
+similar to in human speech you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to in human speech you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to in human speech you usually
+have left side dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left side dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left side dominance
+and that dominance is preserved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that dominance is preserved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that dominance is preserved in the
+output pathways all the way down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output pathways all the way down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output pathways all the way down to the
+innervation of the syrinx and the throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation of the syrinx and the throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation of the syrinx and the throat
+so that's made it an interesting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's made it an interesting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's made it an interesting model
+that may be relevant to human speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be relevant to human speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be relevant to human speech
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+it's very plastic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very plastic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very plastic system
+birds have to learn many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds have to learn many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds have to learn many
+it differs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differs from
+different among different species but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different among different species but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different among different species but
+there's a lot of learning of song and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of learning of song and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of learning of song and
+the most interesting thing in recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting thing in recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting thing in recent
+years that's been discovered was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's been discovered was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's been discovered was
+discovered at rockefeller university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered at rockefeller university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered at rockefeller university
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+where a lot of these discoveries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of these discoveries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of these discoveries have
+been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made
+initially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in the
+sex differences in the canary brain just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex differences in the canary brain just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex differences in the canary brain just
+discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by
+people doing histology in the labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing histology in the labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing histology in the labs
+on these birds and they found these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these birds and they found these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these birds and they found these
+structures that stood out so well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that stood out so well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that stood out so well and
+they found that they were connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that they were connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that they were connected to
+the auditory system in specific ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system in specific ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system in specific ways
+and then lesion studies and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lesion studies and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lesion studies and then later
+recording studies showed the relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording studies showed the relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording studies showed the relevance
+to song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to song
+the sex differences actually vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sex differences actually vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sex differences actually vary with
+the season now that was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the season now that was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the season now that was the most
+interesting thing because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing because we were
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+when that discovery was made most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that discovery was made most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that discovery was made most people
+still thought of the brain as pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thought of the brain as pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thought of the brain as pretty
+static once in adults the plasticity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static once in adults the plasticity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static once in adults the plasticity was
+all early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all early
+and so the emphasis on birdsong was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the emphasis on birdsong was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the emphasis on birdsong was the
+early development of birdsong and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early development of birdsong and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early development of birdsong and then
+they found out that the brain actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out that the brain actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out that the brain actually
+varies from one season to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from one season to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from one season to the other
+and that there are you actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there are you actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there are you actually get
+neurogenesis of new neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis of new neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis of new neurons
+seasonally in adult songbirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonally in adult songbirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonally in adult songbirds
+i mean it's dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's dependent on
+among other things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things on
+testosterone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone
+changes but there are other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but there are other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but there are other factors
+affecting it also and it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting it also and it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting it also and it's an important
+topic in developmental neurobiology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in developmental neurobiology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in developmental neurobiology in
+recent years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+just a few other topics now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few other topics now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few other topics now they're
+relevant to mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to mammals
+we've talked about the middle ear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the middle ear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the middle ear this
+is an enlargement of the middle ear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enlargement of the middle ear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enlargement of the middle ear with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+eardrum or tympanic membrane shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eardrum or tympanic membrane shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eardrum or tympanic membrane shown here
+it's cut here so you can see the bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cut here so you can see the bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cut here so you can see the bones
+inside middle ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside middle ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside middle ear
+and it's also showing that there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also showing that there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also showing that there are so
+here's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the malleus incus the stapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the malleus incus the stapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the malleus incus the stapes
+these little bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little bones
+sometimes called the hammer anvil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the hammer anvil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the hammer anvil and
+stirrup and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirrup and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirrup and here's the
+little muscles attached to it we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little muscles attached to it we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little muscles attached to it we didn't
+talk about those before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those before
+but they're little muscles that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're little muscles that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're little muscles that when
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+one of them is innervated the tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is innervated the tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is innervated the tensor
+tympani muscle here is indicated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tympani muscle here is indicated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tympani muscle here is indicated by
+a branch the mandibular branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch the mandibular branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch the mandibular branch of the
+trigeminal nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's another little muscle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another little muscle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another little muscle here
+the stapedius muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stapedius muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stapedius muscle
+when those muscles tense they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those muscles tense they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those muscles tense they they're
+dampening the vibration of these bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampening the vibration of these bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampening the vibration of these bones
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you'd expect perhaps that would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect perhaps that would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect perhaps that would happen
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+sounds are particularly loud and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds are particularly loud and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds are particularly loud and it does
+protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protect the inner ear from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the inner ear from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the inner ear from being
+overstimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstimulated
+by the oscillations caused by very loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the oscillations caused by very loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the oscillations caused by very loud
+sounds vibrating the eardrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds vibrating the eardrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds vibrating the eardrum
+but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also
+they also contract whenever we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also contract whenever we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also contract whenever we're
+talking that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking that is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the little muscles in my middle ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little muscles in my middle ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little muscles in my middle ear
+contracting whenever i'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting whenever i'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting whenever i'm speaking
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+decreasing the vibration middle ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just
+this attenuation up to 25 decibels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this attenuation up to 25 decibels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this attenuation up to 25 decibels with
+low frequencies less than one kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies less than one kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies less than one kilohertz
+when loud sounds occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when loud sounds occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when loud sounds occur
+but we know the innervation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know the innervation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know the innervation is very
+dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+indicating a high degree of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating a high degree of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating a high degree of control
+about one motor neuron for every muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one motor neuron for every muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one motor neuron for every muscle
+fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber
+we also as i pointed out they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also as i pointed out they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also as i pointed out they know that
+we contract during vocalization so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we contract during vocalization so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we contract during vocalization so this
+indicates to me that we probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates to me that we probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates to me that we probably don't
+understand fully the function of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fully the function of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fully the function of those
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+i want to talk about another centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk about another centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk about another centrifugal
+pathway not just the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway not just the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway not just the one
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+dampens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampens
+transmission through the middle ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission through the middle ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission through the middle ear
+there is also innervation of the hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also innervation of the hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also innervation of the hair
+cells by fibers that come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells by fibers that come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells by fibers that come from the
+hindbrain that's the so-called olivo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain that's the so-called olivo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain that's the so-called olivo
+cochlear bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear bundle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the topic is a pretty general relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic is a pretty general relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic is a pretty general relevance
+because centrifugal pathways like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because centrifugal pathways like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because centrifugal pathways like that
+occur in all the sensory systems they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in all the sensory systems they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in all the sensory systems they
+don't always go all the way out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always go all the way out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always go all the way out to
+periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery
+but ascending sensory pathways have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ascending sensory pathways have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ascending sensory pathways have
+connections coming from higher regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representing the same senses that feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the same senses that feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the same senses that feed
+back onto the lower levels of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back onto the lower levels of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back onto the lower levels of the system
+and many people have related that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people have related that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people have related that to the
+phenomena that attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that attention
+you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case of the oliver cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of the oliver cochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of the oliver cochlear
+bundle the input goes right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle the input goes right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle the input goes right to the
+receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors
+i pointed that out in the figures we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pointed that out in the figures we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pointed that out in the figures we saw
+in there in your textbook figures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there in your textbook figures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there in your textbook figures of the
+organ of cortex where you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ of cortex where you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ of cortex where you see the
+i have that again here a different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that again here a different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that again here a different kind
+of picture this is from the sigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture this is from the sigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture this is from the sigm
+textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+graduate textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate textbook
+where they're showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're showing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're showing here
+a little cartoon of the organ of cortis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little cartoon of the organ of cortis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little cartoon of the organ of cortis
+showing the inner hair cells and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the inner hair cells and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the inner hair cells and the
+outer hair cells let's just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer hair cells let's just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer hair cells let's just go through
+this a little bit here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit here's a
+part of the superior olive where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the superior olive where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the superior olive where they
+show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the
+lateral part medial part of the superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral part medial part of the superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral part medial part of the superior
+with some neurons surrounding these main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some neurons surrounding these main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some neurons surrounding these main
+nuclei that send their axons back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that send their axons back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that send their axons back to the
+cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea
+okay here's what they're trying now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's what they're trying now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's what they're trying now
+here's the receptor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the receptor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the receptor cells
+the so-called hair cells outer hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called hair cells outer hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called hair cells outer hair
+cells and inner hair cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the primary sensory neurons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the primary sensory neurons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the primary sensory neurons of
+two type bipolar cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two type bipolar cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two type bipolar cells and
+sodium polar cells they're calling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium polar cells they're calling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium polar cells they're calling them
+type 1 and type 2 here going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 1 and type 2 here going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 1 and type 2 here going into the
+auditory nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory nerve
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+contacting the hair cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the dendritic this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dendritic this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dendritic this would be
+equivalent to the dendritic part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the dendritic part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the dendritic part of the
+neuron it's stimulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron it's stimulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron it's stimulated by
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+potential changes in the hair cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential changes in the hair cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential changes in the hair cells and
+those potential changes occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those potential changes occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those potential changes occur
+are generated by shearing forces when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by shearing forces when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by shearing forces when
+you get vibration of the visor membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get vibration of the visor membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get vibration of the visor membrane
+which is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is down here
+okay but now look at the centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now look at the centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now look at the centrifugal
+fibers one of them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers one of them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers one of them here
+innervates by xox axon connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates by xox axon connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates by xox axon connections
+directly to the primary sensory neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the primary sensory neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the primary sensory neuron
+endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings
+others here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others here
+once the outer hair cells connect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the outer hair cells connect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the outer hair cells connect to the
+receptor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells
+okay but the input the influence is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the input the influence is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the input the influence is now
+in the opposite direction to the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction to the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction to the primary
+sensory neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's those are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's those are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's those are the kinds of
+accidents that make up the oliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents that make up the oliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents that make up the oliver
+cochlear bundle and the problem has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear bundle and the problem has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear bundle and the problem has been
+what are they for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't been
+it's been difficult to figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been difficult to figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been difficult to figure that out
+there one one study i like that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one one study i like that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one one study i like that was the
+first one really to show discover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one really to show discover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one really to show discover a
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+well first of all i mentioned in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all i mentioned in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all i mentioned in a
+previous class this attempt to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous class this attempt to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous class this attempt to the idea
+was it just dampens the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it just dampens the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it just dampens the input
+and it has something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has something to do with the
+tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+that when we pay attention visually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we pay attention visually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we pay attention visually we
+pay less attention to sounds but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less attention to sounds but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less attention to sounds but that
+was all based on evo potentials it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all based on evo potentials it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all based on evo potentials it was
+sound to be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound to be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound to be wrong
+because the reduction wasn't due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reduction wasn't due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reduction wasn't due to
+reduced attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced attention
+at all it was just due to activation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it was just due to activation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it was just due to activation of
+the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other studies though have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other studies though have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other studies though have shown
+that when the olive cochlear bundle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the olive cochlear bundle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the olive cochlear bundle is
+active it inhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active it inhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active it inhibits
+fibers that respond to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers that respond to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers that respond to the lower
+intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities
+preferentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially
+so it could play a role in remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could play a role in remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could play a role in remove
+reducing distractions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing distractions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing distractions and
+noise and that led to a study in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and that led to a study in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and that led to a study in the
+monkey where they cut selectively they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey where they cut selectively they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey where they cut selectively they
+were able to cut the oliver cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to cut the oliver cochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to cut the oliver cochlear
+fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+in some of the monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the monkeys
+that had been trained to discriminate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been trained to discriminate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been trained to discriminate to
+a difficult discrimination of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficult discrimination of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficult discrimination of human
+phoneme differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoneme differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoneme differences
+and they vary the noise level so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they vary the noise level so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they vary the noise level so the
+monkey was required to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey was required to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey was required to do the
+discrimination it was a overlearn he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination it was a overlearn he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination it was a overlearn he
+could do it very well so now they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it very well so now they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it very well so now they could
+just vary the noise level to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just vary the noise level to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just vary the noise level to see how
+well he can do it how well he can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he can do it how well he can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he can do it how well he can hear
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so you have this highly performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this highly performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this highly performing
+monkey performing at a very high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey performing at a very high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey performing at a very high level
+you vary the background noise see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vary the background noise see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vary the background noise see how
+well his performance continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well his performance continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well his performance continues
+and you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find out
+that if you cut the olive cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you cut the olive cochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you cut the olive cochlear
+bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+they don't do as well in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do as well in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do as well in the presence of
+the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise
+they seem to benefit by you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to benefit by you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to benefit by you haven't
+damaged the primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged the primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged the primary sensory
+fibers of the eth nerve at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether how much of that's really due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether how much of that's really due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether how much of that's really due to
+all the cochlear innervation and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cochlear innervation and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cochlear innervation and how
+much of it's just due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it's just due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it's just due to the
+muscle contractions isn't too clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle contractions isn't too clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle contractions isn't too clear
+because we know that stapedius muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that stapedius muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that stapedius muscle
+contractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions
+also attenuates low frequency more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also attenuates low frequency more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also attenuates low frequency more
+than the higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we think because their their main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think because their their main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think because their their main
+effect was on the over cochlear bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was on the over cochlear bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was on the over cochlear bundle
+the innervation of that we saw in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innervation of that we saw in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innervation of that we saw in this
+this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide
+they should have been affecting mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have been affecting mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have been affecting mostly
+these axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to cover just one more topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to cover just one more topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to cover just one more topic and
+i'm not saying that's the end of it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that's the end of it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that's the end of it for
+a little cochlear bundle there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little cochlear bundle there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little cochlear bundle there's been
+some recent work in the caring lab that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recent work in the caring lab that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recent work in the caring lab that
+we've heard about here in colloquia it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard about here in colloquia it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard about here in colloquia it's
+been very interesting work that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very interesting work that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very interesting work that's going
+beyond those early studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond those early studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond those early studies
+i want to use one more study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to use one more study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to use one more study
+to introduce what we're coming to soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce what we're coming to soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce what we're coming to soon
+studies of the limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the limbic system
+and this is a study of simple intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a study of simple intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a study of simple intensity
+thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds
+we know that they're very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that they're very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that they're very difficult to
+affect by lesions you can take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect by lesions you can take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect by lesions you can take out the
+auditory cortex animals can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex animals can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex animals can still
+discriminate different intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can ablate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ablate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ablate
+the inferior colliculus and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior colliculus and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior colliculus and they'll
+still discriminate different intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you don't damage the cochlea itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't damage the cochlea itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't damage the cochlea itself
+now if you damage that they can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you damage that they can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you damage that they can't do it
+they're not they're not using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not using the
+trajectory for this they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory for this they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory for this they're using
+auditory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a study was done of rats that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a study was done of rats that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a study was done of rats that were
+trained to press a lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to press a lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to press a lever
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+when they wanted to turn off the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they wanted to turn off the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they wanted to turn off the noise
+so when the noise got too loud they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the noise got too loud they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the noise got too loud they were
+uncomfortable with it they could turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable with it they could turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable with it they could turn it
+off and rats can do that they can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and rats can do that they can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and rats can do that they can learn
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+they'll leave it on if as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll leave it on if as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll leave it on if as long as the
+sound is not too loud if it gets too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is not too loud if it gets too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is not too loud if it gets too
+loud then the rat will press the lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud then the rat will press the lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud then the rat will press the lever
+and turn it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it off
+to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can ablate the entire inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ablate the entire inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ablate the entire inferior
+colliculus as i said you don't lose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus as i said you don't lose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus as i said you don't lose it
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+they keep doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep doing it
+you can add the superior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add the superior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add the superior colliculus
+which also gets auditory input in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also gets auditory input in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also gets auditory input in its
+deeper layers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper layers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper layers and
+you don't get any further loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get any further loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get any further loss
+any any loss still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can show that it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that it's not just
+reversive noise they can you can do such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversive noise they can you can do such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversive noise they can you can do such
+lesions and they can discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions and they can discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions and they can discriminate
+different intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intensities
+in a where they're bypressing for food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't
+turn off the intense sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off the intense sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off the intense sound
+if you your lesion goes down further in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you your lesion goes down further in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you your lesion goes down further in
+the midbrain into the ventral part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain into the ventral part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain into the ventral part of
+the central gray area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central gray area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central gray area
+and the adjacent they usually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the adjacent they usually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the adjacent they usually got
+adjacent particular formation too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent particular formation too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent particular formation too
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+they still had normal auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still had normal auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still had normal auditory
+thresholds but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds but they didn't
+turn off the aversive noise i just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off the aversive noise i just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off the aversive noise i just want
+to show you that anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that anatomy
+because we'll be talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll be talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll be talking about the
+limbic system here soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is the midbrain tectum we're right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the midbrain tectum we're right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the midbrain tectum we're right at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sorry this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through the middle of the midbrain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the midbrain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the midbrain you
+see the spirit colliculus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the spirit colliculus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the spirit colliculus there
+several peduncle fibers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several peduncle fibers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several peduncle fibers here
+remember we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said that
+these regions in the stipple layer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions in the stipple layer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions in the stipple layer are
+related to our limbic system structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to our limbic system structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to our limbic system structures
+because they're closely connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're closely connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're closely connected with
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+and limbic forebrain structures and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limbic forebrain structures and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limbic forebrain structures and we
+call this area around the ventricle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this area around the ventricle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this area around the ventricle the
+central gray area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray area
+it's been implicated in various studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been implicated in various studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been implicated in various studies
+in pain perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pain perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pain perception
+so these lesions that they were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these lesions that they were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these lesions that they were making
+ablated the inferior colliculus behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablated the inferior colliculus behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablated the inferior colliculus behind
+this they inflated the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they inflated the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they inflated the spherical
+colliculus and then they if they invaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus and then they if they invaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus and then they if they invaded
+the ventral part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral part
+of the central gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the central gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the central gray
+then the rat didn't find noise to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rat didn't find noise to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rat didn't find noise to be
+aversive anymore most part of the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversive anymore most part of the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversive anymore most part of the limbic
+areas this just shows that in an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas this just shows that in an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas this just shows that in an actual
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a hamster midbrain i just blocked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamster midbrain i just blocked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamster midbrain i just blocked off
+the side because i took it from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side because i took it from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side because i took it from an
+animal here that had early damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal here that had early damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal here that had early damage
+you can see the central gray this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the central gray this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the central gray this is
+called cyto architecture you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cyto architecture you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cyto architecture you can make
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+the difference in cell packing density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in cell packing density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in cell packing density
+and cell size here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cell size here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cell size here's here's the
+aqueduct of silvius which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueduct of silvius which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueduct of silvius which is the
+narrow ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow ventricle
+in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midbrain
+and so it's when the lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's when the lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's when the lesions
+reach just about below where the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach just about below where the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach just about below where the arrow
+is he got into this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he got into this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he got into this region
+that the animals didn't find noise to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the animals didn't find noise to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the animals didn't find noise to be
+aversive anymore
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GrXkZYhkUS8.txt b/GrXkZYhkUS8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25feb9bcab768f99fe6f8dff231590c122d0f612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GrXkZYhkUS8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the first problem set is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the first problem set is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the first problem set is is
+out and I should let you know that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I should let you know that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I should let you know that uh
+Hayden is watching out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden is watching out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden is watching out for
+you because we actually trimmed off one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because we actually trimmed off one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because we actually trimmed off one
+problem from past problem sets so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from past problem sets so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from past problem sets so this
+is uh a little bit of a revamp from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a little bit of a revamp from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a little bit of a revamp from from
+the past and and slightly shorter so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and and slightly shorter so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and and slightly shorter so so
+uh sort of the tradeoff is maybe asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the tradeoff is maybe asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the tradeoff is maybe asking
+slightly fewer questions but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly fewer questions but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly fewer questions but then
+emphasizing a little bit more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing a little bit more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing a little bit more the
+discussive uh responses from you uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussive uh responses from you uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussive uh responses from you uh on
+on the problem Set uh as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem Set uh as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem Set uh as we talked about
+last time we'd really like uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we'd really like uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we'd really like uh a little
+bit of textual description from you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of textual description from you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of textual description from you uh
+about about the problem and your thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the problem and your thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the problem and your thought
+processes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes on
+those okay good so let's uh start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay good so let's uh start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay good so let's uh start with
+today if you recall yes um Tuesday was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you recall yes um Tuesday was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you recall yes um Tuesday was
+kind of the broad overview a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the broad overview a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the broad overview a little bit
+of the outline of what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outline of what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outline of what we're going to be
+seeing uh throughout the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh throughout the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh throughout the course of the
+semester today I'm going to focus in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester today I'm going to focus in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester today I'm going to focus in a
+little bit ON Semiconductor uh process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit ON Semiconductor uh process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit ON Semiconductor uh process
+technology but with a real emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but with a real emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but with a real emphasis on
+variation in semiconductor processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in semiconductor processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in semiconductor processes and
+the basic agenda here is give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic agenda here is give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic agenda here is give you a very
+quick I think it's a four slide process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick I think it's a four slide process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick I think it's a four slide process
+uh summary of a typical process sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh summary of a typical process sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh summary of a typical process sequence
+it's going to be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a bit
+stylized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylized
+um another reading assignment that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another reading assignment that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another reading assignment that is
+coming but I have not quite issued yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming but I have not quite issued yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming but I have not quite issued yet
+uh in order to give you some room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to give you some room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to give you some room to
+work on problem set one will be chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on problem set one will be chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on problem set one will be chapter
+two of uh Mayan Spanos which is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of uh Mayan Spanos which is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of uh Mayan Spanos which is a fairly
+nice condensed but good enough depth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice condensed but good enough depth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice condensed but good enough depth and
+detail uh description of semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh description of semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh description of semiconductor
+process technology so it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process technology so it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process technology so it is an
+excellent uh sort of 50 page 30 to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent uh sort of 50 page 30 to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent uh sort of 50 page 30 to well
+I guess chapter 2 is about uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess chapter 2 is about uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess chapter 2 is about uh something
+like 50 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 pages
+uh a nice introduction to uh in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a nice introduction to uh in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a nice introduction to uh in in some
+details on semic conductor processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on semic conductor processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on semic conductor processing
+but what I want to do is set a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to do is set a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to do is set a little
+bit of a baseline to make sure everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a baseline to make sure everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a baseline to make sure everybody
+has a a course picture of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a course picture of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a course picture of what is
+involved in making integrated circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making integrated circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making integrated circuits
+since that is going to be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that is going to be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that is going to be one of the
+processes that we use to illustrate lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that we use to illustrate lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that we use to illustrate lots
+of things and so what I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and so what I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and so what I'm going to talk
+a little bit about after going flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about after going flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about after going flying
+through the whole process sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole process sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole process sequence is
+some of the types of variation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the types of variation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the types of variation that
+arise in microfabrication and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise in microfabrication and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise in microfabrication and then with
+emphasis on parametric variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on parametric variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on parametric variation and
+then we'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk a little bit about
+temporal variation sort of run to run uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal variation sort of run to run uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal variation sort of run to run uh
+uh wafer to wafer if you will and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wafer to wafer if you will and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wafer to wafer if you will and then
+spatial variations and semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variations and semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variations and semiconductor
+processing is an interesting one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is an interesting one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is an interesting one because
+there are nesting of replication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are nesting of replication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are nesting of replication of the
+products uh within additional geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh within additional geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh within additional geometric
+structures so we'll talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so we'll talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so we'll talk about that a
+little bit and then what we'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and then what we'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and then what we'll be doing
+sort of mixed in with the discussion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mixed in with the discussion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mixed in with the discussion uh
+of these types of variation is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of variation is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of variation is trying to
+give you a little bit of a preview some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a preview some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a preview some
+examples drawn from uh uh both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples drawn from uh uh both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples drawn from uh uh both the
+literature and and some of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and and some of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and and some of the research
+that my group has been doing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my group has been doing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my group has been doing over the
+last 10 years or so we'll try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years or so we'll try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years or so we'll try to give
+you a preview of some of the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a preview of some of the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a preview of some of the kinds of
+manufacturing control techniques that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing control techniques that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing control techniques that
+we'll be diving in much more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be diving in much more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be diving in much more detail
+throughout the term so we'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term so we'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term so we'll see a
+little bit uh early on about basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh early on about basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh early on about basic
+statistical analysis trying to decide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis trying to decide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis trying to decide is
+there something varying here or not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something varying here or not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something varying here or not uh
+basic detection and Analysis of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic detection and Analysis of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic detection and Analysis of that and
+we'll talk a little bit about process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about process
+modeling especially from an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling especially from an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling especially from an empirical
+point of view and sort of a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and sort of a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and sort of a little bit
+of the boundary between physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary between physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary between physical
+modeling and and empirical modeling I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and and empirical modeling I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and and empirical modeling I'll
+give you a little example of that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little example of that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little example of that then
+we'll talk about using those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about using those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about using those kinds of
+models for uh process optimization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for uh process optimization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for uh process optimization and
+some of the kinds of strategies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of strategies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of strategies that
+arise to have robust designs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise to have robust designs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise to have robust designs and then
+lastly a very simple example of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly a very simple example of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly a very simple example of feedback
+control in a unit process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in a unit process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in a unit process in
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication
+so the following is from a a book it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the following is from a a book it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the following is from a a book it's a
+little bit dated it's about 10 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dated it's about 10 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dated it's about 10 years old
+uh it's actually an interesting book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually an interesting book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually an interesting book
+because it's about statistical case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's about statistical case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's about statistical case
+studies in industrial process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in industrial process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in industrial process
+Improvement where almost all of the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement where almost all of the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement where almost all of the all
+of the cases are really drawn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cases are really drawn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cases are really drawn from the
+semiconductor industry um so before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry um so before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry um so before they
+dive into those statistical methods they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into those statistical methods they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into those statistical methods they
+themselves give a very quick uh overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves give a very quick uh overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves give a very quick uh overview
+of the semiconductor fabrication process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semiconductor fabrication process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semiconductor fabrication process
+so I like this example or this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like this example or this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like this example or this I think
+there's three or four uh slides that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three or four uh slides that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three or four uh slides that are
+uh have have a sequence a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have have a sequence a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have have a sequence a little bit
+because it's uh uh fairly simplified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh uh fairly simplified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh uh fairly simplified and
+abstracted so we can go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted so we can go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted so we can go through it
+quickly but the real reason I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but the real reason I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but the real reason I love this
+is there are mistakes in it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are mistakes in it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are mistakes in it there are
+errors things that don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors things that don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors things that don't necessarily
+make physical sense or uh don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make physical sense or uh don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make physical sense or uh don't quite
+well a lot of this is of course simplifi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a lot of this is of course simplifi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a lot of this is of course simplifi
+simplification of the process to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification of the process to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification of the process to get it
+down to something easy but even in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to something easy but even in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to something easy but even in that
+with that caveat there's things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that caveat there's things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that caveat there's things that are
+just don't quite line up so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't quite line up so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't quite line up so your
+challenge is to try to point out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to try to point out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to try to point out to
+me uh as we go through it what can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh as we go through it what can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh as we go through it what can't be
+right okay now even if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now even if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now even if you don't have a
+lot of semiconductor background so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of semiconductor background so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of semiconductor background so see
+if you can catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can catch
+these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so
+actually let's see if I can skip ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+briefly what we're I I'm skipping to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly what we're I I'm skipping to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly what we're I I'm skipping to the
+end of the sequence this is Step 25 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the sequence this is Step 25 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the sequence this is Step 25 what
+we're showing here is the fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing here is the fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing here is the fabrication
+sequence of building up thin films on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of building up thin films on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of building up thin films on
+the surface of the wafer as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the wafer as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the wafer as well as
+changing the material properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the material properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the material properties of
+parts of the surface of the wafer scoped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the surface of the wafer scoped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the surface of the wafer scoped
+in or zoomed in to trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or zoomed in to trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or zoomed in to trying to build a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+transistor now there are people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor now there are people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor now there are people that
+build and sell single transistors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and sell single transistors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and sell single transistors but
+really we're talking integrated circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we're talking integrated circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we're talking integrated circuits
+at the isscc conference earlier this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the isscc conference earlier this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the isscc conference earlier this
+week uh Intel announced their two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh Intel announced their two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh Intel announced their two
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor
+microprocessor so that's the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor so that's the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor so that's the level of
+integration that's out there now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that's out there now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that's out there now we're
+going to focus on one clearly and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on one clearly and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on one clearly and we
+talk a little bit later part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit later part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit later part of the
+challenge is to build a product with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to build a product with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to build a product with two
+billion of these things and have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of these things and have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of these things and have them
+all work okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all work okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all work okay so this is a
+wonderful industry in terms of Exquisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful industry in terms of Exquisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful industry in terms of Exquisite
+manufacturing control required to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing control required to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing control required to have
+all two billion things work uh on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all two billion things work uh on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all two billion things work uh on on
+your circuit but to get a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your circuit but to get a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your circuit but to get a picture of
+what's really going on we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on we're going to
+focus in on a single transistor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in on a single transistor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in on a single transistor and
+there there's a picture of it uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a picture of it uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a picture of it uh uh
+geometrically and over on the right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically and over on the right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically and over on the right here
+is is a a a very abstracted picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a a a very abstracted picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a a a very abstracted picture of
+the function of of a single mosfet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of of a single mosfet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of of a single mosfet
+transistor and the basic idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and the basic idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and the basic idea is that
+this can act as a an electronic switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can act as a an electronic switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can act as a an electronic switch
+under uh the application of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uh the application of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uh the application of different
+voltage uh conditions so that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage uh conditions so that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage uh conditions so that one can
+control the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the flow of
+current uh in an onoff kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh in an onoff kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh in an onoff kind of kind of
+fashion and therefore perform uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and therefore perform uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and therefore perform uh certain
+logic functions depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic functions depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic functions depending on the
+presence or absence of voltage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence or absence of voltage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence or absence of voltage on
+components of the structure the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the structure the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the structure the basic
+elements here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here
+are well the real action is right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well the real action is right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well the real action is right down
+here in the in the center of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the center of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the center of the the
+device in the center of the transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in the center of the transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in the center of the transistor
+you essentially have a a source in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially have a a source in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially have a a source in a
+drain these are electrically conductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain these are electrically conductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain these are electrically conductive
+and these little blue things are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these little blue things are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these little blue things are in this
+picture aluminum pads or metal pads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture aluminum pads or metal pads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture aluminum pads or metal pads
+metal connections uh if you will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal connections uh if you will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal connections uh if you will that
+make uh contact to the semiconductor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh contact to the semiconductor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh contact to the semiconductor the
+Silicon uh semiconductor layer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon uh semiconductor layer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon uh semiconductor layer uh
+underneath these red regions have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath these red regions have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath these red regions have been
+very highly doped and we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly doped and we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly doped and we'll see the
+process for for doing that that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for for doing that that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for for doing that that make
+them also uh much more metallic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them also uh much more metallic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them also uh much more metallic in
+nature they are highly conductive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they are highly conductive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they are highly conductive so
+this is how we get uh electrical access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we get uh electrical access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we get uh electrical access
+down to the semiconductor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the semiconductor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the semiconductor the
+interesting part is is the silicon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is is the silicon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is is the silicon that
+has been only lightly doped and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been only lightly doped and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been only lightly doped and that's
+what I think these little dots are meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think these little dots are meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think these little dots are meant
+to indicate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate to
+control uh the degree at which it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh the degree at which it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh the degree at which it will
+conduct under different amounts of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct under different amounts of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct under different amounts of uh
+potential applied to it from the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential applied to it from the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential applied to it from the control
+of a gate this blue I guess it's green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gate this blue I guess it's green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gate this blue I guess it's green
+on this picture uh this is the the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this picture uh this is the the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this picture uh this is the the gate
+electrode and eventually it it's typ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and eventually it it's typ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and eventually it it's typ
+quickly made out of polysilicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly made out of polysilicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly made out of polysilicon and
+eventually contacted also by by metal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually contacted also by by metal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually contacted also by by metal so
+that we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can uh
+apply positive or negative voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply positive or negative voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply positive or negative voltage to
+the gate and if we apply in a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate and if we apply in a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate and if we apply in a typical
+nmos transistor enough of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmos transistor enough of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmos transistor enough of a positive
+voltage what we do is we attract lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what we do is we attract lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what we do is we attract lots
+and lots of negative charges to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of negative charges to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of negative charges to uh uh
+sort of counteract the positive charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of counteract the positive charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of counteract the positive charges
+we're we're creating on the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're creating on the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're creating on the surface of
+the gate we we create lots of uh or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate we we create lots of uh or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate we we create lots of uh or or
+attract or uh uh generate an inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract or uh uh generate an inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract or uh uh generate an inversion
+uh with lots and lots of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with lots and lots of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with lots and lots of electrons
+negative charge down here in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge down here in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge down here in this very
+very thin surface layer of the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin surface layer of the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin surface layer of the Silicon
+so the semiconducting Silicon can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the semiconducting Silicon can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the semiconducting Silicon can be
+made to conduct under certain voltage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to conduct under certain voltage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to conduct under certain voltage or
+bias conditions and now current can flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias conditions and now current can flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias conditions and now current can flow
+from the d uh from the gate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the d uh from the gate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the d uh from the gate or
+underneath the gate from the source to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate from the source to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate from the source to
+the drain so if we apply a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drain so if we apply a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drain so if we apply a positive
+voltage we turn the thing on and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage we turn the thing on and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage we turn the thing on and and um
+uh current can flow alternatively if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh current can flow alternatively if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh current can flow alternatively if we
+uh apply either an opposite voltage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apply either an opposite voltage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apply either an opposite voltage or
+no voltage in a typical uh uh mosfet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no voltage in a typical uh uh mosfet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no voltage in a typical uh uh mosfet for
+logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+operations uh the conductivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh the conductivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh the conductivity of the
+Silicon layer will be so low that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon layer will be so low that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon layer will be so low that uh
+current is blocked and the thing is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is blocked and the thing is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is blocked and the thing is off
+so the basic idea here is we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea here is we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea here is we need to
+control carefully the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control carefully the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control carefully the conditions
+uh and properties of the Silicon layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and properties of the Silicon layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and properties of the Silicon layer
+and then we need to set up the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to set up the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to set up the rest of
+the geometry to be able to have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry to be able to have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry to be able to have access
+to the and and form the structures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the and and form the structures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the and and form the structures for
+the source drain and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain and and the
+gate so what we're going to see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate so what we're going to see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate so what we're going to see in this
+sequence is how we start from some raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is how we start from some raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is how we start from some raw
+material build up the thin film layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material build up the thin film layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material build up the thin film layers
+uh and and differentiate both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and differentiate both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and differentiate both the
+geometry and change those properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and change those properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and change those properties so
+in this picture we're starting out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture we're starting out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture we're starting out here
+with uh the Silicon in white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the Silicon in white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the Silicon in white
+we add or create a thin layer of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add or create a thin layer of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add or create a thin layer of silicon
+dioxide uh in this in this picture now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide uh in this in this picture now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide uh in this in this picture now
+there's lots of different processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of different processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of different processes and
+some many of these are discussed in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some many of these are discussed in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some many of these are discussed in more
+detail in Mayan Spanos for creating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in Mayan Spanos for creating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in Mayan Spanos for creating um
+uh silicon dioxide one is deposit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh silicon dioxide one is deposit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh silicon dioxide one is deposit on the
+surface the other is to actually quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the other is to actually quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the other is to actually quote
+grow a silicon dioxide layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a silicon dioxide layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a silicon dioxide layer
+that is we essentially uh subject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we essentially uh subject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we essentially uh subject the
+wafer to an oxygen carrying ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer to an oxygen carrying ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer to an oxygen carrying ambient
+either O2 or or a an H2O uh Vapor kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either O2 or or a an H2O uh Vapor kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either O2 or or a an H2O uh Vapor kind
+of uh ambient and the oxygen will react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ambient and the oxygen will react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ambient and the oxygen will react
+with the Silicon forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Silicon forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Silicon forming
+sio2 and we have a very nice stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 and we have a very nice stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 and we have a very nice stable
+silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide
+layer it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it turns
+out that that simple process of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that simple process of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that simple process of being a
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+grow a very high quality silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a very high quality silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a very high quality silicon dioxide
+layer was kind of the Crux process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer was kind of the Crux process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer was kind of the Crux process that
+enabled integrated circuits in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled integrated circuits in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled integrated circuits in some
+fashion um and we we'll talk about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um and we we'll talk about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um and we we'll talk about it a
+little bit later but basically we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later but basically we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later but basically we get
+we're going to need insulating layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need insulating layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need insulating layers
+between conducting layers one conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between conducting layers one conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between conducting layers one conducting
+layer being the Silicon itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer being the Silicon itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer being the Silicon itself the
+others when we build multiple levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others when we build multiple levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others when we build multiple levels of
+of of wiring we need insulators between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of wiring we need insulators between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of wiring we need insulators between
+them but in particular for the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but in particular for the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but in particular for the formation
+of that transistor the creation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that transistor the creation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that transistor the creation of a
+very good highquality very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good highquality very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good highquality very stable
+well-controlled oxide insulating layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-controlled oxide insulating layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-controlled oxide insulating layer
+between the gate electrode and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the gate electrode and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the gate electrode and the
+Silicon electrode was crucial that forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon electrode was crucial that forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon electrode was crucial that forms
+basically a metal gate oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a metal gate oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a metal gate oxide
+semiconductor or MOS transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor or MOS transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor or MOS transistor
+structure and that the ability to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that the ability to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that the ability to uh uh
+create a moss cap capacitor and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a moss cap capacitor and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a moss cap capacitor and then
+contacted on the sides where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted on the sides where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted on the sides where you can
+invert the the the Silicon layer was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the the the Silicon layer was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the the the Silicon layer was a
+big challenge the first transistors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big challenge the first transistors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big challenge the first transistors were
+in fact bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact bipolar
+transistors uh shortly after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors uh shortly after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors uh shortly after the
+invention of the bipolar transistor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the bipolar transistor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the bipolar transistor uh
+Shockley went off on his own and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shockley went off on his own and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shockley went off on his own and also
+invented the Moss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the Moss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the Moss
+transistor um in the very early versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor um in the very early versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor um in the very early versions
+different uh semiconductor material was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh semiconductor material was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh semiconductor material was
+used different element than silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used different element than silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used different element than silicon
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+know what were the first transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what were the first transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what were the first transistors
+built out of geranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out of geranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out of geranium
+geranium why aren't all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium why aren't all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium why aren't all of our
+transistors built out of geranium now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors built out of geranium now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors built out of geranium now
+we'll come back to that some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that some of them are
+starting to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be
+again the problem is if you if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the problem is if you if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the problem is if you if you uh
+oxidize geranium you get an insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize geranium you get an insulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize geranium you get an insulating
+layer the problem is it's extremely soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the problem is it's extremely soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the problem is it's extremely soft
+and unstable and in fact if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unstable and in fact if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unstable and in fact if you if you
+oxidize the surface of of germanium you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize the surface of of germanium you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize the surface of of germanium you
+can wipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wipe
+away uh the oxide it is not stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh the oxide it is not stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh the oxide it is not stable and
+manufacturable and so it was really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturable and so it was really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturable and so it was really uh
+this ability right here to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability right here to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability right here to be able to
+grow a very hard um high quality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a very hard um high quality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a very hard um high quality uh
+silicon dioxide that that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide that that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide that that that was
+crucial for being able to build up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial for being able to build up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial for being able to build up for
+both the conversion over to to silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the conversion over to to silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the conversion over to to silicon
+and for being able to build up complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for being able to build up complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for being able to build up complex
+structures Okay so we've got this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures Okay so we've got this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures Okay so we've got this uh
+thin thin silicon dioxide layer here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin thin silicon dioxide layer here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin thin silicon dioxide layer here uh
+that has been grown now what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been grown now what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been grown now what we want to
+do is start building the region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is start building the region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is start building the region where
+we're actually going to have the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to have the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to have the active
+device uh so we're going to go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh so we're going to go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh so we're going to go through a
+sequence here uh that gets repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here uh that gets repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here uh that gets repeated
+again and again this is referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again this is referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again this is referred to as
+the photolithographic sequence and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photolithographic sequence and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photolithographic sequence and so
+what we start with is depositing a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we start with is depositing a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we start with is depositing a thin
+layer of photo resist shown in red here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of photo resist shown in red here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of photo resist shown in red here
+this is typically spun on so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically spun on so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically spun on so this is a
+uh a polymer type of material uh it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a polymer type of material uh it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a polymer type of material uh it's in
+a solvent so that one can sort of drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solvent so that one can sort of drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solvent so that one can sort of drop
+uh the uh material on and then spin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh material on and then spin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh material on and then spin the
+wafer very rapidly in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer very rapidly in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer very rapidly in order to get the
+controlled film thickness that one wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled film thickness that one wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled film thickness that one wants
+for the the photo resist and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the photo resist and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the photo resist and this is
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+interacts with with uh light in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with with uh light in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with with uh light in one of
+two different ways you can have positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways you can have positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways you can have positive
+or negative photo resist what's shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative photo resist what's shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative photo resist what's shown in
+this in the next picture is a a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next picture is a a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next picture is a a typical
+uh uh let see is this one positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let see is this one positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let see is this one positive or
+negative this one's a positive photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this one's a positive photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this one's a positive photo
+resist because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist because we're going to
+uh basically transform or implant or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically transform or implant or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically transform or implant or um
+U imprint if you will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U imprint if you will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U imprint if you will the
+mask layer here in the same fashion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask layer here in the same fashion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask layer here in the same fashion with
+the uh underlying photo resist the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh underlying photo resist the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh underlying photo resist the basic
+idea of the photo resist is it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the photo resist is it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the photo resist is it contains
+photoactive compounds that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoactive compounds that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoactive compounds that under
+exposure to light will change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to light will change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to light will change the
+polymer linking of of the photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer linking of of the photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer linking of of the photo resist
+Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+I yes understand the as the chromium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yes understand the as the chromium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yes understand the as the chromium the
+right sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's exactly right that's that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right that's that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right that's that's right
+so what we have is the goal is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is the goal is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is the goal is to take
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+design from some CAD system or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design from some CAD system or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design from some CAD system or whatever
+that enables us to differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to differentiate the
+surface the design is used to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the design is used to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the design is used to make a
+physical well in most cases a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical well in most cases a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical well in most cases a physical
+glass plate if you will that has metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass plate if you will that has metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass plate if you will that has metal
+blocking areas the chromium that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking areas the chromium that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking areas the chromium that are in
+intended to block the transmission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to block the transmission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to block the transmission of
+the light source in some regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source in some regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source in some regions and
+allow it in others so that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it in others so that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it in others so that's exactly
+right so the side are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the side are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the side are not
+exposed yeah so so this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed yeah so so this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed yeah so so this is actually a
+cutaway I mean this this is going on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutaway I mean this this is going on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutaway I mean this this is going on for
+if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+only couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only couple of
+microns wide the entire wafer or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns wide the entire wafer or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns wide the entire wafer or the
+entire chip depending on on how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire chip depending on on how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire chip depending on on how the
+photolithography it goes on forever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography it goes on forever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography it goes on forever so
+so this is just a cutaway no but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a cutaway no but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a cutaway no but I mean
+like the middle is exposed yes yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the middle is exposed yes yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the middle is exposed yes yes okay
+so we can wash away the exposed part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can wash away the exposed part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can wash away the exposed part
+right it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not like
+solidifying the no so in this case Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidifying the no so in this case Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidifying the no so in this case Okay
+so so so that's the the the two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so that's the the the two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so that's the the the two types of
+photo resist uh uh activity so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist uh uh activity so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist uh uh activity so in this
+case with a positive photo resist what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with a positive photo resist what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with a positive photo resist what
+happens is the the uh light energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the the uh light energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the the uh light energy from
+the uh the exposure system will break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the exposure system will break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the exposure system will break
+down some of the polymer chains uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some of the polymer chains uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some of the polymer chains uh in
+the in these photoactive polymer chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in these photoactive polymer chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in these photoactive polymer chains
+in the photo resist weakening them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photo resist weakening them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photo resist weakening them we
+then go in and do a u develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go in and do a u develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go in and do a u develop
+process uh where a chemical solvent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh where a chemical solvent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh where a chemical solvent is
+used that attacks the weakened polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that attacks the weakened polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that attacks the weakened polymer
+chains and rinses it away so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and rinses it away so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and rinses it away so we have the
+spin-on resist we do the exposure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on resist we do the exposure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on resist we do the exposure to
+light through the mask then we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through the mask then we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through the mask then we do a
+develop rinsing away the resist and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop rinsing away the resist and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop rinsing away the resist and in
+the positive case the the pattern on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive case the the pattern on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive case the the pattern on the
+mask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask is
+transferred directly if you if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred directly if you if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred directly if you if you will
+into the pattern of the photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pattern of the photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pattern of the photo resist
+there is also in fact more commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also in fact more commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also in fact more commonly used
+a negative photo resist that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative photo resist that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative photo resist that actually
+works in the opposite way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in the opposite way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in the opposite way which is
+anywhere where the light exposes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere where the light exposes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere where the light exposes it
+actually strengthens the the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strengthens the the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strengthens the the chemical
+bonding of the photoactive compound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding of the photoactive compound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding of the photoactive compound in
+the polymer and makes it more resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer and makes it more resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer and makes it more resistant
+to dissolution in the developer in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolution in the developer in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolution in the developer in which
+case I would rinse away everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I would rinse away everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I would rinse away everything that
+did not get exposed and leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not get exposed and leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not get exposed and leave the
+pattern which did get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which did get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which did get
+exposed okay so actually there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed okay so actually there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed okay so actually there's some
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+of design choice and picking positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design choice and picking positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design choice and picking positive
+and negative uh photo resist depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative uh photo resist depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative uh photo resist depending
+on uh some manufacturing control issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh some manufacturing control issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh some manufacturing control issues
+it turns out uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out uh uh
+if you're if you're developing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're developing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're developing away
+material you might in one case or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you might in one case or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you might in one case or the
+other be able to actually over develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other be able to actually over develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other be able to actually over develop
+or overexpose slightly and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or overexpose slightly and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or overexpose slightly and control
+slightly the the line width of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly the the line width of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly the the line width of these
+features a little bit better in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features a little bit better in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features a little bit better in one
+photo resist case than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist case than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist case than the other
+depending on what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you want to do
+okay okay so so far this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so far this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so far this sequence of
+three steps has simply transferred the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps has simply transferred the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps has simply transferred the
+mask pattern into into a photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask pattern into into a photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask pattern into into a photo resist
+pattern but the photo resist is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but the photo resist is itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but the photo resist is itself
+only temporary its purpose is to act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only temporary its purpose is to act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only temporary its purpose is to act as
+a mask to allow us to differentiate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask to allow us to differentiate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask to allow us to differentiate more
+aggressive physical uh transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive physical uh transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive physical uh transformations
+of the remaining wafer and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remaining wafer and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remaining wafer and in particular
+in the following case as shown here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following case as shown here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following case as shown here in
+in step five this is saying what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in step five this is saying what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in step five this is saying what we want
+to do now is do a another etch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is do a another etch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is do a another etch of the
+Silicon dial oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon dial oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon dial oxide
+layer uh in this case using a plasma a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh in this case using a plasma a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh in this case using a plasma a
+gas plasma etch I guess that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas plasma etch I guess that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas plasma etch I guess that's what the
+little lightning uh storm here is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lightning uh storm here is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lightning uh storm here is so
+um this is typically done in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is typically done in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is typically done in a in
+a u very low pressure vacuum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u very low pressure vacuum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u very low pressure vacuum uh
+equipment where we have some feed gas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment where we have some feed gas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment where we have some feed gas we
+apply uh RF energy to dissociate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply uh RF energy to dissociate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply uh RF energy to dissociate the the
+species in the gas gas many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the gas gas many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the gas gas many of those
+species then become very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species then become very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species then become very highly
+chemically reactive and interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically reactive and interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically reactive and interact with
+the surface of the wafer and etch away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the wafer and etch away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the wafer and etch away
+uh particular species so one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular species so one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular species so one would
+design the plasma process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the plasma process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the plasma process to
+preferentially etch away the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially etch away the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially etch away the silicon
+dioxide while not attacking or only very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide while not attacking or only very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide while not attacking or only very
+very slowly attacking the protective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly attacking the protective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly attacking the protective
+photo resist layer so what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist layer so what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist layer so what this is
+allowing us to do is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing us to do is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing us to do is essentially
+vertically etch down into to the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically etch down into to the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically etch down into to the silicon
+dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide
+layer now in this picture what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer now in this picture what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer now in this picture what they're
+trying to do here is show that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here is show that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here is show that we are
+partially etching some silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially etching some silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially etching some silicon dioxide
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+away apparently leaving a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away apparently leaving a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away apparently leaving a small
+remaining level or layer of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining level or layer of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining level or layer of silicon
+dioxide so you can sort of see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so you can sort of see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so you can sort of see that
+shadowed down in there what what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadowed down in there what what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadowed down in there what what they're
+trying to show in this case is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show in this case is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show in this case is they're
+leaving this thin silicon dioxide layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving this thin silicon dioxide layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving this thin silicon dioxide layer
+that is going going to be that insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going going to be that insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going going to be that insulator
+between the gate electrode and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the gate electrode and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the gate electrode and the and
+the Silicon that that we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon that that we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon that that we talked about in
+the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+structure so typically this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so typically this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so typically this might
+be oh what what you might have is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh what what you might have is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh what what you might have is close
+to modern technology you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modern technology you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modern technology you might have a
+half a micron in the of of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a micron in the of of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a micron in the of of silicon
+dioxide that you want fairly thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide that you want fairly thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide that you want fairly thick
+silicon dioxide out here to act as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide out here to act as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide out here to act as a a
+very very big insulating layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very big insulating layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very big insulating layer
+separating your metal electrodes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating your metal electrodes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating your metal electrodes from
+other uh other components but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh other components but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh other components but this
+silicon dioxide layer that's used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide layer that's used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide layer that's used uh
+between the gate and the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the gate and the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the gate and the semiconductor
+needs to be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be extremely
+thin and the reason is the closer I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and the reason is the closer I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and the reason is the closer I can
+get my two plates of that capacitor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my two plates of that capacitor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my two plates of that capacitor the
+more control I well the more capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more control I well the more capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more control I well the more capacitance
+I have but the more control I have of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have but the more control I have of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have but the more control I have of of
+the uh of the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the Silicon
+surface okay so the harder I can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so the harder I can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so the harder I can turn
+the device on the more current can flope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device on the more current can flope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device on the more current can flope
+per unit area and so on okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit area and so on okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit area and so on okay so in this
+process apparently we're etching from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process apparently we're etching from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process apparently we're etching from
+about you know a half Micron 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know a half Micron 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know a half Micron 5,000
+angstroms down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms down
+to we might be at 100 angstrom or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we might be at 100 angstrom or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we might be at 100 angstrom or or
+below remaining gate oxide layer is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below remaining gate oxide layer is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below remaining gate oxide layer is is
+in in a in a modern process really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a in a modern process really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a in a modern process really what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want everybody happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everybody happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everybody happy with
+that so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance
+hooray how would you do that yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooray how would you do that yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooray how would you do that yeah what
+is the tolerance well first off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tolerance well first off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tolerance well first off to
+answer your question you want that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question you want that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question you want that to be
+100 angstroms plus or minus well in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 angstroms plus or minus well in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 angstroms plus or minus well in fact
+some of the kinds of control that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of control that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of control that they
+quote are Plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote are Plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote are Plus or
+minus5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5
+angstroms which is you know less than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms which is you know less than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms which is you know less than an
+atomic layer in some cases right um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic layer in some cases right um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic layer in some cases right um um
+what they actually mean is on average uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they actually mean is on average uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they actually mean is on average uh
+over over certain kinds of areas but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over certain kinds of areas but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over certain kinds of areas but how
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+you actually achieve that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually achieve that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually achieve that with the
+manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+process how are you going to etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how are you going to etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how are you going to etch
+down through 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through 5,000
+angstroms and stop a th000 angstroms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and stop a th000 angstroms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and stop a th000 angstroms or
+100 angstroms before you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Silicon there's very care carefully no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's very care carefully no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's very care carefully no
+the answer is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you're
+not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not at at present at least uh and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at at present at least uh and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at at present at least uh and there
+are some additional reasons uh why one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some additional reasons uh why one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some additional reasons uh why one
+wouldn't wouldn't want to do it but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't wouldn't want to do it but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't wouldn't want to do it but at
+present we don't have the observability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present we don't have the observability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present we don't have the observability
+to be able to know when we're within 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to know when we're within 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to know when we're within 100
+angstroms uh second there's no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms uh second there's no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms uh second there's no way you
+could be that uniform across the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uniform across the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uniform across the whole
+wafer I mean what if on one part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer I mean what if on one part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer I mean what if on one part of the
+wafer instead of of 5,000 angstroms it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer instead of of 5,000 angstroms it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer instead of of 5,000 angstroms it
+was 50001 angstroms by the time I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 50001 angstroms by the time I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 50001 angstroms by the time I get
+down to you know etching 4,900 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to you know etching 4,900 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to you know etching 4,900 angstroms
+everywhere that little one out of 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that little one out of 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that little one out of 5,000
+controlability has been trans uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlability has been trans uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlability has been trans uh or
+variability which is not bad that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability which is not bad that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability which is not bad that'd be
+great if I got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if I got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if I got you
+know you know whatever that percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know whatever that percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know whatever that percentage
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+05 .2% or whatever I mean that's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 .2% or whatever I mean that's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 .2% or whatever I mean that's amazing
+but but it would magnify by the time I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it would magnify by the time I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it would magnify by the time I I
+etch down even if I could at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch down even if I could at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch down even if I could at
+uniformly there's just no way most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly there's just no way most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly there's just no way most
+importantly to be able to know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly to be able to know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly to be able to know when
+you're within 100 angstroms and be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're within 100 angstroms and be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're within 100 angstroms and be able
+to stop controllably at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop controllably at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop controllably at that
+level so what do you think they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so what do you think they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so what do you think they really
+do etch all the way through then grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do etch all the way through then grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do etch all the way through then grow
+another layer that's exactly right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer that's exactly right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer that's exactly right we
+can controllably etch all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can controllably etch all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can controllably etch all the way
+through using ideas of uh etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through using ideas of uh etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through using ideas of uh etch
+selectivity the same idea I mentioned of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity the same idea I mentioned of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity the same idea I mentioned of
+we can we can form the uh or choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can form the uh or choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can form the uh or choose an
+etch chemistry that allows us to uh etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch chemistry that allows us to uh etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch chemistry that allows us to uh etch
+silicon dioxide and not etch photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide and not etch photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide and not etch photo
+resist we can also use to etch silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist we can also use to etch silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist we can also use to etch silicon
+dioxide but not etch silicon can have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide but not etch silicon can have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide but not etch silicon can have uh
+very good selectivity so that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good selectivity so that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good selectivity so that one can
+stop controllably on the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop controllably on the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop controllably on the surface of the
+Silicon now you everybody knows exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon now you everybody knows exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon now you everybody knows exactly
+where they are across every place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are across every place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are across every place in the
+wafer one can even over atch a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer one can even over atch a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer one can even over atch a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+right you don't even have to try to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't even have to try to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't even have to try to set
+up a Tim etch if I was etching at a th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a Tim etch if I was etching at a th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a Tim etch if I was etching at a th
+angstroms a minute and I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms a minute and I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms a minute and I started with
+5,000 angstroms I might etch for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 angstroms I might etch for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 angstroms I might etch for you
+know five minutes but to be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five minutes but to be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five minutes but to be sure that
+I've got the same degree of uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the same degree of uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the same degree of uniformity
+everywhere I might ET for an extra 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere I might ET for an extra 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere I might ET for an extra 10
+seconds that way I'm sure that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that way I'm sure that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that way I'm sure that I'm
+clearing everywhere across the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing everywhere across the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing everywhere across the wafer
+even if there's spatial non-uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if there's spatial non-uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if there's spatial non-uniformity
+in my etch or today's etch is etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my etch or today's etch is etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my etch or today's etch is etching
+slightly slower than yesterday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly slower than yesterday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly slower than yesterday's
+then I can go back in and with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can go back in and with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can go back in and with different
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+conditions lower lower temperatures more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions lower lower temperatures more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions lower lower temperatures more
+pure chemicals um or or or slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure chemicals um or or or slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure chemicals um or or or slightly
+different primarily uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different primarily uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different primarily uh different
+temperature or even using alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or even using alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or even using alternative
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies
+um that involve very very short time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that involve very very short time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that involve very very short time uh
+oxidations rapid thermal uh oxidations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidations rapid thermal uh oxidations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidations rapid thermal uh oxidations I
+can now control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now control of
+grow up a TH anrs or 100 angstroms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up a TH anrs or 100 angstroms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up a TH anrs or 100 angstroms or
+whatever I need okay so so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I need okay so so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I need okay so so that's that's
+the first mistake I remember that one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mistake I remember that one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mistake I remember that one I
+think there's another one someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's another one someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's another one someplace
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh still sort of taking this at face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh still sort of taking this at face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh still sort of taking this at face
+value we have the photolithographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we have the photolithographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we have the photolithographic
+sequence that imprinted onto to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that imprinted onto to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that imprinted onto to the uh
+photo resist we used that then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist we used that then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist we used that then to
+controllably uh change the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllably uh change the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllably uh change the sort of the
+permanent structure the silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent structure the silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent structure the silicon dioxide
+and then we remove using another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we remove using another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we remove using another
+chemical solvent or in in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical solvent or in in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical solvent or in in many cases
+another plasma ET a plasma Ash that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plasma ET a plasma Ash that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plasma ET a plasma Ash that
+removes the the the temporary uh photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the the the temporary uh photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the the the temporary uh photo
+resist okay then we go on we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist okay then we go on we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist okay then we go on we've done
+that sequence we've now deposited or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence we've now deposited or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence we've now deposited or
+grown and then spatially differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown and then spatially differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown and then spatially differentiated
+to be able to create one level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to create one level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to create one level of the
+the structure and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and now we're going to
+repeat that kind of idea multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that kind of idea multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that kind of idea multiple times
+and then mix in a few additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mix in a few additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mix in a few additional
+transformation steps Next Step here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation steps Next Step here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation steps Next Step here is
+we're depositing a our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're depositing a our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're depositing a our our
+polysilicon uh layer uh again this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon uh layer uh again this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon uh layer uh again this will
+be fairly highly doped in uh either uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly highly doped in uh either uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly highly doped in uh either uh
+subsequent to the deposition or during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to the deposition or during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to the deposition or during
+the deposition it is a semiconducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deposition it is a semiconducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deposition it is a semiconducting
+layer but if one dopes it that is adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but if one dopes it that is adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but if one dopes it that is adds
+uh Elemental impurities of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Elemental impurities of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Elemental impurities of a particular
+type to play with the band structure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type to play with the band structure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type to play with the band structure uh
+of the Silicon one can make that behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Silicon one can make that behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Silicon one can make that behave
+in a fairly metallic fashion and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fairly metallic fashion and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fairly metallic fashion and in the
+MOs transistor that poly silicon is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOs transistor that poly silicon is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOs transistor that poly silicon is very
+highly doped and is a conductor under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly doped and is a conductor under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly doped and is a conductor under
+all all all conditions uh so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all all conditions uh so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all all conditions uh so we've
+deposited that recall what are we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited that recall what are we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited that recall what are we what
+what geometry do we want we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what geometry do we want we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what geometry do we want we want this
+thin gate electrode so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin gate electrode so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin gate electrode so we're going to do
+a photo resist or photolithographic step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo resist or photolithographic step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo resist or photolithographic step
+again to do that deposit photo resist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to do that deposit photo resist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to do that deposit photo resist uh
+expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose
+in this case uh here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh here again
+another positive photo resist case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another positive photo resist case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another positive photo resist case so
+we're blocking this structure we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're blocking this structure we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're blocking this structure we uh
+develop and and dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and and dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and and dissolve
+away uh uh the exposed photo resist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh uh the exposed photo resist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh uh the exposed photo resist and
+then we're doing a plasma Edge again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're doing a plasma Edge again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're doing a plasma Edge again to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh plasma Edge to to form the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plasma Edge to to form the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plasma Edge to to form the gate
+electrode and then uh remove or Ash away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and then uh remove or Ash away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and then uh remove or Ash away
+the the photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the photo resist
+now this structure right here is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this structure right here is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this structure right here is very
+very critical this is the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical this is the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical this is the gate
+electrode the again the current is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode the again the current is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode the again the current is going
+to flow in this direction along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow in this direction along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow in this direction along this
+length underneath that gate electrode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length underneath that gate electrode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length underneath that gate electrode in
+the silicon and this is referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicon and this is referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicon and this is referred to as
+the channel length so the channel is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel length so the channel is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel length so the channel is the
+structure that we're going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we're going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we're going to create
+underneath the silicon and the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the silicon and the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the silicon and the length of
+that physical electrode is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physical electrode is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physical electrode is very very
+very critical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical in
+determining many of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining many of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining many of the most important
+characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the
+transistor you can sort of think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor you can sort of think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor you can sort of think of it
+as uh and we're actually getting closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh and we're actually getting closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh and we're actually getting closer
+in in in the dimensions that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the dimensions that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the dimensions that we're
+talking about now that the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now that the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now that the time of
+flight of an electron underneath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight of an electron underneath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight of an electron underneath that
+electrode will depend on the width or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode will depend on the width or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode will depend on the width or or
+or the length that it it it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the length that it it it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the length that it it it needs to
+Transit we're getting close to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit we're getting close to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit we're getting close to sort of
+these uh velocity limited uh transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh velocity limited uh transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh velocity limited uh transport
+regimes and so uh from one one point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes and so uh from one one point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes and so uh from one one point of
+view the ability or the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the ability or the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the ability or the speed of the
+transistor is critically dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor is critically dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor is critically dependent on
+variations in that channel length this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in that channel length this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in that channel length this
+is often referred to as the CD of the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often referred to as the CD of the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often referred to as the CD of the or
+one of the CDs of the process critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the CDs of the process critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the CDs of the process critical
+dimensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the
+process and uh uh in modern technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh uh in modern technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh uh in modern technology
+in fact that is perhaps the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that is perhaps the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that is perhaps the smallest
+lateral Dimension that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral Dimension that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral Dimension that is uh
+determinative of the generation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinative of the generation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinative of the generation of the
+technology and the performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the performance and
+character uh characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh characteristics of the
+technology so if we talk about a 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so if we talk about a 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so if we talk about a 65
+nanometer technology they're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer technology they're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer technology they're talking
+typically about that channel length that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically about that channel length that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically about that channel length that
+minimum feature size being 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum feature size being 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum feature size being 65
+nomers okay in fact often uh tricks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomers okay in fact often uh tricks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomers okay in fact often uh tricks are
+played where photoi graphically using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played where photoi graphically using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played where photoi graphically using
+using the exposure that's the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the exposure that's the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the exposure that's the dimension
+that they can they can form but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can they can form but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can they can form but you
+might actually over etch and Shrink that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually over etch and Shrink that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually over etch and Shrink that
+get that to even a smaller Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that to even a smaller Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that to even a smaller Dimension
+than you could photolithographically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could photolithographically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could photolithographically
+Define in order to sort of boost uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define in order to sort of boost uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define in order to sort of boost uh the
+speed and the controllability of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and the controllability of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and the controllability of the of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+device so this is very critical very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so this is very critical very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so this is very critical very
+critical uh lithography step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical uh lithography step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical uh lithography step and
+sequence uh going on the next thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh going on the next thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh going on the next thing we
+need to do is start start to form these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is start start to form these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is start start to form these
+source and drain regions uh we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and drain regions uh we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and drain regions uh we need to
+differentiate the Silicon underneath and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the Silicon underneath and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the Silicon underneath and
+what we're going to do here is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do here is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do here is use
+another uh process an ion implantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh process an ion implantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh process an ion implantation
+process I believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I believe in
+this yes I think that's what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes I think that's what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes I think that's what their
+little picture there is um where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture there is um where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture there is um where where
+we actually implant those dopen atoms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually implant those dopen atoms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually implant those dopen atoms we
+shoot them with a uh uh essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot them with a uh uh essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot them with a uh uh essentially a
+high energy electron gun or ion gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electron gun or ion gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electron gun or ion gun
+uh into into the Silicon in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into into the Silicon in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into into the Silicon in a very
+controlled fashion the guys who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled fashion the guys who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled fashion the guys who are
+going to uh Varan here in semi in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh Varan here in semi in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh Varan here in semi in uh in
+Gloucester Massachusetts uh Varian sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gloucester Massachusetts uh Varian sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gloucester Massachusetts uh Varian sells
+ion implanters that's their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion implanters that's their business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion implanters that's their business
+they're I don't know 75% or something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I don't know 75% or something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I don't know 75% or something of
+the market now they're they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market now they're they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market now they're they're they're
+dominant and they sell the equipment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and they sell the equipment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and they sell the equipment for
+uh ion implantation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ion implantation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ion implantation and
+some there's also other competing ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's also other competing ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's also other competing ion
+implant companies but most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant companies but most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant companies but most of them are
+also in Massachusetts so Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in Massachusetts so Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in Massachusetts so Massachusetts
+is the iron implant capital of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the iron implant capital of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the iron implant capital of the
+world the basic idea there again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the basic idea there again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the basic idea there again is
+we're highly doping uh in a controllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're highly doping uh in a controllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're highly doping uh in a controllable
+fashion just these regions uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion just these regions uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion just these regions uh those
+those those regions we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those regions we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those regions we don't want to
+dope underneath the channel we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope underneath the channel we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope underneath the channel we want to
+keep that fairly lightly doped so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that fairly lightly doped so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that fairly lightly doped so that
+we can invert it for electrical action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can invert it for electrical action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can invert it for electrical action
+and in this case we're we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we're we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we're we're getting
+something often referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something often referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something often referred to as a
+self-aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-aligned
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+whereby we don't have to selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby we don't have to selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby we don't have to selectively
+shoot the ions just in here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the ions just in here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the ions just in here we can
+blanket the whole wafer and use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket the whole wafer and use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket the whole wafer and use these
+thick oxide and use the polysilicon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick oxide and use the polysilicon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick oxide and use the polysilicon as
+the mask itself to prevent the ions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask itself to prevent the ions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask itself to prevent the ions from
+reaching the under underlying uh silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the under underlying uh silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the under underlying uh silicon
+regions so instead of having to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so instead of having to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so instead of having to you know
+put down another photoresist layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down another photoresist layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down another photoresist layer and
+try to open up just exactly those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to open up just exactly those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to open up just exactly those
+regions and wor about aligning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and wor about aligning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and wor about aligning of the
+physical mask to match up exactly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mask to match up exactly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mask to match up exactly with
+the existing structures on the wafer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing structures on the wafer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing structures on the wafer we
+can we can take advantage of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can take advantage of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can take advantage of of the
+underlying structures to achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structures to achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structures to achieve that
+that uh spatial uh alignment yeah can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh spatial uh alignment yeah can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh spatial uh alignment yeah can
+you elaborate a little bit upon the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you elaborate a little bit upon the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you elaborate a little bit upon the the
+process of placing this photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of placing this photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of placing this photo resist
+seems like you're going to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you're going to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you're going to have one
+you're going to off and put another I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to off and put another I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to off and put another I
+mean how do you make sure everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how do you make sure everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how do you make sure everything
+lines up the way you needed to this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines up the way you needed to this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines up the way you needed to this is a
+a wonderful Manufacturing control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful Manufacturing control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful Manufacturing control
+challenge um overlay and Alignment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um overlay and Alignment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um overlay and Alignment are
+uh almost more so than the the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost more so than the the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost more so than the the physical
+Dimension that can be imaged are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that can be imaged are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that can be imaged are the
+manufacturing control problems there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing control problems there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing control problems there's
+more description in in in man's Manos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more description in in in man's Manos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more description in in in man's Manos
+but but essentially uh over time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but essentially uh over time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but essentially uh over time the
+ability to optically line up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to optically line up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to optically line up the
+existing structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing structures
+typically you might actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you might actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you might actually use
+alignment marks that you build up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment marks that you build up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment marks that you build up in
+parallel to these transistors to Aid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to these transistors to Aid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to these transistors to Aid in
+the optical uh automatic Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical uh automatic Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical uh automatic Optical
+recognition of spatial locations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of spatial locations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of spatial locations on the
+wafer uh it's it's a huge challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh it's it's a huge challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh it's it's a huge challenge to
+then line that up with the physical mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then line that up with the physical mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then line that up with the physical mask
+plate uh such that you minimize minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate uh such that you minimize minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate uh such that you minimize minimize
+offsets there's also Exquisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets there's also Exquisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets there's also Exquisite
+environmental control in the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental control in the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental control in the equipment
+that's used for this imagine that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used for this imagine that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used for this imagine that I
+don't need to line up just for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to line up just for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to line up just for one
+transistor I got to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor I got to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor I got to make sure
+across maybe a 1 cm squared or 2 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across maybe a 1 cm squared or 2 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across maybe a 1 cm squared or 2 cm
+squared chip that all of my transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared chip that all of my transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared chip that all of my transistors
+are lining up and in fact in older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lining up and in fact in older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lining up and in fact in older
+Technologies I had to make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies I had to make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies I had to make sure the
+whole wafer was lined up because I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wafer was lined up because I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wafer was lined up because I had a
+big glass plate that I was using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big glass plate that I was using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big glass plate that I was using in
+almost a one for one transformation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a one for one transformation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a one for one transformation so
+everything across a whole wafer had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything across a whole wafer had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything across a whole wafer had to
+be lined up and if the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lined up and if the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lined up and if the temperature of
+the glass plate and that of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass plate and that of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass plate and that of the wafer
+were off by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were off by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were off by a
+degree the thermal expansion would upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the thermal expansion would upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the thermal expansion would upset
+the alignment for example so over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alignment for example so over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alignment for example so over time
+you've seen uh both to achieve smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen uh both to achieve smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen uh both to achieve smaller
+Dimension but also to achieve better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension but also to achieve better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension but also to achieve better
+control a number of that as the driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control a number of that as the driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control a number of that as the driver
+for the evolution of photoi lithographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the evolution of photoi lithographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the evolution of photoi lithographic
+equipment uh one step was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment uh one step was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment uh one step was uh
+photolithographic reduction from say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithographic reduction from say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithographic reduction from say a
+10:1 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10:1 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10:1 or a
+5:1 uh glass plate down to a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:1 uh glass plate down to a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:1 uh glass plate down to a smaller
+chip or smaller smaller wafer the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip or smaller smaller wafer the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip or smaller smaller wafer the second
+was chipto Chip stepping so in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was chipto Chip stepping so in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was chipto Chip stepping so in fact the
+photo lithography equipment is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo lithography equipment is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo lithography equipment is typically
+called now a stepper because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called now a stepper because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called now a stepper because it's
+Imaging one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging one
+field maybe one chip there may be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field maybe one chip there may be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field maybe one chip there may be more
+than one chip in each field but I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one chip in each field but I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one chip in each field but I'm I'm
+stepping through in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping through in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping through in order to get the
+control and be able to achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and be able to achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and be able to achieve the
+alignment on on one chip at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment on on one chip at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment on on one chip at a time and
+in the most modern equipment in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most modern equipment in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most modern equipment in fact
+they don't even image the whole chip at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even image the whole chip at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even image the whole chip at
+one time they're SL they're Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time they're SL they're Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time they're SL they're Imaging
+slices of that so that they can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of that so that they can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of that so that they can do all
+kinds of other on the-fly alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other on the-fly alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other on the-fly alignment
+control as well as leveling because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control as well as leveling because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control as well as leveling because uh
+turns out the depth of focus is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the depth of focus is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the depth of focus is a big
+constraint and if if I have a focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and if if I have a focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and if if I have a focal
+plane um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um
+uh mismatch where I'm in focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mismatch where I'm in focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mismatch where I'm in focus on the
+left side of the Chip and not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the Chip and not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the Chip and not on the
+right then I don't get the dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I don't get the dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I don't get the dimensional
+control I need so so it's it's really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I need so so it's it's really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I need so so it's it's really uh
+amazing innovations that are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing innovations that are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing innovations that are exactly
+driven by the manufacturing control uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the manufacturing control uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the manufacturing control uh
+necessary so there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so there's a little bit more
+description in here uh uh uh talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in here uh uh uh talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in here uh uh uh talking
+about some of some of that equipment as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of some of that equipment as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of some of that equipment as
+well and in this in fact I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and in this in fact I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and in this in fact I'm not really
+talking here much about uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here much about uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here much about uh uh the
+processing equipment I'm trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing equipment I'm trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing equipment I'm trying to get
+us through uh uh at least the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us through uh uh at least the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us through uh uh at least the process
+sequence but the equipment itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but the equipment itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but the equipment itself is
+fascinating is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is really
+fascinating okay we're almost there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating okay we're almost there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating okay we're almost there with
+this this device because now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this device because now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this device because now we're
+primarily just repeating these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily just repeating these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily just repeating these same
+kinds of same kinds of structures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of same kinds of structures um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of same kinds of structures um
+what we're going to do now is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do now is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do now is another
+photolithography step here essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography step here essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography step here essentially
+uh what we want to do with this yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we want to do with this yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we want to do with this yellow
+layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is
+uh build up an insulating layer so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build up an insulating layer so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build up an insulating layer so I
+think uh a new layer of silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh a new layer of silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh a new layer of silicon dioxide
+is deposited in this case it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deposited in this case it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deposited in this case it's not
+thermally grown through that chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally grown through that chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally grown through that chemical
+reaction of oxide and and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of oxide and and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of oxide and and silicon
+because I've already got poly silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already got poly silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already got poly silicon
+I've got uh uh well I guess it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got uh uh well I guess it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got uh uh well I guess it actually
+might work in this case I've already got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work in this case I've already got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work in this case I've already got
+a very thick layer of of silicon in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very thick layer of of silicon in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very thick layer of of silicon in this
+case we use typically a chemical vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we use typically a chemical vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we use typically a chemical vapor
+deposition process again in vacu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition process again in vacu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition process again in vacu
+equipment but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but we
+decompose uh uh silicon dioxide carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose uh uh silicon dioxide carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose uh uh silicon dioxide carrying
+molecules in a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in a gas
+plasma so there'll be a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so there'll be a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so there'll be a more complex
+molecule typically coming in and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule typically coming in and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule typically coming in and we
+decompose that and basically it snows if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that and basically it snows if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that and basically it snows if
+on the surface of the wafer and builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the wafer and builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the wafer and builds
+up a silicon dioxide um layer so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a silicon dioxide um layer so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a silicon dioxide um layer so we
+deposit that silicon dioxide and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit that silicon dioxide and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit that silicon dioxide and what
+we're going to do is now open up holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is now open up holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is now open up holes
+within that using photolithography step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that using photolithography step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that using photolithography step
+you can see here's the mask where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here's the mask where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here's the mask where we
+want to open up a hole down where we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to open up a hole down where we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to open up a hole down where we'll
+be able to make contact to the gate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make contact to the gate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make contact to the gate and
+make contact to the source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact to the source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact to the source and
+drain so we go through again photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain so we go through again photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain so we go through again photo
+photolithography put our resist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography put our resist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography put our resist uh
+uh down expose it develop it plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down expose it develop it plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down expose it develop it plasma
+etch again controllably etching through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch again controllably etching through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch again controllably etching through
+the oxide stopping on the Silicon layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide stopping on the Silicon layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide stopping on the Silicon layer
+uh remove the photo resist and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remove the photo resist and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remove the photo resist and now we
+put down a metal layer now typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down a metal layer now typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down a metal layer now typically
+what's done for metal layers is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's done for metal layers is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's done for metal layers is some
+form of a physical vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a physical vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a physical vapor
+deposition where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh one example is a metal evaporator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one example is a metal evaporator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one example is a metal evaporator
+where the the wafer will be positioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the wafer will be positioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the wafer will be positioned
+some distance away from a metal Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance away from a metal Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance away from a metal Source
+the metal Source aluminum or or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal Source aluminum or or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal Source aluminum or or or or
+other materials will be uh uh heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials will be uh uh heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials will be uh uh heated
+up either directly electrically or under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up either directly electrically or under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up either directly electrically or under
+uh sputtering kinds of kind kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sputtering kinds of kind kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sputtering kinds of kind kinds of
+activity such that uh either individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity such that uh either individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity such that uh either individual
+molecules or small uh agglomerations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or small uh agglomerations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or small uh agglomerations of
+molecules become very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules become very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules become very excited
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh uh traj through the uh through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh traj through the uh through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh traj through the uh through the
+the vacuum uh and build up the uh layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum uh and build up the uh layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum uh and build up the uh layer
+on the surface of the of the wafer so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the of the wafer so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the of the wafer so in
+this case is an older technology they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is an older technology they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is an older technology they're
+talking about this being aluminum I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this being aluminum I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this being aluminum I'll
+show you a little bit later that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit later that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit later that most of
+the uh most advanced chips are now using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most advanced chips are now using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most advanced chips are now using
+a copper interconnect which has which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copper interconnect which has which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copper interconnect which has which
+has other challenges so the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has other challenges so the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has other challenges so the basic idea
+is now again we've covered the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now again we've covered the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now again we've covered the whole
+surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the
+wafer and we selectively go in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and we selectively go in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and we selectively go in with the
+photolithography step and remove where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography step and remove where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography step and remove where
+we don't want the metal lines I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the metal lines I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the metal lines I've
+protected uh where I'm not going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected uh where I'm not going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected uh where I'm not going to want
+to etch so I'm protecting parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch so I'm protecting parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch so I'm protecting parts of the
+aluminum and then I do a plasma etch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and then I do a plasma etch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and then I do a plasma etch or
+a chemical etch uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical etch uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical etch uh in order to
+remove uh the aluminum and then I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh the aluminum and then I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh the aluminum and then I I
+remove strip away the the photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove strip away the the photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove strip away the the photo resist
+leaving uh my structure now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving uh my structure now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving uh my structure now this is a
+single level metal very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single level metal very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single level metal very simple
+transistor uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor uh in
+building up a several billion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up a several billion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up a several billion uh
+transistor chip or even a 100 transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor chip or even a 100 transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor chip or even a 100 transistor
+chip we now need to also electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip we now need to also electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip we now need to also electrically
+interconnect all of those devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect all of those devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect all of those devices and
+there's a whole additional sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole additional sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole additional sequence of
+process steps that are used to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps that are used to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps that are used to build
+multiple levels of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels of metal
+contact but conceptually they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact but conceptually they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact but conceptually they're very
+similar to those that we've seen uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to those that we've seen uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to those that we've seen uh so
+far here I've got access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far here I've got access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far here I've got access to this
+individual transistor clear clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transistor clear clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transistor clear clearly
+laterally I can have uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally I can have uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally I can have uh you know
+neighboring transistors that I've wired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring transistors that I've wired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring transistors that I've wired
+together with the patterned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the patterned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the patterned
+aluminum when you get a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum when you get a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum when you get a certain number
+of transistors it becomes very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transistors it becomes very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transistors it becomes very hard to
+have just one level of wiring you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just one level of wiring you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just one level of wiring you need
+to be able to have a wire that goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to have a wire that goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to have a wire that goes over
+another wire and that's where we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wire and that's where we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wire and that's where we get to
+multiple level interconnect structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple level interconnect structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple level interconnect structures
+where one would deposit another layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one would deposit another layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one would deposit another layer of
+silicon dioxide or other insulator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide or other insulator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide or other insulator and
+then build vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build vertical
+Vias down from one level to the next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vias down from one level to the next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vias down from one level to the next to
+contact multiple streets on level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact multiple streets on level two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact multiple streets on level two
+with streets on level one and so on up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with streets on level one and so on up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with streets on level one and so on up
+to uh six eight or even 10 levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh six eight or even 10 levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh six eight or even 10 levels of
+metal in modern uh structures so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in modern uh structures so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in modern uh structures so when I
+buy a chip in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a chip in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a chip in a
+computer um are there several um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer um are there several um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer um are there several um
+transistors above each other or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors above each other or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors above each other or just
+connectors yeah good good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectors yeah good good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectors yeah good good question
+almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all
+existing uh semiconductor chips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing uh semiconductor chips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing uh semiconductor chips are
+planer processes meaning all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer processes meaning all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer processes meaning all of the
+transistors are in just one plane just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors are in just one plane just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors are in just one plane just
+at the surface of the Silicon in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface of the Silicon in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface of the Silicon in fact
+let me hand this around this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hand this around this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hand this around this is this
+just has a copper interconnect test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a copper interconnect test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a copper interconnect test
+pattern on it so but this is an um an 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on it so but this is an um an 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on it so but this is an um an 8
+in wafer and the basic idea is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wafer and the basic idea is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wafer and the basic idea is we can
+get that very nicely grown silicon layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that very nicely grown silicon layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that very nicely grown silicon layer
+and control of the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control of the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control of the surface of the
+Silicon layer it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon layer it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon layer it's actually quite
+difficult to build up multiple levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to build up multiple levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to build up multiple levels of
+independent and high quality silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and high quality silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and high quality silicon
+layers on on the wafer there's an awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers on on the wafer there's an awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers on on the wafer there's an awful
+lot of research pass that around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of research pass that around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of research pass that around
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh for 3D integrated circuits where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 3D integrated circuits where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 3D integrated circuits where one
+would in fact build multiple strata or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in fact build multiple strata or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in fact build multiple strata or
+multiple layers of transistors and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple layers of transistors and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple layers of transistors and then
+Bond the Wafers together to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond the Wafers together to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond the Wafers together to be able to
+have in a very compact form factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in a very compact form factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in a very compact form factor
+multiple uh uh devices in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh uh devices in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh uh devices in the third
+dimension you get lots of benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you get lots of benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you get lots of benefits of
+smaller footprint um at that Co level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller footprint um at that Co level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller footprint um at that Co level of
+3D uh I would say many several uh memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D uh I would say many several uh memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D uh I would say many several uh memory
+chip makers are already doing sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip makers are already doing sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip makers are already doing sort of
+Chip stacking within one package so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chip stacking within one package so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chip stacking within one package so in
+some of the memory chips if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the memory chips if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the memory chips if you were to
+you know etch away that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know etch away that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know etch away that sort of the
+black packaging and casing uh around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black packaging and casing uh around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black packaging and casing uh around one
+of those chips you might find a stacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those chips you might find a stacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those chips you might find a stacking
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but they are not heavily electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are not heavily electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are not heavily electrically
+interconnected it's not sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected it's not sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected it's not sort of like a
+fully integrated structure in fact at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully integrated structure in fact at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully integrated structure in fact at
+the end of the day they typically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day they typically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day they typically have
+Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond
+wires uh sort of big macroscopic wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires uh sort of big macroscopic wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires uh sort of big macroscopic wires
+coming in the sides of the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the sides of the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the sides of the chip
+separately at each of the uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately at each of the uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately at each of the uh of the
+stacking now there's other variants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking now there's other variants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking now there's other variants so
+for example um many of the uh thinf film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um many of the uh thinf film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um many of the uh thinf film
+transistor uh TFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor uh TFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor uh TFT
+displays will actually have a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays will actually have a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays will actually have a layer of
+transistors that are a deposited layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors that are a deposited layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors that are a deposited layer
+of poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poly
+silicon not not quite the same pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon not not quite the same pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon not not quite the same pure
+crystallin layer and sometimes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin layer and sometimes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin layer and sometimes those
+include stacked transistors so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include stacked transistors so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include stacked transistors so there
+there are some technologies they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some technologies they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some technologies they're just
+not quite the same quality or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same quality or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same quality or the same
+highspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature okay anybody uh detect any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature okay anybody uh detect any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature okay anybody uh detect any
+other obvious mistakes or errors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obvious mistakes or errors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obvious mistakes or errors in
+their in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their
+pictures maybe it was just that one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures maybe it was just that one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures maybe it was just that one that
+one uh inability to controllably etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh inability to controllably etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh inability to controllably etch
+down to a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a 100
+angstrom now there's lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom now there's lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom now there's lots of other
+abstractions in here and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions in here and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions in here and one of the
+other neat things in this picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neat things in this picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neat things in this picture is
+it's showing you're building up a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's showing you're building up a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's showing you're building up a fairly
+complicated geometry using controllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated geometry using controllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated geometry using controllable
+processes one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes one of the most important
+things that you have for control of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have for control of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have for control of this
+lateral differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral differentiation
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+photolithography notice we were never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography notice we were never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography notice we were never
+just depositing directly aluminum where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depositing directly aluminum where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depositing directly aluminum where
+we wanted it it's always a deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted it it's always a deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted it it's always a deposit
+everywhere because you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere because you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere because you can do that
+across in parallel across the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in parallel across the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in parallel across the whole
+surface of the wafer and then have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the wafer and then have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the wafer and then have to go
+back into a subtractive process to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into a subtractive process to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into a subtractive process to to
+typically remove what you want there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically remove what you want there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically remove what you want there are
+very very few steps where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very few steps where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very few steps where you can
+selectively grow or selectively add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively grow or selectively add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively grow or selectively add
+material only where you want it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material only where you want it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material only where you want it okay so
+so that's an example of a of a of a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example of a of a of a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example of a of a of a huge
+constraint in semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in semiconductor
+processing so what I want to do now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so what I want to do now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so what I want to do now with
+that as the kind of the overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the kind of the overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the kind of the overview of the
+unit process and how they all stack up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit process and how they all stack up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit process and how they all stack up
+to build a more complicated structure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a more complicated structure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a more complicated structure I
+want to talk a little bit about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about sort of
+the input output kind of picture of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input output kind of picture of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input output kind of picture of of
+semiconductor processing this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor processing this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor processing this is very
+similar to uh our generic picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh our generic picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh our generic picture that
+hopefully you guys have started reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys have started reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys have started reading
+that process C control overview where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process C control overview where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process C control overview where
+we've got different uh inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got different uh inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got different uh inputs to the
+unit process including the raw material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit process including the raw material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit process including the raw material
+the wafer we've got inputs in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer we've got inputs in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer we've got inputs in terms of
+the environment that we create around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment that we create around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment that we create around
+the wafer that vacuum process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer that vacuum process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer that vacuum process the
+chemical etchants the gas uh ambient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical etchants the gas uh ambient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical etchants the gas uh ambient uh
+used in plasma plasma etching and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in plasma plasma etching and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in plasma plasma etching and then
+other control factors on the machine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other control factors on the machine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other control factors on the machine or
+the facility things like thermal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facility things like thermal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facility things like thermal control
+in in photolithography to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in photolithography to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in photolithography to be able to
+ensure that there's not thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that there's not thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that there's not thermal
+expansion of the components and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the components and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the components and then we
+get changes in many of these Wafers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get changes in many of these Wafers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get changes in many of these Wafers uh
+many of these states many of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these states many of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these states many of these are
+desirable we saw the change in the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable we saw the change in the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable we saw the change in the wafer
+state in terms of the geometry as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in terms of the geometry as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in terms of the geometry as well
+as things like doping processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things like doping processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things like doping processes that
+that change the conductivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change the conductivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change the conductivity of the
+Silicon layers but we also often have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon layers but we also often have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon layers but we also often have as
+side effects changes in the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effects changes in the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effects changes in the state of the
+equipment and this turns out to be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and this turns out to be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and this turns out to be a big
+deal in in much of semiconductor control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in in much of semiconductor control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in in much of semiconductor control
+so for example every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example every one of those
+coating processes occurs in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating processes occurs in some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating processes occurs in some kind of
+a chamber I coat up a film I coat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chamber I coat up a film I coat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chamber I coat up a film I coat
+aluminum on the surface of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum on the surface of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum on the surface of the wafer
+what do you think happens to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happens to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happens to the rest of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chamber it gets coated too so over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber it gets coated too so over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber it gets coated too so over time
+you will often get buildup of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will often get buildup of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will often get buildup of material
+in the rest of the equipment and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest of the equipment and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest of the equipment and there
+will need to be other steps to go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to be other steps to go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to be other steps to go in and
+clean or reset the equipment state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean or reset the equipment state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean or reset the equipment state so
+actually we often are worried not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we often are worried not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we often are worried not only
+about the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the product
+and what's happening with the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happening with the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happening with the product
+but in manufacturing control we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in manufacturing control we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in manufacturing control we're also
+very worried about what's happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very worried about what's happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very worried about what's happening with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+equipment so what we often don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so what we often don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so what we often don't have
+control over are all these disturbances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over are all these disturbances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over are all these disturbances
+there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be
+variations in the process coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the process coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the process coming from
+lots of different sources some might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different sources some might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different sources some might be
+the incoming material in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming material in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming material in this case if
+there's variability in the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variability in the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variability in the starting
+wafer or the wafer as processed up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer or the wafer as processed up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer or the wafer as processed up to
+some step that might interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some step that might interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some step that might interact with the
+step that we're now performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we're now performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we're now performing
+uh and and limit our ability to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and limit our ability to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and limit our ability to control
+and then similarly there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly there may be
+influences A variation coming from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences A variation coming from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences A variation coming from uh
+the machine or the facility uh or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine or the facility uh or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine or the facility uh or the
+wafer environment so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer environment so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer environment so what I want to do
+is talk a little bit about some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk a little bit about some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk a little bit about some of those
+different kinds of kinds of variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of kinds of variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of kinds of variations
+uh and build on what we've seen here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and build on what we've seen here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and build on what we've seen here now
+I mentioned this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned this a little
+bit uh last time it used to be 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh last time it used to be 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh last time it used to be 10 years
+ago 15 years ago if we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 15 years ago if we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 15 years ago if we talked about
+yield the the percentage of functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the the percentage of functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the the percentage of functioning
+devices that came out of a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that came out of a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that came out of a semiconductor
+Fab the main worry limiting yield W was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab the main worry limiting yield W was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab the main worry limiting yield W was
+particle defects and you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle defects and you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle defects and you can imagine
+we're talking about very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about very very small
+features here and if pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here and if pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here and if pieces of
+extraneous matter were to fall between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous matter were to fall between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous matter were to fall between
+say two metal lines that would cause an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two metal lines that would cause an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two metal lines that would cause an
+electrical short or could cause an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical short or could cause an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical short or could cause an
+electrical short and now the device does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical short and now the device does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical short and now the device does
+not function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not function
+it does not function correctly uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not function correctly uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not function correctly uh in
+other cases the particle if it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases the particle if it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases the particle if it happened
+to appear uh in the photo resist it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear uh in the photo resist it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear uh in the photo resist it
+might cause an open in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cause an open in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cause an open in one of these
+lines it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it
+might um uh prevent or or cause uh me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might um uh prevent or or cause uh me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might um uh prevent or or cause uh me to
+etch away regions where I didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch away regions where I didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch away regions where I didn't want to
+so not only can I have shorts I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only can I have shorts I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only can I have shorts I might
+have opens between lines and this defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opens between lines and this defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opens between lines and this defect
+control was the primary source of yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control was the primary source of yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control was the primary source of yield
+loss in the fat and so there's been ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in the fat and so there's been ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in the fat and so there's been ex
+that's why if you go into an IC Fab it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you go into an IC Fab it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you go into an IC Fab it's
+a clean room everybody's wearing clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clean room everybody's wearing clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clean room everybody's wearing clean
+room garments there's incredible amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room garments there's incredible amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room garments there's incredible amounts
+of air flow to filter out and remove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air flow to filter out and remove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air flow to filter out and remove uh
+all kinds of dust particles or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of dust particles or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of dust particles or other
+extraneous matter down to very very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous matter down to very very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous matter down to very very tiny
+Dimensions uh that's really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions uh that's really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions uh that's really the the
+measures that have been taken in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that have been taken in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that have been taken in order
+to get the cleanliness you need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the cleanliness you need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the cleanliness you need in order
+to not eliminate but get those particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not eliminate but get those particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not eliminate but get those particles
+down to a a particle density and down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a a particle density and down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a a particle density and down to
+a presence of size that are small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a presence of size that are small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a presence of size that are small enough
+not to have too big of a yield impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have too big of a yield impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have too big of a yield impact
+what I mean by size is imagine that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by size is imagine that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by size is imagine that uh
+that little dust particle is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little dust particle is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little dust particle is only a
+quarter of the width of any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the width of any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the width of any of the
+minimum feature sizes on your structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum feature sizes on your structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum feature sizes on your structure
+well that might mean I I lose a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that might mean I I lose a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that might mean I I lose a a
+quarter of the width of one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the width of one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the width of one of those
+metal lines but at least it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal lines but at least it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal lines but at least it's still
+conducts it might have a slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducts it might have a slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducts it might have a slightly higher
+resistance than I expect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance than I expect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance than I expect but
+functionally I'm still okay similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally I'm still okay similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally I'm still okay similarly if
+if it's too small of a particle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too small of a particle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too small of a particle to
+bridge between lines I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge between lines I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge between lines I'm not going to
+have a short so the the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a short so the the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a short so the the idea is to
+control the particles down to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the particles down to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the particles down to a certain
+feature now there are some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature now there are some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature now there are some very
+interesting manufacturing control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting manufacturing control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting manufacturing control
+technologies that are used to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are used to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are used to to uh
+characterize the presence and density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the presence and density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the presence and density of
+these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of
+particles and what I've pictured here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and what I've pictured here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and what I've pictured here is
+a a metal layout a metal pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a metal layout a metal pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a metal layout a metal pattern
+structure referred to as a nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure referred to as a nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure referred to as a nest
+structure that allows one to uh build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that allows one to uh build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that allows one to uh build a
+large number of these these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of these these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of these these sort of
+snaking lines and electrically connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snaking lines and electrically connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snaking lines and electrically connect
+between these different lines in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different lines in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different lines in order
+to test if there is a bridging defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test if there is a bridging defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test if there is a bridging defect
+between lines and count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lines and count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lines and count the number of
+those events so you build this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events so you build this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events so you build this structure
+to sort of spatially sample as large an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of spatially sample as large an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of spatially sample as large an
+area as you can to try to capture some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as you can to try to capture some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as you can to try to capture some
+number of these defects and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these defects and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these defects and you can also
+use this structure to characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this structure to characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this structure to characterize the
+size of these defects especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these defects especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these defects especially if
+they're relatively large so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relatively large so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relatively large so for example
+if I had a a big particle that bridged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a a big particle that bridged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a a big particle that bridged
+three of these lines I know within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these lines I know within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these lines I know within
+certain uh bounds that I've got a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh bounds that I've got a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh bounds that I've got a a a a
+a particle between some uh size interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle between some uh size interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle between some uh size interval
+and so that's what's shown over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what's shown over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what's shown over here is
+kind of a defect count as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a defect count as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a defect count as a function of
+the size in microns of of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size in microns of of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size in microns of of different
+different particles for these large area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different particles for these large area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different particles for these large area
+sampling structures now this turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling structures now this turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling structures now this turns out
+to be still a uh an important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be still a uh an important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be still a uh an important part of
+semiconductor fabrication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor fabrication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor fabrication is
+understanding your defect densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding your defect densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding your defect densities
+defect counts uh understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect counts uh understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect counts uh understanding
+uh what the typical sizes are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the typical sizes are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the typical sizes are what
+levels of the process they come in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the process they come in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the process they come in uh
+you know are you mostly getting these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are you mostly getting these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are you mostly getting these in
+aluminum deposition you're mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum deposition you're mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum deposition you're mostly
+getting these in in other etch processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these in in other etch processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these in in other etch processes
+and actually then feeding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually then feeding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually then feeding that
+information to design for design for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to design for design for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to design for design for
+manufacturability to optimize the layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturability to optimize the layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturability to optimize the layout
+of the circuit to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit to minimize the
+likelihood of a particle falling in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of a particle falling in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of a particle falling in a
+bad location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad location
+okay and we'll talk about that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll talk about that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll talk about that I think
+somewhere near the midpoint or second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near the midpoint or second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near the midpoint or second uh
+uh last third of the of the course we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last third of the of the course we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last third of the of the course we'll
+talk about yield modeling and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about yield modeling and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about yield modeling and some of
+the technologies that are used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that are used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that are used for
+characterizing uh statistically the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing uh statistically the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing uh statistically the uh
+uh Point defects particle defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Point defects particle defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Point defects particle defects and
+some of the strategies used for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the strategies used for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the strategies used for for
+optimizing uh or minimize the impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing uh or minimize the impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing uh or minimize the impact on
+circuits but what is becoming much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits but what is becoming much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits but what is becoming much more
+important and we mentioned this uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and we mentioned this uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and we mentioned this uh on
+Tuesday as well is parametric control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday as well is parametric control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday as well is parametric control
+and in some cases even these defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases even these defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases even these defect
+controls turn into parametric control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls turn into parametric control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls turn into parametric control
+problems if what I'm worried about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if what I'm worried about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if what I'm worried about is
+not so much yes no functionality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much yes no functionality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much yes no functionality but
+changes in the resistance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the resistance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the resistance of
+lines because of the presence of defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because of the presence of defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because of the presence of defects
+and so much more broadly than defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much more broadly than defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much more broadly than defects
+we're much more concerned with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're much more concerned with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're much more concerned with uh
+continuous par parameter control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous par parameter control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous par parameter control of
+geometry as well as some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry as well as some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry as well as some of these other
+properties that we saw in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we saw in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we saw in the sequence
+so for example that critical Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example that critical Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example that critical Dimension
+control might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control might
+be the channel length of transistors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the channel length of transistors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the channel length of transistors on
+my device and inherently you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my device and inherently you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my device and inherently you're going to
+have some statistical Distribution on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some statistical Distribution on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some statistical Distribution on
+channel length call that L okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length call that L okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length call that L okay so for
+example if I were let me start down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I were let me start down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I were let me start down here
+if I were to sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to sample
+uh many nominally identical transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many nominally identical transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many nominally identical transistors
+that were laid out exactly the same were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were laid out exactly the same were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were laid out exactly the same were
+assumed to behave exactly the same and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to behave exactly the same and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to behave exactly the same and I
+measured some electrical characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured some electrical characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured some electrical characteristic
+or some geometric characteristic I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some geometric characteristic I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some geometric characteristic I might
+get a distribution drawn here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a distribution drawn here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a distribution drawn here as a
+gaussian it's not always but but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian it's not always but but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian it's not always but but very
+often that's a great model and I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's a great model and I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's a great model and I might
+have some distribution of that across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some distribution of that across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some distribution of that across
+the Chip And that very often there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chip And that very often there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chip And that very often there are
+inherent physical limitations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent physical limitations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent physical limitations in the
+process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that
+that give rise to those sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give rise to those sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give rise to those sources of
+variation um some of which will'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um some of which will'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um some of which will'll come
+back to might be systematic or might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to might be systematic or might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to might be systematic or might be
+random now what's interesting is in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random now what's interesting is in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random now what's interesting is in we
+have a physical nesting on the wafer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical nesting on the wafer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical nesting on the wafer we
+have many chips now if I were to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many chips now if I were to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many chips now if I were to take
+and measure the same transistor on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure the same transistor on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure the same transistor on each
+chip I would also get a distribution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip I would also get a distribution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip I would also get a distribution I
+have chip to chip variability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chip to chip variability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chip to chip variability in
+parameters and often that will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and often that will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and often that will come
+because of different physical causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of different physical causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of different physical causes
+it may be we're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be we're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be we're doing that
+photolithographic stepping and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithographic stepping and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithographic stepping and every
+time I have a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have a little bit different
+overlay control or offset control so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay control or offset control so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay control or offset control so the
+source of this may be uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of this may be uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of this may be uh this
+distribution may be because of a wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution may be because of a wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution may be because of a wafer
+level or a cross wafer sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or a cross wafer sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or a cross wafer sources of
+variation that are very different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that are very different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that are very different than
+the sources of physical variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources of physical variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources of physical variation of
+replication of transistors within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication of transistors within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication of transistors within the
+chip now we also can have wafer to wa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip now we also can have wafer to wa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip now we also can have wafer to wa
+wafer variations again if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer variations again if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer variations again if I were to
+either calculate the average over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either calculate the average over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either calculate the average over one
+wafer or maybe just sample exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer or maybe just sample exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer or maybe just sample exactly the
+same location on every wafer and stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same location on every wafer and stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same location on every wafer and stack
+that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up
+across 20 24 Wafers or large numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across 20 24 Wafers or large numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across 20 24 Wafers or large numbers of
+of Wafers that might be in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wafers that might be in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wafers that might be in one
+lot processed even relatively close in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot processed even relatively close in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot processed even relatively close in
+time to each other there's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to each other there's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to each other there's also going to
+be a deviation and that might arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a deviation and that might arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a deviation and that might arise
+because of changes in the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of changes in the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of changes in the equipment
+State from one run to the next right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State from one run to the next right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State from one run to the next right the
+first wafer it may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wafer it may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wafer it may have a
+pristine uh equipment with no buildup on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine uh equipment with no buildup on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine uh equipment with no buildup on
+the on the of material on the wafer wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the of material on the wafer wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the of material on the wafer wall
+the next wafer might see a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wafer might see a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wafer might see a slightly
+different process unintentionally than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process unintentionally than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process unintentionally than
+the previous one because of changes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one because of changes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one because of changes or
+degradation in the W in the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation in the W in the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation in the W in the equipment
+State over time affecting that wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State over time affecting that wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State over time affecting that wafer
+state that might be an example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that might be an example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that might be an example and then
+finally in semiconductor Fab we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in semiconductor Fab we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in semiconductor Fab we
+typically are are processing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are are processing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are are processing a lot of
+Wafers that may be 24 Wafers at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers that may be 24 Wafers at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers that may be 24 Wafers at a time
+and from one lot to the next these might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from one lot to the next these might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from one lot to the next these might
+be processed uh at substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be processed uh at substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be processed uh at substantially
+different points in time and there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in time and there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in time and there may
+be another distribution associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another distribution associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another distribution associated with
+that and physical sources or causes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and physical sources or causes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and physical sources or causes of
+that variation that are different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variation that are different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variation that are different than
+these other spatial or temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other spatial or temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other spatial or temporal
+sources some companies there's not a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources some companies there's not a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources some companies there's not a lot
+of them uh these days have multiple Fabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh these days have multiple Fabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh these days have multiple Fabs
+so I could continue this up um Intel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could continue this up um Intel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could continue this up um Intel in
+particular is very famous for making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is very famous for making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is very famous for making the
+same product in multiple Fabs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same product in multiple Fabs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same product in multiple Fabs and
+multiple States and in fact multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple States and in fact multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple States and in fact multiple
+countries uh around the world and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh around the world and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh around the world and they
+work very very hard to have matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very very hard to have matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very very hard to have matching
+from one Fab to the other in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one Fab to the other in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one Fab to the other in terms of
+the equipment and so on to minimize Fab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment and so on to minimize Fab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment and so on to minimize Fab
+Toof Fab deviations or differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toof Fab deviations or differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toof Fab deviations or differences in
+their chips they really don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chips they really don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chips they really don't want
+people saying I'm only going to buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saying I'm only going to buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saying I'm only going to buy you
+know my my Pentium or or what I te ium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my my Pentium or or what I te ium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my my Pentium or or what I te ium
+chip from the Albuquerque Fab because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip from the Albuquerque Fab because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip from the Albuquerque Fab because
+it's better than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better than the one
+from Portland or whatever they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Portland or whatever they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Portland or whatever they they
+really want to minimize that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to minimize that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to minimize that so so
+you've got you know extensions up the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know extensions up the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know extensions up the up
+the hierarchy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hierarchy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hierarchy as
+well now if we were to actually zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now if we were to actually zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now if we were to actually zoom in
+on one of those distributions what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of those distributions what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of those distributions what's
+also going to be very interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be very interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be very interesting is
+trying to understand what the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what the sources of
+variation are at each of the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation are at each of the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation are at each of the spatial
+scales and you might have a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and you might have a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and you might have a fairly
+complex distribution say over Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex distribution say over Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex distribution say over Channel
+length and what's often very the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and what's often very the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and what's often very the very
+very much the case and very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the case and very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the case and very interesting
+is that Total distribution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Total distribution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Total distribution is the
+compounded effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded effect of
+multiple additional sources that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple additional sources that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple additional sources that are
+sort of convolve together and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of convolve together and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of convolve together and a lot of
+work will be done in designing test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be done in designing test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be done in designing test
+procedures uh designing process control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures uh designing process control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures uh designing process control
+charts and whatnot to be able to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and whatnot to be able to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and whatnot to be able to track
+individual contributors and and separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual contributors and and separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual contributors and and separate
+them out into the component sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out into the component sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out into the component sources of
+variation why do you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation why do you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation why do you want to do
+this if you can identify individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you can identify individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you can identify individual
+sources that's crucial to be able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that's crucial to be able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that's crucial to be able to go
+and squeeze them down right you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squeeze them down right you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squeeze them down right you got to
+know what the source is in in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the source is in in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the source is in in order to
+remove it what else is the case often is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it what else is the case often is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it what else is the case often is
+that some of these are not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these are not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these are not completely
+random many of the sources of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random many of the sources of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random many of the sources of variation
+have a systematic physical cause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a systematic physical cause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a systematic physical cause and
+if we understand what is systematic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we understand what is systematic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we understand what is systematic or
+repeatable every every time you you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable every every time you you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable every every time you you run
+this you might actually find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you might actually find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you might actually find that the
+transistor in the upper right corner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor in the upper right corner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor in the upper right corner of
+the chip is a little bit too wide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip is a little bit too wide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip is a little bit too wide you
+might then track that back to the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might then track that back to the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might then track that back to the photo
+lithographic imperfection that's causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithographic imperfection that's causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithographic imperfection that's causing
+that once you know that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you know that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you know that you can
+compensate you can counteract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate you can counteract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate you can counteract that
+source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of
+variation so that's a lot of the work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so that's a lot of the work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so that's a lot of the work is
+trying to um break these down so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to um break these down so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to um break these down so let me
+give you a little bit more example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit more example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit more example of
+some of these uh sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these uh sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these uh sources of
+variation and the tools and techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and the tools and techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and the tools and techniques
+that are evolving to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them let me zoom into one unit process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them let me zoom into one unit process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them let me zoom into one unit process
+uh we've done actually a lot of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've done actually a lot of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've done actually a lot of research
+on chemical mechanical polishing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chemical mechanical polishing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chemical mechanical polishing in
+semiconductor Fab and the basic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Fab and the basic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Fab and the basic process
+is you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take that
+wafer you press it or you hold it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you press it or you hold it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you press it or you hold it in a
+wafer carrier and press it face down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer carrier and press it face down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer carrier and press it face down
+onto a rotating table or platin to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a rotating table or platin to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a rotating table or platin to which
+is a fixed an abrasive pad you also drip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fixed an abrasive pad you also drip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fixed an abrasive pad you also drip
+a a wet abrasive slurry so it's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a wet abrasive slurry so it's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a wet abrasive slurry so it's a uh
+very very fine particle grit uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fine particle grit uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fine particle grit uh in a
+chemically active slurry and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically active slurry and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically active slurry and then you
+rotate both the the wafer and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate both the the wafer and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate both the the wafer and and the
+pad or the or the table and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad or the or the table and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad or the or the table and the basic
+goal of this is to flatten the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this is to flatten the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this is to flatten the surface
+of the wafer if you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer if you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer if you go back
+to this picture with even one level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this picture with even one level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this picture with even one level of
+metal look at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal look at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal look at all of the
+topography the differences in Heights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography the differences in Heights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography the differences in Heights
+that are generated because we're etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are generated because we're etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are generated because we're etching
+down filling in and so on if one were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down filling in and so on if one were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down filling in and so on if one were to
+try to build multiple levels of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build multiple levels of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build multiple levels of metal
+you have a real problem here you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a real problem here you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a real problem here you keep
+building up in some regions where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up in some regions where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up in some regions where you
+have more metal and in those regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more metal and in those regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more metal and in those regions
+where you don't you get thinner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't you get thinner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't you get thinner and
+thinner by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner by
+comparison that becomes a huge challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison that becomes a huge challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison that becomes a huge challenge
+in terms of uh other processes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh other processes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh other processes like
+photolithography talked about that depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography talked about that depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography talked about that depth
+of focus now I want a pattern or image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus now I want a pattern or image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus now I want a pattern or image
+at the top of one of these levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of one of these levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of one of these levels and
+I've got also these recessed regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got also these recessed regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got also these recessed regions
+becomes very difficult to image say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very difficult to image say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very difficult to image say a
+metal four layer and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal four layer and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal four layer and so so
+CMP has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP has
+been created to basically a braid away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created to basically a braid away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created to basically a braid away
+the raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raised
+surfaces get it down to a planer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces get it down to a planer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces get it down to a planer a
+planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer
+surface now one of the big problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface now one of the big problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface now one of the big problems in
+CMP is the process itself is often not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP is the process itself is often not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP is the process itself is often not
+all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+stable that polishing pad that abrasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that polishing pad that abrasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that polishing pad that abrasive
+pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad
+what happens if you use sandpaper for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you use sandpaper for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you use sandpaper for a
+while on a piece of wood well you smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while on a piece of wood well you smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while on a piece of wood well you smooth
+out you know the green or whatever in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know the green or whatever in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know the green or whatever in
+the piece of wood what happens to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of wood what happens to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of wood what happens to your
+sandpaper it also wears right it fills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandpaper it also wears right it fills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandpaper it also wears right it fills
+in it gets cookie but it basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it gets cookie but it basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it gets cookie but it basically it
+changes its state the process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its state the process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its state the process and the
+equipment changes its state over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment changes its state over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment changes its state over
+fabrication as well and if you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication as well and if you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication as well and if you looked at
+the normalized removal rate for a 350
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized removal rate for a 350
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized removal rate for a 350
+wafer sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer sequence
+you will often find drift in the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will often find drift in the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will often find drift in the removal
+rate you might start out with a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you might start out with a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you might start out with a fairly
+High removal rate and over time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High removal rate and over time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High removal rate and over time it
+drifts down and this is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts down and this is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts down and this is something like
+uh you know a 20 or 40% kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a 20 or 40% kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a 20 or 40% kind of kind of
+drift similarly if you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift similarly if you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift similarly if you looked at the
+wafer measured some some pattern some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer measured some some pattern some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer measured some some pattern some
+eight sample point and calculated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight sample point and calculated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight sample point and calculated a
+non-uniformity metric maybe at standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity metric maybe at standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity metric maybe at standard
+deviation of of those points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of of those points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of of those points uh
+one would find uh maybe you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would find uh maybe you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would find uh maybe you can see it
+looks like there's a slight increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's a slight increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's a slight increase in
+that non-uniformity over time the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-uniformity over time the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-uniformity over time the the
+pad is not quite as uniform as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad is not quite as uniform as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad is not quite as uniform as well so
+this is the kind of temporal wafer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of temporal wafer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of temporal wafer to
+wafer variation that you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer variation that you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer variation that you don't want
+and would like to understand it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would like to understand it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would like to understand it if
+there's a systematic Trend then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a systematic Trend then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a systematic Trend then maybe
+there are control approaches that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are control approaches that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are control approaches that can be
+used to compensate or correct for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to compensate or correct for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to compensate or correct for them
+that yeah um this polishing seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah um this polishing seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah um this polishing seems to be
+a bad idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad idea to
+me find a way to get in like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said yeah so sort of the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah so sort of the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah so sort of the semiconductor
+industry really got it start about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry really got it start about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry really got it start about
+1960 and for 30 years it was all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 and for 30 years it was all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 and for 30 years it was all about
+defects those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects those
+particles keep them away from the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles keep them away from the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles keep them away from the wafer
+at whatever cost and then uh primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whatever cost and then uh primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whatever cost and then uh primarily
+folks from IBM around 1990 said yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks from IBM around 1990 said yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks from IBM around 1990 said yeah
+we're going to pour slurries with uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pour slurries with uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pour slurries with uh uh
+100 nanometer particles on it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 nanometer particles on it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 nanometer particles on it and then
+we're going to rub the heck out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rub the heck out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rub the heck out of the
+surface of your of your wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of your of your wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of your of your wafer and
+everybody thought they were crazy but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thought they were crazy but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thought they were crazy but it
+turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that
+uh first off the control of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first off the control of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first off the control of the process
+can be very good in terms of not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very good in terms of not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very good in terms of not a very
+very fine AB braiding of the surface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine AB braiding of the surface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine AB braiding of the surface so
+you're not like gouging out you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not like gouging out you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not like gouging out you're
+really doing almost nanometer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing almost nanometer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing almost nanometer by
+nanometer scale abrasion but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer scale abrasion but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer scale abrasion but then you
+still have all those particles so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have all those particles so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have all those particles so a lot
+of the work was very very effective post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work was very very effective post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work was very very effective post
+poolish cleaning processes that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poolish cleaning processes that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poolish cleaning processes that involve
+chemical baths that involve brush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical baths that involve brush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical baths that involve brush
+cleaning in fact uh that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning in fact uh that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning in fact uh that involve
+hydronic agitation to sort of levitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic agitation to sort of levitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic agitation to sort of levitate
+the particles uh off of the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles uh off of the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles uh off of the surface of
+the wafer in a clean bath that they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer in a clean bath that they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer in a clean bath that they uh
+actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+appreciable defect oriented yield loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable defect oriented yield loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable defect oriented yield loss
+once you did those those Extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you did those those Extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you did those those Extreme
+Measures to clean up the wafer and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Measures to clean up the wafer and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Measures to clean up the wafer and in
+fact the irony ended up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the irony ended up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the irony ended up being
+that the uh CMP process by planarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh CMP process by planarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh CMP process by planarizing
+actually improved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improved the
+defectivity because many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defectivity because many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defectivity because many of these
+particles might be uh present in layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles might be uh present in layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles might be uh present in layer
+three you've got a lump but it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you've got a lump but it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you've got a lump but it didn't
+destroy the the action of level three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the the action of level three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the the action of level three
+but if it's sticking up by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's sticking up by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's sticking up by the time you
+go into level four and you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into level four and you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into level four and you do a
+metalization over that well now you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization over that well now you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization over that well now you've
+got a problem and the CMP process which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a problem and the CMP process which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a problem and the CMP process which
+would go in and and flatten or planarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go in and and flatten or planarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go in and and flatten or planarize
+between levels would actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between levels would actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between levels would actually you know
+chop the heads off of these defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop the heads off of these defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop the heads off of these defects and
+reduce their impact for for subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their impact for for subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their impact for for subsequent
+levels so it actually ended up being it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so it actually ended up being it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so it actually ended up being it
+but but it it is a fascinating story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it it is a fascinating story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it it is a fascinating story of
+the uh adoption of CMP because is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh adoption of CMP because is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh adoption of CMP because is
+uh it was so counterintuitive of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was so counterintuitive of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was so counterintuitive of a
+process exactly as you said so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process exactly as you said so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process exactly as you said so we'll
+come back at the end uh uh or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back at the end uh uh or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back at the end uh uh or or or
+later to uh control strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later to uh control strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later to uh control strategies for
+dealing with this uh of the course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this uh of the course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this uh of the course I
+mean basically this kind of a drift you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean basically this kind of a drift you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean basically this kind of a drift you
+could start to think well I can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start to think well I can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start to think well I can measure
+this and maybe what I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe what I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe what I would like to do
+on subsequent runs if my removal rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on subsequent runs if my removal rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on subsequent runs if my removal rate
+has drifted down I'd like a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has drifted down I'd like a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has drifted down I'd like a strategy
+where I polish a little bit longer or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I polish a little bit longer or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I polish a little bit longer or I
+press a little bit harder these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a little bit harder these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a little bit harder these sorts of
+things um so you only do this polishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so you only do this polishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so you only do this polishing
+at the very end no you do it at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end no you do it at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end no you do it at each
+level at each level each each metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at each level each each metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at each level each each metal
+level okay as well as in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay as well as in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay as well as in some other
+places but yeah yeah so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but yeah yeah so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but yeah yeah so it's actually
+used repeatedly in multi-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used repeatedly in multi-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used repeatedly in multi-level
+interconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect
+okay what here's an example of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what here's an example of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what here's an example of a little
+test chip to try to characterize some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test chip to try to characterize some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test chip to try to characterize some of
+those spatial variations and decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spatial variations and decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spatial variations and decompose
+them that we talked about this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that we talked about this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that we talked about this is a a
+chip design that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip design that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip design that
+has uh a few thousand ring oscillators a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh a few thousand ring oscillators a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh a few thousand ring oscillators a
+ring oscillator is a chain of an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring oscillator is a chain of an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring oscillator is a chain of an odd
+number of inverters Each of which does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inverters Each of which does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inverters Each of which does a
+logic 0 to one or 1 to zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic 0 to one or 1 to zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic 0 to one or 1 to zero uh
+computation and if you organize those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and if you organize those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and if you organize those in
+a ring fashion it oscillates at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring fashion it oscillates at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring fashion it oscillates at some
+high frequency that indicates the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency that indicates the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency that indicates the speed
+of the individual transistors in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual transistors in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual transistors in that
+structure so a ring oscillator is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so a ring oscillator is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so a ring oscillator is a
+wonderful standin electric electron Ric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful standin electric electron Ric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful standin electric electron Ric
+circuit telling you a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit telling you a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit telling you a lot about the
+speed of your technology what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of your technology what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of your technology what we did is
+uh built a tille architecture where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh built a tille architecture where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh built a tille architecture where
+we've got thousands of these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got thousands of these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got thousands of these structures
+replicated spatially so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated spatially so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated spatially so now we can
+measure multiple instances and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure multiple instances and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure multiple instances and see if
+there's a spatial pattern as well as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spatial pattern as well as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spatial pattern as well as we
+can also play with some of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also play with some of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also play with some of the design
+parameters of each of those ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of each of those ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of each of those ring
+oscillators and in particular we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators and in particular we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators and in particular we can do
+things like take that polysilicon gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like take that polysilicon gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like take that polysilicon gate
+electrode split it into three of them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode split it into three of them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode split it into three of them we
+can play with the spacing between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with the spacing between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with the spacing between those
+electrodes we can Orient uh those poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes we can Orient uh those poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes we can Orient uh those poly
+fingers vertically or horizontally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers vertically or horizontally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers vertically or horizontally on
+the on on the layout we can also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on on the layout we can also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on on the layout we can also look at
+the effect of nearby structures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of nearby structures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of nearby structures for
+example how dense per unit area do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how dense per unit area do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how dense per unit area do you
+have transistors or or polysilicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transistors or or polysilicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transistors or or polysilicon uh
+gate electrodes would that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate electrodes would that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate electrodes would that have an
+effect on the ring oscillator and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the ring oscillator and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the ring oscillator and now if
+you go out and build this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go out and build this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go out and build this this is a
+wonderful kind of data where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful kind of data where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful kind of data where you can
+aggregate or map out the data at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate or map out the data at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate or map out the data at these
+different spatial scales to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spatial scales to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spatial scales to look for
+Trends so for example if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends so for example if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends so for example if we look at the
+wafer scale variation in the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer scale variation in the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer scale variation in the ring
+oscillator speed got something like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator speed got something like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator speed got something like 30
+chips in the upper half of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips in the upper half of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips in the upper half of one of these
+Wafers and mapped out here in the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers and mapped out here in the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers and mapped out here in the color
+is the average ring oscillator speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average ring oscillator speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average ring oscillator speed
+from high to low and you can can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high to low and you can can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high to low and you can can sort of
+see a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a spatial
+trend from one side of the wafer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend from one side of the wafer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend from one side of the wafer to the
+other this is telling us there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this is telling us there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this is telling us there is a
+wafer level non-uniformity and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer level non-uniformity and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer level non-uniformity and in fact
+that across wafer variation is about 9%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across wafer variation is about 9%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across wafer variation is about 9%
+in speed of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in speed of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in speed of these
+devices you can also then start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you can also then start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you can also then start to look
+I guess that's the same thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that's the same thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that's the same thing you can
+also start to look and say depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also start to look and say depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also start to look and say depending on
+how you designed the uh transistor what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you designed the uh transistor what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you designed the uh transistor what
+kind of offsets do you get in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of offsets do you get in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of offsets do you get in the in the
+frequency and what kind of variation do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and what kind of variation do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and what kind of variation do
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+in the speed of the devices and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the speed of the devices and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the speed of the devices and what's
+interesting uh here is that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh here is that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh here is that many of
+these ring oscillator designs are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ring oscillator designs are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ring oscillator designs are from
+the circuit designer perspective they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit designer perspective they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit designer perspective they
+think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as
+identical but in fabrication because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but in fabrication because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but in fabrication because of
+neighborhood or nearby structures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood or nearby structures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood or nearby structures in
+fact there are slight deviations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there are slight deviations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there are slight deviations so
+nominally identical transistors May in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally identical transistors May in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally identical transistors May in
+fact have substantial systematic highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have substantial systematic highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have substantial systematic highly
+repeatable effects and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable effects and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable effects and if the
+manufacturing line can capture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing line can capture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing line can capture and
+characterize those and send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize those and send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize those and send that
+information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to
+design design can compensate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design design can compensate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design design can compensate right so
+this is another theme this design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another theme this design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another theme this design and
+Manufacturing link can be very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing link can be very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing link can be very important
+we can also map out identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transistors with within one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors with within one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors with within one of these
+chips and here again you can see a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and here again you can see a top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and here again you can see a top
+to bottom variation in the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bottom variation in the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bottom variation in the ring
+oscillator speed and in this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator speed and in this case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator speed and in this case that
+within each individual chip is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each individual chip is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each individual chip is about
+4% in this in this particular case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% in this in this particular case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% in this in this particular case which
+is quite interesting notice we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite interesting notice we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite interesting notice we said
+there's 9% across the whole wafer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 9% across the whole wafer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 9% across the whole wafer I
+might have 10 chips lined up sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have 10 chips lined up sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have 10 chips lined up sort of in
+a line across the wafer if I were to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line across the wafer if I were to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line across the wafer if I were to say
+from Center to Edge I have a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Center to Edge I have a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Center to Edge I have a systematic
+trim or from one edge of the wafer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim or from one edge of the wafer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim or from one edge of the wafer to
+the other a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other a
+systematic trend of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic trend of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic trend of about
+10% and I MA that down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and I MA that down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and I MA that down to
+on10th you know because I've got 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on10th you know because I've got 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on10th you know because I've got 10
+chips that would be about a 1% variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that would be about a 1% variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that would be about a 1% variation
+you might expect because of wafer level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect because of wafer level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect because of wafer level
+sources on each chip but what we find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources on each chip but what we find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources on each chip but what we find is
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+4% that's telling us there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% that's telling us there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% that's telling us there's a different
+source of physical variation at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of physical variation at work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of physical variation at work
+within each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each of the
+chips and then you can also for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and then you can also for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and then you can also for other
+systematic effects things like um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic effects things like um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic effects things like um the
+proximity of one poly finger to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity of one poly finger to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity of one poly finger to another
+can have photolithographic effects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have photolithographic effects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have photolithographic effects uh
+and in particular that can result in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular that can result in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular that can result in an
+offset depending on whether I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset depending on whether I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset depending on whether I have one
+micron or two Micron or 2x or 3x spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron or two Micron or 2x or 3x spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron or two Micron or 2x or 3x spacing
+between the devices but in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the devices but in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the devices but in this case the
+variation across many many replicates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation across many many replicates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation across many many replicates of
+each of those is about the same an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those is about the same an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those is about the same an
+interesting effect is if we take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting effect is if we take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting effect is if we take that
+same poly that single gate electrode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same poly that single gate electrode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same poly that single gate electrode and
+split it up into two or split it up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into two or split it up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into two or split it up up
+into three and then look at the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three and then look at the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three and then look at the effect
+on ring oscillator speed offset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ring oscillator speed offset and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ring oscillator speed offset and
+variance what do you think we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance what do you think we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance what do you think we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+see we didn't know so you may not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but right you have more edges and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right you have more edges and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right you have more edges and that's
+exactly right if we look at the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right if we look at the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right if we look at the sigma
+with one finger two finger or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one finger two finger or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one finger two finger or four
+finger we found a proportional increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger we found a proportional increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger we found a proportional increase
+in in the variance with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the variance with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the variance with more
+opportunities for variation by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for variation by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for variation by by the
+fingering so that's a that was a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingering so that's a that was a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingering so that's a that was a an
+interesting implication for some design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting implication for some design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting implication for some design
+uh Kinds of Kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kinds of Kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kinds of Kinds of
+effects okay so that's an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so that's an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so that's an example where
+design of experiments could be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of experiments could be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of experiments could be used to
+come up with test structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with test structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with test structures
+characterize and split out some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and split out some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and split out some of these
+sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+now I'm not going to go into the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not going to go into the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not going to go into the full
+detail on these slides I I I put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on these slides I I I put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on these slides I I I put more
+slides in here than I needed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides in here than I needed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides in here than I needed because
+this is a current area of my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a current area of my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a current area of my research
+and I get real excited about it but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get real excited about it but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get real excited about it but uh
+it helps explain a little bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps explain a little bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps explain a little bit this
+multi-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level
+interconnect and the I I'll I'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect and the I I'll I'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect and the I I'll I'll cover
+the first one very briefly there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one very briefly there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one very briefly there's two
+sequences that I didn't talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that I didn't talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that I didn't talk about in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+earlier flow because it's a 10 their old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier flow because it's a 10 their old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier flow because it's a 10 their old
+process modern uh integrated circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process modern uh integrated circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process modern uh integrated circuits
+especially for microprocessor logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for microprocessor logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for microprocessor logic and
+now even memory are using copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even memory are using copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even memory are using copper
+interconnect copper conducts better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect copper conducts better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect copper conducts better than
+aluminum you get speed improvements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum you get speed improvements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum you get speed improvements you
+get reliability improvements it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reliability improvements it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reliability improvements it's a big
+drive to move to Copper but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive to move to Copper but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive to move to Copper but it's a
+little bit more complicated of a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated of a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated of a process
+the basic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic process
+is different than in aluminum because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different than in aluminum because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different than in aluminum because we
+do not have an effective plasma etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have an effective plasma etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have an effective plasma etch
+process for the removal selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for the removal selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for the removal selective
+removal of copper it's just a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal of copper it's just a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal of copper it's just a bad
+process in that way so instead what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in that way so instead what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in that way so instead what we
+have to do is go through the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is go through the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is go through the following
+sequence we photolithog graphically ET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we photolithog graphically ET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we photolithog graphically ET
+in our insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our insulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our insulating
+layer where we want ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer where we want ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer where we want ultimately the
+copper line to reside then we fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper line to reside then we fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper line to reside then we fill in
+Copper everywhere we happen to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copper everywhere we happen to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copper everywhere we happen to do that
+using an electroplating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an electroplating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an electroplating
+process and that electroplating process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and that electroplating process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and that electroplating process
+results in nice filling of features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in nice filling of features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in nice filling of features of
+different sizes but it also overfills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes but it also overfills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes but it also overfills
+and even more problematic is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even more problematic is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even more problematic is it
+overfills to different amounts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfills to different amounts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfills to different amounts or
+different thicknesses depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thicknesses depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thicknesses depending on the
+feature size that we filled up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature size that we filled up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature size that we filled up so you
+get this very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this very complicated
+topography now I described CMP as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography now I described CMP as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography now I described CMP as
+wonderful for flattening and removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for flattening and removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for flattening and removing
+and abrading Away topography so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abrading Away topography so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abrading Away topography so the
+second step is using CMP to remove all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step is using CMP to remove all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step is using CMP to remove all
+this excess copper and it will polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excess copper and it will polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excess copper and it will polish
+away and ideally you would like to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and ideally you would like to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and ideally you would like to stop
+exactly on the surface of the oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly on the surface of the oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly on the surface of the oxide and
+have your nice remaining copper lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your nice remaining copper lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your nice remaining copper lines
+where you where you wanted them but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you where you wanted them but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you where you wanted them but it
+also has a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a geometric
+imperfection arising from overp polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection arising from overp polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection arising from overp polish
+where uh big fat wide lines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh big fat wide lines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh big fat wide lines the
+polishing pad that polyurethane pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polishing pad that polyurethane pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polishing pad that polyurethane pad
+actually digs down in and uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually digs down in and uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually digs down in and uh over
+poolish certain features and in regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poolish certain features and in regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poolish certain features and in regions
+where you've got a lot of copper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got a lot of copper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got a lot of copper and
+very little hard supporting oxide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little hard supporting oxide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little hard supporting oxide it
+actually erodes down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually erodes down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually erodes down in
+appreciably so these are some systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciably so these are some systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciably so these are some systematic
+effects they are manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects they are manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects they are manufacturing
+limitations and one would like to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and one would like to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and one would like to uh
+model and characterize those and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and characterize those and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and characterize those and in fact
+that's what this wafer was for what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this wafer was for what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this wafer was for what we
+came up with was a test structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was a test structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was a test structure
+methodology where you would put lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology where you would put lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology where you would put lots of
+features of different sizes on a wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of different sizes on a wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of different sizes on a wafer
+run it through the process measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it through the process measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it through the process measure the
+results so this is a measurement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so this is a measurement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so this is a measurement of the
+electrol electroplated profile for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrol electroplated profile for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrol electroplated profile for
+different feature sizes like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different feature sizes like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different feature sizes like those
+little lines and spaces between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lines and spaces between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lines and spaces between the
+lines of quarter Micron quarter Micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of quarter Micron quarter Micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of quarter Micron quarter Micron
+versus say 100 Micron and 100 Micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus say 100 Micron and 100 Micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus say 100 Micron and 100 Micron
+lines and then you could measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then you could measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then you could measure the
+surface topography and see how much over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface topography and see how much over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface topography and see how much over
+plating or how much uh underfill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plating or how much uh underfill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plating or how much uh underfill you
+might have in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have in each of those
+regions now this is kind of a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions now this is kind of a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions now this is kind of a neat
+example for something that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for something that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for something that we'll be
+learning learning about uh later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning learning about uh later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning learning about uh later in the
+term which is empirical modeling this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is empirical modeling this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is empirical modeling this is
+an empirical process where we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empirical process where we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empirical process where we run the
+wafer through we take measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer through we take measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer through we take measurements and
+then we developed in our first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we developed in our first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we developed in our first first
+level model response surface models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level model response surface models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level model response surface models that
+are basically uh Power models as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically uh Power models as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically uh Power models as a
+function of line width and line space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of line width and line space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of line width and line space so
+you can empirically fit a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can empirically fit a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can empirically fit a model that
+describes how much over plating height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how much over plating height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how much over plating height
+or what the step height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the step height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the step height
+might be and then one can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and then one can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and then one can use that to
+characterize step height or the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize step height or the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize step height or the amount
+of Bulge as a function of line width and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bulge as a function of line width and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bulge as a function of line width and
+line space and give some feedback to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line space and give some feedback to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line space and give some feedback to the
+designer saying hey if you design in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer saying hey if you design in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer saying hey if you design in
+these ranges this is what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ranges this is what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ranges this is what's actually
+going to happen as opposed to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen as opposed to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen as opposed to what you
+thought was going to happen and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was going to happen and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was going to happen and so so
+that's a a little response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a little response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a little response surface model
+kind of example then one can also build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example then one can also build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example then one can also build
+those perhaps into design tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those perhaps into design tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those perhaps into design tools that
+could predict for a whole chip maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could predict for a whole chip maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could predict for a whole chip maybe a
+product chip what the uh electroplated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product chip what the uh electroplated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product chip what the uh electroplated
+process thickness would be or what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process thickness would be or what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process thickness would be or what the
+CMP process would be I'm going to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP process would be I'm going to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP process would be I'm going to skip
+these this is essentially doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is essentially doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is essentially doing the same
+thing for CMP but the idea here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for CMP but the idea here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for CMP but the idea here is this
+linkage again between design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage again between design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage again between design and
+manufacturer where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer where the
+manufacturing Fab can characterize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Fab can characterize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Fab can characterize what
+the actual amount of dishing or erosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual amount of dishing or erosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual amount of dishing or erosion
+is going to be for very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be for very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be for very complicated
+product chips and that information could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product chips and that information could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product chips and that information could
+get fed back to to the designer so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fed back to to the designer so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fed back to to the designer so that
+they actually know in this location my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually know in this location my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually know in this location my
+final copper wire is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final copper wire is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final copper wire is going to
+be this thick not this thick and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thick not this thick and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thick not this thick and that
+could be very important because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very important because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very important because the
+thickness of a copper wire determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of a copper wire determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of a copper wire determines
+its electrical resistance it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its electrical resistance it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its electrical resistance it even
+affects the coupling capacitance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the coupling capacitance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the coupling capacitance between
+two neighbor wires so those keyy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two neighbor wires so those keyy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two neighbor wires so those keyy
+electrical parameters resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical parameters resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical parameters resistance
+capacitance that determine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance that determine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance that determine uh
+interconnect speed uh depend on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect speed uh depend on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect speed uh depend on that
+critically so so that linkage uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically so so that linkage uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically so so that linkage uh with
+robust design can be very important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust design can be very important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust design can be very important one
+can also use those kinds of models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use those kinds of models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use those kinds of models to
+play with process parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with process parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with process parameters and
+empirically as a function of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically as a function of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically as a function of the process
+conditions minimize these systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions minimize these systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions minimize these systematic
+sources of variation and one approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of variation and one approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of variation and one approach
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+dominant in a number of Industries is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in a number of Industries is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in a number of Industries is a
+capturing of these dependencies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing of these dependencies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing of these dependencies on
+design features like line width or line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design features like line width or line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design features like line width or line
+space and what is a good region to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and what is a good region to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and what is a good region to be
+operating in in these ideas of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in in these ideas of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in in these ideas of design
+roles and so in fact this is some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and so in fact this is some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and so in fact this is some work
+from LSI logic uh looking at the Copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from LSI logic uh looking at the Copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from LSI logic uh looking at the Copper
+interconnect space and saying okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect space and saying okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect space and saying okay what
+region what limits what combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region what limits what combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region what limits what combinations of
+line width and line space can you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width and line space can you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width and line space can you have
+and where are the boundaries because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are the boundaries because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are the boundaries because of
+some of these different physical effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these different physical effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these different physical effects
+so for example photolithography says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example photolithography says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example photolithography says I
+can't pattern smaller than certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pattern smaller than certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pattern smaller than certain
+Dimensions uh dishing limits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions uh dishing limits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions uh dishing limits that
+dishing down into wide featur says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishing down into wide featur says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishing down into wide featur says I
+can't have features wider than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have features wider than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have features wider than 10
+microns I'll dish them too much so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns I'll dish them too much so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns I'll dish them too much so this
+is another way of coupling between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way of coupling between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way of coupling between
+design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and
+manufacturer and then the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and then the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and then the last thing
+I've already alluded to coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already alluded to coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already alluded to coming back to
+the CMP problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CMP problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CMP problem
+we also can develop and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also can develop and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also can develop and we'll talk about
+uh response surface or empirical models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh response surface or empirical models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh response surface or empirical models
+that say okay here's what the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say okay here's what the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say okay here's what the removal
+rate is or the non-uniformity is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is or the non-uniformity is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is or the non-uniformity is as a
+function of some of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some of the process
+conditions like the speed of rotation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions like the speed of rotation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions like the speed of rotation or
+the pressure or downforce of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure or downforce of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure or downforce of rotation
+and once you have a basic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have a basic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have a basic control
+model for example the normalized removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for example the normalized removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for example the normalized removal
+rate is a function of downforce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is a function of downforce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is a function of downforce and
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+I've got some input output empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some input output empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some input output empirical
+relationship between these I can now use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between these I can now use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between these I can now use
+this in a runby run control kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a runby run control kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a runby run control kind of
+feedback situation where i' make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback situation where i' make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback situation where i' make a
+measurement on every wafer that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement on every wafer that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement on every wafer that comes
+out what the average removal rate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the average removal rate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the average removal rate was
+use that together with this empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that together with this empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that together with this empirical
+model perhaps do a model update to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model perhaps do a model update to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model perhaps do a model update to track
+The Changing State of the equipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Changing State of the equipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Changing State of the equipment and
+PAD as it also gets perturbed from run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PAD as it also gets perturbed from run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PAD as it also gets perturbed from run
+to run run use that new model to say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run run use that new model to say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run run use that new model to say for
+the next wafer change the recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wafer change the recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wafer change the recipe
+slightly polish a little bit longer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly polish a little bit longer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly polish a little bit longer or
+press a little bit harder to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a little bit harder to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a little bit harder to compensate
+for that known characterized variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that known characterized variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that known characterized variation
+source and so this is just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and so this is just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and so this is just an example
+you can imagine that using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that using these
+simplified models one can have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified models one can have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified models one can have some
+compensation strategy that brings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation strategy that brings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation strategy that brings the
+removal rate back up back up to Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal rate back up back up to Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal rate back up back up to Target
+and so we'll talk about that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll talk about that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll talk about that in the
+latter part of the term as well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter part of the term as well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter part of the term as well these
+are just examples showing for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just examples showing for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just examples showing for different
+numbers of Wafers you have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of Wafers you have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of Wafers you have to actually
+change the speed or the pressure uh down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the speed or the pressure uh down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the speed or the pressure uh down
+Force but you can get very good control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force but you can get very good control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force but you can get very good control
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+output so to wrap up for today this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so to wrap up for today this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so to wrap up for today this was
+a a whirlwind tour through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a whirlwind tour through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a whirlwind tour through the
+semiconductor fabrication process and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor fabrication process and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor fabrication process and I
+hope you have a feel for the Myriad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you have a feel for the Myriad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you have a feel for the Myriad
+different kinds of variations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of variations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of variations that are
+out there and a glimpse forward uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and a glimpse forward uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and a glimpse forward uh to to
+some of the techniques that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the techniques that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the techniques that we're going
+to be uh developing through the term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh developing through the term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh developing through the term uh
+to deal with this so we'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with this so we'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with this so we'll see you on
+Tuesday uh Dave will be giving uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh Dave will be giving uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh Dave will be giving uh that
+lecture and talking about uh the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and talking about uh the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and talking about uh the rest of
+the processes out there in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes out there in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes out there in the world
+besides semiconductor fabrication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides semiconductor fabrication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides semiconductor fabrication and
+building up some intuition that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up some intuition that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up some intuition that we'll
+use uh uh in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh uh in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh uh in those
+processes so get started on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so get started on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so get started on the problem
+set as well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H0ubjnHa5rY.txt b/H0ubjnHa5rY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb80be26217f5393537b5bae8e97e5c38869b3f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H0ubjnHa5rY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're gonna move on with gros al girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna move on with gros al girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna move on with gros al girl
+yes and a few more comments about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and a few more comments about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and a few more comments about where
+we closed yesterday and then talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we closed yesterday and then talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we closed yesterday and then talk about
+experiments that we're done to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we're done to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we're done to determine
+what polypeptides are folded by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what polypeptides are folded by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what polypeptides are folded by this
+machinery so I'm just curious has anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery so I'm just curious has anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery so I'm just curious has anyone
+stuck trigger factor or grow al into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck trigger factor or grow al into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck trigger factor or grow al into
+PubMed to see how many hits you get yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PubMed to see how many hits you get yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PubMed to see how many hits you get yeah
+so Rebecca's question yesterday or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Rebecca's question yesterday or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Rebecca's question yesterday or on
+Monday about trigger factor and active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday about trigger factor and active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday about trigger factor and active
+there's this past this folding motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this past this folding motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this past this folding motivated
+me to take a look so just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to take a look so just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to take a look so just to give you
+some scope if you put trigger factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scope if you put trigger factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scope if you put trigger factor in
+PubMed as of last night there's eleven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PubMed as of last night there's eleven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PubMed as of last night there's eleven
+thousand eight hundred and ten hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eight hundred and ten hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eight hundred and ten hits
+there okay girl we L is closer to two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay girl we L is closer to two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay girl we L is closer to two to
+three thousand in that that range if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand in that that range if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand in that that range if you
+put trigger factor active folding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put trigger factor active folding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put trigger factor active folding you
+end up with thirty four hits most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with thirty four hits most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with thirty four hits most of
+those are about using trigger factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are about using trigger factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are about using trigger factor and
+protein over expression so if you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein over expression so if you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein over expression so if you also
+express trigger factor does that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express trigger factor does that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express trigger factor does that help
+and it looked like there was one paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looked like there was one paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looked like there was one paper
+in those thirty four that suggests an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those thirty four that suggests an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those thirty four that suggests an
+active folding role for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active folding role for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active folding role for one of the
+domains but that is just looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains but that is just looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains but that is just looking at an
+abstract and so the point there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and so the point there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and so the point there is
+there's many many studies that consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many studies that consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many studies that consider
+these chaperones and and a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chaperones and and a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chaperones and and a huge
+literature to search so what we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to search so what we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to search so what we're able
+to cover here it's really just the tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover here it's really just the tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover here it's really just the tip
+of the iceberg for that there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the iceberg for that there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the iceberg for that there's also a
+new review out on grow al girl yes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new review out on grow al girl yes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new review out on grow al girl yes which
+is not required reading but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not required reading but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not required reading but we're
+posting it on stellar so it just came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting it on stellar so it just came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting it on stellar so it just came
+out last month and I really enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last month and I really enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last month and I really enjoyed
+reading this review I thought they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this review I thought they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this review I thought they did a
+very good job of talking about current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job of talking about current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job of talking about current
+questions that are unanswered yet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are unanswered yet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are unanswered yet in
+terms of models and presenting different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of models and presenting different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of models and presenting different
+models for how this folding chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for how this folding chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for how this folding chamber
+works so passive versus active for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so passive versus active for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so passive versus active for
+instance and they also give a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and they also give a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and they also give a summary of
+the substrate scope so the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate scope so the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate scope so the experiments
+we'll talk about today so where we left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about today so where we left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about today so where we left
+off last time we went over the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off last time we went over the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off last time we went over the structure
+of this folding chamber and here's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this folding chamber and here's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this folding chamber and here's just
+another depiction of the overview so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another depiction of the overview so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another depiction of the overview so
+effectively we have two back-to-back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively we have two back-to-back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively we have two back-to-back
+heptamer rings as shown here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heptamer rings as shown here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heptamer rings as shown here some
+polypeptide and it's non knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide and it's non knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide and it's non knee
+if state can bind it initially binds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if state can bind it initially binds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if state can bind it initially binds up
+at the top by these apical domains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top by these apical domains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top by these apical domains and
+there's some hydrophobic interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some hydrophobic interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some hydrophobic interactions
+okay ATP also binds and we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ATP also binds and we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ATP also binds and we have all
+seven ATP's bound within one ring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven ATP's bound within one ring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven ATP's bound within one ring the
+ring that has the polypeptide okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring that has the polypeptide okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring that has the polypeptide okay we
+see the lid come on and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the lid come on and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the lid come on and then this
+polypeptide has some time a residency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide has some time a residency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide has some time a residency
+time in this chamber twofold and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this chamber twofold and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this chamber twofold and then
+after the residency time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the residency time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the residency time which is
+generally quoted on the order of six to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally quoted on the order of six to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally quoted on the order of six to
+ten seconds the lid comes off and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds the lid comes off and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds the lid comes off and it
+gets ejected and during that time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets ejected and during that time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets ejected and during that time the
+ATP's are hydrolyzed so somehow this ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's are hydrolyzed so somehow this ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's are hydrolyzed so somehow this ATP
+hydrolysis gives conformational changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis gives conformational changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis gives conformational changes
+that drive this cycle okay and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drive this cycle okay and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drive this cycle okay and then we
+see again we flip to having function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again we flip to having function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again we flip to having function in
+the other ring so one point to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ring so one point to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ring so one point to make
+involves cooperativity so I hope you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves cooperativity so I hope you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves cooperativity so I hope you've
+all seen cooperativity before probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen cooperativity before probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen cooperativity before probably
+in the context of hemoglobin we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of hemoglobin we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of hemoglobin we have
+examples here of positive cooperativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here of positive cooperativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here of positive cooperativity
+and negative cooperativity right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative cooperativity right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative cooperativity right so
+within one heptamer ring ATP binds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one heptamer ring ATP binds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one heptamer ring ATP binds to
+all seven subunits so that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seven subunits so that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seven subunits so that's positive
+cooperativity and then we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperativity and then we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperativity and then we can think
+about negative cooperativity between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negative cooperativity between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negative cooperativity between the
+two rings where we only have ATP's bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rings where we only have ATP's bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rings where we only have ATP's bound
+to one ring so the other HAP temir ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one ring so the other HAP temir ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one ring so the other HAP temir ring
+will not have ATP bound here so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have ATP bound here so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have ATP bound here so what is
+happening inside this chamber right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside this chamber right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside this chamber right the
+polypeptide enters the chamber and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide enters the chamber and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide enters the chamber and it's
+given this protected environment twofold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this protected environment twofold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this protected environment twofold
+and we saw that when the grow es lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that when the grow es lid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that when the grow es lid
+comes in that the hydrophilic nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in that the hydrophilic nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in that the hydrophilic nature
+hydrophobic nature of the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic nature of the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic nature of the interior
+changes and it becomes more hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and it becomes more hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and it becomes more hydrophilic
+so I just want to point out and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to point out and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to point out and this
+also builds upon Rebecca's question from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also builds upon Rebecca's question from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also builds upon Rebecca's question from
+last time is this passive folding in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time is this passive folding in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time is this passive folding in the
+chamber so effectively in an FinCEN's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber so effectively in an FinCEN's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber so effectively in an FinCEN's
+cage where the primary sequence dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage where the primary sequence dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage where the primary sequence dictates
+the trajectory or does the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or does the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or does the actual
+chamber itself play a role so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber itself play a role so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber itself play a role so that would
+be active folding and effectively is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be active folding and effectively is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be active folding and effectively is
+there forced unfolding or refolding by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forced unfolding or refolding by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forced unfolding or refolding by
+grow al itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al itself so
+perhaps the apical domains can force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the apical domains can force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the apical domains can force
+unfolding before polypeptide is released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding before polypeptide is released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding before polypeptide is released
+into the chamber and the cartoon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the chamber and the cartoon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the chamber and the cartoon that
+was just up indicated that to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just up indicated that to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just up indicated that to some
+degree maybe the cavity walls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree maybe the cavity walls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree maybe the cavity walls are
+involved and what I would say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and what I would say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and what I would say is that
+the pendulum on this has swayed quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum on this has swayed quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum on this has swayed quite a
+bit over the years in terms of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit over the years in terms of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit over the years in terms of whether
+or not grow AO is a passive folding cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not grow AO is a passive folding cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not grow AO is a passive folding cage
+or actively involved in folding and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actively involved in folding and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actively involved in folding and some
+of the debates in the literature have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the debates in the literature have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the debates in the literature have
+resulted from experimental setups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted from experimental setups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted from experimental setups that
+may bias results to indicate one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may bias results to indicate one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may bias results to indicate one thing
+or the other and that's something the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other and that's something the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other and that's something the
+community is striving to work out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is striving to work out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is striving to work out these
+days and I'll talk about that a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and I'll talk about that a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and I'll talk about that a bit more
+on the next slide but I'll just note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next slide but I'll just note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next slide but I'll just note
+these questions are still there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions are still there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions are still there and the
+recent review I just noted discusses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent review I just noted discusses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent review I just noted discusses
+these questions there was a study just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions there was a study just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions there was a study just a
+few years ago that was performed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago that was performed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago that was performed with
+very dilute polypeptide substrate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dilute polypeptide substrate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dilute polypeptide substrate so
+below 1 nano molar and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 1 nano molar and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 1 nano molar and what they
+conclude from this study is that grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from this study is that grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from this study is that grow al
+is involved in active folding of a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in active folding of a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in active folding of a multi
+winding protein given one question I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding protein given one question I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding protein given one question I'll
+just bring up with this is Malta's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring up with this is Malta's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring up with this is Malta's
+finding protein is a nice model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding protein is a nice model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding protein is a nice model
+polypeptide but but what happens for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide but but what happens for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide but but what happens for a
+native grow al substrate and as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native grow al substrate and as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native grow al substrate and as their
+utility and studying those so why have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and studying those so why have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and studying those so why have I
+emphasize this dilute protein sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this dilute protein sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this dilute protein sample
+point here so what happened in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so what happened in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so what happened in some
+early work in terms of studies that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early work in terms of studies that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early work in terms of studies that were
+done to try to differentiate active or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to try to differentiate active or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to try to differentiate active or
+passive folding is that there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive folding is that there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive folding is that there were some
+complexities in in vitro studies so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities in in vitro studies so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities in in vitro studies so here
+I just have a cartoon of folding in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have a cartoon of folding in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have a cartoon of folding in the
+chamber and if we think about only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and if we think about only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and if we think about only one
+polypeptide within the grow al chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide within the grow al chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide within the grow al chamber
+it's folding in isolation right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's folding in isolation right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's folding in isolation right so
+there's no possibility for it to form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no possibility for it to form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no possibility for it to form an
+aggregate or oligomers with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate or oligomers with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate or oligomers with other
+polypeptides right it's all alone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides right it's all alone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides right it's all alone here
+so this folding and the chamber of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this folding and the chamber of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this folding and the chamber of
+whites the complications of the folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites the complications of the folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites the complications of the folding
+landscape we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape we talked about in the
+introductory lecture to this module so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture to this module so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture to this module so
+what happens in aqueous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in aqueous solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in aqueous solution
+right there's the possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the possibility that
+depending on your conditions maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your conditions maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your conditions maybe
+there's some sort of aggregate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of aggregate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of aggregate that
+forms right and if this aggregate forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right and if this aggregate forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right and if this aggregate forms
+what does that mean in terms of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean in terms of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean in terms of what you
+see and so in earlier work there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and so in earlier work there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and so in earlier work there were
+some in vitro kinetic studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in vitro kinetic studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in vitro kinetic studies that
+indicated Gro al accelerates folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated Gro al accelerates folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated Gro al accelerates folding
+relative to folding and dilute aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to folding and dilute aqueous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to folding and dilute aqueous
+solution but some of these comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but some of these comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but some of these comparisons
+weren't appropriate because as it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't appropriate because as it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't appropriate because as it turns
+out oligomerization might compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oligomerization might compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oligomerization might compete with
+what you're watching for right and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're watching for right and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're watching for right and so if
+there's some oligomerization happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some oligomerization happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some oligomerization happening
+it might indicate that the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might indicate that the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might indicate that the rate is
+slower than you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than you think
+right so there's ways to monitor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's ways to monitor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's ways to monitor for
+this and it's just a point in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's just a point in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's just a point in terms of
+kind of what control studies do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what control studies do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what control studies do you need
+to do to make sure your experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to make sure your experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to make sure your experimental
+setup is appropriate there so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is appropriate there so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is appropriate there so anything
+will be exciting to see what's to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exciting to see what's to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exciting to see what's to come
+in future years about this question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future years about this question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future years about this question and
+sort of what kinds of biophysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what kinds of biophysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what kinds of biophysical
+techniques are applied including single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are applied including single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are applied including single
+molecule studies here so where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule studies here so where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule studies here so where we're
+gonna go moving on is to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go moving on is to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go moving on is to think about
+what actually are the substrates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually are the substrates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually are the substrates for
+grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al
+so what polypeptides get folded in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what polypeptides get folded in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what polypeptides get folded in this
+chamber and how do we begin to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and how do we begin to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and how do we begin to address
+that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+I'm from the standpoint of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from the standpoint of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from the standpoint of what's
+happening in this cell okay so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this cell okay so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this cell okay so first
+we're just going to consider some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to consider some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to consider some
+observations and then we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and then we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and then we're going to go
+into the experiments here so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the experiments here so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the experiments here so here are
+some observations so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some observations so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some observations so the first one is
+that polypeptides up to 60 killed'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polypeptides up to 60 killed'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polypeptides up to 60 killed'
+almonds can fold in this chamber so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almonds can fold in this chamber so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almonds can fold in this chamber so
+that's quite big 60 codons some proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite big 60 codons some proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite big 60 codons some proteins
+or polypeptides need to enter the Grohe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or polypeptides need to enter the Grohe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or polypeptides need to enter the Grohe
+l chamber multiple times to be folded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l chamber multiple times to be folded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l chamber multiple times to be folded so
+that means the chaperone has the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the chaperone has the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the chaperone has the ability
+to bind and release and rebind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind and release and rebind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind and release and rebind the
+polypeptide here so when studies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide here so when studies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide here so when studies are
+done in vitro what's found is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in vitro what's found is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in vitro what's found is that
+almost all polypeptides interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all polypeptides interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all polypeptides interact with
+row al so you just saw even an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row al so you just saw even an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row al so you just saw even an example
+of that in terms of this non-natives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in terms of this non-natives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in terms of this non-natives
+maltose binding proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maltose binding proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maltose binding proteins
+many polypeptides will interact and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many polypeptides will interact and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many polypeptides will interact and this
+really contrasts what's observed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really contrasts what's observed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really contrasts what's observed in the
+cell where in vivo growing ELLs involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell where in vivo growing ELLs involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell where in vivo growing ELLs involved
+and only folding about 10 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only folding about 10 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only folding about 10 percent of
+e.coli proteins here okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli proteins here okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli proteins here okay so what
+observations 3 & 4 suggest is that grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 3 & 4 suggest is that grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 3 & 4 suggest is that grow
+al has some preference for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al has some preference for particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al has some preference for particular
+endogenous polypeptides and what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous polypeptides and what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous polypeptides and what we want
+to answer is you know what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer is you know what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer is you know what are these
+polypeptides and what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides and what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides and what are their
+properties here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here
+okay so Harless group did some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Harless group did some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Harless group did some nice
+studies to look at this what needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies to look at this what needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies to look at this what needs to be
+done first of all there needs to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done first of all there needs to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done first of all there needs to be a
+way to isolate the polypeptides that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to isolate the polypeptides that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to isolate the polypeptides that are
+interacting with grow al in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with grow al in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with grow al in the cell
+okay and then once these polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once these polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once these polypeptides
+are isolated they need to be analyzed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are isolated they need to be analyzed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are isolated they need to be analyzed in
+order to learn about their identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn about their identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn about their identity and
+properties okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay
+so we're going to look at experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to look at experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to look at experiments
+that we're done to address this and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're done to address this and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're done to address this and they
+involve pulse chase labeling of newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve pulse chase labeling of newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve pulse chase labeling of newly
+synthesized proteins immuno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized proteins immuno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized proteins immuno
+precipitation and analysis here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation and analysis here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation and analysis here so in
+terms of addressing what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of addressing what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of addressing what are these
+substrates we're going to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates we're going to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates we're going to begin with
+pulse chase labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically the goal of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically the goal of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically the goal of this
+experiment and why we're starting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and why we're starting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and why we're starting here
+is we want to determine which proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to determine which proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to determine which proteins
+interact with grow al and in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with grow al and in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with grow al and in addition to
+which proteins we want to determine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proteins we want to determine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proteins we want to determine how
+long they interact so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they interact so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they interact so what is the
+experiment these experiments are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment these experiments are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment these experiments are going
+to be done with live e.coli cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done with live e.coli cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done with live e.coli cells okay
+so we want to know what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know what's happening in
+the cell so imagine we have an e coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these bacteria are grown in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these bacteria are grown in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these bacteria are grown in some
+culture medium and the trick here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture medium and the trick here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture medium and the trick here is
+that they're going to be grown in medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be grown in medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be grown in medium
+that's depleted in methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's depleted in methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's depleted in methionine
+okay so incubate or grow and medium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so incubate or grow and medium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so incubate or grow and medium with
+no methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no methionine
+okay so effectively we're depleting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of that amino acid okay so then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that amino acid okay so then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that amino acid okay so then after
+some period of growth what are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of growth what are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of growth what are we going
+to do we're going to spike the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to spike the culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to spike the culture
+with radio label in the thiamine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radio label in the thiamine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radio label in the thiamine okay
+and this is the pulse so we're gonna add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the pulse so we're gonna add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the pulse so we're gonna add
+35s methionine and we're then going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35s methionine and we're then going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35s methionine and we're then going to
+incubate for 15 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so that's the pulse with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's the pulse with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's the pulse with a
+radio labeled amino acid then what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio labeled amino acid then what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio labeled amino acid then what are
+we going to do and after we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do and after we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do and after we go through
+the steps we'll go through why okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps we'll go through why okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps we'll go through why okay
+after this stage we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this stage we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this stage we're going to add
+excess unlabeled Masaya Neen okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess unlabeled Masaya Neen okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess unlabeled Masaya Neen okay and
+we're going to then continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to then continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to then continue this
+culture for ten minutes okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture for ten minutes okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture for ten minutes okay this is the
+chase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase here
+and during this chase period basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during this chase period basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during this chase period basically
+samples will be taken at varying time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples will be taken at varying time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples will be taken at varying time
+points okay and then at some point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay and then at some point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay and then at some point we're
+just going to stop this okay so just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to stop this okay so just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to stop this okay so just say
+stop culture and experiment so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop culture and experiment so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop culture and experiment so what's
+happening in each of these steps and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in each of these steps and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in each of these steps and and
+why are we doing this so what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we doing this so what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we doing this so what we want to
+do is think about newly translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think about newly translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think about newly translated
+polypeptides okay so we have a living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides okay so we have a living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides okay so we have a living in
+E coli it has ribosomes and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E coli it has ribosomes and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E coli it has ribosomes and these
+ribosomes are going to be since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes are going to be since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes are going to be since
+sympathising polypeptides over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathising polypeptides over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathising polypeptides over the
+course of this experiment so during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this experiment so during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this experiment so during the
+pulse period okay all proteins are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse period okay all proteins are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse period okay all proteins are all
+polypeptides synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our radio labeled right because mama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our radio labeled right because mama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our radio labeled right because mama
+theanine has been depleted from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theanine has been depleted from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theanine has been depleted from the
+culture medium and so effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture medium and so effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture medium and so effectively the
+methionine that these organisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine that these organisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine that these organisms are
+seeing or the s35 labeled methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing or the s35 labeled methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing or the s35 labeled methionine
+right and all polypeptides have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all polypeptides have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all polypeptides have an
+informal methionine from the initiator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal methionine from the initiator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal methionine from the initiator
+trna and what other the thiamine czar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trna and what other the thiamine czar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trna and what other the thiamine czar in
+the sequence right so if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence right so if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence right so if we think about
+doing this for 15 seconds and we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this for 15 seconds and we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this for 15 seconds and we think
+about the translation rate rate which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the translation rate rate which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the translation rate rate which I
+gave us 6 to 20 amino acids per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us 6 to 20 amino acids per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us 6 to 20 amino acids per second
+when we were discussing the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were discussing the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were discussing the ribosome
+right we want to think about how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to think about how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to think about how long
+are these polypeptides going to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these polypeptides going to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these polypeptides going to be right
+so we have a translation rate bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a translation rate bless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a translation rate bless you
+6 to 20 amino acids per second okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 to 20 amino acids per second okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 to 20 amino acids per second okay so
+if we think about 15 seconds of a pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're getting polypeptides on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting polypeptides on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting polypeptides on the order
+of 90 to 300 amino acids synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 90 to 300 amino acids synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 90 to 300 amino acids synthesized
+during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so newly synthesized polypeptides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so newly synthesized polypeptides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so newly synthesized polypeptides in
+these 50 15 seconds are radio labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 50 15 seconds are radio labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 50 15 seconds are radio labeled
+what happens next okay we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens next okay we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens next okay we have this
+chase period where we flood the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase period where we flood the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase period where we flood the system
+with unlabeled methionine here why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unlabeled methionine here why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unlabeled methionine here why are
+we doing this right so certainly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing this right so certainly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing this right so certainly there's
+some polypeptides that are longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polypeptides that are longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polypeptides that are longer than
+300 amino acids right that still needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 amino acids right that still needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 amino acids right that still needs
+time to be synthesized and if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be synthesized and if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be synthesized and if there's
+new polypeptides being synthesized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new polypeptides being synthesized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new polypeptides being synthesized that
+start in this stage we won't see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in this stage we won't see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in this stage we won't see them
+because this unlabeled methionine is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this unlabeled methionine is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this unlabeled methionine is in
+vast excess over the radio labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast excess over the radio labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast excess over the radio labeled
+methionine that was added early okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine that was added early okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine that was added early okay so
+here near the synthesis of larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here near the synthesis of larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here near the synthesis of larger
+polypeptides can be completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we have no longer producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radio labor the new polypeptides okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio labor the new polypeptides okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio labor the new polypeptides okay so
+this allows us to only see the peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to only see the peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to only see the peptides
+that were radio labeled during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were radio labeled during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were radio labeled during this
+pulse period here so what are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse period here so what are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse period here so what are we going
+to do in terms of the sampling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in terms of the sampling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in terms of the sampling at
+various time points so let's say we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various time points so let's say we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various time points so let's say we want
+to sample at one minute five minutes ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample at one minute five minutes ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample at one minute five minutes ten
+minutes what do we need to do so can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes what do we need to do so can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes what do we need to do so can we
+just aliquot out some of these e.coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just aliquot out some of these e.coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just aliquot out some of these e.coli
+and put them on our bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could but that's not going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could but that's not going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could but that's not going to be very
+helpful to us right because what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to us right because what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to us right because what we want
+to do is stop the translation machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is stop the translation machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is stop the translation machinery
+and all of the cellular machinery here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the cellular machinery here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the cellular machinery here
+right so yeah yeah we need we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah yeah we need we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah yeah we need we need a
+quench and not only do we need a quench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quench and not only do we need a quench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quench and not only do we need a quench
+we're dealing with the living organism -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with the living organism -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with the living organism -
+right so we need to break open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need to break open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need to break open the
+e.coli and whatever this condition is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli and whatever this condition is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli and whatever this condition is -
+stop stop the reaction okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop stop the reaction okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop stop the reaction okay so we're
+gonna take ALA crops varying time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and basically we care about time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically we care about time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically we care about time so
+that we have to immediately lice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to immediately lice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to immediately lice or
+break open the cells and this was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break open the cells and this was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break open the cells and this was done
+in the presence of EDTA so what is EDTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of EDTA so what is EDTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of EDTA so what is EDTA
+yeah ethylene diamine right try acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ethylene diamine right try acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ethylene diamine right try acetic
+acid so touch it's the key later and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so touch it's the key later and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so touch it's the key later and why
+might this lysis be done in the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might this lysis be done in the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might this lysis be done in the presence
+of this metal key later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Voki magnesium which would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voki magnesium which would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voki magnesium which would help
+are there pieces that are binding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there pieces that are binding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there pieces that are binding and
+there certainly are synchro useless yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certainly are synchro useless yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certainly are synchro useless yeah
+so that's one class of protease right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one class of protease right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one class of protease right so
+EDTA will Keely many many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA will Keely many many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA will Keely many many different
+metals right my main point here is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals right my main point here is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals right my main point here is we
+want to stop stop translation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stop stop translation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stop stop translation right
+shutdown processes here okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown processes here okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown processes here okay so we have
+these samples what do we need to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples what do we need to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples what do we need to do next
+we need a way to detect we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a way to detect we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a way to detect we need to
+detect these newly synthesized proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that interact with Grohe oh ok and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interact with Grohe oh ok and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interact with Grohe oh ok and we
+want to do this at each time point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this at each time point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this at each time point so
+how are we going to do this we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do this we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do this we have a
+very complex mixture that has all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex mixture that has all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex mixture that has all of the
+cellular components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the next step in this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next step in this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next step in this will be
+immuno precipitation and so what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno precipitation and so what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno precipitation and so what will
+happen in immuno precipitation and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in immuno precipitation and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in immuno precipitation and these
+experiments is not the researchers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is not the researchers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is not the researchers had
+an antibody that binds to grow EO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antibody that binds to grow EO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antibody that binds to grow EO and
+this antibody was put on a bead and used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this antibody was put on a bead and used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this antibody was put on a bead and used
+to fish out Gro yell from this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fish out Gro yell from this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fish out Gro yell from this complex
+mixture and we need to talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and we need to talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and we need to talk about these
+antibodies a little more but just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies a little more but just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies a little more but just in
+starting imagine there's a bead right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting imagine there's a bead right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting imagine there's a bead right
+and we think about antibodies as being Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think about antibodies as being Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think about antibodies as being Y
+shaped biomolecules so here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped biomolecules so here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped biomolecules so here we have a
+grow yo and imagine that in this mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yo and imagine that in this mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yo and imagine that in this mixture
+we have grow a o that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have grow a o that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have grow a o that has some
+polypeptide bound that's one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide bound that's one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide bound that's one of its
+endogenous substrates so if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous substrates so if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous substrates so if these are
+mixed together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the antibody binds grow yo with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the antibody binds grow yo with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the antibody binds grow yo with the
+polypeptide attached okay here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide attached okay here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide attached okay here we can
+imagine capture of this species here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine capture of this species here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine capture of this species here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and using the beep to separate say by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the beep to separate say by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the beep to separate say by
+centrifugation so let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugation so let's think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugation so let's think about this
+a little bit and a little background to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and a little background to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and a little background to
+have everyone up to speed if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everyone up to speed if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everyone up to speed if you need to
+learn more about antibodies please see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about antibodies please see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about antibodies please see a
+basic biology textbook for further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biology textbook for further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biology textbook for further
+details right but these are y shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details right but these are y shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details right but these are y shaped
+molecules are produced by a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are produced by a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are produced by a type of
+immune cell called b-cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune cell called b-cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune cell called b-cells
+and they're used by the immune system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're used by the immune system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're used by the immune system to
+detect foreign foreign biomolecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect foreign foreign biomolecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect foreign foreign biomolecules and
+help to neutralize them and so in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to neutralize them and so in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to neutralize them and so in these
+the tip of the Y contains the Perito p--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of the Y contains the Perito p--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of the Y contains the Perito p--
+okay that ideally binds specifically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that ideally binds specifically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that ideally binds specifically to
+a particular epitope in this case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular epitope in this case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular epitope in this case where
+we all hear and so we often think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all hear and so we often think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all hear and so we often think about
+a lock and key model with antibody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lock and key model with antibody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lock and key model with antibody and
+think about the antibody binding its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the antibody binding its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the antibody binding its
+target with precision here so for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target with precision here so for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target with precision here so for these
+experiments that were done just realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that were done just realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that were done just realize
+the researchers have to come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers have to come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers have to come up with an
+antibody to grow yell how is that done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to grow yell how is that done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to grow yell how is that done
+um they may have immunized say a rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they may have immunized say a rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they may have immunized say a rabbit
+with or given a rabbit grow al and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or given a rabbit grow al and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or given a rabbit grow al and
+allowed that rabbit to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed that rabbit to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed that rabbit to produce
+antibodies and then they isolate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and then they isolate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and then they isolate the
+antibodies here so something we want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies here so something we want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies here so something we want you
+to take home from this course is yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take home from this course is yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take home from this course is yes the
+antibody should bind the target with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody should bind the target with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody should bind the target with
+precision but there's huge problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision but there's huge problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision but there's huge problems in
+terms of use of antibodies and research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of use of antibodies and research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of use of antibodies and research
+this is just the start of an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the start of an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the start of an article
+that was published last year around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was published last year around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was published last year around this
+time and it's focused on pharma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's focused on pharma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's focused on pharma and
+clinical trials but this is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials but this is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials but this is much more
+broad and often antibodies aren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad and often antibodies aren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad and often antibodies aren't as
+specific as indicated by the label on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific as indicated by the label on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific as indicated by the label on
+the container from the supplier here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container from the supplier here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container from the supplier here and
+it's pretty dismal what they quo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty dismal what they quo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty dismal what they quo
+in this in terms of how difficult it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in terms of how difficult it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in terms of how difficult it is
+to reproduce data here so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce data here so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce data here so if you're
+going to use an antibody you always need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use an antibody you always need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use an antibody you always need
+to test it to see whether it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test it to see whether it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test it to see whether it is
+selective or not for the species of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective or not for the species of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective or not for the species of
+interest that you want to detect there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that you want to detect there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that you want to detect there
+and have that information on hand so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have that information on hand so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have that information on hand so you
+don't miss interpret your data here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't miss interpret your data here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't miss interpret your data here for
+that so what are the steps for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what are the steps for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what are the steps for this
+amino precipitation basically as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino precipitation basically as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino precipitation basically as shown
+on the board beads will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board beads will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board beads will be
+functionalized with the antibody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalized with the antibody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalized with the antibody and
+they're just added to the cell lysate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just added to the cell lysate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just added to the cell lysate
+and the antibody can recognize grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the antibody can recognize grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the antibody can recognize grow al
+and the goal and hope is that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal and hope is that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal and hope is that whatever
+polypeptides are associated with grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides are associated with grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides are associated with grow al
+are pulled down together so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pulled down together so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pulled down together so that's
+something I've been incredible here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I've been incredible here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I've been incredible here that
+these polypeptides remain bound to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these polypeptides remain bound to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these polypeptides remain bound to grow
+EO during the steps of this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO during the steps of this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO during the steps of this process
+right you can imagine if there's a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine if there's a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine if there's a low
+affinity finder it could be lost so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity finder it could be lost so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity finder it could be lost so the
+sample can be Center fused and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample can be Center fused and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample can be Center fused and then you
+can isolate these beads here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can isolate these beads here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can isolate these beads here so in
+cartoon form a complex cell lysate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon form a complex cell lysate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon form a complex cell lysate in
+your micro centrifuge tube you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your micro centrifuge tube you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your micro centrifuge tube you can add
+the antibody okay centrifuge and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody okay centrifuge and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody okay centrifuge and see
+down here we've pelleted the beads with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we've pelleted the beads with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we've pelleted the beads with
+grow al attached and then some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al attached and then some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al attached and then some sort of
+workup needs to be done to dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup needs to be done to dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup needs to be done to dissociate
+the protein or poly peptide substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein or poly peptide substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein or poly peptide substrates
+here and then they can be analyzed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then they can be analyzed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then they can be analyzed how
+long do they centrifuge for know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do they centrifuge for know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do they centrifuge for know for the
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+thirty minutes I don't know how long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty minutes I don't know how long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty minutes I don't know how long the
+incubation time is need to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation time is need to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation time is need to go back to
+the experimental but that's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental but that's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental but that's getting
+right back to this question as to how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to this question as to how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to this question as to how do
+they stay bound yeah so so see the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay bound yeah so so see the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay bound yeah so so see the point
+here if you have a high affinity complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have a high affinity complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have a high affinity complex
+that's one thing right if you have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing right if you have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing right if you have low
+affinity association between grow al and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity association between grow al and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity association between grow al and
+the polypeptide you can imagine it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polypeptide you can imagine it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polypeptide you can imagine it might
+get lost during this workup and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lost during this workup and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lost during this workup and how much
+do we know about those affinities there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so here here's the point what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so here here's the point what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so here here's the point what it
+right so if it's equal like Rowell would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it's equal like Rowell would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it's equal like Rowell would
+the rabbit recognize this yes or no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit recognize this yes or no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit recognize this yes or no and
+if no then what can you do to provoke an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if no then what can you do to provoke an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if no then what can you do to provoke an
+antibody response and so what can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody response and so what can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody response and so what can be
+done is say you could take a grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is say you could take a grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is say you could take a grow al
+subunit and attach that to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit and attach that to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit and attach that to something
+immuno genic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno genic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno genic
+so there are carrier proteins that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are carrier proteins that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are carrier proteins that will
+mount an immune response so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount an immune response so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount an immune response so one of the
+subunits of cholera toxin is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits of cholera toxin is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits of cholera toxin is an example
+that can be used and then the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used and then the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used and then the idea is
+you're mounting an immune response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mounting an immune response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mounting an immune response
+against that carrier protein but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that carrier protein but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that carrier protein but you'll
+also get antibodies to whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get antibodies to whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get antibodies to whatever is
+attached so that that's another strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so that that's another strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so that that's another strategy
+for doing it if direct injection doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing it if direct injection doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing it if direct injection doesn't
+work and - not going off on a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and - not going off on a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and - not going off on a big
+tangent but there's some decisions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent but there's some decisions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent but there's some decisions that
+need to be made so would they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be made so would they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be made so would they use the
+full-length grow AO or maybe they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-length grow AO or maybe they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-length grow AO or maybe they would
+just use a polypeptide region like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a polypeptide region like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a polypeptide region like some
+shorter polypeptide that's a portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter polypeptide that's a portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter polypeptide that's a portion of
+grow al so there's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al so there's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al so there's there's a lot of
+possibilities there in terms of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there in terms of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there in terms of what you
+use to generate the antibody for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's something that a lot of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that a lot of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that a lot of companies
+do these days you can send them your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these days you can send them your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these days you can send them your
+protein or your polypeptide fragment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or your polypeptide fragment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or your polypeptide fragment and
+they'll conjugate it to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll conjugate it to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll conjugate it to one of these
+carriers and treat the rabbits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and treat the rabbits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and treat the rabbits or
+whatever animal and then isolate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever animal and then isolate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever animal and then isolate those
+antibodies and then they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and then they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and then they need to be
+characterized there after that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized there after that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized there after that okay so
+how are these samples going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are these samples going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are these samples going to be
+analyzed that's the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the analysis effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the analysis effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the analysis effectively
+we're gonna have some mixture and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have some mixture and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have some mixture and at the
+onset we don't really know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset we don't really know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset we don't really know how
+complicated this mixture will be right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this mixture will be right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this mixture will be right I
+told you initially that about 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you initially that about 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you initially that about 10% of
+e.coli polypeptides are thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli polypeptides are thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli polypeptides are thought to be
+substrates for grow al which is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates for grow al which is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates for grow al which is quite a
+large number if we think about the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number if we think about the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number if we think about the total
+number of proteins in E coli right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of proteins in E coli right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of proteins in E coli right and
+the other point is we have this radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other point is we have this radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other point is we have this radio
+label which we're going to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label which we're going to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label which we're going to use for
+detection there okay so for analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's two things we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's two things we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's two things we need to
+separate these various polypeptides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate these various polypeptides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate these various polypeptides in
+each sample okay and then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sample okay and then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sample okay and then we need to
+determine what their identities are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what their identities are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what their identities are here
+so we're bound to girls from one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we need to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we need to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we need to determine
+identities and once you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and once you know the
+identities we can think about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities we can think about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities we can think about their
+properties okay and this needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay and this needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay and this needs to be
+done at every sample that was collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at every sample that was collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at every sample that was collected
+along this time course right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this time course right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this time course right which is
+also going to give some temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to give some temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to give some temporal
+information so what are the methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so what are the methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so what are the methods that
+have been used so in order to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used so in order to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used so in order to separate
+the proteins in this compact sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins in this compact sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins in this compact sample the
+method is a 2d gel so 2d gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is a 2d gel so 2d gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is a 2d gel so 2d gel
+electrophoresis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and in terms of determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in terms of determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in terms of determining the
+identities what's done once these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities what's done once these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities what's done once these
+polypeptides are separated is to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides are separated is to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides are separated is to do a
+protease digest and then mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease digest and then mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease digest and then mass
+spectrometry has anyone here ever run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry has anyone here ever run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry has anyone here ever run a
+2d gel we're seeing the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one person does that anyone heard of 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person does that anyone heard of 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person does that anyone heard of 2d
+gels very number okay so we'll go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gels very number okay so we'll go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gels very number okay so we'll go over
+this briefly in terms of 2d gel so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this briefly in terms of 2d gel so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this briefly in terms of 2d gel so in
+terms of 2d gel electrophoresis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of 2d gel electrophoresis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of 2d gel electrophoresis we
+talked about running these gels in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about running these gels in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about running these gels in two
+dimensions and in each dimension we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and in each dimension we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and in each dimension we
+separate on a debase Thanh a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate on a debase Thanh a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate on a debase Thanh a different
+property so in the first dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the separation is based on charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and effectively we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and effectively we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and effectively we can talk about
+the P I of a protein so the P I is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P I of a protein so the P I is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P I of a protein so the P I is the
+isoelectric point and it's the pH where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectric point and it's the pH where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectric point and it's the pH where
+the net charge on the protein is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so the type of gel we use here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the type of gel we use here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the type of gel we use here
+is called isoelectric focusing or IEF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and effectively what's done is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and effectively what's done is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and effectively what's done is that
+the gel electrophoresis is done through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel electrophoresis is done through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel electrophoresis is done through
+a continuous and stable pH gradient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous and stable pH gradient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous and stable pH gradient and
+in this gel the protein will migrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gel the protein will migrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gel the protein will migrate to
+a position where the pH corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position where the pH corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position where the pH corresponds to
+the P I so the anode is low pH and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P I so the anode is low pH and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P I so the anode is low pH and the
+cathode high pH so that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode high pH so that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode high pH so that's quite
+different than SDS right we're in an SDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than SDS right we're in an SDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than SDS right we're in an SDS
+page gel for coding the protein with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page gel for coding the protein with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page gel for coding the protein with
+negative charge so then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so then the second
+dimension is something probably most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is something probably most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is something probably most of
+us are familiar with is SDS page okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are familiar with is SDS page okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are familiar with is SDS page okay
+and so what happens and that's the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens and that's the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens and that's the s
+page right we have separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say stunts ice here a molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stunts ice here a molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stunts ice here a molecular weight
+so have anyone not run an sds-page gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have anyone not run an sds-page gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have anyone not run an sds-page gel
+and this is totally fine I've never read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is totally fine I've never read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is totally fine I've never read
+one until I was a postdoc so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one until I was a postdoc so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one until I was a postdoc so it's not
+something to be ashamed about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be ashamed about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be ashamed about if you
+haven't okay so everyone has so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't okay so everyone has so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't okay so everyone has so what's
+the ratio of SDS molecules to amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of SDS molecules to amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of SDS molecules to amino
+acids so if you take your protein sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so if you take your protein sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so if you take your protein sample
+and you put it in your you know loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it in your you know loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it in your you know loading
+buffer and run your SDS page what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and run your SDS page what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and run your SDS page what is the
+ratio of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if FTF and what does it do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if FTF and what does it do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if FTF and what does it do what
+happens to your protein in SDS okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to your protein in SDS okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to your protein in SDS okay what
+else so it's a denature in right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so it's a denature in right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so it's a denature in right so it
+denatures the protein so why does SDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatures the protein so why does SDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatures the protein so why does SDS
+page let you separate based on molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page let you separate based on molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page let you separate based on molecular
+weight more or less more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight more or less more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight more or less more or less
+uniformly it with negative charge yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what's the ratio of binding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what's the ratio of binding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what's the ratio of binding that
+can be done in terms of you know grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in terms of you know grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in terms of you know grams
+of SDS per grams of protein or number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SDS per grams of protein or number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SDS per grams of protein or number of
+SDS molecules per amino acid what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SDS molecules per amino acid what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SDS molecules per amino acid what is it
+all right and they'll be some error but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and they'll be some error but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and they'll be some error but
+but there's approximate right but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's approximate right but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's approximate right but it's
+something to think about right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about right you're
+putting your sample into this so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting your sample into this so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting your sample into this so it's
+about one point four grams of SDS per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one point four grams of SDS per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one point four grams of SDS per
+gram of protein as the ratio there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram of protein as the ratio there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram of protein as the ratio there right
+and I've said the idea is that SDS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've said the idea is that SDS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've said the idea is that SDS is
+giving the protein a large net negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the protein a large net negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the protein a large net negative
+charge right so it's going to override
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge right so it's going to override
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge right so it's going to override
+whatever the intrinsic charges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the intrinsic charges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the intrinsic charges of the
+protein okay and so it gives all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay and so it gives all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay and so it gives all
+proteins a similar mass-to-charge ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins a similar mass-to-charge ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins a similar mass-to-charge ratio
+here with that said sometimes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with that said sometimes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with that said sometimes there are
+proteins that migrate in the gel in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that migrate in the gel in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that migrate in the gel in a
+manner that's not reflective of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner that's not reflective of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner that's not reflective of their
+molecular weight that's just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight that's just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight that's just something
+to keep an eye out on so within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep an eye out on so within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep an eye out on so within the
+slides that will be posted on stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that will be posted on stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that will be posted on stellar
+there'll be some background information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some background information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some background information
+about both of these methods the IEF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both of these methods the IEF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both of these methods the IEF
+gelatin SDS page which i encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelatin SDS page which i encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelatin SDS page which i encourage you
+to take a look there okay so back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look there okay so back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look there okay so back to the
+2d gel how is this actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d gel how is this actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d gel how is this actually going to be
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's one gel first it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's one gel first it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's one gel first it needs to
+run the IEF gel and you need a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the IEF gel and you need a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the IEF gel and you need a special
+apparatus for this it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus for this it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus for this it's called a
+cylinder or tube gel so not flat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder or tube gel so not flat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder or tube gel so not flat like
+what you're all accustomed to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're all accustomed to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're all accustomed to for
+sds-page okay then this gel needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sds-page okay then this gel needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sds-page okay then this gel needs to be
+equilibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the sds-page buffer okay and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sds-page buffer okay and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sds-page buffer okay and then you
+run the SDS page separation and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the SDS page separation and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the SDS page separation and in this
+step just to note that gels rotated 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step just to note that gels rotated 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step just to note that gels rotated 90
+degrees okay so what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you gotta gel where we have molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta gel where we have molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta gel where we have molecular
+weight here we have P I here and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight here we have P I here and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight here we have P I here and if it's
+a cell lysate there's gonna be many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell lysate there's gonna be many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell lysate there's gonna be many many
+spots okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots okay
+it should all be spots unless you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should all be spots unless you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should all be spots unless you did a
+poor job running the gel okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor job running the gel okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor job running the gel okay okay
+so this 2g gel is being used because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this 2g gel is being used because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this 2g gel is being used because
+it's going to provide better separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to provide better separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to provide better separation
+than a standard 1d gel right imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a standard 1d gel right imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a standard 1d gel right imagine
+trying to separate polypeptides out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to separate polypeptides out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to separate polypeptides out of
+some cell lysate using just a 1d gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cell lysate using just a 1d gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cell lysate using just a 1d gel
+even after this immuno precipitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after this immuno precipitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after this immuno precipitation
+will see that these samples are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that these samples are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that these samples are very
+complicated here for that okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here for that okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here for that okay so what
+we need is some way to detect the spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need is some way to detect the spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need is some way to detect the spots
+that indicate different polypeptides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate different polypeptides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate different polypeptides so
+what are methods right maybe Coomassie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are methods right maybe Coomassie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are methods right maybe Coomassie
+stain for total protein we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain for total protein we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain for total protein we can use the
+radio label so autoradiography for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label so autoradiography for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label so autoradiography for
+instance which is what's done here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance which is what's done here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance which is what's done here we're
+looking at the s 35 radio label or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the s 35 radio label or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the s 35 radio label or maybe
+western blot here so how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western blot here so how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western blot here so how are we going to
+get from this gel to knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this gel to knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this gel to knowing that
+identity of each of these spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identifying small excises extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying small excises extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying small excises extract the
+protein from the gel adjust it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein from the gel adjust it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein from the gel adjust it and then
+running us and wind up with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running us and wind up with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running us and wind up with no
+approaching forever yeah exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching forever yeah exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching forever yeah exactly right
+so what will be done is that each spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will be done is that each spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will be done is that each spot
+of interest will be cut out of the gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest will be cut out of the gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest will be cut out of the gel
+so you need a way to mark them you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a way to mark them you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a way to mark them you'll
+see they're numbered on the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're numbered on the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're numbered on the data that
+we'll look at okay the protein needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at okay the protein needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at okay the protein needs to
+be extracted out of the gel okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extracted out of the gel okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extracted out of the gel okay then
+the protein will be incubated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein will be incubated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein will be incubated with a
+protease that will give some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that will give some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that will give some number of
+fragments right trypsin was used in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments right trypsin was used in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments right trypsin was used in this
+work and then that digest can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then that digest can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then that digest can be
+analyzed by mass spec and so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed by mass spec and so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed by mass spec and so for each
+sample you get all of them over Z values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you get all of them over Z values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you get all of them over Z values
+for the different polypeptides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the different polypeptides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the different polypeptides that
+resulted from the digest and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted from the digest and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted from the digest and then
+effectively you can compare that to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you can compare that to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you can compare that to some
+database of E coli protein sequences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of E coli protein sequences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of E coli protein sequences so
+further details are provided throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further details are provided throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further details are provided throughout
+here so what are the major questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what are the major questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what are the major questions and
+what are we going to look for answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to look for answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to look for answers
+for in the data here so first how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the data here so first how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the data here so first how many
+proteins interact with Grohe oh right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact with Grohe oh right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact with Grohe oh right we
+can imagine getting announcer to this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine getting announcer to this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine getting announcer to this by
+counting the number of spots what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of spots what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of spots what are
+the identities and structural features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identities and structural features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identities and structural features
+and properties of the proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and properties of the proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and properties of the proteins that
+interact with grow al right we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with grow al right we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with grow al right we're gonna
+get that from from the mass spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that from from the mass spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that from from the mass spec
+analysis and then literature studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and then literature studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and then literature studies and
+then another question we can get at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another question we can get at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another question we can get at is
+asking how long do proteins interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how long do proteins interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how long do proteins interact
+with grow al right cuz we're callin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with grow al right cuz we're callin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with grow al right cuz we're callin the
+pulse chase samples were taken at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse chase samples were taken at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse chase samples were taken at
+various time points over that 10-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various time points over that 10-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various time points over that 10-minute
+period so at 2 minutes do we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so at 2 minutes do we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so at 2 minutes do we see the
+same polypeptides associated as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polypeptides associated as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polypeptides associated as we see
+at 10 minutes or if we monitor one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 minutes or if we monitor one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 minutes or if we monitor one given
+polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+when does it show up and potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does it show up and potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does it show up and potentially
+disappear from the gels okay so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear from the gels okay so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear from the gels okay so all of
+these samples can be addressed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples can be addressed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples can be addressed with
+these methods and where we'll begin on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods and where we'll begin on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods and where we'll begin on
+Friday is going through the data in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday is going through the data in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday is going through the data in some
+detail but just as a prelude to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but just as a prelude to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but just as a prelude to that in
+the last minute here's the data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute here's the data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute here's the data from the
+paper for these gels okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper for these gels okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper for these gels okay so this is
+looking at the 2d gels four on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the 2d gels four on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the 2d gels four on the top
+total soluble cytoplasmic proteins at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total soluble cytoplasmic proteins at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total soluble cytoplasmic proteins at 0
+minutes and then total cytoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then total cytoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then total cytoplasmic
+proteins at 10 minutes so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins at 10 minutes so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins at 10 minutes so this is
+without the immuno precipitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the immuno precipitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the immuno precipitation and
+then at the bottom here what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the bottom here what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the bottom here what we're
+looking at are the polypeptides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are the polypeptides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are the polypeptides that
+were isolated from the immuno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were isolated from the immuno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were isolated from the immuno
+precipitation with the anti grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation with the anti grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation with the anti grow al
+antibody at 0 minutes and 10 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody at 0 minutes and 10 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody at 0 minutes and 10 minutes and
+so before we meet next time what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we meet next time what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we meet next time what I
+encourage you to do is take a close look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do is take a close look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do is take a close look
+at these gels and see what information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these gels and see what information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these gels and see what information
+can you pull out just from a qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pull out just from a qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pull out just from a qualitative
+look right so simple questions like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right so simple questions like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right so simple questions like we
+see a lot of proteins here and please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of proteins here and please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of proteins here and please
+don't go and try and count all the spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go and try and count all the spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go and try and count all the spots
+I'll give you the numbers next time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you the numbers next time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you the numbers next time but
+you know how did these gels here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did these gels here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did these gels here from
+the immuno precipitation differ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immuno precipitation differ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immuno precipitation differ from
+these up top right and it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up top right and it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up top right and it's not just the
+total number of proteins there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of proteins there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of proteins there's some
+additional subtleties in these data ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional subtleties in these data ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional subtleties in these data ok
+so next time we'll begin examining these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time we'll begin examining these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time we'll begin examining these
+data looking at what polypeptides were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looking at what polypeptides were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looking at what polypeptides were
+pulled down and then we'll move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled down and then we'll move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled down and then we'll move into
+looking at the chaperone DNA que tiene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the chaperone DNA que tiene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the chaperone DNA que tiene
+que je system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HFGkQF5v6TQ.txt b/HFGkQF5v6TQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5705c13f85d27296be88d580231dee251fa9fc81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HFGkQF5v6TQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19296 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu what chapter we rereading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu what chapter we rereading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu what chapter we rereading
+this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is unspecified but either chapter 8 or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unspecified but either chapter 8 or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unspecified but either chapter 8 or n
+people here have started chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so a coule I guess that means it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so a coule I guess that means it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so a coule I guess that means it must
+be near the end of the term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be near the end of the term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be near the end of the term because
+there's only nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chapters well any reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of us were just at this all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us were just at this all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us were just at this all day
+meeting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting of
+the media lab faculty and sponsors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think the last scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the last scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the last scene
+was the last scene was Hugh hair wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last scene was Hugh hair wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last scene was Hugh hair wasn't
+it uh who is a professor who lost his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh who is a professor who lost his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh who is a professor who lost his
+both his legs in an AC mountain climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accident uh some years ago and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident uh some years ago and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident uh some years ago and he's
+specialized in building artificial legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized in building artificial legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized in building artificial legs
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he ended his talk by climbing up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ended his talk by climbing up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ended his talk by climbing up a
+climbing wall that he had conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing wall that he had conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing wall that he had conveniently
+installed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed in
+kresy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kresy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kresy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+disappeared into the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many of you have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have done
+climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing
+technical rock climbing none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical rock climbing none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical rock climbing none of
+you I went did it for a while and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I went did it for a while and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I went did it for a while and then
+one day I found I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day I found I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day I found I wasn't
+scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared
+and quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quit
+forever because if you're not scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever because if you're not scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever because if you're not scared
+there's no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know
+what why do people do it in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place who has a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place who has a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place who has a theory
+of why people do those strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things we haven't planted enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we haven't planted enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we haven't planted enough
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but our audio engineer did it why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our audio engineer did it why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our audio engineer did it why did
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+it what got you into rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+climbing rock had some close friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing rock had some close friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing rock had some close friends
+that do a lot of rock climbing extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do a lot of rock climbing extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do a lot of rock climbing extreme
+sports do they all survive they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports do they all survive they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports do they all survive they all
+survive was all falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive was all falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive was all falling
+but never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never
+hit you were on a rope yeah definely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit you were on a rope yeah definely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit you were on a rope yeah definely on
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+rope they do a lot of I'm a I'm a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope they do a lot of I'm a I'm a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope they do a lot of I'm a I'm a young
+rock climber for like four years and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock climber for like four years and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock climber for like four years and uh
+I've got by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+like for me it was a very strange thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for me it was a very strange thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for me it was a very strange thing
+your your perception of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your perception of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your perception of the world
+changes when you're an active rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when you're an active rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when you're an active rock
+climber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber
+because you see a room in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see a room in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see a room in a
+different I was going to say perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I was going to say perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I was going to say perspective
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+representation but I remember the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but I remember the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but I remember the first
+thing when I came into a room was can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when I came into a room was can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when I came into a room was can I
+get all the way around this room without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the way around this room without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the way around this room without
+touching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the
+floor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and
+uh the answer is I certainly can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer is I certainly can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer is I certainly can get
+that far because there's plenty of room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far because there's plenty of room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far because there's plenty of room
+on the Blackboard and everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Blackboard and everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Blackboard and everything is
+Trivial up to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial up to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial up to there
+but the real technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real technical
+climbers uh see things you can't see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbers uh see things you can't see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbers uh see things you can't see and
+if there's a faint discoloration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a faint discoloration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a faint discoloration of the
+rock then they they know well I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock then they they know well I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock then they they know well I can
+probably get the edge of my shoe into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get the edge of my shoe into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get the edge of my shoe into
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+U so it's an interesting perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so it's an interesting perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so it's an interesting perspective
+because every every room has poses a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every every room has poses a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every every room has poses a new
+problem that normally you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that normally you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that normally you would never
+think of I suppose you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of I suppose you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of I suppose you think of the
+floor as very hot or something but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor as very hot or something but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor as very hot or something but I
+don't remember doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so how many different ways do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how many different ways do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how many different ways do you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to who can think of eight ways to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who can think of eight ways to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who can think of eight ways to think
+of a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how long should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes we talked about a couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we talked about a couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we talked about a couple of weeks
+ago not only what you're thinking of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago not only what you're thinking of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago not only what you're thinking of and
+how you're proceeding room you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're proceeding room you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're proceeding room you're not
+thinking of because when you're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of because when you're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of because when you're on a
+mountain um you should not think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain um you should not think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain um you should not think you
+should not worry about what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not worry about what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not worry about what you will
+have for dinner tomorrow night or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for dinner tomorrow night or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for dinner tomorrow night or you're
+very very focused and um I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very focused and um I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very focused and um I think that
+that's also pleasure of sports or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also pleasure of sports or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also pleasure of sports or any
+activity where you're you have the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity where you're you have the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity where you're you have the time
+um to just focus on luy nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to just focus on luy nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to just focus on luy nothing else
+that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great
+idea special situation where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea special situation where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea special situation where you don't
+have to worry about what to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about what to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about what to think about
+because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+know more or less exactly what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more or less exactly what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more or less exactly what what the
+problem is at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so you're both thinking and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so you're both thinking and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so you're both thinking and not
+thinking and you don't have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and you don't have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and you don't have to think
+about what to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about usually you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about usually you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about usually you have a
+very a very clear gy metric problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very a very clear gy metric problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very a very clear gy metric problem
+of there are five things you could hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there are five things you could hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there are five things you could hold
+on to and each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has that's interesting I wonder how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that's interesting I wonder how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that's interesting I wonder how far
+you is it like chess where you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is it like chess where you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is it like chess where you look
+ahead three steps at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead three steps at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead three steps at
+each and you also have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and you also have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and you also have a general
+plan do football players have plans or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan do football players have plans or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan do football players have plans or
+is it just the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just the next
+play yeah I would argue that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yeah I would argue that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yeah I would argue that we have
+some sort of um physical muscle memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of um physical muscle memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of um physical muscle memory
+type way to think for example when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type way to think for example when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type way to think for example when you
+look at a rock climbing route um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a rock climbing route um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a rock climbing route um at
+least when I do you envision exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I do you envision exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I do you envision exactly how
+you're going to have to feel to Lurch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to feel to Lurch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to feel to Lurch to
+the next post you can feel exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next post you can feel exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next post you can feel exactly what
+your body is going to be tensed how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body is going to be tensed how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body is going to be tensed how it's
+feeling so I would arue that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling so I would arue that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling so I would arue that it's a
+separate a physical way to think as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate a physical way to think as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate a physical way to think as to
+understand what your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what your body
+does that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's
+a yes that's certainly true it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes that's certainly true it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes that's certainly true it's
+interesting how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how many people
+actually think that it is muscle memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that it is muscle memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that it is muscle memory
+but as far as I know muscles don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as far as I know muscles don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as far as I know muscles don't
+remember anything so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything so it's
+uh I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I remember
+somebody talking about some pianist's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody talking about some pianist's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody talking about some pianist's
+hands and as far as I could see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and as far as I could see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and as far as I could see there
+was absolutely nothing unusual about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely nothing unusual about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely nothing unusual about
+this pianist's hands but but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pianist's hands but but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pianist's hands but but uh it's
+part of the humanist tradition to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the humanist tradition to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the humanist tradition to think
+that the body learns and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the body learns and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the body learns and that
+and I wonder if that's a good image it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder if that's a good image it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder if that's a good image it's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because we know that most of that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that most of that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that most of that stuff
+occurs in the cerebellum there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the cerebellum there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the cerebellum there's a
+little bit of learning in the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of learning in the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of learning in the spinal
+cord and I don't know if anybody's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and I don't know if anybody's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and I don't know if anybody's ever
+does anyone know if if you can learn new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know if if you can learn new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know if if you can learn new
+spinal reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a comment if I may the last answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comment if I may the last answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comment if I may the last answer to
+your question is one that's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is one that's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is one that's very much
+involves chemesthetic appreciation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves chemesthetic appreciation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves chemesthetic appreciation of
+the the situation that you're in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the situation that you're in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the situation that you're in that
+brings to mind the Goon phenomenon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings to mind the Goon phenomenon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings to mind the Goon phenomenon is
+his categorization of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his categorization of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his categorization of the three
+different ways that people have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that people have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that people have a a
+primary mode of thinking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary mode of thinking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary mode of thinking about things
+being verbal uh Visual and kinesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being verbal uh Visual and kinesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being verbal uh Visual and kinesthetic
+whose classification this was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that for instance I close to me who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for instance I close to me who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for instance I close to me who
+would if she were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if she were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if she were thinking about
+mountain climbing at all it would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain climbing at all it would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain climbing at all it would be in
+terms of the great stories she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the great stories she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the great stories she would
+have to tell in the future having once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell in the future having once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell in the future having once
+survived as dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chalice yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's you can probably afford some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you can probably afford some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you can probably afford some
+slow high level thoughts about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow high level thoughts about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow high level thoughts about the
+activity but they better not get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but they better not get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but they better not get in the
+way of what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of what you're going
+to where you're going to get your next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+handhold this tradition of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handhold this tradition of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handhold this tradition of thinking
+that that the body has a memory is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the body has a memory is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the body has a memory is is
+very pervasive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it was a serious problem for William
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was a serious problem for William
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was a serious problem for William
+James James who was maybe the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James James who was maybe the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James James who was maybe the first
+great cognitive psychologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great cognitive psychologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great cognitive psychologist
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+U he was convinced that emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U he was convinced that emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U he was convinced that emotion
+emotional thinking if you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional thinking if you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional thinking if you want to call
+it that was primarily concerned with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was primarily concerned with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was primarily concerned with the
+body but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body but
+it's we heard a brief lecture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we heard a brief lecture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we heard a brief lecture this
+morning by someone whose name I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mention discussed various phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention discussed various phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention discussed various phenomena
+about what happens when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when you actually
+lose a limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a limb
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+U some people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U some people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U some people can
+still visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still visualize
+exact somebody who has lost an arm can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact somebody who has lost an arm can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact somebody who has lost an arm can
+still imagine just what how they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still imagine just what how they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still imagine just what how they would
+use that arm to to perform an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that arm to to perform an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that arm to to perform an operation
+of some sort and clearly now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort and clearly now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort and clearly now that's
+happening in the brain and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the brain and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the brain and you could
+call it kinesthetic memory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it kinesthetic memory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it kinesthetic memory but
+uh but actually it's a lot of it is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but actually it's a lot of it is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but actually it's a lot of it is or
+all of it perhaps is being simulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it perhaps is being simulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it perhaps is being simulated by
+simulator that you've built in earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that you've built in earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that you've built in earlier
+years and still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it suppose you need uh you need memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose you need uh you need memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose you need uh you need memories
+away from your hands so that other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from your hands so that other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from your hands so that other parts
+of the body can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body can
+predict uh what kind of actions would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict uh what kind of actions would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict uh what kind of actions would
+lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead
+um so so so if you are find you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so so if you are find you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so so if you are find you know if
+you want to think that your hand is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think that your hand is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think that your hand is not
+going to reach a place then can you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reach a place then can you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reach a place then can you move
+your body even for yes right yes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body even for yes right yes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body even for yes right yes there's
+a remember one of the first things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remember one of the first things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remember one of the first things that
+got me interested in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got me interested in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got me interested in thinking about
+higher level thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was some discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some discussion
+of uh how intelligent are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh how intelligent are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh how intelligent are
+chimpanzees and one Criterion was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimpanzees and one Criterion was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimpanzees and one Criterion was that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chimpanzee uh can imitate an action that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimpanzee uh can imitate an action that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimpanzee uh can imitate an action that
+is if you pick something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you pick something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you pick something
+up a typical chimpanzee if it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a typical chimpanzee if it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a typical chimpanzee if it feels like
+that uh could also do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh could also do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh could also do the same thing
+whereas um my dog never imitates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas um my dog never imitates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas um my dog never imitates
+something I do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but then you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then you run
+into the question of what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the question of what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the question of what does it mean
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+imitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate
+and the Chimpanzee is not imitating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Chimpanzee is not imitating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Chimpanzee is not imitating your
+action it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it seems to
+me in order to do this uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in order to do this uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in order to do this uh because
+suppose I were here if I imitate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I were here if I imitate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I were here if I imitate that
+action I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action I would do
+this if you take imitate mean meaning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you take imitate mean meaning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you take imitate mean meaning to
+reproduce to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce to record
+a representation of that action and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of that action and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of that action and then
+perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+it uh I don't think any chimpanzee would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I don't think any chimpanzee would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I don't think any chimpanzee would
+be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that
+dumb so what the Chimpanzee is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb so what the Chimpanzee is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb so what the Chimpanzee is really
+doing must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing must
+be uh it must have imagined what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh it must have imagined what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh it must have imagined what your
+goal was that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was that is
+it isn't saying he did this it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't saying he did this it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't saying he did this it's saying
+uh he thought he would pick up that VGA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he thought he would pick up that VGA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he thought he would pick up that VGA
+connector although I doubt if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector although I doubt if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector although I doubt if it
+represents it as a VGA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it as a VGA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it as a VGA
+connector so if you look at the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector so if you look at the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector so if you look at the old
+literature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in
+Psychology or even some today you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology or even some today you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology or even some today you don't
+see a clear recognition that actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when people talk about embodiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about embodiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about embodiment and
+imitation and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and learning
+by copying what someone else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by copying what someone else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by copying what someone else is
+doing I I see very little recognition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I I see very little recognition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I I see very little recognition in
+most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of
+psychology that what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that what you're doing is
+guessing or somehow representing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing or somehow representing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing or somehow representing what
+the goal of the action was and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the action was and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the action was and then
+saying uh I'm going to make that a goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying uh I'm going to make that a goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying uh I'm going to make that a goal
+for me and uh then I have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me and uh then I have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me and uh then I have to compute
+what action I have to do to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I've noticed you can get dogs to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I've noticed you can get dogs to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I've noticed you can get dogs to want
+to eat something you can um by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat something you can um by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat something you can um by by
+pretending to eat it yourself even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending to eat it yourself even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending to eat it yourself even if
+it's not an edible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an edible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an edible
+thing like if i' I've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like if i' I've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like if i' I've done this
+experiment where you know that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where you know that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where you know that you'll
+take something that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something that's completely
+inedible and doesn't have any smell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inedible and doesn't have any smell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inedible and doesn't have any smell to
+it and I'll pretend to eat it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'll pretend to eat it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'll pretend to eat it and then
+put it on the ground and then the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the ground and then the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the ground and then the dog
+will try to eat it as well I'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to eat it as well I'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to eat it as well I'll have to
+try that when I get home but I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that when I get home but I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that when I get home but I have a
+feeling that zezy isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smart yes a number of years ago there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart yes a number of years ago there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart yes a number of years ago there
+was an attack on P who claims that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an attack on P who claims that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an attack on P who claims that
+children don't really begin to imitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children don't really begin to imitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children don't really begin to imitate
+till they reach some certain point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till they reach some certain point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till they reach some certain point of
+advanced development the attack was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced development the attack was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced development the attack was
+based upon experiments where a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon experiments where a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon experiments where a little
+infant was uh strapped down in the seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant was uh strapped down in the seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant was uh strapped down in the seat
+and forced to watch people sticking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forced to watch people sticking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forced to watch people sticking out
+their tongues at it now uh this was at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tongues at it now uh this was at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tongues at it now uh this was at a
+very early age and the claim was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early age and the claim was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early age and the claim was that
+P's Notions were all shock down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's Notions were all shock down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's Notions were all shock down because
+of this very simple experiment it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very simple experiment it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very simple experiment it seemed
+to me that what was involved there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that what was involved there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that what was involved there was
+some attempt to I guess maybe comprehend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attempt to I guess maybe comprehend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attempt to I guess maybe comprehend
+by mirroring the activity or replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mirroring the activity or replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mirroring the activity or replicating
+the activity as much as possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity as much as possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity as much as possible that
+the infant saw another person do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infant saw another person do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infant saw another person do it but
+I don't know if that would qualify as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that would qualify as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that would qualify as
+imitation in the higher level sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation in the higher level sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation in the higher level sense that
+think that's very important uh Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's very important uh Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's very important uh Bob
+ller uh has thought about these things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ller uh has thought about these things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ller uh has thought about these things a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+and um I also have seen some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I also have seen some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I also have seen some of these
+objections like uh such as uh P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections like uh such as uh P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections like uh such as uh P
+demonstrates that children don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates that children don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates that children don't have
+don't seem to have a good concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have a good concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have a good concept
+of of three or four until they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of three or four until they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of three or four until they're
+actually uh three years old or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then some people point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some people point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some people point to
+experiments where you can teach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where you can teach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where you can teach a
+younger child to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger child to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger child to distinguish
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+uh a set of two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of two or three
+things and there's a question of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there's a question of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there's a question of whether
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+has this is a valid criticism of P's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is a valid criticism of P's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is a valid criticism of P's
+plan of intellectual development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of intellectual development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of intellectual development
+where he studies a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he studies a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he studies a large number of
+actually he got most of his ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he got most of his ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he got most of his ideas in
+very early years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early years of
+studying uh very carefully his own three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying uh very carefully his own three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying uh very carefully his own three
+young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+children and asking them questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and asking them questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and asking them questions and
+giving them little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them little
+puzzles and uh then later started an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles and uh then later started an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles and uh then later started an
+Institute where uh a lot of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute where uh a lot of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute where uh a lot of his
+conjectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures
+about uh the usual sequence in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the usual sequence in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the usual sequence in which
+children develop New Concept conepts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children develop New Concept conepts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children develop New Concept conepts and
+skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills
+develops a lot of them were confirmed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops a lot of them were confirmed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops a lot of them were confirmed in
+these later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these later
+experiments and then uh other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and then uh other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and then uh other people
+criticized that by uh showing situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized that by uh showing situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized that by uh showing situations
+where apparently uh babies or infants do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where apparently uh babies or infants do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where apparently uh babies or infants do
+some of these things much earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things much earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things much earlier and
+somewhere in uh the emotion machine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in uh the emotion machine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in uh the emotion machine I
+have a discussion of face recognition I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discussion of face recognition I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discussion of face recognition I
+can't remember which chapter it's in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember which chapter it's in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember which chapter it's in but
+uh I read a doctoral thesis by a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I read a doctoral thesis by a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I read a doctoral thesis by a a
+French PhD student Francesca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French PhD student Francesca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French PhD student Francesca
+aera and uh she notices various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aera and uh she notices various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aera and uh she notices various things
+like uh that a infant might uh smile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh that a infant might uh smile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh that a infant might uh smile
+when you smile at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you smile at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you smile at
+it and you could regard that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you could regard that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you could regard that as
+imitation my guess is that and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation my guess is that and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation my guess is that and one of
+her ideas is that the infant is born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her ideas is that the infant is born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her ideas is that the infant is born
+with certain built-in instinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain built-in instinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain built-in instinctive
+reactions which are later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions which are later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions which are later
+replaced by higher level mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by higher level mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by higher level mechanisms
+which in very few cases do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in very few cases do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in very few cases do the same
+thing and so my conjecture is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so my conjecture is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so my conjecture is that uh
+yes if you look at if you take a uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you look at if you take a uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you look at if you take a uh I
+think even a four-month-old infant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even a four-month-old infant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even a four-month-old infant and
+go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like
+that it will open its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will open its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will open its
+mouth I forget whether it's really three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth I forget whether it's really three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth I forget whether it's really three
+or four months or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four months or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four months or
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+and uh what ARA concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what ARA concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what ARA concluded
+U she observed a rather strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U she observed a rather strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U she observed a rather strange
+phenomenon which is that at the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which is that at the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which is that at the age of
+about five months a child uh becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five months a child uh becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five months a child uh becomes
+excited when its mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited when its mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited when its mother
+appears and if you uh disguise another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and if you uh disguise another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and if you uh disguise another
+person as its mother it gets even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as its mother it gets even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as its mother it gets even more
+excited if two copies of its mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited if two copies of its mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited if two copies of its mother
+appear uh whereas at six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear uh whereas at six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear uh whereas at six
+months uh it gets really distressed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months uh it gets really distressed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months uh it gets really distressed if
+two mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mothers
+appear and uh this is part of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and uh this is part of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and uh this is part of her
+General argument that uh a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General argument that uh a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General argument that uh a lot of the
+Machinery of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of early
+perception uh is different from the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception uh is different from the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception uh is different from the ones
+that it's replaced by and so p is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's replaced by and so p is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's replaced by and so p is not
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+I don't recall whether she mentioned P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't recall whether she mentioned P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't recall whether she mentioned P
+at all in the in the thesis but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all in the in the thesis but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all in the in the thesis but the
+point is that there are some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that there are some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that there are some things that
+are built into the baby just so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survive see uh in chapter three I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive see uh in chapter three I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive see uh in chapter three I have
+this long discussion of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment
+and uh it has various theories of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it has various theories of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it has various theories of why
+it's good for a child to be become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for a child to be become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for a child to be become
+attached to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to particular
+people uh so that it can learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh so that it can learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh so that it can learn how to
+decide what to do and what's valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to do and what's valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to do and what's valuable
+and what's not and so forth and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's not and so forth and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's not and so forth and I have a
+little conjecture that if it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little conjecture that if it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little conjecture that if it got
+attached to several people then it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to several people then it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to several people then it might
+become incompetent because it would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become incompetent because it would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become incompetent because it would get
+conflicting advice so it's good to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting advice so it's good to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting advice so it's good to be
+especially attached to to one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially attached to to one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially attached to to one person
+just so that you uh have a good chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you uh have a good chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you uh have a good chance
+of getting a a consistent system whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting a a consistent system whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting a a consistent system whether
+it's in the long run good or bad is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the long run good or bad is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the long run good or bad is is
+less important than whether uh it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important than whether uh it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important than whether uh it gives
+the child a way to progress and survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child a way to progress and survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child a way to progress and survive
+and keep learning rather than getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep learning rather than getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep learning rather than getting
+filled with inconsistencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with inconsistencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with inconsistencies and
+contradictions uh but uh one of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions uh but uh one of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions uh but uh one of her
+observations was that uh yes the uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations was that uh yes the uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations was that uh yes the uh very
+young infant uh does respond selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young infant uh does respond selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young infant uh does respond selectively
+to its mother uh in some cases uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its mother uh in some cases uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its mother uh in some cases uh a
+standard conjecture is that children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard conjecture is that children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard conjecture is that children
+first recognize other people by smell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recognize other people by smell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recognize other people by smell by
+the way and then by sound of voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and then by sound of voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and then by sound of voice and
+only later by Vision but in her thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only later by Vision but in her thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only later by Vision but in her thesis
+she notes that uh by disguising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she notes that uh by disguising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she notes that uh by disguising the
+mother in various ways the main way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother in various ways the main way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother in various ways the main way that
+the very young infant recognizes his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very young infant recognizes his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very young infant recognizes his
+mother is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother is by the
+haird so if you put a net over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haird so if you put a net over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haird so if you put a net over the
+mother's hair the I'm I'm I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's hair the I'm I'm I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's hair the I'm I'm I don't
+remember the ages exactly but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the ages exactly but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the ages exactly but the
+three-month-old baby might not respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-month-old baby might not respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-month-old baby might not respond
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+mother if the infant just sees its face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother if the infant just sees its face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother if the infant just sees its face
+and I suspect that a lot of previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suspect that a lot of previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suspect that a lot of previously
+done experiments didn't control for hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done experiments didn't control for hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done experiments didn't control for hair
+do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and
+uh so that it it there was a widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that it it there was a widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that it it there was a widespread
+belief that very young infants do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that very young infants do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that very young infants do
+recognize the mother now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the mother now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the mother now for the
+the built-in reaction that if you go if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in reaction that if you go if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in reaction that if you go if
+you smile or open your mouth when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you smile or open your mouth when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you smile or open your mouth when you
+smile you show your teeth usually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile you show your teeth usually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile you show your teeth usually your
+mouth is a bit open and uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth is a bit open and uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth is a bit open and uh I've
+certainly noticed that fairly young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly noticed that fairly young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly noticed that fairly young
+babies and I don't again I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies and I don't again I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies and I don't again I don't
+remember the age will appear to imitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the age will appear to imitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the age will appear to imitate
+you but I suspect that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I suspect that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I suspect that this is a very
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+mechanism which is built in for the Dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which is built in for the Dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which is built in for the Dual
+reason that if the mother doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that if the mother doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that if the mother doesn't get
+attached to the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the baby
+then it's bad news for uh for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's bad news for uh for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's bad news for uh for that
+particular subspecies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular subspecies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular subspecies to
+survive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and
+uh uh if the baby doesn't respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if the baby doesn't respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if the baby doesn't respond to the
+mother at all uh what I bet that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother at all uh what I bet that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother at all uh what I bet that the
+mother is not going to like it much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother is not going to like it much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother is not going to like it much but
+it's a great thing if you go and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great thing if you go and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great thing if you go and the
+baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+goes uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh then
+then then you already think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you already think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you already think of this
+idiot as a person and worth inter inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot as a person and worth inter inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot as a person and worth inter inter
+acting with and uh worth giving up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting with and uh worth giving up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting with and uh worth giving up your
+profession and spending the next six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and spending the next six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and spending the next six
+years uh taking care of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh taking care of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh taking care of it
+so this uh question of I don't know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh question of I don't know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh question of I don't know of
+any good experiments that really refute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good experiments that really refute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good experiments that really refute
+anything that P said and I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that P said and I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that P said and I'm not a
+scholar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar of
+this but you did a lot of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you did a lot of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you did a lot of experiments
+yeah well I I think U the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I think U the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I think U the best way to
+think about P's theories I this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about P's theories I this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about P's theories I this is true
+of yours as well I think it's captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yours as well I think it's captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yours as well I think it's captured
+in a comment of our colleague Seymour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a comment of our colleague Seymour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a comment of our colleague Seymour
+Seymour paper about p as he approached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seymour paper about p as he approached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seymour paper about p as he approached
+the end of his career and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of his career and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of his career and a little
+tribute to him he said U if per chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribute to him he said U if per chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribute to him he said U if per chance
+it should be the case that this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the case that this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the case that this theory
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+equilibration of P of that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration of P of that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration of P of that is a
+balancing of changing in the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing of changing in the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing of changing in the organism
+and adapting to the environment if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adapting to the environment if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adapting to the environment if this
+theory of equilibration should prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of equilibration should prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of equilibration should prove
+wrong it would be a tragedy but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it would be a tragedy but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it would be a tragedy but it would
+be replaced by another theory and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be replaced by another theory and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be replaced by another theory and we
+would have to believe that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to believe that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to believe that the new
+Theory would likewise be a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory would likewise be a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory would likewise be a theory of
+equilibration the notion is that PJ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration the notion is that PJ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration the notion is that PJ so
+changed psychology's way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed psychology's way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed psychology's way of looking at
+learning and the nature of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the nature of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the nature of knowledge
+that has changed the whole climate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has changed the whole climate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has changed the whole climate of
+opinion and similarly I think that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion and similarly I think that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion and similarly I think that your
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+on envisioning computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on envisioning computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on envisioning computation
+ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of thinking about
+thinking has and will continue to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking has and will continue to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking has and will continue to change
+the way other people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way other people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way other people think about
+knowledge and think about intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and think about intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and think about intelligence
+so all the theories could be wrong your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the theories could be wrong your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the theories could be wrong your
+theories proven wrong Marvin it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories proven wrong Marvin it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories proven wrong Marvin it's going
+to be replaced by something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be replaced by something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be replaced by something else that's
+going to be like another Society of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like another Society of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like another Society of H
+yeah that's oh we can hope that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's oh we can hope that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's oh we can hope that that
+would be the case and bet it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case and bet it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case and bet it would
+that's nice but still it looks to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice but still it looks to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice but still it looks to me
+like most of what P looked pretty sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of what P looked pretty sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of what P looked pretty sad
+yes that well some of some of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that well some of some of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that well some of some of the stuff
+like the development of formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the development of formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the development of formal
+operational theories uh as a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational theories uh as a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational theories uh as a natural
+consequence of experience in everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of experience in everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of experience in everyday
+life is not is not so well accepted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not is not so well accepted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not is not so well accepted as
+it used to be when he was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be when he was about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be when he was about to
+defend himself but uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend himself but uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend himself but uh in terms of
+experimental work U he's certainly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental work U he's certainly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental work U he's certainly one
+of the most creative and one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most creative and one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most creative and one of the most
+thorough of psychologist in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough of psychologist in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough of psychologist in the last
+century and his ideas are in a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and his ideas are in a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and his ideas are in a great
+longstanding tradition of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longstanding tradition of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longstanding tradition of system
+building and thinking about how systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and thinking about how systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and thinking about how systems
+of things work together in concert to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things work together in concert to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things work together in concert to uh
+develop uh really complicated outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh really complicated outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh really complicated outcomes
+yeah someday we should make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah someday we should make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah someday we should make a
+list because if you try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because if you try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because if you try to learn
+cognitive psychology you don't get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology you don't get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology you don't get much
+history these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history these days
+and if I had a must reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I had a must reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I had a must reading
+list uh it would have uh quite a few few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh it would have uh quite a few few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh it would have uh quite a few few
+chapters of of Aristotle's ethics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of of Aristotle's ethics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of of Aristotle's ethics for
+example because he has little AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because he has little AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because he has little AI
+theories there that uh are so common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories there that uh are so common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories there that uh are so common
+sensical that you don't see them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensical that you don't see them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensical that you don't see them very
+much and you certainly ought to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and you certainly ought to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and you certainly ought to read
+some of William James uh these old guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of William James uh these old guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of William James uh these old guys
+some of whom are practically out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of whom are practically out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of whom are practically out of
+print and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print and
+uh P wrote too many books but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P wrote too many books but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P wrote too many books but uh
+uh probably everyone should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably everyone should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably everyone should
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+uh a couple of Freud's early books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a couple of Freud's early books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a couple of Freud's early books
+they're really quite easy to read he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really quite easy to read he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really quite easy to read he's a
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+writer and I don't know what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer and I don't know what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer and I don't know what what's the
+most compact good early P book the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most compact good early P book the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most compact good early P book the
+child's conception of space well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's conception of space well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's conception of space well that's
+a very good one but there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good one but there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good one but there are a couple
+that have different virtues I mean um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different virtues I mean um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different virtues I mean um I
+want to ask singar about this sing peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask singar about this sing peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask singar about this sing peer
+worked with PJ for 5 years as his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with PJ for 5 years as his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with PJ for 5 years as his
+mathematician and was in some sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and was in some sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and was in some sense a
+kind of AAR and he also became director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of AAR and he also became director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of AAR and he also became director
+of a lot of the experiments yeah but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of the experiments yeah but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of the experiments yeah but uh
+one of the one of the books that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the books that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the books that's sort
+of a classic in its kind is the child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classic in its kind is the child's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classic in its kind is the child's
+conception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of
+number a a good summary that PJ wrote U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a a good summary that PJ wrote U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a a good summary that PJ wrote U
+uh with barbell inheld was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with barbell inheld was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with barbell inheld was called the
+development of the child uh Mimi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the child uh Mimi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the child uh Mimi
+Sinclair's favorite book was just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sinclair's favorite book was just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sinclair's favorite book was just called
+intelligence by P Chef White's favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence by P Chef White's favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence by P Chef White's favorite
+book was the origins of intelligence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was the origins of intelligence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was the origins of intelligence in
+children he said that in his judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children he said that in his judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children he said that in his judgment
+that was where pH got deepest into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was where pH got deepest into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was where pH got deepest into the
+nature of thought and revealed his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of thought and revealed his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of thought and revealed his
+theories of about the Genesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of about the Genesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of about the Genesis of
+intelligence another great book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence another great book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence another great book is
+biology and knowledge which shows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and knowledge which shows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and knowledge which shows some
+of the links in the early days between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the links in the early days between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the links in the early days between
+P's theories and those of War mull so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's theories and those of War mull so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's theories and those of War mull so
+there's a lot of great stuff that PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of great stuff that PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of great stuff that PJ
+wrote wrote too much how many adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote wrote too much how many adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote wrote too much how many adventure
+stories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and
+novels the average educated person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels the average educated person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels the average educated person
+reads but uh people very rarely read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads but uh people very rarely read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads but uh people very rarely read
+textbooks because textbooks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks because textbooks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks because textbooks are
+terrible and they don't have the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and they don't have the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and they don't have the idea of
+reading uh these original sources by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh these original sources by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh these original sources by
+those Heroes and in almost every case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Heroes and in almost every case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Heroes and in almost every case uh
+reading a bit of William James who's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a bit of William James who's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a bit of William James who's a a
+very good writer uh is easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good writer uh is easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good writer uh is easier than
+reading any textbook that might mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading any textbook that might mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading any textbook that might mention
+his theories so it's a sort of paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theories so it's a sort of paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theories so it's a sort of paradox
+it's easier to read these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to read these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to read these
+Classics and usually uh they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classics and usually uh they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classics and usually uh they're much
+better than any summary of them you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any summary of them you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any summary of them you'll
+see because the summary is very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because the summary is very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because the summary is very likely
+to have been written after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been written after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been written after
+another scientific Paradigm has replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another scientific Paradigm has replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another scientific Paradigm has replaced
+the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old
+one and uh in my view is very likely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh in my view is very likely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh in my view is very likely a
+fad that will pass and missed the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad that will pass and missed the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad that will pass and missed the whole
+point of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of what
+these these early people did so mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these early people did so mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these early people did so mention
+one more I think somebody susman susman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more I think somebody susman susman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more I think somebody susman susman
+made me read I haven't read it yet he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me read I haven't read it yet he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me read I haven't read it yet he
+said uh you shouldn't try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh you shouldn't try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh you shouldn't try to understand
+that quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantum
+mechanics uh issue we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh issue we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh issue we were talking about
+until you read dra's first paper on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you read dra's first paper on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you read dra's first paper on it
+and it never occurred to me that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it never occurred to me that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it never occurred to me that one
+could read dra's first paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read dra's first paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read dra's first paper on
+something but uh according to Jerry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but uh according to Jerry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but uh according to Jerry and
+I can't confirm it yet uh it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't confirm it yet uh it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't confirm it yet uh it's easier to
+read uh because he gives all the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh because he gives all the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh because he gives all the reasons
+for why you should do this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why you should do this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why you should do this and that
+rather than just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just uh
+summarizing a particular algebraic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing a particular algebraic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing a particular algebraic model
+without any motivation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any motivation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any motivation so
+uh but I remember telling people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I remember telling people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I remember telling people they
+should read these Classics and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read these Classics and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read these Classics and they say
+well that will take too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that will take too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that will take too
+long and uh well that's why I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and uh well that's why I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and uh well that's why I wanted to
+mention this other favorite little book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this other favorite little book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this other favorite little book
+of P it's a little paperback called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P it's a little paperback called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P it's a little paperback called
+genetic epistemology that was translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic epistemology that was translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic epistemology that was translated
+from the original French into English by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original French into English by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original French into English by
+Elanor Duckworth who's in the Ed School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elanor Duckworth who's in the Ed School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elanor Duckworth who's in the Ed School
+up at Harvard it's very well written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at Harvard it's very well written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at Harvard it's very well written in
+the English form and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English form and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English form and it's very
+accessible It could only take maybe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible It could only take maybe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible It could only take maybe an
+hour an hour and a half have at most to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour an hour and a half have at most to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour an hour and a half have at most to
+read and it gives a lot of history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and it gives a lot of history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and it gives a lot of history and
+explains among other things the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains among other things the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains among other things the impact
+of grot theory on ph's thinking um so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grot theory on ph's thinking um so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grot theory on ph's thinking um so he
+ran he ran into one of the bordy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran he ran into one of the bordy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran he ran into one of the bordy
+mathematicians at a train ride so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians at a train ride so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians at a train ride so that's
+the accident but but another thing PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accident but but another thing PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accident but but another thing PJ
+wrote a book on time and space I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book on time and space I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book on time and space I think
+and that was after going to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was after going to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was after going to visit
+Einstein at The Institute for advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein at The Institute for advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein at The Institute for advanced
+study in Princeton he went to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in Princeton he went to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in Princeton he went to ask
+Einstein what was really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein what was really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein what was really important to
+know about time and space and how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about time and space and how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about time and space and how could
+one communicate that to children and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one communicate that to children and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one communicate that to children and how
+could one explore their knowledge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one explore their knowledge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one explore their knowledge so
+PJ's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ's done
+fascinating well maybe we should collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating well maybe we should collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating well maybe we should collect
+these all it's probably out of copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all it's probably out of copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all it's probably out of copyright
+by now oh it could very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be what's the best paper on psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's the best paper on psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's the best paper on psychology
+to read in the last 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know if you're interested in AI you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're interested in AI you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're interested in AI you
+should read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read
+uh there's four or five papers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's four or five papers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's four or five papers by
+Douglas lennett which are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas lennett which are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas lennett which are very
+thoughtful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful and
+interesting if you try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you try to understand
+psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych
+that's that's uh pretty hard but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's uh pretty hard but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's uh pretty hard but he's
+written various essays on the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written various essays on the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written various essays on the problems
+that he encountered in trying to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he encountered in trying to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he encountered in trying to develop
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project and for artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and for artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and for artificial intelligence
+there that computers and thought book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that computers and thought book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that computers and thought book
+which is quite old but it contains very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite old but it contains very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite old but it contains very
+clear Classics about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Classics about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Classics about a
+dozen collections of ideas some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen collections of ideas some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen collections of ideas some of which
+have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten
+forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+well I'm not sure what are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not sure what are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not sure what are good
+examples maybe I shouldn't say this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples maybe I shouldn't say this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples maybe I shouldn't say this to
+you but I really love your frames paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I really love your frames paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I really love your frames paper
+framework for representing knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for representing knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for representing knowledge
+just because again it reorganized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because again it reorganized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because again it reorganized the
+way I think people thought about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think people thought about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think people thought about some of
+the issues in artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues in artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues in artificial intelligence
+and uh know I I would consider that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh know I I would consider that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh know I I would consider that a
+great psychology paper even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great psychology paper even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great psychology paper even though you
+might be embarrassed to have it go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be embarrassed to have it go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be embarrassed to have it go on
+category uh no I I still like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I was I can't I was looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I was I can't I was looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I was I can't I was looking for the
+sections I cut out of it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections I cut out of it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections I cut out of it which
+were uh right now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh right now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh right now I have
+uh uh a great many scribblings that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a great many scribblings that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a great many scribblings that I
+took out of the emotion machine and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of the emotion machine and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of the emotion machine and I'm
+trying to decide decide which of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide decide which of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide decide which of them
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+worth putting back in it or making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth putting back in it or making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth putting back in it or making
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something one doesn't remember them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one doesn't remember them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one doesn't remember them very
+effectively I was wondering that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively I was wondering that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively I was wondering that humans
+don't of their deliberation too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much I remember being very impressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I remember being very impressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I remember being very impressed by
+uh the first newal and Simon paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first newal and Simon paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first newal and Simon paper on
+the general Problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Problem
+Solver because I had written a big paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solver because I had written a big paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solver because I had written a big paper
+that did that sort of thing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that sort of thing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that sort of thing in a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+way and I couldn't believe that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I couldn't believe that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I couldn't believe that I had
+not gotten this idea which was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gotten this idea which was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gotten this idea which was about
+three times simpler than the one I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times simpler than the one I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times simpler than the one I had
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so I always read everything else they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I always read everything else they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I always read everything else they
+read hoping that I would find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read hoping that I would find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read hoping that I would find something
+else equally important that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+missed after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed after that
+they what happened is they made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what happened is they made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what happened is they made some
+very beautiful ideas about highlevel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful ideas about highlevel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful ideas about highlevel
+artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial
+intelligence and then suddenly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and then suddenly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and then suddenly they
+decided to prove that that's how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to prove that that's how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to prove that that's how people
+worked uh and and unfortunately this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked uh and and unfortunately this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked uh and and unfortunately this
+happened about the time when rule-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened about the time when rule-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened about the time when rule-based
+systems be were becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems be were becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems be were becoming
+popular and rule-based systems are a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and rule-based systems are a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and rule-based systems are a way
+of representing skills in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representing skills in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representing skills in a
+non-reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reflective
+way so commercially they're tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so commercially they're tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so commercially they're tremendously
+powerful lots of people have uh made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful lots of people have uh made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful lots of people have uh made you
+know if the situation is this do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the situation is this do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the situation is this do that if
+it's this do that and for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this do that and for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this do that and for many
+applications it's much better that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it's much better that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it's much better that any
+other kind of programming because in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of programming because in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of programming because in a
+program what happens depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what happens depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what happens depends on the
+order in which you do the things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which you do the things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which you do the things in
+rule-based systems you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-based systems you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-based systems you're sort of
+starting over not completely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over not completely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over not completely because
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+context and so then they suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and so then they suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and so then they suddenly
+decided let's see to what extent we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided let's see to what extent we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided let's see to what extent we can
+explain human psychology as collections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain human psychology as collections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain human psychology as collections
+of rule based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rule based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rule based
+systems and in my view they stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and in my view they stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and in my view they stopped
+producing new ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing new ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing new ideas
+once they tried to prove that that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they tried to prove that that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they tried to prove that that idea
+was the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the right
+one well if you were making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well if you were making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well if you were making a
+recommendation would you pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation would you pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation would you pick the
+Sciences of the artificial as in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences of the artificial as in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences of the artificial as in a way
+the high point of their work as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high point of their work as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high point of their work as opposed
+to human problem solving yes in fact two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to human problem solving yes in fact two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to human problem solving yes in fact two
+little books own virt uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little books own virt uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little books own virt uh there's a
+little book by Herbert Simon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little book by Herbert Simon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little book by Herbert Simon which is
+just about a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about a 100
+Pages 100 small pages on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages 100 small pages on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages 100 small pages on
+economics and it's spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and it's spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and it's spectacular
+it's a little bit about AI is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit about AI is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit about AI is it the
+same one I I don't think so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one I I don't think so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one I I don't think so I don't
+think so no which is the one about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so no which is the one about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so no which is the one about the
+ant crawling on the beach that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant crawling on the beach that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant crawling on the beach that's the
+sence okay that's a little book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sence okay that's a little book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sence okay that's a little book and
+that's a that little book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that little book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that little book
+is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably
+the maybe the best introduction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe the best introduction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe the best introduction to the
+question of heris search and and uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of heris search and and uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of heris search and and uh how
+you could make something solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make something solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make something solve problems
+it's very beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very beautifully
+done uh I just think he has another book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh I just think he has another book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh I just think he has another book
+whose name I forget which is about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose name I forget which is about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose name I forget which is about 100
+pages and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and small
+pages and it's a book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and it's a book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and it's a book on
+economics and it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and it starts
+out it says there are these people in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it says there are these people in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it says there are these people in a
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh there's only one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's only one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's only one thing that's
+manufactured and they're called bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured and they're called bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured and they're called bread
+bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh you can either eat a bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brick and uh survive so you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick and uh survive so you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick and uh survive so you need a
+certain number of bread bricks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of bread bricks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of bread bricks to
+consume uh and you can save bread bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume uh and you can save bread bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume uh and you can save bread bricks
+if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a
+surplus and the third option is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus and the third option is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus and the third option is you can
+build a bread brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a bread brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a bread brick
+Factory so if you get enough bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory so if you get enough bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory so if you get enough bread
+bricks you can build a bread brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks you can build a bread brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks you can build a bread brick
+Factory and it will make a bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory and it will make a bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory and it will make a bread
+brick every day day or every hour or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick every day day or every hour or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick every day day or every hour or
+something and that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and that's the whole
+world and then he points out that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and then he points out that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and then he points out that well
+suppose there's a bunch of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a bunch of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a bunch of people and
+they each have a few bread bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each have a few bread bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each have a few bread bricks and
+they're just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sitting
+there well you could loan them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well you could loan them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well you could loan them to
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+else um like you have 10 bread bricks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um like you have 10 bread bricks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um like you have 10 bread bricks uh
+you could loan them to someone else for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could loan them to someone else for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could loan them to someone else for
+uh for a fee of one bread brick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a fee of one bread brick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a fee of one bread brick a
+day and if it takes 50 bread bricks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and if it takes 50 bread bricks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and if it takes 50 bread bricks to
+make a bread brick Factory then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bread brick Factory then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bread brick Factory then if
+somebody can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can talk
+uh 10 people into giving him or say 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 people into giving him or say 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 people into giving him or say 20
+into giving him uh five bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into giving him uh five bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into giving him uh five bread
+bricks U or 10 then he can build a bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks U or 10 then he can build a bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks U or 10 then he can build a bread
+brick Factory and he can also pay them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick Factory and he can also pay them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick Factory and he can also pay them a
+bread brick a month to pay his debt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread brick a month to pay his debt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread brick a month to pay his debt and
+he can start manufacturing it and if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can start manufacturing it and if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can start manufacturing it and if he
+plays his cards right he can get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays his cards right he can get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays his cards right he can get very
+rich if he can talk the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich if he can talk the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich if he can talk the others
+you see where I'm getting there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see where I'm getting there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see where I'm getting there's
+nothing else in this model but then he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else in this model but then he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else in this model but then he's
+able to deduce all of it or almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to deduce all of it or almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to deduce all of it or almost all
+of Economics from this trivial thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Economics from this trivial thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Economics from this trivial thing and
+the great thing about this world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing about this world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing about this world uh
+where there's only one object is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's only one object is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's only one object is that
+you can write equations for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write equations for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write equations for what the
+interest rate ought to be and blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate ought to be and blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate ought to be and blah blah
+blah and uh that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah and uh that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah and uh that's a little
+Masterpiece uh on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masterpiece uh on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masterpiece uh on the other hand you
+could read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read
+Samuelson which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuelson which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuelson which is
+cost $100 and there 400 pages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost $100 and there 400 pages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost $100 and there 400 pages and
+they're big pages and try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're big pages and try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're big pages and try to learn
+economics and well Simon did get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and well Simon did get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and well Simon did get the
+Nobel Prize for his work in economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for his work in economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for his work in economics
+yes he got Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he got Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he got Nobel Prize
+for and it was an AI idea that namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and it was an AI idea that namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and it was an AI idea that namely
+you shouldn't try to optimize you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't try to optimize you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't try to optimize you should
+just uh do enough to get by and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh do enough to get by and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh do enough to get by and then do
+something else with the rest of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else with the rest of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else with the rest of your
+resources I I'm not sure what the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources I I'm not sure what the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources I I'm not sure what the idea
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+but in his autobiography he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in his autobiography he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in his autobiography he also
+mentions how he got the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions how he got the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions how he got the Nobel
+Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize
+and he decided he wanted the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he decided he wanted the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he decided he wanted the Nobel Prize
+and so the first thing he did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first thing he did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first thing he did was to
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Swedish and so he learned Swedish and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish and so he learned Swedish and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish and so he learned Swedish and he
+went to Sweden and became friends with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Sweden and became friends with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Sweden and became friends with
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+academicians and he was a shoe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academicians and he was a shoe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academicians and he was a shoe in
+I've bet n of the other economists new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Swedish I once ran into him and asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish I once ran into him and asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish I once ran into him and asked
+him what he was up to and he says oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him what he was up to and he says oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him what he was up to and he says oh I'm
+organizing a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing a conference
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the admission requirement is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admission requirement is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admission requirement is you have to
+be dean of a Graduate School of Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Administration and I said why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and I said why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and I said why are you
+doing that and he said I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and he said I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and he said I thought it
+would be fun I always wanted to Lord it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fun I always wanted to Lord it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fun I always wanted to Lord it
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+those deans of graduate schools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those deans of graduate schools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those deans of graduate schools of
+business administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I
+once asked we were walking somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once asked we were walking somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once asked we were walking somewhere and
+I asked I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked I
+said isn't it terrible how nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said isn't it terrible how nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said isn't it terrible how nobody's
+paying attention to all these great new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to all these great new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to all these great new
+ideas and artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intelligence and he said no it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and he said no it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and he said no it's great
+we have it all to ourselves let's hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have it all to ourselves let's hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have it all to ourselves let's hope
+they don't catch on for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't catch on for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't catch on for a long time and
+I was sort of shocked but after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sort of shocked but after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sort of shocked but after a while
+I realized he was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized he was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized he was right
+it was fun having it all to ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fun having it all to ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fun having it all to ourselves
+for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so if you have something good don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if you have something good don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if you have something good don't
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone well that's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone well that's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone well that's a long
+digression what about writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+writing you talk about reading I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing you talk about reading I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing you talk about reading I'm
+saying what about writing oh oh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what about writing oh oh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what about writing oh oh I don't
+know I was thinking of going to writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was thinking of going to writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was thinking of going to writer
+school to learn how to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster people usually go to write better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster people usually go to write better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster people usually go to write better
+don't they I mean so why are you focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they I mean so why are you focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they I mean so why are you focused
+on writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on writing
+faster I asked Gregory Benford and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster I asked Gregory Benford and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster I asked Gregory Benford and he
+said I asked several writers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I asked several writers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I asked several writers and they
+said all you have to know is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all you have to know is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all you have to know is that every
+day you have to write a thousand words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you have to write a thousand words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you have to write a thousand words
+and it doesn't matter how good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't matter how good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't matter how good or bad
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+so it's generated trash I once asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's generated trash I once asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's generated trash I once asked
+asked him off and he said I said how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him off and he said I said how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him off and he said I said how do
+you write so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write so
+much he said I just sit at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much he said I just sit at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much he said I just sit at the
+typewriter all the time and keep typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter all the time and keep typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter all the time and keep typing
+so I never got any good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+advice did he ever read his books he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice did he ever read his books he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice did he ever read his books he
+generated so many he couldn't he said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so many he couldn't he said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so many he couldn't he said he
+stopped he stopped making second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped he stopped making second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped he stopped making second
+drafts around 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts around 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts around 19
+late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+1970s okay published like 400 over 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s okay published like 400 over 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s okay published like 400 over 400
+books well half of them were anthologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books well half of them were anthologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books well half of them were anthologies
+and so when he he counts the books he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when he he counts the books he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when he he counts the books he
+edited and editing means he chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited and editing means he chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited and editing means he chose the
+stories so he grossly exaggerated he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories so he grossly exaggerated he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories so he grossly exaggerated he
+only wrote 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+books well a lot of P's works are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books well a lot of P's works are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books well a lot of P's works are also
+anthologies of researchers conducted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthologies of researchers conducted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthologies of researchers conducted by
+research is conducted by his students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is conducted by his students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is conducted by his students
+and staff so his name goes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and staff so his name goes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and staff so his name goes on the
+collection and because he was the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and because he was the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and because he was the great
+HBA of the school of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HBA of the school of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HBA of the school of genetic
+epistemology and he provided funding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology and he provided funding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology and he provided funding for
+everybody he also had his name on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody he also had his name on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody he also had his name on just
+about all of the individual articles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the individual articles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the individual articles but
+a lot of that was worked by other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that was worked by other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that was worked by other people
+as well this was work from The Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this was work from The Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this was work from The Institute
+of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genetic
+epistemology but his own work was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology but his own work was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology but his own work was in
+some some St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes I once there was a Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes I once there was a Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes I once there was a Professor
+William SED at Mass General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William SED at Mass General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William SED at Mass General
+Hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital
+uh neurosurgeon I think he was and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neurosurgeon I think he was and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neurosurgeon I think he was and he
+had published about a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had published about a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had published about a thousand
+papers but they were if you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but they were if you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but they were if you looked at
+the papers they were all by him and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers they were all by him and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers they were all by him and a
+bunch of residents or other surgeons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of residents or other surgeons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of residents or other surgeons on
+the staff so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff so I
+mentioned that to one of the residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that to one of the residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that to one of the residents
+and said how come his name is on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said how come his name is on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said how come his name is on that
+all all those papers and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all those papers and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all those papers and they said
+that's actually a tradition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a tradition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a tradition in
+medicine and uh there's no way around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and uh there's no way around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and uh there's no way around it
+because a uh medical laboratory can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a uh medical laboratory can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a uh medical laboratory can't
+get funds unless it has a hero a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get funds unless it has a hero a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get funds unless it has a hero a big
+name and all the residents agreed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and all the residents agreed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and all the residents agreed that
+uh just to keep the the thing going they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to keep the the thing going they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to keep the the thing going they
+have to make it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make it look
+like and I'm sure sweet was a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and I'm sure sweet was a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and I'm sure sweet was a a good
+researcher but I couldn't find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher but I couldn't find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher but I couldn't find any
+papers only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers only by
+him and basically every time there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and basically every time there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and basically every time there's an
+interesting case uh they write it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case uh they write it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case uh they write it up and
+publish it somewhere and uh even that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it somewhere and uh even that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it somewhere and uh even that's
+legitimate because Mass General is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate because Mass General is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate because Mass General is
+the or was then maybe still is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or was then maybe still is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or was then maybe still is the
+Neurosurgical place of Last Resort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neurosurgical place of Last Resort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neurosurgical place of Last Resort
+that's place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's place in the
+US and every case that gets referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and every case that gets referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and every case that gets referred to
+them is very likely to be I'm I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is very likely to be I'm I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is very likely to be I'm I'm sure
+they don't publish every case but but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't publish every case but but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't publish every case but but uh
+each of these published points probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these published points probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these published points probably
+has some worthwhile important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some worthwhile important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some worthwhile important
+observation about a particular peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation about a particular peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation about a particular peculiar
+condition that that other people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that that other people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that that other people didn't
+know how to handle so so we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to handle so so we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to handle so so we have that
+kind of so in some fields in biology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of so in some fields in biology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of so in some fields in biology you
+have this kind of inst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of inst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of inst
+tionalized putting the head professor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tionalized putting the head professor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tionalized putting the head professor's
+name on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on all the
+papers and the researchers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and the researchers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and the researchers don't
+complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain
+much um I never co-author the paper at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um I never co-author the paper at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um I never co-author the paper at
+all except with paper and uh McCarthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except with paper and uh McCarthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except with paper and uh McCarthy
+and a couple of people where we each did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of people where we each did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of people where we each did
+a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the
+work and my policy was never to put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and my policy was never to put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and my policy was never to put my
+name on the students paper and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on the students paper and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on the students paper and I didn't
+break that rule until a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that rule until a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that rule until a few years ago
+when some uh Japanese student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some uh Japanese student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some uh Japanese student
+said if I don't put my name then no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if I don't put my name then no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if I don't put my name then no one
+will believe it was worthwhile because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will believe it was worthwhile because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will believe it was worthwhile because I
+was in your laboratory because in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in your laboratory because in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in your laboratory because in all
+Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese
+Laboratories if the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories if the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories if the head of the
+department isn't on the paper it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department isn't on the paper it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department isn't on the paper it means
+that uh it wasn't approved of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was annoying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was annoying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was annoying because
+uh this was I forgot his name this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was I forgot his name this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was I forgot his name this was a
+toiba research fellow not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toiba research fellow not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toiba research fellow not really a
+student and he wrote a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and he wrote a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and he wrote a program that
+uh actually figured out what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually figured out what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually figured out what was going
+on in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in some
+cartoons which is a sort of tour to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons which is a sort of tour to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons which is a sort of tour to
+force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of
+uh some kind of sort of half symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some kind of sort of half symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some kind of sort of half symbolic
+Vision programming he did a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision programming he did a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision programming he did a very nice
+job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and
+uh my recollection was I didn't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my recollection was I didn't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my recollection was I didn't believe
+he could do it and tried to talk him out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could do it and tried to talk him out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could do it and tried to talk him out
+of it I certainly didn't deserve to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I certainly didn't deserve to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I certainly didn't deserve to have
+my name on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper so in some Fields uh the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so in some Fields uh the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so in some Fields uh the students
+write the papers and others it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the papers and others it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the papers and others it's just
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+because of having that history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well this is back to the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well this is back to the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well this is back to the subject of
+the book but in chapter n um you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book but in chapter n um you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book but in chapter n um you deal
+with the the subject of what is pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the subject of what is pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the subject of what is pleasure
+and why do we like it which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do we like it which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do we like it which I think is
+very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting
+because I I don't know anywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I don't know anywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I don't know anywhere else
+that that that topic is really addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that topic is really addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that topic is really addressed
+um other than the other than treating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than the other than treating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than the other than treating it
+as some sort of phenomenon yes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some sort of phenomenon yes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some sort of phenomenon yes there's a
+point I forget whether I mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I forget whether I mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I forget whether I mentioned it
+there I once wrote an essay that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I once wrote an essay that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I once wrote an essay that I
+uh never did publish but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh never did publish but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh never did publish but the idea is
+that uh suppose you do something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh suppose you do something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh suppose you do something and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+successful and uh you get a reward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and uh you get a reward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and uh you get a reward or
+you reward yourself and you feel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reward yourself and you feel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reward yourself and you feel very
+good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about
+this uh I had this funny conjecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I had this funny conjecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I had this funny conjecture that
+the function of pleasure is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of pleasure is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of pleasure is that there's
+a complicated process of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated process of credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated process of credit
+assignment in other words I've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in other words I've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in other words I've had a
+success what should I learn from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success what should I learn from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success what should I learn from it and
+what you have to do is remember very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is remember very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is remember very
+clearly the various things you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the various things you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the various things you did
+including the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the wrong
+ones and you have to uh decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and you have to uh decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and you have to uh decide which
+were the right ones and uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the right ones and uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the right ones and uh you have to
+learn not to do the wrong ones as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn not to do the wrong ones as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn not to do the wrong ones as well
+as I mean the standard theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mean the standard theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mean the standard theory in
+Psychology was that when an animal does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology was that when an animal does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology was that when an animal does
+something it just rewards the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it just rewards the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it just rewards the last thing
+it did it's called recency and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did it's called recency and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did it's called recency and in
+behaviorism that was there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorism that was there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorism that was there was no
+sophistic ated concept of learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistic ated concept of learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistic ated concept of learning at
+all except this recency thing so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except this recency thing so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except this recency thing so my
+conjecture was uh suppose you've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture was uh suppose you've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture was uh suppose you've solved
+this problem and there are there various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and there are there various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and there are there various
+things that happened uh hidden in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened uh hidden in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened uh hidden in your
+various short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various short-term
+memories then in order to do good credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories then in order to do good credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories then in order to do good credit
+assignment you must be sure that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you must be sure that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you must be sure that these
+memories aren't interfered you mustn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories aren't interfered you mustn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories aren't interfered you mustn't
+think of anything else so the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of anything else so the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of anything else so the function
+of pleasure is to turn off almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pleasure is to turn off almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pleasure is to turn off almost all
+your mental processes completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental processes completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental processes completely
+negative so that the noise level in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that the noise level in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that the noise level in your
+head is very low and this rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is very low and this rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is very low and this rather
+delicate data that's still in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate data that's still in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate data that's still in various
+caches and short-term memory don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and short-term memory don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and short-term memory don't get
+erased because if you start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased because if you start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased because if you start to think
+about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything
+else so maybe the function of pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so maybe the function of pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so maybe the function of pleasure
+is uh let's get in a state where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's get in a state where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's get in a state where all
+your goals are turned off so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goals are turned off so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goals are turned off so you don't
+try to solve any other problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve any other problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve any other problems and
+nothing much is happening except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much is happening except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much is happening except for
+this perhaps very intense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perhaps very intense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perhaps very intense and
+unconscious process of uh replaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious process of uh replaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious process of uh replaying
+these things because maybe you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things because maybe you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things because maybe you remember
+what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was
+nice and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and and
+uh so that's a very sensible theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a very sensible theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a very sensible theory of
+pleasure and I've never heard anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure and I've never heard anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure and I've never heard anything
+like it because most people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it because most people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it because most people think
+pleasure means feeling good and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure means feeling good and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure means feeling good and that's
+primitive and Elemental and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive and Elemental and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive and Elemental and you know
+like earth air fire and water and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like earth air fire and water and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like earth air fire and water and they
+don't have the idea that if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the idea that if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the idea that if something
+seems Elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems Elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems Elemental
+then that's your chance to make a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's your chance to make a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's your chance to make a really
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory it also works well with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it also works well with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it also works well with your
+theory of of pain which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of of pain which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of of pain which is essentially
+the idea that there's a goal that keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that there's a goal that keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that there's a goal that keeps
+resurfacing right soting your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfacing right soting your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfacing right soting your other
+goals right and the other parts of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals right and the other parts of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals right and the other parts of your
+mind uh get really annoyed that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh get really annoyed that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh get really annoyed that they
+can't get anything done and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get anything done and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get anything done and that's my
+theory of what suffering is but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what suffering is but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what suffering is but if the
+pain stays there then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain stays there then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain stays there then uh
+that's a serious bug but it's worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a serious bug but it's worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a serious bug but it's worth it
+because uh if you ignore damage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh if you ignore damage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh if you ignore damage to
+tissues you'll probably uh get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues you'll probably uh get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues you'll probably uh get an
+infection or die or something and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection or die or something and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection or die or something and you
+won't be able to solve those problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to solve those problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to solve those problems
+anyway so it's very rational to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's very rational to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's very rational to be uh
+disrupted by pain but I've never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted by pain but I've never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted by pain but I've never seen
+anybody recognize or even suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody recognize or even suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody recognize or even suggest that
+except they complain why uh that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they complain why uh that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they complain why uh that it's
+bad to get addicted to a drug which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to get addicted to a drug which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to get addicted to a drug which just
+makes you feel good without learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel good without learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel good without learning
+anything and uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and uh that's
+right you don't want to disrupt all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't want to disrupt all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't want to disrupt all the
+other activities unless there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities unless there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities unless there's an
+important one that you're allowing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proceed has anybody ever seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed has anybody ever seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed has anybody ever seen a
+discussion of why people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of why people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of why people like
+pleasure I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure I I just
+don't remember any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember any
+why do people like watching war movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do people like watching war movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do people like watching war movies
+boy uh that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why did you write it I'm sorry why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why did you write it I'm sorry why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why did you write it I'm sorry why
+do I like why don't you write one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I like why don't you write one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I like why don't you write one I
+think I haven't seen anything there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I haven't seen anything there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I haven't seen anything there's
+The Superficial one which is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Superficial one which is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Superficial one which is it's
+getting aggression out of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting aggression out of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting aggression out of your system
+and there's no reason to believe that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reason to believe that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reason to believe that I
+enjoy I would enjoy watching like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy I would enjoy watching like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy I would enjoy watching like four
+movies it's nice watching the bad people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it's nice watching the bad people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it's nice watching the bad people
+get killed it it appeals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed it it appeals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed it it appeals to
+your Protestant ethic for for me for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Protestant ethic for for me for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Protestant ethic for for me for me
+it's it's just entertainment it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just entertainment it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just entertainment it's it's
+like need things are happening that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like need things are happening that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like need things are happening that's
+all you know things that you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know things that you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know things that you don't see
+well I think detective sometimes we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think detective sometimes we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think detective sometimes we like
+detective stories because we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective stories because we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective stories because we actually
+learn a new trick but I always read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a new trick but I always read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a new trick but I always read the
+last chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first that these detective story writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that these detective story writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that these detective story writers
+are good and they do think of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good and they do think of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good and they do think of a new
+trick and you find out in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and you find out in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and you find out in the last
+chapter I don't see the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter I don't see the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter I don't see the point of the
+rest it really R about wasting time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest it really R about wasting time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest it really R about wasting time what
+I said you're worried about wasting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you're worried about wasting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you're worried about wasting your
+time yes pleasure is is less important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes pleasure is is less important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes pleasure is is less important
+than wasting your time right no and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than wasting your time right no and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than wasting your time right no and I
+don't think you're wasting your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you're wasting your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you're wasting your time
+watching a detective story or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a detective story or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a detective story or if you
+just read the end because you'll learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read the end because you'll learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read the end because you'll learn a
+new way to kill people which might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way to kill people which might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way to kill people which might come
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+handy I I really don't know why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy I I really don't know why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy I I really don't know why they
+watch sports games and I have have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch sports games and I have have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch sports games and I have have to
+admit that if I turn one on and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that if I turn one on and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that if I turn one on and it's
+really exciting it's hard to turn it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting it's hard to turn it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting it's hard to turn it off
+because I guess you identify with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guess you identify with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guess you identify with this
+poor quarterback and would you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor quarterback and would you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor quarterback and would you be
+interested in would people be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in would people be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in would people be interested
+in watching sports if if there are no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in watching sports if if there are no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in watching sports if if there are no no
+audience on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience on the
+TV so only if you can only see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV so only if you can only see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV so only if you can only see the
+players play I keep annoying people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players play I keep annoying people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players play I keep annoying people with
+with another alternative you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another alternative you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another alternative you know uh
+there are people who like to see Hamlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who like to see Hamlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who like to see Hamlet
+performed over and over again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed over and over again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed over and over again by
+different actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors
+so that's an why do why would you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an why do why would you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an why do why would you ever
+want to see the same Opera twice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the same Opera twice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the same Opera twice because
+most people don't want to see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't want to see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't want to see the same
+Opera once so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera once so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera once so it's a
+subpopulation well but I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpopulation well but I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpopulation well but I was wondering
+if Suppose there was a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Suppose there was a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Suppose there was a really good
+baseball game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball game
+like wasn't the last game of the Red Sox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wasn't the last game of the Red Sox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wasn't the last game of the Red Sox
+when they won that World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they won that World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they won that World
+Series last year or a couple years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series last year or a couple years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series last year or a couple years ago
+now two years ago whatever it was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two years ago whatever it was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two years ago whatever it was it's
+considered quite a great game so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered quite a great game so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered quite a great game so what
+they should do is they should get other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should do is they should get other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should do is they should get other
+teams to perform that game just as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams to perform that game just as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams to perform that game just as you
+get you get other actors to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get other actors to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get other actors to perform
+Hamlet and eventually there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet and eventually there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet and eventually there will be a
+really good performance of that game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good performance of that game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good performance of that game
+even better than the actual one and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than the actual one and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than the actual one and U
+and the critics will write these reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the critics will write these reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the critics will write these reviews
+of why this game was so much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why this game was so much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why this game was so much better than
+that although all the plays are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although all the plays are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although all the plays are the same
+and when you think about it it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you think about it it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you think about it it would
+take much more skill to play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much more skill to play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much more skill to play the same
+game again than the the first one cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again than the the first one cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again than the the first one cuz
+you'd have to hit the ball into exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to hit the ball into exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to hit the ball into exactly
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+place so this hasn't happened in sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so this hasn't happened in sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so this hasn't happened in sports
+has it where there's a classic game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it where there's a classic game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it where there's a classic game and
+people keep trying to make it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people keep trying to make it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people keep trying to make it slightly
+better by hiring really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by hiring really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by hiring really good
+actors Robert Williams and I mean Robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors Robert Williams and I mean Robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors Robert Williams and I mean Robin
+Williams and uh Richard dryfus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams and uh Richard dryfus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams and uh Richard dryfus as
+pitcher and catcher and get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher and catcher and get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher and catcher and get all the
+really high powered actors on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke
+uh I think we need some good theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we need some good theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we need some good theories
+about why people like particular kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why people like particular kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why people like particular kinds
+of entertainments it's really probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertainments it's really probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertainments it's really probably
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+important would be a good media La paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important would be a good media La paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important would be a good media La paper
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose yes I think if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most I saw a there's a reference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I saw a there's a reference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I saw a there's a reference in the
+motion machine to a New Zealand study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion machine to a New Zealand study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion machine to a New Zealand study of
+how people spend their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people spend their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people spend their
+time and uh it's still on the web uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh it's still on the web uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh it's still on the web uh
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+uh some government Bureau in New Zealand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some government Bureau in New Zealand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some government Bureau in New Zealand
+funded uh some uh researchers to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded uh some uh researchers to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded uh some uh researchers to find
+out how much time people spent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much time people spent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much time people spent on
+various things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things and
+uh what you we should do is take the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you we should do is take the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you we should do is take the 10
+what are the most what are the 10 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the most what are the 10 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the most what are the 10 things
+you spend most time on and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend most time on and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend most time on and obviously
+eating and sleeping and watching TV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and sleeping and watching TV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and sleeping and watching TV and
+driving and uh some of this work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and uh some of this work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and uh some of this work has
+been done in the United States by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done in the United States by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done in the United States by some
+people who are called ecological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are called ecological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are called ecological
+psychologists okay the outstanding names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists okay the outstanding names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists okay the outstanding names
+are Barker and wri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Barker and wri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Barker and wri
+they wrote a book called one boy's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote a book called one boy's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote a book called one boy's day
+where they followed a little boy around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they followed a little boy around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they followed a little boy around
+a team of six flying data transcribers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team of six flying data transcribers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team of six flying data transcribers
+followed the kid around and wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the kid around and wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the kid around and wrote down
+everything he did in Exquisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything he did in Exquisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything he did in Exquisite
+detail and uh this was situated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and uh this was situated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and uh this was situated in a
+Midwestern town which I believe was Muny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwestern town which I believe was Muny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwestern town which I believe was Muny
+Indiana so it was basically all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana so it was basically all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana so it was basically all very
+wholesome stuff okay so the then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesome stuff okay so the then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesome stuff okay so the then the
+next thing is let's find out what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing is let's find out what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing is let's find out what are
+the 10 best activities and then award a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 best activities and then award a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 best activities and then award a
+prize to the best theory of why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize to the best theory of why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize to the best theory of why people
+spend so much time on that activity well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so much time on that activity well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so much time on that activity well
+it it might be instructive as a place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might be instructive as a place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might be instructive as a place to
+begin actually look at this work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin actually look at this work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin actually look at this work of
+Barker and right yes so we it was for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barker and right yes so we it was for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barker and right yes so we it was for me
+an inspiration oh do they have a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inspiration oh do they have a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inspiration oh do they have a chapter
+on each do they have a theory of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each do they have a theory of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each do they have a theory of each of
+the activities Oh no no they they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities Oh no no they they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities Oh no no they they just
+have huge lists of the most um bizarrely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have huge lists of the most um bizarrely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have huge lists of the most um bizarrely
+inappropriate and strangely connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate and strangely connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate and strangely connected
+things happen right after each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen right after each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen right after each other
+uhhuh yeah cuz I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh yeah cuz I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh yeah cuz I went to
+Europe for a week last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe for a week last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe for a week last
+year and I had the impression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and I had the impression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and I had the impression that
+people eat almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat almost all the
+time but so I wondered why they spent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but so I wondered why they spent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but so I wondered why they spent so
+much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time
+eating yeah I I guess the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating yeah I I guess the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating yeah I I guess the main
+impression you come away from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression you come away from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression you come away from from
+Barker and right is the high level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barker and right is the high level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barker and right is the high level of
+near chaos in everyday life that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near chaos in everyday life that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near chaos in everyday life that we just
+don't pay much attention to and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay much attention to and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay much attention to and the
+transience of patterns of thoughts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transience of patterns of thoughts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transience of patterns of thoughts and
+little behaviors that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little behaviors that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little behaviors that people
+perform and so I highly recommend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform and so I highly recommend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform and so I highly recommend the
+work yeah I'm a little worried about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah I'm a little worried about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah I'm a little worried about the
+standard school year because you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard school year because you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard school year because you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on
+something I just went to a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just went to a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just went to a school
+day last week at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day last week at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day last week at
+uh a great grandchild school and grandp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a great grandchild school and grandp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a great grandchild school and grandp
+it was Grandparents Day so grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Grandparents Day so grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Grandparents Day so grandparents
+came to the school and we sat in on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the school and we sat in on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the school and we sat in on each
+of the classes some of which were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classes some of which were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classes some of which were very
+good but but my main impression was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but but my main impression was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but but my main impression was that
+they think about arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about arithmetic
+for 45 minutes or an hour or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 minutes or an hour or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 minutes or an hour or something
+and then there was an interesting class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was an interesting class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was an interesting class
+where they try to figure out why there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they try to figure out why there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they try to figure out why there's
+some clause in the Constitution that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clause in the Constitution that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clause in the Constitution that was
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+interesting and then there was a Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then there was a Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then there was a Latin
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where which was astounding because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which was astounding because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which was astounding because the
+teacher had suddenly gotten the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher had suddenly gotten the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher had suddenly gotten the idea
+that you give a child a Latin sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give a child a Latin sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give a child a Latin sentence
+and they have to go up to the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to go up to the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to go up to the board and
+draw a cartoon describing the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a cartoon describing the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a cartoon describing the action
+that this sentence is about and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sentence is about and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sentence is about and it was
+sort of brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of brilliant
+because uh the kids had a big struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the kids had a big struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the kids had a big struggle
+to figure out what the words meant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the words meant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the words meant and
+big struggled figuring out how to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big struggled figuring out how to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big struggled figuring out how to draw
+and almost all of them Drew something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost all of them Drew something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost all of them Drew something
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+interesting but my impression was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but my impression was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but my impression was how
+can you ever think about anything if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you ever think about anything if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you ever think about anything if
+every hour you have to change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hour you have to change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hour you have to change what
+you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh some of you are MIT students and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of you are MIT students and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of you are MIT students and you
+know that the way you solve a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the way you solve a problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the way you solve a problem is
+you stay up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay up all
+night unless it's one of those awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night unless it's one of those awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night unless it's one of those awful
+problem sheets where you do 20 problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sheets where you do 20 problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sheets where you do 20 problems
+Each of which take 20 minutes which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which take 20 minutes which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which take 20 minutes which also
+take staying up all night but it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take staying up all night but it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take staying up all night but it's hard
+to learn much but there's no there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn much but there's no there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn much but there's no there's no
+way these kids get to spend a whole day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these kids get to spend a whole day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these kids get to spend a whole day
+at anything for 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything for 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything for 12
+years it's really bad strange and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's really bad strange and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's really bad strange and I also
+think that you know it be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know it be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know it be much
+instructed to uh to to teach one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to uh to to teach one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to uh to to teach one big
+problem uh and with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and with small
+variations instead of many very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations instead of many very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations instead of many very
+different problems yes there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems yes there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems yes there was a
+professor King here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think he was in chemistry but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he was in chemistry but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he was in chemistry but he
+retired but he attempted something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired but he attempted something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired but he attempted something
+called intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called intensive
+study and he managed to pull it off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and he managed to pull it off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and he managed to pull it off for
+a while but it was something like you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while but it was something like you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while but it was something like you do
+a course in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course in six
+weeks and you take one course at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and you take one course at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and you take one course at a time
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+four I'm taking one course what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I'm taking one course what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I'm taking one course what I'm
+saying I'm taking one course at semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm taking one course at semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm taking one course at semester
+I'm not don't do anything else I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not don't do anything else I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not don't do anything else I just I
+just have to in my mind that's it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to in my mind that's it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to in my mind that's it not
+this one well this is the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one well this is the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one well this is the only thing
+that I have know I see yes and uh surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have know I see yes and uh surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have know I see yes and uh surely
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+should I mean there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I mean there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I mean there might be
+subpopulations of people who are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpopulations of people who are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpopulations of people who are good at
+learning six different things in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning six different things in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning six different things in six
+hours in a day and there must be people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in a day and there must be people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in a day and there must be people
+who are good at thinking about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are good at thinking about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are good at thinking about two
+things for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for three
+hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and
+there are probably some people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably some people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably some people who are
+good at thinking about one thing for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at thinking about one thing for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at thinking about one thing for two
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+and there's no room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no room
+for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that was when my kids were growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was when my kids were growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was when my kids were growing
+up when I was a graduate student here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when I was a graduate student here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when I was a graduate student here uh
+my son and daughter were I took them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son and daughter were I took them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son and daughter were I took them out
+of school you did homeschooling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school you did homeschooling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school you did homeschooling for
+school and this went they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and this went they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and this went they had the
+opportunity when they wanted to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity when they wanted to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity when they wanted to take
+advantage of it to concentrate on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it to concentrate on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it to concentrate on things
+I know my this was especially important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know my this was especially important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know my this was especially important
+to my son who got hooked on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my son who got hooked on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my son who got hooked on the second
+world war and developed a fascination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and developed a fascination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and developed a fascination
+with history to go to the local library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with history to go to the local library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with history to go to the local library
+and get all the books that he could out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get all the books that he could out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get all the books that he could out
+this was the heath School a lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the heath School a lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the heath School a lovely
+little school that was in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little school that was in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little school that was in the library
+over in the far corner of Brooklyn oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the far corner of Brooklyn oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the far corner of Brooklyn oh
+and he he read all the books they had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he read all the books they had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he read all the books they had on
+the second world war there then came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war there then came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war there then came
+over here and found that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and found that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and found that there was a
+naval RC library in building 20 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naval RC library in building 20 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naval RC library in building 20 I think
+it was at that time and uh it got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at that time and uh it got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at that time and uh it got into
+looking into James uh books to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into James uh books to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into James uh books to find out
+about the defenses and so forth so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the defenses and so forth so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the defenses and so forth so I
+mean it's really surprising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's really surprising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's really surprising that
+somebody eight or nine years old could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody eight or nine years old could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody eight or nine years old could
+get that caught up and that engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that caught up and that engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that caught up and that engaged in
+looking into St and he did iect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into St and he did iect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into St and he did iect all
+other children would too what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other children would too what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other children would too what are the
+legal problems of of homeschooling did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal problems of of homeschooling did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal problems of of homeschooling did
+you have to fill out some certificates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fill out some certificates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fill out some certificates I
+got help from uh John uh oh goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got help from uh John uh oh goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got help from uh John uh oh goodness
+John H and getting my kids out of school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John H and getting my kids out of school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John H and getting my kids out of school
+at that time uh if I had taken them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time uh if I had taken them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time uh if I had taken them out
+of school without permission I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school without permission I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school without permission I would
+have been legally liable and subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been legally liable and subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been legally liable and subject to
+imprisonment um this was back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprisonment um this was back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprisonment um this was back in the
+1970s but um since in fact um we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s but um since in fact um we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s but um since in fact um we knew
+the chairman of the local Board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairman of the local Board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairman of the local Board of
+Education who ran the local book store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education who ran the local book store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education who ran the local book store
+and since another person on the board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since another person on the board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since another person on the board of
+education was our child's pediatrician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education was our child's pediatrician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education was our child's pediatrician
+we were able to put together a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to put together a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to put together a nice
+proposal that said oh it would be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that said oh it would be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that said oh it would be great
+they'd learn all this stuff at home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd learn all this stuff at home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd learn all this stuff at home and
+then they go up to MIT and hang around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go up to MIT and hang around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go up to MIT and hang around
+the lab there and at the end of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab there and at the end of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab there and at the end of the year
+they take the standard exams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the standard exams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the standard exams that
+everybody else took and that was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else took and that was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else took and that was good
+this was a liberal Community which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a liberal Community which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a liberal Community which was
+willing to do that even in uh say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do that even in uh say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do that even in uh say with
+some blue laws at that time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some blue laws at that time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some blue laws at that time in
+Connecticut and two of them got admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut and two of them got admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut and two of them got admitted
+to MIT didn't they yeah which must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT didn't they yeah which must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT didn't they yeah which must have
+cost aund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost aund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost aund
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+so so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it can be
+done but is it harder now or is all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but is it harder now or is all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but is it harder now or is all you
+have to do is know John Holt and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is know John Holt and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is know John Holt and some
+people on the board of education it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the board of education it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the board of education it's a
+lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier
+now at least that's my general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at least that's my general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at least that's my general
+impression John hold of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy I I think homeschooling movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I I think homeschooling movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I I think homeschooling movements
+are a lot more popular than they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot more popular than they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot more popular than they used to
+be and with good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and with good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and with good reason
+but I don't think it hurtt the kids at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think it hurtt the kids at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think it hurtt the kids at
+all well you have to have somebody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well you have to have somebody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well you have to have somebody at
+home to do it which is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+job that was funny how character shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that was funny how character shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that was funny how character shows
+through too I mean my daughter Miriam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through too I mean my daughter Miriam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through too I mean my daughter Miriam
+was two years younger than my son and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was two years younger than my son and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was two years younger than my son and
+one of her favorite activities was to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her favorite activities was to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her favorite activities was to go
+over to the coupe into the children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the coupe into the children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the coupe into the children's
+section and read all the books without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and read all the books without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and read all the books without
+buying them feeling she was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying them feeling she was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying them feeling she was sort of
+pulling one over the institutions of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling one over the institutions of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling one over the institutions of our
+society she's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservative did any of you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative did any of you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative did any of you go to a
+non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+school yeah I was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school yeah I was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school yeah I was on
+scho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scho
+wow schol how did your parents pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow schol how did your parents pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow schol how did your parents pull this
+off well I was uh was in Zambia right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off well I was uh was in Zambia right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off well I was uh was in Zambia right so
+it's uh in Africa and they didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh in Africa and they didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh in Africa and they didn't really
+care about that oh you so they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that oh you so they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that oh you so they wouldn't
+have been in jail if no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would I remember getting sick was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I remember getting sick was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I remember getting sick was
+the if you go to if you got sick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you go to if you got sick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you go to if you got sick and
+didn't have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to go to
+school that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school that was the
+that was a great event because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a great event because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a great event because you could
+stay in bed and think for a whole day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry didn't Danny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry didn't Danny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry didn't Danny
+Hillis wasn't he schooled at home as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hillis wasn't he schooled at home as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hillis wasn't he schooled at home as
+well for a period of time I don't well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for a period of time I don't well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for a period of time I don't well
+Danny Hill's father was he was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danny Hill's father was he was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danny Hill's father was he was an
+entomologist and he never spent much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entomologist and he never spent much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entomologist and he never spent much
+time in any one place when he would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in any one place when he would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in any one place when he would go
+from country to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from country to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from country to
+Country so I'm I'm not sure how he what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country so I'm I'm not sure how he what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country so I'm I'm not sure how he what
+his education was like but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his education was like but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his education was like but they were
+always jumping around study some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always jumping around study some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always jumping around study some new
+epidemic or a plague or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic or a plague or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic or a plague or
+something so that's that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that's that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that's that's another
+way to have a non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to have a non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to have a non-standard
+education and he homeschools his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and he homeschools his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and he homeschools his
+kids right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there any studies of differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any studies of differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any studies of differences
+between homeschooled and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between homeschooled and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between homeschooled and public
+schooled are there any studies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooled are there any studies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooled are there any studies what
+please of differences like I'm I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please of differences like I'm I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please of differences like I'm I imagine
+you know children interacting with 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know children interacting with 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know children interacting with 29
+other children of the exact same age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other children of the exact same age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other children of the exact same age
+would have some kind of social effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have some kind of social effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have some kind of social effect on
+on child versus not having that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on child versus not having that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on child versus not having that well
+generally you might think of it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you might think of it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you might think of it this way
+if a kid is is schooled at home probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a kid is is schooled at home probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a kid is is schooled at home probably
+in the main he's interacting with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the main he's interacting with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the main he's interacting with people
+more grown up than he is on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more grown up than he is on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more grown up than he is on the average
+uh so he might be expected to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he might be expected to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he might be expected to be a
+little bit more mature and to possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more mature and to possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more mature and to possibly
+Converse at a more advanced level as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Converse at a more advanced level as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Converse at a more advanced level as
+opposed to uh spending all his time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to uh spending all his time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to uh spending all his time with
+people who know as little as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know as little as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know as little as he
+does but of course you always have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but of course you always have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but of course you always have one
+teacher that tell everybody the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher that tell everybody the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher that tell everybody the truth
+Prov a good example but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov a good example but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov a good example but there's a
+question of getting if you are too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of getting if you are too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of getting if you are too much
+of an adult as a child I imagine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an adult as a child I imagine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an adult as a child I imagine it
+might be harder to get along with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be harder to get along with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be harder to get along with other
+children or something well I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or something well I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or something well I have a
+theory about that which is that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about that which is that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about that which is that you want
+the least possible con contact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least possible con contact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least possible con contact with
+people of your same age because you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of your same age because you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of your same age because you'll
+remain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in
+infantile that is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infantile that is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infantile that is if you have
+a I had that paragraph in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I had that paragraph in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I had that paragraph in some
+article uh you start with six yearolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article uh you start with six yearolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article uh you start with six yearolds
+in a room full of sixy olds and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room full of sixy olds and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room full of sixy olds and then you
+there is a teacher to add a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a teacher to add a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a teacher to add a little
+maturity but then the same children are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity but then the same children are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity but then the same children are
+uh still learning from each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still learning from each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still learning from each other and
+when they grow up they all have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they grow up they all have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they grow up they all have the
+social skills of sixy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social skills of sixy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social skills of sixy
+olds and there is a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olds and there is a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olds and there is a study of
+IQs but I don't know if it's valid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQs but I don't know if it's valid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQs but I don't know if it's valid that
+says the children who have a sibling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the children who have a sibling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the children who have a sibling
+who's five years older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's five years older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's five years older
+have higher IQ by a significant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher IQ by a significant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher IQ by a significant amount
+than ones who have siblings one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ones who have siblings one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ones who have siblings one year
+older or younger yeah I wonder if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older or younger yeah I wonder if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older or younger yeah I wonder if in
+human history that whether this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human history that whether this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human history that whether this idea of
+spending so much time with kids spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so much time with kids spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so much time with kids spending
+so much time with other kids is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time with other kids is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time with other kids is is
+relatively new right I think it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new right I think it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new right I think it's only
+about a 100 years old in fact and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 100 years old in fact and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 100 years old in fact and I was
+just reading today about how um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reading today about how um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reading today about how um I think
+it was around in the 1920s or so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was around in the 1920s or so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was around in the 1920s or so that
+this whole well no not in the 1920s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole well no not in the 1920s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole well no not in the 1920s
+sorry but as um like as this Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but as um like as this Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but as um like as this Society
+transformed from an Agricultural Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed from an Agricultural Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed from an Agricultural Society
+how this um this whole idea of teenagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this um this whole idea of teenagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this um this whole idea of teenagers
+being a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a different
+Generation Um with their own slang their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Um with their own slang their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Um with their own slang their
+own language yes and um and a generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own language yes and um and a generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own language yes and um and a generation
+gap started to emerge but maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap started to emerge but maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap started to emerge but maybe maybe
+actually not maybe spending a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not maybe spending a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not maybe spending a lot of
+time with kids your own age is new for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with kids your own age is new for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with kids your own age is new for
+humans yeah I think it I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans yeah I think it I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans yeah I think it I I don't know
+how good that is actually I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good that is actually I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good that is actually I don't know
+whether we whether humans have evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we whether humans have evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we whether humans have evolved
+to whether we've evolved institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether we've evolved institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether we've evolved institutions
+that use that time well enough well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use that time well enough well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use that time well enough well
+before cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before cars and
+cities uh when I mean I think right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh when I mean I think right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh when I mean I think right now
+80% of the population are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of the population are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of the population are in
+cities and it used to be much less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and it used to be much less like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and it used to be much less like
+20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20%
+and if you're not in the city and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not in the city and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not in the city and you
+don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have
+uh private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh private
+transportation then there's no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation then there's no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation then there's no way you
+could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get
+20 uh 7 year olds in a class because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh 7 year olds in a class because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh 7 year olds in a class because
+there wouldn't be that many in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wouldn't be that many in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wouldn't be that many in in a
+small town or in in a farming area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small town or in in a farming area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small town or in in a farming area
+they'd have to go several miles so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to go several miles so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to go several miles so you
+couldn't have graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have graded
+classes so it must have been very rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so it must have been very rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so it must have been very rare
+except in very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in very big
+cities anybody know the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities anybody know the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities anybody know the history of
+schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools
+well I don't know it well but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know it well but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know it well but my
+impression from conversations with Chef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression from conversations with Chef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression from conversations with Chef
+white uh who was a psych developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white uh who was a psych developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white uh who was a psych developmental
+psychologist at har my impression was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist at har my impression was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist at har my impression was
+that around the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around the beginning of the
+previous Century the 20th century there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Century the 20th century there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Century the 20th century there
+is a broad movement in American society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a broad movement in American society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a broad movement in American society
+to advance the acculturation of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance the acculturation of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance the acculturation of a large
+number of new European immigrants to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of new European immigrants to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of new European immigrants to the
+United States through the establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States through the establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States through the establishment
+of public school schooling for a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of public school schooling for a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of public school schooling for a number
+of children uh more so than was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children uh more so than was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children uh more so than was
+previously the practice in the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the practice in the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the practice in the past and
+that in addition there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in addition there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in addition there were other
+organizations like the Boy Scouts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like the Boy Scouts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like the Boy Scouts which
+were formed to teach American values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were formed to teach American values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were formed to teach American values to
+uh young people who might not otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh young people who might not otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh young people who might not otherwise
+be so exposed to them and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so exposed to them and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so exposed to them and so I think
+there's this sort of a culturation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of a culturation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of a culturation to
+America and American ideals they played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and American ideals they played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and American ideals they played
+a large part in the move to public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part in the move to public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part in the move to public
+public schooling at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public schooling at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public schooling at the beginning of the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+century but you couldn't have a graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century but you couldn't have a graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century but you couldn't have a graded
+Public School except in pretty urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public School except in pretty urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public School except in pretty urban
+place yeah so in the they were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place yeah so in the they were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place yeah so in the they were sort of
+one room School houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one room School houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one room School houses
+and rural areas with people of every age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rural areas with people of every age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rural areas with people of every age
+for large larger groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ages know little funny story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ages know little funny story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ages know little funny story
+that might emphasize the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might emphasize the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might emphasize the difference of
+having different age people in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having different age people in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having different age people in your
+class U where I went to school we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class U where I went to school we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class U where I went to school we we had
+you might say the normal students same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say the normal students same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say the normal students same
+fifth grade all of us about the same age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth grade all of us about the same age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth grade all of us about the same age
+and so forth with with our petty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth with with our petty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth with with our petty
+squabbles and fights with each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squabbles and fights with each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squabbles and fights with each other and
+we also had a large number of uh young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had a large number of uh young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had a large number of uh young
+men who were recent immigrants from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men who were recent immigrants from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men who were recent immigrants from
+Southern Europe say typically Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southern Europe say typically Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southern Europe say typically Italian
+and they in our classes as well and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they in our classes as well and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they in our classes as well and um
+you know we were just so immature and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we were just so immature and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we were just so immature and so
+childish and our concerns were so petty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childish and our concerns were so petty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childish and our concerns were so petty
+that they suppress any sort of trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they suppress any sort of trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they suppress any sort of trivial
+conflict between the younger children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between the younger children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between the younger children
+and told us all to grow up and act grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and told us all to grow up and act grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and told us all to grow up and act grown
+up and not be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and not be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and not be so
+silly so what I'm saying is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly so what I'm saying is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly so what I'm saying is these
+immigrants had a very civilizing effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants had a very civilizing effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants had a very civilizing effect
+on the urban school that I went to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the urban school that I went to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the urban school that I went to I
+don't know if you see that Nows that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you see that Nows that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you see that Nows that's
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+a few civilized older people could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few civilized older people could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few civilized older people could make
+a big difference even if you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference even if you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference even if you couldn't
+understand what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said what do you think will happen in 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what do you think will happen in 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what do you think will happen in 50
+years like do you think that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years like do you think that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years like do you think that with
+technology that maybe ation will be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that maybe ation will be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that maybe ation will be so
+individualized that we won oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized that we won oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized that we won oh yeah
+certainly if the children have time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if the children have time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if the children have time and
+if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+can escape playing games and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can escape playing games and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can escape playing games and things like
+that then they have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then they have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then they have access
+to all sorts of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all sorts of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all sorts of great
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so I think I know quite a lot of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I know quite a lot of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I know quite a lot of young
+children who look things up on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who look things up on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who look things up on the web
+when they want an answer to a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they want an answer to a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they want an answer to a question
+instead of waiting to find someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of waiting to find someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of waiting to find someone who
+knows it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's every time you pass an exam you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's every time you pass an exam you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's every time you pass an exam you
+could get a new game to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a new game to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a new game to play
+then yes right now the exam is the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yes right now the exam is the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yes right now the exam is the game
+itself and if you kill enough aliens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and if you kill enough aliens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and if you kill enough aliens
+then you get to the next level so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to the next level so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to the next level so it's a
+powerful educational system but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful educational system but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful educational system but it's not
+clear that the skills are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the skills are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the skills are very
+useful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but
+another question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is
+will will there ever be a good theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will there ever be a good theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will there ever be a good theory of
+learning that a theory of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that a theory of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that a theory of learning
+that's good enough to get in the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough to get in the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough to get in the school
+so that at some point you can teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at some point you can teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at some point you can teach
+children how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children how to
+learn because to well both yeah that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn because to well both yeah that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn because to well both yeah that is
+right now we teach them particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we teach them particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we teach them particular
+skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and
+knowledge about particular subjects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about particular subjects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about particular subjects but
+we don't have any systematic way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have any systematic way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have any systematic way to
+teach ways to think it's not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach ways to think it's not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach ways to think it's not part of the
+curriculum P used to point out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum P used to point out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum P used to point out a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+and uh there's no remedy for this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's no remedy for this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's no remedy for this right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+because uh there aren't good theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there aren't good theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there aren't good theories of
+of what are good ways to think and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are good ways to think and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are good ways to think and how
+can you acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you acquire
+them so it's hard to see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's hard to see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's hard to see how to
+it's hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see
+any fundamental reform in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fundamental reform in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fundamental reform in
+education but I think so nany's point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but I think so nany's point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but I think so nany's point is
+certainly uh there's an alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh there's an alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh there's an alternative to
+education with the web and the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education with the web and the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education with the web and the power of
+that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going
+to presumably is going to just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to presumably is going to just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to presumably is going to just keep
+growing to the point where uh someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing to the point where uh someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing to the point where uh someday
+Google or something else will get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google or something else will get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google or something else will get good
+enough that it'll actually understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it'll actually understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it'll actually understand a
+question you ask and people can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you ask and people can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you ask and people can start to
+uh a question if I will back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a question if I will back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a question if I will back to this
+issue of there not being a good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of there not being a good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of there not being a good enough
+theory of learning do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of learning do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of learning do you think the
+problem is essentially work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is essentially work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is essentially work
+primarily psychological or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily psychological or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily psychological or
+epistemological well I think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemological well I think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemological well I think what's
+happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the things that
+people propose as theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people propose as theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people propose as theories of
+learning are ancient uh reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are ancient uh reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are ancient uh reinforce
+behaviorist stuff like that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist stuff like that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist stuff like that that you
+have to have the reward at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the reward at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the reward at the right
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and uh I don't know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I don't know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I don't know of
+any uh so would you call that what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh so would you call that what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh so would you call that what was
+your distinction uh well whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distinction uh well whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distinction uh well whether the
+question is psychological do we lack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is psychological do we lack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is psychological do we lack a
+learning theory because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theory because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theory because we don't
+understand human individual psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand human individual psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand human individual psychology
+well enough or do we lack an adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough or do we lack an adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough or do we lack an adequate
+learning theory because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theory because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theory because we don't
+understand well enough the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well enough the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well enough the nature of
+knowledge the nature of problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the nature of problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the nature of problem solving
+and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to
+communicate those things yeah I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate those things yeah I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate those things yeah I think I
+think it's both but there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's both but there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's both but there's a big
+emphasis when when you say quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis when when you say quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis when when you say quote
+psychological there's a lot of emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological there's a lot of emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological there's a lot of emphasis
+on superficial emotion Theory which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on superficial emotion Theory which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on superficial emotion Theory which is
+ideas like the classroom should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas like the classroom should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas like the classroom should be
+pleasant and positive and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant and positive and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant and positive and that sort of
+thing and that those come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that those come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that those come from
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+uh lowgrade behaviorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lowgrade behaviorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lowgrade behaviorist
+reinforcement experiments on animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement experiments on animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement experiments on animals and
+uh the idea that children should learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea that children should learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea that children should learn
+to enjoy the discomfort of being wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enjoy the discomfort of being wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enjoy the discomfort of being wrong
+and fixing it just like they enjoy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixing it just like they enjoy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixing it just like they enjoy the
+discomfort of of playing football and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discomfort of of playing football and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discomfort of of playing football and
+getting hurt all the time and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt all the time and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt all the time and there
+doesn't seem to be any problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any problem in
+getting uh millions of kids uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh millions of kids uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh millions of kids uh
+to enjoy uh discomfort but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enjoy uh discomfort but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enjoy uh discomfort but it's not
+that's not considered a positive a goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not considered a positive a goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not considered a positive a goal
+of education is to relish the discomfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education is to relish the discomfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education is to relish the discomfort
+of what did I call it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what did I call it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what did I call it of
+exploration and uh the fun of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration and uh the fun of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration and uh the fun of making
+mistakes and finding Corrections and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and finding Corrections and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and finding Corrections and we
+just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have
+a it's not part of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not part of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not part of the uh
+epistemological theory of learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemological theory of learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemological theory of learning that
+that learning to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learning to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learning to to
+enjoy uh mistakes and find bugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy uh mistakes and find bugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy uh mistakes and find bugs and
+fixing them is is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing them is is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing them is is is very
+important it seems to me one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it seems to me one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it seems to me one of the
+nicest things in your motion machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicest things in your motion machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicest things in your motion machine is
+you're bringing to the four the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bringing to the four the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bringing to the four the idea of
+a a structure which Rises to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a structure which Rises to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a structure which Rises to the point
+where self ideals become an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where self ideals become an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where self ideals become an important
+part of what a mind is because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what a mind is because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what a mind is because these are
+the things that I believe help people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I believe help people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I believe help people to
+generate a lifelong of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a lifelong of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a lifelong of learning
+by putting out in front of themselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting out in front of themselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting out in front of themselves a
+vision of the self they would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the self they would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the self they would like to be
+uh and this is we we need to get beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is we we need to get beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is we we need to get beyond
+that lovely quat train of Long Fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lovely quat train of Long Fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lovely quat train of Long Fellow
+who said lives of Great Men all remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said lives of Great Men all remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said lives of Great Men all remind
+us we can make our lives Sublime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we can make our lives Sublime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we can make our lives Sublime and
+throw dying leave behind us footprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw dying leave behind us footprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw dying leave behind us footprints
+in the sands of time but I mean to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sands of time but I mean to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sands of time but I mean to go
+beyond that to something to say or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that to something to say or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that to something to say or to
+look at somebody's work and say wow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at somebody's work and say wow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at somebody's work and say wow that
+was is really a stunning piece of work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is really a stunning piece of work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is really a stunning piece of work I
+would like to be the kind of person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be the kind of person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be the kind of person who
+could do that yeah I mean that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that yeah I mean that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that yeah I mean that happened
+to me when I was an undergraduate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me when I was an undergraduate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me when I was an undergraduate at
+Caltech taking a site course and I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech taking a site course and I ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech taking a site course and I ran
+across a book by Robert White who was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a book by Robert White who was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a book by Robert White who was uh
+on in the social relations department up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the social relations department up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the social relations department up
+at Harvard was called U lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard was called U lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard was called U lives in
+progress I said wow what what great work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress I said wow what what great work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress I said wow what what great work
+that is wouldn't it to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is wouldn't it to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is wouldn't it to be able to do
+that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing
+and some somehow I I think whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some somehow I I think whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some somehow I I think whatever
+theory of learning we have has to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of learning we have has to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of learning we have has to better
+articulate how people if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate how people if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate how people if you're going to
+teach somebody something you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach somebody something you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach somebody something you want to
+teach them to Hope and have a vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach them to Hope and have a vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach them to Hope and have a vision
+they can lead them into their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can lead them into their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can lead them into their own
+authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic
+activity yes and I guess the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity yes and I guess the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity yes and I guess the trouble is
+if there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were a
+uh if there were well supported highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there were well supported highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there were well supported highly
+developed theor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed theor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed theor of
+how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people
+do learn to be good at solving new kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do learn to be good at solving new kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do learn to be good at solving new kinds
+of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems
+then then I don't see any reason why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then I don't see any reason why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then I don't see any reason why it
+wouldn't uh drift into the curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't uh drift into the curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't uh drift into the curriculum
+and besides teaching history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh arithmetic and those other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arithmetic and those other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arithmetic and those other things
+there would be uh a course in thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be uh a course in thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be uh a course in thinking
+and uh problem solving and so forth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh problem solving and so forth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh problem solving and so forth uh
+but but I don't see any way to recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I don't see any way to recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I don't see any way to recommend
+it now because there's no community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now because there's no community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now because there's no community of
+psychologists or people in Authority who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists or people in Authority who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists or people in Authority who
+would agree with any such Theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree with any such Theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree with any such Theory the
+theory that uh you know the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that uh you know the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that uh you know the standard
+theory is you should give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is you should give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is you should give people
+problems that are just slightly harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are just slightly harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are just slightly harder
+than the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the last one
+and and uh so that they're almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh so that they're almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh so that they're almost always
+successful and that rewards are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and that rewards are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and that rewards are much
+more reinforcing than disappointments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reinforcing than disappointments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reinforcing than disappointments
+and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of
+uh have any of you what's in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have any of you what's in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have any of you what's in an
+education School these days do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education School these days do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education School these days do they
+discuss these things you were in one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these things you were in one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these things you were in one I
+mean the sort of things that appeal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the sort of things that appeal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the sort of things that appeal to
+me are statements like used to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me are statements like used to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me are statements like used to be the
+motto of a bank in Canada New Jersey was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motto of a bank in Canada New Jersey was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motto of a bank in Canada New Jersey was
+it if there's a problem they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if there's a problem they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if there's a problem they're saying
+we'll find a way or make one or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find a way or make one or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find a way or make one or this
+great slogan of Henry Kaiser who said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great slogan of Henry Kaiser who said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great slogan of Henry Kaiser who said if
+you face an insoluble problem he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you face an insoluble problem he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you face an insoluble problem he said
+that's just an opportunity and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an opportunity and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an opportunity and a
+workload I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workload I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workload I
+mean that's sort of very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of very positive
+approach to the the the really difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the the the really difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the the the really difficult
+problems of our time or any other to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of our time or any other to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of our time or any other to say
+wow that's really an opportunity if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that's really an opportunity if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that's really an opportunity if you
+can think about didn't I have a quote by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about didn't I have a quote by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about didn't I have a quote by
+Paul Anderson in in the emotion machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Anderson in in the emotion machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Anderson in in the emotion machine
+which no matter how hard a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no matter how hard a problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no matter how hard a problem is
+there's some way you could make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way you could make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way you could make it
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually uh I wonder whether it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I wonder whether it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I wonder whether it's more
+important for to teach people how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for to teach people how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for to teach people how to
+think or how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or how to
+really uh select select goals and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh select select goals and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh select select goals and you
+know some the bugs that ution has given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some the bugs that ution has given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some the bugs that ution has given
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh getting too much angry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting too much angry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting too much angry or
+worrying for no reason or yes getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying for no reason or yes getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying for no reason or yes getting
+depressed and things like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed and things like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed and things like that you know
+that's just that's just a very variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's just a very variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's just a very variety
+of things that I just said but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that I just said but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that I just said but you know
+there might be a lot of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a lot of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a lot of other things
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people yes there's uh so many bugs in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yes there's uh so many bugs in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yes there's uh so many bugs in in
+our what's the name for anger control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what's the name for anger control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what's the name for anger control
+there's a I'm sorry there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a I'm sorry there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a I'm sorry there's a
+catchphrase for anger control anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchphrase for anger control anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchphrase for anger control anger
+management anger management uh yes so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management anger management uh yes so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management anger management uh yes so we
+need thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need thinking
+management and of course there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and of course there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and of course there are these
+wonderful uh Specialists like Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh Specialists like Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh Specialists like Edward
+debono and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about
+uh that's a joke I made today the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a joke I made today the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a joke I made today the uh
+thinking out of the box and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking out of the box and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking out of the box and of course we
+need a book on thinking in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a book on thinking in the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a book on thinking in the Box
+because most people can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most people can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most people can't
+solve right they can't solve not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve right they can't solve not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve right they can't solve not very
+hard problems and of course there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems and of course there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems and of course there's uh
+in previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in previous uh
+civilizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilizations
+uh I think it it wasn't believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it it wasn't believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it it wasn't believed that
+mass education could do this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass education could do this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass education could do this sort of
+thing and you would decide that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you would decide that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you would decide that certain
+people would be in the uh first stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be in the uh first stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be in the uh first stream
+and go to Oxford and other people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to Oxford and other people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to Oxford and other people would
+go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+uh skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh skill
+school what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+what yeah right all those things so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah right all those things so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah right all those things so the
+idea that everybody uh would be educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that everybody uh would be educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that everybody uh would be educated
+to be brilliant original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be brilliant original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be brilliant original
+thinkers is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers is not
+a has not been a popular idea over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has not been a popular idea over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has not been a popular idea over over
+the centuries and uh maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centuries and uh maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centuries and uh maybe it's a
+terrible idea what if everybody were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible idea what if everybody were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible idea what if everybody were
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+creative it would be every time you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative it would be every time you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative it would be every time you turn
+around things would be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and maybe the problem is more uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the problem is more uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the problem is more uh that
+it's too kind of declarative instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too kind of declarative instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too kind of declarative instead of
+procedural yes and that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural yes and that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural yes and that people are
+learning kind of the state of science as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning kind of the state of science as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning kind of the state of science as
+is and they're not really learning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and they're not really learning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and they're not really learning all
+of the mistakes that people made to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mistakes that people made to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mistakes that people made to lead
+to this current state yes I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this current state yes I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this current state yes I have a
+mathematical anecdote because you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical anecdote because you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical anecdote because you all
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh you all know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you all know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you all know how to
+do remon integrals where you to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remon integrals where you to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remon integrals where you to find
+the area under a curve you draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under a curve you draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under a curve you draw these
+columns and uh you take the midpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and uh you take the midpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and uh you take the midpoint of
+the height of each thing and add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of each thing and add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of each thing and add them up
+and that's the remont integral is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the remont integral is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the remont integral is uh
+finding the area by adding up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the area by adding up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the area by adding up those
+slices and you can prove that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and you can prove that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and you can prove that as the
+slices go get smaller if the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices go get smaller if the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices go get smaller if the function is
+continuous then that converges and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous then that converges and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous then that converges and uh
+then the rest of calculus is learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest of calculus is learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest of calculus is learning
+formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+for the limits that you get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the limits that you get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the limits that you get for
+integrating each of the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating each of the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating each of the elementary
+functions and that sort of thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that sort of thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that sort of thing and
+then if you took another Math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you took another Math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you took another Math
+course uh then you would learn leag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh then you would learn leag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh then you would learn leag
+integration there's a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration there's a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration there's a thing called
+measure Theory and there to get the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Theory and there to get the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Theory and there to get the area
+under a curve you take slices this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a curve you take slices this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a curve you take slices this
+way and you see how many little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you see how many little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you see how many little
+rectangles you can put that way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles you can put that way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles you can put that way and you
+add those up and loow and behold uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those up and loow and behold uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those up and loow and behold uh you
+get the same result except that it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same result except that it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same result except that it also
+works for uh non-continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for uh non-continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for uh non-continuous functions
+and does all sorts of things better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does all sorts of things better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does all sorts of things better in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+cases and then when I was a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and then when I was a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and then when I was a young
+mathematician I ran across some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician I ran across some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician I ran across some
+book and I forget whether it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I forget whether it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I forget whether it was the
+theory of the integral or a book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the integral or a book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the integral or a book on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in something else but in this book B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something else but in this book B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something else but in this book B the
+guy is solving all sorts of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is solving all sorts of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is solving all sorts of problems
+whenever you get a new problem he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you get a new problem he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you get a new problem he
+invents another integral which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invents another integral which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invents another integral which is just
+right for that problem and uh it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for that problem and uh it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for that problem and uh it breaks
+the thing up in some other ways and adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up in some other ways and adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up in some other ways and adds
+them up and you prove a little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and you prove a little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and you prove a little thing
+when you invent one of these you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you invent one of these you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you invent one of these you have to
+prove that it converges and proofs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it converges and proofs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it converges and proofs are
+all pretty much the same so then I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pretty much the same so then I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pretty much the same so then I got
+the hang that if you're trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hang that if you're trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hang that if you're trying to solve
+a problem you just invent the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem you just invent the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem you just invent the right
+integral for that and it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for that and it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for that and it's easy
+and uh so that's a sort of meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so that's a sort of meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so that's a sort of meta
+procedural thing and we don't teach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural thing and we don't teach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural thing and we don't teach that
+so even as you said it's most of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even as you said it's most of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even as you said it's most of what we
+teach is declarative and some of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach is declarative and some of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach is declarative and some of it's
+procedural and then uh I suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural and then uh I suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural and then uh I suppose the
+next level is how do you make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level is how do you make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level is how do you make a new
+procedure and in some parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and in some parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and in some parts of
+mathematics A lot's known about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics A lot's known about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics A lot's known about that
+there're different categories of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're different categories of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're different categories of things
+and and you learn how to make them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you learn how to make them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you learn how to make them but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I don't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see that
+in I don't know if there's anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I don't know if there's anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I don't know if there's anything like
+that outside of mathematics but is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outside of mathematics but is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outside of mathematics but is it is
+it a big jump if you if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a big jump if you if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a big jump if you if you have a large
+library of procedures already and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of procedures already and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of procedures already and you
+know how to solve a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve a lot of
+problems um is it a big jump to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um is it a big jump to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um is it a big jump to be able
+to get better at creating new procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get better at creating new procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get better at creating new procedures
+well I don't see in some cases there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't see in some cases there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't see in some cases there may
+be a stone wall that uh people spend 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a stone wall that uh people spend 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a stone wall that uh people spend 300
+years and finally somebody jumps over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and finally somebody jumps over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and finally somebody jumps over it
+but in lots of cases uh if you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in lots of cases uh if you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in lots of cases uh if you know a
+lot of procedures and they don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of procedures and they don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of procedures and they don't seem to
+work maybe there's a small change to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work maybe there's a small change to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work maybe there's a small change to get
+a new one so what this is in context to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new one so what this is in context to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new one so what this is in context to
+again problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again problem solving
+uh I don't know I feel people give too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know I feel people give too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know I feel people give too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+uh I don't think hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think hard problems
+are uh are really good way to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well unless you diagnose unless diagnose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well unless you diagnose unless diagnose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well unless you diagnose unless diagnose
+like what the person already knows or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the person already knows or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the person already knows or
+not because you might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be or maybe you know you solve a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or maybe you know you solve a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or maybe you know you solve a hard
+problem and then you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then you get a lot of
+related problems after you have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related problems after you have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related problems after you have solved
+the hard problem yourself sometimes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard problem yourself sometimes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard problem yourself sometimes even
+if you don't solve the hard hard problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't solve the hard hard problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't solve the hard hard problem
+you come way better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you know that if two sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that if two sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that if two sides of a
+triangle are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle are
+equal then the base angles are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then the base angles are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then the base angles are equal
+isoceles triangle didn't I mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoceles triangle didn't I mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoceles triangle didn't I mention this
+early in the term yeah I yeah uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the term yeah I yeah uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the term yeah I yeah uh so
+uh you know that the angle bis sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that the angle bis sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that the angle bis sectors
+are equal also however if in a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal also however if in a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal also however if in a triangle
+two angle bis sectors are equal how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angle bis sectors are equal how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angle bis sectors are equal how do
+you prove the sides are equal and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove the sides are equal and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove the sides are equal and I
+remember I told you I spent a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you I spent a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you I spent a couple of
+days on that and I never did get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days on that and I never did get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days on that and I never did get a
+proof uh but I learned a lot of geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh but I learned a lot of geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh but I learned a lot of geometry
+just from uh all the things that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from uh all the things that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from uh all the things that went
+wrong and then the end of the story is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then the end of the story is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then the end of the story is I
+uh asked there was a Chinese student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asked there was a Chinese student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asked there was a Chinese student and
+I asked him and he said oh you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked him and he said oh you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked him and he said oh you do it
+this way way and uh I said how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way way and uh I said how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way way and uh I said how did you
+figure that out and he said I didn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out and he said I didn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out and he said I didn't uh
+I learned that in high school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned that in high school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned that in high school in
+China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China
+but yes somebody figured it out my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes somebody figured it out my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes somebody figured it out my point
+is that uh a lot of regular people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh a lot of regular people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh a lot of regular people will
+not be able to solve very hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to solve very hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to solve very hard problems
+and the reason would be that they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason would be that they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason would be that they just
+have not solved a lot of those many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not solved a lot of those many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not solved a lot of those many
+procedures that eventually lead up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that eventually lead up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that eventually lead up to
+the heart to the solution of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart to the solution of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart to the solution of the heart
+problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so
+um yeah well people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah well people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah well people
+are well it's it's a matter of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well it's it's a matter of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well it's it's a matter of kind of
+illustrating that heart problems are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating that heart problems are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating that heart problems are not
+that hard that are to get there and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard that are to get there and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard that are to get there and yeah
+there all kinds of you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of you know some
+problems are very hard for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are very hard for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are very hard for some people
+and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+uh like if you do something and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like if you do something and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like if you do something and it
+didn't work what do you learn from it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work what do you learn from it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work what do you learn from it so
+uh the hardness of a problem might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hardness of a problem might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hardness of a problem might
+depend on how good is your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how good is your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how good is your credit
+assignment what will you blame your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment what will you blame your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment what will you blame your
+failure on and if you pinpoint the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure on and if you pinpoint the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure on and if you pinpoint the right
+blame then you'll try another approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame then you'll try another approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame then you'll try another approach
+that gets around that I wonder if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets around that I wonder if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets around that I wonder if any
+textbook uh a lot of textbooks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook uh a lot of textbooks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook uh a lot of textbooks have
+solved examples but I wonder if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved examples but I wonder if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved examples but I wonder if they
+show that maybe this method try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that maybe this method try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that maybe this method try this
+method but it doesn't work oops Yeah of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but it doesn't work oops Yeah of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but it doesn't work oops Yeah of
+paper well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper well in
+mathematics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh
+whenever you have a theorem in a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a theorem in a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a theorem in a good
+book then you give some counter examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book then you give some counter examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book then you give some counter examples
+of showing why it won't work if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing why it won't work if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing why it won't work if you if
+you weaken any of the assumptions so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weaken any of the assumptions so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weaken any of the assumptions so in
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+uh counter examples are really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh counter examples are really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh counter examples are really very
+important and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always in fact if you publish a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in fact if you publish a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in fact if you publish a theorem
+and one of the assumptions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the assumptions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the assumptions can be
+weakened then people uh say oh look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakened then people uh say oh look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakened then people uh say oh look you
+missed the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the whole
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+but well that's a central idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well that's a central idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well that's a central idea to
+Patrick Winston's near miss learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Winston's near miss learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Winston's near miss learning is
+that if a well chosen counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a well chosen counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a well chosen counter example
+can allow you to um to kind of pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can allow you to um to kind of pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can allow you to um to kind of pigeon
+hole the Salient difference yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the Salient difference yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the Salient difference yeah that's
+important for distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for distinguishing
+between what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you're trying to
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so yeah what makes a problem hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah what makes a problem hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah what makes a problem hard
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how a problem could be a math problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a problem could be a math problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a problem could be a math problem
+could be hard if the shortest proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be hard if the shortest proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be hard if the shortest proof is
+extremely long and the chances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely long and the chances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely long and the chances of
+finding it by any procedure are small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding it by any procedure are small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding it by any procedure are small so
+I suppose in some sense some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose in some sense some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose in some sense some problems
+can be basically hard but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be basically hard but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be basically hard but most
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh if you know enough some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if you know enough some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if you know enough some problems
+are hard just because the student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard just because the student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard just because the student at
+that level can't be expected to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level can't be expected to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level can't be expected to have
+figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured
+out some some Shortcut I don't know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some some Shortcut I don't know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some some Shortcut I don't know so
+hard problems are just long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems are just long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems are just long
+problems it's a suitcase it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's a suitcase it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's a suitcase it seems like
+there's there's some uh benefit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some uh benefit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some uh benefit to
+working on problems that are way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on problems that are way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on problems that are way over
+your head to there are certain skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head to there are certain skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head to there are certain skills
+that are involved in working on problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in working on problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in working on problems
+that are Way Beyond your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ability there's a something like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability there's a something like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability there's a something like that I
+used to go to lecture that I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go to lecture that I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go to lecture that I couldn't
+understand any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand any
+of uh in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh in math
+colloquiums and then a couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquiums and then a couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquiums and then a couple of years
+later I say oh that's what he must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I say oh that's what he must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I say oh that's what he must have
+meant and something becomes clear I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and something becomes clear I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and something becomes clear I'm
+not sure how much of that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how much of that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how much of that stuff
+is how valuable is uh trying problems at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how valuable is uh trying problems at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how valuable is uh trying problems at
+the next grade level fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next grade level fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next grade level fairly
+often and students are protected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and students are protected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and students are protected from
+that in in well well educed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in well well educed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in well well educed
+textbooks there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks there are no
+surprises so should you give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises so should you give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises so should you give people
+problems they can't possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they can't possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they can't possibly
+solve every now and then without telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them there's a famous but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's a famous but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's a famous but I don't
+remember it clearly where somebody put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it clearly where somebody put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it clearly where somebody put
+an unsolved problem on a puttenum exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unsolved problem on a puttenum exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unsolved problem on a puttenum exam
+and it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solved thaning the soluble can help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved thaning the soluble can help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved thaning the soluble can help a
+lot what's that knowing that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot what's that knowing that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot what's that knowing that you think
+if you don't know a problem is insoluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know a problem is insoluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know a problem is insoluble
+then that can give you a up people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that can give you a up people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that can give you a up people who
+think that it's that's right I once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's that's right I once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's that's right I once
+spent a long time I I worked with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a long time I I worked with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a long time I I worked with a
+great mathematician named Ha Wang on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great mathematician named Ha Wang on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great mathematician named Ha Wang on
+various problems about touring machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various problems about touring machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various problems about touring machines
+and things for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things for a couple of
+years and there was one big unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and there was one big unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and there was one big unsolved
+problem I can tell you what it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I can tell you what it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I can tell you what it is uh
+there's these predicate calculus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these predicate calculus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these predicate calculus which
+is logical Expressions where you say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is logical Expressions where you say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is logical Expressions where you say for
+all X there exists a y such that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X there exists a y such that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X there exists a y such that for all
+Z such and such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z such and such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z such and such and
+uh it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out
+that so that expression is aea for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that expression is aea for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that expression is aea for all
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+some for all and then there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some for all and then there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some for all and then there are other
+Expressions which say there exists a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions which say there exists a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions which say there exists a x
+such that for all y there exists a z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all y there exists a z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all y there exists a z and
+such and such that's another class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and such that's another class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and such that's another class of
+expressions and then there are uh lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and then there are uh lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and then there are uh lots
+more like you could have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like you could have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like you could have 10
+quantifiers with 2 A's and 5 e and Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers with 2 A's and 5 e and Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers with 2 A's and 5 e and Three
+A's and so forth uh and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and so forth uh and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and so forth uh and there was a
+conjecture that any expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that any expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that any expression in
+predicate calculus is equivalent if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate calculus is equivalent if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate calculus is equivalent if you
+add enough variables to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add enough variables to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add enough variables to a
+single uh expression that just has for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single uh expression that just has for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single uh expression that just has for
+all X exists a y such that for all Z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X exists a y such that for all Z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X exists a y such that for all Z but
+then you can have all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have all sorts of things
+inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that
+parenthesis and uh it turns out that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and uh it turns out that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and uh it turns out that all
+higher level expressions are can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level expressions are can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level expressions are can be
+pushed into that form by combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into that form by combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into that form by combining
+variables in various ways so how Wang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in various ways so how Wang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in various ways so how Wang
+finally proved that and I spent a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally proved that and I spent a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally proved that and I spent a couple
+of months trying to prove it or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of months trying to prove it or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of months trying to prove it or maybe
+longer and so I try to find a proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and so I try to find a proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and so I try to find a proof and
+then I'd find a bug and I'd say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd find a bug and I'd say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd find a bug and I'd say well
+maybe it isn't true and then I'd try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it isn't true and then I'd try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it isn't true and then I'd try to
+construct a counter example and I'd make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a counter example and I'd make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a counter example and I'd make
+a lot of progress on that and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of progress on that and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of progress on that and then I
+couldn't get the counter example to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get the counter example to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get the counter example to work
+so I said well maybe the theorem is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how Wong was convinced it was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how Wong was convinced it was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how Wong was convinced it was true
+all along and beat me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prize and so he sort of knew it was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and so he sort of knew it was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and so he sort of knew it was true
+although he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he didn't
+but he was sure it was true and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was sure it was true and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was sure it was true and uh I
+wasn't sure which way it would go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure which way it would go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure which way it would go so
+maybe I was just taking twice as long or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I was just taking twice as long or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I was just taking twice as long or
+possibly I would never have got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly I would never have got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly I would never have got it
+course there's no way to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's no way to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's no way to tell
+now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+um so what H I'm sure what Wang had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what H I'm sure what Wang had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what H I'm sure what Wang had done
+was he assumed it was true as though he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he assumed it was true as though he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he assumed it was true as though he
+knew it he said it has a solution so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it he said it has a solution so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it he said it has a solution so he
+didn't waste time trying to disprove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't waste time trying to disprove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't waste time trying to disprove it
+that that's what he had told me maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what he had told me maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what he had told me maybe
+there was a third person who spent his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a third person who spent his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a third person who spent his
+entire time looking for counter examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire time looking for counter examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire time looking for counter examples
+because he was sure it was false well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was sure it was false well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was sure it was false well
+and then he might be able to I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he might be able to I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he might be able to I think
+looking for the counter example is has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the counter example is has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the counter example is has a
+fair chance of being productive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair chance of being productive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair chance of being productive because
+at some point you see oh I see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you see oh I see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you see oh I see this
+means there can't be a counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there can't be a counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there can't be a counter example
+because to make the counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to make the counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to make the counter example
+you'll show these two conditions have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll show these two conditions have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll show these two conditions have to
+be satisfied and you stick zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied and you stick zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied and you stick zero and one
+in both of them and there's no no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of them and there's no no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of them and there's no no way to
+do it so searching for a counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so searching for a counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so searching for a counter example
+can if you can prove that that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you can prove that that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you can prove that that there
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+one um then if your system is doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um then if your system is doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um then if your system is doesn't
+that show that there's doesn't that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show that there's doesn't that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show that there's doesn't that give
+you a proof yeah I think yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a proof yeah I think yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a proof yeah I think yeah if you
+prove there's no counter example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove there's no counter example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove there's no counter example that
+must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a
+proof unless I'm missing some locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof unless I'm missing some locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof unless I'm missing some locally
+inconsistent yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the psychologist voty has this Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the psychologist voty has this Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the psychologist voty has this Zone
+theory that there's a Zone where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that there's a Zone where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that there's a Zone where for
+optimal learning or for Learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal learning or for Learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal learning or for Learning and
+that if problems are easier than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if problems are easier than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if problems are easier than that
+they're boring and if they're harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're boring and if they're harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're boring and if they're harder
+than that they're frustrating and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they're frustrating and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they're frustrating and then
+there's this sweet spot right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sweet spot right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sweet spot right in the
+middle where the problem's just hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle where the problem's just hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle where the problem's just hard
+enough to teach you something but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to teach you something but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to teach you something but not so
+hard that you give up in frustration but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that you give up in frustration but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that you give up in frustration but
+does that leave room for a problem sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that leave room for a problem sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that leave room for a problem sheet
+where there's 26 almost the same ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's 26 almost the same ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's 26 almost the same ones
+well the second thing is also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the second thing is also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the second thing is also because
+the third one should automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one should automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one should automatically
+become boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become boring
+if if they weren't too hard right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if they weren't too hard right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if they weren't too hard right well
+there's this other thing that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other thing that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other thing that I think
+you need which is to automatize some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need which is to automatize some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need which is to automatize some of
+the procedures so that the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedures so that the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedures so that the first few
+times you were H up with your executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you were H up with your executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you were H up with your executive
+function but you have to keep using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you have to keep using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you have to keep using your
+executive skills in order to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive skills in order to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive skills in order to solve a
+problem you can't easily use that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can't easily use that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can't easily use that as a
+procedure for solving harder problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for solving harder problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for solving harder problems
+like we saw that with our kids that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we saw that with our kids that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we saw that with our kids that you
+reach a state where you can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a state where you can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a state where you can figure out
+what 6 * 7 is every single time using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 6 * 7 is every single time using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 6 * 7 is every single time using
+several different tricks but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different tricks but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different tricks but if you
+still don't know it instantly then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't know it instantly then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't know it instantly then you
+can't use that fact in order to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use that fact in order to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use that fact in order to play
+with the numbers and discover the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing isn't it good to go go to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing isn't it good to go go to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing isn't it good to go go to sleep
+after you have learned a new procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have learned a new procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have learned a new procedure
+for a few days may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember there is a some reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there is a some reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there is a some reason to
+believe that uh that might be how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that uh that might be how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that uh that might be how we
+could improve schools dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could improve schools dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could improve schools dramatically
+without getting better teachers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curricula or move them to 11 a.m. oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula or move them to 11 a.m. oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula or move them to 11 a.m. oh
+yeah that is that is a that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is that is a that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is that is a that is very
+important I yeah anyone takes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I yeah anyone takes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I yeah anyone takes it
+seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+I at first I went to research do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at first I went to research do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at first I went to research do I
+thought a 4 day school week sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a 4 day school week sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a 4 day school week sounded
+about right because it just feels that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right because it just feels that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right because it just feels that's
+what feels about right just really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what feels about right just really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what feels about right just really get
+kind ofed it and you want 3 days to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind ofed it and you want 3 days to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind ofed it and you want 3 days to do
+something else don't ramp up in weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else don't ramp up in weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else don't ramp up in weekend
+so I went to see how many 4 day schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went to see how many 4 day schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went to see how many 4 day schools
+there were in the United States there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were in the United States there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were in the United States there's
+very few they're in only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few they're in only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few they're in only in the
+mountains and they're just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains and they're just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains and they're just a couple
+systems and then I went to the can there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and then I went to the can there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and then I went to the can there
+be late schools and there were few like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be late schools and there were few like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be late schools and there were few like
+9:00 a.m. which kind completely misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9:00 a.m. which kind completely misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9:00 a.m. which kind completely misses
+the point why do 7 a.m. well they do 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point why do 7 a.m. well they do 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point why do 7 a.m. well they do 7
+the middle schools and high schools are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle schools and high schools are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle schools and high schools are
+7:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:
+a.m. my my college used to start at 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. my my college used to start at 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. my my college used to start at 8
+and you know first year 5 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know first year 5 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know first year 5 hours of
+class what's the argument how many hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what's the argument how many hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what's the argument how many hours
+school should be or when it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school should be or when it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school should be or when it should
+start well it's about how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well it's about how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well it's about how do you get
+enough rest so probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough rest so probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough rest so probably the most
+important thing is to actually get sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is to actually get sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is to actually get sleep
+every day and if you have to get up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and if you have to get up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and if you have to get up at
+the wrong hour then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong hour then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong hour then you
+can't the second then how many days it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the second then how many days it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the second then how many days it
+is is some a different rhym can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is some a different rhym can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is some a different rhym can I
+something you're done sorry we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're done sorry we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're done sorry we're done
+um I think that um know like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that um know like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that um know like some
+internet schools like some my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet schools like some my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet schools like some my
+understanding is that they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that they're actually
+high schools where kids study and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools where kids study and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools where kids study and learn
+online just as just as adults will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online just as just as adults will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online just as just as adults will take
+University classes and I think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University classes and I think that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University classes and I think that um
+and also nowadays even in um education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also nowadays even in um education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also nowadays even in um education
+sometimes teachers will keep web folios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes teachers will keep web folios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes teachers will keep web folios
+but I think that um when you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that um when you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that um when you have you
+know one teacher and 25 kids I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one teacher and 25 kids I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one teacher and 25 kids I think
+that um it's really so challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's really so challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's really so challenging
+getting each style needs that that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting each style needs that that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting each style needs that that um
+well maybe it'll be possible to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it'll be possible to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it'll be possible to develop
+computer programs that will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programs that will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programs that will be able to
+kind of detect what a person's learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of detect what a person's learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of detect what a person's learning
+style is and that will be able to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is and that will be able to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is and that will be able to kind
+of revise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revise
+itself for that child to offer to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself for that child to offer to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself for that child to offer to offer
+the lesson according to that child bur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesson according to that child bur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesson according to that child bur
+absolutely and I'm not sure I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and I'm not sure I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and I'm not sure I'm not
+certain that the school buildings need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain that the school buildings need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain that the school buildings need
+to continue to exist like I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue to exist like I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue to exist like I'm not sure
+that in 50 years once once people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 50 years once once people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 50 years once once people have
+greater access to figuring out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater access to figuring out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater access to figuring out what they
+individually need to learn I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually need to learn I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually need to learn I'm not sure
+that having the physical building of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having the physical building of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having the physical building of a
+school is what's going to be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is what's going to be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is what's going to be the best
+way to um tap into individual Talent no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to um tap into individual Talent no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to um tap into individual Talent no
+absolutely and that suggests another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and that suggests another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and that suggests another
+idea if you could tell which kids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you could tell which kids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you could tell which kids are
+good at what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at what kind
+of representations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations and so
+forth then uh you could use video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth then uh you could use video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth then uh you could use video
+systems because maybe one teacher could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because maybe one teacher could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because maybe one teacher could
+in fact handle 20 children who have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact handle 20 children who have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact handle 20 children who have the
+same learning style even if they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same learning style even if they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same learning style even if they're in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+cities because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities because right now
+uh if you take a random uh class of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take a random uh class of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take a random uh class of 20
+kids uh it might be that seven of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids uh it might be that seven of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids uh it might be that seven of them
+them are almost primarily Visual and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are almost primarily Visual and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are almost primarily Visual and you
+have to draw pictures and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw pictures and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw pictures and so forth and
+and five of them are almost exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five of them are almost exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five of them are almost exclusively
+verbal and uh can't understand diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal and uh can't understand diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal and uh can't understand diagrams
+and so forth so there might be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so there might be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so there might be a few
+major categories of children uh each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major categories of children uh each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major categories of children uh each of
+whom are wasting at least half of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are wasting at least half of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are wasting at least half of their
+time in class because the teacher is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in class because the teacher is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in class because the teacher is
+presenting it in a way that's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting it in a way that's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting it in a way that's good for
+this other group and maybe if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other group and maybe if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other group and maybe if you had a
+theory of that you could collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of that you could collect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of that you could collect them
+into uh remote classes where the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh remote classes where the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh remote classes where the teacher
+is dealing with 20 people who are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dealing with 20 people who are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dealing with 20 people who are almost
+the same I think they're most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I think they're most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I think they're most important
+for the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first few
+years that's most important for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's most important for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's most important for the
+first few years one because after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few years one because after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few years one because after that
+mostly becomes like reading and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly becomes like reading and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly becomes like reading and uh
+thinkings yes we're also in this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkings yes we're also in this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkings yes we're also in this crazy
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+where uh she has one child who's one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh she has one child who's one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh she has one child who's one day
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+old to be in a certain class so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old to be in a certain class so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old to be in a certain class so it's
+going to waste a year well I used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to waste a year well I used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to waste a year well I used to be
+like that and apparently my parents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and apparently my parents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and apparently my parents uh
+legally changed my birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+no well why can't you do it why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well why can't you do it why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well why can't you do it why can't
+you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it
+here there's a way what wonder if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a way what wonder if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a way what wonder if
+there's a way trve different I'll ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way trve different I'll ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way trve different I'll ask
+Alan dtz next time I see him he can cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan dtz next time I see him he can cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan dtz next time I see him he can cure
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isn't it interesting there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it interesting there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it interesting there's a great
+lawyer in Brooklyn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer in Brooklyn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer in Brooklyn
+who didn't he get OJ Simpson off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't he get OJ Simpson off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't he get OJ Simpson off the
+hook or something oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook or something oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook or something oh
+yes maybe he can change change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe he can change change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe he can change change this
+kid's birthday a little bit but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid's birthday a little bit but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid's birthday a little bit but when you
+think about like Bob's kids I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like Bob's kids I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like Bob's kids I mean
+imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if
+each child had the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each child had the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each child had the opportunity to
+develop their talents and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop their talents and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop their talents and their
+interests how many more problems we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests how many more problems we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests how many more problems we'd
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solvet is working on that very idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvet is working on that very idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvet is working on that very idea
+about like electronic like video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like electronic like video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like electronic like video games
+that kids can learn in within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids can learn in within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids can learn in within the
+context of problem solving so they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of problem solving so they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of problem solving so they learn
+a little bit of math a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of math a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of math a little bit of
+computer science a little bit of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science a little bit of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science a little bit of physics
+as they go along like playing some game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they go along like playing some game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they go along like playing some game
+but now you killed one monster and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you killed one monster and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you killed one monster and I get
+K two I think that's helpful as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K two I think that's helpful as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K two I think that's helpful as an
+adjunct but I also think that for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct but I also think that for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct but I also think that for many
+kids well for some kids that teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids well for some kids that teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids well for some kids that teachers
+provide a role model and play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a role model and play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a role model and play an
+inspirational role that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational role that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational role that can't be
+replaced by electronic or text purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by electronic or text purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by electronic or text purely
+textual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textual
+materials that they will go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they will go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they will go into the
+classroom and that even if the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and that even if the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and that even if the teacher
+is teaching at the wrong level for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is teaching at the wrong level for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is teaching at the wrong level for them
+because they're a top 1% kid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're a top 1% kid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're a top 1% kid and the
+teacher is teaching to the 50th or 25th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher is teaching to the 50th or 25th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher is teaching to the 50th or 25th
+per level that seeing the teacher's love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per level that seeing the teacher's love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per level that seeing the teacher's love
+of knowledge and also emulating how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and also emulating how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and also emulating how the
+teacher approaches teaching engages with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher approaches teaching engages with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher approaches teaching engages with
+knowledge provides them with Mod I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge provides them with Mod I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge provides them with Mod I
+should say I am a teacher and I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say I am a teacher and I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say I am a teacher and I'm an
+adult I'm a teacher of adults and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult I'm a teacher of adults and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult I'm a teacher of adults and um and
+I love teaching and I definitely agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love teaching and I definitely agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love teaching and I definitely agree
+you know I hope that teachers have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I hope that teachers have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I hope that teachers have a
+wonderful value I'm not sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful value I'm not sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful value I'm not sure that that
+role couldn't be taken by some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role couldn't be taken by some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role couldn't be taken by some other
+members of the society for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the society for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the society for example a
+mentor let's say that a child was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor let's say that a child was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor let's say that a child was
+discovering a love with music you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering a love with music you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering a love with music you know
+at a young age maybe another musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a young age maybe another musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a young age maybe another musician
+for example could provide that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example could provide that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example could provide that same
+inspiration I don't know I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration I don't know I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration I don't know I think it's
+wor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wor
+considering an N Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering an N Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering an N Point
+to or or a good simulation of a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or or a good simulation of a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or or a good simulation of a teacher
+dressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed as
+Spider-Man If the child regards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spider-Man If the child regards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spider-Man If the child regards
+Spiderman as the perfect role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model well those are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions I was going to mention mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I was going to mention mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I was going to mention mention
+uh in response to your comment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in response to your comment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in response to your comment about
+botsky's um theory of learning that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botsky's um theory of learning that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botsky's um theory of learning that uh
+just last week um Bo and I met with Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last week um Bo and I met with Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last week um Bo and I met with Mike
+merenik and he was talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merenik and he was talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merenik and he was talking about how
+like there's there's this uh layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's there's this uh layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's there's this uh layer of
+like plasticity or there's a bunch of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plasticity or there's a bunch of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plasticity or there's a bunch of um
+learning mechanis mechanisms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mechanis mechanisms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mechanis mechanisms in the
+cortex that are activated under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that are activated under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that are activated under certain
+conditions such as um surprises or uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such as um surprises or uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such as um surprises or uh I
+guess you could think of it as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could think of it as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could think of it as like
+failure based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure based
+reformulation um or the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulation um or the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulation um or the other one is
+like credit or when you accomplish your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit or when you accomplish your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit or when you accomplish your
+go successfully but he said when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go successfully but he said when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go successfully but he said when you're
+surprising people in order to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising people in order to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising people in order to activate
+these mechanisms there's um there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mechanisms there's um there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mechanisms there's um there's the
+risk of surprising them in a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of surprising them in a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of surprising them in a negative
+way in that they are threatened by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in that they are threatened by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in that they are threatened by the
+surprise in which case they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise in which case they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise in which case they don't
+activate the learn the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the learn the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the learn the learning
+mechanisms which is pretty um I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms which is pretty um I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms which is pretty um I mean it
+was really interesting because kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really interesting because kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really interesting because kind of
+gets to this point that you have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to this point that you have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to this point that you have to uh
+you have to teach people at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to teach people at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to teach people at the right
+sort of schedule and you can't get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of schedule and you can't get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of schedule and you can't get them
+too much knowledge at once or else they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much knowledge at once or else they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much knowledge at once or else they
+might become discouraged about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might become discouraged about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might become discouraged about what
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+learning he had a good theory of multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning he had a good theory of multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning he had a good theory of multi
+level learning so that when a CH when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level learning so that when a CH when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level learning so that when a CH when a
+child is learning phones those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is learning phones those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is learning phones those all
+auditory cortex kind of ideas but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex kind of ideas but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex kind of ideas but when
+they're learning phones um there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're learning phones um there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're learning phones um there has to
+be a consistent kind of patterned input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a consistent kind of patterned input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a consistent kind of patterned input
+so they can learn the first layer um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can learn the first layer um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can learn the first layer um in
+terms of just basic information metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just basic information metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just basic information metrics
+where um there's not a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um there's not a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um there's not a lot of the
+learning mechanism is always on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mechanism is always on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mechanism is always on and then
+his theory is that as as the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theory is that as as the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theory is that as as the child
+develops an inhibitory mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops an inhibitory mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops an inhibitory mechanism of
+attention so you can then inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so you can then inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so you can then inhibit the
+attention module which is always on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention module which is always on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention module which is always on when
+it's a a very young infant um then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a very young infant um then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a very young infant um then the
+learning becomes selective so in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning becomes selective so in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning becomes selective so in an
+adult uh the attention has to be focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult uh the attention has to be focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult uh the attention has to be focused
+in order to continue to learn and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to continue to learn and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to continue to learn and yeah
+in the case of noisy inputs this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of noisy inputs this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of noisy inputs this first
+layer isn't even learn at all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer isn't even learn at all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer isn't even learn at all um
+so this gets back to the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets back to the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets back to the idea of a
+consistent kind impr primer yeah I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent kind impr primer yeah I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent kind impr primer yeah I'm not
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+but what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he's
+saying um if you have a a layer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um if you have a a layer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um if you have a a layer where
+you've learned to recognize phonies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned to recognize phonies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned to recognize phonies and
+you start to build on it it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to build on it it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to build on it it might be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh you want to stop the lower layer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to stop the lower layer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to stop the lower layer from
+learning for a long time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for a long time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for a long time because
+otherwise the stuff above becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the stuff above becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the stuff above becomes
+inconsistent right yeah so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent right yeah so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent right yeah so the the
+always on learning is really only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on learning is really only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on learning is really only in the
+infant stage and so then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant stage and so then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant stage and so then that the
+learning stops after a point only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning stops after a point only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning stops after a point only when
+there's kind of a reinforce very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a reinforce very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a reinforce very basic
+theory of learning in terms of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of learning in terms of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of learning in terms of just
+reinfor I don't see why the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinfor I don't see why the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinfor I don't see why the word
+attention is is used there well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is is used there well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is is used there well there's
+um The Learning stops and it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Learning stops and it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Learning stops and it's only
+active in the context of reward later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in the context of reward later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in the context of reward later on
+and so there's um well sort of with in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's um well sort of with in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's um well sort of with in a
+multi-layer thing you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer thing you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer thing you could have
+learning every other layer for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning every other layer for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning every other layer for a while
+there's a lot of little interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of little interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of little interesting
+theories in terms of compiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in terms of compiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in terms of compiling
+information down so in the first layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information down so in the first layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information down so in the first layer
+there were specific frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were specific frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were specific frequencies
+represented which then were combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented which then were combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented which then were combined
+into more complex combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more complex combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more complex combinations of
+frequencies in the second layer and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in the second layer and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in the second layer and he
+noticed that after a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that after a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that after a certain amount of
+maturation these complex frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation these complex frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation these complex frequency
+actually moved down to the to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moved down to the to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moved down to the to the more
+primitive layer afterwards um you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive layer afterwards um you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive layer afterwards um you mean
+that the earlier Network start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earlier Network start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earlier Network start to
+recognize more complex things right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize more complex things right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize more complex things right and
+then this gets back to the idea where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this gets back to the idea where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this gets back to the idea where um
+a baby will actually learn to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby will actually learn to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby will actually learn to recognize
+a multitude of different phones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multitude of different phones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multitude of different phones that are
+even outside of their own culture um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even outside of their own culture um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even outside of their own culture um but
+then after a certain while that that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after a certain while that that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after a certain while that that um
+that that opportunity window is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that opportunity window is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that opportunity window is kind of
+closed and they no longer learn these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and they no longer learn these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and they no longer learn these
+new basic frequency patterns because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new basic frequency patterns because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new basic frequency patterns because
+there the theory is that because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the theory is that because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the theory is that because they're
+compiled down into the more primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled down into the more primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled down into the more primitive
+layer those distinctions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer those distinctions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer those distinctions between
+specific frequencies no longer exist oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequencies no longer exist oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequencies no longer exist oh
+I had a different theory in the Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a different theory in the Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a different theory in the Society
+of mine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine for
+that it was that if the if the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was that if the if the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was that if the if the child
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+didn't stop your ability to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stop your ability to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stop your ability to learn
+phins at a certain age then the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phins at a certain age then the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phins at a certain age then the parents
+would learn to imitate the child in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn to imitate the child in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn to imitate the child in
+order to communicate better and language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to communicate better and language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to communicate better and language
+wouldn't develop in those cultures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't develop in those cultures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't develop in those cultures and
+they would have died out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have died out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have died out
+so so my theory was that it's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so my theory was that it's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so my theory was that it's at the
+time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of
+puberty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puberty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puberty uh
+approximately the ability to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the ability to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the ability to learn
+phoning should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoning should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoning should
+stop or else the culture will support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop or else the culture will support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop or else the culture will support
+language for much longer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for much longer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for much longer but
+anyway well there different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well there different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well there different levels of
+theories like here's this about theology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories like here's this about theology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories like here's this about theology
+or the selection pressure the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the selection pressure the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the selection pressure the other one
+is about the mechanism yes right if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the mechanism yes right if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the mechanism yes right if it
+stops there has to be a gene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops there has to be a gene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops there has to be a gene or
+something to stop it or else it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to stop it or else it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to stop it or else it could be
+a complicated innal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated innal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated innal
+process that learns that making changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that learns that making changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that learns that making changes
+there makes trouble and learns to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there makes trouble and learns to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there makes trouble and learns to not
+learn rather than being genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+priv is there a big difference in ag at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priv is there a big difference in ag at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priv is there a big difference in ag at
+which people stop wearing phones my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people stop wearing phones my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people stop wearing phones my
+impression was um that around age 12 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression was um that around age 12 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression was um that around age 12 or
+so the ability to learn new phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ability to learn new phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ability to learn new phones
+becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very
+poor well the few lucky people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor well the few lucky people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor well the few lucky people
+never well for for most people that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never well for for most people that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never well for for most people that's
+the age of which you stop being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of which you stop being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of which you stop being able to
+learn a second language without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a second language without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a second language without an
+accent no matter how many decades after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent no matter how many decades after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent no matter how many decades after
+that you spend imersion in that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you spend imersion in that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you spend imersion in that language
+and then a few people can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a few people can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a few people can learn
+arbitrated languages with a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrated languages with a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrated languages with a native
+accent uh at any age well there are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent uh at any age well there are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent uh at any age well there are only
+about 2 phon names in all languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 phon names in all languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 phon names in all languages
+somebody told me so if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told me so if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told me so if you happen to
+learn all of them then you can learn all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all of them then you can learn all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all of them then you can learn all
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without somebody might do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without somebody might do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without somebody might do that by
+accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+CL
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HYh3aq_NG8Q.txt b/HYh3aq_NG8Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..078c195e27c27199920dd9b11c9e18cf1c848b5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HYh3aq_NG8Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2304 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: And last time, you
+got to see how you can derive
+
+macroscopic thermodynamic
+results from the microscopic
+
+point of view of statistical
+mechanics.
+
+So in contrast to the way we'd
+gone through the course from
+
+the beginning, starting from
+empirical macroscopic
+
+observation and ideas through
+macroscopic laws and then
+
+working out the consequences
+of them, in statistical
+
+mechanics you start from a
+microscopic model, build up
+
+the energy levels that are going
+to give you the terms in
+
+the partition function,
+determine the partition
+
+function, and what you saw last
+time is that given that,
+
+you can calculate everything.
+
+You can calculate all the
+macroscopic properties that
+
+ordinarily come from the
+thermodynamic laws that were
+
+based on empirical macroscopic
+observation.
+
+So today, I just want to
+continue doing some
+
+statistical thermodynamics.
+
+Basically going through a few
+examples, just to see how it
+
+plays out when we calculate
+thermodynamic quantities,
+
+based on our microscopic
+picture.
+
+So let's just look
+at a few cases.
+
+And I'll start with a couple of
+examples that are entirely
+
+entropy driven.
+
+And we've seen them
+before from the
+
+macroscopic point of view.
+
+What we should hope, of course,
+is that we can derive
+
+those results from the partition
+functions that are
+
+appropriate here.
+
+So, we'll look at entropically
+driven processes.
+
+And the first one, the simplest
+one, maybe, to cover,
+
+is just free expansion
+of a gas.
+
+So what happens if we've got
+particles in a gas that are
+
+enclosed in a certain volume.
+
+And now we let the volume expand
+into vacuum on the
+
+other side.
+
+Of course, you know
+what'll happen.
+
+The volume will be filled
+and we've derived the
+
+thermodynamics for it before.
+
+So let's see what happens in a
+
+statistical mechanical treatment.
+
+So let's say, here's V1,
+there's our gas.
+
+There's vacuum.
+
+And now we'll open it up and
+just have the bigger volume,
+
+V2, and let the gas fill it.
+
+So I think last time you got
+introduced to basically a
+
+lattice model for translational
+motion.
+
+And I started in on this
+just a little bit
+
+the time before also.
+
+So this is a simple way to
+describe the statistical
+
+mechanics of filling
+an open volume.
+
+Filling a space with
+molecules.
+
+And all it does is say that
+we're going to divide up our
+
+available volume into little
+bits that are basically the
+
+size of an atom or a molecule,
+or whatever the particle is in
+
+the gas phase.
+
+And say, OK, there are maybe
+10 of the 30th of
+
+those little volumes.
+
+The little volume elements are
+going to be on the order of an
+
+angstrom cubed if it's an atom,
+a little bit bigger if
+
+it's a molecule.
+
+And the available volume is on
+the order of meters cubed.
+
+So that works out, an angstrom
+is 10 to the minus 10 meters.
+
+And then the cube of that
+is 10 to the minus 30th.
+
+So if you look at the total
+number of little volume
+
+elements of this sort, it's on
+the order of 10 to the 30th.
+
+So, the total volume, capital
+V, let's make
+
+that distinction clear.
+
+And in this case, all the states
+of the system have
+
+equal energies.
+
+So in other words, it doesn't
+matter we're dividing our
+
+volume up into imagined little
+volume elements.
+
+And for both the molecular and
+the system states, the energy
+
+is the same.
+
+It doesn't matter whether the
+molecules are here, here, here
+
+and so forth.
+
+They're not interacting in
+this picture at all.
+
+So it doesn't matter how
+close or far they
+
+are from each other.
+
+They can't be in the
+same volume.
+
+So all the energies
+are the same.
+
+And what that means is, in the
+partition function, which is a
+
+sum over all these terms with
+these Boltzmann factors.
+
+That have e to the minus
+energy over kT.
+
+But energy's all the same in
+every one of the terms.
+
+So in order to determine the
+partition function, to
+
+determine Q, all we have to do
+is count up the total number
+
+of states that are available.
+
+So, our energy, our molecular
+translational energy, we'll
+
+just set it to zero.
+
+Same with our system
+translational energy.
+
+We'll set that to zero.
+
+All the microscopic available
+states, that is, if I take an
+
+individual particle and I say
+where it can be, all those
+
+states have the same energy.
+
+If I take a microstate of the
+system, you know, the whole
+
+collection of the particles, all
+of those states also have
+
+the same energy.
+
+So what that means is that
+little q is just equal to
+
+capital V over little
+v, right?
+
+How many states are there?
+
+Well, I've got my little volume,
+and then however many
+
+individual cells there are,
+that's the number of available
+
+states in this model.
+
+So it's big V over little
+v, on the order
+
+of 10 to the 30th.
+
+And then, big Q, the canonical
+partition function for the
+
+whole system, it's something
+that we've
+
+been through before.
+
+It's this process of saying,
+well, you take the first atom
+
+or molecule, and it has any one
+of these possible states.
+
+So it's on the order of 10 to
+the 30th possibilities.
+
+Then where does the
+second one go?
+
+Well, there are basically
+10 to the 30th more
+
+possibilities.
+
+And the third one has
+10 to the 30th.
+
+Since there are so many fewer
+atoms or molecules then there
+
+are volume elements, when we're
+dealing with the gas
+
+phase, we don't have to worry
+about the fact that, well the
+
+first million of the atoms
+filled some of the sites.
+
+So the next ones have fewer
+sites available to them.
+
+It's true, but it's such a small
+fraction that are ever
+
+filled that we don't need
+to worry about it.
+
+So Q is just little q to
+the capital N power,
+
+the number of particles.
+
+And then we've seen you have
+to divide by N factorial to
+
+avoid the overcounting of
+configurations that are in
+
+fact not distinguishable.
+
+The whole idea that maybe
+there's an atom here and
+
+another one here.
+
+That configuration is
+indistinguishable from the
+
+configuration with those two
+atoms reversed if we're
+
+dealing with a mole of
+identical atoms.
+
+So, OK.
+
+There's our capital Q. And
+that's also our system
+
+degeneracy.
+
+So the degeneracy, the little
+g for the molecular
+
+degeneracy, how many molecular
+states are there
+
+of a certain energy.
+
+Well, it's the same
+thing as q.
+
+And it's the same thing here
+for the system states.
+
+The capital Omega is
+just equal to that.
+
+Well, now let's look at what
+happens when we do this.
+
+When we expand from volume
+V1 to volume V2.
+
+So that capital V is
+going to change.
+
+So capital V1 goes
+to capital V2.
+
+And we know it's entropically
+driven.
+
+Let's calculate the
+change in entropy.
+
+So delta S is just k log capital
+Omega 2 minus k log
+
+capital Omega 1.
+
+Now, in the process of just
+seeing how the development
+
+goes, how you can derive all
+these thermodynamic quantities
+
+from the partition function, one
+of the really most central
+
+results concerns the entropy.
+
+How you can describe the
+entropy in terms of the
+
+probabilities that the different
+states are occupied.
+
+And how, in the case like this,
+where the states all
+
+have the same probability of
+being occupied, then you have
+
+this very simplified form
+for the entropy.
+
+Just, if S is k log capital
+Omega, where capital Omega is
+
+the degeneracy.
+
+The number of system states
+of that energy.
+
+An amazing result.
+
+You told them about Boltzmann's
+
+tombstone and so forth.
+
+So it's on there.
+
+In fact, the ill acceptance of
+that result kind of led to the
+
+tombstone being erected
+when it did.
+
+Boltzmann, depressed over the
+lack of acceptance of his
+
+theories, put himself
+to an early death.
+
+And this was off a big
+part of the reason.
+
+But we, generations later,
+have come to accept the
+
+results that concerned
+him so deeply.
+
+So this is our change in
+entropy, when we just have
+
+this expansion of gas
+from V1 to V2.
+
+So it's just k log
+omega 2, omega 1.
+
+So now let's just put in our
+results for the volumes.
+
+It's k log V2 over v, I'm
+exaggerating the size there.
+
+To the N, over N factorial,
+over V1 over v to the N
+
+divided by N factorial.
+
+So this is going to turn out
+to be a relatively simple
+
+case, because the factorials
+are going to cancel.
+
+So, then we just have
+N k, log V2 over V1.
+
+Terrific, right?
+
+Now, remember, k, the Boltzmann
+constant, is just
+
+the ideal gas constant per
+molecule rather than per mole.
+
+So this is the same thing as
+little N, the number of moles,
+
+times R, times log V2 over V1.
+
+And that should be a
+familiar result.
+
+That's the change in entropy in
+expansion, free expansion
+
+of a gas, from V1 to V2.
+
+So now we've been able to derive
+that just based on this
+
+really simple molecular
+picture.
+
+Based on that plus the result
+that Boltzmann fought and paid
+
+so dearly for, so that
+we would have it
+
+and understand it.
+
+As before, of course note
+it's greater than zero.
+
+If the volume, if we're
+expanding into a bigger volume
+
+than before.
+
+The entropy goes up.
+
+Also notice one of the other
+results that you've seen is
+
+that you could relate
+the partition
+
+function to A, right?
+
+The Helmholtz free energy is
+minus k T log Q. And S is
+
+negative dA/dT.
+
+And so this would immediately
+give us the same result,
+
+because omega's going
+to go in here.
+
+So we could get this result from
+another pathway, too, but
+
+a more simple and direct way is
+just to start directly from
+
+the Boltzmann result
+for entropy.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Alright, let's go one
+step more complex.
+
+Let's now look at the
+entropy of mixing.
+
+So now we've got two species.
+
+Rather than one expanding into a
+free volume, and we're going
+
+to open a barrier between
+them and see them mix.
+
+And again, it's still
+entropically driven.
+
+And we should be able to
+calculate the entropy change
+
+that we saw before from a
+macroscopic perspective.
+
+So, let's take a look.
+
+So now, we have NA molecules
+of A in some volume VA.
+
+And NB molecules of B,
+in some volume VB.
+
+And then we're going
+to open it up.
+
+Then we've got capital
+N, NA plus NB.
+
+And capital V. VA
+plus VB, right?
+
+And the whole thing is
+
+happening at constant pressure.
+
+Well, then let's look at the
+initial and final expressions
+
+for the entropy.
+
+So, S1, at the beginning.
+
+It's just k log omega A plus k
+log omega B. And that's k log
+
+VA over little v to
+the NA power.
+
+Divided by NA factorial times
+the same thing for B. VB over
+
+little v to the NB power
+over NB factorial.
+
+So that's our initial entropy.
+
+The sum of the two entropy
+contributions,
+
+from the two sides.
+
+And S2, the final one,
+is just k log omega
+
+for the whole shebang.
+
+And that's k log.
+
+And now we have capital V over
+little v to the N power.
+
+And now we have a combinatorics
+result that I
+
+think probably you're all
+familiar with from one context
+
+or another.
+
+That is, now we have
+to divide by NA
+
+factorial times NB factorial.
+
+In other words, the amount that
+we need to divide by to
+
+avoid overcounting is the
+product of those two
+
+factorials.
+
+Just in case it's been a while
+since you've seen stuff like
+
+that, I've got a couple of pages
+further on the notes at
+
+the bottom of the page.
+
+I've just broken that out for a
+really simple example where
+
+there are just two molecules of
+A, and two molecules of B
+
+represented by different little
+balls in lattice sites.
+
+And I just worked it out for the
+total where there are only
+
+ten total in the mixture.
+
+The point is, now what happens
+is, when you start filling a
+
+lattice, but it's not
+all the same, right?
+
+So now you have A here.
+
+And A here.
+
+And B here.
+
+And B here.
+
+So, of course if you interchange
+A and B here, you
+
+don't have an identical state.
+
+An indistinguishable state.
+
+That's distinguishable and
+needs to be counted.
+
+It's only interchanging B with
+B that you need to correct
+
+for, and interchanging A with
+A. So of course you need to
+
+account for that in a way that's
+different from how it
+
+turns out if every one of the
+molecules is identical.
+
+So it's the product of
+these factorials.
+
+In the numerator.
+
+So now delta S is then
+just this minus this.
+
+So it's k log V over little v
+to the NA plus NB over VA
+
+divided by little v to the NA
+power VB divided by little v
+
+to the NB power.
+
+And, let's see, maybe
+I'd better back up.
+
+Let me know, that's all.
+
+And what's happening is,
+again, luckily, these
+
+factorials are canceling.
+
+So we just have k log V to the
+NA, V to the NB over VA to the
+
+NA VB to the NB.
+
+And now we're going to go back
+and use the fact that the
+
+pressures are the same,
+all the way through.
+
+And what that means is that
+the volumes must be in the
+
+same ratio as the number
+of molecules.
+
+And what that means is that, for
+example, VA over V is the
+
+same as NA over N. And that's
+just equal to XA, the mole
+
+fraction of A. And the
+same for B. So we
+
+can substitute that.
+
+And know our delta S just
+becomes k log, let's see, let
+
+me break this out from
+the beginning.
+
+And just take minus k log on XA
+to the NA power minus k log
+
+XB to the NB power.
+
+All I've done make these
+substitutions here.
+
+For the ratios of the volume.
+
+So it's just minus N k XA
+log XA plus XB log XB.
+
+Look familiar?
+
+Same thing we saw
+macroscopically before.
+
+So, again, we can still use
+our microscopic model.
+
+And continue to derive the
+macroscopic entropy changes.
+
+And, of course, for many of
+these we can still get our
+
+delta G and so forth.
+
+Of course, it's only entropy
+that's going to contribute.
+
+OK, let's look at just one more
+entropy driven problem.
+
+And that is, it's a little
+bit different from these.
+
+Let's look at the entropy
+mixing in a liquid.
+
+And the difference between the
+gas and the liquid is that in
+
+the case of the liquid, every
+single cell is filled.
+
+It's not like with the gas.
+
+And that makes a difference
+in how the
+
+states need to be counted.
+
+Because here, remember how
+I said when we were
+
+filling this lattice.
+
+Well, the first molecules
+goes somewhere.
+
+And there are 10 to the
+30th possibilities.
+
+And the second molecule goes
+somewhere and there are 10 to
+
+the 30th possibilities.
+
+And there are always 10 to the
+30th possibilities because
+
+there's so few molecules that
+you never have to worry about
+
+the fact that it's getting
+filled up, so there would
+
+become fewer possibilities
+for that last molecule.
+
+And the reason again is because
+there are so few
+
+molecules that essentially,
+all the cells are open and
+
+available even to the
+last molecule.
+
+Because maybe there's
+a mole of molecules.
+
+Maybe there are 10 to
+the 24 molecules.
+
+And there are 10 to the
+30th lattice sites.
+
+So there might be one in
+a million lattice sites
+
+occupied, even at the very
+end of the procedure.
+
+But of course for the
+liquid, that's
+
+definitely not the case.
+
+All the available volume
+is filled.
+
+So by the time you get to that
+last molecule, it has one and
+
+only one space it can go into.
+
+So you have to count for the
+diminishment of the available
+
+sites as molecules are
+placed in them.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's a different kind
+of combinatorics
+
+problem that results.
+
+So, OK.
+
+Let's look at liquid mixture.
+
+So now, it's going
+to look like, and
+
+they're all filled up.
+
+I sure used fewer sites maybe,
+but that'll be easier here.
+
+We've got open circles.
+
+So these two are going to mix.
+
+And now we're going to
+have filled mixture.
+
+So we're going to have a bigger
+volume, but it's still
+
+going to be filled and all
+the positions are random.
+
+So we have to consider
+all the possible
+
+configurations that we have.
+
+OK.
+
+So we still should
+go through the
+
+same part of the procedure.
+
+So let's call this A. And this,
+B. So at first, already
+
+the situation is different.
+
+If we say what's the entropy
+of system A. Well, in this
+
+simple model the entropy of
+the pure liquid is zero.
+
+Now, of course, that's
+not realistic.
+
+But it's going to turn
+out to be suitable.
+
+Because the change in
+entropy that we go
+
+from here to the mixture.
+
+The other contributions to
+entropy are going to more or
+
+less be the same from
+beginning to end.
+
+What's going to be significantly
+different is
+
+simply the fact that in the
+mixture you have the random
+
+positions that can
+be occupied.
+
+So that's going to be the term
+that matters, the contribution
+
+that matters.
+
+So entropy is just k log
+Omega A. There's
+
+only one system state.
+
+All of the lattice sites are
+filled, and they're all filled
+
+with A. So there's only
+one way to do it.
+
+And of course, it doesn't
+matter if
+
+you interchange them.
+
+They're indistinguishable.
+
+So this is zero.
+
+This is one.
+
+There's only one state.
+
+Same, of course, for B.
+
+So that's our initial entropy
+in this simple model.
+
+Well then, delta S
+of the mixture is
+
+just S of the mixture.
+
+We don't need to worry about
+the original parts.
+
+Now, this is going to be k log
+of N factorial over NA
+
+factorial NB factorial, like
+we've seen before.
+
+That's not different
+from before.
+
+Except that unlike before, we
+don't have the convenient and
+
+simple cancellation
+of the factorials.
+
+That happened before, because
+they were there.
+
+In other words, they were
+there in the entropy
+
+contribution in the gas phase
+as well, in the pure gas.
+
+They're only there here
+in the liquid.
+
+And that means we have
+to deal with them.
+
+But it turns out it's not too
+bad to deal with them.
+
+And we're going to use this
+Stirling's approximation that
+
+I introduced before.
+
+So the log of N factorial is
+approximately equal to N log N
+
+minus N. So let's just break
+that out then, and use the
+
+Stirling's approximation for
+each of the factorial terms.
+
+So then we have S for
+the mixture is N k
+
+log N minus N k minus.
+
+And now we'll do the bottom,
+the numerator.
+
+NA k log NA minus NA times
+k, that's this part.
+
+And now we'll do this one.
+
+So it's plus NB k log
+NB minus NB times k.
+
+But NA and NB, of course, are
+just N. So these will cancel.
+
+So then we're left with
+NA plus NB times k
+
+log N minus NA --
+
+And I just want to write this
+this way so that I can then
+
+separate the terms.
+
+Minus NA k log NA minus
+NB k log NB.
+
+And now I just want to combine
+the easily combined terms.
+
+So it's NA k log N over NA
+plus NB k log N over NB.
+
+Looks like we're home.
+
+Now we just have N k XA log
+XA plus XB log XB right?
+
+This NA over N is just XA.
+
+NB over is XB.
+
+And then I've divided the same
+thing to make XA's over here.
+
+And take the total number
+of moles out.
+
+Alright.
+
+Look familiar?
+
+Again, the same thing derived
+now in a way that's a bit
+
+different from what we
+did in the gas phase.
+
+So now I've got the entropy of
+mixing even in a condensed
+
+phase the liquid.
+
+And again, the reason this
+simple model works is because
+
+although a real liquid,
+certainly a pure liquid has a
+
+finite entropy, a substantial
+amount of disorder, that's
+
+present, that kind
+of disorder.
+
+In other words, the fact that
+you don't really have the
+
+molecules sitting in sites on a
+
+lattice but there's disorder.
+
+There's also rotational disorder
+if it's a molecule.
+
+There are various contributions
+to entropy.
+
+But those are all comparable
+in the
+
+starting and final states.
+
+The thing that's changed is
+simply the interchanging of A
+
+and B molecules.
+
+That's introduced a new kind of
+disorder that didn't used
+
+to be present.
+
+A very big difference in the
+number of states at the end
+
+from the beginning.
+
+And that's what we've calculated
+and captured here.
+
+And that's why such a simple
+model still works OK.
+
+Any questions about these
+entropy driven cases?
+
+OK.
+
+Now let's move on and talk about
+the cases which are more
+
+commonly encountered, where
+the states aren't
+
+all the same energy.
+
+Of course, here in the liquid,
+just like in the gas, we
+
+haven't treated interactions
+between the molecules.
+
+We've assumed that they're equal
+between A and B, as they
+
+are between A and A and B and
+B. So in this case then all
+
+the energy to the states are
+the same and it's just a
+
+counting problem.
+
+How many states are
+there available.
+
+As soon as the energies are
+different, then of course we
+
+need to account for all those
+Boltzmann factors.
+
+Those e to the minus energy over
+kT factors become part of
+
+the, they weight the counting.
+
+And we have to do that.
+
+So, what I want to do is go back
+to this simple polymer
+
+configurational model that
+we introduced before.
+
+And this sort of model, in one
+form or another, we're going
+
+to see a few times in the
+rest of this treatment.
+
+The reason, really, is because
+it's a simple and also
+
+realistic way of portraying
+a system that has a finite
+
+number of well-defined
+energies.
+
+If you don't have that,
+of course you
+
+could do the treatment.
+
+In a, sort of, classical
+mechanic sense, a continuum of
+
+states, all with different
+energies.
+
+It's hard.
+
+Because then those sum in the
+partition function become
+
+integrals over all the different
+configurations and
+
+possibilities.
+
+It's much more complicated
+to do.
+
+It's much more straightforward
+if you can identify discrete
+
+states and add over them.
+
+Now, someday you'll take
+quantum mechanics.
+
+And then you'll see that the
+states are discrete, even if
+
+we're talking about
+translation or
+
+rotation and so forth.
+
+So you'll have discrete quantum
+mechanical energy
+
+levels and so forth.
+
+You haven't had that yet.
+
+And so that's not the starting
+point that we're going to use.
+
+Instead, we're going to use
+a starting point that goes
+
+through the exact same
+formalism, which is just the
+
+discrete states available in
+molecules that have multiple
+
+configurations.
+
+So we're going to have unequal
+energy states.
+
+And what we're envisioning
+is molecular or polymer
+
+configurations.
+
+So here we have our states.
+
+And just like before, the idea
+is that if you have two
+
+sub-units that are in proximity,
+there's some kind
+
+of favorable interaction.
+
+It could be hydrogen bonding.
+
+Could be different.
+
+But the point is, there's some
+sort of interaction there that
+
+reduces the energy.
+
+And then there are other
+configurations that
+
+just don't have that.
+
+Because the sub-units aren't
+in proximity to each other.
+
+And it's not hard to work out
+that in this very simple
+
+model, these are the only
+
+configurations that are available.
+
+The only distinct
+configurations.
+
+So then, our molecular energy,
+E, we can define as zero here.
+
+Before we defined it as minus E
+int, but I'm going to, it's
+
+a little more convenient to make
+this the zero of energy,
+
+and then this is plus
+the interaction for
+
+each of these states.
+
+Of course, we can put the zero
+of energy wherever we prefer.
+
+And then we have the
+degeneracy is one.
+
+And in this case it's three.
+
+So now we can just write out the
+configurational partition
+
+function for the molecules and
+also the canonical partition
+
+function for the system.
+
+So q configurational.
+
+And we're just going to
+sum over the states.
+
+So it's e to the zero over
+kT, for the lowest state.
+
+And then there are three states
+that are going to have
+
+this term, e to the minus E
+interaction over kT, where E
+
+int is a positive number.
+
+In other words, the probability
+of any one of
+
+these states is a little bit
+lower than this state.
+
+Because this state
+has lower energy.
+
+Remember what I mentioned
+earlier, which is although the
+
+probability of any one of these
+states is lower than the
+
+probability of this state, the
+probability of this energy is
+
+likely to be higher than the
+probability of this energy.
+
+Because there's only one
+of these states and the
+
+degeneracy here is three.
+
+So there are three possibilities
+in which the
+
+molecule could have this energy,
+and only one this.
+
+So if, basically, kT is bigger
+than E int, so in other words,
+
+if this term isn't very much
+smaller than one, then of
+
+course this will be
+bigger than this.
+
+So of course this is one
+plus three e to the
+
+minus E int over kT.
+
+And now we have our capital Q,
+our canonical configurational
+
+partition function.
+
+And that's just little q
+
+configurational to the Nth power.
+
+And like you've seen so far,
+in various cases where the
+
+molecules are separate
+non-interacting molecules,
+
+this is just the molecular
+partition function taken
+
+capital N times.
+
+If all the molecules are
+behaving independently, then
+
+you sum over all of
+those states.
+
+And you see that each
+one of these is just
+
+taken again and again.
+
+As we've seen implicitly
+in all these
+
+treatments so far as well.
+
+Now, in the translational
+case where
+
+you interchange particles.
+
+Like particles, you have to
+divide by N factorial. .
+
+But the different configurations
+don't do that.
+
+If I've got a system where a
+molecule over here is in this
+
+configuration and a molecule
+somewhere else is in this one,
+
+and now they change
+configurations, that's a
+
+distinguishable state.
+
+So there's no N factorial
+involved here.
+
+In the configurational
+partition function.
+
+So, fine, then it's just one
+plus three e to the minus E
+
+int over kT to the Nth power.
+
+That's Q. And once we know Q,
+as you've seen, we know
+
+everything.
+
+And so we can immediately start
+in deriving all of the
+
+thermodynamics, right?
+
+And the place to start is A,
+Helmholtz free energy, or
+
+configurational free energy.
+
+Because that's the simplest
+relation, just as minus kT log
+
+of capital Q configurational.
+
+So it's minus N kT one
+plus three e to the
+
+minus E int over kT.
+
+I'm going to rewrite A
+configurational in terms of
+
+beta rather than kT, just
+because there are going to be
+
+a lot of these factors.
+
+So it's minus N kT one plus
+three e to the minus beta E
+
+interaction.
+
+And that's our A. Everything's
+going to follow from that.
+
+Before I write some of the other
+results, one thing to
+
+notice is, it has N in it.
+
+In other words, there's a free
+energy per molecule.
+
+The total free energy is just
+something times N. And that's
+
+because all the molecules
+in this model are
+
+independently behaving.
+
+So whatever their average free
+energy is, that's going to add
+
+up and give us the total.
+
+They're all acting
+independently.
+
+And in fact, we could have
+gotten this directly from
+
+minus kT log little
+q configurational.
+
+And if we look at energy,
+regular energy, u,
+
+configurational, it's minus
+d log capital Q
+
+with respect to beta.
+
+V and N. And I'll just
+write the result.
+
+It's N times three E int e to
+the minus beta E int over one
+
+plus three e to the
+minus beta E int.
+
+And once again, the feature I
+want to point out is that
+
+there's a factor of N here.
+
+Again, there's an energy
+per molecule.
+
+And so if we want, we can also
+just write the average E,
+
+little E, configurational.
+
+It's just u configurational over
+N. It's the same as this
+
+without the factor of N. Not
+only that, again, we could get
+
+this directly from
+the molecular
+
+partition function up there.
+
+From little q configurational.
+
+We'd have the same result.
+
+Exactly as it should be.
+
+So if we wrote E as we've seen
+in the past, it's just the sum
+
+over that energy times the
+probability for each state.
+
+And that's just the sum of
+Ei, e to the minus beta
+
+Ei over little q.
+
+And if you put in the terms,
+you immediately get this.
+
+Here's our little q, and this
+has the interaction energy
+
+brought out, multiplied here.
+
+So the point is, in a case like
+this, where you have a
+
+bunch of independently behaving
+particles, the totals
+
+for these, for quantities like
+energy, are simply for the
+
+system energy, it's just the
+average particle energy times
+
+the number of particles.
+
+The number of molecules.
+
+And remember, before, I spoke
+a little bit about the fact
+
+that, well, if you look at one
+individual molecule and
+
+another and another, the
+energy will fluctuate.
+
+It'll vary considerably.
+
+Of course, this is a simple
+case with only
+
+two possible energies.
+
+But in a case where there may
+be many more possible
+
+energies, the molecular
+energies
+
+may vary quite widely.
+
+Still, there will be a
+well-defined average.
+
+And then the system energy
+would simply be the total
+
+number of molecules
+times that.
+
+Where they're all independent.
+
+Where all the energies are
+independent of each other.
+
+And, of course, the system
+energy fluctuates a great deal
+
+less than the individual
+molecule energies.
+
+OK, so that's our energy term.
+
+And I think I won't write
+out the results.
+
+They're in your notes
+for entropy.
+
+For chemical potential.
+
+They're all there.
+
+And again, the same
+point would hold.
+
+They all scale with N. But I
+want to talk a little bit
+
+about the heat capacity.
+
+The expression for it
+isn't so simple.
+
+So let me just right
+Cv configurational.
+
+It's du configurational / dT,
+at constant V and N. And
+
+again, the details are worked
+out in the notes.
+
+So I won't write out the
+whole derivation of it.
+
+And even writing out the
+results, I'm almost
+
+reluctant to do it.
+
+But I'll put it up.
+
+Three E int over k T squared,
+because there are some things
+
+I want to point out about it.
+
+N, and then one plus three e to
+the minus beta E int minus
+
+E int e to the minus
+beta E int.
+
+Minus e to the minus beta, I
+have to get rid of this.
+
+Minus e to the minus beta E int
+times negative three E int
+
+e to the minus beta E int.
+
+All over one plus three e to
+the minus beta E int, that
+
+whole thing squared.
+
+And this is just, of course, the
+kind of messy results that
+
+comes from taking this
+derivative with respect to
+
+temperature and doing the chain
+rule to get it with
+
+respect to beta and so forth.
+
+So it looks like a little bit of
+an intractable, or at least
+
+a little bit of a complicated,
+function.
+
+And the detailed functional
+form is complicated.
+
+But what I want to emphasize is
+that it has simple limits
+
+that are very easy to understand
+physically.
+
+And that are important to
+
+understand for lots of systems.
+
+So I just want to look at the
+limits of the heat capacity at
+
+low and high temperature.
+
+And this is something that
+recurs in statistical
+
+mechanics, in an enormous number
+of systems where you
+
+have simplified limits.
+
+And they're really important.
+
+Because what's going
+to matter is this.
+
+Maybe I shouldn't have covered
+up those configurations.
+
+So there's a big difference in
+what happens when kT is much
+
+bigger than this energy.
+
+Where you know that under those
+conditions - let's say
+
+it's hot, and this is a small
+energy difference.
+
+Then the probabilities are
+essentially equal.
+
+That the molecules are
+in this state or in
+
+any of these states.
+
+Because the energy is
+so tiny compared
+
+to the thermal energy.
+
+The molecules are continually
+being kicked around between
+
+all the states, among
+all those states.
+
+So the high temperature limit,
+physically, is one that's
+
+simple to understand.
+
+Where now you're really just
+going to revert to the cases
+
+that we've treated before, where
+all the energies are
+
+effectively the same.
+
+Because compared to
+kT, they are.
+
+And in the low temperature
+limit, now go to
+
+the opposite limit.
+
+Let's say kT is much,
+much, smaller than
+
+the interaction energy.
+
+So that now this term
+is really small.
+
+Because this is much
+bigger than this.
+
+So, what it means physically
+is all the molecules are in
+
+the ground state.
+
+The probability of this
+is basically one.
+
+The probability of being in any
+of these states is zero.
+
+And that's also a
+simple result.
+
+And there are lots and lots of
+cases where one of those
+
+limits really obtains.
+
+If you look at molecules moving
+around in the gas phase
+
+or in a liquid.
+
+And you say, well, OK,
+let's think about
+
+their rotational motion.
+
+Rotational energies are small.
+
+At room temperature, kT's
+much bigger than them.
+
+You immediately go to the
+high temperature limit.
+
+Now let's go to a small molecule
+and look at the
+
+vibrational energy.
+
+In most cases, the vibrational
+frequency is pretty, molecules
+
+are pretty stiff.
+
+And in many cases you can just
+say, look, forget it.
+
+All the molecules are
+in the ground state.
+
+And again, in the opposite,
+but also simple
+
+limit ends up holding.
+
+Or molecular electronic
+states, right?
+
+If you've got benzene or
+hydrogen atoms in, say, at
+
+room temperature, how many
+hydrogen atoms thermally are
+
+going to be up in the n equals
+two state, the 2p
+
+state or the 2s state?
+
+Forget it.
+
+There's not nearly enough
+thermal energy to do that.
+
+So these simpler limiting cases
+play a huge role in
+
+simplifying statistical
+mechanics and the calculations
+
+from them generally.
+
+OK, so let's just see
+what happens.
+
+So, this we want, so this
+we can move down.
+
+So our limiting cases, when T
+goes to zero, not going to
+
+work out what happens to
+all the betas, beta
+
+gets big in that case.
+
+But the result is that Cv
+configurational goes to zero.
+
+That's the limit where, like
+I've described, here is E
+
+interaction, or E int.
+
+Here is zero.
+
+And your kT is barely
+above zero.
+
+So when all the molecules are
+here, none of them has enough
+
+thermal energy to be up here.
+
+So why should the heat
+capacity be zero?
+
+The heat capacity is du/dT.
+
+It's zero because, here's kT.
+
+Let's say I increment
+kT up a little bit.
+
+I just heat the system
+a tiny, tiny bit.
+
+An infinitesimal amount, to
+look at the derivative.
+
+Once I do this, how many
+molecules are in this
+
+higher level now?
+
+Still zero, right?
+
+There's still not nearly enough
+thermal energy to have
+
+any molecules up here.
+
+So what, was the derivative of
+the energy with respect to the
+
+temperature?
+
+I changed the temperature.
+
+The energy didn't
+change a bit.
+
+And that means the heat
+capacity is zero.
+
+Now let's look at
+the other limit.
+
+High temperature limit.
+
+Really, it doesn't need
+to be infinity.
+
+It's really just T greater than,
+much bigger than, kT is
+
+much bigger than
+E interaction.
+
+And in this case, kT
+is much less than
+
+the interaction energy.
+
+So it doesn't need to be
+nearly that extreme.
+
+Well, what you find out is the
+heat capacity is zero.
+
+Now, it's zero.
+
+Because we're in the
+following limit.
+
+Now kT is way up here.
+
+Compared to kT, E interaction
+is way down here.
+
+So, what happens?
+
+It means that this is so hot,
+that term, The e to the minus
+
+E int over kT, forget
+it, it's one.
+
+And so the probability, in
+other words, that the
+
+molecules are in this
+state or this state
+
+are essentially equal.
+
+So now let's say I raise
+the temperature
+
+a little bit higher.
+
+What happens to those
+probabilities?
+
+What changes?
+
+Right.
+
+Nothing changes.
+
+So what happened to the energy
+when I raised the temperature?
+
+Of course, nothing
+happened to it.
+
+Which means the heat
+capacity is zero.
+
+Now, the first limit that
+I described, this
+
+one is almost universal.
+
+For any system where you have
+quantized level, you can
+
+always eventually get to a low
+enough temperature that you're
+
+in the first limit.
+
+Where the kT is lower than,
+by far, than the
+
+first excited level.
+
+Everything's in the
+ground state.
+
+And so you reach this limit.
+
+This one, it's only cases
+where you have a
+
+finite number of levels.
+
+Then you have the same high
+temperature limit to it.
+
+In other words, the reason this
+result happens is because
+
+there aren't a bunch of other
+levels up here that eventually
+
+get to be comparable to kT.
+
+And not all kinds of systems
+or degrees of
+
+freedom are like that.
+
+This one is, because there's a
+finite number, four in this
+
+case, of configurations.
+
+So there's just nothing
+above there.
+
+There's another really important
+kind of degree of
+
+freedom like that.
+
+And that's spin.
+
+Think of proton spins.
+
+It's plus 1/2 or it's minus
+1/2, and that's it.
+
+You can't put any more
+spin energy into it.
+
+Just like you can't put any more
+configurational energy
+
+into the system than to
+be in this state.
+
+That's it.
+
+So in other words, the maximum
+possible energy is finite.
+
+Of course, lots of other
+degrees of freedom are
+
+different from that.
+
+If you think a molecule's
+rotating, they could always
+
+spin faster.
+
+Vibrating, they can
+always vibrate
+
+harder, translate faster.
+
+Those degrees of freedom
+won't have this limit.
+
+They also will have a simple
+high temperature limit, but
+
+not zero, because, of course,
+if there are always more
+
+levels, and I keep increasing
+kT, then I'll have thermal
+
+energy to go into those higher
+and higher levels.
+
+It'll still go up.
+
+But for systems with a finite
+number of possible levels, and
+
+a finite amount of total energy,
+for degrees of freedom
+
+like that, once I get to a
+temperature higher than any of
+
+that stuff, then forget it.
+
+You can't change the energy
+anymore thermally.
+
+So your heat capacity is zero.
+
+You can change the temperature
+and nothing further happens.
+
+OK, next time we'll see what
+happens when you do have
+
+continuing basically unbounded
+possible energies.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IIgJWYMX6LE.txt b/IIgJWYMX6LE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfd3f99ea783502e066f870ba6bb4d47020afb30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IIgJWYMX6LE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in response to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in response to public demand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to public demand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to public demand here
+let's see how many people do you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many people do you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many people do you got
+again the colors may have Faded by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the colors may have Faded by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the colors may have Faded by now
+but check if when you tilt your head the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but check if when you tilt your head the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but check if when you tilt your head the
+effect changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how many people still have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many people still have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many people still have some
+sort of an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an effect
+it's really nice to know that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really nice to know that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really nice to know that that this
+course has some lasting impact on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has some lasting impact on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has some lasting impact on people
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+and and Mara maybe we should try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Mara maybe we should try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Mara maybe we should try
+maybe we should try posting the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should try posting the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should try posting the uh
+um the PowerPoint on the web because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the PowerPoint on the web because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the PowerPoint on the web because
+then if you want to build up your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to build up your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to build up your own
+McCullough effect you you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCullough effect you you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCullough effect you you can do this
+and entertain yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entertain yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entertain yourselves
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have been following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have been following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have been following
+the story thus far you should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story thus far you should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story thus far you should have been
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you should basically have the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should basically have the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should basically have the idea that
+at the front of the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front of the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front of the visual system
+or of any sensory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of any sensory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of any sensory system
+you got all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got all sorts of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+information coming in that the job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming in that the job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming in that the job of
+early processes in the visual system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early processes in the visual system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early processes in the visual system is
+to well to do the sort of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well to do the sort of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well to do the sort of things that
+the early parts of visual cortex are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early parts of visual cortex are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early parts of visual cortex are
+doing and say oh look there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and say oh look there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and say oh look there's a little
+line at this point in the visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at this point in the visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at this point in the visual field
+oh look there's a DOT there and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look there's a DOT there and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look there's a DOT there and and and
+and there's a line here and it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a line here and it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a line here and it's moving
+like that little bits of information all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that little bits of information all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that little bits of information all
+over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place
+um too much of it for you to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um too much of it for you to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um too much of it for you to handle
+so last time I talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time I talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time I talked about this
+bottleneck of attention that allows only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of attention that allows only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of attention that allows only
+some of it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it through
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to do to uh to processes that would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to uh to processes that would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to uh to processes that would do
+things like say recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I'm going to run out of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to run out of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to run out of places
+to drill we'll take a little detour here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drill we'll take a little detour here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drill we'll take a little detour here
+somewhere up here you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere up here you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere up here you're going to get
+perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+and the job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the job of
+today's lecture is to convince you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is to convince you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is to convince you that
+that percept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that percept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that percept
+your current understanding of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current understanding of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current understanding of the world
+is always the result of a many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the result of a many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the result of a many many
+inferences many many guesses about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences many many guesses about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences many many guesses about what
+the nature of the world might be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the world might be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the world might be because
+this information not only is there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information not only is there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information not only is there too
+much information coming in there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information coming in there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information coming in there's also
+too little information coming in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too little information coming in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too little information coming in to
+specify exactly what's going on out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify exactly what's going on out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify exactly what's going on out
+there in the world consider just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world consider just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world consider just a
+couple of the problems I think are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the problems I think are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the problems I think are they
+on the handout a couple of them are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout a couple of them are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout a couple of them are well
+one of the obvious ones is the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the obvious ones is the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the obvious ones is the world is
+3D the world your job is to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D the world your job is to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D the world your job is to figure out
+what's going on out in the world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on out in the world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on out in the world the
+input is inherently 2D that retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is inherently 2D that retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is inherently 2D that retina
+that you've got is a 2d surface so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got is a 2d surface so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got is a 2d surface so if
+you're seeing 3D you are recovering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing 3D you are recovering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing 3D you are recovering that
+3D information from from essentially 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D information from from essentially 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D information from from essentially 2D
+input you're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you're collecting
+um information about light intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information about light intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information about light intensities
+you don't care about light intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about light intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about light intensities
+you care about surface properties in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about surface properties in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about surface properties in the
+world so every patch that you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so every patch that you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so every patch that you're seeing
+you know if you're looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're looking at this
+this spot right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot right here
+what you're seeing is the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing is the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing is the product of
+um the surface the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the surface the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the surface the properties of the
+surface and the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the properties of the
+illuminance the properties of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminance the properties of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminance the properties of what's
+lighting it up you don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting it up you don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting it up you don't care about the
+properties of the illuminate you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the illuminate you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the illuminate you want to
+recover just the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover just the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover just the properties of the
+surface so how do you ignore how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so how do you ignore how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so how do you ignore how do you
+successfully ignore the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully ignore the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully ignore the properties of
+Illumination we'll say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illumination we'll say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illumination we'll say a little bit
+about uh about that the world you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about that the world you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about that the world you're
+looking at is an essentially stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is an essentially stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is an essentially stable
+world I mean things move around in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean things move around in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean things move around in it
+but the whole world doesn't jump around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole world doesn't jump around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole world doesn't jump around
+but you're looking at it and from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're looking at it and from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're looking at it and from an
+inherently unstable Vantage Point you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently unstable Vantage Point you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently unstable Vantage Point you're
+moving around and more to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around and more to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around and more to the point
+um even if your stock still the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if your stock still the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if your stock still the way
+you're looking at the world is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the world is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the world is you're
+moving your eyes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving your eyes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving your eyes around
+um try this for a moment look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try this for a moment look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try this for a moment look at the
+lower left hand corner of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left hand corner of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left hand corner of the screen
+with that now without moving your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that now without moving your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that now without moving your head
+uh well actually probably that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well actually probably that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well actually probably that might be
+a little large so look at the lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little large so look at the lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little large so look at the lower left
+hand corner of this McCullough effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner of this McCullough effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner of this McCullough effect
+test pattern look at the lower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pattern look at the lower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pattern look at the lower right
+hand corner of the McCullough effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner of the McCullough effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner of the McCullough effect
+test pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pattern
+did the McCullough effect test pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the McCullough effect test pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the McCullough effect test pattern
+jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump
+when you did that no it didn't Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you did that no it didn't Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you did that no it didn't Why
+didn't it jump because you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it jump because you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it jump because you know when you
+look moved from when you're looking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look moved from when you're looking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look moved from when you're looking here
+do I have a laser pointer today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have a laser pointer today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have a laser pointer today
+no oh well when you're looking here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh well when you're looking here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh well when you're looking here the
+image is to the bulk of that square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is to the bulk of that square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is to the bulk of that square is
+to the right of fixation when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of fixation when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of fixation when you're
+looking here the bulk of that image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here the bulk of that image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here the bulk of that image is
+to the left of fixation so it's in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of fixation so it's in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of fixation so it's in two
+different spots on the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spots on the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spots on the retina
+if I put something here and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put something here and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put something here and something
+here on your retina it'll look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on your retina it'll look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on your retina it'll look like it's
+moving why didn't that look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving why didn't that look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving why didn't that look like it's
+moving the reason is that when you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the reason is that when you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the reason is that when you tell
+your eyes to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes to move
+you send a copy of that command in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a copy of that command in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a copy of that command in
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+um to visual centers of your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to visual centers of your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to visual centers of your brain
+saying look I just told my eyes to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I just told my eyes to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I just told my eyes to move
+kindly ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly ignore
+the um the resulting smear in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the resulting smear in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the resulting smear in fact I
+want you to do two things I want you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do two things I want you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do two things I want you you
+your visual system I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual system I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual system I want you to
+um ignore it to shut down during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ignore it to shut down during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ignore it to shut down during the
+course of the eye movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the eye movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the eye movement
+and I want you to um to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to um to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to um to compensate for
+the fact that everything has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that everything has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that everything has been
+displaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced
+um you can see what would happen if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see what would happen if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see what would happen if that
+was not the case by taking your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the case by taking your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the case by taking your finger
+and poking your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poking your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poking your eye
+um so you know on your eyelid you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know on your eyelid you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know on your eyelid you should
+try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this
+um because it's more interesting if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's more interesting if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's more interesting if you
+actually try this if you wiggle your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try this if you wiggle your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try this if you wiggle your
+eyeball you can do it slowly or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball you can do it slowly or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball you can do it slowly or you can
+do it quickly you know look at me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it quickly you know look at me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it quickly you know look at me and
+poke your eyeball around you will notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke your eyeball around you will notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke your eyeball around you will notice
+that all your friends look funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all your friends look funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all your friends look funny
+um but that you'll notice that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that you'll notice that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that you'll notice that things
+are jumping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are jumping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are jumping around
+why is that well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well look
+millions of years of evolution did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years of evolution did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years of evolution did not
+provide you with a mechanism that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with a mechanism that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with a mechanism that said
+that you know I am now going to poke my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I am now going to poke my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I am now going to poke my
+eye please send a a a a copy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye please send a a a a copy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye please send a a a a copy of that
+signal to the visual centers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the visual centers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the visual centers of the
+brain saying to cancel that out there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain saying to cancel that out there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain saying to cancel that out there's
+no cancellation signal here and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cancellation signal here and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cancellation signal here and so you
+see the image moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the image moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the image moving around
+you don't see the image moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see the image moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see the image moving around
+when you move your eyes normally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move your eyes normally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move your eyes normally because
+you're you're compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're compensating
+you're compensating for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're compensating for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're compensating for it
+um all right so you're collecting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so you're collecting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so you're collecting all
+this information you're doing your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information you're doing your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information you're doing your best
+to register it in a in a stable kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register it in a in a stable kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register it in a in a stable kind of
+a way oh look at that it also says I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way oh look at that it also says I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way oh look at that it also says I'm
+going to demonstrate the visual the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to demonstrate the visual the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to demonstrate the visual the the
+visual the vestibular ocular reflex let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual the vestibular ocular reflex let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual the vestibular ocular reflex let
+me do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that
+um just because you might as well get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just because you might as well get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just because you might as well get to
+use your fingers some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your fingers some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your fingers some more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you also want the world not to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want the world not to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want the world not to jump
+around too much when you're moving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around too much when you're moving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around too much when you're moving your
+head one of the things you do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head one of the things you do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head one of the things you do very
+reflexively is if you rotate if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexively is if you rotate if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexively is if you rotate if you
+wrote you take your head one way your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote you take your head one way your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote you take your head one way your
+eyes counter rotate the other that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes counter rotate the other that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes counter rotate the other that's a
+very quick reflex if you want to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick reflex if you want to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick reflex if you want to see how
+quick it is try this hold your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick it is try this hold your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick it is try this hold your finger
+out in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of you
+look at your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your finger
+and move your head back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move your head back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move your head back and forth and
+just keep your eyes on the finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep your eyes on the finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep your eyes on the finger
+no problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem right
+yeah yeah you know you can do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you know you can do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you know you can do that now
+try to do at the same speed move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do at the same speed move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do at the same speed move your
+fingers and try to keep your eye on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and try to keep your eye on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and try to keep your eye on the
+finger can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it does doesn't work because that read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does doesn't work because that read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does doesn't work because that read
+that that reflexive movement or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that reflexive movement or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that reflexive movement or that
+that tracking movement is there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tracking movement is there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tracking movement is there are more
+neurons involved it's a slower process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons involved it's a slower process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons involved it's a slower process
+this visual the vestibular ocular reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visual the vestibular ocular reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visual the vestibular ocular reflex
+is a very short latency kind of a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very short latency kind of a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very short latency kind of a reflex
+designed to keep the input relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to keep the input relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to keep the input relatively
+stable so you take all that lovely input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so you take all that lovely input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so you take all that lovely input
+in you got all these little bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you got all these little bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you got all these little bits of
+information all over the place and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all over the place and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all over the place and then
+you've got to make your best guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make your best guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make your best guess about
+what it is that you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that you're looking at the
+reason that this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that this is an interesting
+picture it's in the book by the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's in the book by the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's in the book by the way so
+when you can't see it here you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can't see it here you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can't see it here you can go
+and study it in the book until you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study it in the book until you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study it in the book until you can
+see the dalmatian dog that really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the dalmatian dog that really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the dalmatian dog that really is
+there how many people can see it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many people can see it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many people can see it now
+right oh we got most of them just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh we got most of them just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh we got most of them just just
+for you know that's his head is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know that's his head is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know that's his head is right
+above my finger front pause back pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above my finger front pause back pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above my finger front pause back pause
+he's on a a road sloping from lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on a a road sloping from lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on a a road sloping from lower left
+to upper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upper right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the point of a picture like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of a picture like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of a picture like this
+is that it slows down the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it slows down the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it slows down the process of
+inference enough that you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference enough that you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference enough that you can sort of
+feel it happen normally when I look out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it happen normally when I look out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it happen normally when I look out
+at you for instance my visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you for instance my visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you for instance my visual system
+kicks up one and only one interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks up one and only one interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks up one and only one interpretation
+of what I'm looking at so rapidly that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm looking at so rapidly that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm looking at so rapidly that I
+never notice all the work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never notice all the work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never notice all the work that's
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+the purpose of this picture and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this picture and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this picture and really
+the purpose of this lecture is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this lecture is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this lecture is to show
+some of the work that's that's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that's that's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that's that's involved
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um what you've got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you've got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you've got here
+is a bunch of isolated little black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of isolated little black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of isolated little black and
+white regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white regions
+in order to figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out what's going on
+here you've got to decide who goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got to decide who goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got to decide who goes
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+how are we going to decide who goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to decide who goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to decide who goes
+together well let's think of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well let's think of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well let's think of this in the
+context of a bunch of little line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a bunch of little line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a bunch of little line
+segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's uh now you can sort of decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh now you can sort of decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh now you can sort of decide
+that some of these guys might go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these guys might go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these guys might go with
+some of the other ones but what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other ones but what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other ones but what I'm
+going to do is rotate all of them by 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is rotate all of them by 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is rotate all of them by 90
+degrees as I recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees as I recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees as I recall
+oop well no maybe some other orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oop well no maybe some other orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oop well no maybe some other orientation
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a
+button on the screen but now some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button on the screen but now some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button on the screen but now some of
+them hang together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hang together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hang together right
+that sort of potato shape thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of potato shape thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of potato shape thing there
+why what makes these guys go along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what makes these guys go along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what makes these guys go along with
+each other now in a way that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other now in a way that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other now in a way that they didn't
+before well if you've got an isolated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before well if you've got an isolated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before well if you've got an isolated if
+you're if you're a little uh chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're a little uh chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're a little uh chunk of
+brain that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that uh
+whose job it is to figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose job it is to figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose job it is to figure out where
+Contours are out in the world what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours are out in the world what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours are out in the world what
+you're getting from earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from earlier in the
+visual system is word that has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system is word that has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system is word that has a little
+bit of a contour here it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a contour here it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a contour here it's a little bit
+of a contour here a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a contour here a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a contour here a little bit of a
+contour here I wonder if those should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour here I wonder if those should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour here I wonder if those should go
+together now how do we decide if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now how do we decide if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now how do we decide if the
+little bits of Contour might go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of Contour might go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of Contour might go together
+well you might do something like this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might do something like this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might do something like this if
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+um so you know suppose you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know suppose you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know suppose you've got this
+come here where's my little there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here where's my little there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here where's my little there we go
+if you've got a a line here and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a a line here and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a a line here and you're
+asking what's the best bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's the best bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's the best bet
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+where this if if if this is really a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this if if if this is really a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this if if if this is really a a
+piece of a continuing Contour where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a continuing Contour where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a continuing Contour where is
+this likely to go next well it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this likely to go next well it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this likely to go next well it might
+make a hairpin turn and go off that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a hairpin turn and go off that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a hairpin turn and go off that way
+that's not doesn't seem really likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not doesn't seem really likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not doesn't seem really likely
+more likely it's going to go off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely it's going to go off in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely it's going to go off in the
+direction in something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in something like the
+direction that it's pointing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that it's pointing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that it's pointing and that
+turns out to be whoops these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be whoops these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be whoops these are the
+random ones there's the potato shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random ones there's the potato shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random ones there's the potato shaped
+ones uh this is a very rule governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones uh this is a very rule governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones uh this is a very rule governed
+uh sort of behavior if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of behavior if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of behavior if you've got a
+bunch of little line segments as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little line segments as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little line segments as long as
+the deviation here isn't more than about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation here isn't more than about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation here isn't more than about
+as I recall 30 degrees or so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I recall 30 degrees or so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I recall 30 degrees or so from
+collinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collinear
+you're willing to string those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to string those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to string those together
+pretty happily if it starts to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happily if it starts to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happily if it starts to be more
+than that you're you're unlikely to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you're you're unlikely to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you're you're unlikely to to
+uh to string them together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to string them together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to string them together the
+beginnings of an effort to tie little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of an effort to tie little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of an effort to tie little
+pieces of of information together into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of of information together into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of of information together into
+um into larger structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into larger structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into larger structures
+um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a reasonable interpretation though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a reasonable interpretation though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a reasonable interpretation though
+it's not the only possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only possible
+interpretation of this I mean it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this I mean it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this I mean it could
+be something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like this
+um you know two birds kissing each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know two birds kissing each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know two birds kissing each other
+or or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or something like that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why do you see and and in fact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you know this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know this is something
+like that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I I
+um and you see that as an X with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you see that as an X with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you see that as an X with two
+lines crossing each other but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines crossing each other but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines crossing each other but you know
+if I provide enough other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I provide enough other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I provide enough other
+details here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's a sea lion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sea lion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sea lion
+it's a sea lion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sea lion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sea lion
+it's uh I don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh I don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh I don't know what it is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the point the point is he's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the point is he's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the point is he's still a
+lousy artist it hasn't gotten any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy artist it hasn't gotten any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy artist it hasn't gotten any better
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+the point is more or less the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is more or less the same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is more or less the same that
+if you've got this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line you know a process that's worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know a process that's worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know a process that's worrying
+about that little piece of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that little piece of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that little piece of uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+line segment gets to this Junction and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment gets to this Junction and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment gets to this Junction and I
+was busy doing the three roads diverged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was busy doing the three roads diverged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was busy doing the three roads diverged
+in a yellow wood kind of thing trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a yellow wood kind of thing trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a yellow wood kind of thing trying to
+decide which way to go and it's guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which way to go and it's guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which way to go and it's guessing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+all else being equal that's I I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal that's I I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal that's I I should
+probably go with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go with that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+it says on the handout no I mean on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says on the handout no I mean on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says on the handout no I mean on the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+oh yes okay it it it's uh sometimes goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes okay it it it's uh sometimes goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes okay it it it's uh sometimes goes
+by the name of good continuation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the name of good continuation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the name of good continuation it's
+one of a variety of so-called grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of a variety of so-called grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of a variety of so-called grouping
+rules that were developed first by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that were developed first by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that were developed first by the
+Gestalt psychologists starting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gestalt psychologists starting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gestalt psychologists starting in the
+early part of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of the 20th century
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules for figuring out how bits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for figuring out how bits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for figuring out how bits of the
+scene might hang um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene might hang um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene might hang um
+hang together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang together
+you can see a similar sort of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a similar sort of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a similar sort of process
+going on here you can see that as three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here you can see that as three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here you can see that as three
+isolated line segments but you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated line segments but you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated line segments but you probably
+don't you see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you see that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you see that as
+a curvy line that's occluded right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curvy line that's occluded right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curvy line that's occluded right if I
+suddenly reveal this you don't go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly reveal this you don't go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly reveal this you don't go oh
+amazing yeah that's kind of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing yeah that's kind of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing yeah that's kind of what I
+thought was there that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was there that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was there that's also
+highly rule governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly rule governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly rule governed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got
+a line segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line segment
+and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got
+another line segment you're perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line segment you're perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line segment you're perfectly
+happy to see this one and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see this one and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see this one and this one is
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+if I well how about this this will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I well how about this this will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I well how about this this will this
+will do if I can if I put one up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do if I can if I put one up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do if I can if I put one up here
+all the more if I erase the stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the more if I erase the stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the more if I erase the stuff in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you're less likely to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're less likely to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're less likely to see is
+connected now why are you less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected now why are you less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected now why are you less likely to
+see see it as connected the rule turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see see it as connected the rule turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see see it as connected the rule turns
+out to be that if I can connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be that if I can connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be that if I can connect
+two lines with a smooth curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines with a smooth curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines with a smooth curve
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I'm in business I'll be willing to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in business I'll be willing to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in business I'll be willing to see
+those as connected but if I have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as connected but if I have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as connected but if I have to put
+an inflection in it to make it work then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inflection in it to make it work then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inflection in it to make it work then
+it doesn't look as as convenient I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look as as convenient I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look as as convenient I mean
+it's not that I deny the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that I deny the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that I deny the possibility
+that this could ever connect with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could ever connect with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could ever connect with that
+but if I give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I give people
+um a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stimuli like this and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli like this and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli like this and ask
+good connection or bad connection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good connection or bad connection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good connection or bad connection the
+good connections are ones that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good connections are ones that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good connections are ones that can be
+done can be done with a single smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done can be done with a single smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done can be done with a single smooth
+curve that can't quite I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that can't quite I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that can't quite I think you
+probably have to get an inflection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to get an inflection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to get an inflection in
+there somewhere and if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there somewhere and if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there somewhere and if you have to
+inflect the curve it uh it fails or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflect the curve it uh it fails or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflect the curve it uh it fails or
+people people report it as looking less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people report it as looking less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people report it as looking less
+less convincingly continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less convincingly continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less convincingly continuous
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right it's it's voting time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's it's voting time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's it's voting time here
+again to here we've got a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to here we've got a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to here we've got a whole bunch of
+isolated guys but they do seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated guys but they do seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated guys but they do seem to have
+something to do with each other if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with each other if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with each other if you
+had to pick this being organized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to pick this being organized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to pick this being organized by
+columns or rows how many vote for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or rows how many vote for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or rows how many vote for
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+how many vote for Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for Rose
+ain't much to choose right but if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't much to choose right but if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't much to choose right but if I do
+this okay how many vote for columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay how many vote for columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay how many vote for columns
+how many vote for Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for Rose
+so we've now skewed it very heavily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've now skewed it very heavily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've now skewed it very heavily in
+the direction of columns and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of columns and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of columns and all that
+I've done is change the proximity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is change the proximity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is change the proximity of of
+elements once uh the distance from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements once uh the distance from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements once uh the distance from one
+item to the next item in a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item to the next item in a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item to the next item in a vertical
+direction is closer than to the items in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is closer than to the items in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is closer than to the items in
+the horizontal Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal Direction
+this it's another one these Gestalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's another one these Gestalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's another one these Gestalt
+grouping rules of proximity takes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping rules of proximity takes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping rules of proximity takes over
+and says well you know all else being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says well you know all else being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says well you know all else being
+equal if I had to guess who goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if I had to guess who goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if I had to guess who goes with
+who the guys that are close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the guys that are close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the guys that are close to each
+other they probably go with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they probably go with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they probably go with each other
+um multiple rules operate at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiple rules operate at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiple rules operate at the same
+time so I'll keep the proximity rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'll keep the proximity rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'll keep the proximity rule
+working here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working here
+now if you have to vote how many vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have to vote how many vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have to vote how many vote
+for columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for columns
+how many vote for Rose so now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for Rose so now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for Rose so now I've
+skewed it very heavily in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed it very heavily in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed it very heavily in the in the
+direction of rows even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of rows even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of rows even though the
+proximity law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity law
+the proximity rule is still going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proximity rule is still going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proximity rule is still going for
+columns that was the theme things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that was the theme things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that was the theme things are
+closer to each other in a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to each other in a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to each other in a vertical
+Direction than horizontal in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction than horizontal in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction than horizontal in this case
+the similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarity
+um is trumping that you can balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is trumping that you can balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is trumping that you can balance
+these off against each other how similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these off against each other how similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these off against each other how similar
+do does it need to be to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do does it need to be to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do does it need to be to compensate for
+a two to one difference in in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two to one difference in in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two to one difference in in uh in
+distance for instance or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance for instance or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance for instance or something like
+that but the important Point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the important Point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the important Point here is
+that what you're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demonstration versions of presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration versions of presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration versions of presumably
+what you're doing all the time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing all the time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing all the time I'm
+looking out there and I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out there and I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out there and I'm seeing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the regions regions of what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the regions regions of what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the regions regions of what am
+I seeing regions of redness and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I seeing regions of redness and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I seeing regions of redness and there's
+this I I see a few sort of disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I see a few sort of disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I see a few sort of disconnected
+regions of redness but I'm guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of redness but I'm guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of redness but I'm guessing
+they're all part of her talk yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all part of her talk yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all part of her talk yeah you're
+you're it's your top there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's your top there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's your top there
+um because anyway yeah it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because anyway yeah it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because anyway yeah it's you
+um no not her that's pink you're wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no not her that's pink you're wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no not her that's pink you're wearing
+you're no no the woman behind you well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're no no the woman behind you well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're no no the woman behind you well
+the woman next to you is also red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman next to you is also red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman next to you is also red
+um but in this case I'm not doing a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in this case I'm not doing a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in this case I'm not doing a sort
+of a proximity sorry I'm I'm you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proximity sorry I'm I'm you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proximity sorry I'm I'm you can see
+the role of proximity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of proximity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of proximity here
+so the similarity thing is telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the similarity thing is telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the similarity thing is telling me
+all those red things are tied together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those red things are tied together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those red things are tied together
+and I'm making it into sort of one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm making it into sort of one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm making it into sort of one piece
+of clothing the uh the proximity thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clothing the uh the proximity thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clothing the uh the proximity thing
+is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying
+well you know I don't think her red top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know I don't think her red top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know I don't think her red top
+and her Red Top are the same red top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her Red Top are the same red top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her Red Top are the same red top
+that would be a very weird assumption to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a very weird assumption to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a very weird assumption to
+be made on the other hand the guy she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made on the other hand the guy she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made on the other hand the guy she's
+sitting next to is also wearing red so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to is also wearing red so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to is also wearing red so
+maybe they're just wearing one garment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're just wearing one garment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're just wearing one garment I
+no I'm probably not going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm probably not going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm probably not going to come up
+with that assumption either but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that assumption either but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that assumption either but
+it's these what what my visual system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these what what my visual system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these what what my visual system is
+doing is continuously trying to cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is continuously trying to cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is continuously trying to cut the
+world up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world up into
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+meaningful chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful chunks
+that are going to be worth subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be worth subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be worth subsequent
+analysis I don't want to go off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I don't want to go off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I don't want to go off and
+analyze every little uh pixel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze every little uh pixel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze every little uh pixel in the
+scene I don't have the uh I I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene I don't have the uh I I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene I don't have the uh I I don't have
+the the brain power to do that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brain power to do that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brain power to do that I want to
+have meaningful chunks that are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaningful chunks that are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaningful chunks that are worth
+analyzing so here I might decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing so here I might decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing so here I might decide that
+the meaningful chunks were the rows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaningful chunks were the rows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaningful chunks were the rows that
+you know that they're they they are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're they they are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're they they are a
+something or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the reasons that you need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that you need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that you need so
+there are a couple of reasons why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of reasons why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of reasons why you
+need to do this grouping business over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this grouping business over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this grouping business over
+um uh over little elements in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh over little elements in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh over little elements in the in in
+the world one of them I was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world one of them I was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world one of them I was sort of
+cartooning over here which is that early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartooning over here which is that early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartooning over here which is that early
+in the visual system the chunks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system the chunks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system the chunks of the
+of the brain that are looking at bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain that are looking at bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain that are looking at bits of
+the world are only looking at very teeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world are only looking at very teeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world are only looking at very teeny
+bits and you're going to have to tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and you're going to have to tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and you're going to have to tie
+those together the other reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together the other reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together the other reason is that
+out in the world Contours don't behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the world Contours don't behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the world Contours don't behave
+well they tend to do awkward things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they tend to do awkward things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they tend to do awkward things like
+disappear on you and you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear on you and you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear on you and you don't want to
+get the idea that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea that these are
+um that that Contour well you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that Contour well you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that Contour well you don't want
+to get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+if I've got a contour like that if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got a contour like that if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got a contour like that if for
+some reason bits of it are deleted maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason bits of it are deleted maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason bits of it are deleted maybe
+because there's an occluder or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's an occluder or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's an occluder or maybe
+because something just bad happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something just bad happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something just bad happened in
+the image you don't want to lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image you don't want to lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image you don't want to lose the
+this whole structure because bits of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole structure because bits of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole structure because bits of it
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+um deleted so you have a lot of clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deleted so you have a lot of clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deleted so you have a lot of clever
+mechanisms designed to help you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms designed to help you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms designed to help you find
+where the edges are of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the edges are of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the edges are of things
+um out there in in the scene you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out there in in the scene you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out there in in the scene you can
+find and and putting the bits of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and and putting the bits of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and and putting the bits of edges
+together into a long coherent one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a long coherent one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a long coherent one if you
+play with Photoshop you can go and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with Photoshop you can go and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with Photoshop you can go and find
+the edges I think isn't there like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges I think isn't there like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges I think isn't there like a
+find edges filter or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find edges filter or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find edges filter or something
+so try that sometime do find edges on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try that sometime do find edges on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try that sometime do find edges on
+the filter and uh to find edges on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter and uh to find edges on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter and uh to find edges on an
+image of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of say
+um you know a person and you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a person and you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a person and you'll see that
+it it comes up with a lot of edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it comes up with a lot of edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it comes up with a lot of edges that
+you recognize as being related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize as being related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize as being related to this
+person but it's fragmented all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but it's fragmented all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but it's fragmented all over the
+place and in fact getting your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in fact getting your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in fact getting your computer
+to figure out which bits go with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which bits go with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which bits go with each
+other is is a is a tricky piece of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is is a is a tricky piece of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is is a is a tricky piece of work
+um It's Tricky for you too you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um It's Tricky for you too you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um It's Tricky for you too you just
+don't know that it's tricky because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that it's tricky because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that it's tricky because it
+works all the time all right so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all the time all right so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all the time all right so uh this
+beautifully boring stimulus is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully boring stimulus is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully boring stimulus is there
+um because you see this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you see this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you see this beautiful
+vertical Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Contour
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it's there now all I'm going to do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there now all I'm going to do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there now all I'm going to do I'm
+going to leave it there but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave it there but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave it there but I'm going to
+put a new background on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a new background on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a new background on it
+isn't that lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that lovely
+um why is that interesting well among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is that interesting well among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is that interesting well among
+the reasons it is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons it is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons it is interesting
+is because it's the same gray stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's the same gray stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's the same gray stuff that
+was there before so the top of that bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there before so the top of that bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there before so the top of that bar
+in the bottom of that bar are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom of that bar are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom of that bar are still
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+um all four of those little rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all four of those little rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all four of those little rectangles
+are all identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all identical
+even though they no longer look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they no longer look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they no longer look
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+um because what the what the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what the what the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what the what the system is
+doing is actually I can probably can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is actually I can probably can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is actually I can probably can I
+do this I forget what I programmed oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I forget what I programmed oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I forget what I programmed oh
+there we go look he's going to turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go look he's going to turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go look he's going to turn into
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+isn't that fun oops get back there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that fun oops get back there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that fun oops get back there there
+we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but my my real Point here so that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my my real Point here so that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my my real Point here so that what
+that is is a simultaneous contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is a simultaneous contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is a simultaneous contrast
+effect by the way this one the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect by the way this one the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect by the way this one the this
+Square looks bright because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square looks bright because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square looks bright because it's
+surrounded by darker stuff that square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by darker stuff that square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by darker stuff that square
+looks dark because it's surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks dark because it's surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks dark because it's surrounded by
+Brighter stuff and even though this bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brighter stuff and even though this bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brighter stuff and even though this bar
+is continuous and it's in in its gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and it's in in its gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and it's in in its gray
+level from bottom to top it picks up its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level from bottom to top it picks up its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level from bottom to top it picks up its
+apparent brightness from the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent brightness from the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent brightness from the surrounding
+um the immediately surrounding Contours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the immediately surrounding Contours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the immediately surrounding Contours
+the interesting aspect of this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting aspect of this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting aspect of this from the
+point of view of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of of
+um understanding where edges are is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um understanding where edges are is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um understanding where edges are is that
+um well look if it's darker if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well look if it's darker if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well look if it's darker if if the
+bar is brighter than the background here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is brighter than the background here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is brighter than the background here
+and darker than the background up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and darker than the background up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and darker than the background up there
+there must be a place in the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a place in the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a place in the Middle
+where it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gone
+where there is no Contour but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no Contour but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no Contour but you don't
+see that it's actually a fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's actually a fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's actually a fairly large
+and I I don't think I I was too busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I don't think I I was too busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I don't think I I was too busy
+making this little thing move and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this little thing move and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this little thing move and I
+didn't put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put in a
+no I forgot to do that oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I forgot to do that oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I forgot to do that oh well
+um it's it's it's an it's not a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's it's an it's not a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's it's an it's not a small
+region there's a fairly sizable region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region there's a fairly sizable region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region there's a fairly sizable region
+of the middle there where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the middle there where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the middle there where there is no
+physical Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Contour
+but you fill it in you know in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you fill it in you know in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you fill it in you know in some
+fashion that that Contour is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion that that Contour is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion that that Contour is uh
+is is there that's called a subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there that's called a subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there that's called a subjective
+Contour where you're completing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour where you're completing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour where you're completing a
+contour that doesn't have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour that doesn't have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour that doesn't have uh
+um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any
+real support in the image that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real support in the image that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real support in the image that's the
+piece that your Photoshop filter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that your Photoshop filter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that your Photoshop filter will
+have a hard time doing by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time doing by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time doing by the way
+um oh you can also we can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh you can also we can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh you can also we can also do
+oops we can also do a a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops we can also do a a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops we can also do a a second order
+effect here that's kinda well now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here that's kinda well now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here that's kinda well now we'll
+do that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that later
+um oh come on go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh come on go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh come on go away
+you've moved often enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've moved often enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've moved often enough
+okay let's continue the same point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue the same point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue the same point here
+all right everybody sees this rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody sees this rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody sees this rectangle
+right and yeah what what what's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and yeah what what what's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and yeah what what what's uh the
+rectangle is is uh what what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle is is uh what what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle is is uh what what are those
+black things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three quarter circles yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarter circles yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarter circles yes the
+literalists have figured out that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literalists have figured out that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literalists have figured out that these
+are Pac-Man or three quarter circles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Pac-Man or three quarter circles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Pac-Man or three quarter circles or
+something like that but you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but you didn't
+really see that when it came up you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see that when it came up you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see that when it came up you said
+oh it's a rectangle sitting on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a rectangle sitting on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a rectangle sitting on top of
+four uh four circles of some variety and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh four circles of some variety and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh four circles of some variety and
+in fact you still see it as a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you still see it as a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you still see it as a rectangle
+sitting on top of four circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on top of four circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on top of four circles
+in fact you're probably reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you're probably reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you're probably reasonably
+convinced that you can see the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that you can see the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that you can see the Contour
+going hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going hmm
+that's weird I'm reasonably convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird I'm reasonably convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird I'm reasonably convinced
+that there's an interesting artifact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an interesting artifact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an interesting artifact on
+the screen that's creating Contours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen that's creating Contours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen that's creating Contours
+I don't know what that's about it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that's about it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that's about it looks
+better over it looks looks less bogus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better over it looks looks less bogus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better over it looks looks less bogus
+over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can probably see the whole rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably see the whole rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably see the whole rectangle
+the white on white borders are not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white on white borders are not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white on white borders are not there
+there simply is no physical Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there simply is no physical Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there simply is no physical Contour
+there there may be here because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there may be here because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there may be here because the
+projector is doing something mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector is doing something mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector is doing something mutant
+um but there's there's certainly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's there's certainly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's there's certainly no
+Contour there even though the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour there even though the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour there even though the rectangle
+at the center looks somewhat brighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center looks somewhat brighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center looks somewhat brighter
+again what you're doing is making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you're doing is making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you're doing is making a
+guess about what is it that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about what is it that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about what is it that actually
+created that image that's landing on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that image that's landing on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that image that's landing on my
+retina now it could be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina now it could be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina now it could be a little
+Conference of pack people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conference of pack people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conference of pack people
+four little three-quarter circles who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four little three-quarter circles who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four little three-quarter circles who
+got together to talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together to talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together to talk to each other
+banana doesn't seem the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana doesn't seem the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana doesn't seem the most likely
+possibility what seems more likely here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility what seems more likely here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility what seems more likely here
+is that it's a white rectangle sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a white rectangle sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a white rectangle sitting
+on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for uh for white four black circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for white four black circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for white four black circles and
+you end up completing that that Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up completing that that Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up completing that that Contour
+or this circle for that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this circle for that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this circle for that matter
+what are you doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing here
+um oh you don't need by the you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh you don't need by the you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh you don't need by the you you
+don't need to uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to uh have
+fancy computer Graphics to do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy computer Graphics to do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy computer Graphics to do this one
+of the advantages of this particular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the advantages of this particular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the advantages of this particular of
+the material in this particular lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material in this particular lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material in this particular lecture
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+um it provides great material for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it provides great material for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it provides great material for
+doodling in other lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodling in other lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodling in other lectures
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if you like subjective Contours you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like subjective Contours you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like subjective Contours you
+can make your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can how's that look got a subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can how's that look got a subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can how's that look got a subjective
+Contour there some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour there some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour there some sort of
+yeah it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the Contours the whole problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Contours the whole problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Contours the whole problem
+I got here the Contours don't just end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got here the Contours don't just end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got here the Contours don't just end
+in the world they tend to continue well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they tend to continue well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they tend to continue well
+if this guy's continuing well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this guy's continuing well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this guy's continuing well what
+happened here well maybe it ran into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here well maybe it ran into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here well maybe it ran into a
+another Edge and it's being hidden well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge and it's being hidden well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge and it's being hidden well
+all else being equal it probably ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal it probably ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal it probably ran
+into an edge that's orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an edge that's orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an edge that's orthogonal to the
+direction it's going let's guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's going let's guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's going let's guess that
+and if we guess a whole bunch of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we guess a whole bunch of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we guess a whole bunch of little
+orthogonal edges we're back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal edges we're back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal edges we're back to that
+earlier demonstration with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier demonstration with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier demonstration with a bunch of
+little with a bunch of little line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little with a bunch of little line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little with a bunch of little line
+segments I can I can tie those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments I can I can tie those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments I can I can tie those little
+bits together they they make a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits together they they make a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits together they they make a kind of a
+circle thing so I end up seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle thing so I end up seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle thing so I end up seeing
+imaginary Circle and in fact I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Circle and in fact I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Circle and in fact I'm going
+to start filling in the Contour all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start filling in the Contour all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start filling in the Contour all the
+way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around
+that suggests by the way that if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests by the way that if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests by the way that if I was
+to tilt all these lines a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tilt all these lines a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tilt all these lines a little bit
+off of straight radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of straight radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of straight radial
+so that the virtual line segment was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the virtual line segment was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the virtual line segment was not
+forming a nice neat Circle that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a nice neat Circle that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a nice neat Circle that the
+impression of a subjective Circle would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of a subjective Circle would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of a subjective Circle would
+get weaker and you can decide whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get weaker and you can decide whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get weaker and you can decide whether or
+not that's true here so see this circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's true here so see this circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's true here so see this circle
+now the the question is yeah um is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the question is yeah um is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the question is yeah um is this
+version will give you three choices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version will give you three choices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version will give you three choices here
+um stronger weaker about the same how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stronger weaker about the same how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stronger weaker about the same how
+many vote that this one is stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vote that this one is stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vote that this one is stronger than
+the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one
+how many vote for just about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for just about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for just about the same
+how many vote for weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for weaker
+just about the same that's a boring demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about the same that's a boring demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about the same that's a boring demo
+I'll have to change that next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to change that next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to change that next year
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because it didn't work well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't work well enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't work well enough
+the uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh okay
+another another example this this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another example this this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another example this this is if
+you're following along on the notes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're following along on the notes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're following along on the notes we
+have now gotten to these so-called Craig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now gotten to these so-called Craig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now gotten to these so-called Craig
+O'Brien corn sweet illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Brien corn sweet illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Brien corn sweet illusion
+named after Craig O'Brien and corn sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Craig O'Brien and corn sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Craig O'Brien and corn sweet
+we're continuing the edge business but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're continuing the edge business but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're continuing the edge business but
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I want to do is is tie that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is is tie that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is is tie that into
+that topic that I mentioned earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic that I mentioned earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic that I mentioned earlier in
+the lecture about how it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture about how it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture about how it is that
+um that what you're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that what you're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that what you're interested in is
+things the surface properties in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the surface properties in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the surface properties in the
+world and you're not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you're not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you're not interested in
+lighting lighting is very boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting lighting is very boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting lighting is very boring
+um so well what what do you what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so well what what do you what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so well what what do you what do you
+see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some some some bold Soul describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some some bold Soul describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some some bold Soul describe this
+complicated image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boy slow group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy slow group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy slow group
+a gray thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gray thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gray thing
+two great things okay all right if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two great things okay all right if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two great things okay all right if and
+and if you had to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had to uh
+one's darker oh boy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's darker oh boy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's darker oh boy this is
+I'm gonna bring my pliers next time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna bring my pliers next time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna bring my pliers next time for
+this is like pulling deep yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see like at the top of a pyramid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like at the top of a pyramid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like at the top of a pyramid and
+it's like shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like shading
+the top of it oh oh yeah okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it oh oh yeah okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it oh oh yeah okay so the
+lights coming from the left or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights coming from the left or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights coming from the left or something
+like that oh okay yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that oh okay yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that oh okay yeah that's a
+complicated inference about the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated inference about the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated inference about the these
+things okay but what you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay but what you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay but what you don't
+particularly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly see
+is this if I take the edge out if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this if I take the edge out if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this if I take the edge out if I take
+that edge away from the um from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge away from the um from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge away from the um from the
+middle here what you discover is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle here what you discover is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle here what you discover is that
+the whole thing is the same Gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's not that's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not that's not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not that's not obvious
+if you were to draw the luminance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to draw the luminance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to draw the luminance
+profile drag a photo detector across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile drag a photo detector across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile drag a photo detector across
+this thing what you would get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what you would get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what you would get is
+something like this which side is bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this which side is bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this which side is bright
+okay that side's bright so it rises then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that side's bright so it rises then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that side's bright so it rises then
+drops across the edge and then Rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops across the edge and then Rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops across the edge and then Rises
+back like this so that if you take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back like this so that if you take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back like this so that if you take out
+the actual Edge it's equal on the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Edge it's equal on the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Edge it's equal on the two
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+so that's kind of weird why does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of weird why does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of weird why does it look
+like now what remember yeah yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now what remember yeah yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now what remember yeah yeah well
+they didn't believe me they thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't believe me they thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't believe me they thought I
+was doing something evil here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+here we go look that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go look that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go look that's
+what sneak up so you could well semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sneak up so you could well semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sneak up so you could well semi
+slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly
+fastly sneak up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastly sneak up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastly sneak up
+um what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here
+is that the visual system knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the visual system knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the visual system knows
+something about edges and about lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about edges and about lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about edges and about lighting
+edges in the world tend to be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in the world tend to be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in the world tend to be fairly
+abrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt
+lighting changes so it's bright here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting changes so it's bright here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting changes so it's bright here and
+dimmer over here lighting changes tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmer over here lighting changes tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmer over here lighting changes tend
+to be fairly gradual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fairly gradual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fairly gradual
+so if what I'm interested in is seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if what I'm interested in is seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if what I'm interested in is seeing
+what's on the surface as opposing to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the surface as opposing to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the surface as opposing to as
+opposed to seeing what's um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to seeing what's um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to seeing what's um the the
+product of of boring light and shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of of boring light and shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of of boring light and shade
+variations what I might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations what I might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations what I might want to do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is to look for abrupt changes and to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look for abrupt changes and to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look for abrupt changes and to in
+effect suppress gradual changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect suppress gradual changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect suppress gradual changes and
+that's what's going on here now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going on here now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going on here now you can
+also you can also do it and we might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can also do it and we might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can also do it and we might as
+well do an entertaining second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do an entertaining second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do an entertaining second order
+effect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here
+um stare at remember that negative after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stare at remember that negative after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stare at remember that negative after
+image thing you know look at Red you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image thing you know look at Red you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image thing you know look at Red you see
+green and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and stuff like that
+what I should be able to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should be able to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should be able to do here is
+produce a negative version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a negative version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a negative version of this
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where you'll end up seeing this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll end up seeing this side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll end up seeing this side is
+dark and this side is light even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark and this side is light even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark and this side is light even though
+I'm not going to change anything over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to change anything over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to change anything over
+here or over here uh well it says stare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or over here uh well it says stare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or over here uh well it says stare
+at the center stare at that Center Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center stare at that Center Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center stare at that Center Line
+right stare rigorously at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stare rigorously at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stare rigorously at the center
+line and keep staring and then when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and keep staring and then when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and keep staring and then when I do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is two two illusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is two two illusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is two two illusions
+concatenated on top if you do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenated on top if you do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenated on top if you do it again
+with that do it again this is all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that do it again this is all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that do it again this is all right
+for whoops gotta go back this way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whoops gotta go back this way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whoops gotta go back this way for
+the people incapable of following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people incapable of following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people incapable of following
+instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+um the first time try it again so stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first time try it again so stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first time try it again so stay
+stare at the uh stare at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at the uh stare at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at the uh stare at the center
+and hold your fixation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold your fixation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold your fixation there
+actually the people who got it the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the people who got it the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the people who got it the first
+time keep saying to the Senate but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time keep saying to the Senate but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time keep saying to the Senate but the
+people who got it the first time can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who got it the first time can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who got it the first time can try
+something trickier which is move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something trickier which is move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something trickier which is move your
+fixation a little bit and you'll change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation a little bit and you'll change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation a little bit and you'll change
+the proportion that looks uh light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion that looks uh light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion that looks uh light or
+dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+you should understand why that works if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand why that works if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand why that works if
+you don't write yourself a little note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't write yourself a little note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't write yourself a little note
+on your paper saying I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your paper saying I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your paper saying I don't understand
+why that works and figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that works and figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that works and figure it out
+all right so the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the important thing is that
+what you're trying to do here is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to do here is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to do here is you're
+trying to get rid of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get rid of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get rid of information about
+the light you don't care about the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light you don't care about the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light you don't care about the light
+levels what you care about is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels what you care about is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels what you care about is what's
+going on in the world now Ted Adelson in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the world now Ted Adelson in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the world now Ted Adelson in
+the in the brain and cogs Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the brain and cogs Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the brain and cogs Department
+here has exploited this fact brilliantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has exploited this fact brilliantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has exploited this fact brilliantly
+in a variety of gorgeous demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a variety of gorgeous demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a variety of gorgeous demos
+um one of which is this it is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of which is this it is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of which is this it is extremely
+difficult even if you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult even if you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult even if you've seen this
+before to convince yourself that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to convince yourself that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to convince yourself that the
+gray levels of A and B are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray levels of A and B are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray levels of A and B are identical
+which they are in fact it's so difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they are in fact it's so difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they are in fact it's so difficult
+that even if I stick a bar across it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if I stick a bar across it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if I stick a bar across it
+that's clearly the same thing it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly the same thing it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly the same thing it's still
+kind of hard to see that as identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to see that as identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to see that as identical
+your brain wants to do all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain wants to do all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain wants to do all sorts of
+things to deny that possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to deny that possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to deny that possibility
+um what's going on here what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here what's going on
+is that that virtual cylinder is casting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that virtual cylinder is casting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that virtual cylinder is casting
+a virtual shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a virtual shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a virtual shadow
+that you are busy discounting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are busy discounting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are busy discounting you're
+saying I don't care about the shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I don't care about the shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I don't care about the shadow
+there's a cylinder there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cylinder there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cylinder there's a
+checkerboard I know about checkerboards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard I know about checkerboards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard I know about checkerboards
+checkerboards go dark Square light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboards go dark Square light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboards go dark Square light
+Square I can figure this out that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square I can figure this out that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square I can figure this out that means
+that b is a light Square because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b is a light Square because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b is a light Square because it's
+like surrounded by dark squares and a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like surrounded by dark squares and a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like surrounded by dark squares and a is
+a dark Square because it's surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark Square because it's surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark Square because it's surrounded by
+light squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light squares
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um it's a particularly lovely example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a particularly lovely example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a particularly lovely example of
+among other things this ability to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things this ability to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things this ability to get
+rid of information about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of information about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of information about uh the
+illumination this isn't to say that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination this isn't to say that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination this isn't to say that what
+you do is somehow just run some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is somehow just run some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is somehow just run some sort of
+throw away the light source information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the light source information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the light source information
+and don't do anything with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't do anything with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't do anything with it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+whoops get back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's it say
+cow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow okay
+um they're only white and black on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're only white and black on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're only white and black on that
+screen look at the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen look at the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen look at the C
+and ask where that Contour is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask where that Contour is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask where that Contour is coming
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that Contour particularly the outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Contour particularly the outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Contour particularly the outside of
+that that sea has extremely little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sea has extremely little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sea has extremely little
+support in the image what you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support in the image what you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support in the image what you are doing
+is making an inference this time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making an inference this time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making an inference this time you're
+using the shadow information you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the shadow information you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the shadow information you don't
+want to see you don't want to see the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see you don't want to see the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see you don't want to see the uh
+the shadow how many people see it as not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadow how many people see it as not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadow how many people see it as not
+only as Cal but as an embossed word cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only as Cal but as an embossed word cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only as Cal but as an embossed word cow
+sticking out a little bit right that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out a little bit right that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out a little bit right that the
+reason you're seeing the cow at all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you're seeing the cow at all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you're seeing the cow at all is
+you're assuming that those black things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assuming that those black things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assuming that those black things
+are shadows if those black things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shadows if those black things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shadows if those black things are
+shadows it follows the light is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows it follows the light is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows it follows the light is coming
+from the upper left if the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper left if the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper left if the light is
+coming from the upper left well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the upper left well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the upper left well we can
+go and and figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and and figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and and figure out what
+shape object must have been producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape object must have been producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape object must have been producing
+those shadows and the answer spells cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shadows and the answer spells cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shadows and the answer spells cow
+but if you were to take a look at the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to take a look at the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to take a look at the C
+is about is is the clearest well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about is is the clearest well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about is is the clearest well I don't
+know the O is pretty good too that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the O is pretty good too that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the O is pretty good too that's the
+W for that matter anyway look at any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W for that matter anyway look at any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W for that matter anyway look at any of
+those guys and look at the shapes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys and look at the shapes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys and look at the shapes of the
+black bits which is the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black bits which is the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black bits which is the only thing that
+stands out from the background of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands out from the background of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands out from the background of course
+there's nothing else there except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else there except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else there except the
+black bits on a white background you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black bits on a white background you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black bits on a white background you
+know none of those bits say C or o or W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of those bits say C or o or W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of those bits say C or o or W
+it's a construction based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a construction based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a construction based on the
+assumption that the black bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the black bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the black bits are
+shadows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows
+um you use those that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you use those that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you use those that sort of
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+uh all the time to do things like see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the time to do things like see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the time to do things like see
+faces these are so-called moony faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces these are so-called moony faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces these are so-called moony faces
+named after a guy named Mooney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after a guy named Mooney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after a guy named Mooney
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know you can see you you can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see you you can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see you you can tell me
+a lot about the curvature of these faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about the curvature of these faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about the curvature of these faces
+even though again there's nothing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though again there's nothing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though again there's nothing on the
+screen except for black regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen except for black regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen except for black regions and
+white regions none of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white regions none of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white regions none of which are
+themselves particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves particularly
+face shaped I mean look at the eye are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face shaped I mean look at the eye are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face shaped I mean look at the eye are
+any of those eyes actually shaped look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those eyes actually shaped look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those eyes actually shaped look
+at the guy on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the guy on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the guy on the right
+I mean his eye he's only got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean his eye he's only got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean his eye he's only got one
+apparently the other one's in full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the other one's in full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the other one's in full
+shadow that eye looks like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow that eye looks like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow that eye looks like I don't know
+a mutant bunny or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mutant bunny or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mutant bunny or something
+um if you if I just presented I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if I just presented I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if I just presented I should
+do this if I just presented the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if I just presented the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if I just presented the eye
+piece on on uh on on the guy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece on on uh on on the guy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece on on uh on on the guy on the
+right that that black blob that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that black blob that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that black blob that's
+defining his eye if I just presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining his eye if I just presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining his eye if I just presented
+that in isolation nobody would say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in isolation nobody would say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in isolation nobody would say oh
+yeah sure that's an i it all be saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure that's an i it all be saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure that's an i it all be saying
+Dalmatian dog before mutant bunny this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalmatian dog before mutant bunny this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalmatian dog before mutant bunny this
+time or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these assumptions about Shadows that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions about Shadows that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions about Shadows that's
+what is what you're doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what you're doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what you're doing here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can it it it survives inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it it it survives inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it it it survives inversion
+reasonably well at least but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well at least but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well at least but
+those don't look like faces very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what went wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong
+well you might think well what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might think well what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might think well what went
+wrong is I know that Shadows aren't red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is I know that Shadows aren't red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is I know that Shadows aren't red
+and blue but that's actually not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue but that's actually not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue but that's actually not the
+problem here they look pretty good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here they look pretty good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here they look pretty good right
+those faces look okay but whoops these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those faces look okay but whoops these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those faces look okay but whoops these
+faces look lousy why do they look lousy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody raised a hand there's some yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody raised a hand there's some yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody raised a hand there's some yeah
+there's a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theory
+if you make the shadow regions lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the shadow regions lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the shadow regions lighter
+than than the lit regions the brain says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the lit regions the brain says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the lit regions the brain says
+that's not a shadow I know you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a shadow I know you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a shadow I know you know I
+don't care about Shadows I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about Shadows I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about Shadows I don't want to
+see shadows as entities in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see shadows as entities in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see shadows as entities in their own
+right particularly most of the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right particularly most of the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right particularly most of the time but
+I'll tell you one thing I know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you one thing I know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you one thing I know about
+Shadows Shadows are darker than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows Shadows are darker than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows Shadows are darker than the
+other stuff if the Shadows are lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff if the Shadows are lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff if the Shadows are lighter
+than the other stuff it's not a shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other stuff it's not a shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other stuff it's not a shadow
+yeah it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's uh
+it's something else and something weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else and something weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else and something weird
+so this doesn't work but that works oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this doesn't work but that works oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this doesn't work but that works oh I
+suppose the fact that it said on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the fact that it said on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the fact that it said on this
+one Shadow must be darker might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Shadow must be darker might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Shadow must be darker might have
+tipped some people off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipped some people off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipped some people off
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+okay let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see here
+I think what I will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I will do
+this makes a very natural break point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a very natural break point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a very natural break point
+where it says Mooney faces and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says Mooney faces and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says Mooney faces and we'll go
+on to this question about making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to this question about making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to this question about making the
+best guess you can make in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess you can make in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess you can make in the context
+of 3D going from 2D to 3D so but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3D going from 2D to 3D so but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3D going from 2D to 3D so but before
+we go on to that let's uh let's take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on to that let's uh let's take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on to that let's uh let's take our
+brief stretch your limbs kind of break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief stretch your limbs kind of break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief stretch your limbs kind of break
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I'm this is you're gonna finally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm this is you're gonna finally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm this is you're gonna finally get
+yourself paid is that the idea yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself paid is that the idea yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself paid is that the idea yeah is
+that a pen or a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a pen or a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a pen or a pencil
+I probably have a pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably have a pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably have a pen
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+try that side if they're not over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that side if they're not over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that side if they're not over on
+this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+gather back together here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather back together here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather back together here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way it looks like it's getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it looks like it's getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it looks like it's getting to
+be that time in the term where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that time in the term where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that time in the term where uh
+where people are abusing their uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are abusing their uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are abusing their uh their
+natural sleep mechanism that I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural sleep mechanism that I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural sleep mechanism that I will talk
+about later on in the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later on in the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later on in the term
+um but uh but looking around at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but looking around at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but looking around at this
+crowd I I would say that uh yeah not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd I I would say that uh yeah not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd I I would say that uh yeah not
+getting the uh seven to eight you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the uh seven to eight you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the uh seven to eight you need
+um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if you are maybe you really need 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you are maybe you really need 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you are maybe you really need 10
+and you're catching the extra two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're catching the extra two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're catching the extra two here
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+let me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are lots of ways so I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of ways so I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of ways so I've been
+talking about sort of little almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of little almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of little almost like
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+exact small scale examples of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact small scale examples of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact small scale examples of of uh
+these sort of inferences that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of inferences that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of inferences that you make
+um and now what I want to do is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now what I want to do is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now what I want to do is sort of
+a head for the sort of the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head for the sort of the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head for the sort of the larger
+picture of how you make an inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of how you make an inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of how you make an inference
+about the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole
+scene I'm not going to get all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene I'm not going to get all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene I'm not going to get all the way
+there and and I also can't really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and I also can't really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and I also can't really uh
+there are many Realms I could talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many Realms I could talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many Realms I could talk about
+this in so I'm going to talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so I'm going to talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so I'm going to talk about it in
+one restricted area which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one restricted area which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one restricted area which is this
+question of going from a 2D image to 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of going from a 2D image to 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of going from a 2D image to 3D
+inferences about the world something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the world something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the world something
+that you do automatically all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do automatically all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do automatically all of the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and um I want to explain a bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I want to explain a bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I want to explain a bit about how
+you do it you will see on your hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it you will see on your hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it you will see on your hand out
+there this very useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this very useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this very useless
+um blank region that says one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um blank region that says one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um blank region that says one two three
+four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five
+um I'm gonna go through a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm gonna go through a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm gonna go through a series of
+depth cues probably more than five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cues probably more than five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cues probably more than five of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um and that's what's supposed to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's what's supposed to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's what's supposed to go in
+there there are lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are lots of different
+sources of information that you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of information that you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of information that you use to
+go from the 2D world to the 3D World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the 2D world to the 3D World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the 2D world to the 3D World
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+many of them seen here in this lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them seen here in this lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them seen here in this lovely
+piece of Renaissance art that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Renaissance art that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Renaissance art that we will
+come back to but here is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to but here is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to but here is a much more
+boring piece of art what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah circle square and a diamond right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah circle square and a diamond right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah circle square and a diamond right
+and then there's the the clever person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the the clever person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the the clever person
+who's trying to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to figure out how to
+describe them as Pac-Man before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them as Pac-Man before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them as Pac-Man before but
+these aren't that but you see a circle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't that but you see a circle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't that but you see a circle a
+square and a diamond you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and a diamond you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and a diamond you don't have any
+serious difficulty inferring that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious difficulty inferring that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious difficulty inferring that a
+triangle sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle sorry
+um you don't see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't see this
+for present purposes the important Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for present purposes the important Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for present purposes the important Point
+here is you can also tell me their depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you can also tell me their depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you can also tell me their depth
+order right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right
+I mean it's it's in some sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's in some sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's in some sense so
+obvious that you never think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that you never think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that you never think about it
+but a very important source of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a very important source of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a very important source of of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of information about depth order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information about depth order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information about depth order that
+you get simply because you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get simply because you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get simply because you know that
+solid objects occlude each other so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid objects occlude each other so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid objects occlude each other so you
+firmly believe that I am standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmly believe that I am standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmly believe that I am standing in
+front of the screen I could have well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the screen I could have well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the screen I could have well no
+I couldn't have it'd be theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't have it'd be theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't have it'd be theoretically
+possible that I have suddenly cut a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that I have suddenly cut a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that I have suddenly cut a
+cunningly wolf shaped hole in the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cunningly wolf shaped hole in the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cunningly wolf shaped hole in the screen
+and I'm actually like I'm a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm actually like I'm a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm actually like I'm a very large
+and B standing over you know towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B standing over you know towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B standing over you know towards
+east campus somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east campus somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east campus somewhere
+um and you're looking at me through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're looking at me through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're looking at me through this
+set of holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of holes
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+like you don't you automatically leap to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you don't you automatically leap to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you don't you automatically leap to
+the assumption that if it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that if it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that if it looks like
+it's a clue if a looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a clue if a looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a clue if a looks like it's
+occluding B A is in front of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occluding B A is in front of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occluding B A is in front of B
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh my bunnies I don't know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my bunnies I don't know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my bunnies I don't know what happened
+to them they got kind of pixelated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them they got kind of pixelated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them they got kind of pixelated but
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+um all right which bunnies are closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right which bunnies are closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right which bunnies are closer to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+the big bunnies are closer to you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bunnies are closer to you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bunnies are closer to you right
+why do you think the big bunnies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think the big bunnies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think the big bunnies are
+closer to you because you're making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to you because you're making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to you because you're making an
+inference that bunnies are roughly bunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference that bunnies are roughly bunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference that bunnies are roughly bunny
+sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized
+and that if one of these bunny what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if one of these bunny what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if one of these bunny what it
+would it be in the same way that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be in the same way that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be in the same way that I am
+currently making the assumption that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently making the assumption that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently making the assumption that you
+guys are all more or less people-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all more or less people-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all more or less people-sized
+if I did not make that assumption I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I did not make that assumption I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I did not make that assumption I
+would come to some very odd inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to some very odd inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to some very odd inferences
+about the current view that I am looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current view that I am looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current view that I am looking
+at so you know the people in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so you know the people in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so you know the people in the front
+row there's a person in the front row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row there's a person in the front row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row there's a person in the front row
+her head is about two degrees of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her head is about two degrees of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her head is about two degrees of visual
+angle remember 360 Degrees around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle remember 360 Degrees around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle remember 360 Degrees around the
+head around around my head 300 each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head around around my head 300 each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head around around my head 300 each
+degree is about my thumb so her head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is about my thumb so her head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is about my thumb so her head
+takes up about two degrees and all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes up about two degrees and all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes up about two degrees and all right
+let's see there's this guy in the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's this guy in the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's this guy in the cheap
+seats back there his head is only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats back there his head is only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats back there his head is only about
+half a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a degree
+I could make the assumption that he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make the assumption that he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make the assumption that he's a
+pinhead right a guy with a real small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhead right a guy with a real small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhead right a guy with a real small
+head sitting out in the Deep back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head sitting out in the Deep back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head sitting out in the Deep back out
+there or actually I wouldn't make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or actually I wouldn't make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or actually I wouldn't make the
+assumption that he was sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that he was sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that he was sitting in the
+back you know he's a pinhead sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know he's a pinhead sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know he's a pinhead sitting at
+the same distance as as large head woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distance as as large head woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distance as as large head woman
+here in in the in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in in the in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in in the in the front
+um but that's dumb right your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's dumb right your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's dumb right your visual
+system knows that's dumb your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system knows that's dumb your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system knows that's dumb your visual
+system knows people are roughly people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system knows people are roughly people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system knows people are roughly people's
+eyes not exactly people's eyes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes not exactly people's eyes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes not exactly people's eyes but
+roughly people size and if I see a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly people size and if I see a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly people size and if I see a bunch
+of small things there and a bunch of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small things there and a bunch of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small things there and a bunch of big
+things here hey G odds are that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here hey G odds are that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here hey G odds are that this is
+closer than that and that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer than that and that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer than that and that's part of
+what's giving me my current inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's giving me my current inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's giving me my current inference
+that I'm looking at a tilted plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking at a tilted plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking at a tilted plane of
+people in purple seats is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in purple seats is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in purple seats is this uh
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+about size if I organize the bunnies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about size if I organize the bunnies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about size if I organize the bunnies the
+way you guys are organized I get a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you guys are organized I get a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you guys are organized I get a much
+clearer sensation of depth from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer sensation of depth from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer sensation of depth from from
+this texture gradient so now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this texture gradient so now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this texture gradient so now you should
+be able to see a sort of a tilted rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see a sort of a tilted rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see a sort of a tilted rabbit
+plane right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right
+even though you know objectively it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know objectively it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know objectively it's
+just sitting flat on the on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting flat on the on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting flat on the on on the
+screen it looks tilted was that a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen it looks tilted was that a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen it looks tilted was that a hand
+up there that was a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm I'm sorry I missed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm sorry I missed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm sorry I missed that
+in my previous image we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility right it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility right it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility right it could be that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that the uh that well I mean in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that well I mean in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that well I mean in fact it
+is Justice a flat image you actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Justice a flat image you actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Justice a flat image you actually you
+see you sound like you're getting a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you sound like you're getting a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you sound like you're getting a sort
+of a hybrid of a tilted plane with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hybrid of a tilted plane with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hybrid of a tilted plane with
+bunnies of of a of a range of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunnies of of a of a range of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunnies of of a of a range of of
+different sizes actually we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes actually we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes actually we can see that
+combination here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination here
+um so we got uh a whole bunch of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we got uh a whole bunch of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we got uh a whole bunch of big
+bunnies and and and two little bunnies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunnies and and and two little bunnies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunnies and and and two little bunnies
+right where which is the smallest bunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where which is the smallest bunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where which is the smallest bunny
+in this display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bottom right bunny right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right bunny right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right bunny right
+these guys are identical in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are identical in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are identical in size
+it's a very minimal display there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very minimal display there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very minimal display there's a
+much more Vivid version of this illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more Vivid version of this illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more Vivid version of this illusion
+in the uh in in the book as I recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in in the book as I recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in in the book as I recall
+it's a very minimal version of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very minimal version of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very minimal version of of the
+illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I still can't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I still can't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I still can't draw
+um if I am looking at two bunnies if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I am looking at two bunnies if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I am looking at two bunnies if I'm
+looking at a ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a ground plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a ground plane
+right if I'm looking at a ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm looking at a ground plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm looking at a ground plane
+closer is also lower in the visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer is also lower in the visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer is also lower in the visual field
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so you make an automatic assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make an automatic assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make an automatic assumption that
+was what was giving this this woman the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was giving this this woman the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was giving this this woman the
+notion of a faintly tilted plane in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a faintly tilted plane in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a faintly tilted plane in the
+in the first bunny example you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first bunny example you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first bunny example you make the
+assumption that the bottom of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the bottom of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the bottom of the image
+is closer to you than the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closer to you than the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closer to you than the top of the
+image well if the bottom of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image well if the bottom of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image well if the bottom of the image
+let's go back here whoops not there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back here whoops not there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back here whoops not there if
+the bottom of the image is closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the image is closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the image is closer
+then the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the top
+and these two bunny images are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two bunny images are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two bunny images are the same
+size if this guy is closer it must also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if this guy is closer it must also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if this guy is closer it must also
+be really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really small
+right remember what I was taught is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember what I was taught is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember what I was taught is this
+is supposed suppose I took the guy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed suppose I took the guy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed suppose I took the guy from
+the back row here his whole upper body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back row here his whole upper body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back row here his whole upper body
+fills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills
+the sort of top joint of my thumb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of top joint of my thumb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of top joint of my thumb in
+visual angle terms if I moved that image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual angle terms if I moved that image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual angle terms if I moved that image
+to the front and sat him in a seat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and sat him in a seat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and sat him in a seat here
+he would and he'd be about the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would and he'd be about the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would and he'd be about the size of
+of This Woman's upper arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of This Woman's upper arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of This Woman's upper arm
+and I would think that's a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would think that's a really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would think that's a really small
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+right the whole guy fits on you she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the whole guy fits on you she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the whole guy fits on you she
+could wear him on her the instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wear him on her the instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wear him on her the instead of
+wearing your heart on your sleeve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing your heart on your sleeve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing your heart on your sleeve you
+can wear the whole guy on your sleeve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wear the whole guy on your sleeve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wear the whole guy on your sleeve
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's what's going on here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's going on here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's going on here you're
+making the assumption that that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the assumption that that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the assumption that that small
+bunny one is closer than small bunny two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunny one is closer than small bunny two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunny one is closer than small bunny two
+they're the same image size you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same image size you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same image size you
+therefore infer that out in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore infer that out in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore infer that out in the world
+this must be a really small Bunny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a really small Bunny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a really small Bunny and
+that one's just a a reasonably small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's just a a reasonably small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's just a a reasonably small
+bunny now the bunny part turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunny now the bunny part turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunny now the bunny part turns out to be
+not that critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that critical
+um here you can also see a nice texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you can also see a nice texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you can also see a nice texture
+uh a nice plane going off into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a nice plane going off into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a nice plane going off into the
+distance with objects that are clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance with objects that are clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance with objects that are clearly
+not meaningful right Big Stuff front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meaningful right Big Stuff front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meaningful right Big Stuff front and
+low small stuff High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low small stuff High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low small stuff High
+um a a high in the image and you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a high in the image and you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a high in the image and you simply
+infer that this this is close and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer that this this is close and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer that this this is close and and
+the stuff up there is far and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff up there is far and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff up there is far and you get a
+nice impression of a uh of a tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice impression of a uh of a tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice impression of a uh of a tilted
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a this is one of the cues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is one of the cues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is one of the cues that
+is interestingly uh variable depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interestingly uh variable depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interestingly uh variable depending
+on where you're from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where you're from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where you're from
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the atmosphere scatters light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere scatters light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere scatters light
+particularly water in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly water in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly water in the atmosphere
+scatters light that's why the sky is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters light that's why the sky is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters light that's why the sky is
+blue the result is that objects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the result is that objects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the result is that objects that are
+far away tend to be both hazier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away tend to be both hazier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away tend to be both hazier and
+Bluer something that you can see in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluer something that you can see in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluer something that you can see in all
+sorts of uh works of art go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh works of art go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh works of art go to the
+museum you can see artists taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you can see artists taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you can see artists taking
+advantage of this right left and Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this right left and Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this right left and Center
+um and you can probably get even in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can probably get even in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can probably get even in my
+pathetically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetically uh
+um reduced version of it you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduced version of it you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduced version of it you probably
+get a sensation of depth here that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sensation of depth here that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sensation of depth here that you
+don't get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get here
+the geographic aspect of it who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geographic aspect of it who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geographic aspect of it who's
+anybody here from Arizona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here from Arizona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here from Arizona
+doesn't work well in Arizona I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work well in Arizona I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work well in Arizona I know this
+because I went to Tucson went to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I went to Tucson went to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I went to Tucson went to a
+meeting in Tucson and it was boring so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in Tucson and it was boring so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in Tucson and it was boring so I
+went out for a walk and I saw this hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out for a walk and I saw this hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out for a walk and I saw this hill
+and I said to the guy who was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said to the guy who was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said to the guy who was at the
+street corner with me how long would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street corner with me how long would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street corner with me how long would it
+take me to walk to that hill and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me to walk to that hill and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me to walk to that hill and he said
+three days four days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like 50 miles away and it's like 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 50 miles away and it's like 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 50 miles away and it's like 6
+000 feet high but it was extremely crisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 feet high but it was extremely crisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 feet high but it was extremely crisp
+and there's no water in Arizona I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no water in Arizona I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no water in Arizona I don't
+know why people live there it's like hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why people live there it's like hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why people live there it's like hot
+all the time and there's no water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and there's no water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and there's no water and
+and but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but anyway
+um an aerial perspective cues don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an aerial perspective cues don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an aerial perspective cues don't work
+so you're you're not only are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're not only are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're not only are you
+thirsty but your short one depth cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty but your short one depth cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty but your short one depth cue
+um anyway this works much better in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway this works much better in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway this works much better in in a
+humid setting than in a non-human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humid setting than in a non-human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humid setting than in a non-human
+setting but but the point is that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but but the point is that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but but the point is that again
+you know about this this is your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about this this is your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about this this is your visual
+system making use of the physics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system making use of the physics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system making use of the physics of the
+situation in order to infer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in order to infer something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in order to infer something
+about the depth of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the depth of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the depth of the situation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you also know about the geometry of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know about the geometry of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know about the geometry of this
+of of the world so this is the extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the world so this is the extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the world so this is the extremely
+limited picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited picture
+um if I say oh you know this is a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I say oh you know this is a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I say oh you know this is a a a
+highway going off to Infinity Somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway going off to Infinity Somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway going off to Infinity Somewhere
+in Arizona or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arizona or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arizona or something like that
+um yeah yeah that's not a great Vivid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah that's not a great Vivid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah that's not a great Vivid
+picture but you can believe that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that parallel lines in the world if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parallel lines in the world if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parallel lines in the world if
+they're in depth will look like they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in depth will look like they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in depth will look like they are
+um converging towards a vanishing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um converging towards a vanishing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um converging towards a vanishing point
+somewhere now it is sometimes claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere now it is sometimes claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere now it is sometimes claimed
+that this this is known as linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is known as linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is known as linear
+perspective that linear perspective was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that linear perspective was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that linear perspective was
+discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by
+um artists during the Renaissance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um artists during the Renaissance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um artists during the Renaissance
+um that's only sort of true what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's only sort of true what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's only sort of true what
+happened in the Renaissance was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the Renaissance was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the Renaissance was that
+they made this knowledge explicit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made this knowledge explicit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made this knowledge explicit and
+behave and became able to use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and became able to use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and became able to use it for
+instance to make their their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to make their their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to make their their their
+artworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artworks
+um but you know your cat and your lizard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know your cat and your lizard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know your cat and your lizard
+and stuff know about linear perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff know about linear perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff know about linear perspective
+they just know it implicitly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just know it implicitly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just know it implicitly the same
+way they knew about Ariel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they knew about Ariel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they knew about Ariel
+um you know the the aerial perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the aerial perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the aerial perspective
+and and size cues and occlusion cues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and size cues and occlusion cues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and size cues and occlusion cues and
+things like that you didn't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you didn't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you didn't have it
+wasn't that we woke up one day in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that we woke up one day in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that we woke up one day in in
+Renaissance Italy and suddenly we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance Italy and suddenly we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance Italy and suddenly we could
+use this depth cue it's what we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this depth cue it's what we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this depth cue it's what we figured
+out was how to paint with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was how to paint with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was how to paint with this um
+with the step cue and you can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the step cue and you can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the step cue and you can do all
+sorts of amusing things with this depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of amusing things with this depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of amusing things with this depth
+cue so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue so for instance
+um lines look more or less the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lines look more or less the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lines look more or less the same size
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+I I just drew them with the chalk they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just drew them with the chalk they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just drew them with the chalk they
+are about the same day yeah yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about the same day yeah yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about the same day yeah yeah okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um let me see if I can change that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see if I can change that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see if I can change that here
+my yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inelegant way to this the the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inelegant way to this the the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inelegant way to this the the sub
+PowerPoint demo whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint demo whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint demo whoops
+it's not a great ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a great ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a great ruler
+all right even though we are using crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right even though we are using crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right even though we are using crude
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a
+Force Choice vote here if you now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Choice vote here if you now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Choice vote here if you now you
+know they're at the same size so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're at the same size so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're at the same size so it's
+boring to ask if they're the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring to ask if they're the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring to ask if they're the same size
+but if you had to vote bigger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had to vote bigger or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had to vote bigger or smaller
+how many people would vote that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people would vote that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people would vote that the
+bottom line now looks bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line now looks bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line now looks bigger
+how many would vote that the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many would vote that the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many would vote that the bottom line
+now looks smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks smaller
+well I guess that worked cheap chalk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess that worked cheap chalk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess that worked cheap chalk and
+all this is an illusion known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is an illusion known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is an illusion known as the
+ponzo illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are a number of ways to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a number of ways to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a number of ways to account
+for it but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but one of the
+um intuitively appealing ones at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intuitively appealing ones at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intuitively appealing ones at least
+is to say you know what this is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say you know what this is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say you know what this is doing
+even though you're not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're not particularly
+seeing it um as as a depth cue is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it um as as a depth cue is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it um as as a depth cue is it's
+telling the chunks of your brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the chunks of your brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the chunks of your brain that
+are trying to figure out 3D hey I I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to figure out 3D hey I I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to figure out 3D hey I I see
+these two parallel well they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parallel well they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parallel well they're not
+parallel lines like these two converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines like these two converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines like these two converging
+lines you know if they're parallel lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you know if they're parallel lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you know if they're parallel lines
+in the world they must be going off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they must be going off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they must be going off into
+depth if they're going off into depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth if they're going off into depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth if they're going off into depth
+then this thing is further away than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing is further away than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing is further away than
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+well if this one's further away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this one's further away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this one's further away and
+they're the same size on my retina well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same size on my retina well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same size on my retina well
+this must be bigger if that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be bigger if that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be bigger if that's not
+intuitively obvious to you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively obvious to you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively obvious to you think about
+this as train tracks right so here train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as train tracks right so here train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as train tracks right so here train
+tracks going off into the distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks going off into the distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks going off into the distance and
+ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which which Maiden here tied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which Maiden here tied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which Maiden here tied to the
+tracks is in more distress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks is in more distress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks is in more distress
+right it's obvious that this must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's obvious that this must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's obvious that this must be the
+bigger person if we interpret this as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger person if we interpret this as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger person if we interpret this as as
+train tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train tracks
+um going off into the distance even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going off into the distance even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going off into the distance even
+though we know that they're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we know that they're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we know that they're essentially
+the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size
+right so you're getting the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're getting the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're getting the results of
+the inference are then influencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inference are then influencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inference are then influencing
+what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see
+um they're influencing other inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're influencing other inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're influencing other inferences
+that you make about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make about about the
+um about the image now you can exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the image now you can exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the image now you can exploit
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um rules of uh of linear perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rules of uh of linear perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rules of uh of linear perspective and
+much more elaborate fashion than uh than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more elaborate fashion than uh than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more elaborate fashion than uh than
+that and the Great Master of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the Great Master of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the Great Master of that uh
+game is is Escher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is is Escher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is is Escher
+here is one of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is one of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is one of uh
+ushers pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ushers pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ushers pictures
+um what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you want to do
+again I think the image looks rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think the image looks rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think the image looks rather
+sharper up on these side guys but um ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper up on these side guys but um ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper up on these side guys but um ask
+yourself where the vanishing point is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself where the vanishing point is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself where the vanishing point is in
+this thing so look at the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so look at the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so look at the the first
+floor of that structure and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of that structure and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of that structure and it's pretty
+clear that those railings are converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that those railings are converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that those railings are converging
+to a vanishing point off to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vanishing point off to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vanishing point off to the right
+somewhere well now look at the top floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere well now look at the top floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere well now look at the top floor
+well that's converging to a vanishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's converging to a vanishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's converging to a vanishing
+point off to the left somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point off to the left somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point off to the left somewhere
+you say ah it doesn't and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say ah it doesn't and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say ah it doesn't and then when you
+try to put the whole thing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put the whole thing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put the whole thing together
+you've got a structure that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a structure that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a structure that doesn't
+quite hang together quite right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hang together quite right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hang together quite right this
+tells you a couple of things thing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a couple of things thing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a couple of things thing one
+it tells you is Escher was a very clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you is Escher was a very clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you is Escher was a very clever
+draftsman thing two that it tells you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draftsman thing two that it tells you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draftsman thing two that it tells you is
+that you do a lot of these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do a lot of these calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do a lot of these calculations
+about perspective very locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about perspective very locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about perspective very locally
+what you do is you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say
+um you you you're attending let's say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you you're attending let's say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you you're attending let's say to
+the lower floor there and you say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower floor there and you say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower floor there and you say yeah
+this all adds up it makes sense and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all adds up it makes sense and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all adds up it makes sense and then
+you direct your attention to the Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you direct your attention to the Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you direct your attention to the Upper
+Floor and it all adds up it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floor and it all adds up it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floor and it all adds up it makes sense
+it's only when you try to combine all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only when you try to combine all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only when you try to combine all of
+that across the whole image that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across the whole image that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across the whole image that you
+realize that the whole image somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the whole image somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the whole image somehow
+doesn't quite make sense and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite make sense and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite make sense and that's how
+Escher can do things like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escher can do things like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escher can do things like have
+staircases that always go up and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircases that always go up and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircases that always go up and and
+waterfalls that that fall you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfalls that that fall you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfalls that that fall you know
+apparently in an infinite Loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently in an infinite Loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently in an infinite Loop and
+things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+yourself your favorite Escher website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself your favorite Escher website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself your favorite Escher website
+and or your favorite uh Escher book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or your favorite uh Escher book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or your favorite uh Escher book and
+you can watch him manipulating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch him manipulating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch him manipulating these
+sort of depth cues endlessly it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of depth cues endlessly it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of depth cues endlessly it's it's
+it's great entertainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great entertainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great entertainment
+um so here now what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here now what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here now what I want to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to bring together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of bring together the themes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring together the themes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring together the themes of the
+lecture to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to this point
+um in a single demo at the moment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a single demo at the moment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a single demo at the moment that
+doesn't look like much of nothing except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like much of nothing except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like much of nothing except
+that well I don't know what does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I don't know what does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I don't know what does it look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's interesting because why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting because why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting because why is it
+that I don't see no cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't see no cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't see no cubes
+where why where where's that inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where why where where's that inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where why where where's that inference
+coming from well you're getting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from well you're getting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from well you're getting those
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+um what you really have is a bunch of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you really have is a bunch of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you really have is a bunch of Y
+Junctions and you know about y Junctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions and you know about y Junctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions and you know about y Junctions
+those are probably corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are probably corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are probably corners
+and they look like they might be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look like they might be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look like they might be kind of
+QB corners but what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+this cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the stimulus for a variety of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus for a variety of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus for a variety of reasons
+first of all you're now you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you're now you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you're now you're really
+seeing a cube right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a cube right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a cube right
+no problem second of all there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem second of all there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem second of all there are two
+cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there's the cube with its face pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cube with its face pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cube with its face pointing
+so yeah let's try this yeah there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah let's try this yeah there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah let's try this yeah there's this
+that face pointing down into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that face pointing down into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that face pointing down into the right
+or there's the oops come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's the oops come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's the oops come back
+here mousy mousy thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mousy mousy thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mousy mousy thank you
+um there's that face pointing up and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's that face pointing up and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's that face pointing up and to
+the uh up into the left so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh up into the left so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh up into the left so you've got
+two cubes this is an ambiguous bi-stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cubes this is an ambiguous bi-stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cubes this is an ambiguous bi-stable
+figure it's known as a Necker Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's known as a Necker Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's known as a Necker Cube
+just that um well you know we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that um well you know we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that um well you know we can we can
+quickly draw one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+endless fun for doodling again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless fun for doodling again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless fun for doodling again you can
+make yourself ambiguous figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yourself ambiguous figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yourself ambiguous figures
+instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly
+um that that figure by itself is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that figure by itself is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that figure by itself is known
+as a Necker Cube after a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Necker Cube after a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Necker Cube after a guy named
+Necker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Necker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Necker
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you're inferring the cube you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inferring the cube you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inferring the cube you're
+inferring one of two cubes the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring one of two cubes the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring one of two cubes the cube
+isn't particularly there at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't particularly there at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't particularly there at the right
+the the black the black stuff is uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the black the black stuff is uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the black the black stuff is uh all
+you're seeing is the vertices of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing is the vertices of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing is the vertices of this of
+this Cube but you're still managing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cube but you're still managing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cube but you're still managing to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+infer the rest of the cube you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the rest of the cube you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the rest of the cube you can
+probably see the lines of the cube in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see the lines of the cube in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see the lines of the cube in
+the black region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black region right
+in fact you can see the intersection if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can see the intersection if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can see the intersection if
+you straight up from here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you straight up from here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you straight up from here you can see
+the intersection of two lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of two lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of two lines that
+aren't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't there
+um you're managing to create and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're managing to create and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're managing to create and
+I can make those lines go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make those lines go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make those lines go away
+now take a look at that Cube at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take a look at that Cube at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take a look at that Cube at the
+figure and imagine that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and imagine that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and imagine that what you're
+looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is
+um a cube a sort of a wireframe cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a cube a sort of a wireframe cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a cube a sort of a wireframe cube
+that's behind a sheet of a sort of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's behind a sheet of a sort of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's behind a sheet of a sort of black
+Swiss cheese you're looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss cheese you're looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss cheese you're looking at it
+through holes can you get it to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through holes can you get it to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through holes can you get it to go back
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+if you get it to go back there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get it to go back there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get it to go back there and you
+can hold it back there you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hold it back there you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hold it back there you probably
+noticed that the subjective Contours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that the subjective Contours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that the subjective Contours
+pretty much disappear on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much disappear on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much disappear on you
+why is that well if it's behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well if it's behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well if it's behind
+there's no reason that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason that you should be
+seeing those Contours they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing those Contours they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing those Contours they would be
+invisible and so the invisible Contours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible and so the invisible Contours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible and so the invisible Contours
+become invisible now if you bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become invisible now if you bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become invisible now if you bring the
+cube back in front in your perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube back in front in your perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube back in front in your perception
+you'll see oh yeah now if that cube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see oh yeah now if that cube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see oh yeah now if that cube is
+floating in front I ought to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating in front I ought to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating in front I ought to be able to
+see the whole Cube and now I can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole Cube and now I can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole Cube and now I can see the
+subjective Contours so you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective Contours so you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective Contours so you can make the
+subjective Contours contingent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective Contours contingent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective Contours contingent on
+whether or not on on which particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not on on which particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not on on which particular
+interpretation you care to give to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation you care to give to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation you care to give to the
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+I think this illustrates very nicely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this illustrates very nicely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this illustrates very nicely the
+notion that what you are seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that what you are seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that what you are seeing is
+um your current hypothesis about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your current hypothesis about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your current hypothesis about what
+might be generating the image on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be generating the image on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be generating the image on the on
+the screen the other thing that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen the other thing that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen the other thing that another
+thing that it points out is that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it points out is that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it points out is that you are
+only willing to entertain a limited set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only willing to entertain a limited set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only willing to entertain a limited set
+of hypotheses it is extremely hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypotheses it is extremely hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypotheses it is extremely hard to
+look at this and see it as however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and see it as however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and see it as however many
+it is eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is eight
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+little discs with chicken feet in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little discs with chicken feet in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little discs with chicken feet in them
+right with little y's in them of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with little y's in them of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with little y's in them of some
+sort it's very very hard to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort it's very very hard to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort it's very very hard to see that
+even though that is a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that is a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that is a perfectly
+consistent with the image hypothesis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the image hypothesis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the image hypothesis you
+are out there trying to make a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there trying to make a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there trying to make a guess
+about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world
+and you're not willing to entertain all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not willing to entertain all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not willing to entertain all
+of them at least most of them are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them at least most of them are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them at least most of them are are
+immediately relegated to the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately relegated to the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately relegated to the realm of
+the very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very unlikely
+um a few of them and normally out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a few of them and normally out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a few of them and normally out in the
+world what happens is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what happens is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what happens is is that
+um a single hypothesis immediately Pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a single hypothesis immediately Pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a single hypothesis immediately Pops
+to the fore and you accept it in weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fore and you accept it in weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fore and you accept it in weird
+situations like this we can get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like this we can get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like this we can get you to
+entertain a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain a few of them
+um but uh but it is very well you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but it is very well you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but it is very well you you
+you immediately narrow down the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you immediately narrow down the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you immediately narrow down the realm of
+possibilities to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities to a few
+um not to an infinity even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not to an infinity even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not to an infinity even though
+there's an infinite number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of possible
+ways to generate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to generate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to generate this thing
+um Shadows I've already shown are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Shadows I've already shown are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Shadows I've already shown are a
+depth cue the reason for putting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue the reason for putting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue the reason for putting this
+nice piece of Renaissance art up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice piece of Renaissance art up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice piece of Renaissance art up there
+is to point out that while Shadows are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to point out that while Shadows are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to point out that while Shadows are a
+depth cue you're not actually terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue you're not actually terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue you're not actually terribly
+picky about the physics of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picky about the physics of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picky about the physics of the situation
+um at least not the global physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least not the global physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least not the global physics of
+the situation so where where is the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation so where where is the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation so where where is the sun
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is an outdoor scene where's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an outdoor scene where's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an outdoor scene where's where
+where's the sun coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the sun coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the sun coming from
+well if you look at the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you look at the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you look at the people in the
+lower left or the people on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left or the people on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left or the people on the ground
+plane there it's pretty clear that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there it's pretty clear that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there it's pretty clear that the
+sun must be down and to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun must be down and to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun must be down and to the left
+somewhere right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right
+well look at the shadow underneath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at the shadow underneath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at the shadow underneath that
+Portico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portico
+oh no the sun must be up and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no the sun must be up and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no the sun must be up and to the
+right there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there somewhere
+um there's no consistent source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no consistent source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no consistent source of
+Illumination in this image but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illumination in this image but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illumination in this image but you're
+perfectly willing to accept but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly willing to accept but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly willing to accept but you're
+perfectly willing to use the shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly willing to use the shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly willing to use the shadow
+information to give you depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to give you depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to give you depth
+information it's giving it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's giving it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's giving it to you
+locally the fact that it doesn't add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally the fact that it doesn't add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally the fact that it doesn't add up
+globally doesn't bother you and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally doesn't bother you and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally doesn't bother you and um and
+it doesn't it doesn't even bother you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't even bother you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't even bother you to
+the extent that it bothers you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that it bothers you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that it bothers you in the
+Escher picture whether the uh um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escher picture whether the uh um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escher picture whether the uh um the
+building was actually impossible here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was actually impossible here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was actually impossible here
+you don't recognize the impossibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recognize the impossibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recognize the impossibility
+um at all unless it's pointed out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all unless it's pointed out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all unless it's pointed out to you
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are hard to put up just as as uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to put up just as as uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to put up just as as uh as
+PowerPoint slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides
+um when people uh think about depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people uh think about depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people uh think about depth
+perception if they think about depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception if they think about depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception if they think about depth
+perception it's stereopsis binocular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception it's stereopsis binocular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception it's stereopsis binocular
+vision that they typically think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that they typically think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that they typically think of
+um your two eyes are in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your two eyes are in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your two eyes are in two different
+places in your head for most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in your head for most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in your head for most of us
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you blink from eye to eye or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blink from eye to eye or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blink from eye to eye or just
+cover your one eye after the other it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover your one eye after the other it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover your one eye after the other it's
+actually better if you hold one finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better if you hold one finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better if you hold one finger
+out in front of you and Blink from eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of you and Blink from eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of you and Blink from eye
+to eye you'll see that the image in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eye you'll see that the image in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eye you'll see that the image in the
+two eyes is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes is not the same
+um the difference in those two images is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the difference in those two images is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the difference in those two images is
+highly geometrically regular and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly geometrically regular and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly geometrically regular and you
+make use of that regularity as a depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of that regularity as a depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of that regularity as a depth
+cue it's so called binocular disparity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue it's so called binocular disparity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue it's so called binocular disparity
+very useful depth cue it's what's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful depth cue it's what's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful depth cue it's what's giving
+you the Magic Eye demos that you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Magic Eye demos that you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Magic Eye demos that you that
+um you get those those posters that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get those those posters that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get those those posters that if
+you cross your eyes just right they jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross your eyes just right they jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross your eyes just right they jump
+out in depth those still around no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in depth those still around no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in depth those still around no no
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a very useful depth cue it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very useful depth cue it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very useful depth cue it's a
+little on the overrated side because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little on the overrated side because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little on the overrated side because
+it's a lot of fun to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of fun to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of fun to study
+um people who think that binocular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who think that binocular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who think that binocular
+vision is the be-all and end-all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is the be-all and end-all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is the be-all and end-all of
+depth cue should cover one eye and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue should cover one eye and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue should cover one eye and ask
+if the uh if if the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh if if the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh if if the world
+um suddenly looks very flat it looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suddenly looks very flat it looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suddenly looks very flat it looks a
+little flatter but I can still perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flatter but I can still perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flatter but I can still perfectly
+well tell who's in front of whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well tell who's in front of whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well tell who's in front of whom
+um on the other hand if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand if you want to see
+what stereo is doing for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stereo is doing for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stereo is doing for you
+on a beautiful day like today go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a beautiful day like today go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a beautiful day like today go outside
+lie under a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie under a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie under a tree
+close one eye and look up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close one eye and look up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close one eye and look up into the
+branches and try to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and try to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and try to figure out which
+Twigs are in front of other twigs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twigs are in front of other twigs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twigs are in front of other twigs and
+you'll have a very hard time doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a very hard time doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a very hard time doing it
+open the eye and the whole thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the eye and the whole thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the eye and the whole thing will
+jump out at you in depth that's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump out at you in depth that's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump out at you in depth that's the sort
+of information that that stereo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that that stereo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that that stereo is
+giving you you don't have to do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you you don't have to do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you you don't have to do it with
+stereo motion parallax to jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo motion parallax to jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo motion parallax to jump to the
+bottom of that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of that list
+um is a similar sort of geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a similar sort of geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a similar sort of geometric
+clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if I'm here and then I'm here the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm here and then I'm here the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm here and then I'm here the image
+changes in a geometrically regular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in a geometrically regular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in a geometrically regular way
+you guys are sliding around on on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are sliding around on on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are sliding around on on my
+retina in such a way that these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina in such a way that these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina in such a way that these guys are
+moving more than you guys out in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving more than you guys out in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving more than you guys out in in the
+back on on my retina and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on on my retina and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on on my retina and I know that
+again implicitly like I know linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again implicitly like I know linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again implicitly like I know linear
+Parallax and I can use that to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallax and I can use that to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallax and I can use that to infer
+depth try this under the tree and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth try this under the tree and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth try this under the tree and you
+can see the same thing close one eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the same thing close one eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the same thing close one eye
+look up into the branches the branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up into the branches the branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up into the branches the branches
+look relatively flat now rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look relatively flat now rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look relatively flat now rather than
+opening this eye just move your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening this eye just move your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening this eye just move your head
+back and forth and the tree will jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and the tree will jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and the tree will jump
+out at you in depth it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at you in depth it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at you in depth it's actually quite
+striking you should try this sometime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking you should try this sometime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking you should try this sometime I
+don't know if anybody ever does take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anybody ever does take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anybody ever does take me
+up on on this suggestion so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on on this suggestion so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on on this suggestion so if you
+actually try it let me know so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try it let me know so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try it let me know so that I
+know that somebody actually tried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that somebody actually tried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that somebody actually tried it
+um oh and virgins is another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and virgins is another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and virgins is another one of
+these geometrical cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these geometrical cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these geometrical cues
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+hold your finger out in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your finger out in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your finger out in front of you
+look at your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your finger
+now now move the finger towards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now move the finger towards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now move the finger towards you
+holding it as a single finger as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it as a single finger as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it as a single finger as long as
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+so I can watch you go cross-eyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can watch you go cross-eyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can watch you go cross-eyed
+right what you are doing is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what you are doing is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what you are doing is converging
+your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes
+um and if you could move your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you could move your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you could move your finger
+further out you would be diverging your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out you would be diverging your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out you would be diverging your
+eyes well what you can think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes well what you can think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes well what you can think of that
+um as doing is taking like a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as doing is taking like a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as doing is taking like a pair of
+sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks
+and and and pointing them at the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and pointing them at the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and pointing them at the object
+it's the axes of your your visual axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the axes of your your visual axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the axes of your your visual axes
+in a sense you're you're pointing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you're you're pointing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you're you're pointing at the
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+um there and the angle formed by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there and the angle formed by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there and the angle formed by those
+sticks is narrower if you're looking far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks is narrower if you're looking far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks is narrower if you're looking far
+away than it is if you're looking close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away than it is if you're looking close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away than it is if you're looking close
+up and you have a fairly impoverished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you have a fairly impoverished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you have a fairly impoverished
+ability to use that as a depth cue too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to use that as a depth cue too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to use that as a depth cue too
+if you were a chameleon you'd be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a chameleon you'd be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a chameleon you'd be much
+better at this chameleons have eyes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at this chameleons have eyes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at this chameleons have eyes that
+move independently and are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move independently and are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move independently and are very
+sensitive to the uh the angle of um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the uh the angle of um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the uh the angle of um that
+their eyes are pointing and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes are pointing and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes are pointing and in fact
+that's how they go yeah yeah you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they go yeah yeah you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they go yeah yeah you've seen
+the the Animal Planet kind of videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Animal Planet kind of videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Animal Planet kind of videos
+where the chameleon's tongue goes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the chameleon's tongue goes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the chameleon's tongue goes you
+know out the length of its body and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know out the length of its body and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know out the length of its body and it
+grabs a fly or something like that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs a fly or something like that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs a fly or something like that how
+does it know where to fly is well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it know where to fly is well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it know where to fly is well it
+Knows by measuring the angle of its eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knows by measuring the angle of its eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knows by measuring the angle of its eyes
+how do we know that well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know that well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know that well we know that
+because somebody went and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody went and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody went and put
+glasses on a chameleon that diverged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses on a chameleon that diverged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses on a chameleon that diverged the
+eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye
+so that in order to to point its eyes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in order to to point its eyes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in order to to point its eyes at
+the um at the fly it was it it had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um at the fly it was it it had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um at the fly it was it it had the
+angle wrong basically so you put a fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle wrong basically so you put a fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle wrong basically so you put a fly
+on a popsicle stick you put the glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a popsicle stick you put the glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a popsicle stick you put the glasses
+on the chameleon and then you film the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chameleon and then you film the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chameleon and then you film the
+chameleon's tongue and the chameleon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chameleon's tongue and the chameleon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chameleon's tongue and the chameleon
+keeps missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps missing
+if I put those prisms on your eyes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put those prisms on your eyes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put those prisms on your eyes you
+will adapt and you will eventually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will adapt and you will eventually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will adapt and you will eventually be
+able to catch the fly again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to catch the fly again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to catch the fly again
+um should you be so inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should you be so inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should you be so inclined
+um the chameleon turns out to to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chameleon turns out to to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chameleon turns out to to be a
+less adaptable creature than you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less adaptable creature than you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less adaptable creature than you and
+will not adapt uh similarly you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not adapt uh similarly you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not adapt uh similarly you can do
+the same guess kind of game with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same guess kind of game with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same guess kind of game with
+chickens put a pair of prisms on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens put a pair of prisms on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens put a pair of prisms on your
+eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+thing off say 15 degrees to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing off say 15 degrees to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing off say 15 degrees to the left and
+then if I tell you pick this up you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I tell you pick this up you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I tell you pick this up you'll
+reach 15 degrees in the wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach 15 degrees in the wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach 15 degrees in the wrong direction
+but eventually you'll learn put the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually you'll learn put the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually you'll learn put the same
+prisms on a chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms on a chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms on a chicken
+put some grain down hear the grains here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some grain down hear the grains here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some grain down hear the grains here
+the chicken sees it over there chicken's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken sees it over there chicken's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken sees it over there chicken's
+pecking over there chicken's not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking over there chicken's not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking over there chicken's not getting
+any grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any grain
+chicken will do that forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken will do that forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken will do that forever
+um and will apparently not learn to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and will apparently not learn to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and will apparently not learn to to
+uh to get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get it right
+um okay now what I want to oh good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now what I want to oh good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now what I want to oh good I
+left myself with enough time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left myself with enough time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left myself with enough time to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+inferences in a more Global sense of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences in a more Global sense of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences in a more Global sense of uh
+combining information from across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining information from across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining information from across the
+census so you've got this job to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census so you've got this job to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census so you've got this job to try to
+figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on
+um I've been talking about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been talking about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been talking about doing that
+specifically within the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically within the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically within the visual system
+but your game you're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your game you're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your game you're collecting
+information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+um from multiple sources and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from multiple sources and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from multiple sources and taking
+whatever the best information is it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the best information is it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the best information is it in
+so if I show you a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I show you a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I show you a movie
+right you do you you get captured by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you do you you get captured by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you do you you get captured by the
+visual information and you're perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual information and you're perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual information and you're perfectly
+happy to see the word or to hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see the word or to hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see the word or to hear the
+words coming out of the mouth of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words coming out of the mouth of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words coming out of the mouth of the of
+the guy on the screen even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy on the screen even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy on the screen even though it's
+coming at us on speaker on the side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at us on speaker on the side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at us on speaker on the side and
+it doesn't matter if they got fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if they got fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if they got fancy
+Dolby stereo or something like that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolby stereo or something like that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolby stereo or something like that use
+a cheap you know simple uh speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheap you know simple uh speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheap you know simple uh speaker
+sitting off to the side and and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting off to the side and and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting off to the side and and you'll
+still hear it as coming out of the guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hear it as coming out of the guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hear it as coming out of the guy's
+mouth if you're watching it so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth if you're watching it so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth if you're watching it so you're
+combining information from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining information from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining information from multiple
+senses the particular example I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses the particular example I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses the particular example I thought
+I would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would um
+discuss with you is the um is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you is the um is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you is the um is is the
+ever Pleasant example of motion sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever Pleasant example of motion sickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever Pleasant example of motion sickness
+um so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I
+um when I first came to graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I first came to graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I first came to graduate school
+um my lab was doing research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my lab was doing research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my lab was doing research
+um uh for NASA on uh on the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for NASA on uh on the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for NASA on uh on the effects of
+looking at large fields that were rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at large fields that were rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at large fields that were rotate
+this is the sort of Omni Theater stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of Omni Theater stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of Omni Theater stuff
+you know if you look at a whole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you look at a whole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you look at a whole field
+that's rotating uh counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's rotating uh counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's rotating uh counterclockwise
+around your line of sight you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your line of sight you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your line of sight you feel like
+you're rotating clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rotating clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rotating clockwise
+um meantime guys up at Brandeis who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meantime guys up at Brandeis who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meantime guys up at Brandeis who we
+were collaborating with were doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were collaborating with were doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were collaborating with were doing the
+same sort of thing but their dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing but their dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing but their dependent
+measure was how long it took you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure was how long it took you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure was how long it took you to
+throw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw up
+fortunately that was not my introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately that was not my introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately that was not my introduction
+to graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graduate school
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but it will make you sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will make you sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will make you sick
+right how many people we might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many people we might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many people we might as well
+collect some data here how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some data here how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some data here how many people
+have ever been motion sick here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever been motion sick here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever been motion sick here
+okay what's what made you sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's what made you sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's what made you sick
+motion yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion yes thank you
+could we get a little more a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we get a little more a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we get a little more a little more
+specific while keeping within the realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific while keeping within the realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific while keeping within the realm
+of of good taste here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody got okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got okay
+reading on a bumpy bus so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on a bumpy bus so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on a bumpy bus so this this is
+this is that's that's one good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's that's one good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's that's one good example
+anybody got another good yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got another good yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got another good yeah okay
+about maybe yes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to give the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh so so the answer that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh so so the answer that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh so so the answer that she's
+giving well all right we'll take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving well all right we'll take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving well all right we'll take one
+more here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh spinning around in a circle did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh spinning around in a circle did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh spinning around in a circle did you
+get sick while you were spinning around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick while you were spinning around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick while you were spinning around
+in a circle or after you stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after you stop because and and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you stop because and and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you stop because and and when you
+stopped you felt like you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped you felt like you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped you felt like you were
+spinning around in in in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning around in in in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning around in in in the other
+direction so when you're spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so when you're spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so when you're spinning
+yourself around in a circle you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself around in a circle you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself around in a circle you have in
+your inner ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inner ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inner ears
+um these tubes filled with fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these tubes filled with fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these tubes filled with fluid
+and uh quick drawing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh quick drawing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh quick drawing here
+quick bit of vestibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick bit of vestibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick bit of vestibular
+physiology you need a nice fat piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology you need a nice fat piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology you need a nice fat piece of
+truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so oh it's yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've got these tubes inside your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these tubes inside your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these tubes inside your uh
+your ears that are filled with a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears that are filled with a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears that are filled with a fluid
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+a little space in there are these hairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little space in there are these hairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little space in there are these hairs
+if you bend the hairs it sends a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bend the hairs it sends a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bend the hairs it sends a signal
+off to your brain that's that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to your brain that's that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to your brain that's that that's the
+transducer the equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer the equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer the equivalent of the
+photoreceptors in the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors in the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors in the eyes
+um if you rotate your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you rotate your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you rotate your head
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the well you can imagine imagine taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well you can imagine imagine taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well you can imagine imagine taking
+a bucket and starting to move the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bucket and starting to move the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bucket and starting to move the fluid
+stays behind for a little while right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays behind for a little while right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays behind for a little while right
+and sloshes around that's why it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sloshes around that's why it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sloshes around that's why it's hard
+to carry buckets of liquid around if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry buckets of liquid around if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry buckets of liquid around if
+they're too full so if you rotate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too full so if you rotate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too full so if you rotate your
+head the fluid tends to stay put and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head the fluid tends to stay put and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head the fluid tends to stay put and and
+it moves over the hairs bending them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves over the hairs bending them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves over the hairs bending them and
+telling you that you've moved your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you've moved your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you've moved your head
+that's what's telling you about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's telling you about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's telling you about this
+sort of motion well you spin around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of motion well you spin around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of motion well you spin around for
+a while and the the fluid in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and the the fluid in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and the the fluid in here
+eventually catches up with you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually catches up with you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually catches up with you and
+starts moving then you stop and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts moving then you stop and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts moving then you stop and the
+fluid keeps going and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other way you can do this by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way you can do this by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way you can do this by the way
+so this very carefully calibrated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this very carefully calibrated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this very carefully calibrated system
+turns out that alcohol is lighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that alcohol is lighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that alcohol is lighter than
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+than this fluid if you drink the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this fluid if you drink the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this fluid if you drink the reason
+you get dizzy is not because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get dizzy is not because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get dizzy is not because you've
+pickled your brain which is also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickled your brain which is also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickled your brain which is also true
+but because you've diluted this fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you've diluted this fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you've diluted this fluid
+with alcohol and this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alcohol and this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alcohol and this stuff is
+uncalibrated and and and now you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncalibrated and and and now you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncalibrated and and and now you you
+move your head a little and the Brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move your head a little and the Brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move your head a little and the Brain
+says oh man we just moved a lot man oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh man we just moved a lot man oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh man we just moved a lot man oh
+don't don't move that head no no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't move that head no no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't move that head no no so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what uh what she was pointing out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what she was pointing out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what she was pointing out is
+that what turns out to be the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what turns out to be the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what turns out to be the great
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um making yourself motion sick is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making yourself motion sick is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making yourself motion sick is a
+mismatch between the information that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between the information that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between the information that in
+particular this vestibular system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this vestibular system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this vestibular system this
+balance system and your eyes are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance system and your eyes are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance system and your eyes are giving
+you so the example given here of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the example given here of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the example given here of um
+reading on the bus is is is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on the bus is is is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on the bus is is is a a
+marvelous example because what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous example because what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous example because what you're
+doing is you know in order to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you know in order to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you know in order to read
+you're you're holding this thing so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're holding this thing so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're holding this thing so it's
+a relatively stable visual stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively stable visual stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively stable visual stimulus
+nothing's happening here right but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening here right but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening here right but your
+vestibular system is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular system is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular system is saying
+lots of stuff is happening and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff is happening and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff is happening and your
+digestive system is busy saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive system is busy saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive system is busy saying
+um same thing happens on a plane right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same thing happens on a plane right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same thing happens on a plane right
+the problem on a plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem on a plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem on a plane is
+that when the plane bounces up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the plane bounces up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the plane bounces up and down
+I mean sort of catastrophic bouncing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sort of catastrophic bouncing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sort of catastrophic bouncing up
+and down when a plane hits turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down when a plane hits turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down when a plane hits turbulence
+and is bouncing up and down what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is bouncing up and down what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is bouncing up and down what do you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+right there's nothing happening visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nothing happening visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nothing happening visually
+what do you feel you feel and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you feel you feel and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you feel you feel and and and
+then you know you know and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you know and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you know and the
+interesting question is why do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is why do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is why do you get
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+it's fine to say that the mismatch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine to say that the mismatch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine to say that the mismatch of
+visual and vestibular information turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and vestibular information turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and vestibular information turns
+out to be nauseating but why should it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be nauseating but why should it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be nauseating but why should it
+make you sick the answer is it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you sick the answer is it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you sick the answer is it's another
+inference but the question is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference but the question is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference but the question is what's the
+in so the next question then is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so the next question then is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so the next question then is what's
+the inference what are you guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inference what are you guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inference what are you guessing
+anybody got an uh you're guessing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got an uh you're guessing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got an uh you're guessing that
+the the airline food was lousy yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the airline food was lousy yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the airline food was lousy yeah yeah
+you're guessing that you were poisoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're guessing that you were poisoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're guessing that you were poisoned
+why are you guessing that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you guessing that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you guessing that you were
+poisoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the mismatch that's critical if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the mismatch that's critical if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the mismatch that's critical if you
+just make your vision strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make your vision strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make your vision strange
+um you know I could I could show you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I could I could show you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I could I could show you you
+know I could show you weird stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could show you weird stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could show you weird stuff you
+hadn't seen before and you wouldn't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't seen before and you wouldn't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't seen before and you wouldn't all
+like throw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like throw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like throw up
+and I can also bounce you around and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can also bounce you around and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can also bounce you around and and
+until I do fairly dramatic stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I do fairly dramatic stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I do fairly dramatic stuff you
+won't throw up but if I mismatch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't throw up but if I mismatch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't throw up but if I mismatch what
+you think what your visual system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think what your visual system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think what your visual system is
+telling you about your body and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about your body and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about your body and and and
+what your um vestibular system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your um vestibular system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your um vestibular system is
+telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you
+um what this is is a protection of sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this is is a protection of sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this is is a protection of sorts
+against neurotoxins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against neurotoxins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against neurotoxins
+how do poisons work well some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do poisons work well some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do poisons work well some of them
+work by attacking your nervous system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by attacking your nervous system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by attacking your nervous system a
+lot of them work by attacking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them work by attacking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them work by attacking your
+nervous system how are you the owner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system how are you the owner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system how are you the owner of
+the nervous system going to know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system going to know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system going to know you're
+going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think
+oh I can't integrate anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know I I can no longer remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I can no longer remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I can no longer remember that
+I love my mother now the sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love my mother now the sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love my mother now the sorts of things
+that immediately present themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately present themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately present themselves to
+you as you are being poisoned are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you are being poisoned are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you are being poisoned are you
+know your senses are coming unglued from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your senses are coming unglued from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your senses are coming unglued from
+each other and so if your your eyes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so if your your eyes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so if your your eyes are
+saying and your your vestibular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and your your vestibular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and your your vestibular system
+is saying this your body infers that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying this your body infers that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying this your body infers that you
+have been poisoned and a useful idea if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been poisoned and a useful idea if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been poisoned and a useful idea if
+you've been poisoned is to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been poisoned is to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been poisoned is to get rid of
+whatever you just ate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you just ate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you just ate
+um so that's that's what's happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's what's happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's what's happened and
+and why does this happen on airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why does this happen on airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why does this happen on airplanes
+and stuff like that you weren't built to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that you weren't built to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that you weren't built to
+be flying around at 30 000 feet bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flying around at 30 000 feet bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flying around at 30 000 feet bouncing
+around in the clouds it just wasn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the clouds it just wasn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the clouds it just wasn't what
+nature set you up to do and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature set you up to do and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature set you up to do and so you get
+the unfortunate situation where even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfortunate situation where even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfortunate situation where even
+though you haven't been poisoned you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you haven't been poisoned you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you haven't been poisoned you get
+sick okay enough of that cheery topic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IuCpd9kyeSM.txt b/IuCpd9kyeSM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a57dd078ce3e3ddae9d32d5928fdd65a7d2749a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IuCpd9kyeSM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the best way to go about learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the best way to go about learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the best way to go about learning
+all of this is to make a picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is to make a picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is to make a picture so
+we'll work with a device you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work with a device you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work with a device you've seen
+before the inside of a music box we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the inside of a music box we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the inside of a music box we'll
+be looking at getting the right exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at getting the right exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at getting the right exposure
+that is capturing the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is capturing the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is capturing the right amount of
+light from your device or sample onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from your device or sample onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from your device or sample onto
+your camera setting with your 105 lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your camera setting with your 105 lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your camera setting with your 105 lens
+so let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do this
+stepwise I've pre previously installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise I've pre previously installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise I've pre previously installed
+the software specific to my camera so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software specific to my camera so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software specific to my camera so
+I'll open it up I keep my dock on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll open it up I keep my dock on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll open it up I keep my dock on the
+left I'll click on it and hello and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I'll click on it and hello and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I'll click on it and hello and
+behold I get a message that no camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold I get a message that no camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold I get a message that no camera is
+detected okay so now what I'm afraid I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected okay so now what I'm afraid I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected okay so now what I'm afraid I
+do this a little too often something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this a little too often something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this a little too often something I
+want to alert you to that I forget yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to alert you to that I forget yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to alert you to that I forget yes I
+think it's a good idea to turn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good idea to turn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good idea to turn your
+camera on for all this to work so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on for all this to work so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on for all this to work so I'll
+do that turn the camera on and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that turn the camera on and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that turn the camera on and so here
+we go our software opens up and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go our software opens up and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go our software opens up and we see
+the screen which finally gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen which finally gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen which finally gives me the
+way to set exposure settings to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to set exposure settings to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to set exposure settings to adjust
+the shutter speed and aperture setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter speed and aperture setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter speed and aperture setting
+but first we're going to go to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first we're going to go to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first we're going to go to another
+screen at least in this software giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen at least in this software giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen at least in this software giving
+me the ability to set the iso number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the ability to set the iso number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the ability to set the iso number
+I'll set it to the lowest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll set it to the lowest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll set it to the lowest possible
+number the camera offers so that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the camera offers so that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the camera offers so that we get
+the finest picture picture possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finest picture picture possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finest picture picture possible and
+that's what we'll do here we'll set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll do here we'll set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll do here we'll set it
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+200 now that number tells the sensor how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 now that number tells the sensor how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 now that number tells the sensor how
+sensitive it should be while letting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive it should be while letting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive it should be while letting in
+the light from your material the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light from your material the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light from your material the higher
+you set the iso number for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the iso number for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the iso number for example
+6400 the more sensitive you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6400 the more sensitive you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6400 the more sensitive you make your
+sensor in low light conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor in low light conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor in low light conditions that
+could be the way to go but remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the way to go but remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the way to go but remember we
+have control over our setup and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over our setup and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over our setup and in
+principle should be able to add as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle should be able to add as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle should be able to add as much
+light as we need but there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as we need but there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as we need but there's a problem
+when you set your ISO number High the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set your ISO number High the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set your ISO number High the
+sensor becomes so sensitive that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor becomes so sensitive that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor becomes so sensitive that it
+picks up noise electronic signals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up noise electronic signals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up noise electronic signals from
+the circuitry in your camera the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuitry in your camera the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuitry in your camera the noise
+appears as graininess it's not digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears as graininess it's not digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears as graininess it's not digital
+information from your subject and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from your subject and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from your subject and it's
+not what we want take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we want take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we want take a look at the
+difference between these two images one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two images one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two images one
+is set at 200 ISO pretty low number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set at 200 ISO pretty low number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set at 200 ISO pretty low number
+compared to the other set at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the other set at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the other set at
+6400 the graininess in the 6400 ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6400 the graininess in the 6400 ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6400 the graininess in the 6400 ISO
+image is not what we want and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is not what we want and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is not what we want and by the way
+I hope you're viewing these images on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you're viewing these images on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you're viewing these images on a
+computer or a tablet I'm not sure you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer or a tablet I'm not sure you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer or a tablet I'm not sure you'll
+be able to pick up the differences on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick up the differences on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick up the differences on a
+phone it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone it's really
+significant in this software we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in this software we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in this software we have to
+go back to the first screen to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the first screen to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the first screen to set the
+aperture which we'll do now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture which we'll do now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture which we'll do now we're going
+to set it at F32 for our purposes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set it at F32 for our purposes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set it at F32 for our purposes we
+want as much as possible in Focus notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as much as possible in Focus notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as much as possible in Focus notice
+down here that we see F32 indicated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that we see F32 indicated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that we see F32 indicated as
+well okay now we set the shutter speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay now we set the shutter speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay now we set the shutter speed
+which we decide while looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we decide while looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we decide while looking at the
+exposure readout we're aiming for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure readout we're aiming for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure readout we're aiming for the
+readout to indicate zero smack in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readout to indicate zero smack in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readout to indicate zero smack in the
+middle notice it here in the readout not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle notice it here in the readout not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle notice it here in the readout not
+underexposed nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underexposed nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underexposed nor
+Overexposed the exposure readout is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overexposed the exposure readout is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overexposed the exposure readout is in
+fact very similar to what you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very similar to what you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very similar to what you would see
+in your viewfinder just easier to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your viewfinder just easier to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your viewfinder just easier to see in
+my opinion and here's where the tripod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion and here's where the tripod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion and here's where the tripod
+comes in you might have to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in you might have to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in you might have to set the
+shutter speed at maybe a half a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter speed at maybe a half a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter speed at maybe a half a second
+for example now I don't know about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example now I don't know about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example now I don't know about you
+but if I handheld the camera in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I handheld the camera in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I handheld the camera in that
+very slow shutter speed the image would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow shutter speed the image would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow shutter speed the image would
+just not be sharp when I blow it up see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not be sharp when I blow it up see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not be sharp when I blow it up see
+these two images one while I partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two images one while I partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two images one while I partially
+handheld leaning the camera on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld leaning the camera on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld leaning the camera on the
+tripod and the other with the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod and the other with the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod and the other with the camera
+securely mounted on the tripod quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securely mounted on the tripod quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securely mounted on the tripod quite a
+difference you'll have the luxury of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you'll have the luxury of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you'll have the luxury of
+shooting at slow shutter speeds without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting at slow shutter speeds without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting at slow shutter speeds without
+the worry of a quivering camera if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worry of a quivering camera if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worry of a quivering camera if you
+use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+tripod okay so I have set the iso the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod okay so I have set the iso the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod okay so I have set the iso the
+aperture and shutter speed and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture and shutter speed and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture and shutter speed and we will
+now click on live view which is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now click on live view which is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now click on live view which is another
+great thing about the software we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about the software we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about the software we can
+see two things first we see if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two things first we see if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two things first we see if we have
+to make adjustments in composition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make adjustments in composition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make adjustments in composition to
+see if it's straight perhaps we also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's straight perhaps we also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's straight perhaps we also see
+the image with the aperture setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image with the aperture setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image with the aperture setting
+we've set we see what is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set we see what is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set we see what is in
+Focus okay we're ready to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus okay we're ready to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus okay we're ready to take the
+picture and we click on shoot the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and we click on shoot the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and we click on shoot the image
+is immediately captured on the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is immediately captured on the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is immediately captured on the camera
+and now watch while the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now watch while the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now watch while the image
+immediately downloads onto the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately downloads onto the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately downloads onto the computer
+pretty fast much faster these days than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast much faster these days than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast much faster these days than
+it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to
+download and here too even with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and here too even with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and here too even with this
+small thumbnail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thumbnail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thumbnail
+you can see if the exposure is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if the exposure is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if the exposure is pretty
+much on Target and if your composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on Target and if your composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on Target and if your composition
+is right again if the image seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right again if the image seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right again if the image seems
+crooked you can go back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked you can go back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked you can go back and forth and
+fix it in live view to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it in live view to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it in live view to make it
+work so let's review the reasons why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so let's review the reasons why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so let's review the reasons why you
+should consider using software to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider using software to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider using software to adjust
+your exposure setting first you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exposure setting first you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exposure setting first you can
+easily see your exposure settings second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily see your exposure settings second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily see your exposure settings second
+you can immediately see if your settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately see if your settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately see if your settings
+are right third you can adjust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right third you can adjust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right third you can adjust your
+composition position in real time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition position in real time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition position in real time in
+live view and that view is the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live view and that view is the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live view and that view is the aperture
+you've set showing you what is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set showing you what is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set showing you what is and what
+is not in focus and fourth you can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in focus and fourth you can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in focus and fourth you can store
+the image directly onto your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image directly onto your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image directly onto your computer
+without worrying about storage room on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without worrying about storage room on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without worrying about storage room on a
+camera card but again if you choose not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera card but again if you choose not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera card but again if you choose not
+to use a software all your exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a software all your exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a software all your exposure
+settings can be made in your camera just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings can be made in your camera just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings can be made in your camera just
+read your manual
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JwDWi-hPjxc.txt b/JwDWi-hPjxc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df6b52ed567ffacc123e1ef57237db0f0bd4e40b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JwDWi-hPjxc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu few announcements at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu few announcements at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu few announcements at the
+beginning today uh this is 3091 uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning today uh this is 3091 uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning today uh this is 3091 uh for
+those of you who are new to the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are new to the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are new to the class
+welcome uh a couple of administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome uh a couple of administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome uh a couple of administrative
+things when you join 3091 regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when you join 3091 regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when you join 3091 regardless of
+what registration took place outside uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what registration took place outside uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what registration took place outside uh
+please check in with my office I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please check in with my office I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please check in with my office I want
+you to check in with either Hillary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to check in with either Hillary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to check in with either Hillary or
+Lori who will assign you to both to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lori who will assign you to both to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lori who will assign you to both to a
+lecture section there's a lecture now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture section there's a lecture now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture section there's a lecture now uh
+Monday Wednesday Friday 11: uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday Wednesday Friday 11: uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday Wednesday Friday 11: uh there's
+also a lecture Monday Wednesday Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lecture Monday Wednesday Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lecture Monday Wednesday Friday
+at 1 and we're trying to level out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1 and we're trying to level out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1 and we're trying to level out the
+populations so that they balance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so that they balance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so that they balance the
+seating capacity um and also likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating capacity um and also likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating capacity um and also likewise
+with the recitation we have recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recitation we have recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recitation we have recitations
+that run all day long Tuesdays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run all day long Tuesdays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run all day long Tuesdays and
+Thursdays earliest one is at 9:00 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursdays earliest one is at 9:00 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursdays earliest one is at 9:00 the
+latest one is at 4:00 and again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest one is at 4:00 and again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest one is at 4:00 and again we're
+trying to balance the occupancy there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to balance the occupancy there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to balance the occupancy there so
+that uh we have good access to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we have good access to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we have good access to the uh
+recitation instructor so please don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation instructor so please don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation instructor so please don't go
+squatting we need to know uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatting we need to know uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatting we need to know uh what the
+populations are uh and that office is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are uh and that office is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are uh and that office is
+just down the hall here in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just down the hall here in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just down the hall here in uh
+8 2011 there it is so there's the you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 2011 there it is so there's the you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 2011 there it is so there's the you're
+supposed to take that light light out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to take that light light out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to take that light light out
+but uh maybe by the end of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh maybe by the end of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh maybe by the end of the semester
+a miracle will occur so I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miracle will occur so I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miracle will occur so I want you to
+look over here so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over here so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over here so there's the
+coordinates uh 8201 and uh talk to Lori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh 8201 and uh talk to Lori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh 8201 and uh talk to Lori
+or to uh uh Hillary uh there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to uh uh Hillary uh there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to uh uh Hillary uh there'll be a
+test on Tuesday based on homework one 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on Tuesday based on homework one 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on Tuesday based on homework one 10
+minutes at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the beginning of the
+recitation uh you are allowed to use on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh you are allowed to use on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh you are allowed to use on
+the test the official version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test the official version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test the official version of the
+periodic table of the elements which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table of the elements which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table of the elements which uh
+most of you should have by now the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you should have by now the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you should have by now the there
+was a shipment that came in uh partway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a shipment that came in uh partway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a shipment that came in uh partway
+through the day on Thursday so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the day on Thursday so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the day on Thursday so if you
+didn't get a periodic table swing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a periodic table swing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a periodic table swing by the
+office it's just down the hall from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office it's just down the hall from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office it's just down the hall from this
+lecture theater and you bring periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture theater and you bring periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture theater and you bring periodic
+table and the table of constants and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the table of constants and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the table of constants and a
+calculator and something to write with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and something to write with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and something to write with
+it's four items and show up sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four items and show up sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four items and show up sit down and
+first question is uh does anybody have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is uh does anybody have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is uh does anybody have a
+pen well we may not have that many pens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen well we may not have that many pens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen well we may not have that many pens
+so those are the four items you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the four items you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the four items you do not
+use an age sheet on the weekly test age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an age sheet on the weekly test age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an age sheet on the weekly test age
+sheet is for the monthly test not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet is for the monthly test not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet is for the monthly test not for
+the weekly pleas um I've asked all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekly pleas um I've asked all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekly pleas um I've asked all of my
+recitation instructors to State office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation instructors to State office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation instructors to State office
+hours and I too will have office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I too will have office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I too will have office hours
+so if you want to come and see me Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to come and see me Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to come and see me Monday
+3:30 to 4:30 just down the hall come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 to 4:30 just down the hall come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 to 4:30 just down the hall come in
+and see me if you can't come by at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see me if you can't come by at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see me if you can't come by at that
+hour you can send me email and um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you can send me email and um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you can send me email and um I'll
+be happy to meet with you and I I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy to meet with you and I I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy to meet with you and I I I mean
+that I get to meet a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get to meet a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get to meet a lot of people
+through the course of teaching and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the course of teaching and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the course of teaching and I
+recognize a lot of uh faces um can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a lot of uh faces um can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a lot of uh faces um can't say
+I remember everybody's name but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember everybody's name but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember everybody's name but I will
+recognize you um and the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize you um and the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize you um and the same thing with
+the office hours for the Tas the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office hours for the Tas the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office hours for the Tas the office
+hours are a time when they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours are a time when they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours are a time when they will be
+seated waiting for visitors that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated waiting for visitors that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated waiting for visitors that means
+they will not look at their email they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not look at their email they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not look at their email they
+will not take telephone calls they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not take telephone calls they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not take telephone calls they were
+they will be sitting there waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be sitting there waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be sitting there waiting for
+visitors if you cannot make the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors if you cannot make the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors if you cannot make the office
+hours again contact the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours again contact the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours again contact the recitation
+instructor make other arrangements yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor make other arrangements yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor make other arrangements yes
+is there a liit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a liit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a liit to the
+of no I don't care the question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no I don't care the question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no I don't care the question is is
+there a limit to the kind of calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a limit to the kind of calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a limit to the kind of calculator
+I don't care you can bring a main frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care you can bring a main frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care you can bring a main frame
+in on a truck I don't care doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on a truck I don't care doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on a truck I don't care doesn't
+matter yeah yeah you know big calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yeah yeah you know big calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yeah yeah you know big calculator
+you know I'm I'm holding you on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm I'm holding you on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm I'm holding you on your
+honor I'm I'm assuming you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor I'm I'm assuming you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor I'm I'm assuming you haven't
+loaded the encyclopedia britanica into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded the encyclopedia britanica into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded the encyclopedia britanica into
+the memory it's a calculator to Aid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory it's a calculator to Aid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory it's a calculator to Aid in
+computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+efforts um what else do I have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts um what else do I have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts um what else do I have to tell
+you uh the readings the readings uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the readings the readings uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the readings the readings uh the
+readings oh here's the homework this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings oh here's the homework this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings oh here's the homework this is
+what it's based upon and we were issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's based upon and we were issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's based upon and we were issuing
+those when you go to sign into the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when you go to sign into the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when you go to sign into the class
+you'll get the copy of this uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the copy of this uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the copy of this uh some
+people asked me if you've bought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people asked me if you've bought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people asked me if you've bought the
+earlier version of the text you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier version of the text you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier version of the text you can find
+the uh translation to the earlier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh translation to the earlier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh translation to the earlier uh
+version of the text on these question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the text on these question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the text on these question
+numbers and if you go to the website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and if you go to the website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and if you go to the website and
+you look down here fall term O2 go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look down here fall term O2 go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look down here fall term O2 go to
+fall term O2 and those homeworks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall term O2 and those homeworks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall term O2 and those homeworks are
+listed bilingually last year I listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed bilingually last year I listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed bilingually last year I listed
+them and there were not that many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there were not that many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there were not that many people
+that had the first U ver uh Edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the first U ver uh Edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the first U ver uh Edition
+ition of the text so but if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition of the text so but if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition of the text so but if you if you
+have the first edition of the text go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first edition of the text go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first edition of the text go to
+fall term2 and it'll show you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall term2 and it'll show you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall term2 and it'll show you the the
+earlier translations um in preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier translations um in preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier translations um in preparation
+for lectures i' urge you to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lectures i' urge you to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lectures i' urge you to do some
+reading and so up here you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and so up here you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and so up here you look at
+lecture topics it's the second button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture topics it's the second button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture topics it's the second button
+down and you'll get to a page that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you'll get to a page that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you'll get to a page that looks
+like this and so for today for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and so for today for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and so for today for example
+it says classification schemes Mandalay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says classification schemes Mandalay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says classification schemes Mandalay
+of atomic structure reading chapter one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic structure reading chapter one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic structure reading chapter one
+chapter 2 appendix a I don't cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 2 appendix a I don't cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 2 appendix a I don't cover
+everything in there but you're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in there but you're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in there but you're not in
+high school anymore you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school anymore you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school anymore you know you're
+going to read you're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read you're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read you're going to learn
+you're going to come to lecture I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come to lecture I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come to lecture I'm
+going to hit some high points things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit some high points things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit some high points things
+that I find particularly interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I find particularly interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I find particularly interesting but
+it's not sort of well he said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sort of well he said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sort of well he said we're
+going to read this but then he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read this but then he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read this but then he didn't
+talk about it in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in class
+well get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well get over
+it now when you start looking for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now when you start looking for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now when you start looking for uh
+next week you're going to see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week you're going to see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week you're going to see um
+reference to a chapter which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a chapter which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a chapter which is in the
+core text and you also see this Ln Ln Ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core text and you also see this Ln Ln Ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core text and you also see this Ln Ln Ln
+archives what are they these are arived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives what are they these are arived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives what are they these are arived
+lecture notes that were written by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes that were written by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes that were written by my
+predecessor Professor wit and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor Professor wit and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor Professor wit and if you go
+to the um if you go back to here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um if you go back to here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um if you go back to here and you
+click on archive notes it's the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on archive notes it's the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on archive notes it's the fourth
+button down that'll take you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button down that'll take you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button down that'll take you to
+something that looks like this and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this and if
+you look at archive notes number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at archive notes number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at archive notes number one
+this is what you'll see so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you'll see so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you'll see so in some
+instances these notes are superior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances these notes are superior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances these notes are superior to
+the text there's a reason for it 3091
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text there's a reason for it 3091
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text there's a reason for it 3091
+has a syllabus that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a syllabus that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a syllabus that is
+unlike General chemistry taught anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike General chemistry taught anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike General chemistry taught anywhere
+else on on the planet that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else on on the planet that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else on on the planet that's why you
+paid so much money to come here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so much money to come here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so much money to come here you
+didn't pay money to come here to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pay money to come here to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pay money to come here to take
+something that you could get just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could get just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could get just
+anywhere the that's the good news the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere the that's the good news the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere the that's the good news the
+bad news is there isn't a text that fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news is there isn't a text that fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news is there isn't a text that fits
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+syllabus so we choose readings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so we choose readings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so we choose readings from
+various sources and the text that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sources and the text that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sources and the text that I've
+chosen is the best of a bad lot okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen is the best of a bad lot okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen is the best of a bad lot okay it
+at least overlaps to a greater extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least overlaps to a greater extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least overlaps to a greater extent
+than most of the other books and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most of the other books and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most of the other books and using
+the text plus these archive notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text plus these archive notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text plus these archive notes I
+think you'll be able to piece together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll be able to piece together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll be able to piece together
+what you need and you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need and you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need and you know there's a
+third alternative I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third alternative I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third alternative I don't know if you
+know this maybe on the campus toour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this maybe on the campus toour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this maybe on the campus toour
+where they kept you away from this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they kept you away from this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they kept you away from this part
+of the campus but if you go over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the campus but if you go over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the campus but if you go over to the
+East and close to the river there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and close to the river there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and close to the river there's a
+building it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's called the
+library and you know what they have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and you know what they have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and you know what they have in
+the library they have books and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library they have books and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library they have books and if you
+go into the library you could find books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the library you could find books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the library you could find books
+on topics that we're discussing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on topics that we're discussing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on topics that we're discussing here and
+you could read on your own even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could read on your own even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could read on your own even
+but I wouldn't dare suggest anything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wouldn't dare suggest anything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wouldn't dare suggest anything so
+radical okay um oh by the way speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical okay um oh by the way speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical okay um oh by the way speaking
+of text uh we my office got a call from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of text uh we my office got a call from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of text uh we my office got a call from
+the uh purveyors of text Quantum and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh purveyors of text Quantum and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh purveyors of text Quantum and uh
+the coupe and I don't work for them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupe and I don't work for them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupe and I don't work for them and
+this is purely a courtesy so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is purely a courtesy so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is purely a courtesy so that
+they'll know what inventory to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know what inventory to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know what inventory to keep
+could I have a show of hands of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I have a show of hands of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I have a show of hands of people
+who are planning to buy the text but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are planning to buy the text but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are planning to buy the text but
+haven't done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet would one of the TA count cuz I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet would one of the TA count cuz I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet would one of the TA count cuz I I
+don't want just hold your hands up I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want just hold your hands up I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want just hold your hands up I'm
+going to keep talking but the TA we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep talking but the TA we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep talking but the TA we just
+want to get a rough idea so we can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a rough idea so we can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a rough idea so we can tell
+them they need to have another 20 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they need to have another 20 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they need to have another 20 or
+they need to have another 100 I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to have another 100 I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to have another 100 I don't
+all right to two significant digits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right to two significant digits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right to two significant digits is
+good enough we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough we don't need to
+know okay so I think that's everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so I think that's everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so I think that's everything
+that I wanted to cover yeah oh yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to cover yeah oh yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to cover yeah oh yes and
+of course the webcast is available so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the webcast is available so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the webcast is available so
+that uh if you miss something during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you miss something during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you miss something during
+lecture or if you miss lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or if you miss lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or if you miss lecture
+altogether you can uh go to the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether you can uh go to the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether you can uh go to the website
+click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on
+and follow uh what happened in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow uh what happened in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow uh what happened in lecture
+so let's see let's get on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see let's get on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see let's get on with the
+lesson last day we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson last day we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson last day we started talking about
+taxonomy and we looked at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy and we looked at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy and we looked at uh
+classification scheme starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification scheme starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification scheme starting with
+democratus which was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratus which was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratus which was very
+forward-looking and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking and then the
+backtracking of Aristotle and I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking of Aristotle and I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking of Aristotle and I'd like
+to go further we started with just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go further we started with just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go further we started with just the
+seven metals and uh carbon plus sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven metals and uh carbon plus sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven metals and uh carbon plus sulfur
+was a Point of Departure for democratus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Point of Departure for democratus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Point of Departure for democratus
+and um the uh Aristotelian view held for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the uh Aristotelian view held for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the uh Aristotelian view held for
+a long time but eventually it started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time but eventually it started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time but eventually it started to
+crumble in the light of more data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumble in the light of more data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumble in the light of more data and
+again all of these uh slides that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of these uh slides that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of these uh slides that I'm
+showing I'll convert to PDF and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing I'll convert to PDF and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing I'll convert to PDF and it'll be
+posted at the website so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted at the website so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted at the website so you can just
+watch take notes but you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch take notes but you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch take notes but you don't have to
+copy every last detail down so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy every last detail down so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy every last detail down so by the
+time of the American Revolution these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the American Revolution these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the American Revolution these
+are the elements that were known and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the elements that were known and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the elements that were known and
+here we have the Arsenic animony and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the Arsenic animony and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the Arsenic animony and
+bismo three delightful elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismo three delightful elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismo three delightful elements that
+were given us in the 12th 13th and 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given us in the 12th 13th and 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given us in the 12th 13th and 14th
+Centuries by The Alchemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centuries by The Alchemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centuries by The Alchemist
+in 13th century India they knew how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 13th century India they knew how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 13th century India they knew how to
+uh isolate metallic zinc in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isolate metallic zinc in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isolate metallic zinc in fact there's
+a pillar there of high Purity zinc that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pillar there of high Purity zinc that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pillar there of high Purity zinc that
+stood for the duration it's almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood for the duration it's almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood for the duration it's almost a
+thousand years now and it's in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years now and it's in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years now and it's in high
+Purity uh Platinum was unknown until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity uh Platinum was unknown until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity uh Platinum was unknown until the
+Spanish came to South America it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish came to South America it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish came to South America it's
+unknown it's an American Metal Platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown it's an American Metal Platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown it's an American Metal Platinum
+is an American Metal and oddly enough it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an American Metal and oddly enough it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an American Metal and oddly enough it
+was given a Bad Name a Plata is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given a Bad Name a Plata is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given a Bad Name a Plata is uh
+silver so platina is like a diminutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver so platina is like a diminutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver so platina is like a diminutive
+silver but we now know that Platinum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver but we now know that Platinum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver but we now know that Platinum is
+is far superior to Silver it's far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far superior to Silver it's far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far superior to Silver it's far more
+noble has a higher melting point higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble has a higher melting point higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble has a higher melting point higher
+chemical inertness fantastic metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical inertness fantastic metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical inertness fantastic metal
+American Metal and then uh and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Metal and then uh and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Metal and then uh and then all
+of a sudden we have discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden we have discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden we have discovered
+discovered discovered discovered what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered discovered discovered what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered discovered discovered what
+does this mean well are we saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean well are we saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean well are we saying that
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+1774 there was no oxygen because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1774 there was no oxygen because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1774 there was no oxygen because it was
+discovered then no what does it mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered then no what does it mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered then no what does it mean it
+means it was isolated isolated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it was isolated isolated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it was isolated isolated and
+character IED isolated and characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character IED isolated and characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character IED isolated and characterized
+so laier characterized oxygen Cavendish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so laier characterized oxygen Cavendish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so laier characterized oxygen Cavendish
+characterized hydrogen and so now we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized hydrogen and so now we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized hydrogen and so now we see
+the shift from Craft to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift from Craft to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift from Craft to
+science right so now we've got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science right so now we've got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science right so now we've got all this
+data and this Aristotelian model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and this Aristotelian model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and this Aristotelian model is
+looking goofier and goofier so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking goofier and goofier so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking goofier and goofier so we need
+to have some better explanation and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some better explanation and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some better explanation and one
+of the earliest was that of John Dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest was that of John Dalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest was that of John Dalton
+John Dalton was a an Englishman who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Dalton was a an Englishman who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Dalton was a an Englishman who uh
+proposed the following classification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed the following classification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed the following classification of
+the elements John Dalton's uh um science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements John Dalton's uh um science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements John Dalton's uh um science
+was very accurately weighing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very accurately weighing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very accurately weighing the
+elements so he's arranged the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so he's arranged the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so he's arranged the elements
+here in a column it's a double column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a column it's a double column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a column it's a double column
+but it's it's only made double for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's only made double for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's only made double for
+convenience you can see it starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience you can see it starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience you can see it starts with
+hydrogen and goes to Mercury in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and goes to Mercury in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and goes to Mercury in
+ascending order of atomic mass and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending order of atomic mass and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending order of atomic mass and he
+was very proficient at measuring atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very proficient at measuring atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very proficient at measuring atomic
+mass and furthermore he started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and furthermore he started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and furthermore he started to
+abbreviate instead of writing gold he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate instead of writing gold he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate instead of writing gold he
+made the symbol silver was s with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the symbol silver was s with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the symbol silver was s with a
+circle he could have worked on a ranch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle he could have worked on a ranch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle he could have worked on a ranch
+out in the in the in the west couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the in the in the west couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the in the in the west couldn't
+he this looks like branding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he this looks like branding things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he this looks like branding things
+aren't they well uh this is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they well uh this is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they well uh this is interesting
+cute fonts but uh in point of fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute fonts but uh in point of fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute fonts but uh in point of fact uh
+they were short-lived Brazilia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were short-lived Brazilia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were short-lived Brazilia the
+Swedish chemist suggested that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish chemist suggested that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish chemist suggested that the
+French might take umbrage at having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French might take umbrage at having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French might take umbrage at having to
+use I for iron so he said why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I for iron so he said why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I for iron so he said why don't we
+choose something neutral let's choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something neutral let's choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something neutral let's choose
+Latin the language of scholarship and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin the language of scholarship and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin the language of scholarship and so
+iron became Fe for fatom and Lead became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron became Fe for fatom and Lead became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron became Fe for fatom and Lead became
+PB for Plumb and gold is au for Autumn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB for Plumb and gold is au for Autumn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB for Plumb and gold is au for Autumn
+and so on and nobody quibbles because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and nobody quibbles because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and nobody quibbles because
+nobody speaks Latin so it's neutral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody speaks Latin so it's neutral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody speaks Latin so it's neutral for
+everybody right John Dalton also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right John Dalton also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right John Dalton also talked
+about other things he said I I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things he said I I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things he said I I'm going
+to propose a model and this is right out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose a model and this is right out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose a model and this is right out
+of the text out of chapter one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text out of chapter one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text out of chapter one of the
+text 1803 and these are the planks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text 1803 and these are the planks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text 1803 and these are the planks of
+his model that matter is composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his model that matter is composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his model that matter is composed of
+atoms that are indivisible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are indivisible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are indivisible and
+indestructible well doesn't that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indestructible well doesn't that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indestructible well doesn't that sound
+an awful lot like democratus he's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot like democratus he's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot like democratus he's taking
+us back he's getting us out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back he's getting us out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back he's getting us out of that
+Aristotelian rut andov moving us back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotelian rut andov moving us back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotelian rut andov moving us back to
+something that makes more sense all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes more sense all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes more sense all
+atoms of an element are identical that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of an element are identical that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of an element are identical that's
+good atoms of different elements have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good atoms of different elements have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good atoms of different elements have
+different weights and different chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights and different chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights and different chemical
+properties this is important the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this is important the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this is important the word
+property is really important to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is really important to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is really important to connect
+the concept of property with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of property with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of property with something
+fundamental in the makeup in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in the makeup in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in the makeup in the
+Constitution right so what I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution right so what I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution right so what I'm doing is
+listen to me I'm talking at two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to me I'm talking at two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to me I'm talking at two levels
+here I'm talking at the level of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm talking at the level of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm talking at the level of this is
+Dalton's model but then there's a a meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's model but then there's a a meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's model but then there's a a meta
+knowledge here of how you develop models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge here of how you develop models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge here of how you develop models
+in general if you're trying to model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you're trying to model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you're trying to model I
+don't know the efficacy of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the efficacy of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the efficacy of a particular
+drug these are the baby steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug these are the baby steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug these are the baby steps that
+you'll go through atoms of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go through atoms of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go through atoms of different
+elements combine in simple whole number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements combine in simple whole number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements combine in simple whole number
+ratios to form compounds that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios to form compounds that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios to form compounds that's
+important that elements because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that elements because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that elements because they are
+the building blocks they combine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building blocks they combine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building blocks they combine in
+whole number multiples if you have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole number multiples if you have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole number multiples if you have a set
+of blocks mechanical physical blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blocks mechanical physical blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blocks mechanical physical blocks and
+I tell you to build something and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you to build something and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you to build something and I say
+oh by the way you have to cut the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way you have to cut the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way you have to cut the blocks
+in smaller pieces you're get angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in smaller pieces you're get angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in smaller pieces you're get angry
+aren't you you're going to say well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you you're going to say well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you you're going to say well I
+thought these were the blocks so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these were the blocks so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these were the blocks so these
+are the basic blocks so therefore whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basic blocks so therefore whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basic blocks so therefore whole
+number ratios is a consequence of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number ratios is a consequence of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number ratios is a consequence of that
+and lastly this is democratus that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly this is democratus that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly this is democratus that the
+that the being is made of particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the being is made of particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the being is made of particles that
+are Eternal this is eternity here atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Eternal this is eternity here atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Eternal this is eternity here atoms
+cannot be created or destroyed and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be created or destroyed and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be created or destroyed and when
+a compound is decomposed the atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compound is decomposed the atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compound is decomposed the atoms are
+recovered unchanged this is good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered unchanged this is good stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered unchanged this is good stuff
+it's 200 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 200 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 200 years
+ago was just the last fall that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was just the last fall that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was just the last fall that there
+was some events in the world celebate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some events in the world celebate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some events in the world celebate
+ating the bicentennial of Dalton's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating the bicentennial of Dalton's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating the bicentennial of Dalton's uh
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+achievements there were other class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements there were other class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements there were other class but
+just to let you know these scientists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to let you know these scientists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to let you know these scientists of
+that era they were polymaths they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that era they were polymaths they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that era they were polymaths they
+weren't Specialists you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't Specialists you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't Specialists you know I'm
+Specialist of atoms that are left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialist of atoms that are left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialist of atoms that are left-handed
+on Thursday afternoons and don't talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday afternoons and don't talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday afternoons and don't talk to
+me about anything else these people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about anything else these people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about anything else these people had
+broad scientific interest Dalton did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad scientific interest Dalton did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad scientific interest Dalton did a
+lot of work on Vision he like many men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work on Vision he like many men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work on Vision he like many men
+uh was afflicted with red green color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was afflicted with red green color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was afflicted with red green color
+blindness and he under he developed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness and he under he developed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness and he under he developed the
+understanding of red green color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of red green color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of red green color
+blindness and it is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness and it is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness and it is known as
+daltonism same man other classifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daltonism same man other classifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daltonism same man other classifications
+dolber Riner and Yana talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolber Riner and Yana talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolber Riner and Yana talked about
+Triads people remember they were me they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads people remember they were me they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads people remember they were me they
+were measuring atomic masses so he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measuring atomic masses so he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measuring atomic masses so he saw
+that if you take the atomic mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the atomic mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the atomic mass of
+chlorine add it to the atomic mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine add it to the atomic mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine add it to the atomic mass of
+iodine divide by two you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine divide by two you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine divide by two you get something
+that's really close to the atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really close to the atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really close to the atomic mass
+of bromine and he did it for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bromine and he did it for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bromine and he did it for other
+Triads and he found that the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads and he found that the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads and he found that the middle
+member of the Triad had an atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the Triad had an atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the Triad had an atomic mass
+that was midway between atomic masses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was midway between atomic masses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was midway between atomic masses of
+the end members an attempt got to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end members an attempt got to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end members an attempt got to give
+them credit second was nuland that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them credit second was nuland that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them credit second was nuland that I'll
+talk about I like nand because he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I like nand because he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I like nand because he had a
+musical a musical flare about him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical a musical flare about him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical a musical flare about him he
+talked about octaves he said look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about octaves he said look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about octaves he said look at
+sodium magnesium aluminum silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium magnesium aluminum silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium magnesium aluminum silicon
+phosphorus sulfur chlorine potassium 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus sulfur chlorine potassium 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus sulfur chlorine potassium 1 2
+3 4 5 6 78 potassium lies one octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 6 78 potassium lies one octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 6 78 potassium lies one octave
+from sodium so he talked about octaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sodium so he talked about octaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sodium so he talked about octaves
+when he presented his results at the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he presented his results at the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he presented his results at the U
+sitting of the Royal Society he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting of the Royal Society he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting of the Royal Society he was
+ridiculed he was laughed at he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculed he was laughed at he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculed he was laughed at he was
+derided somebody Rose and asked him if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derided somebody Rose and asked him if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derided somebody Rose and asked him if
+he had considered putting the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had considered putting the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had considered putting the elements
+in alphabetical order they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alphabetical order they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alphabetical order they were very
+cruel you know these people are nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruel you know these people are nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruel you know these people are nasty
+they don't welcome Innovation science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't welcome Innovation science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't welcome Innovation science is
+very hostile to Innovation when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hostile to Innovation when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hostile to Innovation when it
+challenges existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges existing
+Theory sort of like management you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory sort of like management you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory sort of like management you know
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing so let's move on on to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so let's move on on to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so let's move on on to something
+that really uh took the giant step ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really uh took the giant step ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really uh took the giant step ahead
+and that was Mev and I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was Mev and I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was Mev and I also want to
+mention uh loother Meyer in uh tuban who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh loother Meyer in uh tuban who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh loother Meyer in uh tuban who
+came up with the same classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the same classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the same classification
+scheme but we're going to see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but we're going to see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but we're going to see in a
+moment why U Meyer is uh not well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment why U Meyer is uh not well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment why U Meyer is uh not well um
+celebrated today and the glory goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated today and the glory goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated today and the glory goes to
+Mev n 1869 Mel here's a picture of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mev n 1869 Mel here's a picture of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mev n 1869 Mel here's a picture of him
+taken from that period he was 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from that period he was 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from that period he was 35 years
+old at the time he enunciated this 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old at the time he enunciated this 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old at the time he enunciated this 35
+positively brilliant here's his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively brilliant here's his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively brilliant here's his paper
+was published in the Journal of Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in the Journal of Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in the Journal of Russian
+Chemical Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemical Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemical Society
+1869 and it's really great because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1869 and it's really great because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1869 and it's really great because he
+actually goes through the thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through the thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through the thought
+process for you and and describes I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for you and and describes I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for you and and describes I need
+to give you one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you one piece of
+background MF played cards and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background MF played cards and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background MF played cards and he
+traveled by train and so to pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled by train and so to pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled by train and so to pass the
+time he would play Solitaire so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he would play Solitaire so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he would play Solitaire so he was
+used to working with cards and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to working with cards and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to working with cards and putting
+things in rows and columns by suit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in rows and columns by suit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in rows and columns by suit so
+you had to find what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to find what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to find what is the
+distinguishing feature well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing feature well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing feature well these are
+all clubs these are all Spades these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all clubs these are all Spades these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all clubs these are all Spades these are
+all hearts and I get down to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hearts and I get down to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hearts and I get down to a certain
+card and I'm stumped so I will leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and I'm stumped so I will leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and I'm stumped so I will leave a
+space waiting for that card to appear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space waiting for that card to appear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space waiting for that card to appear on
+Q that's the background so here he is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q that's the background so here he is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q that's the background so here he is he
+has all the information he he knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all the information he he knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all the information he he knows that
+has been reported on the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been reported on the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been reported on the various
+elements on file cards and he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on file cards and he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on file cards and he would
+carry them around in his pocket and he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry them around in his pocket and he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry them around in his pocket and he'd
+look at them from time to time and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them from time to time and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them from time to time and try
+to devise a scheme remember the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to devise a scheme remember the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to devise a scheme remember the other
+people the octaves had been enunciated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the octaves had been enunciated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the octaves had been enunciated
+the the Triads have been enunciated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Triads have been enunciated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Triads have been enunciated so
+here he is in his paper and he says at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is in his paper and he says at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is in his paper and he says at
+that time I decided that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I decided that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I decided that it was
+advantageous to find a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous to find a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous to find a more General
+system of the elements and here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the elements and here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the elements and here's my
+attempt and here he has laid them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt and here he has laid them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt and here he has laid them all
+out and he's left blanks here question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and he's left blanks here question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and he's left blanks here question
+marks here he says it's advantageous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks here he says it's advantageous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks here he says it's advantageous to
+put them in rows and to form a table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in rows and to form a table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in rows and to form a table and
+here's the here's the Smoking Gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the Smoking Gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the Smoking Gun
+sentence right here and it says finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right here and it says finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right here and it says finally
+it came to place according to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to place according to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to place according to this uh
+concocted system and I've underline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concocted system and I've underline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concocted system and I've underline in
+red very many undiscovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red very many undiscovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red very many undiscovered
+members so what does he do he knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members so what does he do he knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members so what does he do he knows that
+he shouldn't put arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+under he shouldn't put arsenic under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under he shouldn't put arsenic under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under he shouldn't put arsenic under
+aluminum arsenic's nothing like aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum arsenic's nothing like aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum arsenic's nothing like aluminum
+arsenic is like phosphorus so he takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic is like phosphorus so he takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic is like phosphorus so he takes
+those two facts plus the courage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two facts plus the courage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two facts plus the courage to
+leave blanks and this is what he gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave blanks and this is what he gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave blanks and this is what he gives
+us this is what he gives us loother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is what he gives us loother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is what he gives us loother
+Meyer was doing the same thing but Mev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer was doing the same thing but Mev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer was doing the same thing but Mev
+does something more he says not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something more he says not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something more he says not only
+does Arsenic belong under phosphorus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Arsenic belong under phosphorus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Arsenic belong under phosphorus I
+predict that there is an element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that there is an element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that there is an element that
+lies below aluminum and above indiia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies below aluminum and above indiia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies below aluminum and above indiia and
+I will go even further and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will go even further and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will go even further and I will
+predict what its atomic mass is so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what its atomic mass is so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what its atomic mass is so he
+called them e EAS comes from Sanskrit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them e EAS comes from Sanskrit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them e EAS comes from Sanskrit
+meaning one one after all right so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning one one after all right so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning one one after all right so e
+aluminum is one after aluminum he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is one after aluminum he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is one after aluminum he
+predicted 68 for the atomic mass gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted 68 for the atomic mass gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted 68 for the atomic mass gallium
+was subsequently isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was subsequently isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was subsequently isolated
+69.7 Eco silicon which we now know to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69.7 Eco silicon which we now know to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69.7 Eco silicon which we now know to be
+germanium 72 72.6 he says there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium 72 72.6 he says there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium 72 72.6 he says there's an
+element under zirconium and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element under zirconium and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element under zirconium and it should be
+about 180 he said there should be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 180 he said there should be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 180 he said there should be an
+element under Boron he called it eabor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element under Boron he called it eabor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element under Boron he called it eabor
+on Scandium 45 45 it gets better he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Scandium 45 45 it gets better he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Scandium 45 45 it gets better he goes
+into excruciate in detail this is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into excruciate in detail this is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into excruciate in detail this is his
+prediction for silicon I already showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for silicon I already showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for silicon I already showed
+you the atomic mass he says I predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the atomic mass he says I predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the atomic mass he says I predict
+its density 5.5 it was measured 5.36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its density 5.5 it was measured 5.36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its density 5.5 it was measured 5.36
+says it'll have a high melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it'll have a high melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it'll have a high melting point
+well that's arbitrary it melts at 958
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's arbitrary it melts at 958
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's arbitrary it melts at 958
+forms a dioxide has a high melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a dioxide has a high melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a dioxide has a high melting point
+and he predicts the density of the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he predicts the density of the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he predicts the density of the oxide
+of the yet undiscovered element and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the yet undiscovered element and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the yet undiscovered element and he
+gets it right to two significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it right to two significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it right to two significant figures
+and then he says the tetrachloride will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he says the tetrachloride will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he says the tetrachloride will
+be volatile and it will have a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be volatile and it will have a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be volatile and it will have a density
+of 1.9 and subsequently germanian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1.9 and subsequently germanian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1.9 and subsequently germanian
+tetrachloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrachloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrachloride
+was synthesized and measured to be 1.88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was synthesized and measured to be 1.88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was synthesized and measured to be 1.88
+that's why we celebrate mandal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we celebrate mandal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we celebrate mandal
+of so what we're seeing here is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so what we're seeing here is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so what we're seeing here is a big
+transition from just experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from just experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from just experiment and
+documentation to modern chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation to modern chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation to modern chemistry and
+how does Modern Chemistry work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does Modern Chemistry work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does Modern Chemistry work well
+first of all look at the data we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all look at the data we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all look at the data we always
+have to look around us and and account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look around us and and account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look around us and and account
+for all the evidence and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the evidence and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the evidence and this is an
+ethical question people sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical question people sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical question people sometimes you
+get data that throw you off and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data that throw you off and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data that throw you off and it's so
+easy to dismiss those data what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to dismiss those data what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to dismiss those data what you have
+to do is have the courage to say I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is have the courage to say I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is have the courage to say I've
+got to account for the bad data what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to account for the bad data what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to account for the bad data what I
+think are bad data and the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are bad data and the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are bad data and the data that
+helped me build my theory so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me build my theory so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me build my theory so you
+recognize patterns and then you develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize patterns and then you develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize patterns and then you develop
+a model most desirably a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model most desirably a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model most desirably a quantitative
+model a quantitative model that explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a quantitative model that explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a quantitative model that explains
+the observations obviously but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations obviously but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations obviously but what
+mendal have did is he came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendal have did is he came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendal have did is he came up with a
+model that not only explained what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that not only explained what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that not only explained what we
+have observed but it made predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have observed but it made predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have observed but it made predictions
+and it made predictions that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it made predictions that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it made predictions that can be
+tested I'd love to make predictions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested I'd love to make predictions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested I'd love to make predictions that
+I that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that you can't
+test let's make predictions that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test let's make predictions that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test let's make predictions that can be
+put to the test so this is modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to the test so this is modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to the test so this is modern
+chemistry so I've told you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so I've told you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so I've told you about the
+table of the elements why do we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the elements why do we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the elements why do we call it
+the periodic table well again go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table well again go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table well again go back to
+the website and down here is a button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website and down here is a button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website and down here is a button
+called courseware and if you click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called courseware and if you click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called courseware and if you click on
+courseware you'll get to this menu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware you'll get to this menu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware you'll get to this menu the
+first of which uh preferences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of which uh preferences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of which uh preferences is
+periodic table so if you click click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table so if you click click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table so if you click click on
+periodic table you can get a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you can get a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you can get a variety
+of choices one of them here I've happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices one of them here I've happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices one of them here I've happen
+I choose is boiling point versus atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose is boiling point versus atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose is boiling point versus atomic
+number melave melive is the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number melave melive is the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number melave melive is the one who
+taught us that the properties the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us that the properties the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us that the properties the
+properties of the elements are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the elements are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the elements are a
+function of the atomic mass so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the atomic mass so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the atomic mass so let's
+let's get that down by the way the cilc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get that down by the way the cilc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get that down by the way the cilc
+the cilic to Latin translation has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cilic to Latin translation has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cilic to Latin translation has not
+been agreed upon so you will see menal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been agreed upon so you will see menal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been agreed upon so you will see menal
+of's name spelled many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of's name spelled many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of's name spelled many different ways
+you'll see it spelled like this you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it spelled like this you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it spelled like this you'll
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+spelled like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled like
+this like this and so on and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this and so on and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this and so on and so when you
+do a search it's sometimes frustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a search it's sometimes frustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a search it's sometimes frustrating
+but I'll use various forms so Mel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll use various forms so Mel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll use various forms so Mel of
+wrote he wrote The Following he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote he wrote The Following he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote he wrote The Following he says
+that the properties the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the properties the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the properties the properties of
+the elements the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements the properties of the
+elements are or let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are or let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are or let's say
+vary properties of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary properties of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary properties of the elements
+vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary
+periodically periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically periodically
+with atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atomic
+mass with atomic mass we'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with atomic mass we'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with atomic mass we'll find out
+later that that's almost correct there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that that's almost correct there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that that's almost correct there's
+a slight variant on there but right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slight variant on there but right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slight variant on there but right now
+I'm going to give it to you as Mel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give it to you as Mel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give it to you as Mel
+annunciated it so atomic number we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annunciated it so atomic number we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annunciated it so atomic number we'll
+learn later is is the Improvement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn later is is the Improvement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn later is is the Improvement so
+that's why this says atomic number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this says atomic number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this says atomic number but
+for most intense and purposes we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most intense and purposes we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most intense and purposes we can say
+this could be atomic mass so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be atomic mass so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be atomic mass so what I'm
+looking at here is boiling point as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here is boiling point as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here is boiling point as a
+function of atomic number and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of atomic number and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of atomic number and what we
+see is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is it's not
+monotonic it's not continuously Rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic it's not continuously Rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic it's not continuously Rising
+continuously falling it seems to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously falling it seems to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously falling it seems to rise
+and then fall and then it rises and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fall and then it rises and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fall and then it rises and then
+it falls and then it rises and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls and then it rises and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls and then it rises and then it
+falls and it rises and then it falls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls and it rises and then it falls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls and it rises and then it falls and
+if you laid this out in in in a table as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you laid this out in in in a table as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you laid this out in in in a table as
+mendal have did with his cards you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendal have did with his cards you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendal have did with his cards you'd
+find that the local Maxima all occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the local Maxima all occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the local Maxima all occur
+roughly in the same horizontal position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in the same horizontal position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in the same horizontal position
+from the end points of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end points of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end points of the
+rows and then there's a trend going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and then there's a trend going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and then there's a trend going from
+least massive to most massive so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least massive to most massive so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least massive to most massive so that's
+where the periodic comes so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the periodic comes so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the periodic comes so we have a
+table of the elements with properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the elements with properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the elements with properties
+varying periodically with atomic mass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying periodically with atomic mass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying periodically with atomic mass so
+we compress all of that information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compress all of that information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compress all of that information and
+weer to as the periodic table here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weer to as the periodic table here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weer to as the periodic table here's
+atomic radius versus atomic number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic radius versus atomic number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic radius versus atomic number you
+see the radius is high then it falls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the radius is high then it falls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the radius is high then it falls it
+Rises it falls it rises it falls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises it falls it rises it falls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises it falls it rises it falls it
+rises it falls we're going to now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises it falls we're going to now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises it falls we're going to now go
+into the atom and try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atom and try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atom and try to understand the
+scientific basis for this observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific basis for this observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific basis for this observed
+behavior and so here's the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and so here's the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and so here's the periodic
+table in its in its Glory today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in its in its Glory today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in its in its Glory today
+following on mandal of scheme uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following on mandal of scheme uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following on mandal of scheme uh the
+elements have been named up through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements have been named up through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements have been named up through uh
+the one that you're getting uh hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you're getting uh hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you're getting uh hasn't
+got the latest information this uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the latest information this uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the latest information this uh was
+named over the past summer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named over the past summer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named over the past summer this is
+element 110 which has been named uh darh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element 110 which has been named uh darh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element 110 which has been named uh darh
+Stadium after dar dad and I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium after dar dad and I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium after dar dad and I'll tell you
+why in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a
+minute so uh if you do look down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so uh if you do look down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so uh if you do look down at the
+periodic table and you get you get above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and you get you get above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and you get you get above
+109 you'll see these strange notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109 you'll see these strange notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109 you'll see these strange notations
+here uu n uu uu what is all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uu n uu uu what is all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uu n uu uu what is all of this
+these are elements that have yet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are elements that have yet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are elements that have yet to be
+isolated they're yet to be isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated they're yet to be isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated they're yet to be isolated
+these are elements that are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are elements that are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are elements that are um
+unstable okay so these are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so these are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so these are what are
+known as the super heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the super heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the super heavy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements elements
+Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+uranium elements Beyond uranium these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium elements Beyond uranium these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium elements Beyond uranium these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthetic these are synthetic and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic these are synthetic and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic these are synthetic and where
+are they made the manufacturing facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they made the manufacturing facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they made the manufacturing facility
+there's three places on the planet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three places on the planet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three places on the planet that
+have the high energy physics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the high energy physics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the high energy physics uh
+equipment in order to make these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in order to make these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in order to make these and
+these are the three places one is dubna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three places one is dubna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three places one is dubna
+in the former Soviet Union in Russia one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the former Soviet Union in Russia one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the former Soviet Union in Russia one
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+darad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darad in
+Germany and the third one is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and the third one is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and the third one is in the
+United States in Berkeley these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States in Berkeley these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States in Berkeley these are the
+three places where they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerators and the kinds of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators and the kinds of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators and the kinds of reactions
+here's how they were able to make uh Dar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how they were able to make uh Dar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how they were able to make uh Dar
+Stadium they take an atom of lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium they take an atom of lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium they take an atom of lead
+accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate
+it and have it colled with a an atom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and have it colled with a an atom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and have it colled with a an atom of
+nickel and if the conditions are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and if the conditions are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and if the conditions are right
+they will combine fuse and form darh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will combine fuse and form darh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will combine fuse and form darh
+Stadium plus Neutron so these these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium plus Neutron so these these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium plus Neutron so these these uh
+devices when I was a a youngster were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices when I was a a youngster were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices when I was a a youngster were
+colloquially known as atom Smashers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquially known as atom Smashers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquially known as atom Smashers
+because they have the capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the capacity to
+actually break these and have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually break these and have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually break these and have them
+reform and there's various forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and there's various forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and there's various forces that
+uh play in the nucleus that will dictate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh play in the nucleus that will dictate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh play in the nucleus that will dictate
+when this will be stable and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this will be stable and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this will be stable and when it
+won't be um yeah they isolated it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be um yeah they isolated it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be um yeah they isolated it but it
+decays very quickly on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays very quickly on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays very quickly on the order of
+micros seconds Lifetime on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros seconds Lifetime on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros seconds Lifetime on the order of
+microsc so you can imagine that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc so you can imagine that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc so you can imagine that's why we
+don't have the boiling point of darh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the boiling point of darh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the boiling point of darh
+stadium and this electrical conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadium and this electrical conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadium and this electrical conductivity
+right they've isolated it enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they've isolated it enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they've isolated it enough that
+they can actually say the bare minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually say the bare minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually say the bare minimum
+about it and um so we have it uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and um so we have it uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and um so we have it uh and
+then just so that you'll be literate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just so that you'll be literate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just so that you'll be literate in
+the rest of the periodic table if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the periodic table if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the periodic table if you
+look at the higher ones this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the higher ones this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the higher ones this is how you
+name them use these Latin prefixes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name them use these Latin prefixes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name them use these Latin prefixes so
+111 would be un plus un plus un so 115
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 would be un plus un plus un so 115
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 would be un plus un plus un so 115
+is UN un Pentium that's why you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is UN un Pentium that's why you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is UN un Pentium that's why you see
+these uu P uu n so my favorite is 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uu P uu n so my favorite is 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uu P uu n so my favorite is 111
+because that's unun unium so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's unun unium so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's unun unium so I'm going
+to be sad when they finally get a get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sad when they finally get a get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sad when they finally get a get a
+name for it uh yeah there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for it uh yeah there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for it uh yeah there they
+are okay and and and when they are named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and and and when they are named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and and and when they are named
+they're named by suggestion by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named by suggestion by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named by suggestion by the
+scientists who have isolated them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists who have isolated them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists who have isolated them and
+there's a lot of competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of competition
+obviously uh if it if it's a if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh if it if it's a if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh if it if it's a if it's a
+Russian team that uh isolates the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian team that uh isolates the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian team that uh isolates the uh
+element they're going to Advocate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element they're going to Advocate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element they're going to Advocate the
+name of a Russian scientist or a Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a Russian scientist or a Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a Russian scientist or a Russian
+uh location or whatnot obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh location or whatnot obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh location or whatnot obviously the
+work that was done to isolate 110 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was done to isolate 110 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was done to isolate 110 was
+done in Germany and they proposed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in Germany and they proposed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in Germany and they proposed the
+name darad and hence it's named Dar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name darad and hence it's named Dar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name darad and hence it's named Dar
+Stadium uh there is a dubnium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium uh there is a dubnium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium uh there is a dubnium and
+there's also burum and there's all if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also burum and there's all if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also burum and there's all if
+you look in the very high numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look in the very high numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look in the very high numbers that
+you'll see these these n so there's Dar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these these n so there's Dar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these these n so there's Dar
+Stadium sitting here uh for reading if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium sitting here uh for reading if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stadium sitting here uh for reading if
+you're really curious about some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really curious about some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really curious about some of this
+early history I can recommend this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early history I can recommend this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early history I can recommend this book
+it's mela's dream I read it summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mela's dream I read it summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mela's dream I read it summer
+before last it's got a lot of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before last it's got a lot of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before last it's got a lot of course
+about mandala but what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mandala but what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mandala but what's really
+interesting is the author assumes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the author assumes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the author assumes that
+the reader hasn't taken 3091 and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader hasn't taken 3091 and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader hasn't taken 3091 and so the
+first three chapters take you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three chapters take you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three chapters take you through
+the history of chemistry starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of chemistry starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of chemistry starting with
+democratus and takes you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratus and takes you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratus and takes you through the
+Aristotelian Theory after you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotelian Theory after you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotelian Theory after you've had
+this these lectures it'll be a uh a joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these lectures it'll be a uh a joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these lectures it'll be a uh a joy
+to read okay so now let's go inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read okay so now let's go inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read okay so now let's go inside the
+atom let's go inside the atom to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom let's go inside the atom to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom let's go inside the atom to try to
+understand what's going on and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on and this is
+taken from your book table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from your book table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from your book table
+1.3 and so these are the subatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and so these are the subatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and so these are the subatomic
+particles that we have to uh contend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that we have to uh contend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that we have to uh contend
+with we have the electron it's uh Bears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we have the electron it's uh Bears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we have the electron it's uh Bears
+a negative charge in a value of- 1.6 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative charge in a value of- 1.6 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative charge in a value of- 1.6 *
+10-9 KMS this is the uh SI unit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-9 KMS this is the uh SI unit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-9 KMS this is the uh SI unit the
+system international unit for electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system international unit for electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system international unit for electric
+charge and it has a mass of 9.11 10- 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and it has a mass of 9.11 10- 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and it has a mass of 9.11 10- 31
+kg uh the the charge compensation comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg uh the the charge compensation comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg uh the the charge compensation comes
+out of the nucleus with the the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the nucleus with the the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the nucleus with the the proton
+and it's uh positive 1.6 * 10- 19 kums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh positive 1.6 * 10- 19 kums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh positive 1.6 * 10- 19 kums
+but its mass is 1,800 times that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but its mass is 1,800 times that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but its mass is 1,800 times that of the
+electron the electron is just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron is just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron is just a little
+Gat in comparison to the proton and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gat in comparison to the proton and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gat in comparison to the proton and then
+there's this third species the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this third species the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this third species the neutron
+which has no charge roughly equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has no charge roughly equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has no charge roughly equal in
+Mass to that of the of the proton and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass to that of the of the proton and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass to that of the of the proton and so
+what we do in order to designate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in order to designate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in order to designate uh the
+identity of an atom is to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of an atom is to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of an atom is to do the
+following I'm going to let this be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to let this be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to let this be this
+is the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the atomic
+symbol the atomic symbol which was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol the atomic symbol which was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol the atomic symbol which was given
+by brazus this is the Latin one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brazus this is the Latin one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brazus this is the Latin one or two
+letter character and we begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter character and we begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter character and we begin with the
+the proton number the proton number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton number the proton number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton number the proton number is
+in the lower left corner Z proton number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower left corner Z proton number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower left corner Z proton number
+number of protons in the nucleus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons in the nucleus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons in the nucleus which
+in the neutral atom this is number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neutral atom this is number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neutral atom this is number of
+protons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in the
+nucleus which in a neutral atom is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which in a neutral atom is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which in a neutral atom is equal
+to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons now to get the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now to get the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now to get the number of
+neutrons what we do is we go up here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons what we do is we go up here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons what we do is we go up here to
+the upper left and this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left and this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left and this is called the
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+mass atomic mass and it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass atomic mass and it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass atomic mass and it's equal to the
+sum of the number of protons plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the number of protons plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the number of protons plus the
+number of neutrons so we get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neutrons so we get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neutrons so we get at the
+number of neutrons indirectly because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neutrons indirectly because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neutrons indirectly because we
+know the proton number here this is sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the proton number here this is sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the proton number here this is sum
+of protons plus neutrons and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons plus neutrons and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons plus neutrons and we don't
+put the number of the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the number of the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the number of the mass of the
+electrons because they're so uh light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because they're so uh light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because they're so uh light in
+comparison so this will give us the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so this will give us the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so this will give us the uh
+the sum that we need and at some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum that we need and at some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum that we need and at some level
+we we really there's some redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we really there's some redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we really there's some redundancy
+here so if we want to write sodium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if we want to write sodium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if we want to write sodium for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+sodium 23 11 well 11 means it's sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium 23 11 well 11 means it's sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium 23 11 well 11 means it's sodium
+if you've got 11 protons it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got 11 protons it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got 11 protons it must be
+sodium so we could get away with just 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium so we could get away with just 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium so we could get away with just 23
+sodium and if you wanted to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and if you wanted to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and if you wanted to be really
+really smart alec you could write sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart alec you could write sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart alec you could write sodium
+like this you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you don't need
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+okay just a suggestion now atoms need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just a suggestion now atoms need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just a suggestion now atoms need
+not be neutral they need not be neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be neutral they need not be neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be neutral they need not be neutral
+they can be uh charge deficient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be uh charge deficient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be uh charge deficient or
+charge excessive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge excessive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge excessive and so
+Faraday Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday Michael
+Faraday uh coined the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday uh coined the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday uh coined the term
+ion coined the term ion for uh at at of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion coined the term ion for uh at at of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion coined the term ion for uh at at of
+net charge atoms and other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge atoms and other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge atoms and other species
+bearing net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge so for example the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ions positive ions these are electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions positive ions these are electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions positive ions these are electron
+deficient we can't do anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient we can't do anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient we can't do anything about
+can't do anything about protons they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about protons they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about protons they're
+buried in the nucleus but we can add or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the nucleus but we can add or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the nucleus but we can add or
+subtract electrons So Pro uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract electrons So Pro uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract electrons So Pro uh the
+positive ions are electron deficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ions are electron deficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ions are electron deficient and
+these are known as cat ions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are known as cat ions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are known as cat ions they're
+known as cat ions and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as cat ions and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as cat ions and you can use
+pneumonics to try to keep these straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonics to try to keep these straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonics to try to keep these straight
+I see the T as sort of a plus sign um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see the T as sort of a plus sign um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see the T as sort of a plus sign um
+you also know that cat it comes from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know that cat it comes from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know that cat it comes from um
+the fact that in a in electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in a in electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in a in electrochemical
+cell that the cats are those that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that the cats are those that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that the cats are those that are
+reduced so you know from catastrophe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced so you know from catastrophe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced so you know from catastrophe
+Kata is Greek for down catastrophe is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kata is Greek for down catastrophe is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kata is Greek for down catastrophe is a
+downturn so that's the cation the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downturn so that's the cation the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downturn so that's the cation the the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ions the ne negative ions these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions the ne negative ions these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions the ne negative ions these are
+electron Rich they have an excess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Rich they have an excess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Rich they have an excess of
+electrons and these are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and these are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and these are known as
+anion anion all right you it's got the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion anion all right you it's got the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion anion all right you it's got the N
+which which might conjure up negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which might conjure up negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which might conjure up negative or
+um anion and minus both have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anion and minus both have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anion and minus both have five
+letters I don't know how you want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I don't know how you want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I don't know how you want to try
+to keep those straight anyways okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep those straight anyways okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep those straight anyways okay now
+those pneumonics sometimes come in handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pneumonics sometimes come in handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pneumonics sometimes come in handy
+all right now the last thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the last thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the last thing is that
+because the neutron has no net charge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the neutron has no net charge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the neutron has no net charge we
+can change neutron number okay neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change neutron number okay neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change neutron number okay neutron
+has no charge so this means you can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no charge so this means you can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no charge so this means you can vary
+you can vary the neutron number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without
+changing chemical identity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing chemical identity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing chemical identity because
+chemical identity is fixed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical identity is fixed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical identity is fixed by the
+proton and since we don't have to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and since we don't have to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and since we don't have to charge
+compensate we can add or subtract um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate we can add or subtract um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate we can add or subtract um
+neutrons uh at Liberty and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons uh at Liberty and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons uh at Liberty and so you can
+look for example at the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for example at the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for example at the periodic table
+and uh if you look up the um atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look up the um atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look up the um atomic mass
+of carbon you'll see that carbon comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon you'll see that carbon comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon you'll see that carbon comes
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+12.011 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 for
+carbon 12.011 well isn't this against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 12.011 well isn't this against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 12.011 well isn't this against
+Dalton this thing's supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton this thing's supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton this thing's supposed to be a
+whole number here but if you look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole number here but if you look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole number here but if you look more
+carefully you'll find that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll find that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll find that this is a
+blend of three different forms of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blend of three different forms of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blend of three different forms of carbon
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+carbon 12 I'll even leave off the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 12 I'll even leave off the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 12 I'll even leave off the six
+because we already know it's carbon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already know it's carbon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already know it's carbon it
+has to have six protons so carbon 12 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have six protons so carbon 12 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have six protons so carbon 12 we
+know that it's got the proton number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's got the proton number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's got the proton number by
+definition is six and the neutron number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is six and the neutron number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is six and the neutron number
+six from 12 is six so it's got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six from 12 is six so it's got six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six from 12 is six so it's got six
+protons and six neutrons and it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and six neutrons and it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and six neutrons and it is the
+dominant form of carbon so its abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant form of carbon so its abundance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant form of carbon so its abundance
+its abundance in nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its abundance in nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its abundance in nature is
+98 uh 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 uh 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 uh 8
+92% 98. 892 per there is a carbon 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92% 98. 892 per there is a carbon 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92% 98. 892 per there is a carbon 13
+however so it axiomatically must be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however so it axiomatically must be six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however so it axiomatically must be six
+protons and it's got seven neutrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and it's got seven neutrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and it's got seven neutrons and
+this is found in an abundance of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is found in an abundance of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is found in an abundance of about
+1.18% and then there's the last form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.18% and then there's the last form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.18% and then there's the last form
+carbon 14 which is a radioactive form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 14 which is a radioactive form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 14 which is a radioactive form
+and we'll talk about that later in 3091
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that later in 3091
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that later in 3091
+and its use in radiocarbon dating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its use in radiocarbon dating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its use in radiocarbon dating and
+carbon 14 six again and it has eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 14 six again and it has eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 14 six again and it has eight and
+it is found in vanishingly small amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is found in vanishingly small amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is found in vanishingly small amounts
+10us 12 or part per trillion part per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 12 or part per trillion part per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 12 or part per trillion part per
+trillion so if you add all these up then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion so if you add all these up then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion so if you add all these up then
+you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with
+12.011 as the atomic mass so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 as the atomic mass so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 as the atomic mass so we have
+here they all have the same Z same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they all have the same Z same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they all have the same Z same
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+number okay but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay but different
+a different a which is means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different a which is means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different a which is means
+uh number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of
+neutrons varies okay so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons varies okay so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons varies okay so that means
+they're found on the same place on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're found on the same place on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're found on the same place on the
+period table so if they're found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period table so if they're found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period table so if they're found in the
+same place it's isotopos so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place it's isotopos so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place it's isotopos so these are
+called Isotopes Isotopes have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Isotopes Isotopes have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Isotopes Isotopes have the same
+chemical identity but different uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical identity but different uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical identity but different uh uh
+nuclear U properties what are the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear U properties what are the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear U properties what are the units
+here we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we write
+12.011 we're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 we're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 we're writing
+12.011 it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 it's either
+gr per mole and I'm not making a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr per mole and I'm not making a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr per mole and I'm not making a mistake
+here most of chemistry has gone SI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most of chemistry has gone SI so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most of chemistry has gone SI so
+every Mass should be in kilograms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Mass should be in kilograms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Mass should be in kilograms but
+occasionally there's this one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there's this one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there's this one little
+remnant of the old CGS systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnant of the old CGS systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnant of the old CGS systems
+centimeters G second and this is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters G second and this is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters G second and this is one so
+this is 12.011 gam per mole or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 12.011 gam per mole or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 12.011 gam per mole or
+12.011 atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.011 atomic mass
+units atomic mass units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units atomic mass units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units atomic mass units
+am U and the AMU is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am U and the AMU is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am U and the AMU is
+defined the AMU is defined as uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the AMU is defined as uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the AMU is defined as uh the
+mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of
+mass of 12th of a carbon 12 atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of 12th of a carbon 12 atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of 12th of a carbon 12 atom the
+mass of one 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of so I talked about this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so I talked about this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so I talked about this uh this
+concept of mole here what is the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mole here what is the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mole here what is the mole
+mole is a more practical value something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole is a more practical value something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole is a more practical value something
+that we can handle tangibly and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can handle tangibly and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can handle tangibly and how do
+we get the the value of the mole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the the value of the mole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the the value of the mole the
+mole is something that was also defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole is something that was also defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole is something that was also defined
+in terms of carbon and the mole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of carbon and the mole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of carbon and the mole is
+defined as the mass of excuse me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the mass of excuse me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the mass of excuse me it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount the amount of carbon 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount the amount of carbon 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount the amount of carbon 12
+weighing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+12.0 gam so you can see the atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.0 gam so you can see the atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.0 gam so you can see the atomic mass
+unit uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh will
+then give you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give you that the
+atomic mass unit will be one point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass unit will be one point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass unit will be one point uh
+excuse me let me let me go at it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me let me let me go at it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me let me let me go at it a
+different way this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way this will be the
+definition of the mole as the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the mole as the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the mole as the amount of
+carbon weighing exactly 12 gram so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon weighing exactly 12 gram so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon weighing exactly 12 gram so I'd
+like to know now how many particles how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know now how many particles how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know now how many particles how
+many carbons are there in that mole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many carbons are there in that mole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many carbons are there in that mole and
+one way we can get to that is by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way we can get to that is by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way we can get to that is by looking
+at two pieces of data the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two pieces of data the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two pieces of data the first one
+again is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is by
+Faraday Faraday who conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday Faraday who conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday Faraday who conducted
+electrolysis of silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis of silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis of silver
+electrolysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis of
+silver in an aquous solution he passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver in an aquous solution he passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver in an aquous solution he passes
+electric current and he causes silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current and he causes silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current and he causes silver
+ions to deposit and form metallic silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions to deposit and form metallic silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions to deposit and form metallic silver
+and he measures how much charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he measures how much charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he measures how much charge is
+required he has current right we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required he has current right we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required he has current right we know
+that charge is equal to the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charge is equal to the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charge is equal to the integral of
+current times the time and he knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times the time and he knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times the time and he knows the
+current he knows how much time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current he knows how much time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current he knows how much time and then
+he weighs this so he's able to weigh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he weighs this so he's able to weigh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he weighs this so he's able to weigh the
+silver and compare it to carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and compare it to carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and compare it to carbon and
+against that scale he finds the silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that scale he finds the silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that scale he finds the silver
+weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs
+107 gam versus 12 G for carbon so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 gam versus 12 G for carbon so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 gam versus 12 G for carbon so that's
+the ratios now if he only knew what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios now if he only knew what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios now if he only knew what the
+electron brought him he'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron brought him he'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron brought him he'd be able to
+divide through and calculate how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide through and calculate how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide through and calculate how many
+species there are in a mole and in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species there are in a mole and in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species there are in a mole and in order
+to determine that we had to wait a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine that we had to wait a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine that we had to wait a few
+years till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years till
+1909 1909 Robert milikin doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1909 1909 Robert milikin doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1909 1909 Robert milikin doing
+experiments at the University of Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at the University of Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at the University of Chicago
+conducted this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted this interesting
+uh effort where he took atomizer filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effort where he took atomizer filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effort where he took atomizer filled
+it with oil and then squirted fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with oil and then squirted fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with oil and then squirted fine
+droplets of oil Mist in between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of oil Mist in between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of oil Mist in between two
+plates that could be electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates that could be electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates that could be electrically
+charged he further charged the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged he further charged the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged he further charged the droplets
+by irradiating here it's showing X used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by irradiating here it's showing X used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by irradiating here it's showing X used
+x-rays he used various forms of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays he used various forms of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays he used various forms of high
+energy radiation in order to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy radiation in order to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy radiation in order to make the
+droplets bear a charge so now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets bear a charge so now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets bear a charge so now you have
+this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+where you have a droplet that is net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a droplet that is net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a droplet that is net
+negative or perhaps net positive and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or perhaps net positive and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or perhaps net positive and it
+lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies
+suspended between two plates and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended between two plates and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended between two plates and I'm
+able to vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to vary the
+voltage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the
+plates making this for argument's sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates making this for argument's sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates making this for argument's sake
+negative and this for argument's sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and this for argument's sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and this for argument's sake
+positive so if there's no charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so if there's no charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so if there's no charge on the
+plates these droplets will simply fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates these droplets will simply fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates these droplets will simply fall
+under Gravity once the droplets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Gravity once the droplets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Gravity once the droplets are
+charged it makes no difference whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged it makes no difference whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged it makes no difference whether
+there's uh it they will fall regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh it they will fall regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh it they will fall regardless
+of the charge when the charge is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge when the charge is applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge when the charge is applied
+if the upper plate is negative we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the upper plate is negative we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the upper plate is negative we would
+expect that the negative droplet would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the negative droplet would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the negative droplet would
+be repelled at a rate exceeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repelled at a rate exceeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repelled at a rate exceeding
+gravitational fall the positive droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fall the positive droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fall the positive droplet
+will its fall will be slowed and could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will its fall will be slowed and could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will its fall will be slowed and could
+even be made to lift and so by playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be made to lift and so by playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be made to lift and so by playing
+with a VAR iety of of sizes remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a VAR iety of of sizes remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a VAR iety of of sizes remember the
+atomizer is going to give a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomizer is going to give a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomizer is going to give a distribution
+of droplet sizes a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplet sizes a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplet sizes a distribution of
+voltages milic was able to to uh develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages milic was able to to uh develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages milic was able to to uh develop
+a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship
+between the applied charge and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the applied charge and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the applied charge and The
+observed velocities of the droplets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed velocities of the droplets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed velocities of the droplets so
+let's plot droplet velocity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot droplet velocity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot droplet velocity as a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+of looking at the number that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the number that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the number that have this
+velocity with the zero being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with the zero being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with the zero being in the
+center here so what do you expect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center here so what do you expect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center here so what do you expect is
+going to happen if there were no if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen if there were no if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen if there were no if
+there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no
+um veloc uh voltage on the plates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um veloc uh voltage on the plates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um veloc uh voltage on the plates we
+would expect everything to be over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect everything to be over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect everything to be over here
+in some negative value falling but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some negative value falling but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some negative value falling but what
+he found was a distribution he found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found was a distribution he found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found was a distribution he found a
+distribution and if you look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if you look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if you look more
+closely at the distribution here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the distribution here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the distribution here's what
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found he found that some droplets had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found he found that some droplets had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found he found that some droplets had a
+certain velocity and then others had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain velocity and then others had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain velocity and then others had a
+velocity plus some step and others had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity plus some step and others had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity plus some step and others had a
+velocity plus some step and he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity plus some step and he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity plus some step and he couldn't
+get values of velocity in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get values of velocity in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get values of velocity in between
+certain steps he reasoned then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain steps he reasoned then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain steps he reasoned then that the
+charge since he could vary voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge since he could vary voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge since he could vary voltage
+continuously but he got a discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously but he got a discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously but he got a discontinuous
+variation in velocity his conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in velocity his conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in velocity his conclusion is
+that the charge must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charge must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charge must be
+discontinuously attached to the droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously attached to the droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously attached to the droplet
+so out of that he concluded cludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of that he concluded cludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of that he concluded cludes
+charge must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge must be
+quantized charge is quantized in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized charge is quantized in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized charge is quantized in other
+words it comes in batches of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it comes in batches of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it comes in batches of a certain
+unit charge is quantized and secondly he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit charge is quantized and secondly he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit charge is quantized and secondly he
+was able to measure the value measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to measure the value measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to measure the value measure
+value of the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge we use the term element to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge we use the term element to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge we use the term element to mean
+the the lowest value so the element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lowest value so the element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lowest value so the element is
+carbon that's the smallest unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon that's the smallest unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon that's the smallest unit
+chemically this is the smallest unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically this is the smallest unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically this is the smallest unit of
+charge and he gave us a value that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and he gave us a value that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and he gave us a value that turns
+out to be 1.6 X 10us 19 kums in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 1.6 X 10us 19 kums in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 1.6 X 10us 19 kums in modern
+times and the electron has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and the electron has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and the electron has a negative
+charge so we would say the the charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so we would say the the charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so we would say the the charge on
+the electron is minus 1.6 but I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is minus 1.6 but I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is minus 1.6 but I want you
+to learn this as e being the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn this as e being the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn this as e being the elementary
+charge e is the finest charge that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge e is the finest charge that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge e is the finest charge that is
+available to be uh attached and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to be uh attached and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to be uh attached and so now
+if we take the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the value
+of the Faraday Faraday found that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Faraday Faraday found that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Faraday Faraday found that to get
+107 G of silver required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9648 kums this is on the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9648 kums this is on the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9648 kums this is on the basis of the
+integral of the current times the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the current times the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the current times the time
+and milikin said that e is equal to 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and milikin said that e is equal to 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and milikin said that e is equal to 1.6
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+10-9 KS this is kums per charge and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-9 KS this is kums per charge and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-9 KS this is kums per charge and this
+is kums per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kums per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kums per mole
+if you divide the two of them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you divide the two of them through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you divide the two of them through
+you'll get 6.02 * 10 the 10 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get 6.02 * 10 the 10 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get 6.02 * 10 the 10 +
+23 per mole so this is how much charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 per mole so this is how much charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 per mole so this is how much charge
+there is in a mole of electrons this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in a mole of electrons this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in a mole of electrons this is
+the number of carbons there is in a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of carbons there is in a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of carbons there is in a mole
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+carbon and this is given the value n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and this is given the value n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and this is given the value n
+avagadro the notation n avagadro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+avagadro avagadro's number we call call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro avagadro's number we call call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro avagadro's number we call call
+it avagadro was a professor of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it avagadro was a professor of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it avagadro was a professor of chemistry
+at the University of Turin who did a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Turin who did a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Turin who did a lot
+of work on gas laws understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on gas laws understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on gas laws understanding the
+number of gas particles in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gas particles in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gas particles in a given
+volume at a given temperature isn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume at a given temperature isn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume at a given temperature isn't this
+nice they named constants after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they named constants after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they named constants after
+professors they didn't name it after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors they didn't name it after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors they didn't name it after a
+baseball player right named it after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball player right named it after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball player right named it after a
+professor so now we know the avagadro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so now we know the avagadro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so now we know the avagadro
+number and we're able to count the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we're able to count the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we're able to count the uh
+the quantities accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities accordingly
+so what I'm going to do next day is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do next day is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do next day is uh
+go into the um larger stochiometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the um larger stochiometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the um larger stochiometry and
+understand the principles of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the principles of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the principles of mass
+balance and uh uh reactivity but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and uh uh reactivity but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and uh uh reactivity but before
+you go hold it I don't want you racing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go hold it I don't want you racing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go hold it I don't want you racing
+off we should be going to 55 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off we should be going to 55 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off we should be going to 55 minutes
+um after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after the
+hour so I have a have something to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour so I have a have something to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour so I have a have something to to uh
+to share with you um I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you um I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you um I don't know if you
+heard this morning but there was a news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this morning but there was a news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this morning but there was a news
+of the discovery of yet one more element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discovery of yet one more element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discovery of yet one more element
+you want to hear that I guess you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to hear that I guess you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to hear that I guess you were
+busy yeah I just this is I got this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy yeah I just this is I got this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy yeah I just this is I got this off
+uh NPR it says the discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NPR it says the discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NPR it says the discovery of the
+heaviest element known to science has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest element known to science has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest element known to science has
+been reported obviously got to be heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reported obviously got to be heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reported obviously got to be heavy
+all the light ones have been discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the light ones have been discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the light ones have been discovered
+the new ones are going to be heavy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new ones are going to be heavy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new ones are going to be heavy so
+that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+reporting the element uh tentatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the element uh tentatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the element uh tentatively
+named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+administratum it's been tentatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administratum it's been tentatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administratum it's been tentatively
+named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+administratium um and this will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administratium um and this will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administratium um and this will have to
+go up before the international Union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up before the international Union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up before the international Union of
+pure and applied chemistry before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure and applied chemistry before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure and applied chemistry before they
+they approve it because they fought over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they approve it because they fought over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they approve it because they fought over
+uh element uh 106 for the longest time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh element uh 106 for the longest time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh element uh 106 for the longest time
+but I think this will go through fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this will go through fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this will go through fairly
+quickly or maybe not um it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or maybe not um it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or maybe not um it has no
+protons um so therefore it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons um so therefore it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons um so therefore it has no
+electrons right because proton number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right because proton number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right because proton number
+equals electron number which means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals electron number which means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals electron number which means it's
+atomic number if it has no protons its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number if it has no protons its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number if it has no protons its
+atomic number is zero see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number is zero see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number is zero see you're
+learning already right however it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning already right however it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning already right however it does
+have one neutron has 125 assistants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one neutron has 125 assistants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one neutron has 125 assistants to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+neutron has 75 Vice neutrons and 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron has 75 Vice neutrons and 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron has 75 Vice neutrons and 111
+assistants to the vice neutrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants to the vice neutrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants to the vice neutrons that
+gives it a mass number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+312 um the 312 particles are held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+312 um the 312 particles are held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+312 um the 312 particles are held
+together in the nucleus by a force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the nucleus by a force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the nucleus by a force that
+involves the continuous exchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the continuous exchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the continuous exchange of
+Mison likee particles called memons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mison likee particles called memons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mison likee particles called memons
+these memons just go back and forth now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these memons just go back and forth now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these memons just go back and forth now
+there are no electrons so there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no electrons so there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no electrons so there can be
+no electronic male right so we speculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electronic male right so we speculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electronic male right so we speculate
+there may be neutronic male here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be neutronic male here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be neutronic male here but
+anyways now let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways now let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways now let's talk about the
+properties since it has no electrons it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties since it has no electrons it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties since it has no electrons it
+must be chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be chemically
+inert right it's chemically inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert right it's chemically inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert right it's chemically inert
+however it can be detected indirectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it can be detected indirectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it can be detected indirectly
+because it seems to impede every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to impede every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to impede every
+reaction in which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in which it is
+present according to the discoverers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present according to the discoverers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present according to the discoverers the
+presence of a few nanograms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a few nanograms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a few nanograms of
+administratium made one reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administratium made one reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administratium made one reaction that
+normally takes less than a second take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally takes less than a second take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally takes less than a second take
+over four business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days oh there's more because it's heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days oh there's more because it's heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days oh there's more because it's heavy
+you expect it's Radioactive It's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect it's Radioactive It's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect it's Radioactive It's got a
+half life of approximately three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half life of approximately three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half life of approximately three
+years at which time it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at which time it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at which time it stops
+decaying then it under goes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying then it under goes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying then it under goes a
+reorganization which the vice neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization which the vice neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization which the vice neutrons
+assistance to the neutron the assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance to the neutron the assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance to the neutron the assistant
+of the vice neutrons exchange places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vice neutrons exchange places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vice neutrons exchange places and
+there's some early indications that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some early indications that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some early indications that the
+mass actually increases after each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass actually increases after each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass actually increases after each
+reorganization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization
+ation okay so now I'll send you I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation okay so now I'll send you I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation okay so now I'll send you I'll
+send you on the weekend with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you on the weekend with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you on the weekend with a with a
+chemistry joke we have to have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry joke we have to have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry joke we have to have a couple
+of little bit of humor okay so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little bit of humor okay so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little bit of humor okay so I need to
+quiet though all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah it's it comes right over here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's it comes right over here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's it comes right over here uh
+actually this one we have to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one we have to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one we have to put the
+audio visual up this is the one you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio visual up this is the one you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio visual up this is the one you need
+you need this one right here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need this one right here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need this one right here you see
+this okay so so Neutron Neutron walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so so Neutron Neutron walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so so Neutron Neutron walks
+into a bar right Neutron walks into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bar right Neutron walks into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bar right Neutron walks into a
+bar he sits down at the bar to bar looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar he sits down at the bar to bar looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar he sits down at the bar to bar looks
+at him he says hey I know you you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at him he says hey I know you you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at him he says hey I know you you're a
+neutron he says yeah yeah I'm a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron he says yeah yeah I'm a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron he says yeah yeah I'm a neutron
+he says Neutron's kind of quiet finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says Neutron's kind of quiet finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says Neutron's kind of quiet finally
+looks up and he says uh how much uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks up and he says uh how much uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks up and he says uh how much uh for
+a beer bartender says for you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beer bartender says for you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beer bartender says for you no
+charge okay get out of here have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay get out of here have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay get out of here have a nice
+weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K67ojX4-PL8.txt b/K67ojX4-PL8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..433a11b58be92a160bd080012ccb347f9b8204e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K67ojX4-PL8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this year we had uh a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this year we had uh a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this year we had uh a number of
+students who were interested who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were interested who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were interested who had
+taken the class before who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the class before who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the class before who are
+interested in being involved in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being involved in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being involved in some way
+and acting as mentors for projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acting as mentors for projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acting as mentors for projects and
+so what happened was every week in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened was every week in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened was every week in in
+our in our Wednesday afternoon Labs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our Wednesday afternoon Labs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our Wednesday afternoon Labs uh
+the teams of students would meet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams of students would meet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams of students would meet with
+their mentor and give them an update and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mentor and give them an update and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mentor and give them an update and
+uh get feedback from them on their on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get feedback from them on their on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get feedback from them on their on
+their uh project progress um I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh project progress um I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh project progress um I think the
+one core reason of of doing this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one core reason of of doing this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one core reason of of doing this this
+year was to really uh uh draw on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year was to really uh uh draw on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year was to really uh uh draw on the
+experiences of our mentors having gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of our mentors having gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of our mentors having gone
+through the entire process in a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire process in a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire process in a previous
+uh semester and also being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh semester and also being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh semester and also being very
+passionate about assistive technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about assistive technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about assistive technology
+and passionate about how we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and passionate about how we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and passionate about how we go about
+teaching this class and also to uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class and also to uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class and also to uh try
+to keep teams on track to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep teams on track to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep teams on track to really
+understand the different Milestones the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the different Milestones the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the different Milestones the
+different uh deadlines and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh deadlines and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh deadlines and and
+iterations that are important to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that are important to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that are important to be able
+to deliver a uh a successful project a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver a uh a successful project a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver a uh a successful project a
+su a successful prototype by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su a successful prototype by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su a successful prototype by the end of
+the by the end of the course I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the end of the course I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the end of the course I think
+overall um it was successful in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um it was successful in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um it was successful in terms of
+having that personal interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that personal interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that personal interaction with
+somebody with some experience to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with some experience to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with some experience to uh
+guide teams along in the in the process
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KLb5CmPM7YY.txt b/KLb5CmPM7YY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfbd815a9262d52a8559401c07a740178d0c0249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KLb5CmPM7YY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+great now let's dive into the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now let's dive into the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now let's dive into the material
+today so today's topic is carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so today's topic is carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so today's topic is carbohydrates
+as well as an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as an introduction to
+membrane structure and from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane structure and from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane structure and from the very
+first class i believe professor yaffi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class i believe professor yaffi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class i believe professor yaffi
+talked to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about
+the four main classes of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four main classes of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four main classes of biological
+molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so
+proteins and amino acids you've spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and amino acids you've spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and amino acids you've spent a
+lot of time talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time talking about that
+nucleic acids is coming up and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids is coming up and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids is coming up and the other
+two are carbohydrates or sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are carbohydrates or sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are carbohydrates or sugars
+and lipids today we're really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lipids today we're really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lipids today we're really going to
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+most of the lecture on carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lecture on carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lecture on carbohydrates
+what they are structure something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are structure something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are structure something about
+nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature
+and then at the end we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end we're going to talk
+a little bit about lipids and basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about lipids and basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about lipids and basic
+membrane structure now carbohydrates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane structure now carbohydrates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane structure now carbohydrates and
+lipids are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids are really
+critical energy storage molecules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical energy storage molecules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical energy storage molecules for
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+and when we talk about metabolism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we talk about metabolism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we talk about metabolism the
+most interesting part of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting part of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting part of this course
+after spring break we're going to delve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after spring break we're going to delve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after spring break we're going to delve
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+in a lot more detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot more detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot more detail but
+sugars are also very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are also very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are also very important to
+understand nucleic acid structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand nucleic acid structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand nucleic acid structure
+turns out membranes are essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out membranes are essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out membranes are essential for
+signal transduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction
+those are the two major topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two major topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two major topics that
+professor gaffy is going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor gaffy is going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor gaffy is going to talk about
+for the rest of his time and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of his time and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of his time and so this
+year we're going to try something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we're going to try something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we're going to try something
+different and have me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and have me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and have me
+introduce at least some of these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce at least some of these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce at least some of these topics
+now which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which will
+deal with some redundancies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some redundancies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some redundancies that
+otherwise might have existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise might have existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise might have existed
+and maybe set it up better for him to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe set it up better for him to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe set it up better for him to uh
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+discuss some of the lectures coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some of the lectures coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some of the lectures coming up
+now today's lecture is unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today's lecture is unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today's lecture is unfortunately
+topically a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topically a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topically a little bit
+disjointed but it still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed but it still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed but it still has
+important information about biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information about biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information about biochemistry
+and it will help us all speak the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will help us all speak the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will help us all speak the same
+language both for the upcoming lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language both for the upcoming lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language both for the upcoming lectures
+on from uh from professor yaffi as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on from uh from professor yaffi as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on from uh from professor yaffi as well
+as things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things that
+i will start off with when i come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will start off with when i come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will start off with when i come back
+and it's a nice way to sort of ease back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a nice way to sort of ease back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a nice way to sort of ease back
+in after the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in after the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in after the exam
+okay so what is a carbohydrate or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is a carbohydrate or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is a carbohydrate or a
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+so let's break this down and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's break this down and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's break this down and so it's
+carbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a carbohydrate is effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a carbohydrate is effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a carbohydrate is effectively
+carbon in some ratio with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in some ratio with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in some ratio with
+water so all carbohydrates have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so all carbohydrates have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so all carbohydrates have the same
+chemical formula cnh2on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical formula cnh2on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical formula cnh2on
+and so there are some deviations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are some deviations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are some deviations from
+this in biology sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in biology sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in biology sometimes you can
+introduce a heteroatom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a heteroatom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a heteroatom
+phosphate sulfur nitrogen etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate sulfur nitrogen etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate sulfur nitrogen etc
+technically these are not carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically these are not carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically these are not carbohydrates
+although they're often lumped together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're often lumped together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're often lumped together
+with carbohydrates and why would nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbohydrates and why would nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbohydrates and why would nature
+do this because it changes some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because it changes some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because it changes some of the
+chemical properties that can be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical properties that can be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical properties that can be useful
+for either structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either structural
+or signaling reasons you may encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or signaling reasons you may encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or signaling reasons you may encounter
+these later um certainly in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these later um certainly in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these later um certainly in other
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+but we're not going to talk much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to talk much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to talk much more
+about that today we're really just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today we're really just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today we're really just going
+to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+the base carbohydrate cnh2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base carbohydrate cnh2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base carbohydrate cnh2n
+structure now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now
+carbohydrates come in different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates come in different forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates come in different forms
+and so they can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can come
+as single units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with that structure these are so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monocyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or these single units can come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these single units can come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these single units can come together
+to form various polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those polymers could be two units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so-called disaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so two sugars stuck together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two sugars stuck together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two sugars stuck together
+or many units and so sometimes those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+referred to as oligosaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's really no clear distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really no clear distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really no clear distinction
+between you know a few chains together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know a few chains together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know a few chains together
+oligosaccharides many polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligosaccharides many polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligosaccharides many polysaccharides
+they're somewhat used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're somewhat used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're somewhat used
+interchangeably now you guys have almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably now you guys have almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably now you guys have almost
+certainly heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly heard of
+many of these things so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things so what's a
+monosaccharide so a good example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharide so a good example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharide so a good example of that
+is glucose so glucose is of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is glucose so glucose is of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is glucose so glucose is of course the
+main sugar that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main sugar that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main sugar that exists
+in your blood what's a disaccharide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your blood what's a disaccharide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your blood what's a disaccharide
+so common one is sucrose so sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so common one is sucrose so sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so common one is sucrose so sucrose
+is a disaccharide so two sugars stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a disaccharide so two sugars stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a disaccharide so two sugars stuck
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+glucose plus fructose you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose plus fructose you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose plus fructose you've probably
+heard of both of those things before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of both of those things before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of both of those things before
+sucrose is of course table sugar it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose is of course table sugar it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose is of course table sugar it's
+what you would have mixed into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have mixed into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have mixed into your
+coffee if you had that this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee if you had that this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee if you had that this morning
+and an example of a polysaccharide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of a polysaccharide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of a polysaccharide is
+starch so what's in a potato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch so what's in a potato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch so what's in a potato
+all right now clearly these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now clearly these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now clearly these are all
+sugars they're all relevant to a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars they're all relevant to a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars they're all relevant to a human
+diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet
+you would never confuse you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never confuse you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never confuse you've probably
+not knowingly tasted glucose it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowingly tasted glucose it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowingly tasted glucose it's not
+particularly sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sweet
+sucrose is much sweeter and a potato is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose is much sweeter and a potato is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose is much sweeter and a potato is
+not necessarily sweet at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily sweet at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily sweet at all
+yet this really points out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet this really points out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet this really points out that
+how these sugars are built the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these sugars are built the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these sugars are built the different
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+matter a lot they matter for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a lot they matter for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a lot they matter for things like
+how you taste them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you taste them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you taste them
+in your diet and how carbohydrates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your diet and how carbohydrates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your diet and how carbohydrates are
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+also matters a lot for all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also matters a lot for all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also matters a lot for all kinds of
+aspects of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of biology
+which is why it's somewhat important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why it's somewhat important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why it's somewhat important to
+at least understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least understand
+some of what we're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what we're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what we're talking about a
+common language about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common language about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common language about
+how to describe these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the simplest
+biological sugars have three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological sugars have three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological sugars have three carbons
+that are least commonly used these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are least commonly used these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are least commonly used these are
+referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+as trioses and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trioses and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trioses and if we
+take the general formula c3 h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the general formula c3 h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the general formula c3 h2o
+3 okay and we say what are two ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay and we say what are two ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay and we say what are two ways that
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+satisfy that formula there's two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that formula there's two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that formula there's two main
+ways we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we can do it
+one is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is like this
+okay so if you add up count all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you add up count all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you add up count all the
+carbons hydrogens and oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons hydrogens and oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons hydrogens and oxygens
+you will see that that is c3 h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that that is c3 h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that that is c3 h2o
+o3 this molecule is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o3 this molecule is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o3 this molecule is called
+glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other way we can do this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay again three carbons three waters if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again three carbons three waters if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again three carbons three waters if
+you add up all the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up all the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up all the atoms
+this molecule is called dihydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone
+and these are sugars same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sugars same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sugars same
+chemical formula different chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical formula different chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical formula different chemical
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+that has a term that's called an isomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it turns out that we can chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that we can chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that we can chemically
+interconvert these molecules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert these molecules in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert these molecules in the
+following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way
+and so if we carry out this chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we carry out this chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we carry out this chemistry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will get this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that will allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that will allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that will allow you to
+interconvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert
+glyceraldehyde this aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde this aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde this aldehyde
+with this ketone dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ketone dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ketone dihydroxyacetone
+and the enzyme class that carries this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the enzyme class that carries this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the enzyme class that carries this
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+is a class of enzymes called isomerases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a class of enzymes called isomerases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a class of enzymes called isomerases
+and this is exactly the chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly the chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly the chemistry that
+that enzyme would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme would use
+to interconvert these two forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interconvert these two forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interconvert these two forms of
+this trials this three carbon sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trials this three carbon sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trials this three carbon sugar
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+all right now if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now if we look at
+dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone
+there's no stereocenter here what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no stereocenter here what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no stereocenter here what do i
+mean by a stereocenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a stereocenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a stereocenter
+that's a carbon that has reminder from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a carbon that has reminder from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a carbon that has reminder from
+512 carbon that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 carbon that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 carbon that has
+four different subs non-equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different subs non-equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different subs non-equivalent
+substituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituents
+around it however if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it however if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it however if you look at
+glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+that carbon in the middle is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon in the middle is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon in the middle is a
+stereocenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter
+okay four non-equivalent groups around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay four non-equivalent groups around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay four non-equivalent groups around
+it and so there's two ways that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so there's two ways that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so there's two ways that i can
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+glyceraldehyde i can draw it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or i could draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or i could draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or i could draw it
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so two different ways so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so two different ways so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so two different ways so the
+one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the
+left here is d glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the one on the right is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and i know that this is review some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i know that this is review some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i know that this is review some
+people are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are good at
+seeing these things some people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing these things some people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing these things some people are not
+i brought a couple models here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought a couple models here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought a couple models here
+here's like just you know the blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like just you know the blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like just you know the blue and
+the brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brown
+are two stereocenters with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two stereocenters with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two stereocenters with four
+different constituents on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constituents on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constituents on them
+no way you can twist these around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way you can twist these around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way you can twist these around to
+make them identical molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them identical molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them identical molecules
+why does this matter well enzyme active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter well enzyme active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter well enzyme active
+sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+are going to fit this molecule different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to fit this molecule different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to fit this molecule different
+than this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this molecule
+and this is why these stereoisomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why these stereoisomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why these stereoisomers
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+so much for biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much for biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much for biology
+it's also something that's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that's really hard
+to accomplish if you think about how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish if you think about how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish if you think about how do
+you actually generate stereoisomers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually generate stereoisomers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually generate stereoisomers if
+you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were
+in an organic chemistry lab really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an organic chemistry lab really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an organic chemistry lab really hard
+but biology does this all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but biology does this all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but biology does this all the time and
+the real reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real reason is
+is because it's enzymes that ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's enzymes that ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's enzymes that ultimately
+catalyze these inner conversions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze these inner conversions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze these inner conversions and
+different stereoisomers will fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stereoisomers will fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stereoisomers will fit
+differently into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently into
+enzyme active sites now the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme active sites now the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme active sites now the way that
+i've been drawing these sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been drawing these sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been drawing these sugars
+is a convention called a fissure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convention called a fissure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convention called a fissure
+projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+and when drawn in this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when drawn in this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when drawn in this way the
+convention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is
+is that so you put the carbonyl towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so you put the carbonyl towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so you put the carbonyl towards
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+if the o h group the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the o h group the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the o h group the alcohol
+is pointing to the right that's d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing to the right that's d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing to the right that's d
+if it's pointing to the left that's l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's pointing to the left that's l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's pointing to the left that's l
+and so d pointing to the right l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so d pointing to the right l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so d pointing to the right l
+pointing to the left like amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the left like amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the left like amino acids
+biology has chosen one stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology has chosen one stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology has chosen one stereo
+chemistry for most biological sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry for most biological sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry for most biological sugars
+because of course enzymes act on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course enzymes act on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course enzymes act on them
+and so in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in biology
+it's d sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is in contrast to l amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in contrast to l amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in contrast to l amino acids
+and so if you can remember that sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you can remember that sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you can remember that sugars
+are d you know that amino acids are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are d you know that amino acids are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are d you know that amino acids are the
+opposite or if you remember that amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or if you remember that amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or if you remember that amino
+acids are l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are l
+you can remember that sugars are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can remember that sugars are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can remember that sugars are the
+opposite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite okay
+all right so dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so dihydroxyacetone
+is really the only sugar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the only sugar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the only sugar with
+three or more carbons that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or more carbons that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or more carbons that doesn't have
+a chiral center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chiral center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chiral center
+everything else will and so if i go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else will and so if i go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else will and so if i go to
+a four carbon sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four carbon sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four carbon sugar
+draw a couple of them here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's c4h2o4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's c4h2o4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's c4h2o4
+drawn with a ketone if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn with a ketone if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn with a ketone if you look at this
+this is a chiral center oh group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a chiral center oh group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a chiral center oh group is
+pointing to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the right
+this is a d sugar if i had drawn it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a d sugar if i had drawn it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a d sugar if i had drawn it with
+the o h group on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o h group on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o h group on this side
+it would be an l sugar all right if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be an l sugar all right if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be an l sugar all right if i
+draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this
+sugar as a different isomer this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar as a different isomer this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar as a different isomer this time
+with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde
+okay now we encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bit of an issue because now i have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of an issue because now i have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of an issue because now i have one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+stereocenters okay so if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenters okay so if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenters okay so if there's
+two stereocenters that means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stereocenters that means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stereocenters that means there's
+two to the n ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n ways
+that i can draw this as a stereoisomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can draw this as a stereoisomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can draw this as a stereoisomer
+and so you can see that this could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that this could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that this could get
+really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated
+very quickly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly now
+this sugar obviously is a d because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sugar obviously is a d because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sugar obviously is a d because i
+drew both o h groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew both o h groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew both o h groups
+two pointing to the right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pointing to the right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pointing to the right but
+you can imagine i could draw one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine i could draw one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine i could draw one this
+way or one that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or one that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or one that way
+and so how do you know if it's a d or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do you know if it's a d or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do you know if it's a d or an
+l sugar and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l sugar and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l sugar and so
+the convention is is that whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention is is that whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention is is that whether or not
+a sugar is designated as d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sugar is designated as d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sugar is designated as d
+or l refers to the stereocenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or l refers to the stereocenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or l refers to the stereocenter
+that is furthest away from the carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is furthest away from the carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is furthest away from the carbonyl
+and so this is the relevant stereocenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the relevant stereocenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the relevant stereocenter
+that says it's a d sugar so what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it's a d sugar so what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it's a d sugar so what do i
+mean i can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i can draw
+and then any other sugar would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then any other sugar would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then any other sugar would have a
+different name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name
+and so what do i mean by that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do i mean by that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do i mean by that let me
+draw this a few different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this a few different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this a few different ways
+and so the sugar that i've drawn here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sugar that i've drawn here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sugar that i've drawn here is
+referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+as d erythrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d erythrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d erythrose
+all right if i draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i have the oh group on the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have the oh group on the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have the oh group on the carbon
+furthest from the carbonyl pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from the carbonyl pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from the carbonyl pointing to
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+so this would be l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be l
+erythros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i draw it differently by altering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i draw it differently by altering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i draw it differently by altering
+the stereochemistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this carbon now it has a different name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon now it has a different name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon now it has a different name
+and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+carbon is d or this sugar is d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is d or this sugar is d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is d or this sugar is d
+threose all right makes sense if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threose all right makes sense if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threose all right makes sense if i
+flip the oh group to this side it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the oh group to this side it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the oh group to this side it would
+be l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be l
+throws all right so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws all right so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws all right so lots of
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+turns out nature only uses a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out nature only uses a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out nature only uses a subset
+of these stereoisomers and makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these stereoisomers and makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these stereoisomers and makes them
+relevant for biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for biology
+for example d erythros is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example d erythros is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example d erythros is something that
+you will encounter when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will encounter when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will encounter when we talk about
+metabolism later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism later in the course
+d3os as far as i know is not used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3os as far as i know is not used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3os as far as i know is not used in
+biology i would never say it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology i would never say it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology i would never say it's never
+used in biology never bet against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in biology never bet against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in biology never bet against
+biology it can do absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it can do absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it can do absolutely
+everything there's always an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there's always an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there's always an exception
+somewhere but in general d3os is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but in general d3os is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but in general d3os is not
+something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+really exists at least commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exists at least commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exists at least commonly
+in nature all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature all right so
+if we go through and you look at all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go through and you look at all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go through and you look at all of
+these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different
+sugars that i've drawn you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars that i've drawn you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars that i've drawn you can see
+that they either have an aldehyde or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they either have an aldehyde or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they either have an aldehyde or
+they have a ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a ketone
+somewhere in the molecule all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the molecule all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the molecule all right so
+if you have an aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an aldehyde
+these sugars are generically referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sugars are generically referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sugars are generically referred to
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+aldoses all right and if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldoses all right and if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldoses all right and if you have a
+ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+an internal carbonyl these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal carbonyl these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal carbonyl these are
+generically referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically referred to
+as ketosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ketosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ketosis
+now you might say as you start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say as you start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say as you start getting
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+longer and longer sugars you could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer sugars you could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer sugars you could put
+the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone
+anywhere along the sugar and there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere along the sugar and there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere along the sugar and there would
+be a ton of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ton of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ton of different
+possibilities but it turns out ketosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but it turns out ketosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but it turns out ketosis
+always have the carbonyl as the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the carbonyl as the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the carbonyl as the second
+carbon in from the end the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in from the end the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in from the end the reason for
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+is because biology as you will see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because biology as you will see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because biology as you will see when
+we talk about metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about metabolism
+interconverts these via isomerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconverts these via isomerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconverts these via isomerase
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+and so you can't use an isomerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't use an isomerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't use an isomerase
+reaction to interconvert a ketose and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to interconvert a ketose and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to interconvert a ketose and an
+aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+unless the ketone is one carbon away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the ketone is one carbon away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the ketone is one carbon away
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the end of the sugar and so this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the sugar and so this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the sugar and so this fact
+really limits some of the diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really limits some of the diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really limits some of the diversity of
+ketosis that can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketosis that can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketosis that can actually
+exist in nature now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in nature now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in nature now
+most important biological sugars at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important biological sugars at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important biological sugars at
+least the most common ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the most common ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the most common ones
+end up having six carbons or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having six carbons or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having six carbons or five
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+and these are referred to as hexoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are referred to as hexoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are referred to as hexoses
+or aldos or pentoses sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or aldos or pentoses sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or aldos or pentoses sorry
+so much nomenclature okay so six carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much nomenclature okay so six carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much nomenclature okay so six carbon
+sugars are hexoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are hexoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are hexoses
+five carbon sugars are pentoses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars are pentoses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars are pentoses and
+if we just talk about the hexoses you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just talk about the hexoses you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just talk about the hexoses you're
+very familiar with a couple of them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with a couple of them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with a couple of them okay
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+one that we mentioned earlier blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we mentioned earlier blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we mentioned earlier blood
+sugar glucose looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this molecule is
+d glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a d sugar because the stereocenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a d sugar because the stereocenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a d sugar because the stereocenter
+here furthest from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here furthest from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here furthest from
+the carbonyl points o h group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonyl points o h group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonyl points o h group
+points to the right so it's a d sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the right so it's a d sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the right so it's a d sugar
+it's an aldose because it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aldose because it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aldose because it has an
+aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde
+all right and it's a hexose because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it's a hexose because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it's a hexose because it
+has one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one two
+three four five six carbons and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six carbons and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six carbons and what
+makes it glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it glucose
+is the stereochemistry of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stereochemistry of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stereochemistry of these other
+sites that end up being this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that end up being this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that end up being this is
+the molecule glucose now if i carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule glucose now if i carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule glucose now if i carry out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+isomerase reaction that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase reaction that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase reaction that i
+showed you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it'll give me this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it'll give me this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it'll give me this intermediate
+i'm going to draw the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i interconvert that aldose now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i interconvert that aldose now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i interconvert that aldose now it
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+a ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is d fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another common sugar that certainly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another common sugar that certainly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another common sugar that certainly is
+in the news a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the news a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the news a lot
+d sugar because the stereocenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d sugar because the stereocenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d sugar because the stereocenter
+furthest from the carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from the carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from the carbonyl
+points to the right makes it a d sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the right makes it a d sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the right makes it a d sugar
+it's a ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ketose
+it's a hexose this organization of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hexose this organization of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hexose this organization of other
+stereocenters is what makes it d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenters is what makes it d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenters is what makes it d
+fructose all right now if we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose all right now if we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose all right now if we go through
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+count these there's four stereocenters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these there's four stereocenters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these there's four stereocenters
+in glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glucose
+three stereocenters in fructose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stereocenters in fructose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stereocenters in fructose that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+two to the end there are 16 ways i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the end there are 16 ways i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the end there are 16 ways i can
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+a ketose aldose eight ways i can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketose aldose eight ways i can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketose aldose eight ways i can make a
+ketose i'm sorry an aldos hexose eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose i'm sorry an aldos hexose eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose i'm sorry an aldos hexose eight
+ways i can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways i can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways i can make a
+ketose hexose among those that's even 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose hexose among those that's even 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose hexose among those that's even 12
+different ways that i can have d hexoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that i can have d hexoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that i can have d hexoses
+that are a ketocernal dose could be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are a ketocernal dose could be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are a ketocernal dose could be very
+very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated
+but it turns out fructose is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out fructose is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out fructose is the only
+d hexose ketose that really is relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d hexose ketose that really is relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d hexose ketose that really is relevant
+for nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nature
+there's only two other molecules related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two other molecules related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two other molecules related
+to glucose only two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose only two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose only two other
+hexose aldoses that are sugars used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexose aldoses that are sugars used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexose aldoses that are sugars used in
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+you've probably heard of these as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard of these as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard of these as well
+i'll draw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll draw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll draw them
+to illustrate a different point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this molecule is
+galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important sugar found in milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sugar found in milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sugar found in milk
+all right if i draw glucose next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if i draw glucose next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if i draw glucose next to it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two sugars differ here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the stereochemistry there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the stereochemistry there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the stereochemistry there okay
+so there are i guess isomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are i guess isomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are i guess isomers
+of each other there's a special name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other there's a special name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other there's a special name for
+it we'll get to a second so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll get to a second so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll get to a second so that's how
+galactose is related to glucose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose is related to glucose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose is related to glucose the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+major aldos hexose is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is d-mannose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this differs from glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this differs from glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this differs from glucose
+here that carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that carbon
+at that carbon by the way by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that carbon by the way by convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that carbon by the way by convention
+the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that
+you number carbons in sugars is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you number carbons in sugars is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you number carbons in sugars is you
+start with the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the end
+that's closest to the carbonyl either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to the carbonyl either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to the carbonyl either
+the aldehyde or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldehyde or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldehyde or
+the carbon one up from the ketone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon one up from the ketone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon one up from the ketone so
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+carbon one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one two three four
+five six so galactose differs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six so galactose differs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six so galactose differs from
+glucose at carbon four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose at carbon four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose at carbon four
+glucose differs from mannose at carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose differs from mannose at carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose differs from mannose at carbon
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+these have names these isomers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have names these isomers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have names these isomers have
+names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+in relation to each other and so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to each other and so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to each other and so two
+sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+that differ by one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ by one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ by one part of
+stereochemistry so galactose to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry so galactose to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry so galactose to glucose
+or glucose to mannose are called epimers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glucose to mannose are called epimers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glucose to mannose are called epimers
+and these can be interconverted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be interconverted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be interconverted by
+enzymes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes called
+epimerases we'll talk about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerases we'll talk about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerases we'll talk about how these
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+later in the course and so glucose is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course and so glucose is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course and so glucose is an
+epimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer
+of galactose glucose is an epimer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of galactose glucose is an epimer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of galactose glucose is an epimer of
+manos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manos
+manos is not an epimer of galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manos is not an epimer of galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manos is not an epimer of galactose
+because mannose and galactose differ at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mannose and galactose differ at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mannose and galactose differ at
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+carbon two and carbon four their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon two and carbon four their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon two and carbon four their
+stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry
+okay why is that relevant because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is that relevant because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is that relevant because if
+you're going to interconvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to interconvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to interconvert
+galactose and mannose you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose and mannose you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose and mannose you would have to
+do it in two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in two steps
+two different epimerase reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different epimerase reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different epimerase reactions to
+interconvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert
+those two sugars all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two sugars all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two sugars all right
+great so we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we've discussed
+now all of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of the major
+hexoses that nature uses we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexoses that nature uses we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexoses that nature uses we've discussed
+all the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the major
+trioses that nature uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trioses that nature uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trioses that nature uses
+the other major length of sugars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other major length of sugars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other major length of sugars that
+ends up being important in biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being important in biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being important in biochemistry
+is the five carbon sugars the pentoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the five carbon sugars the pentoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the five carbon sugars the pentoses
+and so i want to mention a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i want to mention a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i want to mention a couple
+pentoses and do so in a way that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses and do so in a way that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses and do so in a way that will
+allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically solidify some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solidify some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solidify some of the
+nomenclature that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature that i've
+gone through and of course one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through and of course one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through and of course one of the
+five carbon sugars ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars ribose
+is really critical to nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really critical to nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really critical to nucleic acid
+structure which is one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is one of the reasons
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+we're talking about this at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this at this point
+in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course
+okay so this is a pentose one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a pentose one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a pentose one two three
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+five carbon sugar okay d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugar okay d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugar okay d
+ribose all right it's a d sugar because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose all right it's a d sugar because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose all right it's a d sugar because
+the stereocenter furthest from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereocenter furthest from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereocenter furthest from the
+carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl
+points to the right it's an aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the right it's an aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the right it's an aldose
+because it has an aldehyde group i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has an aldehyde group i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has an aldehyde group i can
+act on this with an isomerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on this with an isomerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on this with an isomerase
+not going to draw out the isomerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out the isomerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out the isomerase
+reaction again it's exactly what i drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction again it's exactly what i drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction again it's exactly what i drew
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+if i did this now i turn this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did this now i turn this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did this now i turn this into
+a ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay pentose because it's five carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pentose because it's five carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pentose because it's five carbons
+ketos because it has a ketone d sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos because it has a ketone d sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos because it has a ketone d sugar
+because the stereocenter furthers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the stereocenter furthers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the stereocenter furthers from
+the carbonyl points to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonyl points to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonyl points to the right
+this has the name of d ribulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the name of d ribulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the name of d ribulose
+all right and it turns out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it turns out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it turns out that there's
+an important epimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important epimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important epimer
+of d ribulose that's found in nature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d ribulose that's found in nature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d ribulose that's found in nature the
+epimer changes the stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer changes the stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer changes the stereochemistry
+at carbon three carbon one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at carbon three carbon one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at carbon three carbon one two three
+four five that's carbon three and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five that's carbon three and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five that's carbon three and so
+if this was acted on by an epimerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was acted on by an epimerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was acted on by an epimerase
+that did that you get this sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also a pentose also a ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a d sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but an epimer of ribulose it's called d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an epimer of ribulose it's called d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an epimer of ribulose it's called d
+xyulose okay it's an epimer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of xylose and ribulose are epimers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xylose and ribulose are epimers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xylose and ribulose are epimers
+because they differ by stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they differ by stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they differ by stereochemistry
+only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at
+one position i'll just say right off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position i'll just say right off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position i'll just say right off the
+bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat
+you should not memorize names of sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not memorize names of sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not memorize names of sugars
+in their structures these are things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their structures these are things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their structures these are things you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+look up in books the point of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in books the point of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in books the point of going
+through all this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this is just to
+expose you to some of the nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose you to some of the nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose you to some of the nomenclature
+remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you
+about stereochemistry i realize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stereochemistry i realize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stereochemistry i realize these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+basic things many of you have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things many of you have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things many of you have already
+encountered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this
+some of you find this very easy some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you find this very easy some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you find this very easy some
+people find these sort of spatial things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find these sort of spatial things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find these sort of spatial things
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+difficult this is very well reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult this is very well reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult this is very well reviewed
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+in textbooks or other places online if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in textbooks or other places online if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in textbooks or other places online if
+you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+to to a look it up but the key thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to a look it up but the key thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to a look it up but the key thing is
+just to remember this nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remember this nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remember this nomenclature
+because it'll make it easier for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll make it easier for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll make it easier for us to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+sugars um later in the course all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars um later in the course all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars um later in the course all right
+let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a
+short break so i can get some board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break so i can get some board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break so i can get some board
+space back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space back
+and then we'll build off of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll build off of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll build off of some of
+these concepts in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've been drawing all of these sugars as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been drawing all of these sugars as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been drawing all of these sugars as
+straight chains but you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight chains but you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight chains but you probably know
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+high school or from looking at dna or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school or from looking at dna or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school or from looking at dna or
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+that the ribose there is not a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ribose there is not a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ribose there is not a straight
+chain but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but instead
+forms a ring and in fact in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a ring and in fact in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a ring and in fact in solution
+particular aqueous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aqueous solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aqueous solution
+sugars particularly five carbons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars particularly five carbons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars particularly five carbons and
+longer almost always exist as rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer almost always exist as rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer almost always exist as rings
+and there is a very clear reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a very clear reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a very clear reason for
+this and you probably remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you probably remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you probably remember
+from 512 organic chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 512 organic chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 512 organic chemistry that
+alcohols will react with aldehydes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohols will react with aldehydes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohols will react with aldehydes and
+ketones in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones in solution
+okay and so here i have a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here i have a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here i have a model of
+glucose and fructose if you want to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and fructose if you want to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and fructose if you want to come
+and play with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play with them
+and so if you look at this and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at this and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at this and you just
+look at the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the model
+you see that this oxygen right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this oxygen right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this oxygen right here this
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+in space is very close or can be moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space is very close or can be moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space is very close or can be moved
+to be very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very close
+to this aldehyde here on the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this aldehyde here on the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this aldehyde here on the end of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+or the same thing here with fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the same thing here with fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the same thing here with fructose
+right here's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's a you know
+here's a alcohol very close in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a alcohol very close in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a alcohol very close in space
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ketone all right so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this situation well if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation well if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation well if you have this
+is review of organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is review of organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is review of organic chemistry
+okay so here's any generic aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's any generic aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's any generic aldehyde
+here's some alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+react you end up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so-called hemi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called hemi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called hemi
+acetol or the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetol or the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetol or the same thing
+if i do it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and an alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an alcohol
+now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this hemi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ketal okay now given that you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketal okay now given that you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketal okay now given that you have an
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+reacting with a carbonyl an aldehyde or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with a carbonyl an aldehyde or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with a carbonyl an aldehyde or
+a ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketone
+on the same molecule well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same molecule well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same molecule well what happens
+is you effectively get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you effectively get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you effectively get
+a ring with oxygen being one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring with oxygen being one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring with oxygen being one of the
+components of the ring and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the ring and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the ring and so
+if we draw this for glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is d glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is d glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is d glucose
+all right and so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so if the
+alcohol here on carbon one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol here on carbon one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol here on carbon one two three
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+five interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five interacts with the
+aldehyde on carbon one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde on carbon one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde on carbon one okay
+you can play with the model and see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play with the model and see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play with the model and see that
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+the one that's close in space you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's close in space you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's close in space you now
+end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this where you get a ring between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this where you get a ring between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this where you get a ring between
+carbons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons one
+and five okay we can number the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five okay we can number the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five okay we can number the rest of
+them two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them two three
+four five six all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six all right
+or if i turn this molecule so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if i turn this molecule so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if i turn this molecule so that you
+can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now
+draw it in a slightly more chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in a slightly more chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in a slightly more chemically
+proper way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you basically have
+this is carbon one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carbon one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carbon one two
+three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five
+six okay so carbon five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so carbon five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so carbon five
+oxygen from carbon five now bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen from carbon five now bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen from carbon five now bound to
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+one gives you this six membered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gives you this six membered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gives you this six membered
+ring structure the six-membered ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring structure the six-membered ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring structure the six-membered ring
+structure is reminiscent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is reminiscent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is reminiscent
+of an organic molecule called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like that called pyran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the six-membered ring in a sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the six-membered ring in a sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the six-membered ring in a sugar
+is also referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also referred to as a
+pyranose all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose all right
+so that's the first thing the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing the second
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is that this whole business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this whole business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this whole business
+can be very tedious to draw in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very tedious to draw in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very tedious to draw in fact it's
+very tedious drawing sugars in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tedious drawing sugars in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tedious drawing sugars in general
+as i'm sure you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm sure you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm sure you are
+would agree with me if you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree with me if you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree with me if you're taking
+notes during this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes during this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes during this lecture
+and so oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these pyranoses like glucose are drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pyranoses like glucose are drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pyranoses like glucose are drawn
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+shorthand and the shorthand is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand and the shorthand is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand and the shorthand is as
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay where i basically represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where i basically represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where i basically represent
+the oh groups as simply lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh groups as simply lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh groups as simply lines
+and so this is another shorthand to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another shorthand to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another shorthand to draw
+that pyranose form of glucose again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyranose form of glucose again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyranose form of glucose again
+carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five
+six okay now the last thing is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay now the last thing is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay now the last thing is you can
+see i didn't draw the o h group there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i didn't draw the o h group there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i didn't draw the o h group there on
+carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+and that's because by making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because by making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because by making this
+pyranose ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose ring
+if you look at carbon one i have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at carbon one i have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at carbon one i have now
+generated a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a new
+stereocenter okay and so carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter okay and so carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter okay and so carbon one
+now has four non-equivalent groups on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has four non-equivalent groups on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has four non-equivalent groups on it
+which means i could draw the oh group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means i could draw the oh group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means i could draw the oh group at
+carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+in two different ways and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways and so this is
+carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one
+i could draw it such that the oh group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could draw it such that the oh group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could draw it such that the oh group
+points down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points down
+or i could draw it such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i could draw it such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i could draw it such that
+the oh group points up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh group points up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh group points up
+and those are two different molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are two different molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are two different molecules
+and so there's a naming convention for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a naming convention for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a naming convention for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+too and so if the oh group points down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so if the oh group points down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so if the oh group points down
+using this way of drawing the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this way of drawing the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this way of drawing the molecule
+it's called alpha if the o h group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called alpha if the o h group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called alpha if the o h group
+points up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points up
+it's called beta all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called beta all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called beta all right
+and so this alpha versus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this alpha versus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this alpha versus beta
+ends up being structurally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being structurally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being structurally different
+because it puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it puts
+the basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically that
+that oh group pointing in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh group pointing in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh group pointing in a very
+different position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position
+in space okay so if i make a ring here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space okay so if i make a ring here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space okay so if i make a ring here
+with glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glucose
+all right and the oh group is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the oh group is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the oh group is pointing
+here versus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus there
+very different position in space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different position in space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different position in space and
+this has implications for how you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has implications for how you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has implications for how you build
+bonds for disaccharides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds for disaccharides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds for disaccharides and
+polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharides
+that make structural differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make structural differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make structural differences and
+we'll cover this a lot when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover this a lot when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover this a lot when we get to
+metabolism but it should be very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism but it should be very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism but it should be very clear
+now that glucose if you just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that glucose if you just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that glucose if you just take a
+solution of glucose and put it in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of glucose and put it in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of glucose and put it in water
+it is not one thing there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not one thing there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not one thing there's actually
+multiple different forms it can have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different forms it can have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different forms it can have it
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+as i drew it up here with the oh group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i drew it up here with the oh group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i drew it up here with the oh group
+pointing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down
+this would be alpha d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be alpha d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be alpha d
+gluco because it's glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluco because it's glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluco because it's glucose
+pyranose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's in the pyrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the pyrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the pyrinos
+ring form i could have drawn it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring form i could have drawn it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring form i could have drawn it with the
+oh group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh group
+pointing up different molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up different molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up different molecule that
+would be beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be beta
+d gluco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyrinos or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrinos or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrinos or
+it could just be the open chain d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just be the open chain d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just be the open chain d
+glucose i was drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose i was drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose i was drawing
+earlier all right all of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier all right all of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier all right all of those are
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+legitimate ways for glucose to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate ways for glucose to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate ways for glucose to exist
+in solution all right now it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution all right now it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution all right now it turns out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in reality about a third of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality about a third of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality about a third of it in
+solution is this two-thirds is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this two-thirds is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this two-thirds is that
+and a trace amount is this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a trace amount is this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a trace amount is this okay
+and that's uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh you know
+has to do with just what is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with just what is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with just what is more
+favorable forms or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable forms or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable forms or not
+okay but which form it's in actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but which form it's in actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but which form it's in actually
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+um for structural reasons as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for structural reasons as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for structural reasons as we'll see
+later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course
+now the final complexity is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the final complexity is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the final complexity is is that
+this ring is not flat okay so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ring is not flat okay so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ring is not flat okay so if i
+actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+glucose here and make a form of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose here and make a form of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose here and make a form of it
+okay so here's my glucose molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's my glucose molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's my glucose molecule
+there's no way for me to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for me to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for me to make this
+completely flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat
+say like benzene and so there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like benzene and so there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like benzene and so there's really
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+pyranose conformations that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose conformations that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose conformations that can be
+formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed
+i'll try to draw them but they're harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to draw them but they're harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to draw them but they're harder
+to draw here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw here's a
+overhead that you can look at it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that you can look at it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that you can look at it's
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+but basically you can have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you can have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you can have it
+form this so-called boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this so-called boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this so-called boat
+form okay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so-called chair form so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called chair form so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called chair form so there's the
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+versus the chair conformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the chair conformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the chair conformation
+glucose turns out prefers the chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose turns out prefers the chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose turns out prefers the chair
+conformation and there's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation and there's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation and there's sort of an
+interesting thing that comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that comes from this
+because if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take
+beta d glucopyranose all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta d glucopyranose all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta d glucopyranose all right
+it turns out of all the hexoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out of all the hexoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out of all the hexoses
+that exist in possible hexoses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist in possible hexoses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist in possible hexoses that
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+the form of of a hexose aldose that best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of of a hexose aldose that best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of of a hexose aldose that best
+spreads out all the hydroxyl groups is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads out all the hydroxyl groups is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads out all the hydroxyl groups is
+beta-d glucopyranose right the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-d glucopyranose right the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-d glucopyranose right the more
+common one in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one in solution
+why is this matter well because if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this matter well because if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this matter well because if this
+has this reactive aldehyde bound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this reactive aldehyde bound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this reactive aldehyde bound up
+in this stable ring structure it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this stable ring structure it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this stable ring structure it's less
+likely to react with other aldehydes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to react with other aldehydes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to react with other aldehydes in
+the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+and so this is likely why nature chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is likely why nature chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is likely why nature chose
+d-glucose as the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d-glucose as the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d-glucose as the most common
+storage sugar why it's sugar in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage sugar why it's sugar in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage sugar why it's sugar in your
+blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+because it's the most stable hexose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the most stable hexose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the most stable hexose
+that's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there
+all right and it's not just a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it's not just a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it's not just a random
+reason that nature picked this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that nature picked this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that nature picked this one but
+actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because
+of real chemical stability issues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real chemical stability issues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real chemical stability issues for
+why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's
+there all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right now
+i want to mention that ketosis also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to mention that ketosis also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to mention that ketosis also can
+form rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form rings
+and i'm going to use this as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use this as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use this as an example
+to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you
+that a keto so here's fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is d fructose and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is d fructose and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is d fructose and so
+turns out this can form two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this can form two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this can form two possible
+rings it can form a five-membered ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings it can form a five-membered ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings it can form a five-membered ring
+or a six-membered ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a six-membered ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a six-membered ring
+so how do i form a five-membered ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if i take the carbon here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i take the carbon here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i take the carbon here from
+carbon one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one two three four
+five the hydroxyl from carbon five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five the hydroxyl from carbon five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five the hydroxyl from carbon five
+form a ring there all right now i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a ring there all right now i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a ring there all right now i get
+this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's number these one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's number these one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's number these one two three
+four five six okay or if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six okay or if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six okay or if i
+now turn this so that i draw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn this so that i draw it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn this so that i draw it in the
+way you're probably more used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're probably more used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're probably more used
+to seeing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to use the shorthand here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use the shorthand here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use the shorthand here so
+this here would be carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here would be carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here would be carbon
+1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3
+4 five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 five six
+hydroxyl from carbon five forming a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl from carbon five forming a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl from carbon five forming a bond
+to carbon two that creates a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon two that creates a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon two that creates a new
+stereocenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter
+at carbon two oh group is pointing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at carbon two oh group is pointing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at carbon two oh group is pointing up
+so this is a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a beta
+sugar okay aoh group pointing up so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar okay aoh group pointing up so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar okay aoh group pointing up so this
+here as i drew it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as i drew it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as i drew it would be
+beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fructo and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructo and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructo and this is a
+furanose why is that because the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furanose why is that because the organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furanose why is that because the organic
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+that's a five-membered ring with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a five-membered ring with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a five-membered ring with an
+oxygen in it is a furan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in it is a furan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in it is a furan
+and so the five-membered ring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the five-membered ring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the five-membered ring is
+referred to as a furanose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a furanose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a furanose
+beta d fructofyranos if i drawn it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta d fructofyranos if i drawn it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta d fructofyranos if i drawn it with
+the oh group putting down it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh group putting down it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh group putting down it would be
+alpha d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha d
+fructophironos okay there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructophironos okay there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructophironos okay there's another
+possible ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ring
+i can do instead i take the hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do instead i take the hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do instead i take the hydroxyl
+from carbon 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and do that form a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that form a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that form a ring
+now i'm going to form a six membered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have carbon
+one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five
+six so if i now turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here now i drew the o h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here now i drew the o h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here now i drew the o h
+group pointing down so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group pointing down so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group pointing down so it's
+an alpha if i drew it up it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha if i drew it up it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha if i drew it up it would be
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+so this is alpha d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is alpha d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is alpha d
+fructo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyranose six membered ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose six membered ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose six membered ring
+version of fructose five-membered ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of fructose five-membered ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of fructose five-membered ring
+version of fructose so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of fructose so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of fructose so lots of
+non-equivalent ways i can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equivalent ways i can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equivalent ways i can draw
+fructose and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose and it turns out
+these actually matter and they matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually matter and they matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually matter and they matter
+for real things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real things that
+probably matter to you and so i brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably matter to you and so i brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably matter to you and so i brought
+with me here two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me here two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me here two different
+sweeteners okay this is corn syrup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeteners okay this is corn syrup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeteners okay this is corn syrup
+this is honey has anyone ever i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is honey has anyone ever i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is honey has anyone ever i'm sure
+most of you have had honey has anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have had honey has anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have had honey has anyone
+ever tasted corn syrup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever tasted corn syrup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever tasted corn syrup
+come on someone's tasted corn syrup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on someone's tasted corn syrup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on someone's tasted corn syrup is
+it sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sweet
+which one's sweeter honey by far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's sweeter honey by far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's sweeter honey by far
+much much much sweeter i used to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much much sweeter i used to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much much sweeter i used to have it
+so you guys could come up and taste them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys could come up and taste them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys could come up and taste them
+but i couldn't come up with a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i couldn't come up with a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i couldn't come up with a way to do
+that in a sanitary way so i gave up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sanitary way so i gave up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sanitary way so i gave up on
+it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but
+nonetheless much sweeter than that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless much sweeter than that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless much sweeter than that it
+turns out these are not pure fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out these are not pure fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out these are not pure fructose
+they're a combination of sugars but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a combination of sugars but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a combination of sugars but
+their composition is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their composition is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their composition is actually
+from a chemical standpoint similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a chemical standpoint similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a chemical standpoint similar
+amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+fructose in each one and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose in each one and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose in each one and it turns out
+that honey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that honey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that honey
+is beta d fructopyranose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta d fructopyranose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta d fructopyranose
+whereas corn syrup is beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas corn syrup is beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas corn syrup is beta
+defructophyranos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defructophyranos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defructophyranos
+all right so same sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so same sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so same sugar
+different structure one's a fair nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structure one's a fair nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structure one's a fair nose
+one's a pyranose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a pyranose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a pyranose
+tastes very differently to you one being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes very differently to you one being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes very differently to you one being
+much more sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sweet
+one being much less sweet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one being much less sweet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one being much less sweet okay
+now of course i also want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course i also want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course i also want to talk about
+ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+because it's the thing that you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the thing that you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the thing that you guys are
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+the most next because it's in nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most next because it's in nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most next because it's in nucleic
+acids and so just as a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and so just as a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and so just as a reminder
+here's ribose it's a aldose and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ribose it's a aldose and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ribose it's a aldose and a
+pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is d-ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is d-ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is d-ribose
+ribose as you know from high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose as you know from high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose as you know from high school
+forms five-membered rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms five-membered rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms five-membered rings
+that's because it links alcohol on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it links alcohol on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it links alcohol on
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+four to the aldehyde on carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the aldehyde on carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the aldehyde on carbon one
+and that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this ring structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay now number carbons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now number carbons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now number carbons one
+two three four alcohol and carbon four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four alcohol and carbon four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four alcohol and carbon four
+forming a ring to the aldehyde on carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a ring to the aldehyde on carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a ring to the aldehyde on carbon
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this is carbon five all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carbon five all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carbon five all right and
+the way i drew it oh group pointing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i drew it oh group pointing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i drew it oh group pointing up
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribo firanos will be the proper way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo firanos will be the proper way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo firanos will be the proper way to
+have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+and so when you guys talk about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you guys talk about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you guys talk about this in
+dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+well the base is going to be linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the base is going to be linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the base is going to be linked to
+carbon 1. it's going to replace that ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 1. it's going to replace that ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 1. it's going to replace that ox
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hydroxyl group the beta form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group the beta form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group the beta form of the
+hydroxyl group with the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group with the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group with the nitrogen
+and you're going to talk about bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to talk about bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to talk about bonds
+being from the 5 prime or the 3 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being from the 5 prime or the 3 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being from the 5 prime or the 3 prime
+end those are those hydroxyl groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end those are those hydroxyl groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end those are those hydroxyl groups
+that's where five prime and three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where five prime and three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where five prime and three prime
+comes from because those are the five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from because those are the five in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from because those are the five in
+the three position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three position
+on ribose great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ribose great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ribose great
+perfect all right so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect all right so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect all right so we will
+return to carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to carbohydrates
+in great detail we'll discuss how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail we'll discuss how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail we'll discuss how we
+combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+different carbohydrates different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different carbohydrates different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different carbohydrates different
+monosaccharides to make disaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides to make disaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides to make disaccharides
+and polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polysaccharides
+how these different structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these different structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these different structural
+properties end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties end up
+mattering for things like energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering for things like energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering for things like energy storage
+as well as to produce various structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as to produce various structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as to produce various structural
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+that can be important for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be important for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be important for different
+cells and organisms but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and organisms but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and organisms but for the
+remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+you know part of the class today i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know part of the class today i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know part of the class today i
+really want to shift topics to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to shift topics to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to shift topics to now
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+a completely different class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely different class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely different class of
+biomolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules
+and that's lipids so as i said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's lipids so as i said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's lipids so as i said earlier
+the reason we're going to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're going to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're going to do this is
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+coming up for professor yaffi's lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up for professor yaffi's lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up for professor yaffi's lectures
+lipids end up being really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids end up being really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids end up being really important
+molecules for various aspects of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules for various aspects of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules for various aspects of cell
+signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling
+they're also very important for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also very important for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also very important for energy
+transduction which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction which is why
+i'm talking about them as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about them as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about them as well
+we will spend a lot of time later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will spend a lot of time later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will spend a lot of time later
+talking about lipids in great detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about lipids in great detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about lipids in great detail
+but really what i want to focus on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what i want to focus on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what i want to focus on today
+is how lipids are used to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how lipids are used to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how lipids are used to create
+membranes that is barriers that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes that is barriers that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes that is barriers that really
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+the outside world from the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world from the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world from the inside of
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+things that make compartments within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make compartments within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make compartments within
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+and these things also end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things also end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things also end up being
+surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces
+where you can have key things happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can have key things happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can have key things happen so
+you reduce spatial complexity if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce spatial complexity if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce spatial complexity if you go
+to a 2d surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a 2d surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a 2d surface
+versus a 3d surface which is part of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a 3d surface which is part of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a 3d surface which is part of why
+they're so important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important in
+signal transduction but to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction but to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction but to talk about
+these i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these i have to
+introduce first of all what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce first of all what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce first of all what is
+a lipid okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid okay so
+lipids are a class of molecules you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids are a class of molecules you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids are a class of molecules you
+think of them as fats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as fats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as fats
+that's sort of how they fit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of how they fit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of how they fit in the
+nutritional standpoint of what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional standpoint of what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional standpoint of what we'll
+talk about but first i want to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about but first i want to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about but first i want to give a
+general definition of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general definition of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general definition of what
+a lipid is now there's lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid is now there's lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid is now there's lots of different
+classes of lipids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of lipids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of lipids and
+we'll cover these later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover these later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover these later in the course
+but in general at the highest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general at the highest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general at the highest level
+almost all lipids consist of two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all lipids consist of two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all lipids consist of two pieces
+consists of something called a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of something called a fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of something called a fatty
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+that's esterified to an alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's esterified to an alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's esterified to an alcohol
+okay so what is a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is a fatty acid
+well a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a fatty acid
+is really any molecule that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really any molecule that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really any molecule that has a
+carboxylic acid group okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid group okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid group okay so
+there's a carboxylic acid and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a carboxylic acid and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a carboxylic acid and then
+hooked up to that carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to that carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to that carboxylic acid
+is a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saturated hydrocarbons alkyl chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated hydrocarbons alkyl chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated hydrocarbons alkyl chains
+okay oftentimes fatty acid would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oftentimes fatty acid would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oftentimes fatty acid would be
+drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn
+like this right because of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right because of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right because of all the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+saturated chains okay so acid group on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated chains okay so acid group on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated chains okay so acid group on
+one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end
+really greasy alkyl chain on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really greasy alkyl chain on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really greasy alkyl chain on the other
+and it turns out that this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+esterified to an alcohol so here's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified to an alcohol so here's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified to an alcohol so here's just
+a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic
+alcohol and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and as you
+certainly remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organic chemistry if i form i can use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry if i form i can use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry if i form i can use an
+alcohol and an acid to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and an acid to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and an acid to form
+an ester okay and so then that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i have basically this ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i have basically this ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i have basically this ester
+bond and this esterification between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and this esterification between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and this esterification between
+some lipid species and a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lipid species and a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lipid species and a fatty acid
+in general is the general thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is the general thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is the general thing that
+leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to
+class of molecules known as lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of molecules known as lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of molecules known as lipids
+now why this is particularly useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why this is particularly useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why this is particularly useful
+for biology is that this long greasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology is that this long greasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology is that this long greasy
+alkyl chain is not water soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkyl chain is not water soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkyl chain is not water soluble
+all right so if you take oil from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if you take oil from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if you take oil from your
+cabinet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabinet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabinet
+canola oil or olive oil or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canola oil or olive oil or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canola oil or olive oil or whatever and
+you pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pour
+it in water what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in water what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in water what happens
+it doesn't mix together you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mix together you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mix together you get these
+globs of oil floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globs of oil floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globs of oil floating
+in the water okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water okay and so
+if you want to form a barrier between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to form a barrier between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to form a barrier between
+two aqueous compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aqueous compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aqueous compartments
+a way to do this is to have basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to do this is to have basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to do this is to have basically a
+hydrophobic layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic layer
+a membrane basically separate the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a membrane basically separate the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a membrane basically separate the two
+aqueous compartments okay the inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous compartments okay the inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous compartments okay the inside and
+the outside of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell
+now if i take a lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take a lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take a lipid
+and the lipid i form this ester and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lipid i form this ester and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lipid i form this ester and it
+doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have
+a charged group anywhere on the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charged group anywhere on the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charged group anywhere on the molecule
+this is sometimes referred to is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes referred to is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes referred to is a
+neutral lipid so what do i mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral lipid so what do i mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral lipid so what do i mean by
+neutral lipid it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral lipid it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral lipid it's basically
+taking this which is intrinsically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this which is intrinsically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this which is intrinsically a
+fatty acid is intrinsically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid is intrinsically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid is intrinsically a
+polar molecule it has this carboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar molecule it has this carboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar molecule it has this carboxylic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+on the end of it okay but if i form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end of it okay but if i form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end of it okay but if i form an
+ester linkage to an alcohol and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester linkage to an alcohol and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester linkage to an alcohol and the
+alcohol has no charge on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol has no charge on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol has no charge on it
+now it's just this really greasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just this really greasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just this really greasy
+molecule and it turns out that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it turns out that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it turns out that's exactly
+what is in your olive oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in your olive oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in your olive oil
+or in your canola oil in your cabinet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in your canola oil in your cabinet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in your canola oil in your cabinet
+it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+a bunch of fatty acids long ankle chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of fatty acids long ankle chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of fatty acids long ankle chains
+esterified to non-charged alcohols which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified to non-charged alcohols which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterified to non-charged alcohols which
+makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this
+neutral lipid this greasy molecule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral lipid this greasy molecule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral lipid this greasy molecule which
+is great for energy storage in plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for energy storage in plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for energy storage in plants
+something we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk about
+but if you want to mix it together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to mix it together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to mix it together with
+water it doesn't do very well okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water it doesn't do very well okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water it doesn't do very well okay so if
+you go to make salad dressing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to make salad dressing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to make salad dressing and you
+pour your oil in with your vinegar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour your oil in with your vinegar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour your oil in with your vinegar the
+aqueous thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous thing
+you get a bunch of droplets you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bunch of droplets you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bunch of droplets you don't
+get a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a solution
+and if you think about it that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about it that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about it that's not
+very good at generating an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at generating an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at generating an interface
+between two compartments right you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two compartments right you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two compartments right you just
+get a bunch of droplets you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of droplets you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of droplets you actually
+don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get
+an interface between two compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interface between two compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interface between two compartments
+so if you want to make an interface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to make an interface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to make an interface you
+have to do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something different
+you need to have a charge group like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have a charge group like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have a charge group like on
+this fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fatty acid
+that's going to be happy sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be happy sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be happy sticking
+towards the aqueous side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the aqueous side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the aqueous side
+and then a hydrophobic portion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a hydrophobic portion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a hydrophobic portion that's
+going to be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happy
+sticking to form a barrier okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to form a barrier okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to form a barrier okay
+effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+that's what soap is all right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what soap is all right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what soap is all right so if you
+want to wash your hands and use canola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wash your hands and use canola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wash your hands and use canola
+oil it doesn't work very well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil it doesn't work very well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil it doesn't work very well right
+okay but what happens if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what happens if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what happens if you have a
+bunch of greasy stuff in the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of greasy stuff in the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of greasy stuff in the water and
+you take a drop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a drop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a drop of
+dawn dish detergent and drop it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn dish detergent and drop it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn dish detergent and drop it in the
+water you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you get this
+immediate barrier that forms across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate barrier that forms across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate barrier that forms across the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+as you get this film where you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get this film where you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get this film where you basically
+align up all these charged hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align up all these charged hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align up all these charged hydrophilic
+parts to the aqueous pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to the aqueous pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to the aqueous pieces
+and all of the greasy parts to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the greasy parts to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the greasy parts to the
+to the hydrophobic side okay so you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hydrophobic side okay so you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hydrophobic side okay so you end
+up having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having this
+you know nice charged molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nice charged molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nice charged molecule
+with this long hydrophobic part so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this long hydrophobic part so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this long hydrophobic part so you
+have a hydrophilic end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a hydrophobic end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hydrophobic end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hydrophobic end
+and that ends up being very useful as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that ends up being very useful as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that ends up being very useful as a
+way to form an aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to form an aqueous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to form an aqueous
+um um uh hydrophobic interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh hydrophobic interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh hydrophobic interface
+and this is exactly how soap works as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly how soap works as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly how soap works as
+i'm sure you've learned in other classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you've learned in other classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you've learned in other classes
+as an aside you know how you make soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aside you know how you make soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aside you know how you make soap
+you basically boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically boil
+the neutral lipids in lye okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral lipids in lye okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral lipids in lye okay so
+boiling it in base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling it in base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling it in base
+if you remember from organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember from organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember from organic chemistry
+will break the ester linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break the ester linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break the ester linkage
+and now you have these molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have these molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have these molecules and
+that's how you make soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you make soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you make soap
+all right now the way biology does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the way biology does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the way biology does this
+is they actually assemble lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they actually assemble lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they actually assemble lipids
+that effectively have that same property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effectively have that same property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effectively have that same property
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+where basically they have a head group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically they have a head group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically they have a head group
+from the alcohol that's charged with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the alcohol that's charged with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the alcohol that's charged with the
+hydrophobic group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic group
+contributed from these fatty acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed from these fatty acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed from these fatty acids and
+this is what allows things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what allows things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what allows things to
+assemble into membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble into membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble into membranes
+and so membranes are largely made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so membranes are largely made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so membranes are largely made up of
+and certainly for the purposes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly for the purposes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly for the purposes of the
+upcoming lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming lectures
+so-called phospholipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called phospholipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called phospholipids
+so what is a phospholipid well on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a phospholipid well on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a phospholipid well on a
+phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid
+the alcohol part of the lipid is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alcohol part of the lipid is derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alcohol part of the lipid is derived
+from a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a molecule
+called glycerol all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called glycerol all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called glycerol all right
+so glycerol looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is glycerol all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is glycerol all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is glycerol all right
+three carbon molecule three alcohols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon molecule three alcohols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon molecule three alcohols
+actually very similar if you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar if you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar if you look back
+in your notes to dihydroxyacetone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes to dihydroxyacetone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes to dihydroxyacetone the
+difference between glycerol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between glycerol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between glycerol and
+dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone
+is carbon two is an alcohol here before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carbon two is an alcohol here before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carbon two is an alcohol here before
+it was a ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a ketone
+turns out that's where glycerol comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that's where glycerol comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that's where glycerol comes
+from dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dihydroxyacetone
+getting turned into to glycerol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting turned into to glycerol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting turned into to glycerol and
+basically what a phospholipid is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what a phospholipid is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what a phospholipid is is that
+you esterify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you esterify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you esterify
+a fatty acid to two of the alcohols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fatty acid to two of the alcohols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fatty acid to two of the alcohols
+and another phosphate and charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another phosphate and charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another phosphate and charged
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+to the other hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other hydroxyl group
+so what do i mean by that so like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that so like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that so like this
+so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+ester linkage number one i'll draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester linkage number one i'll draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester linkage number one i'll draw it
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+just for ease this is to carbon two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for ease this is to carbon two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for ease this is to carbon two
+here's ester linkage number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ester linkage number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ester linkage number two
+okay so that's a fatty acid a sterified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a fatty acid a sterified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a fatty acid a sterified
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+two and three and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you now make an ester to a phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's a phosphate at carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a phosphate at carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a phosphate at carbon
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and then you make another ester linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make another ester linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make another ester linkage
+to another alcohol where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another alcohol where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another alcohol where
+r equals alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equals alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equals alcohol
+and that alcohol also turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that alcohol also turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that alcohol also turns out to be
+charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+and so the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the most
+common phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common phospholipid
+membrane lipid is a molecule called phos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the tidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choline which is that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline which is that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline which is that structure
+with the r group being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is choline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so phosphatidylcholine
+is basically that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is phosphatidylcholine
+drawn out in all of this glory so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn out in all of this glory so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn out in all of this glory so you
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+hydro philic end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro philic end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro philic end
+here you have a hydrophobic end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's good this can point towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good this can point towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good this can point towards
+the aqueous side this can point towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aqueous side this can point towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aqueous side this can point towards
+the greasy side and make a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greasy side and make a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greasy side and make a nice
+interface and so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and so another
+common word for phosphatidylcholine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common word for phosphatidylcholine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common word for phosphatidylcholine an
+old word for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old word for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old word for it
+is a molecule called lecipine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecule called lecipine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecule called lecipine
+anyone read the labels on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone read the labels on the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone read the labels on the side of
+your food ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food ever
+in fact i think there's an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i think there's an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i think there's an old
+commercial that makes fun of this soy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial that makes fun of this soy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial that makes fun of this soy
+lecithin what's that i don't want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecithin what's that i don't want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecithin what's that i don't want that
+in my ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my ice cream
+okay well what is lecithin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what is lecithin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what is lecithin it's
+phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylcholine
+it's basically why is this done well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically why is this done well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically why is this done well
+it's commonly added to ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's commonly added to ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's commonly added to ice cream
+because what is ice cream and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what is ice cream and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what is ice cream and it's an
+emulsion between fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsion between fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsion between fat
+the cream and sugar which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cream and sugar which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cream and sugar which is
+pretty aqueous soluble as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty aqueous soluble as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty aqueous soluble as you might
+guess from looking at what we drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess from looking at what we drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess from looking at what we drew
+earlier today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier today
+and so by putting phosphatidylcholine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by putting phosphatidylcholine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by putting phosphatidylcholine in
+your ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ice cream
+you basically stabilize this emulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically stabilize this emulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically stabilize this emulsion
+between the aqueous and the fat face so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the aqueous and the fat face so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the aqueous and the fat face so
+this is why it's added to lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it's added to lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it's added to lots
+of food and in fact it says soy lecithin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food and in fact it says soy lecithin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food and in fact it says soy lecithin
+an emulsifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emulsifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emulsifier
+that's why it's added you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's added you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's added you can do this
+yourself this is a common trick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself this is a common trick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself this is a common trick that
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+cooks know so if you make salad dressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooks know so if you make salad dressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooks know so if you make salad dressing
+you put a little mayonnaise in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a little mayonnaise in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a little mayonnaise in your
+salad dressing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad dressing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad dressing okay
+why do you do that well mayonnaise has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you do that well mayonnaise has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you do that well mayonnaise has
+eggs in it eggs have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs in it eggs have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs in it eggs have a lot of
+phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylcholine
+that mayonnaise that you add into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mayonnaise that you add into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mayonnaise that you add into your
+salad dressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad dressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad dressing
+basically stabilizes that emulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stabilizes that emulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stabilizes that emulsion
+between the oil and the vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oil and the vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oil and the vinegar
+and helps it be more stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps it be more stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps it be more stable and
+distribute better across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute better across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute better across
+your your lettuce i think my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your lettuce i think my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your lettuce i think my favorite
+example of this is who's made chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this is who's made chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this is who's made chocolate
+chip cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip cookies
+everyone's done this right okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's done this right okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's done this right okay so how
+do you make chocolate chip cookies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you make chocolate chip cookies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you make chocolate chip cookies so
+you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take
+butter and sugar all right fat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter and sugar all right fat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter and sugar all right fat and
+something is very non very polar aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is very non very polar aqueous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is very non very polar aqueous
+soluble sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble sugar
+and you try to mix them together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to mix them together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to mix them together you
+have to cream it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cream it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cream it right and
+that takes forever it's a pain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes forever it's a pain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes forever it's a pain in the
+butt it doesn't come together very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt it doesn't come together very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt it doesn't come together very well
+and so you get lazy and you put the egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get lazy and you put the egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get lazy and you put the egg
+in there and then it all comes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and then it all comes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and then it all comes together
+really really easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really easily
+right so why is that the egg is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why is that the egg is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why is that the egg is the
+emulsifier that actually brings it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsifier that actually brings it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsifier that actually brings it
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+whereas trying to get the butter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas trying to get the butter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas trying to get the butter and
+sugar to make your sure your cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar to make your sure your cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar to make your sure your cookies
+nice and fluffy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and fluffy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and fluffy
+is a lot harder because you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot harder because you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot harder because you're really
+trying to get these two things to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get these two things to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get these two things to come
+together and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it's
+basically this exact chemistry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this exact chemistry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this exact chemistry that's
+taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place
+when you're doing that active cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing that active cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing that active cooking
+all right now phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now phosphatidylcholine
+is not the only phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the only phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the only phospholipid
+found in membranes but i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in membranes but i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in membranes but i'll just
+quickly mention what a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly mention what a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly mention what a couple of the
+other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns out you have two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out you have two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out you have two other
+major phospholipids by abundance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major phospholipids by abundance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major phospholipids by abundance and
+then another phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another phospholipid
+that's really important for signaling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important for signaling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important for signaling so
+i'll list them here first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll list them here first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll list them here first
+so there's phosphatidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's phosphatidyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's phosphatidyl
+serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphatidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these it turns out phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these it turns out phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these it turns out phosphatidylcholine
+phospital serine phosphatidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospital serine phosphatidyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospital serine phosphatidyl
+ethanolamine is what makes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine is what makes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine is what makes up the
+majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority
+of the phospholipids in cell membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phospholipids in cell membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phospholipids in cell membranes
+and then there's a much more minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a much more minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a much more minor
+phospholipid that's important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid that's important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid that's important for
+signaling which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling which is
+phosphatidyl inositol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidyl inositol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidyl inositol
+so what are these so serine ethanoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these so serine ethanoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these so serine ethanoline
+and inositol are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inositol are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inositol are just
+like choline different alcohols that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like choline different alcohols that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like choline different alcohols that can
+be esterified to the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be esterified to the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be esterified to the phosphate
+in exactly the same way i did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same way i did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same way i did for
+phosphatidylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidylcholine
+and so what's phosphatidylserine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's phosphatidylserine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's phosphatidylserine
+so if you remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here is the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is the amino acid
+serine okay i'm sure you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine okay i'm sure you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine okay i'm sure you remember that
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+esterify that alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phosphate
+okay there's phosphatidyl serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's ethanolamine look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's ethanolamine look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's ethanolamine look like so
+ethanolamine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine is
+this alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay sterify the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the phosphate esterify that phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate esterify that phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate esterify that phosphate
+to glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay phosphatidyl ethanol amine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay phosphatidyl ethanol amine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay phosphatidyl ethanol amine
+and the last one is inositol so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is inositol so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is inositol so what is
+inositol well inositol is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inositol well inositol is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inositol well inositol is a
+six-membered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrocarbon ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon ring
+where all of the carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have an alcohol on them and so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alcohol on them and so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alcohol on them and so if i
+esterify one of these alcohols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterify one of these alcohols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterify one of these alcohols
+on inositol of course there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i sterify one of those alcohols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i sterify one of those alcohols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i sterify one of those alcohols
+to the phosphate to make phosphatidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phosphate to make phosphatidyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phosphate to make phosphatidyl
+and acetol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetol
+turns out that that ends up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that ends up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that ends up being a
+really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful
+lipid to make for signaling and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid to make for signaling and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid to make for signaling and you'll
+hear a lot from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot from this
+about this in a couple of contexts i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a couple of contexts i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a couple of contexts i
+believe from professor yaffi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe from professor yaffi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe from professor yaffi
+later in the course all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course all right so
+this having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general membrane structure this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general membrane structure this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general membrane structure this general
+phospholipid structure where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid structure where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid structure where you have
+this hydrophobic part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrophobic part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrophobic part of the molecule
+and the hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrophilic
+part of the molecule is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the molecule is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the molecule is really what
+allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows
+these lipids to come together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lipids to come together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lipids to come together to form
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+membrane bilayers that are often drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane bilayers that are often drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane bilayers that are often drawn
+like this okay and so when i'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay and so when i'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay and so when i'm drawing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+like this basically what those two wavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this basically what those two wavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this basically what those two wavy
+lines represent those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines represent those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines represent those are the
+hydrophobic fatty acid parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic fatty acid parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic fatty acid parts
+and this is the hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the hydrophilic
+so-called head group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the charged alcohol stuck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the charged alcohol stuck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the charged alcohol stuck on
+to the end of the and to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the and to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the and to to
+to to the phosphate on on the glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the phosphate on on the glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the phosphate on on the glycerol
+all right and these of course assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and these of course assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and these of course assemble
+such that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all of the
+hydrophilic head groups face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic head groups face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic head groups face
+an aqueous compartment on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then you have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you have this nice
+hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic
+portion that is a membrane and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion that is a membrane and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion that is a membrane and that is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+can create a barrier between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a barrier between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a barrier between two
+different compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compartments
+in cells okay now just to put this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells okay now just to put this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells okay now just to put this into
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+for the protein structure stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protein structure stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protein structure stuff that you
+learned about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about okay
+so when you learn about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you learn about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you learn about all the
+different ways that you have protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you have protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you have protein
+structure of course you have amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of course you have amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of course you have amino acids
+that are hydrophilic amino acids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hydrophilic amino acids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hydrophilic amino acids that
+are hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hydrophobic
+if you have a protein that's floating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a protein that's floating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a protein that's floating in
+solution it has all the hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it has all the hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it has all the hydrophilic
+parts on the outside and the hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on the outside and the hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on the outside and the hydrophobic
+parts in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the middle
+all right but you can imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but you can imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but you can imagine that you
+can also have proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have proteins
+that assemble to sit such that they span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assemble to sit such that they span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assemble to sit such that they span
+the membrane so hydrophobic parts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane so hydrophobic parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane so hydrophobic parts that
+interact with the hydrophobic part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the hydrophobic part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the hydrophobic part the
+inner part of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner part of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner part of the membrane
+hydrophilic parts on either side these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic parts on either side these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic parts on either side these
+can form channels these can form all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form channels these can form all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form channels these can form all
+kinds of ways to move stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways to move stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways to move stuff
+across membranes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across membranes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across membranes or
+you might think that you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that you might have a
+protein that does something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that does something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that does something like that
+hydrophobic part on one end hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic part on one end hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic part on one end hydrophilic
+part on the other and really floats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on the other and really floats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on the other and really floats
+on the surface of a membrane and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of a membrane and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of a membrane and you
+will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see
+that the way cell signaling works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way cell signaling works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way cell signaling works is
+is that you basically have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you basically have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you basically have lots of
+protein complexes that will assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein complexes that will assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein complexes that will assemble
+that membranes two-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that membranes two-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that membranes two-dimensional space
+those membranes as well as some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those membranes as well as some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those membranes as well as some of the
+membrane lipids can then act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane lipids can then act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane lipids can then act as
+messengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messengers
+that allow cells to carry out various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow cells to carry out various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow cells to carry out various
+signals and i will leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and i will leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and i will leave that
+to professor yaffi to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to professor yaffi to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to professor yaffi to talk about
+all right so i will also come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i will also come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i will also come back
+and discuss membranes in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss membranes in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss membranes in a very
+different context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context
+in the context of metabolism during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of metabolism during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of metabolism during the
+second half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the course
+because it turns out a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out a lot of energy
+transduction and the way cells really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction and the way cells really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction and the way cells really
+store energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy
+also ends up being really important with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ends up being really important with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ends up being really important with
+respect to membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to membranes
+all right you guys are lucky you get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you guys are lucky you get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you guys are lucky you get out
+a little bit early today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit early today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit early today
+this is the first time that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time that we've done
+the lectures this way so i don't have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures this way so i don't have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures this way so i don't have my
+timing quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing quite right
+but i will see you guys again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will see you guys again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will see you guys again for
+uh metabolism after spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KlI1duF4K9o.txt b/KlI1duF4K9o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07bc3bcfb4e6cfe4afd6ad6dcd746a48c1c99590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KlI1duF4K9o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2810 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Perfect timing.
+
+Let's turn to the
+announcements.
+
+You know the big announcement
+is Monday,
+
+Celebration Part three.
+
+I think Hilary sent all
+of you the coverage.
+
+Just to be clear, start with
+defects, amorphous solids,
+
+kinetics, diffusions, solutions,
+acids, and bases.
+
+No orgo, no polymers.
+
+We'll catch the orgo and the
+polymers on the celebration of
+
+celebrations, the final exam.
+
+OK, so let's get moving.
+
+Last day we started talking
+about polymers.
+
+These are macromolecules.
+
+Here we've got an example of a
+simple compound with a double
+
+bond, vinyl chloride.
+
+And by the action of addition
+polymerization, we can turn
+
+this into a macromolecule where
+you see a repeat unit.
+
+The double bond has been broken
+to allow but carbon to
+
+bond to another vinyl
+chloride, and so on.
+
+These are very, very large
+molecules, can be on the order
+
+of microns in length, mass
+measured in kilodaltons, or
+
+thousands of grams per mole.
+
+So today I want to go back
+and look a little
+
+bit at polymer synthesis.
+
+Then we're going to talk about
+properties of polymers, and
+
+end with some cultural
+implications that I alluded to
+
+the very beginning.
+
+So we've already seen how this
+reaction begins, but let's see
+
+how it proceeds.
+
+So here's an example of starting
+with an initiation
+
+reaction that generates this
+hydroxyl radical that starts
+
+from a peroxide.
+
+And then you can see, in this
+first instance, the unpaired
+
+electron attacks the double
+bond, breaks the double bond
+
+links, and then moves that
+unpaired electron to the end,
+
+and so on, and so on.
+
+So here I'm indicating that
+we're going to keep attaching,
+
+in this case, ethylenes
+to make polyethylene.
+
+And then at some point, we
+decide that we've got the
+
+molecule long enough,
+and then we have
+
+to quench the reaction.
+
+So then we add something that
+will cap this unpaired
+
+electron, and this step
+is called termination.
+
+So this is how we make the
+long-chain molecules by this
+
+particular reaction.
+
+And the thing to know,
+trivially, is that the
+
+composition of the polymer
+equals the
+
+composition of the mer.
+
+You can see it right
+here, that I
+
+start with vinyl chloride.
+
+Yeah, we've changed the double
+bond to a single bond, but
+
+it's still C2H3Cl, C2H3Cl
+taken many times.
+
+That's it.
+
+OK.
+
+There's another way
+to make polymers.
+
+And this is really important,
+not only in commerce, but it's
+
+most important in biology.
+
+We do not have the biological
+apparatus to create radicals.
+
+So during the course of this
+lecture, we have cell death
+
+proceeding in all of us,
+and cell generation and
+
+polymerization reactions
+occurring, amino acids being
+
+linked to form proteins
+and whatnot.
+
+And that process goes by the
+second mechanism, condensation
+
+polymerization.
+
+And I'll give you a simple
+example of that where we start
+
+with more than one mer, OK?
+
+Involves more than
+one mer type.
+
+Typically two, all right?
+
+So let's look at a reaction.
+
+So this is going to be a first
+kind of a mer, and R is just a
+
+general placeholder the people
+use in organic chemistry.
+
+It comes from the word residual,
+but it's some giant
+
+piece of molecular mass, and
+there's a hydrogen here.
+
+And this one then reacts with a
+second mer, which I'm going
+
+to designate R2.
+
+And the second mer
+has a hydroxyl.
+
+And what happens in condensation
+polymerization,
+
+is that we link R1 to R2.
+
+R1 is now linked to R2
+in a covalent manner.
+
+And then, we take the hydrogen
+and the hydroxyl, and we send
+
+them over here.
+
+So the hydrogen goes here,
+the hydroxyl goes
+
+here, to form water.
+
+And this is typically conducted,
+in industry, not in
+
+our bodies, but in industry,
+it's typically conducted at
+
+elevated temperatures where this
+eventually goes into some
+
+kind of a condenser.
+
+And then the water condenses
+and makes liquid.
+
+And for this step, the
+condensation step of the
+
+byproduct of the reaction that
+we name the process.
+
+The process isn't named
+for what happens here.
+
+It's named for what
+happens over here.
+
+So this is condensation
+polymerization, and you can
+
+see, we have covalent linkages
+at both ends, and we can add
+
+another R1H here, and then
+another R2OH here, and so on,
+
+and so on, and so on.
+
+So clearly, we're losing
+some of the mass of
+
+the reactants here.
+
+So the mass of the final polymer
+is less than the sum
+
+of the masses of all
+of the reagents.
+
+So let's make a note of that.
+
+That the mass of the polymer
+formed by condensation
+
+polymerization is less than the
+sum of the masses of the
+
+constituents.
+
+Or let's say reactants,
+if we like.
+
+Reactants.
+
+Because we lose the
+condensate.
+
+And so here's an example
+from commerce.
+
+Oh, before I get to that, I
+wanted to show you some of the
+
+common addition polymers,
+which ones that you're
+
+familiar with that are made
+by this first process.
+
+So at the top, we have
+polyethylene.
+
+That's we started with.
+
+And you know that's used in food
+wrap, it's used in milk
+
+jugs, and so on.
+
+There's the
+polytetrafluoroethylene.
+
+You remove the hydrogens, you
+put fluorines, and then you
+
+make Teflon.
+
+So that's also made
+by addition.
+
+Polypropylene, also
+used as separator.
+
+In fact, polypropylene
+is found in
+
+every lithium ion battery.
+
+It's the separator between the
+two electrodes, and it's
+
+engineered so that its glass
+transition temperature is
+
+about 60, 70 degrees Celsius.
+
+So that if there's some event,
+and you start getting thermal
+
+runaway in your battery, and
+the temperature rises to
+
+whatever, let's say the number
+is 70 degrees C, the pores in
+
+the polypropylene collapse.
+
+And when they collapse, they
+form a barrier, and it kills
+
+the battery, and prevents the
+battery from exploding.
+
+And that's polypropylene.
+
+There's butyl rubber.
+
+What else do we have?
+
+Polystyrene, you know, which is
+used in these cups and food
+
+containers.
+
+Orlon, here.
+
+Polyvinyl chloride, which is
+used in everything from old
+
+vinyl phonograph records
+to plumbing supplies.
+
+That white PVC tubing that's
+used for piping.
+
+Polymethyl methacrylate, this
+is plexiglass, which many of
+
+you are wearing in
+your eyeglasses.
+
+That's this material here.
+
+Butadiene, OK.
+
+You see there's the
+after-polymerization.
+
+There's still one unused double
+bond, so then we can
+
+mix this later on for
+cross-linking.
+
+And the various rubbers,
+and so on.
+
+You can see, they all have
+residual double bonds, which
+
+allows them to then participate
+
+in disulfide linkages.
+
+OK.
+
+So now here's the example I
+wanted to show you that you
+
+will be familiar with
+in commerce.
+
+This is the PET, the
+polyethylene terephthalate,
+
+the plastic bottles.
+
+The two-liter soda bottles
+are made of this stuff.
+
+So you start with this thing,
+which is known industrially as
+
+terephthalic acid, which
+is really 1-4-benzene.
+
+You see the benzene ring here,
+so one, two, three, four.
+
+So off the one position and the
+four position, you have a
+
+carboxylic acid, and this
+is critical in proteins.
+
+You're going to see the COOH
+structure over and over again.
+
+And that H is detachable.
+
+So this, then, it becomes
+a proton donor.
+
+If it's a proton donor,
+it's an acid.
+
+So this is the
+1-4-benzenedicarboxylic acid.
+
+And this is ethylene glycol,
+which you know as the base
+
+constituent of antifreeze
+for automobiles.
+
+It's really ethane with
+two alcohols.
+
+So it's a diol.
+
+Ethanediol, 1-2.
+
+And you mix the ethanediol with
+the terephthalic acid,
+
+spit off the proton and the
+hydroxyl, leaving behind this,
+
+which then forms the bridge
+here, and there's the basis
+
+for the plastic soda bottle.
+
+This is the same material from
+which you can make Dacron,
+
+which is a fiber used sometimes
+in textiles, and
+
+Mylar, which is used in sheet
+films for polymer films. So
+
+this is the PET.
+
+And note here, you see this
+oxygen is acting as a bridge.
+
+It's acting as a bridge between
+the terephthalic acid
+
+residual and the ethylene
+glycol residual.
+
+So again, we see nature relying
+on the fact that
+
+oxygen forms those two bonds and
+acts as a bridge for us.
+
+OK.
+
+A couple of other
+things to note.
+
+Here are the typical polymers
+that are made by condensation
+
+polymerization.
+
+All of the nylons.
+
+The nylons are made by
+condensation polymerization.
+
+And the bond here that exists
+between the nitrogen and the
+
+carbon is called
+the amide bond.
+
+Even though it's spelled A M I
+D E, it's pronounced amid.
+
+So these are all nylons.
+
+The generic term
+is polyamides.
+
+And you see the different
+types of nylon here.
+
+Kevlar, used as a substitute
+for steel belting in tires,
+
+derives its strength from this,
+the benzene ring here.
+
+And polyesters, OK?
+
+The Dacron, the Mylar, I
+just showed you that.
+
+Lexan.
+
+This is used in everything from
+sports equipment, if you
+
+wear eyeglasses in
+sports, they're
+
+probably made of Lexan.
+
+Again, look at these twin
+benzene rings, and then you've
+
+got the linkage on
+the end here.
+
+And also used when you're
+sitting seven miles above the
+
+surface of the earth.
+
+The only thing that prevents you
+from being asphyxiated or
+
+frozen to death in that
+airplane is a
+
+window made of Lexan.
+
+And lastly, here are the
+silicones, which are also made
+
+by condensation polymerization.
+
+And just a little note
+here for you.
+
+The person who invented
+the silicones
+
+didn't know his chemistry.
+
+And he thought that the
+silicone, in fact, had a
+
+double bond here.
+
+See, this is acetone, and
+it from comes from
+
+the family of ketones.
+
+So you have methyl above, methyl
+below, carbon, and a
+
+double bond off to the side.
+
+Well, it turns out
+that silicone
+
+doesn't form double bonds.
+
+Everybody in 3.091 knows this.
+
+It's too big.
+
+So it only has a single bond.
+
+If it's a single bond,
+it's not an -one.
+
+It's just like a pentane,
+methane, so on.
+
+So this should be a siloxane.
+
+So what people refer to as
+silicones today properly are
+
+called siloxanes.
+
+OK.
+
+Another thing to note.
+
+Let's go back to the--
+
+you see here?
+
+We go down the backbone
+of the nylon, there's
+
+the carboxylic acid.
+
+And there's a C with a double
+bond to the O, and it spit off
+
+its H, right?
+
+That was the proton donor.
+
+Look at over here.
+
+There's an amino group here,
+a nitrogen with a hydrogen.
+
+Well, if I line those
+two up just right,
+
+look at what can happen.
+
+Here's a carbon-oxygen, and
+here's a nitrogen-hydrogen.
+
+What do you know if you've
+got hydrogen
+
+sitting next to an oxygen?
+
+It can form hydrogen bonds.
+
+And so nylons derive their
+higher strength from the
+
+hydrogen bonds that form
+between the chains.
+
+Doesn't this remind you
+of cross-linking?
+
+It's sort of same church,
+different pew.
+
+It's not as strong as a
+disulfite covalent linkage,
+
+but it does form linkages.
+
+That's good.
+
+It's good because it
+gives you strength.
+
+But it doesn't come with the
+penalty that cross-linking
+
+comes with.
+
+And what's the penalty?
+
+You can't recycle cross- linked
+polymers very easily,
+
+because you've got these
+strong covalent
+
+bonds in the chains.
+
+If you heat the polymer up,
+those bonds don't break.
+
+If you heat this up, the
+hydrogen bonds will let go.
+
+And you can remelt nylons, you
+can recycle those polymers
+
+much more easily.
+
+So I want to make another
+taxonomy here that
+
+distinguishes polymers
+on the basis of their
+
+ability to be recycled.
+
+Very important these days.
+
+One of the first questions
+people ask if you're using a
+
+polymer in a process,
+is it recyclable?
+
+And what do you do?
+
+You start thinking about the
+molecular architecture in
+
+order to answer that question.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's talk about the ones
+that can be recycled.
+
+So recyclable ones are called
+thermoplastics.
+
+Weak van der Waals and
+hydrogen bonds only.
+
+And this is between
+the chains.
+
+You don't break the bonds up
+and down the backbone.
+
+If you break the blinds up and
+down the backbone, you'll
+
+pyrolyze the material.
+
+If you go to a high enough
+temperature to break covalent
+
+bonds in the backbone of a
+polymer, you're on fire.
+
+So don't go there, all right?
+
+So hydrogen bonds only, so this
+can reheat and reprocess.
+
+So now we're talking about
+something that's almost like
+
+recycling metal.
+
+You remelt it and reuse it.
+
+The ones that have the strong
+covalent linkages are called
+
+thermal sets.
+
+And the thermal set is
+difficult to recycle.
+
+This is cross-linked--
+
+difficult.
+
+Notice I'm not writing
+impossible.
+
+It's difficult to recycle,
+which is a polite way of
+
+saying, you can do it,
+and it's really
+
+expensive to do so.
+
+You might be better off to just
+
+start with virgin material.
+
+By the way, where do we
+get the material?
+
+How do we make polymers?
+
+Where do we get this
+carbon from?
+
+From petroleum.
+
+You say, well, why don't
+we use coal?
+
+Well, you need carbon and
+hydrogen in these systems. And
+
+coal is carbon.
+
+Petroleum is hydrocarbon.
+
+So these are petroleum-derived.
+
+So all these questions about
+resource utilization and so on
+
+come right up in center stage.
+
+OK.
+
+Now I want to take a few minutes
+to talk about use of
+
+crystallization to strengthen
+polymers, OK?
+
+So crystallization for
+mechanical performance.
+
+We want to improve the
+mechanical performance.
+
+And I alluded to
+this last day.
+
+We;ll do this really quickly.
+
+So we've seen that if we want
+to, we know that if we--
+
+let me give you the
+little icon here.
+
+So you're going along like
+this, and some nice, long
+
+chain, and all of a sudden,
+you get a zone of
+
+crystallinity.
+
+So I'm talking about adding
+crystallinity in order to
+
+strengthen the material.
+
+And so we know that this has
+more bond density than the
+
+straight chain here, so this
+is going to be stronger.
+
+So if I want to strengthen the
+polymer, introduce more
+
+crystallization, so what
+favors the onset of
+
+crystallization?
+
+Or we'll say, partial
+crystallization.
+
+The whole thing doesn't
+turn into a crystal.
+
+To favor crystallization, what
+do we do with the various set
+
+points that we have
+in the material?
+
+Well, first of all, we know with
+composition, composition
+
+is one of our levers.
+
+And we want to make
+it uniform.
+
+So that means homopolymer is
+favored over the copolymer.
+
+Or maybe there are other
+instances where you don't want
+
+crystallinity.
+
+In the soles of your running
+shoe, you don't want that
+
+turning into something
+that's semibrittle.
+
+You want it to be soft.
+
+So that's why we use copolymers
+in the soles of
+
+running shoes, in order
+to disfavor.
+
+And if we want to do something
+like those jewel cases that I
+
+keep railing against, the jewel
+cases are a homopolymer
+
+that have a fair bit
+of crystallinity.
+
+The second one we talked about
+last day, tacticity, this is a
+
+second lever that you have.
+So we know that
+
+isotactic over atactic.
+
+The more uniform, the more
+likely the material will be to
+
+crystallize.
+
+So the isotactic polystyrene
+makes those jewel boxes,
+
+whereas the atactic polystyrene
+makes the food
+
+containers that you get
+when you buy food from
+
+the trucks out here.
+
+And number three, we talked
+about conformation.
+
+And we know that
+conformation--
+
+linear over branched, right?
+
+Linear over branched.
+
+If we have a branched polymer,
+it's not going to pack very
+
+well, so it's less likely
+to crystallize.
+
+The linear one, as I've
+demonstrated in this cartoon,
+
+has a much, much higher
+propensity for
+
+crystallization.
+
+All right.
+
+How about properties?
+
+Let's talk about properties.
+
+Properties of polymers.
+
+And I'm talking here about the
+bulk commodity polymers.
+
+Sure, you can find specialty
+polymers that have remarkable
+
+properties that aren't
+characteristic of polymers,
+
+but I'm not talking
+about those.
+
+So first of all.
+
+Electrical properties.
+
+They're insulators, electrical
+insulators.
+
+Why are they electrical
+insulators?
+
+We're talking about mainly
+covalent bonds here.
+
+Covalent bonds, which means
+tightly bound electrons,
+
+tightly bound and localized,
+because you saw that in
+
+graphite, they're tightly
+bound, but they're
+
+delocalized.
+
+So tightly bound electrons.
+
+And no ions, because we've now
+recognized that we can conduct
+
+electricity not only by
+electrons, but by ions.
+
+Tightly bound electrons,
+no ions.
+
+That means no carriers, that
+means no connectivity.
+
+Number two.
+
+What's the second property?
+
+Transparent to visible light.
+
+Again, same thing.
+
+Tightly bound electrons, not
+possible to excite, et cetera.
+
+So these are clear,
+and furthermore,
+
+are generally colorless.
+
+And this is especially in the
+case of amorphous materials.
+
+Amorphous materials are
+clear, colorless.
+
+What happens if we get
+semicrystallization?
+
+Those crystalline zones, as I
+showed you last day, those
+
+crystalline zones are clear and
+colorless as well, but the
+
+index of refraction of the
+crystalline zone is not equal
+
+to the index of refraction of
+the amorphous zone, and so
+
+this boundary, if you will,
+scatters light.
+
+So we have two clear and
+colorless zones of different
+
+index, and so if we put them
+together, we end up with
+
+something that is opaque, and
+that's in the case of the
+
+crystallinity.
+
+When you have some
+crystallinity,
+
+you'll give up on that.
+
+And actually, I wanted to show
+you a few things from the
+
+popular culture.
+
+So I think what I've
+got here--
+
+oh, these are the-- yeah, OK.
+
+This is a little scene from
+the musical Chicago.
+
+It's Mr. Cellophane.
+
+Cellophane is polymer,
+viscose.
+
+All right?
+
+Listen to the properties.
+
+They get it right.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYBACK]
+
+-I tell you Cellophane, Mr.
+Cellophane, should I bend my
+
+name, Mr. Cellophane.
+
+Because you can look right
+through me, walk right by me,
+
+and never know I'm there.
+
+-Oh, I didn't see you.
+
+[END MUSIC PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So sometimes the popular
+culture gets it right.
+
+All right.
+
+So now, what's the third
+property of polymers?
+
+Chemically inert.
+
+And this is why we use them in
+food packaging, and also in
+
+other forms of packaging.
+
+Again, strong bonds, strong
+covalent bonds, means that
+
+it's not very reactive with
+the contents of many
+
+containers, including
+foods and beverages.
+
+A fourth property that's
+exploited in polymers is very
+
+low density.
+
+Why?
+
+Well, what are the constituents
+of the polymers?
+
+Contains things like
+carbon, nitrogen--
+
+well, let's put carbon and
+hydrogen first. Those are the
+
+two biggies.
+
+So we've got carbon
+and hydrogen.
+
+You saw some nitrogen, oxygen,
+and then trace levels of other
+
+substances.
+
+So these are all
+low Z elements.
+
+So for example, in a
+beverage container.
+
+I can make a beverage
+container.
+
+You see a beverage container.
+
+I see a bundle of properties.
+
+What is the bundle
+of properties?
+
+It has to be some physical
+rigidity, but not much,
+
+because I can squeeze this.
+
+It's OK.
+
+And it has to be chemically
+inert with
+
+respect to its contents.
+
+So I could build this out
+of a borosilicate
+
+glass, a glass bottle.
+
+And the density of borosilicate
+
+glass is about 3.54.
+
+Or I can make it out of
+aluminum, and the density of
+
+the aluminum is about 2.7.
+
+Or I can make it out of polymer,
+and the density is
+
+down close to 1.
+
+So now if I load up the beverage
+truck, instead of
+
+transporting the contents plus
+the mass of the container, the
+
+higher fraction now is just
+the contents, and the
+
+container weighs less.
+
+When I was your age,
+we had still soda
+
+cans made out of steel.
+
+Steel soda cans.
+
+Yeah.
+
+They didn't have pull tops.
+
+You had to have an opener
+to open them.
+
+And the density of
+steel is 7.87.
+
+Iron is 7.87.
+
+So from steel, down to this,
+down to this, and so on.
+
+So you see the low density
+has an advantage.
+
+But, you know, we're going to
+have to go back over here and
+
+start thinking about
+recyclability.
+
+So you see the balancing act
+here in choosing materials.
+
+You can't just seize upon one
+attribute and say, oh, this is
+
+less dense than that,
+let's go with it.
+
+But it's made from petroleum,
+and maybe it's not so
+
+recyclable.
+
+So now what do you do?
+
+Maybe you do make it out of
+steel, because you know, what
+
+you can recycle steel.
+
+You can take the door off a 1928
+Model-T Ford, melt that
+
+door down, and you can put
+it on a 2010 Taurus.
+
+That's how recyclable iron is.
+
+I'm just telling you what
+the properties are.
+
+You're going to have to make
+the tough decisions.
+
+And five, solid at
+room temperature.
+
+And why are they solid
+at room temperature?
+
+Because the interchain bonds,
+even though they're weak, they
+
+have a long, long, long, long
+surface contact area.
+
+So entanglement of van
+der Waals bonds.
+
+So you have the best
+of both worlds.
+
+It's solid at room temperature,
+but in the case
+
+of a thermal plastic with
+modest heating, you can
+
+restore back to the
+original case.
+
+Oh.
+
+Here I have, I found
+the Polythene Pam.
+
+I'll play you just a
+little segment of
+
+it, the first verse.
+
+The interesting thing to listen
+to, in many of the
+
+Beatles songs, you
+can't tell this.
+
+In the song, you
+can really tell
+
+the accent from Liverpool.
+
+Listen carefully.
+
+You'll hear the pronunciation.
+
+That Merseyside accent.
+
+And the way they're playing
+is the old skiffle.
+
+This is how they started,
+in the clubs in
+
+Hamburg and so on.
+
+This is this is not
+advanced Beatles.
+
+They were playing here, it's
+sort of little joke in the
+
+middle of the Abbey
+Road album.
+
+They go retro and show the way
+they were when they first
+
+formed the band.
+
+[AUDIO CLIP REMOVED ]
+
+PROFESSOR: Did you catch that?
+
+The Liverpudlian accent?
+
+It comes complete with
+the glottal stop?
+
+[IMITATING ACCENT]
+
+You know how you eat the tea?
+
+Give me a bottle?
+
+Yeah.
+
+That's all from Liverpool.
+
+Merseyside.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what do I have here?
+
+Oh, here's recyclability
+codes.
+
+Throw this in, you know,
+it's a part of
+
+the part of the pack.
+
+So there's the polyethylene
+terephthalate,
+
+that I've shown you.
+
+This is high-density
+polyethylene, PVC, low-density
+
+polyethylene, and so on.
+
+And look here.
+
+Invented by, invented by,
+invented by, invented by.
+
+These are all man-made
+materials.
+
+They didn't exist before.
+
+Keep going.
+
+Invented by, invented by.
+
+And they're all invented
+in the 20th
+
+century, with one exception.
+
+A pharmacist in Germany by the
+name of Eduard Simon was
+
+playing with the vinyl benzene
+and managed to make this goo
+
+that became what we know
+as polystyrene.
+
+And nobody could explain.
+
+Remember, in 18--
+
+he was doing this in 1839,
+before Kekule had even
+
+speculated that you can get
+carbon-carbon linkages!
+
+No benzene rings!
+
+So that he was linking benzene,
+that they didn't even
+
+understand existed as a ring,
+and he was making polymers
+
+that they didn't appreciate
+that you could even make
+
+C17H36, let alone C10,017.
+
+So in 1922, Hermann Staudinger
+gave the explanation that what
+
+we're seeing here is the
+polymerization into
+
+macromolecules.
+
+And for that, he got the
+Nobel Prize in 1953.
+
+Note, it took 30 years.
+
+You don't invent something
+that's really, really
+
+prize-winning, and on the way
+home, turn on the radio and
+
+discover, oh, I won
+the Nobel Prize.
+
+It takes time.
+
+And especially, the more
+remarkable the discovery, it
+
+takes time before people
+accept it and say,
+
+this is not a hoax.
+
+This is real.
+
+They didn't have the
+characterization.
+
+How were they going
+to verify in 1922?
+
+So you keep waiting,
+waiting, waiting.
+
+Look at what happened
+to de Broglie.
+
+De Broglie said, lambda
+equals h over p,
+
+and they went, uh-huh.
+
+And then, as soon as the fellows
+did the experiment
+
+down at Bell Labs and they
+got electron defraction--
+
+boom!
+
+He gets the Nobel Prize.
+
+They said, you know what?
+
+You're right!
+
+That's how it works.
+
+OK.
+
+This was one of the giants.
+
+This was Wallace Carothers.
+
+Carothers, who for
+a short time was
+
+a lecturer at Harvard.
+
+He left Harvard and joined
+DuPont, and he gave birth to
+
+an incredible array of synthetic
+materials, as they
+
+say here, similar to cellulose
+and silicon.
+
+Invented neoprene, the first
+synthetic rubber.
+
+This was very important for
+the United States and the
+
+Allied Powers during World War
+II, because we did not have
+
+access to natural rubber.
+
+And the fact that they were
+making synthetic rubber here
+
+from materials that we had here
+allowed us to continue
+
+building for the war effort.
+
+Invented nylon, in 1937.
+
+An amazing man.
+
+Unfortunately deeply troubled,
+very depressive.
+
+And two days after his 41st
+birthday, he checked in a
+
+hotel in Philadelphia, and
+took his own life.
+
+This is Wallace Carothers.
+
+So I'm going to show you
+now some synthesis.
+
+About ten years ago, I had a
+live demonstration here.
+
+There was a gal who was doing
+her PhD over here in Building
+
+13, and she'd come in
+and do these demos.
+
+But, you know, it's been
+ten years now.
+
+We let her graduate, so she's
+not around anymore.
+
+So we took some videos of it.
+
+So the first thing I want
+to show you is the
+
+synthesis of nylon.
+
+So you're going to see
+this reaction.
+
+So in this case, it's
+hexamethylene diamine and
+
+adipic acid.
+
+And that's going to give you
+nylon-6,6 plus water, just as
+
+this reaction indicates here,
+and these are immiscible.
+
+See, the adipic acid is in
+aqueous phase, and the
+
+hexamethylene diamine is a
+non-aqueous phase, so they
+
+form two phases right here, two
+liquid layers, and this
+
+reaction occurs at
+the interface
+
+between the two layers.
+
+So you're going to see a close
+up of the beaker, and she's
+
+going to now dip an
+instrument in, and
+
+start pulling the solid.
+
+She's making the solid from two
+liquids, and she's going
+
+to pull it.
+
+And as she pulls it, she
+clears the interface.
+
+Because once the interface
+is covered, new
+
+reactant can't get there.
+
+So ironically, the product
+separates the two halves of
+
+the reaction from each other.
+
+So you have to get
+the product out.
+
+This is really cool.
+
+So there's the chemistry.
+
+So let's look.
+
+This is Heidi Burch.
+
+David, could we dim
+the lights, maybe?
+
+[FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+HEIDI BURCH: The derivative of
+a carboxylic acid then is
+
+mercuric chloride.
+
+I have it dissolved in hexane.
+
+My base is hexamethylene
+diamine, and I've got it
+
+dissolved in water.
+
+So to do this right, I have
+to make them float.
+
+So we're going to pour,
+if I can get it open.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is the
+old 10-250, too.
+
+It's got a carpet here.
+
+HEIDI BURCH: --because it's
+dissolved in water, which has
+
+a higher density than hexane.
+
+And then I have my acid
+dissolved in the hexane.
+
+So what's going to happen
+when I pour that in?
+
+It's not going to mix, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: It'll separate.
+
+HEIDI BURCH: It's going to
+phase separate, exactly.
+
+And we're going to
+have strata.
+
+Is that going to help or
+hurt our reaction?
+
+It's going to hurt our
+reaction, right?
+
+To have a good reaction, you
+need intimate mixing.
+
+Well--
+
+PROFESSOR: This is like
+the Uzo water problem.
+
+HEIDI BURCH: So this is pretty,
+actually pretty
+
+unexciting.
+
+Nothing really interesting
+has happened.
+
+It's just kind of
+sitting there.
+
+Nothing's exploding out of the
+beaker, nothing's coming out.
+
+It's kind of tame.
+
+But if you look carefully,
+you can kind of see--
+
+where did my pointer go?
+
+You can kind of see this
+film right there.
+
+See that big bubble?
+
+Well, there's a scum that's
+floating at the interface
+
+between the two layers.
+
+That's actually the nylon
+that we formed.
+
+What happens is, I mentioned
+that nylon has that excellent
+
+chemical resistance.
+
+Well, when we formed it, it made
+a barrier film between
+
+the two layers so that no more
+reactants could get through to
+
+each other to form
+more nylons.
+
+So what I have to do is remove
+that barrier film to allow the
+
+reactants to come
+into contact.
+
+And I'm doing that by drawing
+off the nylon as it's formed.
+
+Because I'm drawing off the
+film, are very haphazard.
+
+And what's happening is, the
+polymer I'm forming has a very
+
+broad molecular weight
+distribution.
+
+It's not all 240 grams
+per mole or whatever.
+
+And that greatly affects the
+mechanical properties, and, in
+
+fact, it affects them
+detrimentally.
+
+So the mechanical properties of
+this nylon that I'm forming
+
+aren't very good.
+
+[END FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So that's the first one.
+
+Now, the second one I'm going to
+show you talks about glass
+
+transition temperature, and
+how you engineer a rubber.
+
+So it might shock you to
+know that a rubber
+
+is, in fact, a liquid.
+
+It's a polymer that's above
+its glass transition
+
+temperature.
+
+It might be supercooled liquid,
+but it's liquid.
+
+And those disulfide linkages
+give you the flexibility so
+
+that the chains can move
+against one another.
+
+If you drop the temperature
+below the glass transition
+
+temperature, the whole thing
+turns into an amorphous solid.
+
+So what are the mechanical
+properties?
+
+What I'm indicating here
+is the ball, all right?
+
+So the bouncing ball is up
+here, above the glass
+
+transition temperature
+it's cross-linked and
+
+behaves as an elastomer.
+
+If you get the temperature too
+low, you'll end up solidifying
+
+everything, and then it turns
+into something with the
+
+mechanical properties of a
+billiard ball, all right?
+
+So we call that tough.
+
+Tough means it has impact
+resistance.
+
+It will absorb a
+lot of energy.
+
+So if I drop the ball, it won't
+bounce, it takes the
+
+energy of falling and absorbs
+it and holds it.
+
+So if you want a ball
+to bounce, you
+
+want to be above here.
+
+So what we're going to do, is
+we're going to take two
+
+different polymers.
+
+One that at room temperature is
+here, and one that at room
+
+temperature is here.
+
+The one that's down here, we're
+going to put in the
+
+boiling water and get
+it over here.
+
+The one that is naturally a
+bouncer here, we're going to
+
+put into liquid nitrogen
+and send it over here.
+
+So we're going to make a
+bouncing ball not bounce, and
+
+we're going to make a flat
+unbouncy ball bounce.
+
+We're going to teach
+these balls.
+
+And what are we going to do?
+
+We're going to teach these balls
+how to bounce and not
+
+bounce on temperature cue, by
+moving on opposite sides of
+
+the glass transition
+temperature.
+
+So this is a glass, and this
+over here is a rubber, OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So here they are.
+
+Those are the two rubbers.
+
+One is norbornene, and the
+other is isoprene.
+
+And both of these, if you go
+back to the earlier slides,
+
+have a double bond in the
+polymer, And that double bond
+
+has now been broken for
+disulfide linkages.
+
+This is Heidi again.
+
+[FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+HEIDI BURCH: OK.
+
+The thing I want to talk about
+now, is the effect of
+
+temperature on polymer
+molecules.
+
+Basically, when do I get rubbery
+behavior and when do I
+
+get glassy behavior?
+
+Because I can get the same
+polymer to exhibit rubbery
+
+behavior or glassy behavior,
+depending on the temperature
+
+at which I use that material.
+
+As Dr. Sadoway told you,
+polymers have what's called a
+
+glass transition temperature,
+and the type of behavior that
+
+I get is determined by my use
+temperature relative to my
+
+glass transition temperature.
+
+So I have here six
+little balls with
+
+faces painted on them.
+
+The ones with the happy faces
+are polyisoprene.
+
+The ones with the sad faces
+are polynorbornene.
+
+Now, polynorbornene is a
+synthetic rubber that was
+
+developed during World War II
+when we didn't have access to
+
+all the rubber tree groves
+in Southeast Asia.
+
+So the happy balls are happy
+because their glass transition
+
+temperature is minus 67.
+
+So our use temperature at room
+temperature is much greater
+
+that their glass transition
+temperatures, so they behave
+
+as rubber would.
+
+The polynorbornene has a glass
+transition temperature of 40.
+
+So we're actually below its
+glass transition temperature
+
+at room temperature,
+and it just
+
+dissipates all the energy.
+
+We get a much more glassy-like
+behavior from this material,
+
+and it doesn't bounce.
+
+So what we can do here to
+demonstrate the effect is
+
+we're going raise the use
+temperature of both materials,
+
+and we're going to
+lower the use
+
+temperature of both materials.
+
+So I'm going to drop them in
+boiling water, and hope that
+
+the little faces stay on,
+because I just painted them on
+
+with white-out.
+
+I don't know how that's
+going to work.
+
+And then I'm going to drop two
+of them in liquid nitrogen.
+
+Now, these will be
+our controls.
+
+Remember, polynorbornene,
+polyisoprene.
+
+Now something to think about,
+which I know Dr. Sadoway
+
+always likes to ask, is why
+does one have a high glass
+
+transition temperature, and why
+does one have a low glass
+
+transition temperature?
+
+And I'll leave you to ponder
+that little conundrum, while I
+
+try to fish these
+bad boys out.
+
+OK.
+
+Oh!
+
+White-out worked.
+
+So this is the polyisoprene.
+
+Can you hear the sound
+that it makes?
+
+When I drop the one that's at
+room temperature, I get a nice
+
+rubbery sound.
+
+When I drop that one, I get a
+plastic, hard glassy sound.
+
+I've cooled it below its glass
+transition temperature, and
+
+now I get a totally glassy
+impact, like if I were
+
+knocking pool balls together.
+
+Now let's go in for the
+polynorbornene.
+
+Oh!
+
+His eye came off.
+
+Same thing.
+
+I pulled the polynorbornene
+below its glass transition
+
+temperature as well, so it,
+too, exhibits a glassy
+
+collision, like a pool ball.
+
+Now, let's go in here.
+
+This is the polynorbornene, so
+it should still continue to
+
+bounce, because we've raised
+its use temperature further
+
+above its glass transition
+temperature.
+
+That's not the exciting one.
+
+The exciting one is--
+
+if I can get it out.
+
+What happens to the
+polynorbornene?
+
+This is the sad ball, the one
+that wouldn't bounce at room
+
+temperature.
+
+By raising its use temperature
+above its glass transition
+
+temperature by dunking it
+in boiling water, I
+
+get a rubbery response.
+
+[END FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: Super.
+
+OK.
+
+House lights, please.
+
+I don't read well in the dark.
+
+OK.
+
+So I hope you've seen some
+examples of how these work.
+
+So now I want to talk a
+little bit about the
+
+broader societal issues.
+
+So this, I think, is sort
+of a pattern of
+
+adoption of new materials.
+
+You start off with this wonder,
+you know, this cool
+
+property that you get
+at the lab bench.
+
+You know, when nylon was
+invented, it led to
+
+democratization.
+
+Do you realize stockings,
+womens' stockings, were only
+
+owned by the wealthy?
+
+Because they were
+made of silk.
+
+When they were made
+out of nylon, they
+
+became cheap and abundant.
+
+So that changed the way
+people dressed.
+
+It changed the way people made
+clothing in a way that was
+
+unimaginable before.
+
+So you could, for example, make
+a billiard ball, or piano
+
+keys, without killing
+an elephant.
+
+You didn't have to use ivory.
+
+You could use polymers.
+
+Huge, huge implications.
+
+So this is one of the first
+commercial polymers.
+
+It's phenolic resin, and it's
+made by a condensation
+
+polymerization between
+carbolic acid and
+
+formaldehyde.
+
+It was called bakelite.
+
+and its corporate symbol was
+B with the infinity sign.
+
+Material of a thousand uses.
+
+And this, normally, is--
+
+look at the elaborate
+art deco coffeepot.
+
+And this is all-- it's thermal
+insulated, and so on.
+
+These are all plumbing parts
+made out of bakelite, that
+
+previously would be made out of
+many pieces of metal that
+
+had to be machined and
+fashioned together.
+
+You could take bakelite powder,
+put it into a die,
+
+heat it, and out comes the part,
+finished, in one step.
+
+So this has a huge implication
+on productivity.
+
+But then, so now we start
+talking about substitution,
+
+making the cheap things, the
+piano keys, the fork here, and
+
+on and on and on.
+
+But then things that couldn't
+exist before.
+
+You know, the movie film.
+
+Look at the steering
+wheel here.
+
+There's the, that's indicating
+the lady's
+
+stocking, and so on.
+
+This is from Look
+magazine, 1940.
+
+People thought these things
+were just godsends.
+
+This is Synthetica.
+
+This is a country, and it's got
+the province of Cellulose,
+
+Petrolia, Castphenolic
+and so on.
+
+This is the 1960s.
+
+This is plastics, the
+future has arrived.
+
+It's at a museum in New York.
+
+You're looking at the interior
+of a home with furniture built
+
+in, and it's all plastic walls,
+and formed, and so on.
+
+I think maybe these guys were
+in a drug haze or something.
+
+Those are the windows.
+
+Maybe they thought those
+windows were square,
+
+rectilinear, I don't know.
+
+So this is going
+way overboard.
+
+And then let me show you
+a piece of iconic
+
+film from The Graduate.
+
+You'll see a young
+Dustin Hoffman.
+
+He's just come back from getting
+a bachelor's degree.
+
+So this could be you someday in
+the not too distant future.
+
+And he's at a party that
+his parents are
+
+throwing in his honor.
+
+[FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+-We're all so proud of you!
+
+Proud, proud, proud, proud,
+proud, proud.
+
+What are you going to do now?
+
+-I was going to go upstairs
+for a minute.
+
+-I mean with your future?
+
+Your life?
+
+'Well, that's a little
+hard to say.
+
+-Ben.
+
+-Excuse me.
+
+-Mr. McGuire?
+
+-Ben.
+
+-Mr. McGuire.
+
+-Come with me for a minute.
+
+PROFESSOR: See the lipstick?
+
+-I want to talk to you.
+
+Excuse us, Joanne.
+
+PROFESSOR: See, it's the '60s.
+
+They blow off the ladies.
+
+Now the men are going to talk.
+
+-I just want to say
+one word to you.
+
+Just one word.
+
+-Yes, sir?
+
+-Are you listening?
+
+-Yes, I am.
+
+-Plastics.
+
+-Exactly how do you mean?
+
+-There's a great future
+in plastics.
+
+Think about it.
+
+Will you think about it?
+
+-Yes, I will.
+
+-Enough said.
+
+That's a deal.
+
+[END FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So this was 1967, '68.
+
+So what's happened since
+then in plastics?
+
+Well, all of these other
+considerations about
+
+recyclability, environmental
+health and safety issues.
+
+In order to facilitate molding,
+when you want to mold
+
+the plastic, to get those bonds
+to loosen up a little
+
+bit, we use a chemical known
+as a plasticizer.
+
+It's a low molecular weight
+polymer that helps the--
+
+it's sort of the equivalent of
+putting a little bit of olive
+
+oil in with the pasta, to give
+it that freedom to move.
+
+And so this, then, when you sit
+in a new car, the new car
+
+smell is the smell of the
+plasticizer, which is still
+
+evaporating.
+
+And some of those plasticizers
+have molecular architectures
+
+that are similar to hormones
+in our bodies.
+
+And so it's not healthy for us
+to be breathing this stuff.
+
+So maybe the bright future that
+was talked about is not
+
+quite as bright as some people
+might have thought it to be.
+
+The other thing is--
+
+you know how I showed you
+the plumbing parts?
+
+Well, we started making
+all kinds of
+
+things out of polymers.
+
+As a child, I remember
+my father bringing
+
+me, one day, a shoe.
+
+The shoe was 100% man-made.
+
+It was all polymer.
+
+And we thought this was
+the coolest thing,
+
+because of all man-made.
+
+Of course, there was a
+complete reversal.
+
+People said, you know, your foot
+can't breathe, and this
+
+is a silly thing to have. But
+at the time, we started
+
+making-- and they were ugly.
+
+And you know, for me, if it's
+ugly, I don't want to wear
+
+something that's ugly.
+
+So what happened was, we started
+making all kinds of
+
+things out of polymers,
+or as the public
+
+knows them, as plastics.
+
+And by the mid-'70s, to call
+something plastic was to make
+
+a derogatory comment.
+
+It's plastic, it's cheap,
+it's shoddy.
+
+So you know, making silk
+stockings cheaper as nylon
+
+stockings was good.
+
+But if you get them too
+cheap, they're cheap.
+
+See?
+
+So there's an optimum there.
+
+And all of that went
+into play.
+
+By the way, how do we get
+the word plastic?
+
+It comes from the
+Greek plastikos.
+
+And same word as potter.
+
+So when you're working with
+clay, you're working with a
+
+plastic medium.
+
+It's deformable,
+it's malleable.
+
+There's Samuel Johnson "let
+Thy plastick hand." So all
+
+plastics are polymers, but not
+all polymers are plastics,
+
+because some polymers
+can't be deformed.
+
+If they're below their glass
+transition temperature,
+
+they're brittle solids.
+
+All right.
+
+So I've told you enough
+about concern.
+
+Let's look at recycling.
+
+In the United States right
+now, 100 billion pounds
+
+annually of polymer, 50 million
+tons of which 3 to 4
+
+million are recycled.
+
+It's a very low recycle rate.
+
+So this ends up in the waste.
+
+Contrast that to steel.
+
+Steel, we still make 80 million
+tons a year of virgin
+
+metal in the United States.
+
+It's still a world-class
+steel industry.
+
+You can bet it's world-class.
+
+With our wages and our high
+standards, if you're still in
+
+business making steel in
+the United States, you
+
+better be damn good.
+
+Very good.
+
+So 80 million tons virgin
+metal, 60 million tons
+
+recycled scrap.
+
+We recycle more steel per year
+from automobiles than we
+
+consume building new
+automobiles.
+
+It's a complete ecology.
+
+And compare that to aluminum.
+
+Aluminum, 4 million tons a year,
+1 million tons recycled.
+
+Very high rate on used
+beverage containers.
+
+But that's the exception.
+
+Because this was DFE, Designed
+For Environment.
+
+The alloy choices were made in
+order to facilitate recycling.
+
+So there were certain metals
+that were forbidden to go into
+
+the alloy because
+they would pose
+
+problems later in recycling.
+
+So there are many ways to get
+the same deep-drawing
+
+characteristics.
+
+You know, you make a beverage
+can out of a
+
+sheet, and you snap.
+
+Punch down, punch up, there's
+no seam on the bottom.
+
+This is made from a single
+sheet of metal.
+
+And then a second piece
+comes down on the top.
+
+And so this has only aluminum,
+silicon, and magnesium.
+
+You could choose other metals,
+but with aluminum, silicon,
+
+magnesium, it is recyclable.
+
+But aluminum ladders-- if you're
+building an airplane,
+
+let's say you're the chief
+purchasing agent for Boeing.
+
+And you've got a choice of
+aluminum scrap, which, you
+
+know, people might have thrown
+some old fishing weights with
+
+lead in there, and that's now
+contaminant in the aluminum.
+
+Or you're going to buy
+high-purity virgin metal, and
+
+you're going to bet the
+company's future.
+
+What are you going to buy?
+
+You're going to put recycled
+metal into an airplane.
+
+Have the thing fall
+out of the sky.
+
+No way.
+
+So you have to be careful.
+
+Those alloys, if you take the,
+I told you, the door off the
+
+1928 Model-T, and you put it
+on a 2010 Taurus, you can't
+
+take the wing off a DC-3
+and melt it down
+
+and put it on a 777.
+
+Because the top has an aluminum
+alloy with zinc, and
+
+in the bottom one has an
+aluminum alloy with copper.
+
+And if you co-melt those,
+you'll end up with
+
+intermetallics, and the
+alloy is unusable.
+
+So you have to separate them.
+
+Now it's not so simple.
+
+So before you go make
+pronouncements saying, yeah,
+
+recycling is great,
+think about it.
+
+Follow through.
+
+OK.
+
+If you find this interesting,
+and the impact that polymer
+
+had on American culture, this
+is a lovely book by Jeffrey
+
+Meikle on polymers
+and their use.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LYXIUtVzPAM.txt b/LYXIUtVzPAM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31006edb47f3ba95715902c879fb66518e610075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LYXIUtVzPAM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3095 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm going
+to get started.
+
+And after a couple of minutes
+there will be an announcement.
+
+So today's lecture
+will begin by looking
+
+at the singlet state
+for a few minutes,
+
+a couple of its properties.
+
+And then we go into this
+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
+
+argument.
+
+We'll talk about
+what they said, what
+
+they wanted to criticize
+quantum mechanics for.
+
+And then we'll go
+through the answer
+
+given by Bell that
+actually demonstrated
+
+that Einstein, Podolsky,
+and Rosen were wrong.
+
+And after we'll do
+those Bell inequalities,
+
+we'll close this chapter
+on quantum states of spins
+
+and begin our treatment
+of angular momentum.
+
+So I want to remind you
+of a couple of things.
+
+We've been discussing this
+so-called singlet state.
+
+Plus, minus.
+
+For the second particle,
+minus minus, plus.
+
+First and second particle.
+
+This state.
+
+A few things we've discovered
+about this state--you've been
+
+working with it.
+
+We calculated its z-component
+of total angular momentum,
+
+the angular momentum
+of the first particle
+
+and the second particle.
+
+And it was 0.
+
+The x-component was 0.
+
+This y-component is 0.
+
+In fact it doesn't have
+any total angular momentum.
+
+So this state is rotationally
+invariant, we say,
+
+because it doesn't
+have angular momentum.
+
+You did very fine
+in the homework
+
+that the state is in fact
+rotationally invariant.
+
+Now this state is a
+very interesting state.
+
+It's one of those
+entangled states
+
+that we discussed
+last time when we
+
+were talking about
+teleportation and Bell states.
+
+And apart from
+that, it's a state
+
+that is not hard to
+realize physically.
+
+In fact, it typically
+takes place, for example,
+
+in reactions in decays
+of certain particles.
+
+For example, pi 0 can
+decay into two photons.
+
+Then the two photos can be
+in the state of total angular
+
+momentum 0.
+
+But more precisely, since we're
+talking spin-1/2 particles,
+
+if you have a meson
+called an eta 0,
+
+it's a interacting particle
+of strong interactions.
+
+A meson decays rather quickly
+into a mu-plus plus a mu-minus.
+
+Actually it decays into
+other things as well.
+
+So it decays into two
+spin-1/2 particles.
+
+And this particle has
+0 angular momentum.
+
+It's a scalar.
+
+It's not spinning.
+
+And therefore, if
+these two particles
+
+go into a state of 0
+orbital angular momentum,
+
+conservation of angular
+momentum implies
+
+that these two particles are
+in the state of this form that
+
+has 0 spin angular momentum,
+total spin angular momentum.
+
+So the realization of an
+entangled state like that
+
+is fairly common
+and fairly easy.
+
+So you have a decay
+of this form and you
+
+get particles that are
+entangled this way.
+
+You showed that
+this state actually
+
+could be a written as one
+over square root of 2, n-plus,
+
+n-minus, 1, 2, minus
+n-minus, n-plus, 1, 2.
+
+Precisely because this
+invariant and the rotations,
+
+you could use instead of the
+plus-minus basis, any basis n.
+
+For any direction n,
+you have this state.
+
+Now we'll talk about
+the probability
+
+that is of interest to us.
+
+We'll write to this symbol,
+probability to get a plus,
+
+say, b plus.
+
+And this means that
+probability to get particle--
+
+let me see-- to find the
+first particle-- particle
+
+with spin along a so that
+this first particle to be
+
+in the state a plus.
+
+And the second
+particle-- particle
+
+will spin along-- along b.
+
+So in this state, b plus.
+
+Now that looks--
+this calculation
+
+of this probability-- So you're
+going to do some measurement.
+
+And you ask, what
+is the probability
+
+I find the first particle in
+this direction, second particle
+
+pointing in this direction?
+
+It may look like a somewhat
+non-trivial calculation.
+
+And it is.
+
+But if you use the fact
+this the state over
+
+there-- because we're asking for
+this probability on this state.
+
+We're going to be
+talking about this state.
+
+So if you put the state and you
+write the state in the form,
+
+you pick one of the
+two vectors, say, a.
+
+Well, the state is a-plus,
+a-minus, 1, 2, minus a-minus,
+
+a-plus.
+
+Because I could choose
+n to be anything.
+
+So might this well choose one
+of the two vectors to be a.
+
+And then you ask what
+is the probability
+
+to find first
+particle in this state
+
+and second particle
+in this state?
+
+Well, when somebody tells
+you, what is the probability
+
+to find a particle
+in a state, you
+
+put that state into--
+you sandwich your psi
+
+with that state.
+
+And this overlap, which is
+a number, you square it.
+
+So we're going to do
+the same thing here.
+
+So what is this probability?
+
+Probability to find
+a plus, b plus,
+
+would be the absolute value.
+
+And then we put here a
+plus in the first state.
+
+Tensor product, we could say.
+
+Well, b plus in
+the second state.
+
+And we should put-- because
+this is what we want to find,
+
+the state on the tensor
+product that we're looking for.
+
+And we put the psi here.
+
+So we must put the 1 over
+square root of 2 times
+
+the a-plus 1, a-minus 2,
+minus a-minus 1, a-plus 2.
+
+So [? overlap ?] time, well,
+we go 1 with 1, 2 with 2.
+
+So well, a-plus with
+a-plus will give me 1.
+
+b-plus with a-minus,
+I don't know.
+
+Second term, a-plus
+with a-minus gives me 0.
+
+So this term is irrelevant.
+
+I just need this.
+
+So the a-plus with
+the a-plus gives me 1.
+
+I have the 1 over
+square root of 2 here.
+
+And I must close
+this and square.
+
+I forgot to write that.
+
+So what is this probability?
+
+A-plus, b-plus is equal to-- the
+1 over square root becomes 1/2.
+
+And then all we have left
+is b-plus with a-minus.
+
+In the second state space, in
+the particle 2 state space,
+
+the label doesn't matter
+at the end of the day
+
+now that we've
+disentangled the 1 and 2.
+
+So it's b-plus a-minus.
+
+I don't have to
+write that it's 2, 2.
+
+Or you can write it.
+
+And it's this squared.
+
+So it's simplified a lot but
+not quite yet the answer.
+
+What we need here is the overlap
+between these two spin states.
+
+And I remind you that when
+you had any arbitrary spin
+
+states with n and n prime,
+long, long ago, homework three
+
+or four, something like
+that, you calculated
+
+the overlap between
+these two spin states.
+
+And the answer
+was that you would
+
+take cosine of
+1/2 of the angle--
+
+if there is an angle gamma.
+
+The overlap between
+the spin states
+
+squared was cosine
+squared of 1/2 the angle.
+
+So here we have the vector
+a, see, the vector b.
+
+Here is the vector
+a-minus, a-minus direction.
+
+And if we call this theta ab,
+this is pi minus theta ab.
+
+So this should be
+1/2 cos squared
+
+1/2 of pi minus theta ab.
+
+1/2 cosine square
+of half of the angle
+
+between the two
+relevant vectors.
+
+So this is cosine of pi
+over 2 minus theta over 2.
+
+That's sine squared
+of theta ab over 2.
+
+So here it is.
+
+It's our calculation
+of this thing.
+
+It's a neat formula that we're
+going to need later today.
+
+So one more comment
+before a little stop,
+
+if b is equal to minus a.
+
+Now in that case you should
+be in luck because precisely
+
+what's happening here
+is that if one spin is
+
+along the plus
+direction the other
+
+has to be along the minus
+direction, whichever
+
+you choose.
+
+So in order to have that a
+be in plus and b be in plus,
+
+well, this first
+term would do it.
+
+a is in plus, the
+first particle.
+
+Here, no.
+
+And b, which is minus
+a, would be in plus.
+
+So the probably should be 1/2.
+
+So if b is minus a, the angle
+theta ab is equal to pi.
+
+And the probability of
+ab is 1/2, correctly.
+
+And it's 1/2 because half
+of the cases a is in plus.
+
+The other cases, a is in minus.
+
+So the other case, for example,
+that could be interesting is,
+
+what is the probability
+that the first particle is
+
+in z-plus and the second
+particle is in x-plus?
+
+Well, these two vectors
+form 90 degrees.
+
+So you should have 1/2
+of the sine of half that.
+
+So that should give you 1/2 of
+the sine squared of pi over 4.
+
+And it's 1/2, then it's 1
+over square root of 2, that's
+
+another 1/2.
+
+So it's one quarter,
+for example.
+
+OK, I went long
+enough for a moment.
+
+There's an announcement
+that [? Preshanth ?] wants
+
+to make so please listen to him.
+
+[? PRESHANTH: Hi ?] I'm back
+for another announcement.
+
+So tonight, the MIT SPS
+is going to be holding
+
+its fall UROP
+lightning lectures.
+
+So if you don't have a UROP
+it's a great opportunity for you
+
+to come and see what other
+research your classmates are
+
+doing in physics.
+
+If you do have a UROP,
+I would encourage
+
+you to come as well because
+you can actually come and share
+
+your stories about the
+technical content of what
+
+you're doing in your UROP.
+
+It's 7:30 this evening
+in the PCR 8329.
+
+There will be free food,
+so please join us then.
+
+And see you all then.
+
+Thanks.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+All right.
+
+So, this was the introduction
+to what we really
+
+need to do today.
+
+So before we get started,
+are there any questions
+
+on what we've done so far?
+
+On these properties of
+this entangled state?
+
+So this is a measurement
+of an entangled state.
+
+These two particles could have
+flown away a big distance.
+
+Two observers, one tries to
+see what is the probability.
+
+The first observer
+sees the spine
+
+pointing in some direction.
+
+The other observer sees the spin
+pointing in another direction.
+
+It's a the natural
+question which
+
+can be done experimentally.
+
+And we've calculated
+that answer.
+
+Now so let's begin
+with this EPR story.
+
+Now, you've seen some of
+EPR last semester in 804.
+
+The only complication with
+that is that you really
+
+needed to have these mathematics
+to appreciate it completely.
+
+So this second
+look at EPR should
+
+be fairly complete in that we
+won't leave almost anything out
+
+of the story.
+
+There are many ways of doing
+EPR and essentially these Bell
+
+inequalities, which is the
+really non-trivial thing that
+
+comes after that.
+
+So some are in the
+homework, some elaborations.
+
+And probably in recitation
+later in the course
+
+we'll see a little more.
+
+But it all begins with a
+strange thing, the kind of thing
+
+that you wouldn't expect
+people in physics to discuss.
+
+And it's the point
+of this so-called--
+
+Einstein, Polosky, and
+Rosen wrote a paper.
+
+And they talked
+about local realism.
+
+Now, that sounds
+like philosophy.
+
+And for awhile people
+thought, well, this
+
+is interesting, but undecidable.
+
+Can't really do
+anything with it.
+
+So what is local realism?
+
+Now, again, not being
+exactly physics,
+
+it's not all that easy
+to say what it is.
+
+And people discussed that.
+
+But some notion of
+it is fairly clear.
+
+The notion is that this reflects
+something-- it's basically
+
+two assumptions about
+measurement results.
+
+So you measure something
+and obtain a number.
+
+And the first assumption,
+one, is that these measurement
+
+results correspond to
+some aspects of reality.
+
+Just said like that it
+seems a little funny.
+
+That you measure something,
+if get some numbers,
+
+because that was something
+real about this object,
+
+it had this property.
+
+And so measurement corresponds
+to some aspect of reality.
+
+So measurements-- assumptions
+about measurement results.
+
+So measurements.
+
+m, correspond to some
+aspect of reality.
+
+Two, the measurements that
+you do in you lab are not
+
+affected whatsoever
+by the measurements
+
+that somebody else is doing
+at the same time at the moon.
+
+There's no time
+for the information
+
+of what that result in the
+moon has given to reach you.
+
+So at that instant of time,
+what they are doing at the moon
+
+doesn't affect the result
+of your experiment.
+
+So it's measurement is
+independent of actions
+
+performed at a distant
+location at the same time.
+
+Now to Einstein and Polosky
+and Rosen-- but Einstein
+
+was very vocal-- Physics
+must satisfy that.
+
+It's kind of sad
+I think, actually.
+
+The person that managed to see
+through and discover how nature
+
+works at so many deep levels--
+the photoelectric effect,
+
+special relatively,
+general relativity--
+
+somehow became convinced
+that this had to be true.
+
+And unfortunately, he was wrong.
+
+Or fortunately, I guess.
+
+It's not worth trying
+to qualify that.
+
+But these two things that
+seem just so reasonable
+
+are just not true.
+
+This one, measurements
+correspond
+
+to some aspect of
+reality-- you see,
+
+you have a Stern-Gerlach
+apparatus, you throw a spin,
+
+it goes up.
+
+You say it ended
+up with spin up.
+
+Well, Einstein would say
+it always had spin up.
+
+It was a reality about that
+object, at it had spin up.
+
+You just didn't know.
+
+You did the experiment
+to you discovered it.
+
+So the thing that people
+try to do in order
+
+to understand this concept,
+that it corresponds to something
+
+having to do with
+the reality, is
+
+that you admit that
+half of the particles
+
+go up and half go down.
+
+But you say, actually,
+there's something
+
+about these particles
+you don't know.
+
+And if you knew that, you
+would just be able to tell.
+
+This is a particle
+that has spin up.
+
+And it will go up.
+
+But in quantum mechanics,
+we have abandoned that.
+
+We've said these particles here
+are a superposition of a state
+
+up and a state down.
+
+And there's nothing definitely
+up about this particle
+
+or definitely down.
+
+So the way people do
+this, to correspond
+
+to this aspect of reality
+that you don't know,
+
+is by introducing what is
+called hidden variables.
+
+Some things that
+allow you-- there's
+
+something hidden about this spin
+particle that you don't know.
+
+But if you knew it you
+would know exactly how
+
+it's going to come out through
+this Stern-Gerlach experiment.
+
+And you say, well, that
+sounds fairly untestable.
+
+But the fact is that it's not.
+
+Now, so this is
+implemented, this assumption
+
+is-- when people try to
+modify quantum mechanics,
+
+they use what is called
+hidden variables.
+
+Some things that you don't
+know about the particle,
+
+but if you knew, you would
+see that in fact this particle
+
+has spin up.
+
+This second is in some ways even
+more disturbing because we got
+
+accustomed to the
+idea that, locally,
+
+simultaneous things
+that cannot be reached--
+
+events that cannot talk to each
+other via the exchange of light
+
+cannot effect each other.
+
+So simultaneous things
+that's happened far away
+
+can't effect each other.
+
+So this also sounds
+very reasonable.
+
+But that's also wrong.
+
+And there's the obvious
+question, so if this is wrong,
+
+can you send information
+faster than the speed of light?
+
+And people looked at
+it in many, many ways.
+
+And it's very interesting.
+
+And we could discuss that.
+
+But it would take us
+long, so I will leave it
+
+to, maybe, the recitations,
+maybe other forums.
+
+But here, actually,
+there's no contradiction,
+
+no way of finding real
+information going faster
+
+than the speed of light,
+even though things
+
+far away at the same
+time can affect you.
+
+So two very
+interesting things that
+
+seemed very dangerous to discard
+but turned out to be wrong.
+
+So this is what EPR did.
+
+And they made some
+thought experiments
+
+that we're going to
+review to some degree
+
+and see if we can discard
+these assumptions.
+
+So that's what we're
+going to do now.
+
+We're going to try
+to understand that.
+
+Now, if you're interested in
+what hidden variables are,
+
+my discussion will not
+use hidden variables.
+
+Although they are
+kind of implicit,
+
+you will see, as I
+state some things.
+
+I'm basically going to be
+explicit on the fact that
+
+things, [? the ?] [? real ?]
+[? facts, ?] as Einstein would
+
+like you to think.
+
+And we'll try to see if those
+real qualities about particles
+
+get us in trouble.
+
+So let's begin and try to
+discuss this first experiment.
+
+You see observer one, Alice
+and Bob again, if you want.
+
+Alice is going to
+measure about the z-axis.
+
+Bob is going to measure
+about the z-axis.
+
+And therefore, if Alice finds
+spin up, Bob finds spin down.
+
+If Alice finds spin
+down, Bob finds spin up.
+
+And that's a correlation.
+
+And it's very interesting.
+
+But Einstein, Bell, and
+Polosky would say, look,
+
+it's not all that interesting.
+
+There's nothing all that
+mysterious happening here.
+
+EPR would says, the
+pairs that you've built,
+
+the so-called
+entangled pairs, are
+
+pairs of particles with
+definite spins-- spin
+
+directions, spin vectors.
+
+So what you have
+built, EPR would say,
+
+if you have here particle
+1 and particle 2--
+
+I'm going to list
+the properties.
+
+Suppose you have a
+particle 1, you've created.
+
+Einstein would say
+some particle 1s
+
+with spin up in z and particle
+2 with spin down in z.
+
+Or you've created particles
+1 with spin down in z
+
+and particle 2
+with spin up in z.
+
+And you've created [INAUDIBLE]
+50% of the particles
+
+are of this type, of the pairs.
+
+And 50% of the pairs
+are of this kind.
+
+So don't tell me all this
+superposition hocus pocus.
+
+Half of your pairs, one
+particle has spin up,
+
+one particle has spin down.
+
+The other 50% of your
+pairs, particle one is down,
+
+the other particle is up.
+
+No wonder they're correlated.
+
+You get plus, gets minus.
+
+Get minus, get plus.
+
+What is the probability
+that you get plus?
+
+50%.
+
+What is the probability
+you get minus?
+
+50%.
+
+Everything is reproduced.
+
+Mystery over.
+
+No quantum superpositions.
+
+OK?
+
+There's no mistake here.
+
+No mathematical mistake.
+
+You're saying that the
+particle has a definite spin.
+
+You maybe not know it.
+
+But we say, look,
+your particles in fact
+
+have a definite spin, z-plus
+and z-minus and those things.
+
+And this is where hidden
+variables would come along.
+
+You would say, well, if you
+have the particle 1, it's spin
+
+is a function of some hidden
+variable that you don't know.
+
+But if you knew
+it, you would know
+
+what the spin is because
+it has a definite spin.
+
+You don't know what is
+the hidden variable.
+
+But as a function of
+the hidden variable
+
+the spin is known, definite,
+not a superposition,
+
+nothing like that.
+
+It's a very aggressive
+attack on quantum mechanics
+
+and something that
+troubled people.
+
+And in fact fascinates
+people even up to now
+
+because the idea,
+these kind of things
+
+are really absolutely wrong.
+
+It's very shocking.
+
+Perhaps the second even more
+shocking because, by now
+
+may be you're accustomed
+to all kinds of variables
+
+that are a little more
+detached from reality.
+
+You have electromagnetic fields.
+
+And they forced you to
+learn about potentials
+
+that seem to be a
+little more abstract.
+
+And similarly here.
+
+So no problem at all.
+
+So people say, OK, this
+is a simple situation.
+
+But it may be that we're
+going to do more measurements.
+
+And we're going to consider two
+directions that are different.
+
+Maybe Alice has two
+Stern-Gerlach machines,
+
+one that measures about z
+and one the measures about x.
+
+And Bob has also to
+Stern-Gerlach machines,
+
+one of the measures about z
+and one that measures about x.
+
+And they are going to
+ask different questions.
+
+Because we know the
+spin, how it transforms.
+
+So getting those results
+right with two directions
+
+is going to be a little
+more interesting.
+
+So we're going to try measuring
+in two possible directions.
+
+Both A and B, Alice and Bob,
+can measure in two directions, z
+
+and x.
+
+And Einstein would say, look,
+you can measure in z and in x.
+
+To avoid confusion, let's not
+talk about one measurement
+
+after another.
+
+Particle comes, you measure
+in z or you measure in x.
+
+And realism says
+that you don't know
+
+what you will get because maybe
+there are hidden variables.
+
+But each particle
+has a definite answer
+
+if you ask what is the
+z direction of the spin
+
+and has a definite
+answer if you ask
+
+what is the x-component
+of the spin.
+
+Definite answers, real
+answers, realism again.
+
+So I'm going to
+label the particles.
+
+For example, this is a label
+for a particle z-plus, x-minus.
+
+This particle labeled
+like that would be such
+
+that if you measure its spin
+in the z direction, it's plus.
+
+If you measure the spin in
+the x direction, it's minus.
+
+So measured in z, it is up.
+
+Measured in x, it is down.
+
+These are the kind of particles
+that EPR would say exist.
+
+It's not that you
+got a particle out
+
+and it's in some
+strange entangled state.
+
+These particles are flying away.
+
+They're not talking
+to each other anymore.
+
+And this particle, since you
+can measure in two directions,
+
+there's some reality,
+and the measurements
+
+correspond to reality,
+so there are attributes.
+
+And this particle is classified
+by having these attributes.
+
+If you measure z, plus.
+
+If you measure x, minus.
+
+So how about this situation.
+
+Well, let me make a list now.
+
+Particles 1 and particle 2.
+
+And this would be the list
+that EPR would do for you.
+
+EPR comes along and says,
+look, here's what you're doing.
+
+Particle 1, suppose
+it's a z-plus, x-plus.
+
+Well, in your beams, actually,
+when particle 1 is that,
+
+your other particles
+are z-minus, x-minus.
+
+So if particle 1
+is of this type,
+
+particle 2 is of this type.
+
+That way, EPR protect themselves
+because they say, look,
+
+if you measure z-plus
+and you measure z-minus,
+
+you get correlation.
+
+If you get plus and plus,
+you get correlation as well.
+
+Now there can be particles
+in z-plus, x-minus.
+
+This will go with
+a z-minus, x-plus.
+
+There could be a
+particle z-minus, x-plus,
+
+and this as z-plus, x-minus.
+
+And there could be
+particle z-minus, x-minus,
+
+z-plus, x-plus.
+
+So there are four
+cases, four types
+
+of particles they say
+have been produced.
+
+And 25% of pairs
+are of this form.
+
+25% of pairs are of this,
+25 of this, and 25 of this.
+
+So you could ask some
+questions to EPR.
+
+What is the probability
+that you get z-plus for 1
+
+and z-minus on 2.
+
+Well, z-plus on 1,
+it's these two cases.
+
+And z-minus on 2,
+well, those two cases.
+
+So this is 50% of the times.
+
+So it's 1/2 that probability.
+
+It's correct.
+
+That's what we would predict
+from an entangled state
+
+viewpoint.
+
+But let's ask something mixed.
+
+Let's see if we get in trouble.
+
+P of z-plus on 1, and
+let's say x-plus on 2.
+
+Well, z-plus on 1 and
+x-plus on 2, that's not it.
+
+This case.
+
+z-plus on one, x-plus on 2.
+
+25% of the times, one 1/4.
+
+This was the probability
+we calculated.
+
+So you tried with one direction.
+
+You don't need quantum
+mechanics to produce a result.
+
+You try with two directions,
+you don't need quantum mechanics
+
+to get the result.
+
+So people got stuck and
+they said, well, maybe it's
+
+undecidable.
+
+Maybe this is philosophy.
+
+Maybe this is something.
+
+And people had to wait for Bell.
+
+He said I'm going to
+try three directions.
+
+Now, three directions
+makes a big difference.
+
+This is the first time
+it really goes wrong.
+
+So it's kind of surprising,
+perhaps, at some level.
+
+But this is subtle stuff.
+
+So it takes a while before
+you find something wrong.
+
+You're talking about
+showing Einstein it's wrong,
+
+so that's not so easy.
+
+So three directions.
+
+So particles are going to be
+of types-- EPR would say, look,
+
+I'm going to use
+the same strategy.
+
+I'm going to say that particles
+have three attributes now.
+
+They're all physical.
+
+They correspond to reality.
+
+Because if you measure in
+either of three directions,
+
+they have to have
+an answer for that.
+
+So here's a label
+for a particle.
+
+And for example,
+a-plus, b-minus, c-plus.
+
+So if you measure, it would
+give spin in a direction
+
+plus h bar over 2.
+
+Spin in the b direction minus--
+well, in the b direction
+
+would give you
+minus h bar over 2.
+
+Spin in the c direction would
+give you plus h bar over 2 .
+
+So we're not measuring
+simultaneously.
+
+We're just asking, well,
+you take a particle,
+
+do a measurement,
+and see what you get.
+
+And we're always going to
+be asking for probabilities
+
+of this kind, probably that the
+first particle is doing this
+
+and the second is doing that.
+
+Well, EPR would start
+now with particles
+
+again, particle 1, particle 2.
+
+And populations.
+
+So let's list quickly
+the particles.
+
+a-plus, b-plus, c-plus.
+
+Then you will go
+a-plus, b-plus, c-minus.
+
+Then you've done the
+c-plus, c-minus here.
+
+You go for two more.
+
+A-plus, b-minus, c-plus.
+
+a-plus, b-minus, c-minus.
+
+I was supposed to
+fit four more there.
+
+Can I?
+
+Well, I will try. a-minus.
+
+Now you've done all
+the four a-pluses
+
+so you need four a-minuses.
+
+Then you have b-plus, b-plus,
+b-minus, b-minus, c-plus,
+
+c-minus, c-plus, c-minus.
+
+I got all, I think.
+
+And particle two of
+course is correlated.
+
+You would say, well, I
+don't need to write it.
+
+But it helps seeing what's going
+on so I'll write it. a-minus,
+
+b-minus, c-minus,
+a-minus, b-minus,
+
+c-plus, a-minus-- let's use
+bars here-- a-minus, b-plus,
+
+c-minus, a-minus, b-plus,
+c-plus, a-plus, b-minus,
+
+c-minus, a-plus, b-minus,
+c-plus, a-plus, b-plus,
+
+c-minus, a-plus, b-minus,
+c-- this one is minus
+
+so it's plus here.
+
+We're done.
+
+Lots of labels.
+
+And you could say,
+well, maybe you
+
+want to put 1/8 in each of them.
+
+But actually the argument
+is more interesting.
+
+It doesn't need you have
+to try to put fractions.
+
+So let's consider that there's
+a total number of particles
+
+N, which is N1 plus up to N8.
+
+And here are N1 of this,
+N2 of this, N3 of this,
+
+N4 of this, N5, N6, N7, and N8.
+
+Let's see how--
+
+All right, so we have that.
+
+Well, it takes
+imagination to see
+
+how you're going to run
+into some contradiction.
+
+So what is the basis
+for the contradiction?
+
+Somehow this formula, which
+is really quantum mechanical
+
+must eventually go wrong
+with all these attempts
+
+to deny that the world
+is quantum mechanical.
+
+So we could split again those
+particles into equal fractions.
+
+But there's no need to do that.
+
+And it's clearer if you don't.
+
+So you try to combine the three
+directions into one equation.
+
+So one way to do that
+would be to say, OK,
+
+what is the probability that
+you get a-plus and b-plus?
+
+So this is for the
+particle number 1.
+
+And this is particle number 2.
+
+So then you must
+look at the table
+
+and say which one's do that.
+
+Well, you need
+a-plus in the first
+
+so it's one of the
+first four rows.
+
+And b-plus in the second.
+
+So actually, it's these two
+cases, N3 and N4, over N.
+
+We want to involve
+three directions.
+
+So let's go for another one.
+
+P of a-plus with c-plus.
+
+Let's see how much is that.
+
+Again, this is for
+the first particle.
+
+This is for the second particle.
+
+So I must look at
+the first four rows.
+
+And see that you have an a-plus.
+
+First part is in a-plus
+for the first four rows.
+
+But the second
+should be in c-plus
+
+and that is cases N2 and N4.
+
+So we get N2 plus
+N4 here over N.
+
+Well, we've involved
+this a with b, a with c.
+
+How about involving b with c?
+
+So I'll put c-plus,
+b-plus, for example.
+
+OK c-plus, b-plus.
+
+I must look at c-pluses,
+and b-pluses, no.
+
+C-plus and b-plus, yes.
+
+N3 is there, which is good
+because it already was there.
+
+And which else?
+
+c-plus and b-plus.
+
+c-plus, no.
+
+c-plus here b-plus, yes.
+
+N7.
+
+Now N3 plus N4 is less than
+N3 plus N7 plus N4 plus N2.
+
+You see you have N3 and N4.
+
+And now I add whatever
+N7 and N2 are.
+
+And that's then an
+inequality because it's
+
+going to be more cases.
+
+Now I divide by N. So
+you obtain an inequality
+
+that P of a-plus,
+b-plus is less than
+
+or equal than N3 plus
+N7 and N4 plus N2.
+
+I'll right the second
+first, P of a-plus, c-plus
+
+plus P of c-plus, b-plus.
+
+So I didn't put specific
+populations 1/3, 1/4.
+
+But in general whatever
+populations you choose,
+
+this inequality must hold.
+
+So that's the more
+clever strategy.
+
+Because suppose you
+choose some populations
+
+and you don't get
+in trouble, well,
+
+maybe with some
+other populations
+
+you would get in trouble.
+
+Maybe it's not so easy to
+get the relative factors.
+
+So here is something
+that must be
+
+true whatever
+populations you choose.
+
+And now that is
+Bell's inequality.
+
+So the achievement
+of Bell is to somehow
+
+translate this assumption of
+realism into an inequality.
+
+And now quantum mechanics has
+a formula for these things,
+
+for this probability.
+
+So we can test
+whether this is true.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+This is the so-called
+Bell inequality.
+
+So if quantum mechanics is
+true, the following should hold.
+
+Let's see that.
+
+If QM is true,
+well, there should
+
+be a problem with
+this inequality.
+
+So let's see what happens.
+
+Let's see if it's
+true, this inequality.
+
+Is it really true?
+
+Well, the left
+hand side would be,
+
+given the formula
+that we had, 1/2
+
+of the sine squared
+of theta ab over 2.
+
+So let me just
+emphasize, this was
+
+derived using local realism.
+
+Local realism gives that.
+
+So you do the experiment,
+get these probabilities.
+
+And if realism is
+true, this should hold.
+
+Let's see what quantum
+mechanics has to say.
+
+Let's plug-in the values that
+you get from quantum mechanics.
+
+Now we calculated
+this probability.
+
+We put the first term.
+
+Here is sine squared of
+theta ac over 2 and 1/2
+
+of sine squared theta bc over 2.
+
+So does that work?
+
+Does that always work?
+
+Can I orient this axis in
+such a way to disprove EPR?
+
+And in fact, it turns out
+to be quite easy to do that.
+
+So you choose three
+vectors like this.
+
+ac, bc, so c here, a here,
+and b here, I believe.
+
+Yep.
+
+So put an angle theta here.
+
+An angle theta here.
+
+And then what do you have?
+
+Theta ab would be 2 theta.
+
+Theta ac would be equal to
+theta bc equal to theta.
+
+That's a pretty nice
+simple choice of angles.
+
+If you choose these
+angles now, let's
+
+see what happens
+with our inequality.
+
+So you get 1/2 sine squared
+theta ab over 2 would be theta.
+
+Is it less than
+or equal to this?
+
+Well, these two become the same.
+
+So you get sine squared
+of theta over 2.
+
+Violated or not violated?
+
+Is it true or false,
+this, for all theta?
+
+What do you say?
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: If theta is less
+than pi, that's not true.
+
+PROFESSOR: Close.
+
+It's not true for a small theta.
+
+So if you're this, and
+you're desperate to know,
+
+the thing you have
+to do is assume
+
+theta is very, very small.
+
+See if you get in trouble.
+
+How much is this?
+
+1/2 theta squared.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Half of this one?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And how much is this?
+
+This is theta squared over 4.
+
+Sorry, I was not seeing it.
+
+Sine theta for small
+theta is roughly theta.
+
+So here is theta over 2 squared.
+
+But here is 1/2 theta squared.
+
+And it's false.
+
+The 1/2 theta squared
+is not smaller
+
+than one quarter theta squared.
+
+And in fact, for
+theta equal pi over 2,
+
+I think this is an equality.
+
+Because theta equal
+pi over 2, you
+
+get on the left hand
+side 1/2 less than
+
+or equal than sine of 45
+degrees, which is correct.
+
+So it's an equality
+of pi over 2.
+
+Fails below.
+
+So it was a shock.
+
+That if you could do an
+experiment in quantum mechanics
+
+and experiment with correlated,
+entangled particles,
+
+that you could to measure
+these probabilities,
+
+these correlations.
+
+And you would obtain a result
+that actually contradicts
+
+for certain alignments
+of your experiments
+
+the assumptions
+of local realism.
+
+So it was a great
+result of Bell to show
+
+that quantum mechanics
+is in contradiction
+
+with local realism.
+
+There's no way to keep the
+ideas of quantum mechanics
+
+and put hidden
+variables and assume
+
+that there's real
+values for things
+
+and that there's no
+effect at a distance.
+
+It would all be contradicted
+by an experiment.
+
+That was done later and
+the definite version
+
+of the experiments
+around 1980 or '82
+
+by Alan Aspect and others.
+
+Very clever experiments worth
+reading and understanding.
+
+But confirmed that the
+quantum mechanical result
+
+is really true by
+measuring correlated pairs.
+
+And this inequality is violated.
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: So what about
+David Bohm's theory
+
+of hidden variables
+quantum mechanics?
+
+So--
+
+PROFESSOR: David
+Bohm's theory of what?
+
+STUDENT: His hidden variable
+quantum mechanics theory
+
+allegedly reproduces the same
+results as quantum mechanics
+
+but it's still a hidden
+variables theory.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't think there's
+any hidden variable theory that
+
+works.
+
+David Bohm, I
+think, actually was
+
+credited by rewriting EPR,
+who essentially talked
+
+about position and momenta
+to talk about spins.
+
+And he might have been
+the first one that
+
+began to try to do
+hidden variable theory.
+
+But no hidden variable
+theory works at this moment.
+
+And this shows it.
+
+So people say that
+actually this assumes
+
+that there's local
+hidden variable theories
+
+and there's non-local
+hidden variable
+
+theories and all kinds
+of strange things.
+
+But it's more and
+more unnatural.
+
+So it doesn't seem to do
+something very interesting.
+
+Yes, there are many questions.
+
+Aaron, maybe you want
+to say something.
+
+STUDENT: Let's see, I think Bohm
+has a non-local hidden variable
+
+theory solution.
+
+It's kind of awful looking.
+
+But I guess violates the
+second principle rather than
+
+the first one.
+
+It also doesn't extend
+to-- this doesn't really
+
+work for everything.
+
+We don't know how to make it
+work for a spin-1/2 particle
+
+to find [? a dimension. ?] So
+[INTERPOSING VOICES] really
+
+believe to be a true theory
+of [? equivalence. ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+More questions.
+
+Steve?
+
+STUDENT: In the case with EPR,
+is it a problem that we can
+
+have scenarios where the spin
+is greater than a spin-1/2
+
+particle would have?
+
+If we had the state
+a-plus, b-plus, c-plus,
+
+we would have 3 h bar over 2?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+The statement that
+is done here is not
+
+that-- well, this is a
+label for a particle.
+
+EPR just assumed
+that if you measured
+
+a you would be able to get this.
+
+If you measure along
+b, you would get this.
+
+And if you measured along
+c, you would get this.
+
+So this is a single particle.
+
+Any measurement gives some
+results this side of the list.
+
+There's no sense in
+which these are added.
+
+STUDENT: But even when you
+measure one or the other,
+
+the other values still exist
+for those measurements.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+I believe there's
+
+no need to discuss that.
+
+So they don't talk
+about the statement
+
+of doing subsequent measurements
+within this statement.
+
+You just take this
+particle and you decide.
+
+You measure a or
+measure b or measure c.
+
+You don't try to
+measure simultaneously.
+
+You don't try to measure
+one after another.
+
+You just do one measurement.
+
+And that already, which
+is the minimum you can do,
+
+gets you in trouble.
+
+So I'm not sure how EPR would
+phrase subsequent measurements
+
+after they've done
+the first measurement
+
+or things like that.
+
+But they're not
+necessary for this stage.
+
+OK, so look, it's a
+very interesting thing.
+
+There's lots to discuss here,
+but it's best if you read it.
+
+James had a question.
+
+Just let's take
+one quick question.
+
+STUDENT: I was just wondering
+if there was any other extension
+
+beyond three directions
+for Bell's inequalities.
+
+Is there a N-direction
+of Bell's inequalities
+
+or some type of form of it?
+
+Or is there [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: There are other
+forms of Bell inequalities.
+
+I'm not sure if it's
+popular with four
+
+directions or anything.
+
+But certainly Weinberg, for
+example, discuss other ways.
+
+There are alternative
+ways to phrase it.
+
+I've talked about
+here probabilities
+
+to observe results.
+
+There is a more,
+perhaps, [? common ?] way
+
+talking about expectation
+values or correlation functions.
+
+This is something you'll
+do in the homework.
+
+The sort of game that is
+done in the homework that
+
+was a suggestion by Aaron
+to put it in the homework--
+
+this game in which with quantum
+strategy and entangled pair
+
+you beat the system-- is yet
+another formulation of the Bell
+
+inequalities as well.
+
+So lot to do.
+
+But I think it's better
+now that we stop and talked
+
+about angular momentum from now
+until the end of the semester.
+
+This was about spins,
+but we now have
+
+to put together angular
+momentum which is orbital
+
+and spin and all
+the various kinds.
+
+So we'll begin with
+angular momentum.
+
+So there are notes
+on the web on that
+
+that I wrote and modified
+a little this time.
+
+And lots of little exercises.
+
+So what I want to
+do now is guide you
+
+through the things that
+happen there so that you
+
+get a view of what
+we're going to do.
+
+We're going to work with this
+thing in a elegant way using
+
+vector notation for
+operators is going
+
+to help us understand
+things better.
+
+So we've seen angular
+momentum before.
+
+And let me summarize simple
+things that we know about it.
+
+If you have angular momentum,
+and let's begin with orbital.
+
+This is what we have when we
+take Lx to be y Pz minus z Py.
+
+Ly equals z Px minus x Pz.
+
+And Lz to be equal
+to x Py minus y Pz.
+
+These are the angular momentum,
+orbital angular momentum
+
+operators.
+
+Now, it's better for
+many things to use labels
+
+like x, y, and z,
+those operators.
+
+Call them x1 hat,
+x2 hat, x3 hat.
+
+And Px, Py, Pz, P1, P2, P3.
+
+In that way you can write
+commutation relations like xi,
+
+Pj equal i h bar delta ij.
+
+xi with xj equal
+pi with pj equal 0.
+
+So it allows you to write
+things more quickly.
+
+In fact, the angular
+momentum operators
+
+become also a little simpler.
+
+It's sort of x2 P3 minus x3 P2.
+
+And you'll have the x,
+y, z labels and all that.
+
+So we want to use
+vector notation.
+
+Now, vector notation, you
+can do it in two ways.
+
+You can talk about triplets.
+
+Those are vectors.
+
+Or you can form the
+vectors themselves.
+
+Now if you form the
+vectors, you get
+
+objects that sometimes are
+a little disconcerting.
+
+But we try that they not be so.
+
+So here is the r
+vector operator.
+
+You could think of it as
+the triplet of x, y, and z.
+
+But let's call it like this,
+x thing times the first basis
+
+vector plus y operator times
+the second basis vector
+
+plus z operator times
+the third basis vector.
+
+And we've done things like that.
+
+And we understand that
+these basis vectors really
+
+don't talk with these operators.
+
+They can be moved
+across each other.
+
+The basis vectors
+are things that
+
+help you write
+expressions, rather,
+
+at talking about triplets.
+
+Same thing for momentum.
+
+Let's do it this way.
+
+P1 e1 plus P2 e2 plus P3 e3.
+
+And finally, well, angular
+momentum, the vector operator--
+
+you've done a lot of the
+angular momentum vector operator
+
+for spin.
+
+So here you would put Lx or
+L1 e1 plus L2 e2 plus L3 e3.
+
+So those are ways
+to write equations
+
+that carry all the operators
+and treat them as vectors, even
+
+though they're operators.
+
+So they're unusual vectors.
+
+They're vectors whose components
+are operators, are not numbers.
+
+So the obvious question
+is, what changes then?
+
+So we're going to define
+dot product and cross
+
+products as we had before.
+
+But we have to be a little aware
+that when we write these things
+
+we could make a mistake
+unless we're not careful.
+
+So here are two
+vector operators.
+
+What is the dot product of
+these two vector operators?
+
+Well, you know it's supposed to
+be the first component of this
+
+and the first component of that,
+second second, third third.
+
+So it should be ai bi, summed.
+
+Repeated in this is
+our [? summed. ?]
+
+Now, I should not write
+bi ai with a reverse order
+
+because this thing, the
+components, are now operators.
+
+And maybe they don't commute.
+
+So I've defined this once
+and for all to be this.
+
+And a cross b, the i-th
+component of this thing
+
+is going to be defined
+once and for all
+
+to be epsilon ijk aj bk.
+
+Definition.
+
+The a to the left of the b.
+
+And with this, we can
+check our usual rules
+
+of manipulation of operators.
+
+So one more definition.
+
+a squared is going to be aa,
+and it's going to be ai ai.
+
+Simplest calculation is a
+dot b equals to b dot a.
+
+Yes or not?
+
+No, they're operators.
+
+So let's calculate
+the difference.
+
+Let's get a little practice
+calculating differences.
+
+So I write a dot b is
+equal to ai bi, its sum.
+
+So then I say, that's
+ai bi plus bi ai.
+
+You see the commutator
+is ai bi minus bi ai.
+
+And I add it back.
+
+But this thing,
+bi ai is b dot a.
+
+So here I've got a formula.
+
+a dot b is equal, actually, to
+b dot a plus this commutator,
+
+ai bi.
+
+And now you've got a new formula
+for operator vector analysis.
+
+a dot b and b dot
+a are not the same
+
+but they differ by this thing.
+
+And a very important corollary,
+very famous corollary,
+
+what is r dot p?
+
+Is it the same as p dot r?
+
+If you're working
+quantum mechanics
+
+you maybe tempted to, oh r dot
+p and p dot r are the same,
+
+but r and p don't commute,
+so what is the difference?
+
+R dot p is equal to
+p dot r plus xi pi.
+
+And how much is that?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Sorry?
+
+STUDENT: i h bar.
+
+PROFESSOR: i h bar?
+
+STUDENT: 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: 3 i h bar.
+
+Yes, don't forget the sum.
+
+This is supposed to be summed.
+
+So it says x1 commutative,
+p1, x2 going to 3 i h bar.
+
+So here's a famous formula.
+
+rp differs from pr plus three h
+bar i-- i h bar, people write.
+
+i h bar.
+
+Another formula that you
+would be curious to know.
+
+Well, the dot product was
+supposed to be symmetric.
+
+It's not.
+
+The cross product is
+supposed to be antisymmetric.
+
+Is it or not?
+
+a cross b sub i is equal
+to epsilon ijk aj bk.
+
+What do I do next?
+
+I want to move the
+a and b's around.
+
+So I'm going to replace
+this by a commutator
+
+plus the other ordering, ijk.
+
+And I put here-- well, this
+would be a parentheses-- aj bk
+
+commutator plus bk aj.
+
+Now, what do we get?
+
+Well, you have to look
+at the second term.
+
+Let's put the first term here
+because that's-- pretty much,
+
+we're not going to be
+able to do much with it.
+
+aj bk.
+
+And the first term, I
+would write it like this.
+
+Minus epsilon, flip
+these two, ikj bk aj.
+
+If you do it like
+that, then it sort of
+
+fits nicely with the definition
+of the cross product.
+
+Because in the cross product,
+the first label those here,
+
+the second label goes with the
+last labeled of the epsilon.
+
+So this thing is
+minus b cross a.
+
+And that was a cross b.
+
+Plus epsilon ijk aj bk.
+
+So that's your formula for
+of how the cross product.
+
+Now fails to be antisymmetric.
+
+It's not necessarily
+antisymmetric
+
+unless you're lucky.
+
+So here is a property that
+you should try to think about.
+
+How about r cross r?
+
+Is it 0 or not 0?
+
+r cross r.
+
+You could say,
+what can I do here?
+
+Well, r cross r
+minus r cross r--
+
+two r across r's should
+be equal to this.
+
+But both components are x's.
+
+So r cross r is 0.
+
+p cross p, that's also 0.
+
+And therefore, say,
+L cross L, is it 0?
+
+Maybe.
+
+Is that right?
+
+No.
+
+L cross L, we'll see
+it a little later,
+
+but it's not 0 because one L
+with another L don't commute.
+
+Lights, high.
+
+OK.
+
+So L cross L is actually not
+0 because this thing is not 0.
+
+We'll talk about
+it a little later.
+
+But actually this is
+a very famous one.
+
+L cross L is proportional
+to L with an h bar.
+
+It's a lovely formula.
+
+So another interesting thing.
+
+Well, what is r cross p?
+
+r cross p, from this formula
+we would minus p cross r.
+
+And how about the other term?
+
+Is it 0 or not 0?
+
+Is r cross p equal to minus
+p cross r, or does that fail?
+
+Well, r and p don't commute.
+
+Actually this formula--
+I should have-- somebody
+
+should have complained.
+
+This should be the i-th
+component, the i-th component,
+
+and here is the i-th component.
+
+So i-th component
+the i-th component.
+
+But then let's look at here.
+
+Epsilon ijk xj pk.
+
+But xj and pk is
+i h bar delta jk.
+
+Now, this delta jk is symmetric.
+
+This is antisymmetric.
+
+You should get accustomed
+to the idea that that is 0.
+
+If this is antisymmetric and
+this is symmetric, this is 0.
+
+Let me do it one more time.
+
+Maybe this is not
+completely obvious.
+
+But epsilon ijk delta jk.
+
+The intuition is also obvious.
+
+Epsilon must have the
+three numbers different
+
+and this forces
+them to be the same.
+
+But it's more general.
+
+If this is antisymmetric
+and this is symmetric,
+
+they should be 0.
+
+And the way you do that is
+you say relabel j and k.
+
+Whatever was called j call it k.
+
+Whatever was called k call it j.
+
+So this is epsilon ikj delta kj.
+
+And then we use the
+symmetry properties.
+
+So when you exchange this
+back you get a minus sign when
+
+you exchange this back
+you don't get a sign.
+
+So minus ijk delta jk.
+
+So you have shown that this
+thing is equal to minus itself.
+
+And therefore it's 0.
+
+Something that's equal
+to minus itself is 0.
+
+So this is 0.
+
+And you've got that r cross
+p is really minus p cross r.
+
+And that's what we call the
+angular momentum, r cross p.
+
+But now you know that it's
+also equal to minus p cross r.
+
+Let's see, one other
+one, for example,
+
+that is classically true.
+
+Let's see if it's quantum
+mechanically true.
+
+r dot L. The angular
+momentum L is supposed
+
+to be perpendicular
+to r and perpendicular
+
+to p because this is
+the cross product.
+
+Is that true quantum
+mechanically or not true?
+
+Well, maybe I didn't say--
+well, we said L is r cross p.
+
+So this is r dot r cross p.
+
+So this would be ri times
+epsilon ijk-- no, x-- xj pk.
+
+So what is this?
+
+It's epsilon ijk xi xj pk.
+
+Well, this is 0 because these
+two x's are operators but they
+
+commute.
+
+Therefore this object is
+symmetrical in i and j.
+
+This is antisymmetric.
+
+This is 0.
+
+So r dot L is actually 0.
+
+How about p dot L.
+Well, there's two ways
+
+of doing that, one that
+looks pretty obvious,
+
+one that looks a little harder.
+
+Let's do the one that
+looks a little harder.
+
+This would be pi
+epsilon ijk xj pk.
+
+So here is the temptation.
+
+Must be 0.
+
+Because there is a pi pk.
+
+Symmetric in i and k.
+
+And here's antisymmetric
+in i and k.
+
+But it's this wrong.
+
+These are not
+obviously symmetric
+
+unless you can move them across.
+
+And there's an x in the
+middle laughing at you
+
+and saying, beware.
+
+This could go wrong.
+
+So you have to be a
+little more careful.
+
+So let's be careful.
+
+ijk and you put pi xj
+pk, all our operators.
+
+But pi with xj the commutator
+would be a delta ij and that
+
+vanishes.
+
+So this p actually can be moved
+across the x and therefore show
+
+that the p is on the other side.
+
+Because the epsilon is there.
+
+So it's a lucky thing.
+
+So pi xj pk is not
+symmetrical in i and k.
+
+But if there's an epsilon,
+you're in better shape.
+
+So here the p can be
+moved. ijk xj pi pk.
+
+And now nobody can stop you
+from saying this is symmetric.
+
+They're next to each other, they
+can be moved across each other.
+
+It's really
+symmetric in i and k.
+
+And therefore i and k
+antisymmetric, this is 0.
+
+p dot L is equal to 0 as well.
+
+So this was a
+little bit hard way.
+
+If you had to used that L is
+actually equal to p cross r,
+
+then the p would have been next
+to the p from the beginning.
+
+And you would have
+saved a little time.
+
+The same time that it
+took you to realize
+
+that this equality is true.
+
+So those are true equalities.
+
+p dot L is 0.
+
+And it's also equal to L dot p.
+
+It's not obvious
+that L and p commute.
+
+But in this case L dot p is 0.
+
+If you use this formula
+for L, it's obvious.
+
+r dot L is 0.
+
+It's also equal to L dot r.
+
+Doesn't make a difference.
+
+It's also true as well.
+
+So that's roughly what goes on.
+
+Look, I would like you
+to just read those pages.
+
+It's a continuation of this.
+
+It's about eight pages.
+
+I leave exercises to be done.
+
+That's in the homework.
+
+They're of this type,
+playing with it.
+
+And this is a good thing that
+you get accustomed to it.
+
+And the material
+that you need just
+
+for the last problem
+of the homework
+
+will be covered on Monday.
+
+And we can talk about it
+in recitation tomorrow.
+
+So that's it for today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lac4liQeHEQ.txt b/Lac4liQeHEQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6f6601fda25da9494c68422719f99f13a53ff73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lac4liQeHEQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12750 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
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+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+
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+opencourseware continue to offer high
+ 
+
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+opencourseware continue to offer high
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+
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+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+we've now looked we did case studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now looked we did case studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now looked we did case studies of
+five cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cities
+it was referenced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the 19th century primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century primarily
+now they dealt with similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they dealt with similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they dealt with similar
+fundamentals of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts
+before we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any comparisons that strike you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+london paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london paris
+barcelona vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcelona vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcelona vienna
+and chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think it's interesting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's interesting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's interesting with
+paris indiana how the interventions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paris indiana how the interventions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paris indiana how the interventions were
+in the end you know more integrated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you know more integrated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you know more integrated into
+and sort of on top of what was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of on top of what was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of on top of what was there
+before whereas chicago was all new in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before whereas chicago was all new in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before whereas chicago was all new in
+barcelona you have the medieval city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcelona you have the medieval city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcelona you have the medieval city and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan
+as to completely separate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to completely separate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to completely separate yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the serda model as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serda model as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serda model as i
+argued is probably the most conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued is probably the most conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued is probably the most conventional
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you
+leave the center of the city and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the center of the city and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the center of the city and its
+walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls
+well you take down the walls because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you take down the walls because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you take down the walls because
+everybody took down the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the taking down of the walls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taking down of the walls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taking down of the walls in
+barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcelona
+was before sardar's competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before sardar's competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before sardar's competition
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it was really moving the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really moving the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really moving the direction of
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+but the scale of cell does expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the scale of cell does expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the scale of cell does expansion
+plan is phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is phenomenal
+how it is that the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modest city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would undertake such an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would undertake such an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would undertake such an enormous
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+under such a rigid control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under such a rigid control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under such a rigid control
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+it puts barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it puts barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it puts barcelona
+in a category almost almost all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a category almost almost all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a category almost almost all of its
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+chicago's expansion was from 18th city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicago's expansion was from 18th city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicago's expansion was from 18th city
+onwards he built a house he built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards he built a house he built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards he built a house he built
+another house he built another house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another house he built another house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another house he built another house
+there was no city involvement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no city involvement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no city involvement in the
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+of chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chicago
+it was purely a market-driven phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but was it the grid where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was it the grid where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was it the grid where you could
+build that house already established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that house already established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that house already established
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+the government division of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we don't i don't know the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't i don't know the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't i don't know the history
+well enough to know what is government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough to know what is government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough to know what is government
+subdivision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+attractive land which is developed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive land which is developed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive land which is developed by a
+developer often according to its the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer often according to its the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer often according to its the
+weakness of chicago's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of chicago's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of chicago's
+governance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance
+is significant in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significant in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significant in the history
+it separates it out completely from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it separates it out completely from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it separates it out completely from the
+other cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities
+european urban control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european urban control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european urban control
+is a much sigma more significant than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much sigma more significant than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much sigma more significant than
+american urban control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american urban control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american urban control
+konzin has argued that the american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+konzin has argued that the american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+konzin has argued that the american
+layout often was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout often was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout often was
+included larger pieces of land than was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included larger pieces of land than was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included larger pieces of land than was
+required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this he argued was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he argued was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he argued was a
+was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good
+was a good investment in that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good investment in that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good investment in that you could
+then double up or expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then double up or expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then double up or expand
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seeing only half the lot was built you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing only half the lot was built you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing only half the lot was built you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+double up the density for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double up the density for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double up the density for instance
+i did a studio project many years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a studio project many years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a studio project many years ago
+year in cambridge port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in cambridge port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in cambridge port
+where i argued that one could densify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i argued that one could densify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i argued that one could densify it
+without changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the
+existing buildings but there was enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing buildings but there was enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing buildings but there was enough
+space to do new innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any
+the reality of the situation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality of the situation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality of the situation is that
+cambridge port is absolutely resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge port is absolutely resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge port is absolutely resistant
+to any plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any plan
+which densifies its area for one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which densifies its area for one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which densifies its area for one reason
+mainly automobile traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you cannot you cannot in newton in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot you cannot in newton in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot you cannot in newton in you
+cannot in newton if you have built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot in newton if you have built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot in newton if you have built
+yourself a palace in heaven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a palace in heaven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a palace in heaven
+half a another lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a another lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a another lot
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+you cannot even rent out another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot even rent out another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot even rent out another
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+for because of the fear of an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because of the fear of an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because of the fear of an increase
+in density of water wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in density of water wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in density of water wheels
+but that is changing right now i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is changing right now i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is changing right now i mean
+slowly but the fight over laneway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but the fight over laneway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but the fight over laneway
+housing they're calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing they're calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing they're calling it
+yeah it may over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know whether ownership of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know whether ownership of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know whether ownership of
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+sets up a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up a greater
+lack of indulgence in change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of indulgence in change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of indulgence in change
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pulmon illinois was an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulmon illinois was an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulmon illinois was an example of
+him not wanting to let home ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him not wanting to let home ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him not wanting to let home ownership
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+because he felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt that
+home ownership would stand in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home ownership would stand in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home ownership would stand in the way of
+the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people
+changing their psychological apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their psychological apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their psychological apparatus
+and living much cleaner lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and living much cleaner lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and living much cleaner lives
+as he is a paternalist where i wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i was just reading again about eur do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just reading again about eur do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just reading again about eur do
+you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you
+do you know you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know you are
+1942.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1942.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1942.
+michaela you know what eor stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaela you know what eor stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaela you know what eor stands for
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposition
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+universal aroma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eor is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eor is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eor is uh
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+intended as a fascist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commemoration exposition 20 years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commemoration exposition 20 years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commemoration exposition 20 years after
+the origins of fascism in italy under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origins of fascism in italy under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origins of fascism in italy under
+mussolini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway we'll deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we'll deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we'll deal
+a bit later with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit later with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit later with this
+i want to now shift gears a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to now shift gears a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to now shift gears a bit and
+do three classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three classes
+which reflect backwards on these case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reflect backwards on these case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reflect backwards on these case
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+the first one today deals with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one today deals with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one today deals with a very
+difficult proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult proposition
+and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one
+on thursday will deal with utopianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thursday will deal with utopianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thursday will deal with utopianism
+because the 19th century was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the 19th century was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the 19th century was a very
+hotbed of utopian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotbed of utopian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotbed of utopian
+attempts to change the form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to change the form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to change the form and
+social structure of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and thirdly i will conclude this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thirdly i will conclude this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thirdly i will conclude this
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at
+england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england
+the new towns proposition in la in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new towns proposition in la in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new towns proposition in la in
+england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england
+after the 46th war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 46th war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 46th war
+and russia between 1917 and 1932
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and russia between 1917 and 1932
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and russia between 1917 and 1932
+pre-started this russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as examples of attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as examples of attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as examples of attempts to
+counter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter the
+problems that the 19th century city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that the 19th century city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that the 19th century city
+provided in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+the material i'm doing today and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material i'm doing today and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material i'm doing today and the the
+next two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two classes
+suggests much more interaction with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests much more interaction with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests much more interaction with you
+i would want your opinion on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would want your opinion on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would want your opinion on things
+which i'm going to propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to propose
+difficult things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult things
+things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which are
+very difficult to establish in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to establish in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to establish in fact
+i start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a quotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 16th century paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 16th century paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 16th century paris
+a popular form of entertainment was cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular form of entertainment was cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular form of entertainment was cat
+burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which a cat was hoisted on a sling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a cat was hoisted on a sling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a cat was hoisted on a sling on
+a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage
+and slowly lowered into a fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowly lowered into a fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowly lowered into a fire
+according to historian norman davies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to historian norman davies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to historian norman davies the
+spectators including kings and queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectators including kings and queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectators including kings and queens
+shrieked with laughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrieked with laughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrieked with laughter
+as the animals howling in pain were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the animals howling in pain were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the animals howling in pain were
+singed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to roasted and finely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roasted and finely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roasted and finely
+demolished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such sadism would be unspeakable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such sadism would be unspeakable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such sadism would be unspeakable in
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another french example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demi and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demi and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demi and the
+incompetent would-be assassin of louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetent would-be assassin of louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetent would-be assassin of louis
+the 15th julie the 15th with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15th julie the 15th with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15th julie the 15th with an
+incompetent man himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetent man himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetent man himself
+he had an incompetent assassin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an incompetent assassin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an incompetent assassin
+damier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damier
+he was sentenced to be torn to pieces by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was sentenced to be torn to pieces by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was sentenced to be torn to pieces by
+six horses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six horses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six horses
+to be stabbed and have his wounds selled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stabbed and have his wounds selled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stabbed and have his wounds selled
+with burning sulphur and molten lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with burning sulphur and molten lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with burning sulphur and molten lead
+and a good deal more in the same vein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't we do that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+the best writer on the subject michel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best writer on the subject michel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best writer on the subject michel
+foucault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foucault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foucault
+in his book disciplined and punished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book disciplined and punished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book disciplined and punished
+we have substituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have substituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have substituted
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+for soft measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for soft measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for soft measures
+and in these view soft measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these view soft measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these view soft measures
+introduced by liberal society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by liberal society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by liberal society
+where punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where punishment
+is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+and less brutal is nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less brutal is nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less brutal is nevertheless
+curtailing of freedom in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at that proposition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at that proposition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at that proposition a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+let's look at the proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the proposition
+of the facade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facade in
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+and then let's do look at two case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's do look at two case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's do look at two case
+studies the one of the proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the one of the proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the one of the proposed
+five mile rebuilding of the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five mile rebuilding of the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five mile rebuilding of the center of
+parlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlin
+by albert speer and hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by albert speer and hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by albert speer and hitler
+in which we find some very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ideology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology
+which one might relate to fascism or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one might relate to fascism or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one might relate to fascism or not
+the other example is the two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other example is the two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other example is the two and a half
+mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile
+avenue in saint petersburg in russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue in saint petersburg in russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue in saint petersburg in russia
+the nevsky prospect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nevsky prospect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nevsky prospect
+named after alexander nevsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after alexander nevsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after alexander nevsky
+who is a 19 year old leader russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defeated the invading forces from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeated the invading forces from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeated the invading forces from the
+north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the soft the replacement of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft the replacement of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft the replacement of the heart
+with the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the first ordered a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the first ordered a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the first ordered a couple
+of characteristics of the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characteristics of the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characteristics of the 19th century
+which appear in these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the enlightenment is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enlightenment is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enlightenment is and
+of people as individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people as individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people as individuals
+the specialization of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work
+which shows how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows how the
+integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts
+which include craftsman families and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which include craftsman families and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which include craftsman families and all
+together in the medieval guild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the medieval guild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the medieval guild
+was replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was replaced by
+separate rooms and typologies of houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate rooms and typologies of houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate rooms and typologies of houses
+places of place special places for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of place special places for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of place special places for
+servants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servants
+upstairs downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs downstairs
+in the british movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row houses for workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row houses for workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row houses for workers
+and most importantly separation of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly separation of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly separation of work
+and home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and home
+the journey to work becomes a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journey to work becomes a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journey to work becomes a phenomenon
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+contemporary society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the plan of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plan of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plan of the
+salt mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt mining
+salt processing town of shaw che ux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt processing town of shaw che ux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt processing town of shaw che ux
+built in the late 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in the late 18th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in the late 18th century
+in france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france
+you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see
+there are houses for blue-collar workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are houses for blue-collar workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are houses for blue-collar workers
+and houses for white-collar workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and houses for white-collar workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and houses for white-collar workers
+there's a typology associated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a typology associated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a typology associated with each
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ledu designed shaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledu designed shaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledu designed shaw
+the architect of the asean regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architect of the asean regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architect of the asean regime
+i would show a house for an intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would show a house for an intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would show a house for an intellectual
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he designed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he designed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+conceiving of a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceiving of a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceiving of a project
+of a house for an intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a house for an intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a house for an intellectual
+there's a typology associated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a typology associated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a typology associated with each
+category of human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of human beings
+the concept of typology is stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of typology is stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of typology is stuck with
+architectural thought it's been revived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural thought it's been revived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural thought it's been revived
+in our own times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our own times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our own times
+but in a different kind of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a different kind of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a different kind of sense
+when we talk we'll talk about aldo rossi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk we'll talk about aldo rossi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk we'll talk about aldo rossi
+we'll go back into the contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back into the contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back into the contemporary
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+of the typological experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second characteristic of 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second characteristic of 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second characteristic of 19th
+century space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century space
+was the organization of complex space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the organization of complex space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the organization of complex space
+the first census in 1800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first census in 1800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first census in 1800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england
+could ask the use of the cadastral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask the use of the cadastral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask the use of the cadastral
+system for measuring land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for measuring land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for measuring land
+maps of boundaries and ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps of boundaries and ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps of boundaries and ownership
+specialized sewage plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the capacity of a new management to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the capacity of a new management to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the capacity of a new management to
+organize complex space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thirdly new forms for institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly new forms for institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly new forms for institutions
+here we go back to our story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go back to our story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go back to our story about
+punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+farah no longer needs to be violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farah no longer needs to be violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farah no longer needs to be violent
+killing no longer needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing no longer needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing no longer needs to be
+symbolic in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic in public
+the geek guillotine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geek guillotine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geek guillotine is
+used for the last time in 1789 i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the last time in 1789 i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the last time in 1789 i think
+more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less
+torture is not longer no longer visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah i'm generalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+modern society attempts to teach you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern society attempts to teach you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern society attempts to teach you to
+reform and change your habits rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and change your habits rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and change your habits rather
+than persecuting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than persecuting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than persecuting you
+in order to do that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that you have
+the new idea of panopticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new idea of panopticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new idea of panopticism
+fanopticism being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanopticism being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanopticism being
+a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system
+where an individual is watched from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an individual is watched from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an individual is watched from
+from a central position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a central position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a central position
+but doesn't know when he is he or she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't know when he is he or she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't know when he is he or she is
+being watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being watched
+a series of louvers separates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of louvers separates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of louvers separates the
+prisoners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners
+the prisoners are isolated from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prisoners are isolated from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prisoners are isolated from each
+other so they cannot communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the prisoners are either workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prisoners are either workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prisoners are either workers
+school boys or madmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school boys or madmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school boys or madmen
+light enters from the outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light enters from the outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light enters from the outside and
+creates a silhouette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a silhouette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a silhouette
+which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows
+the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the
+the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+doing the visioning envisioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the visioning envisioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the visioning envisioning
+to see these person being watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see these person being watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see these person being watched
+i quote from foucault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i quote from foucault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i quote from foucault
+he the prisoner he's seen but he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he the prisoner he's seen but he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he the prisoner he's seen but he does
+not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see
+he's the object of information never a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the object of information never a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the object of information never a
+subject in communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in communication
+power should be visible but unverifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions
+can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move forward from being dungeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward from being dungeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward from being dungeons
+to being light structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being light structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being light structures
+a new prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new prison
+preserves only the enclosure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves only the enclosure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves only the enclosure but
+eliminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+need to deprive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deprive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deprive
+the patients of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients of light
+or to hide them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no bars no chains no heavy locks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bars no chains no heavy locks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bars no chains no heavy locks
+fortress-like architects is replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortress-like architects is replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortress-like architects is replaced by
+economic geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic geometry
+this is parallel with taking down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is parallel with taking down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is parallel with taking down the
+city walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city walls
+you know what a panopticon looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've just described it in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just described it in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just described it in words
+so i draw one on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i draw one on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i draw one on a
+oh can you imagine what it's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh can you imagine what it's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh can you imagine what it's what this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+yeah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of course
+i'm sorry i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i don't
+i forget what i what i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forget what i what i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forget what i what i'm doing
+there are many variations of those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many variations of those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many variations of those the
+two from mexico i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from mexico i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from mexico i think
+elaborate structures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate structures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate structures all
+maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining
+a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+central idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central idea
+that you can watch your patient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can watch your patient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can watch your patient or
+school boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school boy
+or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+prisoner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoner
+without locking him up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without locking him up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without locking him up
+in the sense of using heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instruments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for
+preserving his security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to foucault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to foucault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to foucault
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+creates an environment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an environment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an environment in which
+institutions of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+institutions of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions of production
+i will talk about the salt extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will talk about the salt extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will talk about the salt extraction
+city salt extraction city show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city salt extraction city show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city salt extraction city show
+near switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foucault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foucault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foucault
+uses the analogy of what happens during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the analogy of what happens during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the analogy of what happens during
+the plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a clearly long i'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a clearly long i'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a clearly long i'm going to go
+through it very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when the plague appears in the town in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the plague appears in the town in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the plague appears in the town in
+the city at the end of the 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city at the end of the 17th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city at the end of the 17th century
+first the strict spatial partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the strict spatial partition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the strict spatial partition the
+closing of the town and its outlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing of the town and its outlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing of the town and its outlying
+districts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts
+prohibition to leave the town on pain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibition to leave the town on pain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibition to leave the town on pain of
+death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death
+the killing of all stray animals to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killing of all stray animals to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killing of all stray animals to the
+division of the town into distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of the town into distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of the town into distinct
+quarters each governed by an intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters each governed by an intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters each governed by an intended
+each street is plato and he goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each street is plato and he goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each street is plato and he goes on and
+on about the details of how food is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on about the details of how food is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on about the details of how food is
+distributed the powers of each street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed the powers of each street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed the powers of each street
+superintendent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent
+death isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death isn't
+is often the punishment inflicted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the punishment inflicted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the punishment inflicted on
+somebody who doesn't obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who doesn't obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who doesn't obey
+it is a segmented immobile frozen space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a segmented immobile frozen space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a segmented immobile frozen space
+each individual is fixed in his place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual is fixed in his place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual is fixed in his place
+and if he moves he does so at the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he moves he does so at the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he moves he does so at the risk
+of his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his life
+contagion or punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he analogizes this with the panopticon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he analogizes this with the panopticon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he analogizes this with the panopticon
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+this enclosed segmented space observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enclosed segmented space observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enclosed segmented space observed
+at every point in which the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in which the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in which the individuals
+are inserted in a fixed place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inserted in a fixed place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inserted in a fixed place
+in which the slightest movements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the slightest movements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the slightest movements are
+supervised in which all events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised in which all events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised in which all events are
+recorded in which an uninterrupted work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in which an uninterrupted work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in which an uninterrupted work
+of writing links the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing links the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing links the center and
+periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery
+power is exercised without division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is exercised without division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is exercised without division
+a according to a continuous hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a according to a continuous hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a according to a continuous hierarchical
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+all this constitutes a compact model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this constitutes a compact model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this constitutes a compact model of
+the disciplinary mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's interesting that the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that the possible
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of contradience contravening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contradience contravening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contradience contravening
+the orthodox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment of the plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the plague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the plague
+superimposed upon a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed upon a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed upon a place
+he does if he moves he does so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does if he moves he does so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does if he moves he does so at the
+risk of his life contagion or punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of his life contagion or punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of his life contagion or punishment
+three awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three awful
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one requires a specialization of types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one requires a specialization of types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one requires a specialization of types
+as well as a sense of geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a sense of geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a sense of geometry
+of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control
+one can find no better example than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can find no better example than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can find no better example than the
+salt extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt extraction
+factory at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory at
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah should i draw it or not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually had any two of these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate
+and the director's house on axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry is that the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+wedding's gaze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g-a-z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the workers who live on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the workers who live on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the workers who live on the
+on the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody knows whether the director is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows whether the director is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows whether the director is
+watching or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching or not
+the trick is that you're constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick is that you're constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick is that you're constantly
+under the threat of being supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the gate is decorated on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what that means i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the decoration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoever gazes from the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blue collar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue collar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue collar
+workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+white collar workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white collar workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white collar workers
+blue collar workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a crew diagram of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crew diagram of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crew diagram of a
+factory town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory town
+one of the first factory towns ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first factory towns ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first factory towns ever
+built in fact it may be the first one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in fact it may be the first one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in fact it may be the first one on
+record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+prior to the 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you seen this plan before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with where where did you run into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have a typology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a typology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a typology
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+specialized space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized space
+for categories of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have a typology and a location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a typology and a location in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a typology and a location in
+the geometry for the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the
+automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and subtle
+examination process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination process
+by the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the director
+of the now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these could be a bunch of children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being watched in the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a screen
+which makes them not realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes them not realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes them not realize that
+they're being watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being watched
+or sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry the
+louvre system would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louvre system would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louvre system would be a
+the light would reflect the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light would reflect the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light would reflect the people
+back to the central observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the central observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the central observer
+okay enough bad drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see in the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in the pictures
+some more detailed examples of shore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a french contemporary writer by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a french contemporary writer by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a french contemporary writer by the name
+of paul virilio i don't know if you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paul virilio i don't know if you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paul virilio i don't know if you run
+in into any writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we extend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we extend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we extend this
+this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inconspicuous examination to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconspicuous examination to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconspicuous examination to the
+contemporary city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want an example of somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want an example of somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want an example of somebody who's
+applied it to the american city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied it to the american city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied it to the american city
+there's a thesis done in 1989
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by daniel glenn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by daniel glenn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by daniel glenn
+called the mall society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inclusion exclusion and control in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion and control in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion and control in the
+urban center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban center
+i think he does a case study of the john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he does a case study of the john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he does a case study of the john
+hancock building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hancock building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hancock building
+and couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and couple of
+examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+insidious control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insidious control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insidious control is
+maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained
+whilst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whilst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whilst
+done in a very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a very elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a very elegant
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+signifying way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the really all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really all right
+piece called the overexposed city which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called the overexposed city which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called the overexposed city which
+i'm not sure i agree with completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i agree with completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i agree with completely
+but he says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he says that
+we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be
+conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the fact that our behavior is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that our behavior is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that our behavior is now
+examined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined
+and processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and processed
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environmental controls which are subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental controls which are subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental controls which are subtle
+and not so obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+congestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+congestion control implies that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion control implies that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion control implies that your
+your movement in an automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your movement in an automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your movement in an automobile
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+rationed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationed
+therefore you pay a fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you pass a cordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pass a cordon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pass a cordon
+of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind
+that fee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fee is
+processed by virtue of where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed by virtue of where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed by virtue of where you're
+having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some
+identification tag on your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification tag on your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification tag on your car
+electronic identification tag on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic identification tag on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic identification tag on your
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+it happens on the mass turnpike you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens on the mass turnpike you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens on the mass turnpike you live
+beyond the mass standby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the mass standby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the mass standby
+entrance to the entry center city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the objection to
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+ align:start position:0%
+the objection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objection to
+congestion pricing has often been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion pricing has often been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion pricing has often been that
+it locates you in space without you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it locates you in space without you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it locates you in space without you
+being aware that it's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i if a telephone bill arrives at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if a telephone bill arrives at home
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if a telephone bill arrives at home
+and your wife says where have you i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your wife says where have you i see
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your wife says where have you i see
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
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+ align:start position:0%
+that you
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+on the main road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the main road
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+ align:start position:0%
+on the main road
+in the city on at two o'clock in the
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+ align:start position:0%
+in the city on at two o'clock in the
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+in the city on at two o'clock in the
+morning of thursday the 22nd what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning of thursday the 22nd what are
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+ align:start position:0%
+morning of thursday the 22nd what are
+you doing there and you stumble and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing there and you stumble and say
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+ align:start position:0%
+you doing there and you stumble and say
+well i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i
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+ align:start position:0%
+well i i
+it's a mistake i i wasn't there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mistake i i wasn't there the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mistake i i wasn't there the
+truth is i was visiting my girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is i was visiting my girlfriend
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+ align:start position:0%
+truth is i was visiting my girlfriend
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+a set of controls which can be
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+ align:start position:0%
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+elaborated enormously
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+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated enormously
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+elaborated enormously
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+ align:start position:0%
+and deprive you of your individual
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+ align:start position:0%
+and deprive you of your individual
+liberty
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+ align:start position:0%
+liberty
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+ align:start position:0%
+liberty
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+exist its force on
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+the control system
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+the amount of freedom that we will give
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember being on a small group here
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+where
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+computer-controlled people
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+statement of the following kind
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+statement of the following kind
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+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the following kind
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+ align:start position:0%
+he could reduce murder
+in the society by at least 50 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the society by at least 50 percent
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+ align:start position:0%
+in the society by at least 50 percent
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having everybody forcibly wear a
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+ align:start position:0%
+by having everybody forcibly wear a
+bracelet
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+ align:start position:0%
+bracelet
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+ align:start position:0%
+bracelet
+which located them in space
+
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+which located them in space
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely in space
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+ align:start position:0%
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+is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+is
+of course sub
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+ align:start position:0%
+of course sub
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+ align:start position:0%
+of course sub
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+surveillance by a control system of a
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+kind
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+kind
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+
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+not maintain
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+ align:start position:0%
+not maintain
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+ align:start position:0%
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+some of you may not care whether you
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+some of you may not care whether you
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+can't you with your movements or control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you with your movements or control
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you with your movements or control
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payoff
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payoff
+of the declining rate of murder to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the declining rate of murder to the
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an intriguing trade-off
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+by david friedman
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the medieval street
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+ align:start position:0%
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+the processes of commerce
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+
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+the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval street
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval street
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+street of multi-use
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+street of multi-use
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+its
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+facades which enclosed the street
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+facades which enclosed the street
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+were
+ 
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+were
+democratized and varied
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is not until the renaissance that
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+it is not until the renaissance that
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+ align:start position:0%
+it is not until the renaissance that
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+and this statement is also true for
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+and this statement is also true for
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+modest domestic architect was set into
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+ align:start position:0%
+modest domestic architect was set into
+the more or less symbolic relationship
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+which they in which they continue until
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+
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+the 20th century
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+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century
+what he's saying is the word fasciata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the facade of a building or street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is plays the same role
+
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+expressive role as the head does in the
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+human body
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+and implies
+meanings
+
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+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+which the street is meant to produce
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+which the street is meant to produce
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+there were rules in the medieval street
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+system
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+system
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+system
+for how many moveable objects you allow
+
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+for how many moveable objects you allow
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+for how many moveable objects you allow
+to attach to a house or shop
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+to attach to a house or shop
+ 
+
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+to attach to a house or shop
+movable tables or carts
+
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+movable tables or carts
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+movable tables or carts
+are potentially so disruptive to the
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+are potentially so disruptive to the
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+are potentially so disruptive to the
+social commercial order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social commercial order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social commercial order
+were explicitly banned later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+we still make arrangements around the
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+ align:start position:0%
+we still make arrangements around the
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+use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+in in italian streets in italian piazza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in italian streets in italian piazza
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+in in italian streets in italian piazza
+in summer
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+in summer
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+in this country we have now introduced
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+in this country we have now introduced
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+
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+of health-related
+
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+of health-related
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+if it maintains certain proprietary
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+if it maintains certain proprietary
+sanitary laws
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+possible
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+possible
+between the use of the street as a
+
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+between the use of the street as a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the use of the street as a
+temporary device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while maintaining the facade of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while maintaining the facade of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while maintaining the facade of the
+street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are transactions for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are transactions for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are transactions for instance
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new hotel on the relatively new
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new hotel on the relatively new
+hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel
+on the waterfront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an arrangement whereby the hotel
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that park that's been created
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+that park that's been created
+in return of which it may serve drinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in return of which it may serve drinks
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+ align:start position:0%
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+on the terrace outside its own property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the emergence of a facade as a factor
+
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+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of a facade as a factor
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it promotes the expression of meaning
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than
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+ align:start position:0%
+other than
+loose furniture it was also possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose furniture it was also possible
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+ align:start position:0%
+loose furniture it was also possible
+above 10 feet to project your house into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 10 feet to project your house into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 10 feet to project your house into
+the facial into the street itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial into the street itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial into the street itself to
+gain more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain more space
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain more space
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a variety of disruptions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the medieval street
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+non-facade
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+and you have for the first time
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the organization of the street facade
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+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of the street facade
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+
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+lodging for palaces and large domestic
+
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+lodging for palaces and large domestic
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+medici palace in florence
+
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+medici palace in florence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+recognizes the first great palace of the
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the first great palace of the
+renaissance he goes on to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+its effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its effect
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+facade then represents a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade then represents a new
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+it is a concept born in the 14th century
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aztecs the street of the dead in in tier
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+aztecs the street of the dead in in tier
+2 ocon
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+ align:start position:0%
+2 ocon
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 ocon
+didn't have constant facades but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have constant facades but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have constant facades but they
+had pyramids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pyramids
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pyramids
+of the moon and the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the moon and the sun
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+ align:start position:0%
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+and the strict notions of behavior
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+and the strict notions of behavior
+along an axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the projects which the two projects
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects which the two projects
+which i
+
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+which i
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+which i
+want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at
+with you
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+ align:start position:0%
+with you
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+use the freedmen idea of the facade
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+
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+ 
+
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+ 
+ways ita's version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hita's ideology
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in part based
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the eur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eur
+in 1942 under mussolini was merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1942 under mussolini was merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1942 under mussolini was merely
+an exhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhibition
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+an exhibition
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later became a town or part of rome
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+the southeast part of rome
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southeast part of rome
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end
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+ align:start position:0%
+end
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+
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+ 
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wonderful story that spear
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+working in nuremberg
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in nuremberg
+and seeing a building being taken down
+
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+and seeing a building being taken down
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing a building being taken down
+and looking at the ruins and saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the ruins and saying we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the ruins and saying we
+must not have ruins as ugly as this
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+ align:start position:0%
+must not have ruins as ugly as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not have ruins as ugly as this
+so invent something something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so invent something something called the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so invent something something called the
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+imagine a theory
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+which
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+which
+forces you
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+ align:start position:0%
+forces you
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+
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+forces you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that
+the permanence of your situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanence of your situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanence of your situation is
+going to be beyond the life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be beyond the life of the
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+going to be beyond the life of the
+building
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+ align:start position:0%
+building
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
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+ align:start position:0%
+that the ruins will ruin like great
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+ align:start position:0%
+that the ruins will ruin like great
+ruins of karakala
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+ align:start position:0%
+ruins of karakala
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins of karakala
+or the great roman ruins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is only one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only one example of
+of ideology which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideology which is not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideology which is not
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+temporary
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+but which is seen to be permanent
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+but which is seen to be permanent
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+ align:start position:0%
+the style
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of buildings is considered to be
+neo-empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neo-empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neo-empire
+again it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's got
+to do with everlasting circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to spear they start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to spear they start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to spear they start with the
+direct order and keep on inventing new
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+ align:start position:0%
+direct order and keep on inventing new
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+direct order and keep on inventing new
+orders as they go along
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+orders as they go along
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+orders as they go along
+again this is the
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+again this is the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the
+this is
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+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
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+hitler is is the beginning of a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+italian phil himself says to a shelby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italian phil himself says to a shelby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italian phil himself says to a shelby
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+spear
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+spear
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+meaning again that
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+projection of nature of life dear
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+projection of nature of life dear
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number of examples of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he hated glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hated glass
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass was too ephemeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass was too ephemeral
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1936 games
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+the 1936 games
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+were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler's great triumph
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+ align:start position:0%
+hitler's great triumph
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+ align:start position:0%
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+and he had a stadium
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+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a stadium
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+
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+which he was being modernized with glass
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he was being modernized with glass
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+he hated it and told them to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hated it and told them to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hated it and told them to stop
+and put back the stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spear
+in his spare time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his spare time
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+ align:start position:0%
+in his spare time
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+ align:start position:0%
+designed a stadium for 400 000 people
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+ align:start position:0%
+which is an impossible event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an impossible event
+artifact anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact anyway
+you cannot have 400 000 people in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have 400 000 people in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have 400 000 people in a
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+ align:start position:0%
+place and have them see
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+place and have them see
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+ align:start position:0%
+the distance has become too long
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+ align:start position:0%
+the distance has become too long
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when he when he when spear shows
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+ align:start position:0%
+but when he when he when spear shows
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+ align:start position:0%
+but when he when he when spear shows
+hitler this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shapiro apologizes and says i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapiro apologizes and says i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapiro apologizes and says i'm sorry
+her fuhrer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her fuhrer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her fuhrer
+the olympic games will not be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+held in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held in this
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+held in this
+stadium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadium
+because the rules i've changed the base
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+ align:start position:0%
+because the rules i've changed the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rules i've changed the base
+of the platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the platform
+so that the games according to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the games according to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the games according to its
+prison rules will have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison rules will have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison rules will have to change
+hitler says don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler says don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler says don't worry
+don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry
+the 1944 games are supposed to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1944 games are supposed to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1944 games are supposed to be in
+tokyo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokyo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokyo
+after that they will return to berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that they will return to berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that they will return to berlin
+and be held here forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be held here forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be held here forever
+when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they
+forever meaning forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever meaning forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever meaning forever
+meaning and at the same time of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and at the same time of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and at the same time of course
+we will change the olympic rules we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will change the olympic rules we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will change the olympic rules we will
+change the process in order to secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the process in order to secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the process in order to secure
+the fundamental fact of the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you get his idea of the ideology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get his idea of the ideology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get his idea of the ideology
+expressed in terms of an interminable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of an interminable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of an interminable
+notion of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of continuity
+no end is in sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no end is in sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no end is in sight
+this is manic it's anti-natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is manic it's anti-natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is manic it's anti-natural
+we strive like hell to keep things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we strive like hell to keep things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we strive like hell to keep things going
+but none of us have leviathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of us have leviathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of us have leviathan
+ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about
+infinite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite time
+unless we are so obsessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we are so obsessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we are so obsessed
+with the inability to control nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inability to control nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inability to control nature
+such as death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second set of
+relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between
+spatial performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial performance
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the physical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical form
+special performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special performance and
+the physical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical form
+resonating without this ideology is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonating without this ideology is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonating without this ideology is the
+comparison system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere constantly talks about comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere constantly talks about comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere constantly talks about comparing
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a project he's doing for hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project he's doing for hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project he's doing for hitler
+which is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2
+300 feet by 4 3 400 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 feet by 4 3 400 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 feet by 4 3 400 feet
+he says oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says oh well
+darius the first one of the great rulers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darius the first one of the great rulers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darius the first one of the great rulers
+of persia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of persia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of persia
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the forget the first century bc probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forget the first century bc probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forget the first century bc probably
+yeah a fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a fifth
+only had fifteen hundred feet by eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had fifteen hundred feet by eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had fifteen hundred feet by eight
+hundred feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he says we will erect a tower nero at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says we will erect a tower nero at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says we will erect a tower nero at a
+tower of 119 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower of 119 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower of 119 feet
+the statue of liberty is 151 feet our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statue of liberty is 151 feet our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statue of liberty is 151 feet our
+hitler statue will be 197 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when leni riefenstahl who made the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when leni riefenstahl who made the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when leni riefenstahl who made the great
+film olympia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film olympia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film olympia
+olympia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympia
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+asked for more money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for more money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for more money from
+google's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's
+and then ita who was a great protagonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ita who was a great protagonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ita who was a great protagonist
+that they make this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make this film
+she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+1932 olympic games were in los angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 olympic games were in los angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 olympic games were in los angeles
+that's where hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where hollywood
+controls the world of film they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the world of film they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the world of film they couldn't
+make a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a movie
+all they did was still photographs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they did was still photographs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they did was still photographs we
+need to show the world that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to show the world that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to show the world that we are
+superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and she made this extraordinary film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the film starts off has anybody seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film starts off has anybody seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film starts off has anybody seen
+olympia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+one of the interesting things too is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things too is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things too is the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the other
+um oh my mind just slips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh my mind just slips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh my mind just slips
+i'll think of it in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll think of it in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll think of it in a while
+this comparison notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's also ideology in the film the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also ideology in the film the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also ideology in the film the
+film starts in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starts in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starts in with
+pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of
+static greek sculptures which slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static greek sculptures which slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static greek sculptures which slowly
+start moving and he turned into a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving and he turned into a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving and he turned into a trip
+or a running trip between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a running trip between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a running trip between
+olympia and now in greece and berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympia and now in greece and berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympia and now in greece and berlin
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+carrying of the flame ever in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying of the flame ever in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying of the flame ever in the
+olympic games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympic games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympic games
+modern olympic games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern olympic games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern olympic games
+that represents not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents not only
+a move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a move
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the aryan world of greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aryan world of greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aryan world of greece
+to the modern aryan world of hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modern aryan world of hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modern aryan world of hitler
+but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also
+indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates
+a connection in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection in the film
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+why hitler has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why hitler has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why hitler has
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+shepherd who won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shepherd who won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shepherd who won the
+marathon in 1896 in the athens games on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathon in 1896 in the athens games on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathon in 1896 in the athens games on
+the stand with him in 36 when he opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stand with him in 36 when he opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stand with him in 36 when he opens
+the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ideology of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideology of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideology of these
+this regime is amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regime is amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regime is amazing
+it is constant consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is constant consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is constant consistent
+and very adventurous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very adventurous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very adventurous
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+speer became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speer became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speer became the
+minister of munitions towards the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of munitions towards the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of munitions towards the end of
+the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war
+and talks in his book about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talks in his book about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talks in his book about the
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+between how much money it costs to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how much money it costs to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how much money it costs to build
+and how much money it costs to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's interesting again that he would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting again that he would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting again that he would put
+that into perspective as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into perspective as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into perspective as
+was declining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was declining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was declining and
+it was clear to him that they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was clear to him that they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was clear to him that they were going
+to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another comparison which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comparison which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comparison which is
+interesting comparisons go on forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+major buildings of the north axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major buildings of the north axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major buildings of the north axis of the
+new center for berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new center for berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new center for berlin
+is a domed hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a domed hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a domed hall
+this domed hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domed hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domed hall
+is 825 feet diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 825 feet diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 825 feet diameter
+which is colossal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said peters would fit into it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said peters would fit into it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said peters would fit into it a couple
+of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+150 000 people could be accommodated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 000 people could be accommodated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 000 people could be accommodated
+standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you get to such a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get to such a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get to such a size
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hitler thought it necessarily explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler thought it necessarily explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler thought it necessarily explained
+to me that the size of meeting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that the size of meeting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that the size of meeting all
+should be governed by medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be governed by medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be governed by medieval
+conceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptions
+the in the cathedral town of um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the cathedral town of um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the cathedral town of um for
+instance in southern germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in southern germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in southern germany
+30 000 square feet of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when there were only 15 000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there were only 15 000 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there were only 15 000 people
+living in rome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in rome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in rome
+if you use that relationship 150 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use that relationship 150 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use that relationship 150 000
+people size hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people size hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people size hall
+for a city of a few million people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a city of a few million people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a city of a few million people is
+absolutely correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a tendency in professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tendency in professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tendency in professional
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+to constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constantly
+demonstrate relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate relationships
+i do it all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do it all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do it all the time
+i am embarrassed often when i'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am embarrassed often when i'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am embarrassed often when i'm doing it
+i'll say this is three quarters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say this is three quarters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say this is three quarters of the
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+highway which was built under roosevelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway which was built under roosevelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway which was built under roosevelt
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it establishes for your clients a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it establishes for your clients a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it establishes for your clients a kind
+of sense of location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense of location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense of location
+in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's often foolish what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often foolish what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often foolish what is the
+relationship between eisenhower's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between eisenhower's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between eisenhower's
+building of roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of roads
+and the modern road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modern road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modern road
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparisons have a funny kind of effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons have a funny kind of effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons have a funny kind of effect
+they stabilize they put you in touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stabilize they put you in touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stabilize they put you in touch
+with a realm larger than your own realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a realm larger than your own realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a realm larger than your own realm
+often that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+a fascist a great achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fascist a great achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fascist a great achievement
+that he's actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's actually can
+hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks
+elegantly of his visit to the vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly of his visit to the vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly of his visit to the vienna
+opera when he was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera when he was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera when he was a student
+he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gangney as the interior of the french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangney as the interior of the french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangney as the interior of the french
+opera when he visits paris in 1940
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera when he visits paris in 1940
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera when he visits paris in 1940
+this is the constant notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the constant notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the constant notion that
+if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are
+in a position of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position of power
+you have to not only relate yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to not only relate yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to not only relate yourself to
+other people who've been in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who've been in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who've been in a position
+of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power
+but you have to exceed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to exceed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to exceed them
+there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+algorithm which moves in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which moves in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which moves in the direction
+of larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of larger
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+nazism was as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ideology as expressed in spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideology as expressed in spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideology as expressed in spatial
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+was as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as much
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an evolutionary idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary idea
+that we are not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are not here
+we are here to change time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are here to change time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are here to change time
+we are to influence time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are to influence time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are to influence time
+and we're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do it
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+spatial comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+150 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technologists have done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists have done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists have done some
+hits actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits actually
+put on the foundations for some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the foundations for some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the foundations for some of these
+buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally
+now calculate that this domed building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now calculate that this domed building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now calculate that this domed building
+with 150 180 000 people in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would start raining inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would start raining inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would start raining inside the
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would have to be air conditioned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to be air conditioned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to be air conditioned to
+take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of
+the advent of rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of rain
+you'll see some curious things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some curious things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some curious things
+they are cinemas there are opera houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are cinemas there are opera houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are cinemas there are opera houses
+their concert halls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their concert halls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their concert halls
+all spread throughout from this railway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spread throughout from this railway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spread throughout from this railway
+station in the bottom through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station in the bottom through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station in the bottom through the
+triumphal arch which was borrowed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphal arch which was borrowed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphal arch which was borrowed from
+napoleon but many times bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napoleon but many times bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napoleon but many times bigger than
+napoleon it has millions of signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napoleon it has millions of signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napoleon it has millions of signatures
+on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a philharmonic hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a philharmonic hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a philharmonic hall
+berlin still has the best philharmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berlin still has the best philharmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berlin still has the best philharmonic
+orchestra in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra in the world
+the rocks opera is next door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocks opera is next door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocks opera is next door
+there's a hotel there various number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hotel there various number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hotel there various number of
+hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels
+the restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the museums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the museums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the museums
+there's a lot amount of culture built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot amount of culture built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot amount of culture built
+into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except for residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for residents
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+it virtually produces all the forms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it virtually produces all the forms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it virtually produces all the forms of a
+town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town
+or the uses of a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could you imagine this being built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruler
+is imprisoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imprisoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imprisoned
+or dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dies
+and this is taken over by a new liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is taken over by a new liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is taken over by a new liberal
+city of berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of berlin
+and starbucks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starbucks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starbucks is
+located somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pritzker hotel family are near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pritzker hotel family are near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pritzker hotel family are near
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+reuse elements of our spatial world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse elements of our spatial world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse elements of our spatial world
+which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+punished people in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we think very little of taking an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think very little of taking an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think very little of taking an old
+prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison
+and modifying it into residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modifying it into residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modifying it into residential
+accommodation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation today
+although is a little bit of a stigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although is a little bit of a stigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although is a little bit of a stigma
+attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached
+but there's no stigma attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no stigma attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no stigma attached
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+taking a church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a church
+christian church and making it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian church and making it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian church and making it into a
+restaurant in newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so transformability is possible under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transformability is possible under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transformability is possible under
+all circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all circumstances
+would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this
+could something at this five mile scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could something at this five mile scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could something at this five mile scale
+be transformable over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transformable over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transformable over time
+partially in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could a post-nazi environment ever be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changed formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed formally
+you go to one of the buildings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to one of the buildings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to one of the buildings in the
+world i like most the ducal palace in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world i like most the ducal palace in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world i like most the ducal palace in
+urubino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urubino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urubino
+if you go into the basement you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into the basement you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into the basement you see the
+servant the qualities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant the qualities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant the qualities
+that they must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they must have
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+servants must have endured in crushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servants must have endured in crushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servants must have endured in crushing
+ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice
+for this great duke of family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this great duke of family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this great duke of family
+i don't evaluate the ducal palace on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't evaluate the ducal palace on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't evaluate the ducal palace on the
+basis of the tragic condition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the tragic condition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the tragic condition of the
+labour which must have keep the place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labour which must have keep the place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labour which must have keep the place in
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+so what are your standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory plays a part in this memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's kept alive through monuments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kept alive through monuments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kept alive through monuments
+memorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorials
+we'll do a class on memory later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a class on memory later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a class on memory later on in
+this class because it's become much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class because it's become much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class because it's become much more
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+aspect of this discourse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no memory embedded in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no memory embedded in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no memory embedded in this
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shinkle is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinkle is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinkle is not
+reintroduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroduced
+or played upon spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an ultimate controlled environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for jews and gay people and gypsies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for jews and gay people and gypsies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for jews and gay people and gypsies and
+others who suffered enormously under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who suffered enormously under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who suffered enormously under the
+process of this regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of this regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of this regime
+it's difficult to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to talk about this
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+procedural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions there's a wonderful book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there's a wonderful book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there's a wonderful book in
+the holocaust literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holocaust literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holocaust literature
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh gosh what's the tone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh gosh what's the tone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh gosh what's the tone it
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+death camp in poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death camp in poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death camp in poland
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's not one of those it's on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not one of those it's on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not one of those it's on it's
+it's far to the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far to the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far to the east
+it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+oh christ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh christ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh christ
+treblinka treblinka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a book by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book by a
+man called steiner whose parents died in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man called steiner whose parents died in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man called steiner whose parents died in
+treblinka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he interviewed some of the old people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he interviewed some of the old people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he interviewed some of the old people
+who escaped from treblinka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who escaped from treblinka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who escaped from treblinka
+towards the end of its life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of its life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of its life
+and he asked the question which is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he asked the question which is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he asked the question which is often
+asked of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked of
+the jews why they didn't rebel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jews why they didn't rebel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jews why they didn't rebel
+why they just took it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they just took it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they just took it all
+and he tells the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tells the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tells the story of
+this being the phenomenon in treblinka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being the phenomenon in treblinka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being the phenomenon in treblinka
+until a certain point around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until a certain point around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until a certain point around
+1940 or somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 or somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 or somewhere
+where they started worrying that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they started worrying that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they started worrying that maybe
+they weren't going to the nazi regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't going to the nazi regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't going to the nazi regime
+was not going to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not going to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not going to survive
+and they started taking down buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started taking down buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started taking down buildings
+rebuilding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding them
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+parks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks
+planting grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting grass
+putting up edges planting trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up edges planting trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up edges planting trees
+and the jews at that point couldn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the jews at that point couldn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the jews at that point couldn't take
+it any longer they were afraid that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any longer they were afraid that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any longer they were afraid that the
+memory of the death situation would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of the death situation would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of the death situation would not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+would there be no evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+on that basis they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that basis they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that basis they
+engineered the first revolt most were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered the first revolt most were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered the first revolt most were
+killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the whole issue of memory how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole issue of memory how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole issue of memory how long it
+maintains itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains itself
+is the memory of this building system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the memory of this building system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the memory of this building system
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+separable from the memory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable from the memory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable from the memory of the
+ideology which perpetrated death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+questions of meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of meaning
+which are very difficult to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very difficult to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very difficult to deal with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+briefly very briefly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the regime of saint petersburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saint petersburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+spokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spokes
+which emanate from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which emanate from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which emanate from the center
+at the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've got a plan in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a plan in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a plan in front of you
+the plan is anchored at its beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan is anchored at its beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan is anchored at its beginning
+by two connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two connections
+the one to alexander the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to alexander the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to alexander the
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+cemetery of alexander nevsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cemetery of alexander nevsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cemetery of alexander nevsky
+the 19 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 year old
+who saved russia in 1240 from invasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who saved russia in 1240 from invasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who saved russia in 1240 from invasion
+from the north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the north
+the other one is to the interior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is to the interior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is to the interior of
+moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscow
+to interior russia and moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the axis on which the building ends is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis on which the building ends is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis on which the building ends is
+the admiralty building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admiralty building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admiralty building
+peter was obsessed with water and ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter was obsessed with water and ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter was obsessed with water and ships
+when he became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he became
+tsar towards the end of the 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsar towards the end of the 18th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsar towards the end of the 18th century
+he tried to build a russian fleet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried to build a russian fleet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried to build a russian fleet
+which could go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could go down the
+and towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and towards
+the black sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black sea
+he was beaten up and failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was beaten up and failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was beaten up and failed
+he then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then
+turned to europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned to europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned to europe
+and this was his one of his openings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was his one of his openings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was his one of his openings to
+europe he shifted he never liked moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe he shifted he never liked moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe he shifted he never liked moscow
+because like louis the 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like louis the 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like louis the 15th
+he one of his relatives was killed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he one of his relatives was killed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he one of his relatives was killed in
+moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscow
+in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the
+in the kremlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then
+may did one of the most manic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may did one of the most manic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may did one of the most manic things
+ever done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done
+let's try to build a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to build a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to build a city
+the equivalent of it northward would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of it northward would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of it northward would be
+like the united states like building its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the united states like building its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the united states like building its
+capital on hudson bay it's so far north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital on hudson bay it's so far north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital on hudson bay it's so far north
+the word never is a swamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word never is a swamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word never is a swamp
+in finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hundreds of thousands of people died in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of people died in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of people died in
+the building of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of this
+strange city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange city
+he had to impose taxes on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to impose taxes on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to impose taxes on people
+entering the city that they had to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the city that they had to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the city that they had to carry
+stones with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a remarkable story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a remarkable story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a remarkable story
+it's axis is between the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's axis is between the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's axis is between the water
+the admiralty building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admiralty building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the admiralty building
+and the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two
+crossing water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing water
+bodies the fontanka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies the fontanka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies the fontanka
+and the moyika
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the moyika is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in one of the days of the 1917
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the days of the 1917
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the days of the 1917
+revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+the mob came down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mob came down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mob came down the street
+and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were
+a russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a russian
+czarist military waiting for them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czarist military waiting for them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czarist military waiting for them at
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+and in this significant gesture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this significant gesture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this significant gesture the
+russian military lit hidden fire on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russian military lit hidden fire on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russian military lit hidden fire on the
+mob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mob
+there is today a cinema on that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is today a cinema on that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is today a cinema on that point
+called the barakata cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the barakata cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the barakata cinema
+so this is environment much older than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is environment much older than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is environment much older than
+hitler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler's
+but where time has already intervened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where time has already intervened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where time has already intervened
+and changed the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changed the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changed the use
+many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the
+great palaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great palaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great palaces
+the brazilevsky palace the stroganoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brazilevsky palace the stroganoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brazilevsky palace the stroganoff
+palace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mikalevsky palace on our museums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mikalevsky palace on our museums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mikalevsky palace on our museums
+saint petersburg has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint petersburg has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint petersburg has a higher
+proportion of square footage in museums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of square footage in museums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of square footage in museums
+as opposed to population in any city in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to population in any city in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to population in any city in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+largely because they take over so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely because they take over so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely because they take over so many
+of the great palaces under sovietism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the water is constantly a factor there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is constantly a factor there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is constantly a factor there's
+a bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bypass
+on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left
+close to the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the front
+fontanka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fontanka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fontanka
+river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+back to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the water
+and there's another one close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another one close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another one close to the
+dorsfield square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsfield square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsfield square
+where the road gives as a bypass to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the road gives as a bypass to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the road gives as a bypass to the
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the building of the public library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the building of the public library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the building of the public library
+the duma which is the city hall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duma which is the city hall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duma which is the city hall the
+kazan church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kazan church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kazan church
+the bookstore a lady store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookstore a lady store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookstore a lady store
+the passage the island church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage the island church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage the island church
+almost everything that you the alexander
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about alexander nevsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about alexander nevsky
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+navski navski prospect unlike it
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+anchored in russian history
+
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+ 
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+its modern history related to the water
+
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+its modern history related to the water
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+
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+alexander built the first rush
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+in the russian navy
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+ 
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+it's another
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so does hitler's
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+well so does hitler's
+i just spoke about the number of cinemas
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
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+and
+performance halls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+so that doesn't distinguish every two
+
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+so that doesn't distinguish every two
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+
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+ 
+the reference to
+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
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+
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+ 
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+
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+it's
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+
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+
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+lecture on the evils of alcoholism
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+mexico seemed to be very
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+
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+sure
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+sure
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the built part
+
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+ 
+ 
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+ 
+the
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+decoration of the
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+ 
+
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+ 
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+and these are two other projects rather
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+and these are two other projects rather
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+and these are two other projects rather
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+ 
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+
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+and any other house
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+
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+
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+behavior is now frozen
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+behavior is now frozen
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+behavior is now frozen
+as it is in the potopticon next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+ 
+same device for children's school
+
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+same device for children's school
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+the separation of house and work
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+ 
+
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+each being a domain
+
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+each being a domain
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+which is individual individually
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+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+hitler did much of the drawing
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+well
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+well
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+yes
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+ align:start position:0%
+yes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+the
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+the large
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+the arch of triumph and the access to
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+the damned door
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+
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+and this 400 foot wide
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+and this 400 foot wide
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+ 
+next
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+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+now you've got them
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+now you've got them
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+ 
+ 
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+the neski
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+the neski
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+the other two spokes added later
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+okay
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+okay
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+ 
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+adoramatv building at the end
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and night
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and night
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the railway station hotel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a small church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small church
+which is turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is turned into
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+subway stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway stop
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fontanka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fontanka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fontanka
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+i need to the anichow palace on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to the anichow palace on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to the anichow palace on the left
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levski palace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levski palace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levski palace
+the passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's on the alexander library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the alexander library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the alexander library
+this is the alexander library on empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the alexander library on empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the alexander library on empire
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+small road which leads off the prospect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small road which leads off the prospect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small road which leads off the prospect
+to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the water
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the dumas is central city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumas is central city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumas is central city
+headquarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the duma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this is the kazan cathedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the kazan cathedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the kazan cathedral
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+and just give you a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just give you a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just give you a sense of the
+enclosure of the facade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure of the facade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure of the facade
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the moyika crossing the barakata cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moyika crossing the barakata cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moyika crossing the barakata cinema
+the bypass to the torso torso square on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bypass to the torso torso square on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bypass to the torso torso square on
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+st petersburg is the most intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st petersburg is the most intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st petersburg is the most intentional
+and abstract city in history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dostoevsky was imprisoned across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dostoevsky was imprisoned across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dostoevsky was imprisoned across the
+river i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river i'll
+i'll start on thursday asking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll start on thursday asking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll start on thursday asking some
+finishing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing this
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+just raising some questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raising some questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raising some questions about
+what this all means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LoIq6KElVxs.txt b/LoIq6KElVxs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c204ce98dbf941c0c6e666dd20e1d4bb36e6be17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LoIq6KElVxs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last Thursday we began the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Thursday we began the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Thursday we began the work of
+moving from special relativity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from special relativity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from special relativity to
+general relativity and we spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity and we spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity and we spent a lot of
+time unpacking two formulations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unpacking two formulations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unpacking two formulations of the
+principle of equivalence so one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of equivalence so one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of equivalence so one which
+goes into the name weak equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the name weak equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the name weak equivalence
+principle tells me a simpler way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells me a simpler way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells me a simpler way of
+saying that is that at least over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that is that at least over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that is that at least over a
+sufficiently small region if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small region if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small region if there is
+nothing but gravity acting I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but gravity acting I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but gravity acting I cannot
+distinguish between freefall under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between freefall under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between freefall under the
+influence of gravity or uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of gravity or uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of gravity or uniform
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+okay the two things are equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the two things are equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the two things are equivalent to
+one another basically this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another basically this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another basically this is a this is
+a reflection of the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflection of the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflection of the fact that the
+gravitational charge and the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational charge and the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational charge and the inertial
+mass are the same thing okay that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass are the same thing okay that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass are the same thing okay that is the
+main thing that really underlies the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing that really underlies the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing that really underlies the the
+weak equivalence principle when I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak equivalence principle when I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak equivalence principle when I gave
+my tenure talk a number of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tenure talk a number of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tenure talk a number of years ago
+here I sort of pointed out that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I sort of pointed out that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I sort of pointed out that there
+was a great experiment that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great experiment that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great experiment that you know
+there was this wonderful program called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this wonderful program called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this wonderful program called
+the Apollo program that was put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apollo program that was put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apollo program that was put together
+to test this and the way it was done was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test this and the way it was done was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test this and the way it was done was
+that they put astronauts on the moon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put astronauts on the moon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put astronauts on the moon and
+you actually showed that if you drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually showed that if you drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually showed that if you drop a
+hammer and a feather on the moon they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer and a feather on the moon they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer and a feather on the moon they
+fall at the same rate now of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall at the same rate now of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall at the same rate now of course the
+Apollo program probably did a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo program probably did a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo program probably did a few other
+things as well but I'm a generosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well but I'm a generosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well but I'm a generosity
+general relativity theorist so for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity theorist so for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity theorist so for me
+that was the outcome of the Apollo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the outcome of the Apollo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the outcome of the Apollo
+program was test of the equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was test of the equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was test of the equivalence
+principle we also have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we also have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we also have a different
+variation of this we called the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of this we called the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of this we called the Einstein
+equivalence principle which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle which is a little
+bit it leads us to a calculation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it leads us to a calculation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it leads us to a calculation that we
+went through last time which states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through last time which states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through last time which states that
+I can find a sufficiently small region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find a sufficiently small region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find a sufficiently small region
+of space-time in which there we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time in which there we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time in which there we can find
+a representation over a sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation over a sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation over a sufficiently
+small region of space-time such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small region of space-time such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small region of space-time such that the
+laws of physics reduced to those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of physics reduced to those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of physics reduced to those of
+special relativity and we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity and we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity and we did a
+calculation to examine this where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to examine this where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to examine this where we
+showed given an arbitrary space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed given an arbitrary space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed given an arbitrary space-time
+metric I can find a coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric I can find a coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric I can find a coordinate system
+such that this can be written in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this can be written in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this can be written in the
+form the metric of flat space-time plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the metric of flat space-time plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the metric of flat space-time plus
+terms that are of order so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are of order so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are of order so the
+coordinate distance squared we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate distance squared we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate distance squared we put it
+this way so in the visit this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so in the visit this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so in the visit this in the
+vicinity of a point P L I'll make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of a point P L I'll make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of a point P L I'll make that
+clear in just a moment sort of it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in just a moment sort of it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in just a moment sort of it ends
+up looking like of order--the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up looking like of order--the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up looking like of order--the coordinate
+displacement squared with Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement squared with Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement squared with Corrections
+that scale as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale as
+one over second derivative the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over second derivative the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over second derivative the metric
+that son of sets the the scale for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that son of sets the the scale for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that son of sets the the scale for what
+these end up looking like or maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end up looking like or maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end up looking like or maybe it's
+actually kind that sorry it's times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind that sorry it's times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind that sorry it's times that
+I don't know oh I know why cuz I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know oh I know why cuz I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know oh I know why cuz I wanted
+to point out that that is what the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that that is what the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that that is what the scale
+of the one over this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it looks kind of like that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks kind of like that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks kind of like that and so
+this is what I was saying you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I was saying you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I was saying you have a
+curvature scale that is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature scale that is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature scale that is on the order of
+one over the second derivative square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the second derivative square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the second derivative square
+root of one or the second derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of one or the second derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of one or the second derivative the
+metric apologies for botching that as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric apologies for botching that as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric apologies for botching that as I
+was writing it up there quickly okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was writing it up there quickly okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was writing it up there quickly okay so
+we did a calculation that shows that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a calculation that shows that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a calculation that shows that and
+indeed when what we do is we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed when what we do is we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed when what we do is we went
+through and we showed that a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and we showed that a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and we showed that a general
+coordinate transformation has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation has more than
+enough degrees of freedom to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough degrees of freedom to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough degrees of freedom to make the
+metric flat to get the flat space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric flat to get the flat space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric flat to get the flat space-time
+metric at a particular point and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric at a particular point and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric at a particular point and in fact
+there are six degrees of freedom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are six degrees of freedom left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are six degrees of freedom left
+over corresponding to six rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over corresponding to six rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over corresponding to six rotations and
+six boosts their allowable at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six boosts their allowable at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six boosts their allowable at that
+particular point or event bear in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point or event bear in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point or event bear in mind
+we're working in space-time we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working in space-time we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working in space-time we have
+exactly enough degrees of freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly enough degrees of freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly enough degrees of freedom to
+cancel out the first order term but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out the first order term but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out the first order term but we
+cannot cancel out the second order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cancel out the second order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cancel out the second order term
+and in fact we find there are twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we find there are twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we find there are twenty
+degrees of freedom left over and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom left over and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom left over and in a
+future lecture lecture we will derive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future lecture lecture we will derive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future lecture lecture we will derive a
+geometric object that characterizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric object that characterizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric object that characterizes the
+curvature that has indeed twenty degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that has indeed twenty degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that has indeed twenty degrees
+of freedom in it are twenty twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom in it are twenty twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom in it are twenty twenty
+independent components that come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components that come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components that come out of
+it so this is kind of the foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is kind of the foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is kind of the foundation of
+where we're moving forward and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're moving forward and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're moving forward and so what
+we need to do next is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do next is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do next is what this
+basically tells us is that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us is that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us is that in a
+spacetime like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime like this
+things are now we have what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are now we have what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are now we have what we call
+curvature okay trajectory is that start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay trajectory is that start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay trajectory is that start
+out parallel to one another are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out parallel to one another are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out parallel to one another are not
+going to remain parallel as they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remain parallel as they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remain parallel as they move
+forward and where we concluded last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and where we concluded last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and where we concluded last time
+we were dealing with the problem that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were dealing with the problem that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were dealing with the problem that if
+I want to take derivatives of we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take derivatives of we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take derivatives of we're
+going to start with vector fields if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with vector fields if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with vector fields if I
+want to differentiate a vector field on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate a vector field on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate a vector field on
+a curved manifold it doesn't work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curved manifold it doesn't work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curved manifold it doesn't work okay
+if I do the naive thing of just taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the naive thing of just taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the naive thing of just taking a
+partial derivative it does not work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative it does not work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative it does not work so
+I'll remind you where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we found partial derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors put that in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors put that in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors put that in there
+foster derivatives of vectors and won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster derivatives of vectors and won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster derivatives of vectors and won't
+take much work to show it's true for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much work to show it's true for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much work to show it's true for one
+forms or any tensor so let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or any tensor so let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or any tensor so let's just say
+partial derivatives of tensors do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives of tensors do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives of tensors do not
+yield tensors okay we're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield tensors okay we're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield tensors okay we're familiar with
+this to some extent because we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to some extent because we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to some extent because we already
+encountered this one began thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this one began thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this one began thinking
+about the behavior of even in flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the behavior of even in flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the behavior of even in flat
+space-time but flat space-time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time but flat space-time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time but flat space-time in
+curvilinear coordinates that's the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvilinear coordinates that's the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvilinear coordinates that's the fact
+that the basis objects themselves has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the basis objects themselves has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the basis objects themselves has
+some functional dependence associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functional dependence associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functional dependence associated
+with them we're interpreting it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we're interpreting it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we're interpreting it a little
+bit differently now and so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently now and so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently now and so what we're
+doing is we're gonna say that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're gonna say that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're gonna say that what's
+going on here is that on my curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is that on my curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is that on my curved
+manifold and I kind of want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold and I kind of want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold and I kind of want you to
+visualize something that's like a bumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize something that's like a bumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize something that's like a bumpy
+surface or if you like maybe a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or if you like maybe a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or if you like maybe a sphere
+think about if you are a two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you are a two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you are a two dimensional
+being confined to the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being confined to the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being confined to the surface of a
+sphere there's only two directions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere there's only two directions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere there's only two directions at
+any given point okay you can sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point okay you can sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point okay you can sort of go
+up or you can go into the left-right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or you can go into the left-right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or you can go into the left-right
+axis or the north/south axis right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis or the north/south axis right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis or the north/south axis right and
+you would define unit vectors pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would define unit vectors pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would define unit vectors pointing
+along there but as you move around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along there but as you move around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along there but as you move around that
+sphere those those of us who have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere those those of us who have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere those those of us who have a
+three-dimensional life and can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional life and can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional life and can kind of
+step back and see this we see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and see this we see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and see this we see that these
+these basis objects point in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basis objects point in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basis objects point in different
+directions at different locations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions at different locations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions at different locations on the
+sphere the two dimensional beings aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the two dimensional beings aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the two dimensional beings aren't
+aware of that they just know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that they just know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that they just know that
+they're on a surface that's curved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on a surface that's curved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on a surface that's curved and
+so they would say that the tangent space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would say that the tangent space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would say that the tangent space
+is different for all these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different for all these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different for all these objects
+they've sort of imagined that every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of imagined that every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of imagined that every one
+of these basis objects lives in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basis objects lives in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basis objects lives in sort of
+a plane that is tangent to the sphere at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane that is tangent to the sphere at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane that is tangent to the sphere at
+any given point and that plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point and that plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point and that plane is
+different in every point along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in every point along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in every point along the
+sphere so we interpret this by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so we interpret this by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so we interpret this by saying
+that all of our basis objects live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of our basis objects live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of our basis objects live in
+this tangent space in the tangent space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tangent space in the tangent space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tangent space in the tangent space
+is different at every point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different at every point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different at every point on the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+so let me just write out one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write out one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write out one equation
+here so when we when we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when we when we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when we when we looked at the
+transformation of a partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of a partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of a partial derivative
+of a vector if we looked at the just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector if we looked at the just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector if we looked at the just
+look at the components so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the components so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the components so this
+calculation is in the notes so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is in the notes so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is in the notes so I would
+just write down the result what we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the result what we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the result what we found
+was that if I am taking say the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if I am taking say the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if I am taking say the beta
+derivative of component a alpha what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of component a alpha what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of component a alpha what I
+found when I performed a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found when I performed a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found when I performed a coordinate
+transformation when I found what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation when I found what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation when I found what I want
+to go on to a coordinate transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to a coordinate transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to a coordinate transformation
+is that there's an extra term that ruins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's an extra term that ruins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's an extra term that ruins
+the tensor reality of this so this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensor reality of this so this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensor reality of this so this goes
+over to something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the first term is what we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first term is what we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first term is what we'd
+expect if this were a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if this were a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if this were a tensor
+relationship okay that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay that's exactly the
+matrix of sort of the Jacobian between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of sort of the Jacobian between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of sort of the Jacobian between
+two different coordinate representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different coordinate representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different coordinate representations
+that we expect to describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we expect to describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we expect to describe how
+compliance change if they indeed obey a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance change if they indeed obey a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance change if they indeed obey a
+tensorial relationship this extra thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial relationship this extra thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial relationship this extra thing
+here I ruined the second line that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I ruined the second line that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I ruined the second line that is
+spoiling it for us okay so I began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiling it for us okay so I began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiling it for us okay so I began to
+give you the physical notion of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the physical notion of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the physical notion of what we
+are going to do to fix this so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do to fix this so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do to fix this so let me
+just reset that up again so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reset that up again so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reset that up again so let's
+imagine I have a particular curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I have a particular curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I have a particular curve that
+goes along my manifold I have a point P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along my manifold I have a point P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along my manifold I have a point P
+here on the curve and I have a point Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the curve and I have a point Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the curve and I have a point Q
+over here let's say that P is that event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here let's say that P is that event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here let's say that P is that event
+X alpha Q is that X alpha plus D X alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X alpha Q is that X alpha plus D X alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X alpha Q is that X alpha plus D X alpha
+and let's say that my vector points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's my vector a at the event queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my vector a at the event queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my vector a at the event queue
+and here's my vector P assuming my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's my vector P assuming my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's my vector P assuming my
+vector a at the event okay so T we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a at the event okay so T we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a at the event okay so T we
+discussed last time is that to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time is that to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time is that to get this
+thing I'm just doing the normal partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm just doing the normal partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm just doing the normal partial
+derivative I'm basically comparing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm basically comparing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm basically comparing I'm
+imagining that these are close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that these are close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that these are close to one
+another that I can just subtract a at Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that I can just subtract a at Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that I can just subtract a at Q
+from a at P divided by D X and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a at P divided by D X and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a at P divided by D X and take the
+limit that's the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that's the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that's the definition of a
+derivative okay and what this is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay and what this is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay and what this is telling
+us is okay mathematically yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is okay mathematically yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is okay mathematically yeah that's a
+derivative but it's not a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but it's not a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but it's not a derivative
+that yields a tensor quantity and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yields a tensor quantity and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yields a tensor quantity and so we
+are being to discuss the fact that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being to discuss the fact that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being to discuss the fact that to
+compare things that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare things that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare things that have different
+tangent spaces that live in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent spaces that live in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent spaces that live in different
+points in my curved manifold I need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in my curved manifold I need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in my curved manifold I need an
+ocean of transport to take one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean of transport to take one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean of transport to take one from the
+other in order to compare them so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in order to compare them so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in order to compare them so there
+are two notions of transport that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two notions of transport that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two notions of transport that we're
+going to talk about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about here
+the first one is called parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is called parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is called parallel
+transport so transport notion one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so transport notion one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so transport notion one we
+call this parallel transport I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this parallel transport I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this parallel transport I'm going
+to actually sort of focus a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually sort of focus a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually sort of focus a little bit
+on the math first and then come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the math first and then come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the math first and then come back to
+why this what is parallel about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this what is parallel about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this what is parallel about this
+afterwards okay so in all these cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards okay so in all these cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards okay so in all these cases so
+what I essentially need to do is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I essentially need to do is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I essentially need to do is sort of
+say you know what I want to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what I want to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what I want to do is find
+some kind of a way of imagining that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a way of imagining that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a way of imagining that I
+take the vector at P and transport it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vector at P and transport it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vector at P and transport it
+over to the point Q and I will compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the point Q and I will compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the point Q and I will compare
+the transported object rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transported object rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transported object rather than the
+object originally at point P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abstractly what I'm essentially going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly what I'm essentially going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly what I'm essentially going to
+do is I'm going to do what we always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to do what we always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to do what we always do
+in this I'm going to imagine that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this I'm going to imagine that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this I'm going to imagine that there
+is some kind of an operation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of an operation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of an operation that is
+linear in the separation between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the separation between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the separation between the two
+of them that allows me to define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that allows me to define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that allows me to define this
+transport so let's do the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so let's do the following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so let's do the following so
+I'm gonna assume that we can define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna assume that we can define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna assume that we can define an
+object not any object we can define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object not any object we can define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object not any object we can define an
+object which I will call pi capital Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which I will call pi capital Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which I will call pi capital Pi
+alpha beta mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is going to do the following what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to do the following what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to do the following what
+I'm going to do is say that a alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is say that a alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is say that a alpha
+transported and to make it even clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported and to make it even clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported and to make it even clearer
+how it's being transferred let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's being transferred let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's being transferred let's say
+it's being transported from P to Q this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being transported from P to Q this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being transported from P to Q this
+is given by alpha at P and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by alpha at P and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by alpha at P and what I'm
+going to do is say that whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is say that whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is say that whatever this
+object is it is linear in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is it is linear in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is it is linear in both the
+coordinate separation of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate separation of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate separation of those two
+events and the vector field okay so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and the vector field okay so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and the vector field okay so far
+I've said nothing about physics by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said nothing about physics by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said nothing about physics by the
+way I'm just laying out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm just laying out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm just laying out some
+mathematical definitions I'm gonna bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definitions I'm gonna bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definitions I'm gonna bring
+it all together in a few moments I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all together in a few moments I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all together in a few moments I'm
+then going to say okay I know that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to say okay I know that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to say okay I know that I had
+trouble with my standard partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with my standard partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with my standard partial
+derivative let's define a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative let's define a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative let's define a derivative
+operator in the following way define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in the following way define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in the following way define a
+derivative by comparing the transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative by comparing the transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative by comparing the transported
+vector to the feel that Q okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to the feel that Q okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to the feel that Q okay so what
+I'm gonna do is assume what I do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do is assume what I do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do is assume what I do for the
+moment is just a note this notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is just a note this notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is just a note this notion of a
+new kind of derivative with a capital de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of derivative with a capital de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of derivative with a capital de
+okay right now it's just another symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now it's just another symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now it's just another symbol
+that you know we would pronounce with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we would pronounce with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we would pronounce with
+the du sounds so that sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the du sounds so that sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the du sounds so that sounds like
+derivative so don't read too much into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so don't read too much into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so don't read too much into
+that for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm gonna define this as a at Q - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna define this as a at Q - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna define this as a at Q - a
+transported from P to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then divide by the separation take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide by the separation take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide by the separation take
+the limit usual thing and when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit usual thing and when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit usual thing and when you do
+this you're going to get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're going to get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're going to get something that
+looks like the partial derivative plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the partial derivative plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the partial derivative plus
+to me an additional term on here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me an additional term on here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me an additional term on here it
+looks like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay
+so I've said nothing about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've said nothing about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've said nothing about what
+properties are going to demand of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are going to demand of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are going to demand of this
+thing okay and in fact there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay and in fact there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay and in fact there are many
+ways that one could define a transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that one could define a transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that one could define a transport
+of an object like this in general when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object like this in general when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object like this in general when
+you do this this thing I'm calling Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this this thing I'm calling Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this this thing I'm calling Pi
+here is known as the connection okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is known as the connection okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is known as the connection okay it
+is the object that connects point P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object that connects point P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object that connects point P to
+point Q so let's make a couple demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Q so let's make a couple demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Q so let's make a couple demands
+on its properties let's now start to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its properties let's now start to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its properties let's now start to put
+a couple a bit of physics in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so demand one is I'm gonna require that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so demand one is I'm gonna require that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so demand one is I'm gonna require that
+when I change my coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I change my coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I change my coordinate
+representation when I evaluate this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation when I evaluate this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation when I evaluate this in
+my new coordinate system that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new coordinate system that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new coordinate system that I get
+something that looks like this if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this if I do
+this I'm going to find that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to find that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to find that when I
+change coordinates and apply it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change coordinates and apply it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change coordinates and apply it to the
+entire derivative I've defined over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire derivative I've defined over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire derivative I've defined over here
+that little extra bit of schmutz that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little extra bit of schmutz that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little extra bit of schmutz that's
+on the second line there is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second line there is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second line there is exactly what
+you need to cancel out this annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to cancel out this annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to cancel out this annoying
+bugger so that you have a nice tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugger so that you have a nice tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugger so that you have a nice tensor
+relationship left so I'm going to demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship left so I'm going to demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship left so I'm going to demand
+that a key part of whatever this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a key part of whatever this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a key part of whatever this guy
+turns out to be is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be is something that
+cancels out the irritating garbage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out the irritating garbage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out the irritating garbage that
+came along with the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we now have a lot of freedom to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we now have a lot of freedom to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we now have a lot of freedom to you
+know that that actually is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that actually is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that actually is going to
+combine that with a little bout to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine that with a little bout to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine that with a little bout to say
+in just a moment that pins things down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment that pins things down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment that pins things down
+significantly I'm gonna make one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly I'm gonna make one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly I'm gonna make one more
+demand and this demand is going to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and this demand is going to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and this demand is going to then
+be connected to sort of the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be connected to sort of the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be connected to sort of the physical
+picture that I'm gonna introduce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I'm gonna introduce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I'm gonna introduce in
+about five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes
+my final demand is I'm gonna say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final demand is I'm gonna say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final demand is I'm gonna say I'm
+gonna require that whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna require that whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna require that whatever this
+derivative is when I apply it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is when I apply it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is when I apply it to the
+metric I get zero if I do that then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric I get zero if I do that then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric I get zero if I do that then it
+turns out that the connection is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the connection is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the connection is exactly
+the Christoffel symbol that we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel symbol that we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel symbol that we worked
+out earlier okay if I get if I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out earlier okay if I get if I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out earlier okay if I get if I put in
+this demand the connection is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand the connection is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand the connection is the
+Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this derivative is nothing more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this derivative is nothing more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this derivative is nothing more than
+the covariant derivative derivative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative derivative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative derivative this
+is just the covariant derivative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the covariant derivative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the covariant derivative we
+worked out earlier so much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out earlier so much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out earlier so much for
+mathematics okay the key thing which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics okay the key thing which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics okay the key thing which I
+want to emphasize at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize at this point the
+conversation I hope we can see the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation I hope we can see the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation I hope we can see the logic
+behind the first demand okay that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the first demand okay that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the first demand okay that's just
+something which I'm going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I'm going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I'm going to introduce
+in order to clean this guy up okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to clean this guy up okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to clean this guy up okay this
+is my choice okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my choice okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my choice okay
+not just my choice it's a choice of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just my choice it's a choice of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just my choice it's a choice of a
+lot of people who have helped to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who have helped to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who have helped to develop
+this subject but it's it's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject but it's it's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject but it's it's a good one
+because when I do this there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I do this there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I do this there's a
+particularly good physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good physical
+interpretation to what this what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation to what this what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation to what this what this
+notion of transport means and bear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of transport means and bear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of transport means and bear with
+me for a second where I gather my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for a second where I gather my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for a second where I gather my notes
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's make that curve again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's make that curve again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's make that curve again and
+I'll imagine that actually let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll imagine that actually let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll imagine that actually let's just go
+ahead and redraw my my vector fields I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and redraw my my vector fields I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and redraw my my vector fields I
+do want to have a different copy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me introduce one other object so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me introduce one other object so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me introduce one other object so I'm
+gonna give this curve a name I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give this curve a name I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give this curve a name I'm gonna
+call this curve gamma and what I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this curve gamma and what I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this curve gamma and what I'm gonna
+do is sort of imagine that I can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is sort of imagine that I can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is sort of imagine that I can define
+and this is a notion that I'm gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a notion that I'm gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a notion that I'm gonna make
+much more precise in a future lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more precise in a future lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more precise in a future lecture
+but imagine that there is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine that there is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine that there is some kind of
+like a tape measure that reads out along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tape measure that reads out along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tape measure that reads out along
+the curve gamma that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve gamma that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve gamma that is sort of
+uniformly ticked in a way that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly ticked in a way that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly ticked in a way that we will
+make precise in a future lecture I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make precise in a future lecture I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make precise in a future lecture I will
+call the parameter that is uniform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the parameter that is uniform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the parameter that is uniform that
+denotes these uniform tick marks I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes these uniform tick marks I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes these uniform tick marks I will
+call that lambda okay if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that lambda okay if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that lambda okay if you want to
+read a little bit about this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little bit about this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little bit about this this is
+what's known as an affine parameter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as an affine parameter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as an affine parameter okay
+we will make this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make this a little bit more
+precise very soon with this in mind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise very soon with this in mind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise very soon with this in mind you
+should be able to convince yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to convince yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to convince yourself that
+this field you defines the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field you defines the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field you defines the tangent
+vector to this curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say that my original point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that my original point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that my original point here
+that this is at lambda equals two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is at lambda equals two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is at lambda equals two and
+let's say this is at lambda equals seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is at lambda equals seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is at lambda equals seven
+and what I want to do is transport the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do is transport the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do is transport the
+vector from two to seven well a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from two to seven well a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from two to seven well a way that
+I can do this is by saying okay I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this is by saying okay I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this is by saying okay I now
+know that the derivative that goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the derivative that goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the derivative that goes over
+here this is just the covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is just the covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is just the covariant
+derivative so I forgot to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I forgot to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I forgot to write this
+down but from now on this derivative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but from now on this derivative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but from now on this derivative I
+wrote down I'm gonna go back to the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down I'm gonna go back to the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down I'm gonna go back to the sort
+of gradient symbol we use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gradient symbol we use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gradient symbol we use for the
+covariant derivative what I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative what I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative what I can do is
+take the covariant derivative of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the covariant derivative of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the covariant derivative of my
+vector field contract it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field contract it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field contract it with this
+tangent vector and what this does I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector and what this does I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector and what this does I'm
+gonna define this as capital D alpha D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna define this as capital D alpha D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna define this as capital D alpha D
+lambda this is sort of a covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda this is sort of a covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda this is sort of a covariant
+derivative with respect to the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the parameter
+lambda as I move along this constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda as I move along this constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda as I move along this constrained
+trajectory what this does is this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory what this does is this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory what this does is this tells
+me how a changes as it is transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the notion of parallel transport I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notion of parallel transport I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notion of parallel transport I'm
+now going to argue what parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to argue what parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to argue what parallel
+transport comes down to is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport comes down to is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport comes down to is when you
+require and as you slide this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require and as you slide this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require and as you slide this thing
+along here the covariant total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here the covariant total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here the covariant total
+derivative of this thing as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this thing as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this thing as you move
+along the curve that it's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve that it's equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve that it's equal to zero
+okay now let me motivate where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me motivate where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me motivate where that's
+coming from why is that so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from why is that so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from why is that so what I'm
+going to do let's put all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do let's put all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do let's put all of our
+definitions back in let six apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions back in let six apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions back in let six apply the
+definition of covariant derivative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of covariant derivative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of covariant derivative that
+we discussed in a previous lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed in a previous lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed in a previous lecture and
+we've all come to know and love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this is the bit where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is the bit where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is the bit where we've
+been to introduce a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to introduce a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to introduce a little bit of
+physics let's imagine that points P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics let's imagine that points P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics let's imagine that points P and
+Q are sufficiently close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q are sufficiently close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q are sufficiently close to each other
+that they fit within a single freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they fit within a single freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they fit within a single freely
+falling frame they can go into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling frame they can go into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling frame they can go into the same
+local Lorentz frame so remember when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame so remember when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame so remember when I
+go into my local Lorentz frame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into my local Lorentz frame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into my local Lorentz frame the
+metric becomes the metric of flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric becomes the metric of flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric becomes the metric of flat
+space-time G goes over to ADA there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time G goes over to ADA there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time G goes over to ADA there is a
+second order correction to that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to that so the
+second derivatives I can never get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives I can never get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives I can never get rid
+of I cannot find a champion to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I cannot find a champion to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I cannot find a champion to get rid
+of them so there'll be a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so there'll be a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so there'll be a little bit of
+that there which sort of sets tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there which sort of sets tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there which sort of sets tells me
+how large this Lorentz frame can be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large this Lorentz frame can be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large this Lorentz frame can be but
+I can get rid of all the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get rid of all the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get rid of all the first
+derivatives and if you get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and if you get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and if you get rid of all
+the first derivatives you zero out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivatives you zero out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivatives you zero out the
+Christoffel symbols in that frame so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols in that frame so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols in that frame so in
+that frame there are no Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame there are no Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame there are no Christoffel
+symbols so what this means is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so what this means is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so what this means is that in
+this frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just becomes the idea that a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just becomes the idea that a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just becomes the idea that a simple
+total derivative of this object you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative of this object you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative of this object you
+don't need to include all the garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to include all the garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to include all the garbage
+that comes along with it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes along with it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes along with it with the
+covariant derivative this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative this is equal to
+zero and that's equivalent to saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's equivalent to saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's equivalent to saying
+that as I take this vector and transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I take this vector and transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I take this vector and transport
+it along I hold all of its components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along I hold all of its components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along I hold all of its components
+constant as I slide it from one step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as I slide it from one step to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as I slide it from one step to
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I start out with my a at point P here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start out with my a at point P here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start out with my a at point P here
+and then I slide it over a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I slide it over a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I slide it over a little bit
+holding all the complex constant looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding all the complex constant looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding all the complex constant looks
+like this slide it over again slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this slide it over again slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this slide it over again slide it
+over again so finally I get it over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again so finally I get it over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again so finally I get it over to
+there what this is doing is that any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what this is doing is that any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what this is doing is that any two
+points you know any two vectors sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you know any two vectors sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you know any two vectors sort of
+a trend in the middle of this transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trend in the middle of this transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trend in the middle of this transport
+process I am holding them as parallel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I am holding them as parallel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I am holding them as parallel as
+it is possible to hold them given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to hold them given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to hold them given that
+to be blunt it's actually you can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be blunt it's actually you can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be blunt it's actually you can't even
+really define a notion of two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really define a notion of two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really define a notion of two objects
+being parallel on a curved surface if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being parallel on a curved surface if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being parallel on a curved surface if
+there's a macroscopic separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a macroscopic separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a macroscopic separation between
+them but if you think about just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if you think about just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if you think about just a
+little region that's sufficiently small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little region that's sufficiently small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little region that's sufficiently small
+that it's flat up to quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's flat up to quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's flat up to quadratic
+Corrections then a notion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections then a notion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections then a notion of these
+things being parallel to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being parallel to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being parallel to each other
+makes sense and this idea that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and this idea that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and this idea that I'm going
+to demand that upon transport the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand that upon transport the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand that upon transport the
+derivative of the metric equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the metric equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the metric equals zero
+thereby yielding my connection being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby yielding my connection being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby yielding my connection being the
+Christoffel and this derivative being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel and this derivative being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel and this derivative being
+the covariant derivative it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative it tells us
+that this notion of transport is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this notion of transport is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this notion of transport is one in
+which objects are just kept as parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which objects are just kept as parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which objects are just kept as parallel
+as possible as they slide along here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible as they slide along here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible as they slide along here
+that is why this is called parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why this is called parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why this is called parallel
+transport it says parallel as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it says parallel as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it says parallel as it is
+possible to be given the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I switch gears I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I switch gears I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I switch gears I just want to
+emphasize you know that that's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize you know that that's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize you know that that's there's a
+fair amount you know I went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount you know I went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount you know I went through the
+mathematics of that with a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of that with a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of that with a fair amount
+of care because it is important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care because it is important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care because it is important to keep
+this stuff as rigorous as possible here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff as rigorous as possible here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff as rigorous as possible here
+this notion of parallel transport gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of parallel transport gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of parallel transport gets
+used a lot when we start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot when we start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot when we start talking about
+things moving around in a in a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things moving around in a in a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things moving around in a in a curved
+space-time in particular if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time in particular if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time in particular if you think
+about an object that is freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an object that is freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an object that is freely falling
+and it is experiencing no forces other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is experiencing no forces other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is experiencing no forces other
+than gravity which we are going to no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gravity which we are going to no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gravity which we are going to no
+longer regard as a force before too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer regard as a force before too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer regard as a force before too long
+you know if you just go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you just go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you just go back to
+Newtonian intuition what does it do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian intuition what does it do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian intuition what does it do well
+you give it an initial velocity or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it an initial velocity or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it an initial velocity or an
+initial momentum and it maintains it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial momentum and it maintains it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial momentum and it maintains it it
+just continues going in a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continues going in a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continues going in a straight line
+in space-time going in a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space-time going in a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space-time going in a straight line
+basically means at every step I move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means at every step I move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means at every step I move and
+I take the tangent to my world line my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the tangent to my world line my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the tangent to my world line my
+for velocity and I move it parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for velocity and I move it parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for velocity and I move it parallel to
+itself so this notion of parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this notion of parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this notion of parallel
+transport is going to be the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport is going to be the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport is going to be the key thing
+that we use to actually define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to actually define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to actually define the
+kinematics of bodies in curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of bodies in curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of bodies in curved
+space-time okay there's a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time okay there's a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time okay there's a tremendous
+amount of work being done by various all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work being done by various all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work being done by various all
+sorts of things these days it's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things these days it's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things these days it's based on
+studies of orbits and curved space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of orbits and curved space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of orbits and curved space-time
+and they all come back to this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all come back to this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all come back to this notion of
+parallel transport all right bear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport all right bear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport all right bear with
+me a second always want take a sip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a second always want take a sip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a second always want take a sip of
+water and then I'm gonna talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then I'm gonna talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then I'm gonna talk about the
+other notion of transport which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notion of transport which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notion of transport which we are
+going to discuss I always say briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss I always say briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss I always say briefly
+and then I spend three pages on so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I spend three pages on so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I spend three pages on so we're
+gonna discuss all right so parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna discuss all right so parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna discuss all right so parallel
+transport is extremely important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport is extremely important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport is extremely important and
+there's a huge amount of physics that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of physics that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of physics that is
+tied up in this but one of things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up in this but one of things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up in this but one of things which
+I really want to emphasize is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to emphasize is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to emphasize is that it is
+not unique and there is one other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique and there is one other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique and there is one other one
+which we're going to really use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to really use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to really use to
+define one particularly important notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define one particularly important notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define one particularly important notion
+instead of quantities for our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose I've got my my curve gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I've got my my curve gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I've got my my curve gamma
+and I'm going to again take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to again take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to again take advantage of
+the fact that I can define a sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I can define a sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I can define a sort of a a
+set of tick marks along it and make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tick marks along it and make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tick marks along it and make that
+vector U be the tangent to this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector U be the tangent to this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector U be the tangent to this curve
+and I'm gonna again have my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna again have my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna again have my favorite
+points X alpha at Point P X alpha TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points X alpha at Point P X alpha TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points X alpha at Point P X alpha TX
+alpha at Point Q there's another notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha at Point Q there's another notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha at Point Q there's another notion
+of transport that is basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transport that is basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transport that is basically what you
+sort of do is you kind of cheat and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do is you kind of cheat and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do is you kind of cheat and you
+sort of imagine that moving from point X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of imagine that moving from point X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of imagine that moving from point X
+alpha 2 X alpha plus DX alpha is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 X alpha plus DX alpha is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 X alpha plus DX alpha is a kind
+of coordinate transformation so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinate transformation so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinate transformation so let's do
+the following let's define let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following let's define let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following let's define let's say
+that X alpha plus DX alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X alpha plus DX alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X alpha plus DX alpha
+we're going to take advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take advantage of the
+fact that since we have this tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that since we have this tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that since we have this tangent
+notion built into our the symbols we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion built into our the symbols we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion built into our the symbols we've
+defined just say that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined just say that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined just say that it's going to be
+the tangent times an interval of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent times an interval of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent times an interval of lambda
+and what I'm going to do is define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is define this
+as a new coordinate system X prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a new coordinate system X prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a new coordinate system X prime so
+that's the Alpha component of coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Alpha component of coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Alpha component of coordinate
+system X prime okay it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system X prime okay it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system X prime okay it's a little bit
+weird because your X prime has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because your X prime has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because your X prime has a
+differential built into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to do is regard the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do is regard the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do is regard the shift
+are the transport if you prefer from P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the transport if you prefer from P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the transport if you prefer from P
+to Q as a coordinate transformation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Q as a coordinate transformation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Q as a coordinate transformation so
+what I mean by that is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is I'm going to
+regard X alpha and I'm gonna use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard X alpha and I'm gonna use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard X alpha and I'm gonna use a
+slightly different symbol I will define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different symbol I will define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different symbol I will define
+what the L is so this is transported but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the L is so this is transported but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the L is so this is transported but
+I'm gonna put an L in here for reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna put an L in here for reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna put an L in here for reasons
+that I will define in just a moment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will define in just a moment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will define in just a moment this
+from P to Q is what I get if I regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to Q is what I get if I regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to Q is what I get if I regard
+the change from point P to point Q as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change from point P to point Q as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change from point P to point Q as a
+simple coordinate transformation do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple coordinate transformation do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple coordinate transformation do my
+usual rule for changing coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual rule for changing coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual rule for changing coordinate
+representation so expand with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so expand with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so expand with the
+definition of X prime is there and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of X prime is there and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of X prime is there and what
+you'll see is that you get a term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is that you get a term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is that you get a term that's
+just basically DX alpha D X beta then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically DX alpha D X beta then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically DX alpha D X beta then
+you're going to get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get something that looks
+like the partial derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the partial derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the partial derivative of that
+tangent vector and remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector and remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector and remember this is
+being acted on so this is this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being acted on so this is this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being acted on so this is this is this
+thing evaluated at pink great so we fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing evaluated at pink great so we fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing evaluated at pink great so we fill
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what I get when I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I get when I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I get when I use
+this notion to transport the field from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion to transport the field from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion to transport the field from
+P to Q let's think about it another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to Q let's think about it another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to Q let's think about it another way
+okay now these functions are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these functions are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these functions are all these
+fields are all just functions so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are all just functions so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are all just functions so I can
+also express the field at Q in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also express the field at Q in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also express the field at Q in terms of
+the field at P using a Taylor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm assuming that these are close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm assuming that these are close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm assuming that these are close
+enough that everything is accurate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that everything is accurate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that everything is accurate to
+first-order in small quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so nothing controversial about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nothing controversial about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nothing controversial about this
+I'm assuming DX is small enough that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming DX is small enough that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming DX is small enough that I
+can do this okay but now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this okay but now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this okay but now I'm going to
+get rid of my DX beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of my DX beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of my DX beta
+using the tangent field you now before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the tangent field you now before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the tangent field you now before I
+move on I just kind of want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on I just kind of want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on I just kind of want to emphasize
+these two boards here over all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two boards here over all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two boards here over all the way
+to the left these we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left these we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left these we're talking about
+two rather different quantities okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rather different quantities okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rather different quantities okay the
+one I just moved to the top that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just moved to the top that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just moved to the top that
+actually is the field if you were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the field if you were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the field if you were you
+know an entity with a little you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an entity with a little you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an entity with a little you know
+some kind of a Gidget that guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a Gidget that guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a Gidget that guess I'm
+gonna be we got have a gadget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be we got have a gadget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be we got have a gadget that
+measured field a that would tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured field a that would tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured field a that would tell you
+what the value you is that you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value you is that you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value you is that you measure
+at point Q this would tell you what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at point Q this would tell you what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at point Q this would tell you what do
+we get if you picked P up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get if you picked P up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get if you picked P up
+and via this transport mechanism moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and via this transport mechanism moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and via this transport mechanism moved
+it over to Q okay they are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over to Q okay they are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over to Q okay they are two
+potentially different things so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially different things so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially different things so this
+motivates another kind of derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose I look at a evaluate at a q-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I look at a evaluate at a q-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I look at a evaluate at a q-
+a transported whoops must be transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transported whoops must be transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transported whoops must be transported
+from P to Q defined by D lambda I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to Q defined by D lambda I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to Q defined by D lambda I will
+expand this out in just a moment first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out in just a moment first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out in just a moment first
+now I will at last give this a name this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I will at last give this a name this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I will at last give this a name this
+is written with a script L this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written with a script L this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written with a script L this is known
+as the leader riveted of the vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the leader riveted of the vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the leader riveted of the vector a
+along u anyone heard of the leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along u anyone heard of the leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along u anyone heard of the leader
+riveted before yeah so this is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riveted before yeah so this is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riveted before yeah so this is at least
+in the context where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context where we're going to
+using it this is a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it this is a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it this is a good way to
+understand what's going on with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on with that
+we'll see how it is used at least an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how it is used at least an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how it is used at least an
+eighth 962 in just a few moments filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth 962 in just a few moments filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth 962 in just a few moments filling
+in the details so plug in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the details so plug in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the details so plug in these
+definitions subtract take limits blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions subtract take limits blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions subtract take limits blah
+blah blah what you find is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah what you find is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah what you find is that this
+turns out to be u contracted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be u contracted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be u contracted on the
+partial derivative of a - a contracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of a - a contracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of a - a contracted
+on the partial derivative of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise for the reader it is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for the reader it is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for the reader it is actually
+really easy to show that you can promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to show that you can promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to show that you can promote
+these partial derivatives to covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partial derivatives to covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partial derivatives to covariant
+derivatives and what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and what this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and what this means is that
+when you evaluate the leader rivet --iv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you evaluate the leader rivet --iv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you evaluate the leader rivet --iv
+so notice nowhere in here did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice nowhere in here did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice nowhere in here did I
+introduce anything with the covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce anything with the covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce anything with the covariant
+derivative there was no connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative there was no connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative there was no connection
+nothing going on there you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing going on there you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing going on there you know if you
+just go ahead and work it out basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and work it out basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and work it out basically
+you know when you when you expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you when you expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you when you expand this
+guy out you'll find you have connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy out you'll find you have connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy out you'll find you have connection
+coefficients or Christoffel symbols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or Christoffel symbols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or Christoffel symbols that
+are equal and opposite and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and opposite and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and opposite and so they
+cancel each other so you can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other so you can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other so you can just go
+from partials to covariance kitchen just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from partials to covariance kitchen just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from partials to covariance kitchen just
+a second trait and this is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second trait and this is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second trait and this is telling us
+that the leader rivet --iv is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the leader rivet --iv is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the leader rivet --iv is perfectly
+tensorial okay so it's a you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial okay so it's a you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial okay so it's a you know the
+leader rivet of of a vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader rivet of of a vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader rivet of of a vector field is
+also a tensor quantity you were raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a tensor quantity you were raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a tensor quantity you were raised
+to asking a question tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I did yes I did thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did yes I did thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did yes I did thank you
+there should be a deal and right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a deal and right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a deal and right here
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+yes yeah if you don't have that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah if you don't have that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah if you don't have that then you
+get what is technically called crap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what is technically called crap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what is technically called crap so
+thank you for putting that in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for putting that in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for putting that in for
+reasons that I hope you have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I hope you have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I hope you have probably
+seen before when you take the leap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before when you take the leap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before when you take the leap so
+you always compute the leader rivet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always compute the leader rivet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always compute the leader rivet of
+of some kind of an object along a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind of an object along a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind of an object along a vector
+field so when you're computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so when you're computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so when you're computing the
+leader rivet of of a vector field along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader rivet of of a vector field along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader rivet of of a vector field along
+a vector sometimes this is written using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector sometimes this is written using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector sometimes this is written using
+a commutator okay ice throw that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commutator okay ice throw that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commutator okay ice throw that out
+there cuz you may encounter this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cuz you may encounter this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cuz you may encounter this in some
+of your readings okay kind of looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your readings okay kind of looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your readings okay kind of looks like
+this so let me just do a few more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me just do a few more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me just do a few more things
+that are essentially fleshing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are essentially fleshing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are essentially fleshing out the
+definition of this so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this so I'm not going to
+go through and apply this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and apply this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and apply this definition
+very carefully to higher order objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully to higher order objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully to higher order objects
+what I would just say is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would just say is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would just say is that if I
+repeat this exercise and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this exercise and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this exercise and instead of
+having a vector field that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a vector field that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a vector field that I'm
+transporting from point to point suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting from point to point suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting from point to point suppose
+I do it for a scalar field well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it for a scalar field well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it for a scalar field well this
+ends up just being you contracted along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up just being you contracted along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up just being you contracted along
+well what you actually get pardon me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you actually get pardon me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you actually get pardon me for
+a second it's this on the partial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second it's this on the partial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second it's this on the partial but
+the partial derivative of a scalar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of a scalar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of a scalar is
+the covariant through of this scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant through of this scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant through of this scalar
+because there's no Christoffel two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Christoffel two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Christoffel two
+couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you do this for a 1-form in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this for a 1-form in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this for a 1-form in other
+words a one index object in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a one index object in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a one index object in the
+downstairs position yes it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs position yes it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs position yes it looks like
+this and again when you actually expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again when you actually expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again when you actually expand
+out your Christoffel you stand out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your Christoffel you stand out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your Christoffel you stand out your
+covariant derivatives you find that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives you find that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives you find that your
+Christoffel symbols cancel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols cancel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols cancel each other
+out and so if you like you can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so if you like you can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so if you like you can just go
+ahead and replace these with partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and replace these with partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and replace these with partials
+and like let me just write one more out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like let me just write one more out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like let me just write one more out
+for completeness apply this to a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a very similar kind of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very similar kind of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very similar kind of structure
+to what you saw when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you saw when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you saw when we did the
+covariant derivative in which every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative in which every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative in which every
+index essentially gets corrected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index essentially gets corrected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index essentially gets corrected by a
+factor that looks sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that looks sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that looks sort of like the
+covariant derivative of the field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of the field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of the field that
+you are differentiating along signs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are differentiating along signs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are differentiating along signs are
+a little bit different so you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different so you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different so you know it's
+a similar tune but it's in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar tune but it's in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar tune but it's in a different
+key okay so that's great and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay so that's great and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay so that's great and you know if
+you're if you get your jollies just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you get your jollies just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you get your jollies just
+understanding different mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding different mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding different mathematical
+transport operations maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport operations maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport operations maybe this is
+already fun enough but we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already fun enough but we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already fun enough but we're in a
+physics class so the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics class so the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics class so the question that
+should be to your mind is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to your mind is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to your mind is is there a
+point to all this analysis so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to all this analysis so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to all this analysis so in fact
+the most important application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important application of the
+leader rivet --iv for our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader rivet --iv for our purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader rivet --iv for our purposes
+in probably the last lecture or two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probably the last lecture or two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probably the last lecture or two I
+will describe some stuff related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe some stuff related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe some stuff related to
+modern research that uses it quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern research that uses it quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern research that uses it quite
+heavily but to begin with in our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily but to begin with in our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily but to begin with in our class
+the most important application will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we consider cases where when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we consider cases where when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we consider cases where when I
+compute the leader rivet of of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the leader rivet of of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the leader rivet of of some
+tensor along a vector u and I get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm just gonna leave it schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just gonna leave it schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just gonna leave it schematic
+like this so L U of the tensor is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so L U of the tensor is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so L U of the tensor is equal
+to zero if this is the case we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if this is the case we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if this is the case we say that
+the tensor is Li transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this incidentally just a brief aside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incidentally just a brief aside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incidentally just a brief aside it
+shows up a lot in fluid dynamics okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up a lot in fluid dynamics okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up a lot in fluid dynamics okay in
+that case you often defines like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you often defines like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you often defines like the
+flow velocity that's the flow lines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow velocity that's the flow lines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow velocity that's the flow lines to
+me associate the velocity field of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me associate the velocity field of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me associate the velocity field of some
+kind of a fluid that is flowing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fluid that is flowing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fluid that is flowing through
+your physical situation and you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physical situation and you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physical situation and you would be
+interested in the behavior of all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the behavior of all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the behavior of all sorts
+of quantities that are embedded in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantities that are embedded in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantities that are embedded in that
+fluid and as we're going to see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and as we're going to see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and as we're going to see when you
+find that those quantities are Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that those quantities are Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that those quantities are Li
+transported in this way there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported in this way there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported in this way there's a
+powerful physical outcome associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful physical outcome associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful physical outcome associated
+with that which we are going to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that which we are going to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that which we are going to derive
+in just a moment so suppose I in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment so suppose I in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment so suppose I in fact
+have a tensor that is Li transported so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tensor that is Li transported so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tensor that is Li transported so
+suppose I have some tensor that is Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have some tensor that is Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have some tensor that is Li
+transported if that's the case what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported if that's the case what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported if that's the case what I
+can do is define a particular coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is define a particular coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is define a particular coordinate
+system centered on the curve for which U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system centered on the curve for which U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system centered on the curve for which U
+is the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+define this curve such that X 0 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this curve such that X 0 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this curve such that X 0 is equal
+to lambda that parameter that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lambda that parameter that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lambda that parameter that sort of
+defines my length along the curve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines my length along the curve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines my length along the curve in a
+way that I will admit I've not made very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I will admit I've not made very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I will admit I've not made very
+precise yet but we'll soon okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise yet but we'll soon okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise yet but we'll soon okay and then
+I'm going to require that my other Fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to require that my other Fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to require that my other Fork
+excuse me my other three coordinates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me my other three coordinates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me my other three coordinates are
+all constants on that curve okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all constants on that curve okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all constants on that curve okay so if I
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then my tangent vector is simply Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my tangent vector is simply Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my tangent vector is simply Delta X
+zero in other words you know it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words you know it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words you know it's only
+got one non-trivial compliment and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one non-trivial compliment and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one non-trivial compliment and its
+value of that complement is 1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that complement is 1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that complement is 1 and this
+is a constant so the derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant so the derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant so the derivatives of the
+the derivative the tangent field are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative the tangent field are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative the tangent field are all
+equal to zero and when you trace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and when you trace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and when you trace this
+through all of our various definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you find is that it boils down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that it boils down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that it boils down to
+just looking at how the tensor field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at how the tensor field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at how the tensor field
+varies with respect to that parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with respect to that parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with respect to that parameter
+along the curve itself if it's ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve itself if it's ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve itself if it's ly
+transported then this is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported then this is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported then this is equal to zero
+and so this means that whatever X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that whatever X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that whatever X 0
+represents it's going to be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it's going to be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it's going to be a constant
+along that curve with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that curve with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that curve with respect to this
+with respect to this tensor field excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this tensor field excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this tensor field excuse
+me so that screwed that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the tensor does not vary with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensor does not vary with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensor does not vary with this
+parameter along the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this was a lot so let's just step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was a lot so let's just step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was a lot so let's just step
+back and think about what this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and think about what this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and think about what this is saying
+one of the most important things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important things that we
+do in physics we're trying to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in physics we're trying to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in physics we're trying to analyze
+systems is we try to identify quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is we try to identify quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is we try to identify quantities
+that are constants of the motion this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are constants of the motion this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are constants of the motion this is
+really tricky in a curved space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky in a curved space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky in a curved space-time
+because so many much of our intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so many much of our intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so many much of our intuition
+kind of gets kind of just garbled by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets kind of just garbled by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets kind of just garbled by all
+of the facts that we you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facts that we you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facts that we you know different
+points have different tangent spaces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points have different tangent spaces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points have different tangent spaces you
+worry about whether something and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about whether something and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about whether something and being
+true and is it just a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and is it just a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and is it just a function of the
+coordinate system that I wrote this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system that I wrote this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system that I wrote this out
+in what the hell is going on here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what the hell is going on here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what the hell is going on here this
+is giving us the leader rivet of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving us the leader rivet of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving us the leader rivet of is
+giving us a covariant frame independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a covariant frame independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a covariant frame independent
+way of identifying things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of identifying things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of identifying things that are
+constants in our space-time so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in our space-time so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in our space-time so I'm gonna
+use this we're gonna wrap up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this we're gonna wrap up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this we're gonna wrap up this
+discussion let suppose that the tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion let suppose that the tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion let suppose that the tensor
+that I'm looking at here is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking at here is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking at here is called the
+metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose there exists a vector C such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there exists a vector C such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there exists a vector C such
+that the metric is Li transported along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the metric is Li transported along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the metric is Li transported along
+this thing what does this tell us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what does this tell us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what does this tell us so
+first it means there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it means there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it means there exists some
+coordinate such that the metric does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate such that the metric does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate such that the metric does not
+vary the metric is constant with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the metric is constant with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the metric is constant with respect
+to that coordinate that is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that coordinate that is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that coordinate that is essentially
+if you sort of go through what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of go through what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of go through what I
+sketched a moment ago this is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched a moment ago this is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched a moment ago this is telling us
+that the existence of a this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the existence of a this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the existence of a this kind of a
+vector which I'm gonna give a name to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which I'm gonna give a name to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which I'm gonna give a name to in
+just a moment the existence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment the existence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment the existence of this
+thing demands that my metric is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing demands that my metric is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing demands that my metric is constant
+with respect to some coordinate I am NOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some coordinate I am NOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some coordinate I am NOT
+going to prove the following statement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove the following statement I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove the following statement I
+will just state it because in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just state it because in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just state it because in some ways
+the converse of that statement is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converse of that statement is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converse of that statement is even
+more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+if there is a coordinate such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a coordinate such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a coordinate such that the
+GED whenever that coordinate is is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GED whenever that coordinate is is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GED whenever that coordinate is is equal
+to 0 then a vector field of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 then a vector field of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 then a vector field of this type
+exists okay so the second thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay so the second thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay so the second thing I want
+to do is expand the leader rivet if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is expand the leader rivet if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is expand the leader rivet if so
+if I require that my metric be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I require that my metric be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I require that my metric be
+transported along the vector C well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported along the vector C well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported along the vector C well
+insert my definition of the leader rivet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert my definition of the leader rivet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert my definition of the leader rivet
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what is the main defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the main defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the main defining
+characteristic of the covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the covariant
+derivative how did I get my connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative how did I get my connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative how did I get my connection
+in the first place in other words what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place in other words what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place in other words what
+is this gonna be okay students who took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this gonna be okay students who took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this gonna be okay students who took
+undergraduate class with me I'll remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class with me I'll remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class with me I'll remind
+you of one of the key bits of wisdom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of one of the key bits of wisdom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of one of the key bits of wisdom I
+always tell people it's Professor asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell people it's Professor asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell people it's Professor asked
+you a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question
+90% of the time if you just shout out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the time if you just shout out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the time if you just shout out
+zero you are likely to be right usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you are likely to be right usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you are likely to be right usually
+there's some kind of a symmetry that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of a symmetry that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of a symmetry that we
+want you to sort of understand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to sort of understand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to sort of understand which
+allows you to go oh it's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go oh it's equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go oh it's equal to zero
+by the way whenever I point that out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way whenever I point that out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way whenever I point that out to
+a class I then worked really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class I then worked really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class I then worked really hard to
+make a nonzero answer for the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nonzero answer for the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nonzero answer for the next time
+I asked it so the covariant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked it so the covariant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked it so the covariant derivative
+of G is 0 so this term dies because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G is 0 so this term dies because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G is 0 so this term dies because the
+covariant derivative of G is 0 I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of G is 0 I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of G is 0 I can
+always commute the metric with covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always commute the metric with covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always commute the metric with covariant
+derivatives so I can take this move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I can take this move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I can take this move it
+inside the derivative I can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the derivative I can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the derivative I can take this
+move it inside the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it inside the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it inside the derivative
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this means is this Li derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is this Li derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is this Li derivative
+equation after all the smoke clears can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation after all the smoke clears can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation after all the smoke clears can
+be written like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written like this
+or if I recall there's this notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I recall there's this notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I recall there's this notation for
+symmetries ation of indices which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries ation of indices which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries ation of indices which I
+introduced in a previous lecture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in a previous lecture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in a previous lecture the
+symmetric covariant derivative of this C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric covariant derivative of this C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric covariant derivative of this C
+is equal to zero this equation is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero this equation is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero this equation is known
+as killings equation and C is a killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as killings equation and C is a killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as killings equation and C is a killing
+vector now this was a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now this was a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now this was a fair amount of
+formalism this was you know I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism this was you know I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism this was you know I was really
+laying out a lot of the details to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying out a lot of the details to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying out a lot of the details to get
+this right so to give you some context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so to give you some context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so to give you some context
+as to why this matters let me just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why this matters let me just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why this matters let me just give
+you a few bits that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few bits that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few bits that are going to be
+there's a bit more that needs to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit more that needs to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit more that needs to come
+out of this but we're going to get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this but we're going to get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this but we're going to get to it
+very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon
+suppose I have a body that is freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a body that is freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a body that is freely
+falling through some space-time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling through some space-time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling through some space-time and you
+know what I want to leave this here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I want to leave this here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I want to leave this here so
+this is sort of a this is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a this is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a this is a slightly
+advanced tangent so I'll start a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced tangent so I'll start a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced tangent so I'll start a new
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I have somebody that is freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have somebody that is freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have somebody that is freely
+falling what we're going to show in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling what we're going to show in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling what we're going to show in
+probably Thursday's lecture is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably Thursday's lecture is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably Thursday's lecture is that the
+equation of motion that governs it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion that governs it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion that governs it is
+you can sort of argue this on physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of argue this on physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of argue this on physical
+grounds and that's all I will do for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds and that's all I will do for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds and that's all I will do for now
+it's a it's a a trajectory that parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a a trajectory that parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a a trajectory that parallel
+transports its own tangent vector for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transports its own tangent vector for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transports its own tangent vector for
+intuition go into the freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition go into the freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition go into the freely falling
+frame where it's just the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame where it's just the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame where it's just the trajectory
+from special relativity it's a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from special relativity it's a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from special relativity it's a straight
+line in that frame and free parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in that frame and free parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in that frame and free parallel
+transporting its own tangent vector it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting its own tangent vector it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting its own tangent vector it
+basically means it sort of just moves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means it sort of just moves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means it sort of just moves on
+whatever course it is going so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever course it is going so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever course it is going so this is a
+trajectory for which I demand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory for which I demand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory for which I demand that the
+for velocity governing it parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for velocity governing it parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for velocity governing it parallel
+transports along itself now suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transports along itself now suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transports along itself now suppose you
+are moving in a spacetime that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving in a spacetime that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving in a spacetime that has a
+killing vector okay so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing vector okay so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing vector okay so this will be
+Thursday's lecture suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's lecture suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's lecture suppose the
+space-time has a killing vector well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time has a killing vector well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time has a killing vector well so
+there'll be some goofy Chi that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some goofy Chi that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some goofy Chi that you know
+exists and you know C obeys this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and you know C obeys this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and you know C obeys this
+equation by combining these things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by combining these things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by combining these things you
+can show that there is some quantity C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is given by taking the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by taking the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by taking the inner
+product of the four velocity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the four velocity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the four velocity of this
+freely falling thing and the killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling thing and the killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling thing and the killing
+vector and you can prove that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you can prove that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you can prove that this is a
+constant of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's thing about where this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's thing about where this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's thing about where this goes
+with some of the physics that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the physics that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the physics that you
+presumably all know and love already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably all know and love already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably all know and love already
+suppose you look at a spacetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you look at a spacetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you look at a spacetime
+okay so you climb a really high mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you climb a really high mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you climb a really high mountain
+you discover that there's a spacetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that there's a spacetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that there's a spacetime
+metric carved into the stone to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric carved into the stone to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric carved into the stone to the top
+of it you think okay this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you think okay this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you think okay this probably
+matters you look at it and you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters you look at it and you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters you look at it and you notice
+you know it depends on say time radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it depends on say time radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it depends on say time radius
+and two angles suppose you have a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two angles suppose you have a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two angles suppose you have a metric
+that is time independent hey if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is time independent hey if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is time independent hey if it's
+time independent then I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent then I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent then I know that the
+derivative of that thing with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that thing with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that thing with respect to
+time is zero there must exist a killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is zero there must exist a killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is zero there must exist a killing
+vector that is related to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is related to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is related to the fact that
+there is no time dependence in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no time dependence in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no time dependence in this
+metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you go when you calculate it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go when you calculate it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go when you calculate it you
+know and you guys will so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you guys will so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you guys will so this thing
+that C is a constant of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C is a constant of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C is a constant of the motion
+I believe that's pset4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's not hard you combine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not hard you combine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not hard you combine that
+equation that we're going to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we're going to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we're going to derive
+called the geodesic equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the geodesic equation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the geodesic equation with
+killings equation math happens you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killings equation math happens you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killings equation math happens you got
+it so suppose you got a metric this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so suppose you got a metric this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so suppose you got a metric this time
+independent you know you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent you know you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent you know you've got this
+thing so you know what let's let's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you know what let's let's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you know what let's let's work
+it out and look at it it becomes clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and look at it it becomes clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and look at it it becomes clear
+after studying this for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after studying this for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after studying this for a little bit
+that the C for this killing vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C for this killing vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C for this killing vector is
+energy in the same way that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the same way that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the same way that if you have
+a time independent Lagrangian your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time independent Lagrangian your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time independent Lagrangian your
+system has a conserved energy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a conserved energy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a conserved energy if you
+have a time independent metric there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a time independent metric there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a time independent metric there is
+a killing vector which the language late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing vector which the language late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing vector which the language late
+to use is we say it admits the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is we say it admits the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is we say it admits the the
+motion that space-time admits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that space-time admits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that space-time admits a
+conserved energy suppose you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved energy suppose you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved energy suppose you find that
+the metric is independent of some angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is independent of some angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is independent of some angle
+we'll call X phi3 guess is what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call X phi3 guess is what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call X phi3 guess is what's going
+to happen in this case just one guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in this case just one guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in this case just one guessed
+actually it conserved angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it conserved angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it conserved angular momentum
+pops out in that case so this ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops out in that case so this ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops out in that case so this ends up
+being the way in which we've essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the way in which we've essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the way in which we've essentially
+make very rigorous and geometric the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make very rigorous and geometric the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make very rigorous and geometric the
+idea that conservation laws are put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that conservation laws are put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that conservation laws are put into
+general relativity okay so I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity okay so I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity okay so I realize
+there's a lot of abstraction here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of abstraction here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of abstraction here so I
+want to go in a bit of an aside just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go in a bit of an aside just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go in a bit of an aside just to
+sort of tie down where we're going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tie down where we're going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tie down where we're going with
+this and why this actually matters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and why this actually matters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and why this actually matters okay
+and I will see so we got about ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will see so we got about ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will see so we got about ten
+minutes left so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left so what we're going to do
+at the very end of today and we'll pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end of today and we'll pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end of today and we'll pick
+this up beginning of next time so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up beginning of next time so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up beginning of next time so for
+the people who walked in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who walked in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who walked in a few minutes
+late the stuff that I'm actually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late the stuff that I'm actually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late the stuff that I'm actually about
+to start talking about we need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about we need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about we need to get
+through before you can do one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through before you can do one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through before you can do one of the
+problems on the pset so I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the pset so I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the pset so I'm probably
+gonna take that problem and move it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take that problem and move it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take that problem and move it on
+to piece that floor but I'm gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to piece that floor but I'm gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to piece that floor but I'm gonna start
+talking about it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it right now
+so everything that we have we've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that we have we've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that we have we've really
+focused a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused a lot
+so far on what are called well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far on what are called well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far on what are called well one
+tensors we're gonna now start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors we're gonna now start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors we're gonna now start talking
+about a related quantity called tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a related quantity called tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a related quantity called tensor
+densities there's really only two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities there's really only two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities there's really only two that
+matter for our purposes but I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for our purposes but I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for our purposes but I want to go
+through them carefully so I will set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them carefully so I will set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them carefully so I will set up
+with one and then we'll conclude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one and then we'll conclude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one and then we'll conclude the
+other one at beginning a Thursday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one at beginning a Thursday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one at beginning a Thursday's
+lecture so let me define this first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let me define this first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let me define this first I'm
+gonna give a I'm gonna give a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give a I'm gonna give a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give a I'm gonna give a definition
+that I like but it's actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like but it's actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like but it's actually kind of
+stupid so these are quantities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform almost like tensors okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform almost like tensors okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform almost like tensors okay a
+little bit lame but it's as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit lame but it's as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit lame but it's as you'll see
+in a moment it's kind of accurate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment it's kind of accurate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment it's kind of accurate what
+you'll find is that the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find is that the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find is that the transformation
+law is off by a factor that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is off by a factor that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is off by a factor that is the
+determinant of the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the coordinate
+transformation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taken to some power so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to some power so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to some power so there's an
+infinite number of tensor densities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of tensor densities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of tensor densities that
+one could define two are important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could define two are important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could define two are important for
+this class so the two that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so the two that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so the two that are most
+important for us are the levy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us are the levy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us are the levy
+she put a symbol and the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she put a symbol and the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she put a symbol and the determinant of
+the metric so you recall we use levy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric so you recall we use levy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric so you recall we use levy
+chavita already to talk about volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chavita already to talk about volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chavita already to talk about volumes
+and it was a tensor when we were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a tensor when we were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a tensor when we were working
+in rectilinear coordinates where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rectilinear coordinates where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rectilinear coordinates where the
+underlying current system was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying current system was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying current system was
+essentially Cartesian plus time it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Cartesian plus time it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Cartesian plus time it's not
+in general okay we'll go through why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general okay we'll go through why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general okay we'll go through why
+that is probably the last thing we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is probably the last thing we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is probably the last thing we can
+fit in today so let me remind you Levy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in today so let me remind you Levy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in today so let me remind you Levy
+chavita is something which I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chavita is something which I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chavita is something which I'm gonna
+write it with a a tilde on it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with a a tilde on it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with a a tilde on it to
+emphasize that it is not tensorial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that it is not tensorial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that it is not tensorial so
+this is equal to plus 1 if the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to plus 1 if the indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to plus 1 if the indices
+are 0 1 2 3 and even permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0 1 2 3 and even permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0 1 2 3 and even permutations of
+that equals minus 1 for odd permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals minus 1 for odd permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals minus 1 for odd permutations
+of that and it's zero for any index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and it's zero for any index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and it's zero for any index
+repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this symbol has a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this symbol has a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this symbol has a really nice
+property when you apply it to any matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property when you apply it to any matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property when you apply it to any matrix
+in fact this is this is a serum if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is this is a serum if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is this is a serum if I
+take any so I'm working in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any so I'm working in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any so I'm working in four
+dimensional space so let's say I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space so let's say I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space so let's say I've got
+a four by four matrix which I will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four by four matrix which I will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four by four matrix which I will call
+em written in excitation m alpha mu if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em written in excitation m alpha mu if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em written in excitation m alpha mu if I
+evaluate maybe chavita contracted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate maybe chavita contracted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate maybe chavita contracted on
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+I get leve Chiva two back multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get leve Chiva two back multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get leve Chiva two back multiplied by
+the determinant of the matrix am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now suppose what I choose from a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose what I choose from a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose what I choose from a matrix
+M is my coordinate transformation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so if I plug all this in here so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I plug all this in here so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I plug all this in here so I'm
+just gonna write down this result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna write down this result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna write down this result and
+I'll leave it since we're running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave it since we're running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave it since we're running a
+little short on time you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little short on time you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little short on time you can just
+double-check that there's a I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check that there's a I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check that there's a I've sort of
+moved things from one side equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved things from one side equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved things from one side equation to
+the other you can just double-check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you can just double-check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you can just double-check I
+did that correctly what that tells me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that correctly what that tells me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that correctly what that tells me is
+that lemme chavita in a new set of prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lemme chavita in a new set of prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lemme chavita in a new set of prime
+coordinates and is equal to this guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and is equal to this guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and is equal to this guy in
+the old unprimed coordinates with all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old unprimed coordinates with all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old unprimed coordinates with all my
+usual factors of transformation matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then an extra bit that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an extra bit that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an extra bit that looks like
+the determinant that look like it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant that look like it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant that look like it is the
+determinant of the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the coordinate
+transformation matrix if it were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation matrix if it were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation matrix if it were just
+the top line this is exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top line this is exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top line this is exactly what you
+would need for let each if it's due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need for let each if it's due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need for let each if it's due to
+be a tensor in the way that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tensor in the way that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tensor in the way that we have
+defined tensors it's not so the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined tensors it's not so the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined tensors it's not so the extra
+factor pushes the way from a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor pushes the way from a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor pushes the way from a tensor
+relationship and so what we would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and so what we would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and so what we would say is
+because this is off by a factor of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is off by a factor of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is off by a factor of what
+sometimes called the Jacobian we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the Jacobian we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the Jacobian we call
+this a tensor density of weight one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a tensor density of weight one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a tensor density of weight one so
+in order to do this properly I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this properly I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this properly I don't
+want to rush I will do it next at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rush I will do it next at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rush I will do it next at the
+beginning of the next lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next lecture we're
+gonna look at how the determinants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at how the determinants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at how the determinants of
+the metric behaves and what we'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric behaves and what we'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric behaves and what we'll see is
+that although the metric is a tensor its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although the metric is a tensor its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although the metric is a tensor its
+determinant is a tensor density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is a tensor density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is a tensor density of
+weight negative two so what that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight negative two so what that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight negative two so what that tells
+us is that I can actually put together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that I can actually put together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that I can actually put together a
+combination of the levy chavita and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the levy chavita and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the levy chavita and the
+determinant of the metric in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric in such a way
+that their product is tensorial that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their product is tensorial that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their product is tensorial that
+turns out to be really useful because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be really useful because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be really useful because I
+can use this to define in a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this to define in a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this to define in a curved
+space-time covariant volume elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time covariant volume elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time covariant volume elements
+okay you know with this as written my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know with this as written my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know with this as written my
+volume elements if I just use this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume elements if I just use this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume elements if I just use this like
+I did when we were talking about special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did when we were talking about special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did when we were talking about special
+relativity my volume elements won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity my volume elements won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity my volume elements won't be
+elements of a tensor and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a tensor and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a tensor and a lot of the
+framework that we developed kind of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we developed kind of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we developed kind of goes
+to hell okay so an extra factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hell okay so an extra factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hell okay so an extra factor of the
+determined in the metric will allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in the metric will allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in the metric will allow us
+to correct this and this seems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct this and this seems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct this and this seems kind of
+abstract but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but
+I'll remind you so let me just as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you so let me just as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you so let me just as I
+really brief aside before we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really brief aside before we conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really brief aside before we conclude
+today's class suppose I'm just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class suppose I'm just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class suppose I'm just in
+Euclidean 3-space and I'm working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean 3-space and I'm working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean 3-space and I'm working in
+spherical coordinates okay so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates okay so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates okay so here's my
+my line I love it my metric is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my line I love it my metric is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my line I love it my metric is the
+diagonal of one R squared R squared sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of one R squared R squared sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of one R squared R squared sine
+squared theta the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta the determinant of the
+metric which I will write G it's R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric which I will write G it's R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric which I will write G it's R to
+the fourth sine squared theta what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth sine squared theta what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth sine squared theta what we're
+going to learn when we do this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn when we do this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn when we do this is that
+the metric is a tensor density of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is a tensor density of weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is a tensor density of weight
+- and so to correct it to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and so to correct it to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and so to correct it to get something
+of weight one we take a square root if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight one we take a square root if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight one we take a square root if
+you're working in spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in spherical coordinates
+does that look familiar this is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look familiar this is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look familiar this is in fact
+exactly what allows us to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what allows us to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what allows us to convert
+differentials of our coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials of our coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials of our coordinates
+remember we're working in a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're working in a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're working in a coordinate
+basis and so we think of our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and so we think of our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and so we think of our little
+element of of just the coordinates it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of of just the coordinates it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of of just the coordinates it's
+just D our D theta D Phi this ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just D our D theta D Phi this ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just D our D theta D Phi this ends up
+being the quantity that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the quantity that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the quantity that allows us to
+convert the little triple of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the little triple of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the little triple of our
+coordinates into something that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates into something that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates into something that has the
+proper dimensions and form to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper dimensions and form to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper dimensions and form to actually
+be a real volume element okay and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a real volume element okay and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a real volume element okay and so you
+know DRD theta D Phi that ain't no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DRD theta D Phi that ain't no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DRD theta D Phi that ain't no
+volume but R squared sine theta DRD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but R squared sine theta DRD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but R squared sine theta DRD
+theta D Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta D Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta D Phi
+that's a volume moment okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a volume moment okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a volume moment okay so basically
+that's all that we're doing right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that we're doing right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that we're doing right now is
+we're making that precise and careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making that precise and careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making that precise and careful
+and that's where I will pick things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I will pick things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I will pick things up
+we'll finish that up on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NCCzjtqZ28M.txt b/NCCzjtqZ28M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e184e22c03105ecc5af7bc91b8a8d83189183c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NCCzjtqZ28M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider an example of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider an example of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider an example of motion
+which we want to use our energy concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to use our energy concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to use our energy concepts
+so suppose we have a ramp which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a ramp which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a ramp which is
+circular radius R and we have an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular radius R and we have an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular radius R and we have an object
+here and now here's a surface a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now here's a surface a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now here's a surface a certain
+distance D that has friction where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D that has friction where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D that has friction where the
+coefficient of friction is non-uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of friction is non-uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of friction is non-uniform
+so we'll write it as mu naught and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll write it as mu naught and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll write it as mu naught and we'll
+write it as mu 1 X we'll take x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as mu 1 X we'll take x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as mu 1 X we'll take x equals 0
+and then here there's a spring and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here there's a spring and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here there's a spring and a
+wall and here there's no friction now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and here there's no friction now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and here there's no friction now as
+we drop assuming we have enough height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drop assuming we have enough height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drop assuming we have enough height
+here H so that this block will slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H so that this block will slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H so that this block will slide
+across the friction make it all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the friction make it all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the friction make it all the way
+across and start compressing its spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and start compressing its spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and start compressing its spring
+what I'd like to find is how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to find is how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to find is how much the
+spring has been compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now how do we analyze this well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how do we analyze this well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how do we analyze this well the
+key is to use our energy principle where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is to use our energy principle where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is to use our energy principle where
+we have W external equals the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have W external equals the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have W external equals the change in
+mechanical energy and the key is to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and the key is to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and the key is to what
+we're going to do is the tool that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is the tool that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is the tool that we're
+going to use is what we call energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is what we call energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is what we call energy
+diagrams for the initial so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams for the initial so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams for the initial so what does
+this mean we want to choose we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean we want to choose we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean we want to choose we want to
+first identify the initial and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first identify the initial and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first identify the initial and final
+States that we're referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that we're referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that we're referring to
+so in our picture here's our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our picture here's our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our picture here's our initial
+state and I'll draw the final state end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and I'll draw the final state end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and I'll draw the final state end
+when the spring has been compressed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the spring has been compressed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the spring has been compressed a
+distance X final so I drew it on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance X final so I drew it on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance X final so I drew it on my
+diagram so we have initial and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so we have initial and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so we have initial and final
+States and now what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and now what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and now what we want to do is
+choose reference points 0 points 0 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose reference points 0 points 0 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose reference points 0 points 0 point
+for each potential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and show that on our diagram so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that on our diagram so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that on our diagram so for the
+potential energy of gravity here if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of gravity here if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of gravity here if we
+chose this to be Y then this is y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this to be Y then this is y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this to be Y then this is y equals
+0 and U at y equals 0 is 0 and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and U at y equals 0 is 0 and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and U at y equals 0 is 0 and we'll
+call that the zero point for gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the zero point for gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the zero point for gravity and
+the zero point for the spring is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero point for the spring is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero point for the spring is when
+this X now I'm gonna call here x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X now I'm gonna call here x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X now I'm gonna call here x equals
+zero so let's call this a variable I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let's call this a variable I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let's call this a variable I can
+call it anything I want I'll call it U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it anything I want I'll call it U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it anything I want I'll call it U
+final and this is where u is 0 so u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and this is where u is 0 so u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and this is where u is 0 so u
+final just measures its the stretch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final just measures its the stretch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final just measures its the stretch of
+the spring and so at y equals 0 is 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring and so at y equals 0 is 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring and so at y equals 0 is 0 and
+u spring a little view equals 0 0 so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u spring a little view equals 0 0 so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u spring a little view equals 0 0 so now
+I can identify my energies so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can identify my energies so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can identify my energies so let's talk
+about the initial energy is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the initial energy is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the initial energy is all
+gravitational potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential
+that's mg Y it's starting at rest and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mg Y it's starting at rest and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mg Y it's starting at rest and be
+final well here this is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final well here this is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final well here this is the distance
+where it comes to rest also so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes to rest also so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes to rest also so there's
+no final kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no final kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no final kinetic energy
+there's no gravitational potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no gravitational potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no gravitational potential
+energy because we're on the surface at y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because we're on the surface at y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because we're on the surface at y
+equals 0 but our spring has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 but our spring has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 but our spring has been
+compressed by 1/2 K little u final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed by 1/2 K little u final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed by 1/2 K little u final
+squared now in terms of our external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now in terms of our external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now in terms of our external
+work equals the change in mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals the change in mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals the change in mechanical
+energy we have now identified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have now identified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have now identified the
+right-hand side using these tools of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side using these tools of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side using these tools of the
+energy diagrams and I can write my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy diagrams and I can write my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy diagrams and I can write my
+description u final squared minus mg Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description u final squared minus mg Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description u final squared minus mg Y
+now what I have to do is think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I have to do is think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I have to do is think about the
+friction force F kinetic friction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force F kinetic friction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force F kinetic friction as the
+object moves this friction force is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moves this friction force is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moves this friction force is non
+uniform if we were to draw an nNG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform if we were to draw an nNG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform if we were to draw an nNG
+then our friction force here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our friction force here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our friction force here is equal to
+the integral minus the integral from x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral minus the integral from x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral minus the integral from x
+equals zero to x equals d x equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to x equals d x equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to x equals d x equals zero
+to x equal d of the friction force which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x equal d of the friction force which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x equal d of the friction force which
+is equal to the coefficient of friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the coefficient of friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the coefficient of friction
+mu K and D X now that zero to D notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu K and D X now that zero to D notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu K and D X now that zero to D notice
+that our coefficient of friction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our coefficient of friction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our coefficient of friction is
+varying and I tells that intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying and I tells that intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying and I tells that intentionally
+just show you that friction is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you that friction is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you that friction is really an
+integral so we have mu naught plus mu 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so we have mu naught plus mu 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so we have mu naught plus mu 1
+X M G DX let's put our integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X M G DX let's put our integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X M G DX let's put our integration
+variable in there and these are just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in there and these are just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in there and these are just two
+separate integrals the first one is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate integrals the first one is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate integrals the first one is easy
+it's minus mu naught mg D and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus mu naught mg D and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus mu naught mg D and the second
+one is minus mu 1 mg and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is minus mu 1 mg and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is minus mu 1 mg and we're just
+integrating X prime DX Prime between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating X prime DX Prime between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating X prime DX Prime between 0
+and D so that's simply d squared over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D so that's simply d squared over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D so that's simply d squared over 2
+and that's equal to K U final squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to K U final squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to K U final squared
+minus mg Y let's write that as Y initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mg Y let's write that as Y initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mg Y let's write that as Y initial
+and we're starting it at Y initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting it at Y initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting it at Y initial
+equals H and so even though this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals H and so even though this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals H and so even though this is
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+I can now solve for how much this spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now solve for how much this spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now solve for how much this spring
+has been compressed with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been compressed with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been compressed with a little bit of
+algebra and so I'm just going to bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and so I'm just going to bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and so I'm just going to bring a
+bunch of terms over to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of terms over to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of terms over to the other side
+and take the square root of 2 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the square root of 2 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the square root of 2 divided by
+K of mg y initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- you not MGD minus mu-1 mg d squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you not MGD minus mu-1 mg d squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you not MGD minus mu-1 mg d squared
+over 2 and that's how much the spring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and that's how much the spring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and that's how much the spring is
+compressed notice what I did not do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed notice what I did not do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed notice what I did not do was
+divide this up into a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this up into a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this up into a bunch of different
+motions I picked an initial state I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions I picked an initial state I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions I picked an initial state I
+picked the final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the final state
+I drew my energy diagrams with my 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew my energy diagrams with my 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew my energy diagrams with my 0
+points I described the key parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I described the key parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I described the key parameters of
+the initial and final States why I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial and final States why I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial and final States why I and
+you fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fine
+final I defined the initial mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final I defined the initial mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final I defined the initial mechanical
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+the final mechanical energy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final mechanical energy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final mechanical energy and then
+applied the work energy work mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the work energy work mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the work energy work mechanical
+energy principle I had to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy principle I had to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy principle I had to integrate the
+friction force because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force because it was
+non-trivial and solve for how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial and solve for how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial and solve for how much the
+spring has been compressed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OIF-J1-Afs8.txt b/OIF-J1-Afs8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7f81c79b7065d74f0fe7e0dab71da728e8d6188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OIF-J1-Afs8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the changes that we made over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the changes that we made over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the changes that we made over
+the last three or four years was to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three or four years was to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three or four years was to uh
+flip the classroom in uh 8813 and 814
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the classroom in uh 8813 and 814
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the classroom in uh 8813 and 814
+essentially what we found is that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we found is that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we found is that uh we
+spend a lot of time uh in class with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time uh in class with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time uh in class with
+lectures uh by the by the lab staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh by the by the lab staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh by the by the lab staff
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+um in the end seem to be only moderately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the end seem to be only moderately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the end seem to be only moderately
+useful in really getting the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in really getting the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in really getting the material
+across so what we decided to do was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across so what we decided to do was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across so what we decided to do was to
+export the lectures in terms of uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export the lectures in terms of uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export the lectures in terms of uh in
+the form of videos to U uh the mitx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of videos to U uh the mitx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of videos to U uh the mitx
+platform and uh replace the time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and uh replace the time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and uh replace the time that we
+uh uh spend on that previously with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh spend on that previously with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh spend on that previously with uh
+in-class exercises and uh class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-class exercises and uh class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-class exercises and uh class
+discussions to really uh rehearse some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions to really uh rehearse some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions to really uh rehearse some
+of the concepts that were introduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concepts that were introduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concepts that were introduced in
+the lectures in class uh which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures in class uh which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures in class uh which also
+gives us a much uh closer communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a much uh closer communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a much uh closer communication
+with the students and we can find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students and we can find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students and we can find out
+what it is that really needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that really needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that really needs to be
+explored in in more depth um the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in in more depth um the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in in more depth um the other
+thing that we did is and move the prep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we did is and move the prep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we did is and move the prep
+questions for each of the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for each of the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for each of the experiments
+also to that platform um what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to that platform um what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to that platform um what what is
+important there is that we can uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there is that we can uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there is that we can uh give
+the students instantaneous feedback on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students instantaneous feedback on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students instantaneous feedback on
+whether they got the question right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they got the question right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they got the question right or
+not and we moved the manuals for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and we moved the manuals for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and we moved the manuals for the
+labs on onto the same platform to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs on onto the same platform to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs on onto the same platform to have a
+lot of that in in one one place and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that in in one one place and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that in in one one place and I
+think as I said the main benefit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as I said the main benefit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as I said the main benefit is
+really that we can use the the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that we can use the the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that we can use the the time that
+we free up in the class for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we free up in the class for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we free up in the class for for
+discussions and exercises that are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and exercises that are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and exercises that are much
+more effective than the students sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective than the students sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective than the students sitting
+there and listening to one of us uh talk
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ov_L1mBpsW4.txt b/Ov_L1mBpsW4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c00a930c9355bbd373db6372af19cb89708ae21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ov_L1mBpsW4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the preparation took a while um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the preparation took a while um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the preparation took a while um for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+class I I had a plan of the class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I I had a plan of the class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I I had a plan of the class in
+which I was deciding which were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I was deciding which were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I was deciding which were the
+different topics that we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topics that we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topics that we were going to
+discuss and I was trying to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and I was trying to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and I was trying to find uh
+cultural or grammatical topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural or grammatical topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural or grammatical topics that
+would relate to the dish that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would relate to the dish that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would relate to the dish that we were
+cooking so for example when we cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking so for example when we cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking so for example when we cooked
+the loraas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loraas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loraas
+bolona uh um Ona is an augmentative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolona uh um Ona is an augmentative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolona uh um Ona is an augmentative then
+it was a great occasion to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a great occasion to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a great occasion to discuss
+augmentative and diminutives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentative and diminutives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentative and diminutives for
+example um so I Was preparing the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so I Was preparing the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so I Was preparing the class
+by trying to also uh well time how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trying to also uh well time how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trying to also uh well time how much
+time we needed for the grammar and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we needed for the grammar and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we needed for the grammar and U
+language practice and then I was cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language practice and then I was cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language practice and then I was cooking
+the dish at home and then I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dish at home and then I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dish at home and then I was
+evaluating how much more time I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating how much more time I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating how much more time I would
+need in class because it takes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in class because it takes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in class because it takes much
+longer when uh when you cook something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer when uh when you cook something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer when uh when you cook something
+in a group and uh everybody is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a group and uh everybody is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a group and uh everybody is just
+learning from scratch
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P6fOgkC5kvc.txt b/P6fOgkC5kvc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0657b993184ed85cd2ceb924eb699c5f01f14a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P6fOgkC5kvc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1778 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+I really just want to practice matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really just want to practice matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really just want to practice matrix
+multiplication which is potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication which is potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication which is potentially
+something new for some of you and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new for some of you and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new for some of you and maybe
+some of you have been doing it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have been doing it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have been doing it for a
+while and are very good at it but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and are very good at it but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and are very good at it but I want
+to make sure that that everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that that everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that that everyone's
+feeling confident in their ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling confident in their ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling confident in their ability to
+multiply matrices so we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply matrices so we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply matrices so we have three
+matrices here we have a b and c and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here we have a b and c and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here we have a b and c and what
+I want you to do is I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to do is I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to do is I want you to
+compute what makes sense below I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what makes sense below I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what makes sense below I have
+four products of matrices below a is a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four products of matrices below a is a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four products of matrices below a is a *
+b b is B * a c is B * C and D is a * C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b is B * a c is B * C and D is a * C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b is B * a c is B * C and D is a * C
+so I want you to find multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to find multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to find multiply the
+matrices that make sense to multiply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that make sense to multiply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that make sense to multiply and
+then the ones that don't maybe make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ones that don't maybe make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ones that don't maybe make sure
+you understand why give yourself a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand why give yourself a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand why give yourself a a
+brief explanation of why you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief explanation of why you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief explanation of why you can't
+multiply them um so why don't you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them um so why don't you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them um so why don't you work
+on that pause the video and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that pause the video and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that pause the video and when you
+feel confident in your answers bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel confident in your answers bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel confident in your answers bring the
+video back up and you can check them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video back up and you can check them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video back up and you can check them
+against my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay welcome back well we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay welcome back well we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay welcome back well we wanted to
+make sure we felt comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we felt comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we felt comfortable
+multiplying matrices so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices so what we're going
+to do is look at the four products I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is look at the four products I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is look at the four products I I
+mentioned below and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned below and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned below and we're going to see
+um how how they do whether or not we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how they do whether or not we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how they do whether or not we can
+actually compute them so let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute them so let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute them so let's first
+look at a which was a * B so before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a which was a * B so before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a which was a * B so before I
+write down write it down again A Time B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down write it down again A Time B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down write it down again A Time B
+is notice a is a 2X two Matrix and B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is notice a is a 2X two Matrix and B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is notice a is a 2X two Matrix and B is
+a 2x3 Matrix right and so if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2x3 Matrix right and so if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2x3 Matrix right and so if I if I
+Write Letter A we know we're taking a 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Write Letter A we know we're taking a 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Write Letter A we know we're taking a 2X
+two by a a 2x3 and so the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by a a 2x3 and so the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by a a 2x3 and so the fact that the
+interior uh Dimensions agree that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior uh Dimensions agree that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior uh Dimensions agree that the
+number of columns of a is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns of a is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns of a is equal to the
+number of rows of b means that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows of b means that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows of b means that I can
+multiply them so I can multiply them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them so I can multiply them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them so I can multiply them and
+my result I expect to get is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my result I expect to get is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my result I expect to get is of course
+the the dimensions we have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dimensions we have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dimensions we have on the
+outside so I expect to get a 2x3 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so I expect to get a 2x3 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so I expect to get a 2x3 Matrix
+so I'm going to rewrite a and b here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to rewrite a and b here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to rewrite a and b here so
+that I don't have to keep walking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to keep walking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to keep walking back
+and forth and then we'll uh we'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and then we'll uh we'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and then we'll uh we'll do the
+multiplication so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times 2 - 1 3 1 Z 4 okay so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 - 1 3 1 Z 4 okay so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 - 1 3 1 Z 4 okay so I want to
+make I want to perform this mulp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I want to perform this mulp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I want to perform this mulp
+now remember that when you are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that when you are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that when you are looking
+for a value in your resulting Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value in your resulting Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value in your resulting Matrix
+which I know is 2x3 so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I know is 2x3 so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I know is 2x3 so I can
+even make little space for myself I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make little space for myself I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make little space for myself I know
+it's 2x3 so I know I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2x3 so I know I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2x3 so I know I'm going to have to
+fill in these spots when I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in these spots when I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in these spots when I look at this
+position it's Row one column one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's Row one column one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's Row one column one that
+means I take Row one of the first Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I take Row one of the first Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I take Row one of the first Matrix
+and I'm essentially just datting it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm essentially just datting it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm essentially just datting it with
+column one of the second Matrix so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one of the second Matrix so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one of the second Matrix so I'm
+taking Row one time column one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Row one time column one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Row one time column one in the
+way was described which is I take 6 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way was described which is I take 6 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way was described which is I take 6 * 2
+and I add it to 5 * 1 so Row 1 column 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I add it to 5 * 1 so Row 1 column 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I add it to 5 * 1 so Row 1 column 1
+gives me 6 * 2 is 12 + 5 * one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me 6 * 2 is 12 + 5 * one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me 6 * 2 is 12 + 5 * one which is
+five so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so I get
+17 and then if I come into the next spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and then if I come into the next spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and then if I come into the next spot
+what is this in the resulting Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this in the resulting Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this in the resulting Matrix is
+position is Row one column two so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is Row one column two so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is Row one column two so now I
+take Row one of the first Matrix column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Row one of the first Matrix column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Row one of the first Matrix column
+two of the second Matrix and I get 6 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the second Matrix and I get 6 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the second Matrix and I get 6 *
+-1 is -6+ 0 * 5 so I get a -6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 is -6+ 0 * 5 so I get a -6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 is -6+ 0 * 5 so I get a -6
+here -6 * 0 maybe I should show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here -6 * 0 maybe I should show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here -6 * 0 maybe I should show you this
+way -6 * 0 okay and then here I am now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way -6 * 0 okay and then here I am now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way -6 * 0 okay and then here I am now
+in the third spot of the first row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third spot of the first row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third spot of the first row so
+I'm in row one column three so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in row one column three so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in row one column three so that's
+again Row one of the First Column 3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Row one of the First Column 3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Row one of the First Column 3 of
+the second so you see a pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second so you see a pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second so you see a pattern here
+about where we're getting our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we're getting our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we're getting our our our
+things from that we're multiplying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from that we're multiplying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from that we're multiplying it's
+Row one column 3 of the resulting I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one column 3 of the resulting I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one column 3 of the resulting I take
+Row one of the First Column 3 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one of the First Column 3 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one of the First Column 3 of the
+second so 6 * 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 6 * 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 6 * 3
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+18 + 5 * 4 is 20 so 20 + 18 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+38 okay now I have to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 okay now I have to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 okay now I have to do the same thing
+on the bottom right so I have now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom right so I have now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom right so I have now here
+the row I'm notice I'm in row two so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row I'm notice I'm in row two so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row I'm notice I'm in row two so I'm
+always going to use row two of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to use row two of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to use row two of this
+first Matrix and then what we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Matrix and then what we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Matrix and then what we saw last
+time is I use column one in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is I use column one in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is I use column one in the first
+spot column two in the second spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot column two in the second spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot column two in the second spot
+column three in the third spot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three in the third spot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three in the third spot right
+that's what happens over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens over and over again
+so what do I do I take I take 1 two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I do I take I take 1 two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I do I take I take 1 two and
+I multiply it by 2 1 so I take 1 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it by 2 1 so I take 1 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it by 2 1 so I take 1 * 2
+plus 2 * 1 so I get two there and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 * 1 so I get two there and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 * 1 so I get two there and two
+there so I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I get a
+four and then the next column row row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then the next column row row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then the next column row row
+two column 2 1 * ne- 1 is 1 2 * 0 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column 2 1 * ne- 1 is 1 2 * 0 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column 2 1 * ne- 1 is 1 2 * 0 is 0
+so I get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a negative
+1 and then the last column 1 * 3 is 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then the last column 1 * 3 is 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then the last column 1 * 3 is 3 2
+* 4 is 8 so I get 3 + 8 so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 4 is 8 so I get 3 + 8 so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 4 is 8 so I get 3 + 8 so I get
+11 hopefully I didn't make any stupid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 hopefully I didn't make any stupid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 hopefully I didn't make any stupid uh
+sum summing mistakes there but if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum summing mistakes there but if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum summing mistakes there but if I did
+you probably caught it because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably caught it because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably caught it because I was
+trying to say what I did as we went so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say what I did as we went so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say what I did as we went so
+that is the answer to a okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the answer to a okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the answer to a okay so now
+let's think about what is b b was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what is b b was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what is b b was
+take C uh B * a which is just to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take C uh B * a which is just to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take C uh B * a which is just to switch
+the order so let's look at the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order so let's look at the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order so let's look at the dimension
+match up now we have a 2x3 Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up now we have a 2x3 Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up now we have a 2x3 Matrix and
+I'm trying to multiply it by a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to multiply it by a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to multiply it by a 2X two
+Matrix well I don't have to do any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well I don't have to do any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well I don't have to do any more
+work because I can't do it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because I can't do it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because I can't do it because the
+DI of the insides here three columns for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DI of the insides here three columns for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DI of the insides here three columns for
+B two two rows for a means I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B two two rows for a means I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B two two rows for a means I can't
+actually multiply them okay so I there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually multiply them okay so I there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually multiply them okay so I there's
+this isn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined okay so that was easy that was B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined okay so that was easy that was B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined okay so that was easy that was B
+all right letter C I'll give myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right letter C I'll give myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right letter C I'll give myself a
+lot of room to do that uh letter C was B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of room to do that uh letter C was B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of room to do that uh letter C was B
+* C and so I'm going to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C and so I'm going to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C and so I'm going to write down the
+dimensions to see if I even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to see if I even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to see if I even need to
+write down the matrices B B was a uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the matrices B B was a uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the matrices B B was a uh was
+two rows by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows by three
+columns and C was three rows by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and C was three rows by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and C was three rows by two
+columns so if I look at the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so if I look at the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so if I look at the dimensions
+the three and the three match up so I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three and the three match up so I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three and the three match up so I am
+going to be able to multiply them and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to multiply them and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to multiply them and my
+result as I mentioned before should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as I mentioned before should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as I mentioned before should be a
+2 by two so let me write down B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two so let me write down B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two so let me write down B and C
+here so we don't um so we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we don't um so we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we don't um so we don't have to
+keep going to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then C is 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then C is 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then C is 1 2
+1 1 3 two all right let me just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 3 two all right let me just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 3 two all right let me just make
+sure I didn't transcribe anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I didn't transcribe anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I didn't transcribe anything
+incorrectly I think looks good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly I think looks good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly I think looks good okay so
+Row one of B row two of B column one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one of B row two of B column one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one of B row two of B column one of
+C column two of C we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C column two of C we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C column two of C we're going to be
+dealing with those specifically so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with those specifically so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with those specifically so we
+want to multiply these we said our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply these we said our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply these we said our
+resulting Matrix is going to be 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting Matrix is going to be 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting Matrix is going to be 2x
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+Okay because I'm going to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay because I'm going to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay because I'm going to have a lot of
+terms I might write them down on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I might write them down on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I might write them down on this
+one and then simplify because I I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then simplify because I I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then simplify because I I may
+make a mistake so to be more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a mistake so to be more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a mistake so to be more careful
+I'll write down all the pieces so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write down all the pieces so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write down all the pieces so here I
+am in row one column one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am in row one column one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am in row one column one of the
+resulting so I take Row one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting so I take Row one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting so I take Row one of the first
+column one of the second and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one of the second and what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one of the second and what do I
+get when I multiply I get 2 * 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when I multiply I get 2 * 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when I multiply I get 2 * 1 that's
+two + -1 * 2 that's -2 + 3 * -1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two + -1 * 2 that's -2 + 3 * -1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two + -1 * 2 that's -2 + 3 * -1 that's
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+-3 right that's all we have to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 right that's all we have to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 right that's all we have to do for
+the first position then I do for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first position then I do for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first position then I do for this
+second one it's Row one column two so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one it's Row one column two so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one it's Row one column two so I
+do Row one column two so I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Row one column two so I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Row one column two so I'll try to
+keep my head out of the way I realize I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep my head out of the way I realize I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep my head out of the way I realize I
+keep stepping in front so it's 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep stepping in front so it's 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep stepping in front so it's 2 *
+negative 1 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 I get
+-2 -1 * 3 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 -1 * 3 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 -1 * 3 so I
+get3 and 3 * 2 gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get3 and 3 * 2 gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get3 and 3 * 2 gives me
+six okay and then the bottom two I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay and then the bottom two I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay and then the bottom two I get
+row two column one over here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two column one over here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two column one over here and then
+row two column two over here so row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two column two over here so row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two column two over here so row two
+column one is going to be 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one is going to be 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one is going to be 1 *
+1+ 0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ 0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ 0 *
+2+ 4 * - 1 so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ 4 * - 1 so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ 4 * - 1 so I get
+-4 and then here Row 2 column 2 I get 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 and then here Row 2 column 2 I get 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 and then here Row 2 column 2 I get 1
+* NE 1 so I have negative 1+ 0 * 3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* NE 1 so I have negative 1+ 0 * 3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* NE 1 so I have negative 1+ 0 * 3 plus
+0 and then 4 * 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and then 4 * 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and then 4 * 2 is
+8 so if I simplify these it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so if I simplify these it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so if I simplify these it looks like
+in the first spot I should get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first spot I should get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first spot I should get a
+ne3 in the second spot I should get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne3 in the second spot I should get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne3 in the second spot I should get a
+one this is just for you to check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is just for you to check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is just for you to check your
+answer in the third spot I get a -3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in the third spot I get a -3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in the third spot I get a -3 and
+then the fourth spot I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fourth spot I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fourth spot I get a
+seven so hopefully I added correctly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so hopefully I added correctly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so hopefully I added correctly all
+throughout I think I did so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout I think I did so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout I think I did so I think
+we're good there so that is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good there so that is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good there so that is the answer
+to C and again the reason we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and again the reason we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and again the reason we can
+multiply those was that they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those was that they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those was that they the
+dimensions when you wrote them down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions when you wrote them down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions when you wrote them down in
+order the dimensions to the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the dimensions to the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the dimensions to the inside
+agreed and then the outside gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed and then the outside gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed and then the outside gives us the
+size of the resulting Matrix so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the resulting Matrix so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the resulting Matrix so there
+was one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one more
+problem and that was D and I wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that was D and I wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that was D and I wanted you
+to take a * C and A was a 2X two and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a * C and A was a 2X two and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a * C and A was a 2X two and C
+was a 3X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 3X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 3X
+two and so again we see we can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so again we see we can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so again we see we can't do it
+because the two interior Di iions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two interior Di iions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two interior Di iions here
+when I write them in that order don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write them in that order don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write them in that order don't
+agree okay so d uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined all right so the basic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined all right so the basic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined all right so the basic idea of
+this whole this this whole video was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole this this whole video was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole this this whole video was
+just to make sure we felt comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure we felt comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure we felt comfortable
+multiplying matrices we're trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices we're trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices we're trying to use
+some simple examples to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple examples to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple examples to understand that
+understand how we can recognize from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how we can recognize from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how we can recognize from the
+dimensions uh whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions uh whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions uh whether or not
+multiplication is even defined and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is even defined and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is even defined and then
+what size the M resulting Matrix will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size the M resulting Matrix will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size the M resulting Matrix will be
+I do want to point out one thing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to point out one thing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to point out one thing and I
+want to point out that if we come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that if we come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that if we come over
+to our example um back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our example um back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our example um back at the
+beginning we had AB as our first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we had AB as our first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we had AB as our first example
+and then ba as our second example and ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ba as our second example and ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ba as our second example and ab
+well I think I got to remember what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think I got to remember what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think I got to remember what they
+were yeah AB you could multiply but ba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were yeah AB you could multiply but ba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were yeah AB you could multiply but ba
+you could not so I think it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not so I think it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not so I think it has been
+stressed before but I think I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed before but I think I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed before but I think I should
+stress it again that order matters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress it again that order matters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress it again that order matters in
+multiplication okay okay you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay okay you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay okay you can't
+commute these things you can't switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute these things you can't switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute these things you can't switch
+the order and get the same result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order and get the same result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order and get the same result so
+matrix multiplication you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication you have to be
+very careful about keeping things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful about keeping things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful about keeping things in the
+same order as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order as you're
+multiplying okay I think that is where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying okay I think that is where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying okay I think that is where I
+will stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Pf_PvckSdTg.txt b/Pf_PvckSdTg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c64bed7d13b0dcd3a953d7b4ec77b9d8dc3159d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Pf_PvckSdTg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+in this short section we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this short section we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this short section we want to
+introduce a new notation for vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new notation for vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new notation for vectors and
+you know if you look at previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you look at previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you look at previous uh
+discussions this is actually not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions this is actually not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions this is actually not that
+new we have seen that we need to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new we have seen that we need to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new we have seen that we need to treat
+time and space in a consistent manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space in a consistent manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space in a consistent manner
+and you have often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have often
+you know applied loans transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know applied loans transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know applied loans transformation
+for example to a vector of time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to a vector of time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to a vector of time and the
+next component of space now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next component of space now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next component of space now
+you just want to do this with x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to do this with x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to do this with x y and z
+here and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and not
+treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+the y component then z component is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y component then z component is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y component then z component is zero
+so we you know as a starting point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we you know as a starting point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we you know as a starting point you
+can just simply say okay we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just simply say okay we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just simply say okay we have this
+new four vector um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four vector um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four vector um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and you know the zeroest component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the zeroest component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the zeroest component is
+the time or time times the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time or time times the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time or time times the speed of
+light and then the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then the first component
+second and third component are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third component are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third component are the
+spatial component x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial component x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial component x y and z
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i wrote a vector psi mu here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote a vector psi mu here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote a vector psi mu here
+with the mu as being the upper index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mu as being the upper index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mu as being the upper index
+i can also introduce psi with the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can also introduce psi with the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can also introduce psi with the lower
+index and you see a little while in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and you see a little while in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and you see a little while in a
+little while this is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while this is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while this is useful
+where the zeroth component is not t but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the zeroth component is not t but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the zeroth component is not t but
+minus r c t but minus c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a reminder for three vectors we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder for three vectors we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder for three vectors we you
+know you learned about the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you learned about the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you learned about the dot product
+which is just a multiplication of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a multiplication of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a multiplication of two
+three vectors where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors where all
+vectors with n components where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors with n components where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors with n components where you
+multiply you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you know the
+same components of each vector and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same components of each vector and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same components of each vector and add
+those results together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those results together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those results together
+so the dot product of a vector a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dot product of a vector a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dot product of a vector a and the
+vector b is the sum over all indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector b is the sum over all indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector b is the sum over all indices
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for a i times b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a i times b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a i times b i
+now for our four vector we do the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for our four vector we do the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for our four vector we do the very
+same thing we just sum over all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we just sum over all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we just sum over all four
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+and we treat the vectors as a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we treat the vectors as a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we treat the vectors as a product of
+the vector with the lower index and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector with the lower index and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector with the lower index and the
+upper index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper index
+and you find here then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find here then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find here then we get
+minus c t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c t
+c square t square plus x square y square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square t square plus x square y square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square t square plus x square y square
+and z square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z square
+more generally this is for two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally this is for two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally this is for two vectors
+of the same two of the same vectors more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same two of the same vectors more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same two of the same vectors more
+generally for two different vectors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for two different vectors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for two different vectors we
+can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write
+this in this in this way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this in this way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this in this way here
+or in short you can divide define a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in short you can divide define a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in short you can divide define a new
+notation in which you basically sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in which you basically sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in which you basically sum over
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+indices which are equal so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices which are equal so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices which are equal so here we have
+an end upper and lower indices together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end upper and lower indices together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end upper and lower indices together
+so you sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sum over
+this case here where there's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here where there's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here where there's the same
+index move for both vectors and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index move for both vectors and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index move for both vectors and one is
+lower and one is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and we can you know continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we can you know continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we can you know continue
+the introduction and just introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction and just introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction and just introduce a
+few tools to work with those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few tools to work with those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few tools to work with those vectors
+for example if you wanted to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you wanted to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you wanted to bring
+you know the component mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the component mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the component mu
+from the bottom to the top you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom to the top you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom to the top you can do
+this with multiplying the vector with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with multiplying the vector with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with multiplying the vector with a
+matrix and the matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the matrix here
+is also called a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also called a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also called a matrix
+a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric
+and simply what you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply what you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply what you have to do is
+multiply the first component with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the first component with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the first component with a
+minus one and the rest with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the rest with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the rest with one
+you see this here on the diagonal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this here on the diagonal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this here on the diagonal all
+other components of the o and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components of the o and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components of the o and what this
+does you can check this if you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you can check this if you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you can check this if you want is
+bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing
+um the component the the index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the component the the index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the component the the index of the
+vector from lower to upper one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+an interesting example is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting example is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting example is you know the
+product of a for vector with itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a for vector with itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a for vector with itself and
+we have already seen this because we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already seen this because we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already seen this because we saw
+this as our invariant interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as our invariant interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as our invariant interval
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here the four vector is the distance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the four vector is the distance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the four vector is the distance in
+space and time between two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time between two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time between two events
+so we looked at delta x i mu times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we looked at delta x i mu times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we looked at delta x i mu times delta
+x mu and delta x mu is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x mu and delta x mu is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x mu and delta x mu is the difference
+between event a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between event a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between event a and b
+and so we have seen this already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have seen this already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have seen this already and
+calculated the invariant and showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the invariant and showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the invariant and showed that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+squared of a distance of two events is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of a distance of two events is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of a distance of two events is
+actually invariant in the lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invariant in the lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invariant in the lawrence
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+but there's other examples for vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's other examples for vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's other examples for vectors
+the first one we'll investigate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one we'll investigate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one we'll investigate some
+more in the next six sections to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the next six sections to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the next six sections to come
+is the energy momentum for vector where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy momentum for vector where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy momentum for vector where
+we place in the first component the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we place in the first component the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we place in the first component the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the
+in the zeros component the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the zeros component the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the zeros component the energy and
+then the first second and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first second and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first second and third
+components the three vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the three vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the three vector of the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+all right but there's others for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but there's others for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but there's others for example
+the four potential where in the zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four potential where in the zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four potential where in the zeroth
+component you have the potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you have the potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you have the potential the
+electric potential and then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential and then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential and then the first
+second and third component you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third component you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third component you have this
+new field a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new field a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new field a
+which is related to the magnetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the magnetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the magnetic and
+electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+so e m is not part of this course but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e m is not part of this course but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e m is not part of this course but uh
+we'll come back to this in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this in the in the
+last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week
+um and uh and discuss the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and discuss the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and discuss the consequences
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ideas a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right but if you then you know look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but if you then you know look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but if you then you know look
+at this the invariant four vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this the invariant four vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this the invariant four vector which
+is a product of the energy momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of the energy momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of the energy momentum
+vector you find that the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you find that the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you find that the first component
+the energy square are minus the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy square are minus the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy square are minus the energy
+square over c square plus the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over c square plus the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over c square plus the three
+component vector of the momentum squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component vector of the momentum squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component vector of the momentum squared
+and that's constant we can just here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's constant we can just here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's constant we can just here
+name this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name this
+mass or minus mass square times c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or minus mass square times c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or minus mass square times c square
+so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+rewrite this you find this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this you find this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this you find this energy
+momentum mass relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum mass relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum mass relation
+e square is equal to p square c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e square is equal to p square c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e square is equal to p square c squared
+plus m square c to the fourth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m square c to the fourth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m square c to the fourth power
+and if you look at this four particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this four particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this four particles
+of zero momentum in which case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero momentum in which case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero momentum in which case this
+component here is zero you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here is zero you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here is zero you find the
+equation e is equal to mz squared
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PgW7qaOZD0U.txt b/PgW7qaOZD0U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df80616a6cf6973a6ae37e29906e826a364d9908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PgW7qaOZD0U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu in the next set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in the next set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in the next set of
+demonstrations we're going to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations we're going to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations we're going to illustrate
+some of the very classic phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the very classic phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the very classic phenomena
+associated with the defraction of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the defraction of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the defraction of light
+I hope that there will be educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that there will be educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that there will be educational
+but also a lot of fun to see these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a lot of fun to see these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a lot of fun to see these these
+effects we'll start first with the Fran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects we'll start first with the Fran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects we'll start first with the Fran
+Hofer defraction both in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hofer defraction both in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hofer defraction both in one dimension
+and two dimensions and then we'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two dimensions and then we'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two dimensions and then we'll go to
+fernel defraction so let's start first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fernel defraction so let's start first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fernel defraction so let's start first
+with Fran Hofer defraction associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fran Hofer defraction associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fran Hofer defraction associated
+with a single slit the setup is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single slit the setup is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single slit the setup is over
+here we have a helium neon laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a helium neon laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a helium neon laser
+and here is the beam from the laser we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the beam from the laser we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the beam from the laser we
+reflect it by this mirror here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect it by this mirror here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect it by this mirror here and then
+we reflect It Again by this mirror here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reflect It Again by this mirror here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reflect It Again by this mirror here
+onto onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto onto the
+slit this uh this slit is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit this uh this slit is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit this uh this slit is a an
+adjustable slit by turning this knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable slit by turning this knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable slit by turning this knob
+here I can adjust the slit but in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can adjust the slit but in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can adjust the slit but in order
+to see that indeed this is a slit I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that indeed this is a slit I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that indeed this is a slit I'm
+going to put a screen over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a screen over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a screen over
+here so that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that when I
+adjust the jaws of the slit here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the jaws of the slit here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the jaws of the slit here you can
+see that indeed I am varying the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that indeed I am varying the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that indeed I am varying the spacing
+between between the jaws of course when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between the jaws of course when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between the jaws of course when
+it gets very small it's difficult to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets very small it's difficult to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets very small it's difficult to see
+so here's our adjustable slit and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our adjustable slit and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our adjustable slit and here's
+the laser beam going through the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser beam going through the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser beam going through the slit
+and then the the defract light then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the defract light then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the defract light then
+falls on the screen over there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls on the screen over there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls on the screen over there which is
+about 200 CM from uh from the slit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 CM from uh from the slit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 CM from uh from the slit so
+now we're ready to look at the the ction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at the the ction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at the the ction
+pattern so if we have a closeup then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so if we have a closeup then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so if we have a closeup then of
+the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+screen we see the defraction pattern for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see the defraction pattern for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see the defraction pattern for
+the slit separation that I have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slit separation that I have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slit separation that I have over
+here now the wavelength of the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the wavelength of the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the wavelength of the light is
+uh that of the helium neon laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that of the helium neon laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that of the helium neon laser
+6328 angstroms so I gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 angstroms so I gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 angstroms so I gave you the
+separation between the slit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between the slit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between the slit and the
+screen which is 200 CM so now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen which is 200 CM so now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen which is 200 CM so now you should
+be able to calculate the slit width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to calculate the slit width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to calculate the slit width
+from the from the defraction pattern now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the defraction pattern now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the defraction pattern now
+to help you do this calculation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you do this calculation we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you do this calculation we have
+on the on the screen we have markers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the screen we have markers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the screen we have markers and
+the separation between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation between these
+markers uh is 5 cm so they have 5 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers uh is 5 cm so they have 5 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers uh is 5 cm so they have 5 cm
+markers on the screen so now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers on the screen so now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers on the screen so now you have
+all the tools to calculate the the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tools to calculate the the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tools to calculate the the slit
+width as I as I adjust the the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width as I as I adjust the the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width as I as I adjust the the slit
+separation so let me start with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so let me start with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so let me start with very
+narrow very narrow slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow very narrow slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow very narrow slit
+where the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the central
+lobe is I can make it almost 5 cm or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is I can make it almost 5 cm or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is I can make it almost 5 cm or so
+and you can see the other loes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the other loes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the other loes the
+weaker one and maybe if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker one and maybe if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker one and maybe if we can
+overexpose a little bit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpose a little bit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpose a little bit we
+can see that indeed there are lots of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that indeed there are lots of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that indeed there are lots of uh
+there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loes but if we expose for all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes but if we expose for all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes but if we expose for all of them
+then the the central one is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the central one is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the central one is going to get
+way Overexposed so so in general we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Overexposed so so in general we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Overexposed so so in general we'll
+be looking just at a at a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking just at a at a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking just at a at a few of them
+all right so now let's go back to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's go back to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's go back to where
+we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were
+before and and then we'll start again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and and then we'll start again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and and then we'll start again at
+a uh slit width so that the central lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh slit width so that the central lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh slit width so that the central lobe
+is about uh few centimeters wide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about uh few centimeters wide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about uh few centimeters wide and
+then I will now make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will now make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will now make the
+spacing whoops I'll make the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing whoops I'll make the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing whoops I'll make the spacing
+wider and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see Central L now will be get smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Central L now will be get smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Central L now will be get smaller
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller now you can even see the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now you can even see the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now you can even see the spacing
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+jaws and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are let see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are let see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are let see
+gets intensity is so high in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets intensity is so high in the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets intensity is so high in the central
+lob that we're we're saturating but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lob that we're we're saturating but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lob that we're we're saturating but I
+think this is a pretty good pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a pretty good pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a pretty good pretty good
+uh illustration of the frown haa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustration of the frown haa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustration of the frown haa
+defraction pattern of a of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern of a of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern of a of a single
+slit now that we've seen the franer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit now that we've seen the franer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit now that we've seen the franer
+defraction pattern associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern associated with a
+single slit now we're going to make life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slit now we're going to make life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slit now we're going to make life
+a little bit more complicated we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more complicated we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more complicated we're
+going to look at the defraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the defraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the defraction pattern
+of two slits
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PimSbFGrwXM.txt b/PimSbFGrwXM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62974b85d624838ab38ca10112f34835cd0b224b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PimSbFGrwXM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2276 @@
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+"Thus Spake Zarathustra"
+was made famous
+
+and popular by 2001.
+
+And that is music played at this
+magic moment when some
+
+primate suddenly gets an idea,
+
+presumably one of our ancestors.
+
+So how do we explain all that?
+
+We've got all of the ingredients
+on the table.
+
+And today I want to talk about
+various ways of putting those
+
+ingredients together.
+
+So we talked about
+representations, we've talked
+
+about methods, and today we're
+going to talk about
+
+architectures.
+
+And by the end of the class
+you'll know how to put one of
+
+those things together.
+
+Actually, no one knows
+how to put one of
+
+those things together.
+
+But what you will know is about
+some alternatives for
+
+putting those things together
+so as to make something that
+
+is arguably intelligent in
+the same way we are.
+
+So that is our agenda
+for today.
+
+We'll also talk a little
+bit more about stories.
+
+I think it was in 2007 when
+the Estonians moved a war
+
+memorial from the center
+of Tallinn off to
+
+a Russian war cemetery.
+
+Prior to that time the Estonians
+had been building up
+
+their national computer networks
+because they thought
+
+that computation was the wave
+of the future-- networks and
+
+all of that.
+
+Shortly after the movement of
+that war memorial, someone
+
+brought the Estonian national
+network down--
+
+a cyber attack.
+
+It was widely believed
+to be the Russians.
+
+There's a large Russian
+ethnic population in
+
+Estonia to start with.
+
+And the movement of
+that war memorial
+
+irritated the Russians.
+
+And so everybody everybody
+thinks that they did it.
+
+But you know what?
+
+No computer can understand
+the story I just told.
+
+They can revel through all of
+the worldwide web finding
+
+information that's relevant to
+that, but no computer can
+
+understand the story I just
+told, except one.
+
+You'll see a demonstration
+of that later on today.
+
+So by the way, if you're
+interested in understanding
+
+the nature of intelligence, this
+is, of course, the most
+
+important lecture
+of the semester.
+
+And I should tell you a little
+bit about what we're going to
+
+do on Wednesday.
+
+Because for some reason the day
+before Thanksgiving tends
+
+to be a lecture that's
+lightly populated,
+
+except in this class.
+
+Because I'm going to talk
+about the artificial
+
+intelligence business and what
+can be learned from it about
+
+how to avoid going broke when
+you start your company.
+
+So for many of you that will be
+the most important lecture
+
+of the semester.
+
+It all started back in the
+dawn age of artificial
+
+intelligence.
+
+And really, it all started at
+Carnegie Mellon, sad to say.
+
+Because the people at Carnegie
+Mellon, notably Newell and
+
+Simon, were the first to think
+about sort of a general
+
+purpose way of putting things
+together so as to build a
+
+structure or architecture in
+which particular intelligent
+
+systems could be built.
+
+So their idea was called the
+general problem solver.
+
+A long name for a simple idea.
+
+And the simple idea is that you
+start your life out in a
+
+current state, call it C.
+And you want to get
+
+to some goal state.
+
+Call it S. And a way you do that
+is you measure somehow
+
+the symbolic difference between
+where you are and
+
+where you want to be.
+
+So that's the difference.
+
+We'll call that difference D.
+And when you observe that
+
+difference that's enough, they
+say, in this general approach
+
+to problem solving.
+
+For you to select some operation
+that will move you
+
+from your current state
+to some new state, an
+
+intermediate state.
+
+Call it I. So I, or that
+operator, O, is determined by
+
+the difference, D.
+
+And then, of course, the next
+thing to do is to measure the
+
+difference between that
+intermediate state and the
+
+state you want to be in, and
+choose some operator that's
+
+relevant to reducing
+that state.
+
+So we'll call that D2, and
+we'll call this O2.
+
+And D2 is what leads you
+to 02, and so it goes.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+And that's often called
+means-ends analysis.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the end that you want
+to achieve is being in that
+
+final state, S. And the means
+is that operator, O. So you
+
+have some notion of where you
+want to be and the difference
+
+of where you are and where
+you want to be.
+
+And you pick an operator so as
+to reduce that difference.
+
+So this is all very abstract.
+
+Let's exercise it in solving a
+problem that you will all be
+
+faced with here in
+a day or two.
+
+That is, for many of you--
+
+most Of you, I hope-- the
+problem of going home.
+
+So here you are.
+
+You're at MIT.
+
+And where you want to be
+is over here, at home.
+
+So you measure the difference
+between MIT and home.
+
+And for many of you it's further
+than you can go by car
+
+and not so far that you
+can't go at all.
+
+So what you do is, you say,
+well, the right operator is
+
+taking an airplane.
+
+So there is the operator,
+take an airplane.
+
+And this is the difference, D.
+And the difference, D, being
+
+sufficiently large, you
+take the plane.
+
+Trouble is, if you happen
+to be sitting here in
+
+[? 10-250 ?]
+
+there's no way you can take an
+airplane, because they don't
+
+fit in here.
+
+So you've got another
+problem, and that is
+
+to get to the airplane.
+
+So the distance between here
+and Logan is such that the
+
+right way to do that is
+to take the MBTA.
+
+And that's determined because
+you're working on this
+
+difference reduction right
+here, the difference from
+
+being at MIT and being
+at the airport.
+
+So that difference dictates
+that you take the MBTA.
+
+So you see, you're re-cursing.
+
+But you know there are no MBTA
+cars in here either.
+
+So there's still a difference
+like so.
+
+And that difference dictates
+that you walk.
+
+So you've got D1, D2, and D3.
+
+And by the time you've excised
+the operators relevant to
+
+those three differences,
+you're at Logan.
+
+Then you take the airplane, you
+get over to your hometown,
+
+and your faced with the smaller
+difference of getting
+
+from that airport to where
+you actually want to go.
+
+So that's the general problem-
+solver idea.
+
+It was such an exciting
+idea at the time.
+
+It was such an exciting idea
+at the time because people
+
+would say to themselves, ah!
+
+This is a general purpose
+problem solver, so we can set
+
+it onto the problem of making
+itself smarter.
+
+And so there was a kind of
+imagined chain reaction that
+
+would take place.
+
+And the developers of this
+architecture warned the public
+
+that within 10 years-- that
+is to say, by about 1970--
+
+computers would be generally
+as smart as people.
+
+And a lot of people made fun of
+them for that prediction.
+
+But it was actually scientists
+attempting to be responsible.
+
+Because they thought something,
+a quite serious
+
+dislocation was coming along,
+and that people should know
+
+that it was coming.
+
+And so they felt it was their
+responsibility in that age of
+
+scientific responsibility
+to warn the public.
+
+It didn't turn out that way,
+because the problem of
+
+collecting the differences and
+finding the operators, that's
+
+outside the scope of
+the architecture.
+
+So this is the problem that has
+to be solved by a human
+
+before this architecture
+can be used.
+
+You have to have identified the
+differences that you might
+
+encounter and the operators that
+you might use, and build
+
+this table which relates
+the two together.
+
+So maybe that one, that
+one, some off-diagonal
+
+elements, and so on.
+
+But building that table turned
+out to be a hard job.
+
+So not surprisingly,
+the idea evolved.
+
+And eventually the folks at
+Carnegie who developed the
+
+general problem solver--
+
+most notably Newell
+and his students--
+
+developed a newer, fresher, more
+elaborate architecture
+
+called SOAR.
+
+And here's how SOAR works.
+
+First of all, what
+does SOAR mean?
+
+It doesn't mean anything.
+
+It used to mean State
+Operator And Result.
+
+But for some reason the
+proponents of the SOAR
+
+architecture decided they don't
+like that acronym, and
+
+have asserted that SOAR is
+merely a label that shouldn't
+
+be thought of as an acronym.
+
+In any event, SOAR consists
+of various parts.
+
+It has a long-term memory.
+
+It has a short-term memory.
+
+And it has connections to the
+outside world, maybe a vision
+
+system and an action system.
+
+But most of the activity of
+the SOAR problem-solving
+
+architecture takes place
+in a short-term memory.
+
+So you can view the contents
+of the long-term memory as
+
+shuttling in and out of
+short-term memory.
+
+So you can see right away that
+this mechanism, this
+
+architecture, is heavily
+influenced by certain
+
+cognitive psychology experiments
+having to do with
+
+how much you can hold in your
+short-term memory--
+
+nonsense syllables and all that
+sort of thing that was
+
+popular back in those days.
+
+So this was an architecture
+devised primarily by
+
+psychologists.
+
+And it had amongst its features
+a short-term memory
+
+and a long-term memory.
+
+So that's part 1 of
+this architecture.
+
+So what's in the long-term
+memory?
+
+Well, assertions and rules,
+AKA productions.
+
+A production being the Carnegie
+vernacular for rule.
+
+It's just the rule-based stuff
+like you saw on almost the
+
+first day of class.
+
+So the whole thing is a gigantic
+rule-based system
+
+with assertions and rules the
+shuttle back and forth from
+
+long-term memory into short-term
+memory where
+
+processing takes place.
+
+The third thing that comes to
+mind when you think of SOAR
+
+architecture is they had an
+elaborate preference system.
+
+You recall that when we talked
+about rule-based systems
+
+there's always a question of
+what do you do when more than
+
+one rule would work?
+
+You have to have some way
+of breaking those ties.
+
+The SOAR architecture
+has an elaborate
+
+subsystem for doing that.
+
+But I said that these are the
+first three things you think,
+
+and maybe that's not right.
+
+Because the next thing you
+think about is perhaps a
+
+better thing to identify with
+the SOAR architecture.
+
+And that's the idea
+of problem spaces.
+
+And that's the idea that if
+you're going to solve a
+
+problem you have to develop a
+space and do a search through
+
+that space.
+
+Just like we did when we talked
+about how we can get
+
+from here to home.
+
+There's a space of places,
+that's our problem space.
+
+We can do a search through that
+space to find a way to
+
+get from one place to another.
+
+That's the sort of thing that
+SOAR is focused on.
+
+Finally, the fifth element that
+you tend to think about
+
+when you think about SOAR
+is the idea of universal
+
+subgoaling.
+
+And that's the idea that
+whenever you can't think of
+
+want to do next, that becomes
+your next problem that
+
+deserves it's own problem
+space and its own set of
+
+differences and operators,
+and rules and assertions.
+
+So you start off on a high
+level, then you have to solve
+
+problems at a lower level, just
+like you did up there
+
+with a general problem solver.
+
+So if you have these two
+architectures you can begin to
+
+say, well, what are
+they centered on?
+
+And this architecture, this
+general problem solver, is
+
+centered on the idea
+that everything is
+
+about problem solving.
+
+Because the problem solving
+hypothesis--
+
+no one gave it that name.
+
+But that's what it was.
+
+And this architecture
+did get its name.
+
+And it was said always, by
+Newell, to be based on what he
+
+called the symbol system
+hypothesis.
+
+The hypothesis that what we
+are as humans is symbol
+
+manipulators.
+
+And we can uncover how that
+all works by giving people
+
+crypto-arithmetic problems and
+having them talk out loud, by
+
+thinking about what happens
+when you try to remember
+
+nonsense syllables, by all that
+sort of stuff that was en
+
+vogue in terms of psychology
+experiments in the day when
+
+this architecture was
+first articulated.
+
+But when you look at
+architectures you can sort of
+
+see where they come from and
+what their antecedents are.
+
+It has a short-term memory and
+a long-term memory, because
+
+Newell and his associates were
+cognitive scientists.
+
+It has assertions and rules
+and preferences, because
+
+Newell and his associates
+were also AI people.
+
+And it has problem spaces and
+universal subgoaling because
+
+those are ideas that had been
+work out in a more primitive
+
+form already in the general
+problem-solver architecture.
+
+So that's a glimpse of
+what SOAR looked like
+
+in its early days.
+
+It's been very highly
+developed by a
+
+lot of smart people.
+
+So although it's symbol
+centered, they've attached to
+
+it things having to do with
+emotion and perception, but
+
+generally with the view that
+the first thing to do when
+
+faced with this perception is to
+get it out of there and get
+
+it into a symbolic form.
+
+That's sort of the bias that the
+architecture comes with.
+
+So those are two architectures
+that are heavily biased toward
+
+thinking that the important
+part of what we
+
+do is problem solving.
+
+But the most important,
+perhaps--
+
+at least from an MIT
+perspective--
+
+of these problem-solving
+oriented ways of thinking
+
+about the world, is Marvin
+Minsky's architecture, which
+
+he articulates in his book
+"The Emotion Machine."
+
+And Marvin is not just concerned
+with problem
+
+solving, but also with
+how problem solving
+
+might come in layers.
+
+So let me show you an example
+of the sort of problem what
+
+motivates some of Marvin's
+thinking.
+
+So you can read that, it's
+a short little vignette.
+
+You have no trouble
+understanding it, right?
+
+No.
+
+It's not difficult
+for us humans.
+
+Awfully tough for a computer.
+
+In part, because the thinking
+you need, your ability to
+
+understand that story, requires
+you to think on many
+
+levels at the same time.
+
+First of all, there's
+a sort of, at the
+
+bottom, instinctive reaction.
+
+You see where there's
+instinctive reaction?
+
+That's the part where
+she hears a sound
+
+and terns her head.
+
+That's instinct, right?
+
+That's practically built in.
+
+But then what she
+sees is a car.
+
+So that's something that
+we don't have wired in.
+
+It would be unlikely that we've
+evolved in the last 100
+
+years to have an instinctive
+appreciation of cars
+
+barrelling down the road.
+
+So the next level in Marvin's
+
+architecture is learned reaction.
+
+So that's the part about
+thinking about the car.
+
+Now spread throughout there--
+well, let's see where is a
+
+particularly good example.
+
+She decides to sprint
+across the road.
+
+So that's where she's
+solving a problem.
+
+So that's the deliberative
+thinking level.
+
+It doesn't stop there, because
+later on she reflects on her
+
+impulsive decision.
+
+So she thinks not only about
+stuff that's happening out
+
+there in the world, but she also
+thinks about stuff that's
+
+going on in here.
+
+So that's a level which we can
+call reflective thinking.
+
+Well, you know, it doesn't stop
+there, because she also
+
+considers, in another part of
+the story, something about
+
+being uneasy about
+arriving late.
+
+So she's not only just thinking
+about events that are
+
+going on in her mind right now,
+but events that are going
+
+on right now relative
+to plans she's made.
+
+Some Marvin calls that the
+self-reflecting layer.
+
+But that isn't the whole thing
+either, because toward the end
+
+of the story she starts to worry
+about what her friends
+
+would think of her.
+
+So there's a kind of reflective
+thinking in a more
+
+social context.
+
+So he calls that self-conscious
+thinking.
+
+So as the Carnegie folks think,
+the SOAR architecture
+
+focuses mostly on problem
+solving, Minsky's "Emotion
+
+Machine" book considers not just
+thinking, but thinking on
+
+many layers.
+
+And the blocker to doing any of
+that can be said to be the
+
+development of common sense,
+which computers, alas, have
+
+never had much of.
+
+So this could be said to be
+based on the common sense
+
+hypothesis.
+
+And the common sense hypothesis
+holds that in order
+
+to do all of that stuff,
+you have to have
+
+common sense like people.
+
+And if you have to have common
+sense like people, you have to
+
+think about how much of
+that is there and how
+
+can we go get it?
+
+And so this spawned a lot of
+activity in the media lab
+
+amongst people influenced by
+Marvin, having to do with
+
+gathering common sense.
+
+The open mind project, the work
+of Henry Lieberman and
+
+others, having to do with the
+gathering of common sense from
+
+the world wide web as a way of
+populating systems that would
+
+lay the foundation for doing
+this kind of layered thinking.
+
+So that is a brief survey of
+some mechanisms, some older
+
+than others, but all but GPS--
+
+GPS too.
+
+Let's face it, it's hard to
+think of solving any problem
+
+without means-ends analysis
+being involved.
+
+So GPS isn't wrong, it's just
+not the only tool you need to
+
+think about what to do.
+
+So these are early, and late,
+and still-current.
+
+But it's not the only thing
+there is, because there have
+
+been reactions against this
+problem-solving way of
+
+thinking about the development
+of intelligence.
+
+And the most prominent of those
+counter currents, of
+
+those alternative ideas, belongs
+to Rod Brooks and his
+
+subsumption architecture.
+
+So along about the early--
+
+along about the years
+surrounding 1990, Brooks
+
+became upset--
+
+subsumption--
+
+because robots couldn't
+do much.
+
+They would turn them on at
+night, and then the next
+
+morning they'd come in the
+laboratory and they would have
+
+moved 25 feet, nicely avoiding
+a table perhaps.
+
+Not doing very much and taking
+a long time to do it.
+
+So he had decided that it's
+because people were thinking
+
+in the wrong way.
+
+In those days people thought
+that the way you build a robot
+
+is you build a vision system,
+and then you build a reasoning
+
+system, and then you build
+an action system.
+
+And it can do almost nothing,
+but it does something.
+
+So you improve the vision
+system, and improve the
+
+reasoning system, and improve
+the actual system.
+
+And now you've broken it,
+because all the stuff you used
+
+to be able to do doesn't
+work anymore.
+
+So what's the alternative?
+
+Well, the alternative, as
+articulated by Brooks, is to
+
+turn this idea on its side.
+
+So instead of having an
+encapsulated vision system, an
+
+encapsulated reasoning system,
+and an encapsulated action
+
+system, what you have is layers
+that are focused not on
+
+the sensing and the reasoning
+and the action, but layers
+
+that are specialized to dealing
+with the world.
+
+So in Brook's way of thinking
+about things, at the lowest
+
+level you might have a system
+that's capable of--
+
+well, before we get to that,
+avoiding objects.
+
+And maybe the next level up
+is the wandering layer.
+
+And maybe the next level up
+after that is explore.
+
+And maybe the next level
+up after that is seek.
+
+Now in the old days when people
+took 6001 I had no
+
+trouble getting an answer the
+question, what does this
+
+remind you of in 6001?
+
+It doesn't remind you of
+anything in 6001 since you
+
+haven't taken it.
+
+But it viewed, as a
+generalization of a
+
+programming idea, what is
+the programming idea?
+
+There are only a few powerful
+ideas in program, and this is
+
+a generalization
+of one of them.
+
+What is it?
+
+Do you have a name?
+
+Yes, Andrew?
+
+STUDENT: Layers of
+abstraction?
+
+PROFESSOR: Layers
+of abstraction,
+
+and abstraction barriers.
+
+That nails it pretty well.
+
+Because each of these guys can
+have its own vision, action,
+
+and reasoning system.
+
+And if you think of these as
+abstraction boundaries, then
+
+when you got this thing working
+you don't screw with
+
+it anymore.
+
+You build this layer on top.
+
+And it may reach down in here
+from time to time, but it
+
+doesn't fundamentally
+change it.
+
+Brooks was inspired in part
+by the way our brains are
+
+constructed.
+
+All that old stuff that we share
+with pigs is down in
+
+there deep, and we put the
+neocortex over it.
+
+So it looks layered in
+a way that would make
+
+[? Gerry Sussman ?] proud.
+
+So this then is the way that
+Brooks looks at the world, and
+
+it's characterized by a few
+features just like SOAR is.
+
+One of those features is
+no representation.
+
+So this is a detail that's
+probably right at the level
+
+that Brooks was operating, and
+very questionable when you get
+
+above the level that Brooks
+was operating.
+
+But before I go on, let me say
+what the hypothesis is.
+
+The hypothesis is the
+creature hypothesis.
+
+It's the hypothesis that once
+you can get a machine to act
+
+as smart as an insect, then
+the rest will be easy.
+
+Well, how do you get
+a creature to
+
+be smart as an insect?
+
+Maybe you don't need
+representation.
+
+We focused on representation in
+this course, so you can see
+
+there's a little stress---
+
+Next thing is, what do you
+do if you don't have a
+
+representation?
+
+Let's see.
+
+Your representation makes
+a model possible.
+
+Models make it possible to
+predict, to understand, to
+
+explain, and to control.
+
+So if you don't have one what
+can you possibly do?
+
+Brooks' answer is, you use the
+world instead of a model.
+
+So everything you
+do is reactive.
+
+You don't have anything
+in your head that is
+
+a map of this room.
+
+But maybe I don't need one
+because I can get around that
+
+table by constantly
+observing it.
+
+And we don't have to fill
+up the memory with that
+
+information, I can
+just react to it.
+
+So no representation, use the
+world instead of a model, and
+
+the mechanisms in their
+purest form are just
+
+finite-state machines.
+
+So with that, Brooks was able to
+do things that people were
+
+never able to do before.
+
+And what's the modern
+[? instantiation ?]
+
+of this architecture?
+
+Now, according to Brooks, in use
+in 5 million homes in the
+
+United States?
+
+STUDENT: The Roomba?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the Roomba The
+Roomba robot is, by Brooks'
+
+account, approximately
+the thirteenth
+
+business plan of iRobot.
+
+And it's the one that made it
+big, because the Rumba vacuum
+
+cleaner has been very
+successful.
+
+Would you like to see a movie
+of its processor?
+
+So this is a film made some time
+ago that shows, in some
+
+sense, the summa of
+that architecture.
+
+What I want you to imagine very
+briefly is a robot that
+
+wanders around in the halls
+and rooms of the old
+
+[? Tech Square ?]
+
+clinking the Coke cans.
+
+Okay, you all got an image
+of that in your mind?
+
+Because I want you to compare
+the image you now have of that
+
+robot that's wandering around
+collecting the Coke can, with
+
+the actual movie.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-Herbert, the soda-can
+collecting mobile robot.
+
+He was built at the MIT
+AI lab in 1989.
+
+Work was done by John Cannell
+under the supervision of
+
+Rodney Brooks.
+
+Herbert is a robot controlled
+by subsumption architecture.
+
+This is a collection of small
+behaviors that influence the
+
+overall activities
+of the robot.
+
+There are no centralized
+controllers
+
+and no world model.
+
+-Herbert navigates by using a
+number of infrared proximity
+
+censors around its body
+and basically
+
+following walls and corridors.
+
+It can also look for the can
+through a laser light striper.
+
+Right now it's come out of the
+door of an office, followed
+
+along the wall, and then its
+laser light striper has seen a
+
+can on top of the desk
+in front of it.
+
+When this happens the robots
+and deploys its arm.
+
+You can see the arm
+going out now.
+
+-The arm has a number
+of censors itself.
+
+There are fingertip censors, a
+break beam in the jaws, and
+
+two infrared proximity sensors
+on the front of the hand.
+
+-It grabs cans in a stereotype
+fashion.
+
+First, it lowers down to find
+a surface somewhere, then it
+
+bounces along the
+surface until it
+
+sees the can in front.
+
+It uses the hand-based IRs to
+re-center the arm by rotating
+
+the robot's body until the can
+comes between the jaws of the
+
+gripper, at which point the
+break-beam senses the can.
+
+-After acquiring the can,
+Herbert will have tucked the
+
+arm back into its normal
+traveling configuration and
+
+attempt to go home.
+
+-Since it has no central
+[? arm presentation, ?] it
+
+doesn't have any map of
+where it came from.
+
+Instead, it has an algorithm
+which uses a magnetic compass
+
+to determine every time it comes
+through a door, will it
+
+be able to find the door?
+
+It basically has a policy of
+always going north every time
+
+it exits the door.
+
+-So now the can is being
+tucked away.
+
+As the robot turns you'll see
+a red stripe from the laser
+
+range finder.
+
+And now it's using
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+IR to navigate back, find the
+door, and go through the door
+
+with its prize.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: And there, if you
+were paying attention, you saw
+
+a little glimpse of John Cannell
+who was the student to
+
+develop that system.
+
+So that was a tour de force.
+
+That was a magic moment.
+
+That was when you open
+the champagne.
+
+It's not what you expected, of
+course, because when I say
+
+imagine a robot wandering around
+in [? Tech Square ?]
+
+picking up Coke cans, that
+leaves open a huge envelope of
+
+possible hallucinations.
+
+And usually or hallucinations
+about these things are--
+
+we imagine things to be more
+fluid, more natural, and more
+
+impressive than they
+actually are.
+
+But that was impressive, because
+no robot came close to
+
+doing anything like
+that before.
+
+More to be said about
+that during the
+
+business lecture on Wednesday.
+
+So that's the subsumption
+architecture.
+
+By the way, maybe at this point
+we can say something
+
+about how the other
+architectures relate to what
+
+Minsky was talking about.
+
+What's this deliberative
+thinking layer correspond to?
+
+That's what SOAR is about,
+and maybe GPS.
+
+So what's subsumption about?
+
+It's about stuff down here.
+
+It's about instinctive reaction
+and learned reaction.
+
+But shoot, what about Minsky's
+other layers?
+
+If we're going to be building
+systems that are as smart as
+
+those things then we have to
+worry a little bit about that
+
+sort of thing too.
+
+So that brings us to the
+genesis architecture.
+
+And now let me give you the
+standard caution that should
+
+be early in the presentation
+of any academic.
+
+I will sometimes say "I," and
+what I mean is "we." And
+
+sometimes I'll say "we," and
+what I mean is "they." This
+
+was a system that was developed
+mostly by students
+
+of mine who persuaded me, after
+a great deal of time,
+
+that they were thinking the
+right kinds of thoughts.
+
+But here's how the genesis
+architecture works.
+
+As no surprise, given recent
+discussions, it's all centered
+
+on language.
+
+And the language part of the
+genesis system has two roles,
+
+one of which is to guide, and
+marshal, and interact with the
+
+perceptual systems.
+
+And the other is to enable the
+description of events.
+
+That's how it works.
+
+So is perception important?
+
+I don't know.
+
+I might ask you a question like,
+is there anybody sitting
+
+in the front row wearing
+blue jeans?
+
+And it's hard for you to
+resist, under those
+
+circumstances, your eyes from
+going over there and answering
+
+the question.
+
+Your eyes answer the question.
+
+No symbol processing system is
+involved, except in so far as
+
+my language system has
+communicated with their
+
+language system, which drives
+your motor system and your
+
+vision system to go over
+there and answer the
+
+question for you.
+
+But it's not just the real stuff
+that the language system
+
+directs your attention to.
+
+It's also the imagined stuff.
+
+It's been a long semester.
+
+Have I told you the story
+about my table saw?
+
+Probably not.
+
+Here's the deal.
+
+I bought a table saw.
+
+It's a wonderful table saw.
+
+I was installing it with
+a friend of mine
+
+who's a cabinet maker.
+
+He said, never wear gloves
+when you operate the saw.
+
+"Why?" I said.
+
+Before he could answer the
+question I figured it out.
+
+Can you figure out why you never
+wear gloves when you
+
+operate a table saw?
+
+You know what a table
+saw is, right?
+
+It's a table with a spinning
+blade in the middle.
+
+And you use it to cut wood.
+
+Why should you never
+wear gloves?
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: Well--
+
+STUDENT: --Well, you
+know the answer.
+
+Ha, that's not fair.
+
+That's old Brett up there.
+
+He's heard the story
+too many times.
+
+Yes, Andrew, you got it.
+
+STUDENT: I've been told
+the answer before.
+
+PROFESSOR: You've been
+told the answer.
+
+How about somebody who hasn't
+been told the answer.
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: Because the gloves
+might get caught.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because the glove
+might get caught and pull your
+
+hand into the blade.
+
+And then what happens?
+
+It's horrible.
+
+You're hand gets mangled and
+your fingers get cut off, and
+
+this happens a lot
+to professionals.
+
+It won't actually happen with
+that table saw that I bought,
+
+because its play detects flesh
+and stops the blade, which
+
+then leads to stopping the blade
+and having the blade
+
+retreat into the table in
+about two microseconds--
+
+two milliseconds.
+
+So, in general though, it's a
+bad idea, and you always have
+
+to suppose that the mechanism
+isn't working anyway in order
+
+to use good safety practice.
+
+But here's an example of
+something that nobody ever
+
+told you that he was able to
+figure out, by imagining what
+
+would happen and reading the
+answers off of the scene that
+
+he imagined.
+
+So nobody ever says many of the
+things that we know, but
+
+we know them anyway.
+
+Here's another example.
+
+Imagine running down
+the street with a
+
+full bucket of water.
+
+What happens?
+
+The water splashes out and
+gets your leg wet, right?
+
+You won't find that in
+Open Minds database.
+
+Nobody ever said that
+over the web.
+
+It's not written
+down anywhere.
+
+But you know it.
+
+Because you, we human beings
+have the capacity to imagine
+
+perceptual things and read the
+answers to questions off of
+
+our imaginations with that
+perceptual apparatus.
+
+So that's a very important
+connection down there.
+
+And then if you've got the
+ability to describe events,
+
+then you've got the ability to
+tell and understand stories.
+
+And if you can do that, then you
+can start to get a handle
+
+on culture, both macro
+and micro.
+
+And by macro culture I mean the
+country you grew up in,
+
+the religion you grew up with.
+
+And by micro I mean your
+family and personal
+
+experience, and all
+shades in between.
+
+So I don't know, what inspires
+me and my associates to think
+
+in these terms?
+
+We talked about a little bit of
+it last time when I talked
+
+about evolution and the apparent
+flowering of our
+
+species about 50,000
+years ago, at
+
+which time we got something.
+
+And I believe that
+what we got--
+
+and this is the characterization
+of this
+
+particular hypothesis--
+
+what we got is the ability
+to tell stories
+
+and understand them.
+
+So if we want to label this
+representation, it's the label
+
+strong story hypothesis.
+
+So what's the weak
+story hypothesis?
+
+The weak story hypothesis
+is, this is important.
+
+The strong story hypothesis
+is, this is all there is.
+
+But is there any other evidence
+of this is really,
+
+really, really important?
+
+So I've queried Krishna here
+before the class starts, and
+
+he tells me I haven't told
+you about the following
+
+experiment.
+
+This, in my way of thinking, is
+the most important series
+
+of experiments ever done in
+cognitive psychology,
+
+developmental psychology,
+actually.
+
+So here's how we get started.
+
+There's a rectangular room,
+if you're a person.
+
+If you're a rat, it's
+a rectangular box.
+
+All the walls are
+painted white.
+
+Are you with me so far?
+
+So now, in each corner there's
+a basket, or cloth, or
+
+something in which or under
+which you can put some food.
+
+Now, you put the food there
+while the rat watches you.
+
+And then you give the rat a
+little spin to disorient it.
+
+All right?
+
+So then, the rest stops
+and goes for the food.
+
+And you can keep track of
+where the rat goes.
+
+And the rat goes with
+approximate equal probability
+
+predominantly to those
+two corners.
+
+So I'd have bet you
+didn't know that
+
+rats were that smart.
+
+So they understand the
+rectangular nature of the room
+
+and they don't go to the
+diagonal corners where the
+
+food cannot be.
+
+So are these genius rats?
+
+Or maybe we're just rats
+with big brains.
+
+Because we do the same thing.
+
+So if you repeat this experiment
+and replace the rat
+
+with a small child, and then you
+put a toy in there instead
+
+of food, and the rat--
+
+not the rat.
+
+The child is usually held in a
+parent's arms, usually the
+
+child's mother--
+
+usually because they think that
+if they participate in
+
+these experiments up there at
+Harvard their kid will get
+
+into Harvard some day.
+
+So the kid goes to a diagonal
+corner just like a rat.
+
+And then the next thing you do
+is, you try an adult, maybe an
+
+MIT student.
+
+That way you can
+use food again.
+
+And you get the same result.
+
+Who could be surprised?
+
+So rats, children, and human
+adults, pretty much all the
+
+same with respect to this
+experiment, until you paint
+
+one wall blue.
+
+Rats are not colorblind, in
+case you're wondering.
+
+Then what happens?
+
+Well, if you pay one wall blue
+the rat still goes with equal
+
+probability to the two
+diagonal corners.
+
+If you paint one wall blue, the
+child still goes to the
+
+two diagonal corners with
+approximate equal probability.
+
+It's only us genius human
+adults who go
+
+only to that corner.
+
+So this invites a couple
+of questions.
+
+One of which is, when does
+a child become an adult?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+[INAUDIBLE], what
+do you think?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You can pick a
+number greater than 1
+
+and less than 10.
+
+[INAUDIBLE], what
+do you think?
+
+STUDENT: Five?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a pretty
+good guess.
+
+Do you have siblings
+at that age?
+
+It's a surprise but,
+why is it five?
+
+Is it because--
+
+what does it relate to?
+
+Is there any correlate to the
+onset of that ability?
+
+You might try everything, as
+[INAUDIBLE] does, because
+
+she's extremely careful.
+
+So she's tried gender, she's
+tried the onset of language,
+
+the appreciation of music,
+handedness, and there's only
+
+one thing that matters.
+
+And that is that the child
+becomes adult at that time
+
+when they start to use the word
+left and right when they
+
+describe the world.
+
+Now I said that very carefully
+because they understand left
+
+and right at an earlier age, but
+they only have started to
+
+use the words left and right
+when they describe the world
+
+at the time that they begin to
+break this symmetry and go to
+
+the correct corner.
+
+Now for the next element of this
+I need something to read.
+
+Has anyone got a
+textbook handy?
+
+Ah, "China, an Illustrated
+History."
+
+Now I need a volunteer.
+
+OK.
+
+Andrew, you want to do this?
+
+So here's what you're
+going to do.
+
+You can stay there.
+
+But you need to stand up.
+
+So what I'm going to do is,
+I'm going to read you a
+
+passage from this book.
+
+And I want you to say
+it back to me at the
+
+same time I read it.
+
+It's as if you're doing
+simultaneous translation,
+
+except it's English
+to English.
+
+This things got words
+I can't pronounce.
+
+OK, are you ready to go?
+
+All right.
+
+"When overwhelmed by the
+magnitude of the problems he
+
+tackled, he began to suspect
+that others were plotting
+
+against him or secretly
+ridiculing him."
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+That's great.
+
+So you see, he could do it.
+
+Some people can't do it.
+
+At least it take a
+little practice.
+
+But he did it.
+
+And guess what I've
+done to him?
+
+I've reduced his intelligence
+to that of a rat.
+
+Because if you do this
+experiment with an adult human
+
+who's doing this simultaneous
+English to English
+
+translation, they go with equal
+
+probability to the two corners.
+
+So what's happened?
+
+What's happened is
+you've jambed
+
+their language processor.
+
+And when their language
+processor is jambed they can't
+
+put the blue wall together with
+the rectangular shape.
+
+So it seems to be that language
+is the mediator of
+
+exactly the combinators you
+need in order to build
+
+descriptions.
+
+Because they can't even put
+those things together when
+
+their language processor is
+jambed by the simultaneous
+
+translation phenomenon.
+
+So that brings us to the two
+gold star ideas of the day.
+
+One is, if you want to make
+yourself smarter you want to
+
+do those things--
+
+look, listen, draw, and talk.
+
+Because those are the particular
+mechanisms that
+
+surround this area down here,
+which is the center of what we
+
+do-- which is the center
+of our thinking.
+
+So why do you take
+notes in class?
+
+Now because you'll ever look at
+them before, but because it
+
+forces the engagement
+of your linguistic--
+
+of your linguistic, your motor,
+
+and your visual apparatus.
+
+And that makes you smarter,
+because it's
+
+exercising that stuff.
+
+The second thing you can say, in
+conclusion, especially from
+
+this experiment, is beware
+of fast talkers.
+
+Why do you want to be aware
+of fast talkers.
+
+It's not because they will
+talk you into anything.
+
+It's because that when they talk
+fast they're jambing your
+
+language processor and
+you can't thing.
+
+That's why you want to be
+aware of fast talkers.
+
+Because if they jamb your
+language processor you won't
+
+thinking and you'll buy that
+car, or you'll buy that drink,
+
+or you'll do any manner of
+things that people who want
+
+you to do those things have
+learned to do by talking to
+
+jamb your processor.
+
+So that completes what we're
+going to do today.
+
+And I'll give you a
+demonstration of some of this
+
+stuff on another occasion.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PnJEj6TokDA.txt b/PnJEj6TokDA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b13f3c429137154caf621b58c4558bc6fc913f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PnJEj6TokDA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's let's go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's go ahead and get
+started so what is what is neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so what is what is neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so what is what is neural
+computation so neuroscience used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so neuroscience used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so neuroscience used to be a
+very descriptive field where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very descriptive field where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very descriptive field where you would
+describe the different kinds of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the different kinds of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the different kinds of neurons
+who here has seen the the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here has seen the the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here has seen the the famous
+pictures the old pictures of the Golgi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures the old pictures of the Golgi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures the old pictures of the Golgi
+stained neurons all those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stained neurons all those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stained neurons all those different
+types of neurons sort of describing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of neurons sort of describing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of neurons sort of describing what
+things look like in the brain and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look like in the brain and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look like in the brain and what
+parts of the brain are important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain are important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain are important for
+what kinds of behavior based on lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of behavior based on lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of behavior based on lesion
+studies it used to be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies it used to be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies it used to be extremely
+descriptive but things are changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive but things are changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive but things are changing in
+neuroscience and have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and have changed
+dramatically over the past few decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically over the past few decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically over the past few decades
+really neuroscience now is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neuroscience now is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neuroscience now is about
+understanding the brain how the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the brain how the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the brain how the brain
+works how the brain produces behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works how the brain produces behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works how the brain produces behavior
+and really trying to develop engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to develop engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to develop engineering
+level descriptions of brain systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level descriptions of brain systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level descriptions of brain systems and
+brain circuits and neurons and ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain circuits and neurons and ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain circuits and neurons and ion
+channels and all the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and all the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and all the components of
+neurons that make the brain work and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that make the brain work and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that make the brain work and so
+for example my the sort of in the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example my the sort of in the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example my the sort of in the level
+of description that my lab works at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of description that my lab works at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of description that my lab works at and
+that I'm most excited about is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm most excited about is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm most excited about is sort of
+understanding how neural circuits how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how neural circuits how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how neural circuits how
+neurons are put together to make neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are put together to make neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are put together to make neural
+circuits that implement behaviors or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that implement behaviors or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that implement behaviors or or
+to or to produce let's say object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or to produce let's say object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or to produce let's say object
+recognition so this is a figure from Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so this is a figure from Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so this is a figure from Jim
+DeCarlo who is our department had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeCarlo who is our department had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeCarlo who is our department had
+basically a circuit level description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a circuit level description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a circuit level description of
+how the brain goes from a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain goes from a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain goes from a visual
+stimulus to a recognition of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus to a recognition of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus to a recognition of what that
+object is in in the stimulus now at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is in in the stimulus now at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is in in the stimulus now at the
+same time that there's been a big push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that there's been a big push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that there's been a big push
+toward understanding or generating sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward understanding or generating sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward understanding or generating sort
+of engineering level descriptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering level descriptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering level descriptions of
+brains and circuits and components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and circuits and components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and circuits and components
+neurons there's also been tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there's also been tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there's also been tremendous
+advances in the the technologies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in the the technologies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in the the technologies that we
+can use to record neurons right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to record neurons right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to record neurons right so there
+are now imaging systems and microscopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now imaging systems and microscopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now imaging systems and microscopes
+that can image thousands of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can image thousands of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can image thousands of neurons
+Dainius Lee this is an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dainius Lee this is an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dainius Lee this is an example of an
+movie recorded in a an awake baby mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie recorded in a an awake baby mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie recorded in a an awake baby mouse
+that's basically dreaming okay and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically dreaming okay and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically dreaming okay and let
+me just show you what this looks like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you what this looks like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you what this looks like so
+this is a mouse that has a fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mouse that has a fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mouse that has a fluorescent
+protein that's sensitive to neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's sensitive to neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's sensitive to neural
+activity and so when neurons in a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so when neurons in a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so when neurons in a part
+of the brain become active they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain become active they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain become active they they
+become fluorescent and light up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become fluorescent and light up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become fluorescent and light up and so
+here's a top surface of the mouse's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a top surface of the mouse's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a top surface of the mouse's
+brain and you can see this spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you can see this spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you can see this spontaneous
+activity sort of flickering around as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity sort of flickering around as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity sort of flickering around as
+this mouse is just sort of dreaming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mouse is just sort of dreaming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mouse is just sort of dreaming and
+thinking about whatever it's thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about whatever it's thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about whatever it's thinking
+about okay so that one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so that one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so that one of the key
+challenges is to take images like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is to take images like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is to take images like this
+that had that represent the activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had that represent the activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had that represent the activity of
+thousands of neurons or millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of neurons or millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of neurons or millions of
+neurons and figure out how to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and figure out how to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and figure out how to relate
+that to the circuit models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the circuit models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the circuit models that are
+being developed so there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed so there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed so there's another
+example so there are these new probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so there are these new probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so there are these new probes
+where these are basically silicon probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are basically silicon probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are basically silicon probes
+that have thousands of little sensors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have thousands of little sensors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have thousands of little sensors on
+them and and a computer here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and a computer here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and a computer here that
+basically reads out the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically reads out the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically reads out the pattern of
+activity these are called neuro pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity these are called neuro pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity these are called neuro pixels
+so those are basically electrodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are basically electrodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are basically electrodes that
+can again record from thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can again record from thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can again record from thousands of
+neurons simultaneously and they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons simultaneously and they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons simultaneously and they're quite
+long and can record throughout the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and can record throughout the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and can record throughout the whole
+brain essentially all at once okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain essentially all at once okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain essentially all at once okay so
+the key now is you have this these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key now is you have this these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key now is you have this these very
+high dimensional data set how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional data set how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional data set how do you
+relate that to the circuit models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate that to the circuit models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate that to the circuit models that
+you're developing and so one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing and so one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing and so one of the key
+challenges in neuroscience is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in neuroscience is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in neuroscience is to take
+very large data sets that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large data sets that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large data sets that you know that
+look like this that just kind of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this that just kind of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this that just kind of look
+like a mess and figure out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mess and figure out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mess and figure out what's going
+on underneath of there okay it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on underneath of there okay it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on underneath of there okay it turns out
+that people are discovering that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are discovering that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are discovering that you
+know while you might be recording from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know while you might be recording from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know while you might be recording from
+tens of thousands of neurons and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands of neurons and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands of neurons and it
+looks really messy that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really messy that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really messy that there's some
+underlying very simple structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying very simple structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying very simple structure
+underneath of there but you can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath of there but you can't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath of there but you can't see it
+when you just look at big collections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you just look at big collections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you just look at big collections of
+neurons like this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the challenge here is really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge here is really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge here is really to
+figure out how to not only just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to not only just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to not only just make
+those models but test them by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models but test them by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models but test them by taking
+data and relating the patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and relating the patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and relating the patterns of
+activity that you see in these very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that you see in these very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that you see in these very high
+dimensional data sets do dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data sets do dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data sets do dimensionality
+reduction compress that data down into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction compress that data down into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction compress that data down into a
+simple representation and then relate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple representation and then relate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple representation and then relate it
+to those models that you developed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those models that you developed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those models that you developed okay
+one of the things we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we're going to try to
+do in this class is to kind of apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this class is to kind of apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this class is to kind of apply
+these techniques of making models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques of making models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques of making models of
+neurons and circuits together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and circuits together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and circuits together with
+mathematical tools for analyzing data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools for analyzing data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools for analyzing data in
+the context of looking at animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of looking at animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of looking at animal
+behaviors okay so for example in my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors okay so for example in my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors okay so for example in my lab
+we study how how songbirds sing how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study how how songbirds sing how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study how how songbirds sing how they
+learn to produce their vocalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to produce their vocalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to produce their vocalizations
+songbirds learned by imitating their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songbirds learned by imitating their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songbirds learned by imitating their
+parents they listen to their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay hold on I'm gonna skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just a setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a setup
+showing how we can record from neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how we can record from neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how we can record from neurons
+in birds while they're singing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in birds while they're singing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in birds while they're singing and
+figure out how those circuits work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how those circuits work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how those circuits work to
+produce the song this is a little micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the song this is a little micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the song this is a little micro
+drive that we built it's it's motorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive that we built it's it's motorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive that we built it's it's motorized
+so that we can move these electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can move these electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can move these electrodes
+around independently in the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around independently in the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around independently in the brain and
+record from neurons without the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from neurons without the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from neurons without the animal
+knowing that we're like moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that we're like moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that we're like moving the
+electrodes around and looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes around and looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes around and looking for
+neurons then the birds so songbirds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons then the birds so songbirds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons then the birds so songbirds are
+really cool they listen to their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool they listen to their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool they listen to their parents
+they store a memory of what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they store a memory of what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they store a memory of what their
+parents sing and then they begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents sing and then they begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents sing and then they begin
+babbling and they practice over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babbling and they practice over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babbling and they practice over and over
+again until they can learn a good copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until they can learn a good copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until they can learn a good copy
+of their song so here's a bird that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their song so here's a bird that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their song so here's a bird that's
+singing with the micro drive on its head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing with the micro drive on its head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing with the micro drive on its head
+and you can hear the neuron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hear the neuron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hear the neuron in the
+background sorry it's it's not over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background sorry it's it's not over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background sorry it's it's not over the
+loudspeaker here but you can everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeaker here but you can everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeaker here but you can everyone
+hear that so so we can record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that so so we can record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that so so we can record from
+neurons while the bird is singing look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons while the bird is singing look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons while the bird is singing look
+at the activity in this in this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the activity in this in this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the activity in this in this network
+and try to figure out how that Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to figure out how that Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to figure out how that Network
+actually works to produce the song and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works to produce the song and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works to produce the song and
+also we can record in very young birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we can record in very young birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we can record in very young birds
+and figure out how the song is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out how the song is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out how the song is actually
+learned okay and there's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned okay and there's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned okay and there's an example of a
+non generating action potentials which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non generating action potentials which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non generating action potentials which
+is the the basic unit of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the basic unit of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the basic unit of communication
+in the brain and okay and then we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and okay and then we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and okay and then we built
+we try to build circuit models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to build circuit models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to build circuit models and
+figure out how that how that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how that how that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how that how that thing
+actually works to produce and learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works to produce and learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works to produce and learn this
+song okay all right so all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song okay all right so all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song okay all right so all right so
+these computational approaches that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computational approaches that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computational approaches that I'm
+talking about are not just important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are not just important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are not just important for
+dissecting brain circuits related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting brain circuits related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting brain circuits related to
+behavior the same kinds of approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the same kinds of approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the same kinds of approaches
+the same kind of dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of dimensionality
+reduction techniques we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction techniques we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction techniques we're going to
+learn are also useful in molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn are also useful in molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn are also useful in molecular
+genetic studies like taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic studies like taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic studies like taking
+transcriptional profiling and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional profiling and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional profiling and doing
+clustering and looking at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and looking at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and looking at the different
+patterns that are there it's also useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are there it's also useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are there it's also useful
+for molecular studies it's also these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for molecular studies it's also these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for molecular studies it's also these
+ideas are very powerful in studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are very powerful in studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are very powerful in studying
+cognition so the so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition so the so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition so the so if you look at the
+work that Josh Tenenbaum does and Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that Josh Tenenbaum does and Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that Josh Tenenbaum does and Josh
+McDermitt who study who developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDermitt who study who developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDermitt who study who developed
+mathematical models of how our minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models of how our minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models of how our minds
+work how we learn to think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how we learn to think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how we learn to think about things
+those are also very model-based and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also very model-based and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also very model-based and very
+quantitative so the kinds of tools we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative so the kinds of tools we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative so the kinds of tools we're
+going to learn in this class are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn in this class are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn in this class are very
+broadly applicable they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly applicable they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly applicable they're also
+increasingly important in medicine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly important in medicine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly important in medicine so
+we're gonna at some point we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna at some point we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna at some point we're gonna
+take a little bit of a detour to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit of a detour to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit of a detour to look at
+a particular disease that's caused by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular disease that's caused by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular disease that's caused by a
+defect in an ion channel and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in an ion channel and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in an ion channel and it turns
+out you can understand exactly how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can understand exactly how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can understand exactly how that
+defect in that ion channel relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in that ion channel relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in that ion channel relates to
+this particular to the phenotype of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular to the phenotype of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular to the phenotype of the
+disease okay and you can do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay and you can do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay and you can do that by
+creating a mathematical model of how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a mathematical model of how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a mathematical model of how a
+neuron behaves when it has an ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron behaves when it has an ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron behaves when it has an ion
+channel that has this defect in it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel that has this defect in it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel that has this defect in it okay
+so it's very cool and once you model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very cool and once you model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very cool and once you model it
+you can really understand why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really understand why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really understand why that
+happens okay so here are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so here are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so here are some of the
+course goals so we're gonna start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goals so we're gonna start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goals so we're gonna start by
+working on basic biophysics of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on basic biophysics of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on basic biophysics of neurons
+and networks and other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and networks and other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and networks and other sort of
+principles underlying brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles underlying brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles underlying brain and
+cognitive functions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive functions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive functions we're going to
+develop mathematical techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop mathematical techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop mathematical techniques to
+analyze those models and to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze those models and to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze those models and to analyze the
+kinds of behavioral data and neural data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of behavioral data and neural data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of behavioral data and neural data
+that you would take to study those brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would take to study those brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would take to study those brain
+circuits and in the along the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and in the along the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and in the along the way we're
+going to become proficient at using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become proficient at using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become proficient at using
+MATLAB to do these things okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB to do these things okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB to do these things okay so how
+many of you have experience with MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have experience with MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have experience with MATLAB
+okay great and and not okay so anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great and and not okay so anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great and and not okay so anybody
+who doesn't have experience with MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't have experience with MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't have experience with MATLAB
+we're going to really make an effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to really make an effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to really make an effort to
+bring you up to speed very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you up to speed very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you up to speed very quickly
+daniel has actually just created a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daniel has actually just created a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daniel has actually just created a very
+nice matlab cheat sheet that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice matlab cheat sheet that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice matlab cheat sheet that's just
+amazing so there will be lots of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so there will be lots of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so there will be lots of help
+with programming so let me just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with programming so let me just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with programming so let me just mention
+some of the topics that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the topics that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the topics that we'll be
+covering so we'll be talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering so we'll be talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering so we'll be talking about a
+equivalent circuit model of neurons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit model of neurons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit model of neurons so
+let me let me just explain how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just explain how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just explain how this is
+broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken
+so these are topics that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are topics that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are topics that we'll be
+covering and these are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering and these are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering and these are sort of the
+mathematical tools that go along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools that go along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools that go along with
+those topics that we'll be learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those topics that we'll be learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those topics that we'll be learning
+about in parallel okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in parallel okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in parallel okay
+so we'll be studying normal biophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll be studying normal biophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll be studying normal biophysics
+and we'll be doing some differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be doing some differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be doing some differential
+equations along the way for that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations along the way for that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations along the way for that just
+first-order linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order linear differential
+equations nothing to be scared of we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations nothing to be scared of we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations nothing to be scared of we'll
+talk about neuronal responses to stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about neuronal responses to stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about neuronal responses to stimuli
+and tuning curves and along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tuning curves and along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tuning curves and along the way
+we'll be learning about spike sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be learning about spike sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be learning about spike sorting
+and parry stimulus time instagrams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parry stimulus time instagrams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parry stimulus time instagrams and
+ways of analyzing firing patterns we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of analyzing firing patterns we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of analyzing firing patterns we
+talk about neural we're coding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about neural we're coding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about neural we're coding and
+receptive fields and we'll learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields and we'll learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields and we'll learn about
+correlation and convolution for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and convolution for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and convolution for that
+topic we'll talk about feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we'll talk about feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we'll talk about feed-forward
+networks and perceptrons and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and perceptrons and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and perceptrons and then we're
+gonna start bringing a lot of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start bringing a lot of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start bringing a lot of linear
+algebra which is really fun it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which is really fun it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which is really fun it's really
+powerful and that linear algebra sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and that linear algebra sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and that linear algebra sets
+the stage for then doing dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage for then doing dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage for then doing dimensionality
+reduction on data and principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction on data and principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction on data and principal
+component analysis and singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis and singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis and singular value
+decomposition and other things well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and other things well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and other things well then
+take an additional extension of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an additional extension of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an additional extension of neural
+networks from feed-forward networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks from feed-forward networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks from feed-forward networks
+we'll figure out how to make them talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out how to make them talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out how to make them talk
+back to themselves so they can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to themselves so they can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to themselves so they can start
+doing things like remember things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like remember things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like remember things okay
+and make decisions and that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make decisions and that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make decisions and that involves
+more linear algebra eigenvalues and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linear algebra eigenvalues and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linear algebra eigenvalues and then
+I'm not sure we're going to get time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we're going to get time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we're going to get time to
+sensory integration and Bayes rule so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory integration and Bayes rule so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory integration and Bayes rule so by
+the end of the class there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class there are some
+important skills that you'll have you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skills that you'll have you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skills that you'll have you'll
+be able to kind of think about a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to kind of think about a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to kind of think about a neuron
+very clearly and how its components work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly and how its components work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly and how its components work
+together to give that neuron its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give that neuron its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give that neuron its
+properties and how neurons themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and how neurons themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and how neurons themselves
+can connect together to give a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect together to give a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect together to give a neural
+circuit its properties you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit its properties you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit its properties you'll be able to
+write MATLAB programs that simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write MATLAB programs that simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write MATLAB programs that simulate
+those models you'll be able to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models you'll be able to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models you'll be able to analyze
+data using MATLAB you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using MATLAB you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using MATLAB you'll be able to
+visualize high dimensional data sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize high dimensional data sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize high dimensional data sets and
+you one of my goals in this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of my goals in this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of my goals in this class is
+that you guys should be able to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys should be able to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys should be able to go into
+any lab in the department and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any lab in the department and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any lab in the department and do
+cool things that even the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things that even the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things that even the graduate
+students may not know how to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students may not know how to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students may not know how to do okay
+and so you can do really great stuff as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do really great stuff as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do really great stuff as
+a Europe okay okay so one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Europe okay okay so one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Europe okay okay so one of the most
+important things about the this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things about the this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things about the this class is
+problem sets because that's where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets because that's where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets because that's where you're
+gonna get the hands-on experience to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get the hands-on experience to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get the hands-on experience to do
+that kind of data analysis and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of data analysis and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of data analysis and write
+programs and and analyze the data please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and and analyze the data please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and and analyze the data please
+install that it's it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install that it's it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install that it's it's really important
+if you don't already have that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't already have that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't already have that we use
+live scripts for problem set submissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live scripts for problem set submissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live scripts for problem set submissions
+and and Daniel made some nice examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Daniel made some nice examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Daniel made some nice examples
+on stellar and and of course the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar and and of course the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar and and of course the the
+guidelines for pset submissions are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines for pset submissions are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines for pset submissions are also
+on stellar okay that's it any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar okay that's it any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar okay that's it any questions
+about that no all right good so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that no all right good so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that no all right good so let's
+let's go ahead and and get started then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and and get started then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and and get started then
+with the first topic okay so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first topic okay so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first topic okay so the the
+first thing we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to do is we're
+going to build a model of a neuron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a model of a neuron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a model of a neuron okay
+now this model is is very particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this model is is very particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this model is is very particular it
+uses electrical components to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses electrical components to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses electrical components to to
+describe the neuron now that may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the neuron now that may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the neuron now that may not be
+surprising since the neuron is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising since the neuron is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising since the neuron is basically
+an electrical device it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrical device it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrical device it it has
+components that are sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that are sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that are sensitive to
+voltages that generate currents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages that generate currents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages that generate currents that
+control currents and so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control currents and so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control currents and so we're gonna
+build our model using electrical circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our model using electrical circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our model using electrical circuit
+components and one of the nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and one of the nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and one of the nice things
+about doing that is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that is that every
+electrical circuit component like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical circuit component like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical circuit component like a
+resistor or a capacitor has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor or a capacitor has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor or a capacitor has a very
+well-defined mathematical relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined mathematical relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined mathematical relation
+between the current and the voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the current and the voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the current and the voltage the
+current that flows through that device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that flows through that device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that flows through that device
+and the voltage across the terminals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voltage across the terminals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voltage across the terminals of
+that device so you can write down very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that device so you can write down very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that device so you can write down very
+precisely mathematically what each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely mathematically what each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely mathematically what each of
+those components does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components does
+so then you can then take that all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can then take that all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can then take that all those
+components and construct a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and construct a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and construct a set of
+equations or in general a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or in general a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or in general a set of
+differential equations that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that allows you
+to basically evolve that circuit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically evolve that circuit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically evolve that circuit over
+time and plot let's say the voltage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and plot let's say the voltage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and plot let's say the voltage on
+the inside of the cell as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside of the cell as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside of the cell as a function of
+time you can see that that model neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can see that that model neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can see that that model neuron
+can actually very precisely replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually very precisely replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually very precisely replicate
+many of the properties of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the properties of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the properties of neurons
+now neurons are actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now neurons are actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now neurons are actually really
+complicated and this is this is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and this is this is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and this is this is the real
+reason why you need to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you need to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you need to write down a
+model so there are many different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so there are many different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so there are many different kinds
+of neurons each type of neuron has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons each type of neuron has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons each type of neuron has a
+different pattern of genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pattern of genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pattern of genes that are
+expressed so this is a cluster diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so this is a cluster diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so this is a cluster diagram
+of neuron type based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neuron type based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neuron type based on a
+transcriptional profiling of the RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional profiling of the RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional profiling of the RNA
+that each that I think it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each that I think it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each that I think it was about
+thirteen thousand neurons that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen thousand neurons that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen thousand neurons that were
+extracted from a part of the brain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from a part of the brain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from a part of the brain you
+do a transcriptional profile and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a transcriptional profile and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a transcriptional profile and it
+gives you a map of all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a map of all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a map of all the different
+genes that are expressed in each neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are expressed in each neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are expressed in each neuron
+and then you can cluster them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can cluster them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can cluster them and you
+can see that this particular part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this particular part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this particular part of the
+brain which is in the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain which is in the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain which is in the hypothalamus
+expresses all of these different cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses all of these different cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses all of these different cell
+types now what are those different genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types now what are those different genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types now what are those different genes
+many of those different genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those different genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those different genes are
+actually different ion channels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different ion channels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different ion channels and
+there are hundreds of different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hundreds of different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hundreds of different kinds of
+ion channels that control the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels that control the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels that control the flow of
+current through across the membrane of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through across the membrane of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through across the membrane of a
+neuron okay so this is just a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron okay so this is just a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron okay so this is just a diagram
+showing different potassium ion channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing different potassium ion channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing different potassium ion channels
+different calcium ion channels you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calcium ion channels you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calcium ion channels you can
+see they have families and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they have families and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they have families and different
+subtypes and all of those different ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes and all of those different ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes and all of those different ion
+channels have different timescales on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels have different timescales on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels have different timescales on
+which the current varies as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the current varies as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the current varies as a function
+of voltage change they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage change they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage change they have different
+voltage ranges that they're sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage ranges that they're sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage ranges that they're sensitive to
+they have different inactivation so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different inactivation so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different inactivation so many
+ion channels when you turn them on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels when you turn them on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels when you turn them on they
+stay on but other ion channels they turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on but other ion channels they turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on but other ion channels they turn
+on and then they slowly decay away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then they slowly decay away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then they slowly decay away right
+the current slowly decays away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current slowly decays away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current slowly decays away and
+that's called inactivation and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called inactivation and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called inactivation and all these
+different ion channels have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ion channels have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ion channels have different
+combinations of those properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those properties and
+it's really hard to predict when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to predict when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to predict when you
+think about how this nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how this nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how this nor
+will behave with a different kind of ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will behave with a different kind of ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will behave with a different kind of ion
+channel here it's super hard to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel here it's super hard to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel here it's super hard to just
+like look at the properties of an ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look at the properties of an ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look at the properties of an ion
+channel and just see how that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and just see how that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and just see how that's going to
+work in a neuron because you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a neuron because you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a neuron because you have all
+these different parts that are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different parts that are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different parts that are working
+together okay and so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay and so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay and so it's really
+important to be able to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to write down a
+mathematical model if you have a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model if you have a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model if you have a neuron
+that has like a different kind of ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has like a different kind of ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has like a different kind of ion
+channel you can actually predict how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel you can actually predict how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel you can actually predict how the
+neurons going to behave now now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons going to behave now now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons going to behave now now that's
+just the ion channel components neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the ion channel components neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the ion channel components neurons
+also have complex morphologies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have complex morphologies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have complex morphologies right
+they had some some neurons have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some some neurons have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some some neurons have these
+very this is a Purkinje cell in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this is a Purkinje cell in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this is a Purkinje cell in the
+cerebellum they have these very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum they have these very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum they have these very dense
+densely elaborated dendrites other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely elaborated dendrites other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely elaborated dendrites other
+neurons have very long dendrites with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have very long dendrites with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have very long dendrites with
+just a few branches other neurons have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few branches other neurons have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few branches other neurons have
+very short stubby dendrites and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short stubby dendrites and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short stubby dendrites and each of
+those different morphological patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different morphological patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different morphological patterns
+also effects how a neuron responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also effects how a neuron responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also effects how a neuron responds to
+its inputs because now a neuron can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inputs because now a neuron can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inputs because now a neuron can have
+inputs out here at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs out here at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs out here at the end of the
+dendrite or up close to the soma right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite or up close to the soma right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite or up close to the soma right
+and and all of those the the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all of those the the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all of those the the spatial
+structure also affects how a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure also affects how a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure also affects how a neuron
+responds and and those produce very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds and and those produce very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds and and those produce very
+different firing patterns so not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different firing patterns so not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different firing patterns so not some
+neurons if you put in a constant current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons if you put in a constant current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons if you put in a constant current
+they just fire regularly up so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just fire regularly up so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just fire regularly up so it turns
+out we can really understand why all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can really understand why all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can really understand why all of
+these things different all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things different all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things different all these
+different things happen if we build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things happen if we build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things happen if we build a
+model like this okay so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like this okay so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like this okay so let me just
+point out a couple of other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out a couple of other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out a couple of other interesting
+things about this model different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this model different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this model different parts
+of this circuit actually do cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this circuit actually do cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this circuit actually do cool
+different things so neurons have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so neurons have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so neurons have not
+just one power supply they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one power supply they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one power supply they've got
+multiple power supplies to power up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple power supplies to power up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple power supplies to power up
+different parts of the circuit that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the circuit that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the circuit that do
+different things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things okay
+neurons have capacitances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have capacitances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have capacitances that
+allow a neuron to accumulate in time act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a neuron to accumulate in time act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a neuron to accumulate in time act
+as an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an integrator
+if you combine a capacitor with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you combine a capacitor with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you combine a capacitor with a
+resistor that that circuit now looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor that that circuit now looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor that that circuit now looks
+like a filter it smoothes its past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a filter it smoothes its past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a filter it smoothes its past
+inputs over time alright and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs over time alright and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs over time alright and these two
+components here this sodium current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components here this sodium current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components here this sodium current and
+this potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potassium
+current make a spike jump it generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current make a spike jump it generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current make a spike jump it generates
+an action potential that then talks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action potential that then talks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action potential that then talks to
+other neurons okay and you put the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neurons okay and you put the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neurons okay and you put the whole
+thing together and that thing can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing together and that thing can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing together and that thing can act
+like an oscillator it can act like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an oscillator it can act like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an oscillator it can act like a
+coincidence detector it can do all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence detector it can do all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence detector it can do all kinds
+of different cool things all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different cool things all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different cool things all right and
+all that stuff is understandable if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff is understandable if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff is understandable if you
+just write down a simple model like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down a simple model like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down a simple model like this
+okay any questions okay so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions okay so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions okay so what we're
+going to do is we're gonna just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're gonna just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're gonna just start
+describing this Network we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this Network we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this Network we're gonna
+build it up one piece at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it up one piece at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it up one piece at a time
+okay and we're gonna we're gonna with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're gonna we're gonna with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're gonna we're gonna with a
+capacitance but before we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance but before we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance but before we get to the
+capacitor we need to do one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor we need to do one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor we need to do one more thing
+we need to do one thing first which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do one thing first which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do one thing first which is
+figure out what the wires are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the wires are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the wires are in the
+brain right for an electrical circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain right for an electrical circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain right for an electrical circuit
+you need to have wires so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have wires so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have wires so what are the
+wires in the brain what a wires do in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires in the brain what a wires do in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires in the brain what a wires do in a
+circuit they carry current right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit they carry current right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit they carry current right so what
+what what are the wires in a neuron yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the wires in a neuron yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the wires in a neuron yeah
+what's that axon so axons carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that axon so axons carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that axon so axons carry
+information they carry a spike that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they carry a spike that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they carry a spike that that
+travels down the axon it goes to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels down the axon it goes to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels down the axon it goes to other
+neurons but there's even a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons but there's even a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons but there's even a simpler
+answer than that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer than that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer than that yes
+ion channels are these resistors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels are these resistors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels are these resistors here
+but what is it that connects all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is it that connects all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is it that connects all those
+components to each other excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components to each other excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components to each other excellent
+it's the intracellular and extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the intracellular and extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the intracellular and extracellular
+solution okay and so what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and so what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and so what we're gonna do
+today is to understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to understand how the
+intracellular and extracellular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular and extracellular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular and extracellular solution
+acts as a wire in our neuron okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a wire in our neuron okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a wire in our neuron okay and
+it's not just it's not quite as simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just it's not quite as simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just it's not quite as simple
+as a piece of metal it's it's a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a piece of metal it's it's a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a piece of metal it's it's a bit more
+complicated there are different ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there are different ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there are different ways you
+can get current flow in in intracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get current flow in in intracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get current flow in in intracellular
+and extracellular solution so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extracellular solution so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extracellular solution so we're
+going to go through that and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that and we're going
+to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze
+in some some detail okay so in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some some detail okay so in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some some detail okay so in the brain
+the wires are are the intracellular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires are are the intracellular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires are are the intracellular and
+extracellular salt solutions and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular salt solutions and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular salt solutions and you get
+current flow that results from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow that results from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow that results from the
+movement of ions in that aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of ions in that aqueous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of ions in that aqueous
+solution okay so so the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so so the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so so the solution
+consists of ions like in extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of ions like in extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of ions like in extracellular
+mostly sodium ions and chloride ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sodium ions and chloride ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sodium ions and chloride ions
+that are dissolved in water water is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dissolved in water water is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dissolved in water water is a
+polar solvent that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar solvent that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar solvent that means that the
+negative parts that the oxygen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative parts that the oxygen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative parts that the oxygen that
+slightly negatively charged oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly negatively charged oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly negatively charged oxygen is
+attracted toward positive ions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted toward positive ions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted toward positive ions okay
+and the intracellular and extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intracellular and extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intracellular and extracellular
+space are filled with salt solution at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are filled with salt solution at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are filled with salt solution at a
+concentration of about 100 millimolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of about 100 millimolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of about 100 millimolar
+okay and that corresponds to having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that corresponds to having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that corresponds to having one
+of these ions about every 25 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ions about every 25 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ions about every 25 angstroms
+apart okay so at those concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay so at those concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay so at those concentrations
+there are a lot of ions being around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of ions being around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of ions being around
+okay and those ions can move under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those ions can move under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those ions can move under
+different conditions to produce currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions to produce currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions to produce currents
+so currents flow in the brain through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so currents flow in the brain through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so currents flow in the brain through
+two primary different mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two primary different mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two primary different mechanisms
+diffusion which is caused by variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion which is caused by variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion which is caused by variations
+in the concentration okay and drifts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concentration okay and drifts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concentration okay and drifts of
+particles in an electric field so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in an electric field so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in an electric field so when
+you put an electric field so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put an electric field so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put an electric field so if you take
+a a beaker filled with salt solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a beaker filled with salt solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a beaker filled with salt solution you
+put two metal electrodes in it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two metal electrodes in it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two metal electrodes in it you
+produce an electric field that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an electric field that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an electric field that causes
+these ions to drift in and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions to drift in and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions to drift in and that's
+another source of current that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source of current that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source of current that we're
+going to look at today okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at today okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at today okay all right so
+here are our learning objectives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are our learning objectives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are our learning objectives for
+today we're going to understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to understand how the
+timescales of diffusion relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescales of diffusion relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescales of diffusion relate to the
+length scales and that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales and that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales and that's a really
+interesting story that's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story that's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story that's very important
+we're going to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to understand how
+concentration gradients lead to currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients lead to currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients lead to currents
+that's known as ficks first law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as ficks first law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as ficks first law and
+we're going to understand how charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to understand how charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to understand how charges
+drift in electric field in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift in electric field in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift in electric field in a way that
+leads to current and the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to current and the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to current and the mathematical
+relation that describes voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that describes voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that describes voltage
+differences and hence is called Ohm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and hence is called Ohm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and hence is called Ohm's
+law in the brain and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in the brain and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in the brain and we're going to
+learn about the concept of resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the concept of resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the concept of resistivity
+okay okay so the first thing we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the first thing we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the first thing we need to
+talk about if we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about if we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about if we're gonna talk about
+diffusion is thermal energy so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is thermal energy so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is thermal energy so every
+particle in the world is being jostle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the world is being jostle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the world is being jostle by
+other particles that are crashing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particles that are crashing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particles that are crashing into
+it okay and at thermal equilibrium every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and at thermal equilibrium every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and at thermal equilibrium every
+degree of freedom every way that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom every way that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom every way that a
+particle can move either forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle can move either forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle can move either forward and
+backward left and right up and down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward left and right up and down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward left and right up and down or
+rotations this way or this way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations this way or this way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations this way or this way or
+whichever way I didn't show you yet come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way I didn't show you yet come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way I didn't show you yet come
+to equilibrium at a particular energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium at a particular energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium at a particular energy
+that's proportional to temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to temperature in
+other words if a particle is moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if a particle is moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if a particle is moving in
+this direction in equilibrium it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction in equilibrium it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction in equilibrium it will
+have a kinetic energy in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kinetic energy in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kinetic energy in that direction
+that is equal to that's proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to that's proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to that's proportional to
+the temperature and that temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and that temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and that temperature is
+is in units of Kelvin relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in units of Kelvin relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in units of Kelvin relative to
+absolute zero and the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute zero and the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute zero and the proportionality
+constant is the Boltzmann constant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is the Boltzmann constant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is the Boltzmann constant which
+has units of joules per Kelvin so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of joules per Kelvin so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of joules per Kelvin so when
+you multiply the Boltzmann constant K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the Boltzmann constant K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the Boltzmann constant K
+times temperature what you find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times temperature what you find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times temperature what you find is that
+theory of freedom will come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of freedom will come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of freedom will come to
+equilibrium at four times ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at four times ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at four times ten to the
+minus twenty-one joules which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus twenty-one joules which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus twenty-one joules which is an
+amount of energy okay at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy okay at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy okay at room
+temperature at zero temperature you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at zero temperature you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at zero temperature you can
+see that every degree of freedom has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that every degree of freedom has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that every degree of freedom has
+zero energy and so nothing is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero energy and so nothing is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero energy and so nothing is moving
+nothing's rotating nothing's moving any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's rotating nothing's moving any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's rotating nothing's moving any
+direction everything's perfectly still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction everything's perfectly still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction everything's perfectly still
+okay okay so let's calculate how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's calculate how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's calculate how fast
+particles move at thermal equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles move at thermal equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles move at thermal equilibrium in
+room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature
+so we can you you may remember from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can you you may remember from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can you you may remember from your
+first physics class that the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first physics class that the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first physics class that the kinetic
+energy of a particle is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a particle is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a particle is proportional to
+the velocity squared one-half MV squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity squared one-half MV squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity squared one-half MV squared
+so the average velocity squared of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average velocity squared of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average velocity squared of a
+particle at thermal equilibrium is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at thermal equilibrium is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at thermal equilibrium is just
+1/2 times that much energy okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 times that much energy okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 times that much energy okay that
+makes sense now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense now
+we how fast like a particle is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how fast like a particle is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how fast like a particle is moving
+for example a sodium ion okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a sodium ion okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a sodium ion okay so you can
+see that the average velocity squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the average velocity squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the average velocity squared is
+just KT over m we just divide both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just KT over m we just divide both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just KT over m we just divide both sides
+by m right so the average velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m right so the average velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m right so the average velocity
+squared is KT over m the mass of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is KT over m the mass of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is KT over m the mass of a
+sodium ion is this so the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ion is this so the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ion is this so the velocity
+average velocity squared is 10 to the 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity squared is 10 to the 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity squared is 10 to the 5
+meter squared per second squared just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter squared per second squared just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter squared per second squared just
+take the square root of that and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of that and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of that and you get
+the average velocity is 320 meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity is 320 meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity is 320 meters per
+second so that means that the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that means that the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that means that the air
+molecules which have a similar mass to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which have a similar mass to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which have a similar mass to a
+sodium ion are whizzing 300 meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ion are whizzing 300 meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ion are whizzing 300 meters per
+second so that would cross this room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that would cross this room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that would cross this room and
+you know a few hundredths of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few hundredths of a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few hundredths of a second
+okay but of course that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but of course that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but of course that's not what
+happens particles don't just go whizzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens particles don't just go whizzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens particles don't just go whizzing
+along at 300 meters per second what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at 300 meters per second what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at 300 meters per second what
+happens to them then do each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to them then do each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to them then do each other
+they're all crashing into into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all crashing into into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all crashing into into each
+other constantly okay so in solution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constantly okay so in solution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constantly okay so in solution a
+particle collides with a water molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle collides with a water molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle collides with a water molecule
+every about 10 to the 13 times per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every about 10 to the 13 times per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every about 10 to the 13 times per
+second 10 to the minus 13 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second 10 to the minus 13 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second 10 to the minus 13 seconds
+between collisions so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between collisions so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between collisions so that means the
+particle is moving a little bit crashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is moving a little bit crashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is moving a little bit crashing
+moving in a different direction crashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a different direction crashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a different direction crashing
+moving in a different direction crashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a different direction crashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a different direction crashing
+okay so it's just and if you follow one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just and if you follow one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just and if you follow one
+particle it's just kind of jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's just kind of jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's just kind of jumping
+around okay it's it's diffusing so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay it's it's diffusing so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay it's it's diffusing so what
+does that look like that Daniel made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like that Daniel made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like that Daniel made a
+little video that shows sort of to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video that shows sort of to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video that shows sort of to scale
+this is position and micron and time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is position and micron and time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is position and micron and time is
+in real time so this video shows in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time so this video shows in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time so this video shows in real
+time what the motion of a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what the motion of a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what the motion of a particle
+might look like and each point it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like and each point it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like and each point it's just
+moving it's it's moving colliding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's it's moving colliding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's it's moving colliding and
+moving off in some random direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can actually see this if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see this if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see this if you look at
+a very small particle who was it Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small particle who was it Daniel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small particle who was it Daniel
+who did that experiment looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did that experiment looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did that experiment looking at
+pollen there's brown Ian at Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollen there's brown Ian at Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollen there's brown Ian at Brown
+what was his first name Brown Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was his first name Brown Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was his first name Brown Brownian
+motion have you heard of Brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion have you heard of Brownian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion have you heard of Brownian motion
+so somebody named Brown was looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody named Brown was looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody named Brown was looking at
+pollen particles in water and noticing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollen particles in water and noticing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollen particles in water and noticing
+that they that they jump around just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they jump around just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they jump around just
+like this and he hypothesized that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and he hypothesized that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and he hypothesized that they
+were being jostled around by the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being jostled around by the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being jostled around by the water
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+any questions okay so what can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so what can we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so what can we say
+about this there's there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this there's there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this there's there's something
+really interesting about diffusion it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting about diffusion it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting about diffusion it's
+that's very non-intuitive at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very non-intuitive at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very non-intuitive at first
+diffusion has some really strange aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion has some really strange aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion has some really strange aspect
+to it that it distance that a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it that it distance that a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it that it distance that a particle
+can diffuse depends very much on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can diffuse depends very much on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can diffuse depends very much on the
+time that you allow and it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you allow and it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you allow and it's not just a
+simple relation so let's just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relation so let's just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relation so let's just look at
+this so let's ask how much time does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's ask how much time does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's ask how much time does it
+take for an ion to diffuse a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for an ion to diffuse a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for an ion to diffuse a short
+distance like across the bot the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance like across the bot the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance like across the bot the cell
+but the soma of a neuron okay so an ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the soma of a neuron okay so an ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the soma of a neuron okay so an ion
+can diffuse across the soma of a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can diffuse across the soma of a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can diffuse across the soma of a neuron
+in about a twentieth of a second okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about down at dendrite so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about down at dendrite so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about down at dendrite so let's
+start or ion in the cell body and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start or ion in the cell body and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start or ion in the cell body and ask
+how long does it take an ion to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take an ion to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take an ion to reach
+the end of a dendrite that can be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of a dendrite that can be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of a dendrite that can be about
+a millimeter away okay can take about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millimeter away okay can take about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millimeter away okay can take about
+ten minutes on average that's how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten minutes on average that's how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten minutes on average that's how long
+it will take an ion to get that far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will take an ion to get that far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will take an ion to get that far away
+from its starting point okay now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its starting point okay now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its starting point okay now how
+about so you can see twentieth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you can see twentieth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you can see twentieth of a
+second here and here it's like 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here and here it's like 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here and here it's like 500
+seconds okay about ten minutes how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay about ten minutes how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay about ten minutes how about
+how long does it take an ion starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take an ion starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take an ion starting at
+the cell body to diffuse all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell body to diffuse all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell body to diffuse all the way
+down so you know there are neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so you know there are neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so you know there are neurons
+your body that started in your spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body that started in your spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body that started in your spinal
+cord and all that go all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and all that go all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and all that go all the way down to
+your feet right so motor neurons in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet right so motor neurons in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet right so motor neurons in your
+spinal cord can have very long axons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord can have very long axons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord can have very long axons so
+how long does it take an ion to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take an ion to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take an ion to get from
+from the soma all the way down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the soma all the way down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the soma all the way down to the
+end of an axon a long axon any somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of an axon a long axon any somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of an axon a long axon any somebody
+just take a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a guess
+it's 20th of a second here ten minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20th of a second here ten minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20th of a second here ten minutes
+here anybody want to guess an hour yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anybody want to guess an hour yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anybody want to guess an hour yeah
+ten years okay why is that that's crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years okay why is that that's crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years okay why is that that's crazy
+right how is that possible and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is that possible and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is that possible and that's an
+ion so you know that a cell body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion so you know that a cell body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion so you know that a cell body is
+making proteins and all kinds of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making proteins and all kinds of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making proteins and all kinds of stuff
+that have to get down to build synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to get down to build synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to get down to build synapses
+at the other end of that axon and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end of that axon and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end of that axon and and
+proteins diffuse a heck of a lot slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins diffuse a heck of a lot slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins diffuse a heck of a lot slower
+than ions do okay so so basically a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ions do okay so so basically a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ions do okay so so basically a cell
+body could make stuff for that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body could make stuff for that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body could make stuff for that for the
+axon and it would never get there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon and it would never get there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon and it would never get there in
+your entire lifetime okay and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire lifetime okay and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire lifetime okay and that's why
+cells have to actually make little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have to actually make little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have to actually make little
+trains they literally make little trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains they literally make little trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains they literally make little trains
+they package up stuff and put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they package up stuff and put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they package up stuff and put it on the
+train and it just marches down the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and it just marches down the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and it just marches down the axon
+until it gets to the to the to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets to the to the to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets to the to the to the end
+and this is the real eye okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the real eye okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the real eye okay so what
+we're going to do is I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is I'm going to just
+walk you through a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through a very simple
+derivation of why this is true and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of why this is true and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of why this is true and how
+to think about this okay so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this okay so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this okay so here's what
+we're gonna do we're going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do we're going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do we're going to so
+normally things diffuse in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally things diffuse in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally things diffuse in three
+dimensions right but it's just much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions right but it's just much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions right but it's just much
+harder to analyze things attention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to analyze things attention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to analyze things attention so
+you can get you can get basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get you can get basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get you can get basically the
+right answer just by analyzing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer just by analyzing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer just by analyzing how
+things diffuse in one dimension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things diffuse in one dimension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things diffuse in one dimension so
+Daniel made this little video to show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel made this little video to show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel made this little video to show it
+show you what this looks like this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what this looks like this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what this looks like this is I
+think hundred particles all lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hundred particles all lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hundred particles all lined up
+near zero and we're gonna turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero and we're gonna turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero and we're gonna turn on the
+video we're gonna let them all start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we're gonna let them all start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we're gonna let them all start
+diffusing at one moment okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing at one moment okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing at one moment okay so you can
+just watch what happens to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch what happens to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch what happens to all these
+different particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see that some particles end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that some particles end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that some particles end
+up over here on the left other particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over here on the left other particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over here on the left other particles
+end up over here on the right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up over here on the right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up over here on the right you can
+see that the distribution of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the distribution of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the distribution of particles
+kind of spreads out okay and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spreads out okay and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spreads out okay and so we're
+gonna figure out why that is where why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna figure out why that is where why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna figure out why that is where why
+that happens so the first thing I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so the first thing I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so the first thing I just
+want to tell you is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you is that the
+distribution of particles if they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of particles if they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of particles if they all
+start at zero okay and they diffuse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero okay and they diffuse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero okay and they diffuse in
+1d away from zero the distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d away from zero the distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d away from zero the distribution that
+you get is Gaussian okay and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is Gaussian okay and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is Gaussian okay and the basic
+reason is that you'll start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that you'll start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that you'll start at the
+center and on every time step they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and on every time step they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and on every time step they have
+a probability of 1/2 of going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of 1/2 of going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of 1/2 of going to the
+right and 1/2 of going to the left okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 1/2 of going to the left okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 1/2 of going to the left okay
+and so basically there are many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically there are many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically there are many more
+combinations of ways a particle can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of ways a particle can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of ways a particle can do
+some left's and do some rights and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some left's and do some rights and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some left's and do some rights and end
+up back where it started it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back where it started it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back where it started it's very
+unlikely that the particle will do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that the particle will do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that the particle will do like
+a whole bunch of going right all in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of going right all in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of going right all in a
+row and so that's why it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and so that's why it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and so that's why it's the the
+density and the distribution is very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the distribution is very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the distribution is very low
+down here ok and so you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here ok and so you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here ok and so you end up with
+something that's just a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's just a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's just a Gaussian
+distribution all right so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution all right so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution all right so let's let's
+analyze this in a little more detail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this in a little more detail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this in a little more detail so
+we're gonna just make a simple very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna just make a simple very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna just make a simple very
+simple model of particles stepping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model of particles stepping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model of particles stepping to
+the right or to the left we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or to the left we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or to the left we're going to
+consider a particle that is moving right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a particle that is moving right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a particle that is moving right
+at a fixed velocity VX for some time tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed velocity VX for some time tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed velocity VX for some time tau
+before a collision and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a collision and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a collision and we're gonna
+imagine that each time the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that each time the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that each time the particle
+collides it resets its velocity randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides it resets its velocity randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides it resets its velocity randomly
+either to the left or to the right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the left or to the right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the left or to the right okay
+so on every time step half the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on every time step half the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on every time step half the particles
+will step right by a distance Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will step right by a distance Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will step right by a distance Delta
+which is the velocity times the time tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the velocity times the time tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the velocity times the time tau
+and the other half the particles will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other half the particles will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other half the particles will
+step left by that same distance okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step left by that same distance okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step left by that same distance okay so
+they're going either to the left or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going either to the left or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going either to the left or the
+right to the right by a distance Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we start with n particles and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we start with n particles and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we start with n particles and all
+of them start at position zero at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them start at position zero at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them start at position zero at time
+zero then the we can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the we can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the we can write down the
+position of every particle at time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of every particle at time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of every particle at time step
+I sorry time step n the eighth particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sorry time step n the eighth particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sorry time step n the eighth particle
+at time step n okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time step n okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time step n okay we're going to
+assume that each particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that each particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that each particle is
+independence doing their own thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence doing their own thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence doing their own thing
+ignoring each other so now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring each other so now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring each other so now you can see
+that you can write down the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write down the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write down the position of
+the particle at time step n is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle at time step n is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle at time step n is just the
+position of the particle at the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the particle at the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the particle at the previous
+time step plus or minus this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step plus or minus this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step plus or minus this little
+Delta yeah any any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so please if if you ever just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so please if if you ever just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so please if if you ever just
+haven't followed one step that I do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't followed one step that I do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't followed one step that I do just
+let me know I'm happy to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I'm happy to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I'm happy to explain it
+again I often I'm watching somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I often I'm watching somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I often I'm watching somebody
+explaining something really simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining something really simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining something really simple and
+my brain is just in some funny State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brain is just in some funny State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brain is just in some funny State and
+I just don't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't get it
+so it's totally fine if you want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's totally fine if you want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's totally fine if you want me to
+explain something again you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something again you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something again you don't have
+to be embarrassed cuz happens to me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be embarrassed cuz happens to me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be embarrassed cuz happens to me all
+the time okay all right so now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time okay all right so now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time okay all right so now what we
+can do is use this expression compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use this expression compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use this expression compute
+how that distribution evolves over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that distribution evolves over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that distribution evolves over time
+okay how that distribution of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how that distribution of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how that distribution of particles
+these this ice particle over time time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this ice particle over time time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this ice particle over time time
+step end okay all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step end okay all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step end okay all right so let's
+calculate what the average position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the average position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the average position of
+the ensemble is so these brackets mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ensemble is so these brackets mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ensemble is so these brackets mean
+average so the bracket with an I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so the bracket with an I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so the bracket with an I that
+I'm averaging this quantity over i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm averaging this quantity over i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm averaging this quantity over i
+particles okay so it's just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so it's just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so it's just the sum of
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+for every particle divided by the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every particle divided by the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every particle divided by the number
+of particles that's the average position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles that's the average position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles that's the average position
+so again the position of the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the position of the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the position of the ice
+particle at time step n is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at time step n is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at time step n is just the
+position of that particle at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of that particle at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of that particle at the
+previous time step plus or minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time step plus or minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time step plus or minus Delta
+we just plug that into there into there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just plug that into there into there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just plug that into there into there
+and now we calculate this sum but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we calculate this sum but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we calculate this sum but we
+have two terms we have this term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two terms we have this term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two terms we have this term and
+that term let's break them up into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term let's break them up into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term let's break them up into two
+separate sums so this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate sums so this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate sums so this is equal to the
+sum over the previous positions plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the previous positions plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the previous positions plus the
+sum over how much the change was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over how much the change was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over how much the change was from
+one time step to the next does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time step to the next does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time step to the next does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+well what is this sum we're summing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is this sum we're summing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is this sum we're summing over
+all the particles how much they changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the particles how much they changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the particles how much they changed
+from the previous time step to this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous time step to this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous time step to this time
+step well half of them move to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well half of them move to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well half of them move to the right
+and half of them to the left so that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half of them to the left so that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half of them to the left so that sum
+is just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero
+okay so you can see that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that the average
+position of the particle at this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the particle at this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the particle at this of the
+particles at this time step is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at this time step is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at this time step is just
+equal to the average position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the average position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the average position of the
+particles at the previous time step what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at the previous time step what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at the previous time step what
+that means is that the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that the center of the
+distribution hasn't changed right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution hasn't changed right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution hasn't changed right if you
+start all the particles at zero they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start all the particles at zero they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start all the particles at zero they
+diffuse around the average position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse around the average position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse around the average position is
+still zero yes yes so the this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero yes yes so the this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero yes yes so the this here is
+just this so this bracket means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this so this bracket means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this so this bracket means I'm
+averaging over this quantity I okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over this quantity I okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over this quantity I okay so
+you can see that's what I'm doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's what I'm doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's what I'm doing here
+I'm summing over I and dividing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over I and dividing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over I and dividing by the
+number of particles I is the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles I is the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles I is the particle
+number so if we have 10 particles I goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if we have 10 particles I goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if we have 10 particles I goes
+from 1 to 10 okay thank you yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 10 okay thank you yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 10 okay thank you yeah okay so
+that's a little boring but we used we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little boring but we used we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little boring but we used we
+used to trick here that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to trick here that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to trick here that we're going to
+use now to actually calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use now to actually calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use now to actually calculate the
+interesting thing which is on how far do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing which is on how far do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing which is on how far do
+the particles get from where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles get from where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles get from where they
+started okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay
+so we're gonna do is not calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna do is not calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna do is not calculate the
+average position of all the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average position of all the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average position of all the particles
+we're gonna calculate the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna calculate the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna calculate the average
+absolute value from where they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value from where they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value from where they started
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+we're gonna ask on average how far did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna ask on average how far did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna ask on average how far did
+they get from where they started which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get from where they started which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get from where they started which
+was zero okay yeah so absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero okay yeah so absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero okay yeah so absolute values
+nobody likes they're hard to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody likes they're hard to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody likes they're hard to deal with
+but this is exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is exactly the same as
+calculating the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the square root of the
+average square okay it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average square okay it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average square okay it's the same as
+calculating of the variance does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating of the variance does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating of the variance does that
+make sense okay so what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay so what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay so what we're gonna do
+is we're gonna calculate the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're gonna calculate the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're gonna calculate the variance of
+that distribution all right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution all right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution all right and the
+square root of that variance is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that variance is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that variance is just the
+standard deviation which is just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation which is just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation which is just how
+wide it is which is just how far on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide it is which is just how far on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide it is which is just how far on
+average the particles got from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the particles got from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the particles got from where
+they started that makes sense okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started that makes sense okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started that makes sense okay so
+let's push on we're going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's push on we're going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's push on we're going to calculate
+the average squared distance then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average squared distance then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average squared distance then we're
+just going to take the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take the square root of
+that at the end so the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end so the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end so the average of the
+position squared we're gonna plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position squared we're gonna plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position squared we're gonna plug this
+into here okay so we're gonna square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here okay so we're gonna square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here okay so we're gonna square it
+so the position of the particle squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the position of the particle squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the position of the particle squared
+is just this quantity squared let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this quantity squared let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this quantity squared let's
+factor it out so we have this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it out so we have this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it out so we have this term
+squared plus that twice that times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus that twice that times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus that twice that times that
+here Plus that term squared okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Plus that term squared okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Plus that term squared okay and
+we're going to now plug that average so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now plug that average so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now plug that average so
+the average position squared is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average position squared is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average position squared is just the
+average the average position squared at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the average position squared at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the average position squared at
+this time step n is the average position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time step n is the average position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time step n is the average position
+squared at the previous time step plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared at the previous time step plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared at the previous time step plus
+some other stuff and let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other stuff and let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other stuff and let's take a look
+at what that other stuff is what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what that other stuff is what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what that other stuff is what is this
+this is plus or minus two times Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus or minus two times Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus or minus two times Delta
+which is the step it takes the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the step it takes the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the step it takes the size of
+the step times X so what is what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step times X so what is what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step times X so what is what is that
+average half of these are positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average half of these are positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average half of these are positive and
+half of these are negative so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of these are negative so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of these are negative so the
+average is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is here
+right and on it is the average of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and on it is the average of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and on it is the average of delta
+squared well delta squared is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well delta squared is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well delta squared is always
+positive right so what does this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right so what does this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right so what does this say
+what this says is that the variance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that the variance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that the variance at
+this time step is just the variance at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time step is just the variance at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time step is just the variance at a
+previous time step is a constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time step is a constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time step is a constant so
+let's analyze that what this says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze that what this says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze that what this says is
+that at each time step the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at each time step the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at each time step the variance
+grows by some constant Delta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows by some constant Delta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows by some constant Delta is a
+distance Delta squared is just the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Delta squared is just the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Delta squared is just the units
+of variance of a distribution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variance of a distribution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variance of a distribution it's a
+function of distance okay so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance okay so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance okay so if the
+variance at time step 0 is 0 that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance at time step 0 is 0 that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance at time step 0 is 0 that means
+they're all lined up at the origin one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all lined up at the origin one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all lined up at the origin one
+time step later the variance will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step later the variance will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step later the variance will be
+Delta squared the next time step it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared the next time step it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared the next time step it will
+be 2 Delta squared the next time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 Delta squared the next time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 Delta squared the next time step
+doctor thought up at some time step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor thought up at some time step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor thought up at some time step and
+it will be n times Delta squared so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be n times Delta squared so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be n times Delta squared so you
+see what's happening the variance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening the variance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening the variance this
+distribution is growing linearly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can change from time steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change from time steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change from time steps to
+continuous time so time step is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time so time step is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time so time step is just
+time that time the step number is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that time the step number is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that time the step number is just
+time divided tau which is some interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time divided tau which is some interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time divided tau which is some interval
+and time like the interval between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time like the interval between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time like the interval between
+collisions and so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and so you can see that the
+variance is just growing linearly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is just growing linearly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is just growing linearly in
+time where the variance is just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where the variance is just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where the variance is just two
+times D times T where D is the is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times D times T where D is the is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times D times T where D is the is what
+we call the diffusion coefficient it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the diffusion coefficient it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the diffusion coefficient it's
+just length squared divided by time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just length squared divided by time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just length squared divided by time okay
+why is that because as time grows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because as time grows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because as time grows the
+variance grows linearly right so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance grows linearly right so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance grows linearly right so if we
+want to get from if we want to take time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get from if we want to take time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get from if we want to take time
+multiply it by something that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by something that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by something that gives us
+variance it has to be variance per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it has to be variance per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it has to be variance per unit
+time and variance for something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and variance for something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and variance for something that's a
+distribution of position has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of position has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of position has to have
+position squared yes okay it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position squared yes okay it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position squared yes okay it's just that
+it's it's built into the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's built into the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's built into the definition of
+the diffusion constant okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about that so now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that so now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that so now what I
+can tell you so and now here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you so and now here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you so and now here here's the
+answer so the variance is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so the variance is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so the variance is growing
+linearly in time what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in time what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in time what that means is that
+the standard deviation that distance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation that distance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation that distance the
+average distance from the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average distance from the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average distance from the starting point
+is growing as the square root of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing as the square root of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing as the square root of time
+okay and that's that's key out that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's that's key out that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's that's key out that I
+want you to remember okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the distance that a particle diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that a particle diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that a particle diffuses
+from its starting point on average grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its starting point on average grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its starting point on average grows
+is the square root of time okay so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of time okay so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of time okay so for a
+small molecule a typical small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule a typical small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule a typical small molecule
+the diffusion constant is 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion constant is 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion constant is 10 to the
+minus 5 centimeter squared per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 centimeter squared per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 centimeter squared per second
+and so now we can just plug in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we can just plug in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we can just plug in some
+distances and times and see what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and times and see what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and times and see what how
+long it takes apart of how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes apart of how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes apart of how long it takes
+this particle to diffuse some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle to diffuse some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle to diffuse some distance
+okay so let's do that let's plug in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that let's plug in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that let's plug in a
+length of 10 microns that was our soma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of 10 microns that was our soma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of 10 microns that was our soma
+or cell body it's 10 to the minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cell body it's 10 to the minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cell body it's 10 to the minus 3
+centimeters time is that squared length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters time is that squared length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters time is that squared length
+squared so it's 10 to the minus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it's 10 to the minus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it's 10 to the minus 6
+centimeters squared divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared divided by the
+diffusion constant or 2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant or 2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant or 2 times the
+diffusion constant 2 times 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant 2 times 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant 2 times 10 to the
+minus 5 centimeters squared per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 centimeters squared per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 centimeters squared per second
+you can see centimeter Squared's cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see centimeter Squared's cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see centimeter Squared's cancel
+that leaves us time 50 milliseconds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves us time 50 milliseconds okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves us time 50 milliseconds okay
+now let's put in 1 millimeter that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's put in 1 millimeter that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's put in 1 millimeter that was
+the length of our dendrite right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of our dendrite right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of our dendrite right so
+that's 10 to the minus 1 centimeter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 10 to the minus 1 centimeter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 10 to the minus 1 centimeter so
+we plug that into our equation for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug that into our equation for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug that into our equation for time
+time is just L square I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is just L square I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is just L square I forgot to
+actually write that down here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write that down here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write that down here's the
+equation that I'm solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this equation at the bottom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this equation at the bottom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this equation at the bottom here
+is saying is some distance is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is some distance is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is some distance is equal to
+square root of 2 D T right and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 D T right and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 D T right and I'm just
+saying L squared is equal to 2 DT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying L squared is equal to 2 DT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying L squared is equal to 2 DT and
+I'm solving for T L squared over 2 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving for T L squared over 2 D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving for T L squared over 2 D
+that's that's the equation I'm solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the equation I'm solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the equation I'm solving
+I'm giving you a length then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you a length then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you a length then I'm
+calculating how long it takes okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating how long it takes okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating how long it takes okay okay
+so if you put in 10 to the minus 1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you put in 10 to the minus 1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you put in 10 to the minus 1 here
+you get 10 to the minus 2 divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 10 to the minus 2 divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 10 to the minus 2 divided by 2
+times 10 minus 100 seconds which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 minus 100 seconds which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 minus 100 seconds which is
+about 10 minutes and now if you ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes and now if you ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes and now if you ask how
+long does it take to go a meter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take to go a meter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take to go a meter that's
+10 to the 2 centimeters that's 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 2 centimeters that's 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 2 centimeters that's 10 to the
+4 divided by 10 to the minus 5 somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 divided by 10 to the minus 5 somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 divided by 10 to the minus 5 somebody
+over here figured it out right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about five times ten to the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five times ten to the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five times ten to the eighth
+silence okay which is about 10 years a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silence okay which is about 10 years a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silence okay which is about 10 years a
+year is pi times 10 to the 7 seconds by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is pi times 10 to the 7 seconds by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is pi times 10 to the 7 seconds by
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus or minus a few percent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about them cool right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about them cool right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about them cool right so
+neurons and cells and biology has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and cells and biology has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and cells and biology has to go
+to extraordinary lengths to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extraordinary lengths to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extraordinary lengths to overcome
+this craziness which explains a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this craziness which explains a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this craziness which explains a lot of
+the structure you see in cells okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure you see in cells okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure you see in cells okay all
+right so there's another so that's at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's another so that's at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's another so that's at so
+you can see that diffusion causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that diffusion causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that diffusion causes the
+movement of ions from places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of ions from places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of ions from places where
+they're concentrated to places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're concentrated to places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're concentrated to places where
+there aren't so many ions right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't so many ions right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't so many ions right so let's
+take a little bit a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit a slightly more
+detailed look at that idea so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed look at that idea so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed look at that idea so what I'm
+gonna tell you about now is called ficks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you about now is called ficks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you about now is called ficks
+first law and the idea is that fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law and the idea is that fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law and the idea is that fusion
+produces a net flow of particles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a net flow of particles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a net flow of particles from
+regions of high concentration to regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of high concentration to regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of high concentration to regions
+of low lower concentration okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low lower concentration okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low lower concentration okay and the
+flux of particles is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of particles is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of particles is proportional to the
+concentration gradient all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient all right now
+this is just really obvious right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just really obvious right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just really obvious right if you
+have a box and on the left side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a box and on the left side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a box and on the left side of the
+box you have particles then on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you have particles then on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you have particles then on the right
+side of the box then you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the box then you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the box then you're gonna have
+particles diffusing from here to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles diffusing from here to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles diffusing from here to there
+you're gonna have particles diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have particles diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have particles diffusing
+from there to there but because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there to there but because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there to there but because there
+are more of them over here they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more of them over here they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more of them over here they're just
+going to be more particles going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more particles going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more particles going this
+way then there are that way that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then there are that way that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then there are that way that makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+particle here still has let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle here still has let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle here still has let's say this
+is you know each particle here might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know each particle here might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know each particle here might
+have a 50% chance of diffusing here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 50% chance of diffusing here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 50% chance of diffusing here or
+staying here or diffusing somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying here or diffusing somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying here or diffusing somewhere else
+and particles here also equally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particles here also equally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particles here also equally have
+probability of going either way but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going either way but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going either way but just
+because there are more of them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are more of them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are more of them here
+there's going to be more particles going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be more particles going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be more particles going
+that way okay it's you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way okay it's you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way okay it's you can just
+calculate the number of particles going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the number of particles going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the number of particles going
+this way minus the number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way minus the number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way minus the number of particles
+going that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that way
+all right and that gives you the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that gives you the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that gives you the net
+number of particles going to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles going to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles going to the right
+well what what does that look like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what does that look like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what does that look like you
+have you have the number here minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have the number here minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have the number here minus the
+number some distance away what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number some distance away what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number some distance away what if you
+were to divide that by the distance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to divide that by the distance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to divide that by the distance what
+would that look like good it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that look like good it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that look like good it looks like
+a derivative so if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative so if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative so if you calculate the
+flux it's minus the diffusion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux it's minus the diffusion constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux it's minus the diffusion constant
+times 1 over Delta the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over Delta the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over Delta the separation
+between these boxes the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these boxes the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these boxes the concentration
+here minus the concentration there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the concentration there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the concentration there and
+that is just a derivative and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just a derivative and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just a derivative and that's
+ficks first law okay I have a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ficks first law okay I have a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ficks first law okay I have a few slides
+at the end of the lecture that that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the lecture that that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the lecture that that do
+this derivation more completely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivation more completely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivation more completely so
+please take a look at that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a look at that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a look at that if you have
+time okay so now this is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so now this is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so now this is really an
+important concept ok this ficks first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept ok this ficks first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept ok this ficks first
+law the fact that particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the fact that particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the fact that particles that
+concentration gradients produce a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients produce a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients produce a flow
+of ions of particles is so fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ions of particles is so fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ions of particles is so fundamental
+to how neurons work and here we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how neurons work and here we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how neurons work and here we're gonna
+be building that up over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building that up over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building that up over the course of
+the next couple lectures so imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple lectures so imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple lectures so imagine that
+you have a cell that has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cell that has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cell that has a lot of
+potassium ions inside okay and very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions inside okay and very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions inside okay and very few
+potassium ions outside now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions outside now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions outside now you can see
+that you're gonna have potassium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna have potassium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna have potassium ions
+diffusing from here - oh sorry and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing from here - oh sorry and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing from here - oh sorry and I
+forgot to say let's say that your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to say let's say that your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to say let's say that your cell
+whole in it so you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole in it so you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole in it so you're gonna have
+potassium ions diffusing from inside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions diffusing from inside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions diffusing from inside to
+outside through the hole you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside through the hole you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside through the hole you also have
+some potassium ions out here and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potassium ions out here and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potassium ions out here and some of
+those might diffuse in but they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those might diffuse in but they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those might diffuse in but they're just
+so many more potassium ions inside than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many more potassium ions inside than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many more potassium ions inside than
+outside concentration wise that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside concentration wise that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside concentration wise that the
+probability of one going out through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one going out through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one going out through the
+hole is just much higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is just much higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is just much higher than the
+probability of a potassium ion going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a potassium ion going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a potassium ion going
+back into the cell yeah so here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the cell yeah so here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the cell yeah so here I'm just
+zooming in on the on that channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on the on that channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on the on that channel and
+that pore through the membrane lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pore through the membrane lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pore through the membrane lots of
+potassium ions here on average there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions here on average there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions here on average there's
+going to be a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a net
+flow of potassium out through that hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of potassium out through that hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of potassium out through that hole
+and we can plot the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plot the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plot the concentration
+gradient through the hole you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient through the hole you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient through the hole you can see
+it's high here it decreases and it's low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high here it decreases and it's low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high here it decreases and it's low
+outside and so there's a net flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so there's a net flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so there's a net flow is
+proportional to the steepness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the steepness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the steepness of
+concentration profile okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration profile okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration profile okay
+so that's true you get a net flow even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's true you get a net flow even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's true you get a net flow even
+if each particle is diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each particle is diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each particle is diffusing
+independently they don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently they don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently they don't know anything
+about each other and yet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each other and yet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each other and yet that
+concentration gradient produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient produces a
+current okay all concentration gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay all concentration gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay all concentration gradients
+go away right why is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away right why is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away right why is that because
+potassium ions will flow from the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions will flow from the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions will flow from the inside
+of the cell to the outside of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell to the outside of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell to the outside of the cell
+until they're the same concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they're the same concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they're the same concentration and
+then you'll have just as many flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have just as many flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have just as many flowing
+back inside as you have flowing outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back inside as you have flowing outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back inside as you have flowing outside
+why so eventually that would happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so eventually that would happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so eventually that would happen to
+all of ourselves why doesn't that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that that that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that that that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that that that's exactly the
+right answer but there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but there are a few
+intervene inner intermediate steps if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene inner intermediate steps if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene inner intermediate steps if
+you were do not be alive anymore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were do not be alive anymore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were do not be alive anymore the
+potassium ions would just diffuse out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions would just diffuse out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ions would just diffuse out
+and that would be the end but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be the end but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be the end but what
+happens is there are other there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is there are other there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is there are other there are
+other proteins in the membrane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins in the membrane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins in the membrane that
+takes those potassium ions from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those potassium ions from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those potassium ions from here and
+pump them back inside and maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump them back inside and maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump them back inside and maintain the
+concentration gradient but that costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient but that costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient but that costs
+energy those proteins use ATP and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy those proteins use ATP and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy those proteins use ATP and that
+ATP comes from eating okay okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP comes from eating okay okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP comes from eating okay okay but
+eventually all concentration gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually all concentration gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually all concentration gradients
+go away all right so so all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away all right so so all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away all right so so all right so
+that is how we get current flow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how we get current flow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how we get current flow from
+concentration gradients now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients now the next
+topic has to do with the diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic has to do with the diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic has to do with the diffusion of
+ions in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions in in
+presence of voltage differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of voltage differences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of voltage differences in the
+presence of voltage gradients okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of voltage gradients okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of voltage gradients okay the
+bottom line here that I want you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line here that I want you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line here that I want you to know
+that I want you to understand is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to understand is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to understand is that
+current flow in neurons obeys Ohm's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow in neurons obeys Ohm's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow in neurons obeys Ohm's law
+now what does that mean let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does that mean let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does that mean let's imagine
+that we have a resistor let's say across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a resistor let's say across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a resistor let's say across
+a membrane or in the intracellular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a membrane or in the intracellular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a membrane or in the intracellular or
+extracellular space of a nerve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space of a nerve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space of a nerve the
+current flow through that resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow through that resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow through that resistive
+medium is proportional to the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium is proportional to the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium is proportional to the voltage
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+so that's Ohm's law the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Ohm's law the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Ohm's law the current is
+proportional to the voltage difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the voltage difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the voltage difference
+across the two terminals the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two terminals the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two terminals the two sides
+of the resistor and the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resistor and the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resistor and the proportionality
+constant is one over the resistance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is one over the resistance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is one over the resistance okay
+so here current has units of amperes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here current has units of amperes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here current has units of amperes the
+voltage differences units of volts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage differences units of volts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage differences units of volts and
+the resistance has units of ohms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance has units of ohms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance has units of ohms okay
+any questions about that okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that okay so let's
+go through let's develop this idea a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through let's develop this idea a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through let's develop this idea a
+little bit more and understand why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more and understand why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more and understand why it is
+that a voltage difference produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a voltage difference produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a voltage difference produces a
+current that's proportional to voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's proportional to voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's proportional to voltage
+so let's go back to our little filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to our little filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to our little filled
+with salt solution there ions in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with salt solution there ions in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with salt solution there ions in here
+dissolved in the water we have two metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the water we have two metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the water we have two metal
+plates we put a battery between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates we put a battery between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates we put a battery between the two
+metal plates that holds those two plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plates that holds those two plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plates that holds those two plates
+at some fixed voltage difference Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some fixed voltage difference Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some fixed voltage difference Delta V
+okay and we're going to ask how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to ask how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to ask how much
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+okay so let's zoom in here there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's zoom in here there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's zoom in here there's one
+plate that's at one potential there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate that's at one potential there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate that's at one potential there's
+another plate at another potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plate at another potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plate at another potential
+there's some voltage difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some voltage difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some voltage difference between
+those that's Delta V the two plates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's Delta V the two plates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's Delta V the two plates are
+separated by a distance L and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a distance L and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a distance L and that that
+voltage difference produces an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference produces an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference produces an electric
+field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that points from the high voltage region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points from the high voltage region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points from the high voltage region
+to the low voltage region so an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the low voltage region so an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the low voltage region so an electric
+field produces a force on a charge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field produces a force on a charge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field produces a force on a charge we
+have lots of charges in here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of charges in here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of charges in here that's
+proportional to the the charge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the the charge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the the charge and the
+electric field okay so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay so what is that
+force going to do that force is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force going to do that force is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force going to do that force is just
+going to drag that particle through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drag that particle through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drag that particle through the
+liquid through the water right so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid through the water right so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid through the water right so why
+why is it so if this were a vacuum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so if this were a vacuum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so if this were a vacuum in
+here and we put a charge there and metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we put a charge there and metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we put a charge there and metal
+plates and we put a battery across what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates and we put a battery across what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates and we put a battery across what
+would that particle do it would it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that particle do it would it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that particle do it would it would
+move but what what what would this force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move but what what what would this force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move but what what what would this force
+due to that particle exactly so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to that particle exactly so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to that particle exactly so what
+would the velocity do we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the velocity do we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the velocity do we're just
+increasing linearly so the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing linearly so the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing linearly so the particle
+would start moving and it would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start moving and it would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start moving and it would start
+moving slowly and go crash into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving slowly and go crash into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving slowly and go crash into the
+plate but that's not what happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but that's not what happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but that's not what happens here
+why is that because there's stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because there's stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because there's stuff in the
+way and so it keeps it accelerates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so it keeps it accelerates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so it keeps it accelerates and
+then gets hit by a water molecule right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets hit by a water molecule right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets hit by a water molecule right
+and it gets pushed off in some of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets pushed off in some of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets pushed off in some of some
+direction then it accelerates in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then it accelerates in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then it accelerates in this
+direction gets hit again right but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction gets hit again right but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction gets hit again right but it's
+constantly being accelerated in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being accelerated in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being accelerated in one
+direction before it collides okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction before it collides okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction before it collides okay and so
+here's what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's diffusing around right but on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diffusing around right but on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diffusing around right but on each
+step has a little bit of acceleration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step has a little bit of acceleration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step has a little bit of acceleration in
+this direction in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction in the direction of the
+electric field you know and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field you know and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field you know and so you can
+show kind of using the same kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show kind of using the same kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show kind of using the same kind of a
+noun that I that we used in calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun that I that we used in calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun that I that we used in calculating
+the the distribution the the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distribution the the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distribution the the change in
+mean and variance you can show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance you can show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance you can show that the
+mean of the of a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the of a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the of a distribution of
+particles that starts at zero shifts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that starts at zero shifts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that starts at zero shifts of
+positive particles shifts in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive particles shifts in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive particles shifts in the in the
+electric field linearly in time okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field linearly in time okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field linearly in time okay and
+you can just think about that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just think about that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just think about that as you
+know the electric field reaches in grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the electric field reaches in grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the electric field reaches in grabs
+that charged particle and like pulls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charged particle and like pulls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charged particle and like pulls it
+in this direction against viscous drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction against viscous drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction against viscous drag
+so now a force produces a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a force produces a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a force produces a constant
+velocity not acceleration okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity not acceleration okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity not acceleration okay and that
+velocity is called the drift velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is called the drift velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is called the drift velocity
+okay so the force is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the force is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the force is proportional to
+drift velocity what is that what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift velocity what is that what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift velocity what is that what is that
+little F there anybody know what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F there anybody know what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F there anybody know what that is
+it's the it's the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the coefficient of
+friction of that particle and Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction of that particle and Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction of that particle and Einstein
+cleverly noticed that the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly noticed that the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly noticed that the coefficient of
+friction of a particle being dragged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction of a particle being dragged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction of a particle being dragged
+through a liquid is related to what any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a liquid is related to what any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a liquid is related to what any
+guess fusion coefficient of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess fusion coefficient of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess fusion coefficient of that
+particle is that cool that just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is that cool that just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is that cool that just like
+kind of gives me chills the frictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gives me chills the frictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gives me chills the frictional
+coefficient is just KT over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is just KT over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is just KT over the
+diffusion constant so if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant so if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant so if you actually
+just go through that same analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through that same analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through that same analysis of
+calculating the mean of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the mean of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the mean of the distribution
+what you find is that is that he moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that is that he moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that is that he moves
+linearly in time but it's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in time but it's also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in time but it's also very
+intuitive right if you take if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right if you take if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right if you take if you take
+put your hand in in you know you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your hand in in you know you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your hand in in you know you're in a
+swimming pool you put your hand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming pool you put your hand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming pool you put your hand in the
+water and you push your hand with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you push your hand with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you push your hand with a
+constant force what happens well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force what happens well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant force what happens well let me
+flip it around you move your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it around you move your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it around you move your hand
+through the water at a constant velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the water at a constant velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the water at a constant velocity
+what is the force feel like the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the force feel like the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the force feel like the force is
+constant right so flip it the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so flip it the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so flip it the other way
+around if the force is constant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if the force is constant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if the force is constant then
+you're gonna get a constant velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get a constant velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get a constant velocity
+right yes exactly it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes exactly it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes exactly it's exactly the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+mm-hmm okay so the drift velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm okay so the drift velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm okay so the drift velocity is
+proportional to the force by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the force by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the force by this
+proportionality constant one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant one over the
+coefficient of friction which is d it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of friction which is d it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of friction which is d it no
+deal t and what is this force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal t and what is this force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal t and what is this force
+proportional to anybody remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to anybody remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to anybody remember the
+force was proportional to the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force was proportional to the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force was proportional to the electric
+field right and so let's calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right and so let's calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right and so let's calculate the
+current so I'm going to argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so I'm going to argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so I'm going to argue that the
+current is proportional to the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is proportional to the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is proportional to the drift
+velocity times the area now why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times the area now why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times the area now why is that
+so if I have an electric field it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have an electric field it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have an electric field it makes
+these particles all the particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles all the particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles all the particles in
+this area here drift at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area here drift at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area here drift at a constant
+velocity in this direction right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in this direction right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in this direction right so
+there's a certain amount of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of current
+that's flowing in this area right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flowing in this area right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flowing in this area right here
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+now if my electrodes are big and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if my electrodes are big and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if my electrodes are big and I also
+have electric field up here then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field up here then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field up here then that
+electric field causing current to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field causing current to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field causing current to flow
+up here too and if there's electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here too and if there's electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here too and if there's electric
+field up here then there will be current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field up here then there will be current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field up here then there will be current
+flowing up here too and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing up here too and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing up here too and so you can see
+that the amount of current that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of current that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of current that's
+flowing between the electrodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing between the electrodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing between the electrodes is
+proportional to the drift velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the drift velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the drift velocity and
+the cross-sectional area between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sectional area between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sectional area between the two
+electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes
+hence okay so that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence okay so that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence okay so that's really important
+let's now I showed you I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now I showed you I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now I showed you I told you that
+or we figured out that the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we figured out that the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we figured out that the drift
+velocity is proportional to the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is proportional to the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is proportional to the electric
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the
+is proportional to the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the electric field
+times the area and the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area and the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area and the electric field is
+just the voltage difference divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the voltage difference divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the voltage difference divided by
+the spacing between the electrodes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between the electrodes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between the electrodes right
+and so the current is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the current is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the current is proportional to
+voltage times area divided by length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage times area divided by length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage times area divided by length
+okay so we have a proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a proportionality
+current is proportional to voltage times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is proportional to voltage times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is proportional to voltage times
+area divided by length and now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area divided by length and now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area divided by length and now let's
+plug in what that proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in what that proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in what that proportionality
+constant is okay we're going to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is okay we're going to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is okay we're going to let's
+let's think about this is now like Ohm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this is now like Ohm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this is now like Ohm's
+law right we're saying the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law right we're saying the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law right we're saying the current is
+proportional to voltage difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to voltage difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to voltage difference the
+thing that the proportionality constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the proportionality constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the proportionality constant
+here is something called resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is something called resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is something called resistivity
+otherwise known as conductivity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as conductivity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as conductivity but
+we're going to use resistivity okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use resistivity okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use resistivity okay so
+this is just a law right it says current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a law right it says current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a law right it says current
+is proportional to voltage difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to voltage difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to voltage difference
+let's rewrite that a little bit so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite that a little bit so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite that a little bit so that
+it looks more like Ohm's law current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks more like Ohm's law current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks more like Ohm's law current is
+proportional to voltage difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to voltage difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to voltage difference and
+that thing that thingy right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing that thingy right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing that thingy right there
+should have units of what 1 over ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have units of what 1 over ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have units of what 1 over ohms
+right so that is 1 over resistance let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is 1 over resistance let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is 1 over resistance let's
+just write down what the resistance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down what the resistance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down what the resistance is
+resistance is just resistivity times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is just resistivity times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is just resistivity times
+length divided by area so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length divided by area so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length divided by area so let's just
+stop and take a breath and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and take a breath and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and take a breath and think about
+why this makes sense resistance is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this makes sense resistance is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this makes sense resistance is how
+how much resistance there is to flow at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much resistance there is to flow at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much resistance there is to flow at
+a given voltage right so what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given voltage right so what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given voltage right so what happens if
+we make our really small what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make our really small what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make our really small what happens to
+the resistance the resistance gets big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance the resistance gets big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance the resistance gets big
+the amount of current gets small because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of current gets small because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of current gets small because
+there's less alyce area that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less alyce area that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less alyce area that the
+electric field is is in and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is is in and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is is in and so the
+current goes down that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current goes down that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current goes down that means the
+resistance is bigger if we make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is bigger if we make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is bigger if we make our
+plates really big the resistance gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates really big the resistance gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates really big the resistance gets
+smaller right what happens if we pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right what happens if we pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right what happens if we pull
+our plates further apart what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plates further apart what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plates further apart what happens to
+the resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance
+good if the plates are further apart l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if the plates are further apart l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if the plates are further apart l
+is bigger and resistance is bigger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and resistance is bigger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and resistance is bigger but
+conceptually what's going on physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually what's going on physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually what's going on physically
+what's going the plates are further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going the plates are further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going the plates are further
+apart so what happens right the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so what happens right the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so what happens right the voltage
+difference is the same but the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the same but the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the same but the distance
+is bigger and so the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and so the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and so the electric field
+which is voltage per distance is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is voltage per distance is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is voltage per distance is smaller
+and that smaller electric field produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that smaller electric field produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that smaller electric field produces
+a drift velocity and that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drift velocity and that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drift velocity and that's why the
+resistance goes up too cool right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance goes up too cool right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance goes up too cool right okay
+now let's talk for a minute about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk for a minute about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk for a minute about
+resistivity so resistivity in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity so resistivity in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity so resistivity in the brain
+is really really lousy okay the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really lousy okay the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really lousy okay the the
+wires of the brain are just awful okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires of the brain are just awful okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires of the brain are just awful okay
+so if you look at the resistivity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the resistivity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the resistivity for
+copper which is which is the the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper which is which is the the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper which is which is the the wire
+that's used in electronics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in electronics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in electronics the
+resistivity is 1.6 micro ohms times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity is 1.6 micro ohms times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity is 1.6 micro ohms times
+centimeters okay what that means is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters okay what that means is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters okay what that means is if I
+took a block of copper a centimeter on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a block of copper a centimeter on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a block of copper a centimeter on a
+side and I put electrodes on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I put electrodes on the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I put electrodes on the side of
+it and I measured the resistance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I measured the resistance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I measured the resistance it
+would be 1.6 micro ohms that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 1.6 micro ohms that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 1.6 micro ohms that means I
+could run an amp that thing with 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run an amp that thing with 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run an amp that thing with 1.6
+micro volts okay now the resistivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro volts okay now the resistivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro volts okay now the resistivity of
+the brain is 60 ohms centimeters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is 60 ohms centimeters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is 60 ohms centimeters that
+means a centimeter block of saline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a centimeter block of saline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a centimeter block of saline
+solution intracellular extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution intracellular extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution intracellular extracellular
+solution has a resistance of 60 ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has a resistance of 60 ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has a resistance of 60 ohms
+instead of 1.6 micro ohms it's like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1.6 micro ohms it's like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1.6 micro ohms it's like more
+than a million times worse okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a million times worse okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a million times worse okay and what
+that means is that when you try to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that when you try to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that when you try to send
+current through rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through rain
+try to send some current the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to send some current the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to send some current the voltage
+just drops you need huge voltage drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drops you need huge voltage drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drops you need huge voltage drops
+to produce tiny currents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce tiny currents okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce tiny currents okay
+and that's why the brain has that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the brain has that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the brain has that's why
+the brain has invented things axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain has invented things axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain has invented things axons
+because the wires are so bad that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wires are so bad that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wires are so bad that you
+can't send a signal from one part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't send a signal from one part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't send a signal from one part of the
+brain to another part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to another part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to another part of the brain
+through the wire you have to invent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the wire you have to invent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the wire you have to invent this
+special gimmick called an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special gimmick called an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special gimmick called an action
+potential to send a signal more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to send a signal more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to send a signal more than a
+few microns away okay it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few microns away okay it's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few microns away okay it's pretty cool
+right that's why it's so interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why it's so interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why it's so interesting to
+understand the basic physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic physics of
+something the basic mechanisms by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the basic mechanisms by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the basic mechanisms by which
+something works because most of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something works because most of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something works because most of what you
+see is a hack to compensate for weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is a hack to compensate for weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is a hack to compensate for weird
+physics right yes this high whirs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics right yes this high whirs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics right yes this high whirs this
+you're asking what causes that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what causes that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what causes that high
+resistivity yeah it basically has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity yeah it basically has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity yeah it basically has to do
+with things like the mean free path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like the mean free path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like the mean free path of
+the particle okay so in a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle okay so in a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle okay so in a metal
+particles can go further effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can go further effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can go further effectively
+before they collide so that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they collide so that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they collide so that so the
+resistivity is is lower no it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity is is lower no it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity is is lower no it's a
+property of it's a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of it's a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of it's a little bit different
+inside the cell because there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell because there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell because there's more
+gunk inside of a cell than there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gunk inside of a cell than there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gunk inside of a cell than there is
+outside of a cell and so the resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a cell and so the resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a cell and so the resistivity
+is a little bit worse it's 2000 ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit worse it's 2000 ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit worse it's 2000 ohms
+centimeters or 1 100 mm inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters or 1 100 mm inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters or 1 100 mm inside the cell
+and more like 60 outside yes once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more like 60 outside yes once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more like 60 outside yes once you're
+outside the cell it's basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell it's basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell it's basically the same
+everywhere okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's it so here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it so here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it so here's what we
+learned about today we understood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about today we understood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about today we understood that
+the difference the the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference the the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference the the relation between
+the time scale of diffusion and length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale of diffusion and length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale of diffusion and length
+scales and we learned that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and we learned that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and we learned that the distance
+that a particle can few can diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particle can few can diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particle can few can diffuse
+grows as this goes only as the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as this goes only as the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as this goes only as the square
+root of time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of time okay
+we understood how concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understood how concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understood how concentration
+gradients leads parents and we we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients leads parents and we we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients leads parents and we we talked
+about ficks first law that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ficks first law that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ficks first law that says that
+concentration differences lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration differences lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration differences lead to
+particle flux the flux is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle flux the flux is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle flux the flux is proportional
+to the gradient or the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient or the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient or the derivative of the
+concentration and we also talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and we also talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and we also talked about
+how the drift of charge of charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the drift of charge of charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the drift of charge of charged
+particles in an electric field leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in an electric field leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in an electric field leads to
+currents and how that the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and how that the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and how that the voltage
+current relation obeys ohms law and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current relation obeys ohms law and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current relation obeys ohms law and we
+also talked about the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about the concept of
+resistivity and how the resistivity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity and how the resistivity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity and how the resistivity in
+the brain is really high and makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is really high and makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is really high and makes the
+wires in the brain really bad okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires in the brain really bad okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires in the brain really bad okay okay
+so that's all I have I will take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all I have I will take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all I have I will take any
+questions yes - ah okay our other ta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes - ah okay our other ta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes - ah okay our other ta is
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+any questions okay great so we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay great so we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay great so we will see
+you when it's the front I said tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when it's the front I said tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when it's the front I said tomorrow
+so so I will see you Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PzeCGelnheE.txt b/PzeCGelnheE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a893331dfe016f14ca9e8aaf1138f875ed9031d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PzeCGelnheE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So last time we talked about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So last time we talked about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So last time we talked about at
+towards the end we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end we talked about
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so in particular we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular we talked about
+square root of two right. a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two right. a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two right. a square root
+of two. We could think about this if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two. We could think about this if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two. We could think about this if we
+wanted to think about square root two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think about square root two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think about square root two on
+the real line. Then we have here one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real line. Then we have here one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real line. Then we have here one and
+we have two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two.
+And we could define a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we could define a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we could define a sequence of
+numbers where the first one is one, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where the first one is one, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where the first one is one, the
+second one is 1.4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is 1.4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is 1.4,
+the third is 1.4.1 4.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third is 1.4.1 4.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third is 1.4.1 4.1
+and the next one is then the next digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one is then the next digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one is then the next digit
+in square<unk> of two. So 1.4.1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc.
+And so so this is like a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so this is like a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so this is like a sequence of
+numbers that are increasing uh and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are increasing uh and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are increasing uh and it is
+square root of two where you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two where you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two where you're taking
+more and more digits. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more digits. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more digits. Right?
+So square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So square root of two
+is in some sense the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so precisely a sequence uh is so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so precisely a sequence uh is so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so precisely a sequence uh is so we
+talked about that last time but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time but let me
+just remind you what that is. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind you what that is. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind you what that is. So a
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the natural numbers. So f goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the natural numbers. So f goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the natural numbers. So f goes from
+the natural numbers into the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers into the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers into the real
+and the value at some natural number n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value at some natural number n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value at some natural number n.
+the value of this function at a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this function at a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this function at a natural
+number and this we denote usually it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this we denote usually it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this we denote usually it's a
+standard notation then one denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard notation then one denote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard notation then one denote it
+like this with where the n is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with where the n is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with where the n is a
+subscript okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and so let's uh let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so let's uh let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so let's uh let's take a look at
+a couple of different uh sequences. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of different uh sequences. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of different uh sequences. So
+we told that so this here really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we told that so this here really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we told that so this here really is a
+sequence. Uh another example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Uh another example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Uh another example is
+um where you have a n = minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you have a n = minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you have a n = minus1
+to the power n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power n.
+So uh so n again is is this natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so n again is is this natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so n again is is this natural
+number. So this means that this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So this means that this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So this means that this sequence
+a1 is equal to minus1 a2 is equal to -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is equal to minus1 a2 is equal to -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is equal to minus1 a2 is equal to -1
+* -1. So that's one. A3 is -1 * -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+* -1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* -1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* -1.
+So this is min -1 and a4 is -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is min -1 and a4 is -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is min -1 and a4 is -1
+multiplied itself four times. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied itself four times. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied itself four times. So that's
+one. Right? So this sequence here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? So this sequence here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? So this sequence here is
+it's it's alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the values
+uh minus one and one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus one and one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus one and one.
+So it's starting off at minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's starting off at minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's starting off at minus one and
+then it goes to one and it goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to one and it goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to one and it goes to minus
+one one minus one etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one minus one etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one minus one etc.
+Okay. And so this sequence here right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so this sequence here right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so this sequence here right it
+doesn't really right it's not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really right it's not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really right it's not you know
+it doesn't really converge it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really converge it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really converge it it's not
+it doesn't really have a limits right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really have a limits right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really have a limits right so
+this here we'll make this precise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here we'll make this precise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here we'll make this precise in
+just a minute so this sequence does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute so this sequence does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute so this sequence does not
+have a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh another an example of a sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another an example of a sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another an example of a sequence is
+is a decaying sequence like this. So a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a decaying sequence like this. So a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a decaying sequence like this. So a n
+is equal to 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 / n
+right? So so a1 is equal to 1, a2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So so a1 is equal to 1, a2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So so a1 is equal to 1, a2 is
+equal to a half, a3 is equal to a3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a half, a3 is equal to a3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a half, a3 is equal to a3 and
+then a4 is equal to 1/4. Right? So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a4 is equal to 1/4. Right? So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a4 is equal to 1/4. Right? So these
+numbers here are all positive. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here are all positive. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here are all positive. Right?
+the the values of a is all all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the values of a is all all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the values of a is all all of them
+are all positive and they become smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all positive and they become smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all positive and they become smaller
+and smaller right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller right
+so you could write that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could write that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could write that sort of
+suggestively this here is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively this here is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively this here is going down
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and so right so it seems sort of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right so it seems sort of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right so it seems sort of obvious
+that this limit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this limit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this limit here
+uh that this sequence has a limit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this sequence has a limit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this sequence has a limit this
+here has a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the limit is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now let me make the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let me make the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let me make the formal
+definition. So so what does it mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. So so what does it mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. So so what does it mean that
+a sequence is convergent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence is convergent?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence is convergent?
+So um a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a n is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to uh to to a. So a is another real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to a. So a is another real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to a. So a is another real
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+is a sequence a n is converging to a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence a n is converging to a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence a n is converging to a if
+the following is the case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following is the case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following is the case.
+If the following hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for all epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon greater than zero
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist an
+anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n
+is bigger than this natural number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this natural number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this natural number then
+the difference between a n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a n and the
+supposed limit is bounded by epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed limit is bounded by epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed limit is bounded by epsilon.
+Okay. So if you think about it, so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you think about it, so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you think about it, so if
+you think about it on the here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it on the here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it on the here you have
+on the real line here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real line here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real line here you have a
+and so if you give me an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you give me an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you give me an epsilon
+so then I'm looking at a here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I'm looking at a here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I'm looking at a here I'm
+looking at an interval around a so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an interval around a so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an interval around a so this
+is an interval here from a minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interval here from a minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interval here from a minus epsilon
+to a plus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plus epsilon
+and the claim is that the sequence a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that the sequence a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that the sequence a n
+is converging to a if there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converging to a if there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converging to a if there exists some
+n. So that if n is little n is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So that if n is little n is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So that if n is little n is larger
+than this capital n then all of these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then all of these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then all of these a
+n lands somewhere here right all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n lands somewhere here right all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n lands somewhere here right all of them
+a n is in this little integer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n is in this little integer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n is in this little integer for
+n uh little n bigger than this capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh little n bigger than this capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh little n bigger than this capital n
+right that's what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what it means to be
+convergent right but it's like for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent right but it's like for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent right but it's like for all
+epsilon so you you allowed to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so you you allowed to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so you you allowed to you know
+someone else else is allowed to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else else is allowed to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else else is allowed to pick the
+epsilon and then you have to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and then you have to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and then you have to prove that
+there exist a capital n so that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a capital n so that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a capital n so that from
+there on and out all of the a lie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on and out all of the a lie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on and out all of the a lie in
+this little interval. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval. Okay.
+So this is what it means for a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what it means for a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what it means for a sequence
+to be convergent. So we say that a n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convergent. So we say that a n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convergent. So we say that a n is
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+uh to a if this here is the case and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a if this here is the case and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a if this here is the case and in
+that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one also writes that uh that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also writes that uh that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also writes that uh that the limit
+as n goes to infinity of a n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity of a n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity of a n is equal to
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence.
+So if you have a sequence or a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is not convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is said to be divergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now let me
+look at an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example.
+Um, so suppose you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so suppose you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so suppose you're looking at
+the number 0.9999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+etc. Right? This number here, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Right? This number here, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Right? This number here, this is
+really this number here, we really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this number here, we really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this number here, we really think
+about this number here as one. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this number here as one. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this number here as one. This is
+indistinguishable from one, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable from one, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable from one, right?
+And in fact what you really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact what you really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact what you really think about
+is that you think about that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you think about that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you think about that you have a
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+uh a where a1 is 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a where a1 is 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a where a1 is 0.9
+a2 is 0.999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a3 is 0.999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A4 is equal to 0.999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 is equal to 0.999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 is equal to 0.999
+9 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 9
+etc. Right? So a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Right? So a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Right? So a n
+is where you have zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have zero point
+and then nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then nine
+n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? If you're looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If you're looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If you're looking at that
+sequence here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here, right?
+Then you have that this sequence a n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you have that this sequence a n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you have that this sequence a n is
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+to one. So a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. So a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. So a n
+this one also write that is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also write that is convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also write that is convergent
+to one like this. So a n is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to one. Right? So there's various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. Right? So there's various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. Right? So there's various ways
+of writing that is convergent. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing that is convergent. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing that is convergent. You can
+write it like this. This means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this. This means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this. This means that it's
+convergent and the limit is a. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and the limit is a. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and the limit is a. You can
+write it like this. This means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this. This means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this. This means that the
+sequence is convergent and the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is convergent and the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is convergent and the limit is
+one. Right? Or you can write it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? Or you can write it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? Or you can write it out in
+words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so so this sequence I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so so this sequence I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so so this sequence I claim
+that this sequence here defined like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence here defined like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence here defined like
+this and this is really how you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is really how you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is really how you think
+about this right when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this right when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this right when you think about
+this number you sort of think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number you sort of think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number you sort of think about it
+that's you know this is you know 0 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know this is you know 0 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know this is you know 0 9
+with more and more uh numbers nines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more and more uh numbers nines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more and more uh numbers nines
+added and the limit which is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and the limit which is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and the limit which is really what
+this number here in itself is is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here in itself is is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here in itself is is one.
+Okay. Now let me explain why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let me explain why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let me explain why the
+sequence defined this way why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence defined this way why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence defined this way why this is
+convergent as a limit one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so now
+so now of course now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now of course now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now of course now
+you give me an epsilon. So given epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me an epsilon. So given epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me an epsilon. So given epsilon
+given epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon greater than zero
+then I need to find a capital n so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to find a capital n so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to find a capital n so that
+from there on and out the a is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there on and out the a is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there on and out the a is within
+epsilon. So we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to for this epsilon we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for this epsilon we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for this epsilon we need to find
+capital n so that if little n is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if little n is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if little n is bigger
+than this capital n then a n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then a n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then a n minus one
+is less than epsilon right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon right that's what
+we need to do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do right
+but for your epsilon so to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need to choose this capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to choose this capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to choose this capital n.
+So I'm just choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm just choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm just choosing
+uh I just choose capital n. So to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just choose capital n. So to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just choose capital n. So to do
+that choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that 1 / n is less than epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that 1 / n is less than epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that 1 / n is less than epsilon.
+Right? We can do this by the archimedian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We can do this by the archimedian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We can do this by the archimedian
+property. Right. So this is uh so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Right. So this is uh so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Right. So this is uh so we can
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by the
+uh such an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and capital n by the archimedian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n by the archimedian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n by the archimedian
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+that we discussed last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+But now you see if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see if you're looking at
+if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take
+if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you now look at little n that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you now look at little n that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you now look at little n that is
+bigger than capital n then you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n then you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n then you have that
+one minus a n. Well, 1 minus a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus a n. Well, 1 minus a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus a n. Well, 1 minus a n
+actually for all n this here is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for all n this here is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for all n this here is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+uh 1 / 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 / 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 / 10
+to the power n right because like if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power n right because like if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power n right because like if n
+is equal to 1 this is this here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 this is this here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 this is this here this is
+within one10th of one and likewise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one10th of one and likewise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one10th of one and likewise this
+here is in 100 of one etc. Right? So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in 100 of one etc. Right? So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in 100 of one etc. Right? So we
+have this inequality. It's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this inequality. It's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this inequality. It's actually
+equality in this case. This here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality in this case. This here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality in this case. This here is a
+equality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. But now you see that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now you see that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now you see that this thing
+here this is obviously 1 / 10 ^ n. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is obviously 1 / 10 ^ n. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is obviously 1 / 10 ^ n. It's
+lesser equal to it's actually it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to it's actually it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to it's actually it's less
+than uh n 1 / n. And so if little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh n 1 / n. And so if little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh n 1 / n. And so if little n is
+bigger than capital n, this is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n, this is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n, this is therefore
+less than 1 / capital n. But this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 / capital n. But this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 / capital n. But this here
+was less than epsilon. And that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than epsilon. And that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than epsilon. And that's what
+we needed to prove. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to prove. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to prove. Right?
+So for the given for your given epsilon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the given for your given epsilon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the given for your given epsilon,
+I specify a capital n and then we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specify a capital n and then we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specify a capital n and then we need
+to prove that if little n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that if little n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that if little n is bigger than
+that capital n, then we come within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital n, then we come within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital n, then we come within
+epsilon of the limit. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+okay. Now let me prove a little theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now let me prove a little theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now let me prove a little theorem
+about uh convergence sequences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then this is like if you will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this is like if you will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this is like if you will this
+little lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lema
+is like the first test for whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the first test for whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the first test for whether a
+sequence is convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is convergent.
+So still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+a end is a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a n
+need uh then a n is bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, let me explain what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, let me explain what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, let me explain what I mean by
+that. I mean that then the set of a n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean that then the set of a n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean that then the set of a n so
+just explain that. So then the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the set a1 a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the set a1 a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the set a1 a2
+a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3
+etc. This set here is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+it's not enough to be bounded that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to be bounded that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to be bounded that to be
+convergent but it is a necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent but it is a necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent but it is a necessary
+criteria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Let me just as a side remark say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just as a side remark say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just as a side remark say that
+that if you're looking at the sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at the sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at the sequence a
+n that we looked at just a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that we looked at just a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that we looked at just a minute ago
+this here that is alternating between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here that is alternating between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here that is alternating between
+minus1 and one right this is a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and one right this is a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and one right this is a bounded
+sequence because the value there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because the value there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because the value there's only
+two values so it's obviously bounded but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values so it's obviously bounded but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values so it's obviously bounded but
+it's not convergent right so but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not convergent right so but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not convergent right so but it is a
+necessary for a sequence to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for a sequence to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for a sequence to be
+convergent is necess necessary that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent is necess necessary that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent is necess necessary that the
+sequence of of numbers here uh is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of of numbers here uh is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of of numbers here uh is uh is
+bounded for for okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded for for okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded for for okay so
+so now let's try to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we have so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so since
+a n is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then there is some a so that a end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there is some a so that a end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there is some a so that a end in
+converts to this a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to this a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to this a right
+and so now I can I can just focus on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I can I can just focus on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I can I can just focus on one
+single epsilon. So in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single epsilon. So in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single epsilon. So in particular
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon to be equal to one then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon to be equal to one then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon to be equal to one then there
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exist capital n. So that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist capital n. So that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist capital n. So that if
+little n is bigger than this capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is bigger than this capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is bigger than this capital n
+then a little n minus a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little n minus a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little n minus a is less than
+one. Right? This is this is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? This is this is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? This is this is that is
+convergence just applied to this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence just applied to this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence just applied to this single
+epsilon. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. Right?
+Okay. And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now
+so now so this is the first observation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so this is the first observation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so this is the first observation.
+The second observation is that if we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second observation is that if we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second observation is that if we now
+look at all the a that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the a that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the a that are not
+considered here. So if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered here. So if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered here. So if you're looking at
+the set the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first
+capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a
+capital n minus one a n right those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one a n right those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one a n right those are
+the ones that doesn't fall in under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that doesn't fall in under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that doesn't fall in under that
+this little n is bigger than the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little n is bigger than the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little n is bigger than the capital
+n so this set here is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so obviously So for any finite set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously So for any finite set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously So for any finite set you
+have that. So there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that A N is less or equal to C for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that A N is less or equal to C for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that A N is less or equal to C for any
+of these guys. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys. Right?
+For any A in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For any A in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For any A in this
+any A in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any A in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any A in
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+uh in this finite set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So this means in other words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this means in other words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this means in other words this
+means that a n is less or equal to c if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a n is less or equal to c if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a n is less or equal to c if
+n here is between one and n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here is between one and n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here is between one and n minus one.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I look at
+So now I look at uh now I want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I look at uh now I want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I look at uh now I want to look
+at the numbers a n and um this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the numbers a n and um this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the numbers a n and um this number
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right and I want to look at so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I want to look at so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I want to look at so I'm
+thinking about the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the set
+uh a absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a absolute value
+and where in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where in here is
+one up to one two etc. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to one two etc. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to one two etc. Right?
+Well, I claim that this thing here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I claim that this thing here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I claim that this thing here I can
+now prove that this set here is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now prove that this set here is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now prove that this set here is bounded
+and this is just because that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just because that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just because that the first
+uh n minus one those are bounded by c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n minus one those are bounded by c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n minus one those are bounded by c.
+So I claim that this set here so claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that that uh that uh the soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that uh that uh the soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that uh that uh the soup
+of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where n uh from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n uh from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n uh from one
+over all ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all ends
+the soup of this set is uh is lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup of this set is uh is lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup of this set is uh is lesser
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of C and A + normal absolute value of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C and A + normal absolute value of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C and A + normal absolute value of A
++ one. So I claim that right. Now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one. So I claim that right. Now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one. So I claim that right. Now this
+is clearly if you're taking the first n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly if you're taking the first n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly if you're taking the first n
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+then we already know that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we already know that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we already know that they are
+bounded by c right so you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by c right so you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by c right so you just need to
+worry about the one starting at capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the one starting at capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the one starting at capital
+n right so we only need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so we only need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so we only need to worry about
+when so this is obviously the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so this is obviously the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so this is obviously the case for
+the first capital n minus one so we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first capital n minus one so we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first capital n minus one so we only
+need to worry about only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little n
+larger than capital n larger equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than capital n larger equal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than capital n larger equal.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> Um are you explain the max over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um are you explain the max over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um are you explain the max over there
+why there's the absolute value of a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's the absolute value of a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's the absolute value of a plus
+the plus one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus one?
+>> Yeah, I I would explain this and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I I would explain this and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I I would explain this and then I
+I'll get to this and this is part part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to this and this is part part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to this and this is part part
+of the proof. Yeah. So it it hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof. Yeah. So it it hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof. Yeah. So it it hopefully
+it will be clear in a minute. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be clear in a minute. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be clear in a minute. If it's
+not, you you should complain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, you you should complain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, you you should complain.
+Okay. So I only need to prove that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I only need to prove that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I only need to prove that when
+I'm just looking at the set here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking at the set here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking at the set here and I'm
+starting at capital N, then the soup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at capital N, then the soup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at capital N, then the soup is
+bounded like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded like that.
+And so then I so I'm looking at a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but a n I can write as a end I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a n I can write as a end I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a n I can write as a end I can write
+sort of in a stupid way I can write a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a stupid way I can write a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a stupid way I can write a n
+as a n minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a n minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a n minus a
+plus a right so I can write it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a right so I can write it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a right so I can write it like that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and then I can just right so I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can just right so I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can just right so I have the
+sum of two things the absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two things the absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two things the absolute value is
+less than the absolute value the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the absolute value the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the absolute value the sum of
+the absolute values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values.
+So I have this right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have this right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have this right.
+But now you see that since little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that since little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that since little n is
+bigger than this capital n this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this capital n this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this capital n this capital
+n was chosen so that this here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n was chosen so that this here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n was chosen so that this here was
+bounded by one. Right? So this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by one. Right? So this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by one. Right? So this thing
+here is less than one and this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than one and this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than one and this here is
+less than the absolute value of a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the absolute value of a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the absolute value of a.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And so we have for the whole tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we have for the whole tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we have for the whole tail
+starting at capital n we have that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at capital n we have that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at capital n we have that this
+thing here is bounded by one plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is bounded by one plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is bounded by one plus the
+absolute value of a and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a and for the
+remaining capital n minus one those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining capital n minus one those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining capital n minus one those are
+bounded by c right and so so together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by c right and so so together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by c right and so so together
+all of this is bounded by the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is bounded by the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is bounded by the maximum of
+these two things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now the next thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the next thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the next thing I want to talk about
+is that there's there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's there's some sort of
+algebraic property of limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic property of limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic property of limits
+that is often very useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often very useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often very useful.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and I will prove there's four of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will prove there's four of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will prove there's four of these.
+Um, and I will prove two of them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I will prove two of them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I will prove two of them and the
+other one I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one I will
+um I will outline the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Y.
+>> So in that the soup is Oh, soup is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So in that the soup is Oh, soup is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So in that the soup is Oh, soup is less
+than. So we we don't need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than. So we we don't need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than. So we we don't need to find
+>> Yeah. No, you don't need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. No, you don't need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. No, you don't need to actually
+find the soup, right? Yeah. And and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the soup, right? Yeah. And and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the soup, right? Yeah. And and the
+reason I want to write soup and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to write soup and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to write soup and not
+maximum is that of course if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum is that of course if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum is that of course if it's
+infinite numbers, it's not clear that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite numbers, it's not clear that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite numbers, it's not clear that is
+a maximum, right? So we need to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum, right? So we need to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum, right? So we need to use the
+the terminology soup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology soup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology soup.
+>> So that that max of CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that that max of CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that that max of CN
++ one is not a soup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one is not a soup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one is not a soup.
+>> No, no, that's right. is is a bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, no, that's right. is is a bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, no, that's right. is is a bound for
+the soup but but the soup presumably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup but but the soup presumably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup but but the soup presumably is
+is is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is less
+>> and one there really just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and one there really just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and one there really just one
+>> and the one really to some extent could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and the one really to some extent could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and the one really to some extent could
+be almost anything. Yeah, it's a it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost anything. Yeah, it's a it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost anything. Yeah, it's a it came
+from the epsilon, right? But you see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the epsilon, right? But you see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the epsilon, right? But you see if
+you made that epsilon smaller then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made that epsilon smaller then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made that epsilon smaller then then
+probably the c would jump up, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the c would jump up, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the c would jump up, right?
+Because that is you right because the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that is you right because the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that is you right because the c
+was the maximum of the first n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the maximum of the first n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the maximum of the first n minus
+one. So if you're further out then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So if you're further out then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So if you're further out then there
+are more numbers that you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more numbers that you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more numbers that you're taking the
+maximum over. So anyway yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over. So anyway yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over. So anyway yeah.
+Okay. So so we want to prove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So so we want to prove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So so we want to prove some
+algebraic properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of limits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, so the idea is that we take um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the idea is that we take um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the idea is that we take um so we
+have four of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four of these
+and the first one is that you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one is that you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one is that you take a
+sequence. So maybe I would just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. So maybe I would just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. So maybe I would just say
+throughout a n and bn are sequences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and a n is convergent to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a n is convergent to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a n is convergent to a
+and bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bn
+is convergent to b. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convergent to b. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convergent to b. Okay.
+The first one, the first property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first one, the first property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first one, the first property is
+that if you take a real number, sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a real number, sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a real number, sorry,
+if you take a real number, C here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a real number, C here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a real number, C here is a
+real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number
+and you form a new sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you form a new sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you form a new sequence
+where CN is just this real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where CN is just this real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where CN is just this real number
+times A N. Right? So each CN is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times A N. Right? So each CN is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times A N. Right? So each CN is somehow
+almost like a N except that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a N except that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a N except that they're
+multiplied by this fixed constant C. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this fixed constant C. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this fixed constant C. So
+this here so the first one is that CN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here so the first one is that CN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here so the first one is that CN is
+also convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also convergent
+uh and the limit is just C * A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the limit is just C * A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the limit is just C * A.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+The second one is that um that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second one is that um that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second one is that um that if you
+take that a if you define a sequence. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that a if you define a sequence. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that a if you define a sequence. So
+this is a different sequence that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different sequence that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different sequence that this
+one. But if you define a sequence cn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But if you define a sequence cn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But if you define a sequence cn by
+its a n the nth element is a n + bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its a n the nth element is a n + bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its a n the nth element is a n + bn
+then this sequence is also convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this sequence is also convergent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this sequence is also convergent.
+Cn is convergent and the limit is a + b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cn is convergent and the limit is a + b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cn is convergent and the limit is a + b.
+So that was the second property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was the second property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was the second property.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The third property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The third property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The third property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The third property
+uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+uh right the third property is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the third property is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the third property is that if
+you take a product sorry so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a product sorry so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a product sorry so if you take
+a n if you take if you define cn as a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n if you take if you define cn as a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n if you take if you define cn as a n
+* bn right so this is a new sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* bn right so this is a new sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* bn right so this is a new sequence
+then cn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cn
+is convergent and the limit is a * b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convergent and the limit is a * b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convergent and the limit is a * b and
+the Last property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Last property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Last property is
+that if um if the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if um if the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if um if the a
+um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are
+uh all of these are different from zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of these are different from zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of these are different from zero.
+So this here is for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also you have that the limit here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you have that the limit here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you have that the limit here is
+not equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero.
+uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+if you define a sequence to be 1 / a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define a sequence to be 1 / a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define a sequence to be 1 / a n
+then cn here converge and the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cn here converge and the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cn here converge and the limit is
+one away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one away.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so I will prove sort of rigorously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I will prove sort of rigorously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I will prove sort of rigorously
+the first two and I will basically tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two and I will basically tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two and I will basically tell
+you how to prove the other two. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to prove the other two. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to prove the other two. But I
+the first two I will kind of write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two I will kind of write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two I will kind of write out
+um formally as you know as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um formally as you know as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um formally as you know as we talked
+about last time how you write formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time how you write formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time how you write formal
+approve whereas the what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve whereas the what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve whereas the what I'm going to
+discuss for three and four is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss for three and four is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss for three and four is very very
+close to a formal proof but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a formal proof but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a formal proof but it's more
+like what you would have on a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you would have on a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you would have on a piece of
+scrap There you go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now,
+so now let's prove the first one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So prove of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since
+so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given
+epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so first of all of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so first of all of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so first of all of course if
+this capital C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital C
+if this capital C is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this capital C is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this capital C is zero then
+everything is zero So it's like trivally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is zero So it's like trivally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is zero So it's like trivally
+the case. So we may as well assume So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case. So we may as well assume So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case. So we may as well assume So
+may as well assume that's capital C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that capital C is not zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now given epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now given epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now given epsilon greater than zero
+since this sequence a n is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this sequence a n is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this sequence a n is converging to
+a this means that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this means that there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this means that there exist
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n such that and now I'm not going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n such that and now I'm not going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n such that and now I'm not going to use
+that epsilon you gave me that epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that epsilon you gave me that epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that epsilon you gave me that epsilon
+uh I'm not going to use that epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to use that epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to use that epsilon in
+the definition that a end is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition that a end is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition that a end is converging
+to a. I'm not going to use that one, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a. I'm not going to use that one, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a. I'm not going to use that one, but
+I'm going to use one that is closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use one that is closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use one that is closely
+related. I'm going to use epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. I'm going to use epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. I'm going to use epsilon
+divided by the norm of c. Right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the norm of c. Right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the norm of c. Right? Because
+that's another positive fine. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another positive fine. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another positive fine. So you
+gave me an epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me an epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me an epsilon.
+I'm going to look at this number here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at this number here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at this number here.
+That's a positive number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a positive number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a positive number.
+And I can use that in the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can use that in the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can use that in the definition
+that a n converts to a. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a n converts to a. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a n converts to a. So I'm going to
+say that because a n converts to a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that because a n converts to a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that because a n converts to a there
+exist a capital n such that if little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a capital n such that if little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a capital n such that if little n
+is bigger than this capital n then a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this capital n then a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this capital n then a n
+minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+uh is less than epsilon over capital s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is less than epsilon over capital s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is less than epsilon over capital s
+uh c sorry a norm of capital c right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c sorry a norm of capital c right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c sorry a norm of capital c right but
+now I just multiply on both sides So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just multiply on both sides So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just multiply on both sides So
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+by the absolute value of capital C on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the absolute value of capital C on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the absolute value of capital C on
+both sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so if we do that then this here pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if we do that then this here pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if we do that then this here pops
+in right it actually go in as c * a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right it actually go in as c * a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right it actually go in as c * a n
+minus c * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c * a
+is less than epsilon and this is as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon and this is as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon and this is as long
+as this n little n is bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this n little n is bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this n little n is bigger than that
+capital n. This is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. This is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. This is exactly what we
+wanted to prove. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prove. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prove. Right?
+Okay. Now the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the second one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So the reason why I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the reason why I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the reason why I'm doing the
+the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two
+you see you see that those are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you see that those are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you see that those are pretty
+straightforward. I mean it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. I mean it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. I mean it's not like
+that it's it's not like any of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's not like any of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's not like any of these is
+complicated to prove. Um the next two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to prove. Um the next two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to prove. Um the next two is
+a little bit more uh I mean I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more uh I mean I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more uh I mean I wouldn't
+say complicated but a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say complicated but a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say complicated but a little bit more
+involved these two and but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved these two and but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved these two and but I want to
+give you the idea because it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the idea because it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the idea because it's a kind of
+a very simple but useful idea uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple but useful idea uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple but useful idea uh in
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+so I I don't want to skip the the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I don't want to skip the the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I don't want to skip the the proof
+okay so now uh we uh so we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So we have that. So we have that a n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have that. So we have that a n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have that. So we have that a n is
+converging to a and bn is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to a and bn is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to a and bn is converging to
+b. And so again you give me an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. And so again you give me an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. And so again you give me an epsilon
+that I have to work with. So given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to work with. So given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to work with. So given
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+then I'm going to not again use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to not again use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to not again use this
+epsilon in the definition that a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon in the definition that a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon in the definition that a n
+converts to a and I'm not going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to a and I'm not going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to a and I'm not going to use
+it in the definition that bn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the definition that bn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the definition that bn is
+converging to b but I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to b but I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to b but I'm going to use
+epsilon over two in each of them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two in each of them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two in each of them. So
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+a n converts to a there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a capital n and let me call it capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital n and let me call it capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital n and let me call it capital n
+subscript a such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+n subscript a then a n minus A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subscript a then a n minus A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subscript a then a n minus A
+is less than epsilon / 2, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon / 2, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon / 2, right?
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And likewise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likewise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since um since BN converts to B, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um since BN converts to B, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um since BN converts to B, then
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist just a capital n but and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist just a capital n but and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist just a capital n but and I
+denote it by this this may be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote it by this this may be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote it by this this may be different
+than the one coming from a the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one coming from a the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one coming from a the sequence
+a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than this capital
+n subscript b then uh bn minus b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subscript b then uh bn minus b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subscript b then uh bn minus b is
+smaller than epsilon / 2. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than epsilon / 2. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than epsilon / 2. Okay.
+And so now I have to choose right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now I have to choose right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now I have to choose right. So
+you gave me the epsilon and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me the epsilon and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me the epsilon and I have to
+choose a capital n. I haven't chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a capital n. I haven't chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a capital n. I haven't chosen
+that yet but I will do that now. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but I will do that now. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but I will do that now. So we
+set so set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so set
+capital n equal to the maximum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n equal to the maximum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n equal to the maximum of these
+two ends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you're setting it equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're setting it equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're setting it equal to the
+maximum of these two. Now if little n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of these two. Now if little n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of these two. Now if little n so
+then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for
+little n bigger than this capital n if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n bigger than this capital n if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n bigger than this capital n if
+you're looking at a so now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a so now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a so now we want to
+look at so our sequence cn was the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so our sequence cn was the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so our sequence cn was the sum
+of these two right so this here was cn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two right so this here was cn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two right so this here was cn
+so we want to prove that so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to prove that so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to prove that so we want to
+look at cn minus a * b and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at cn minus a * b and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at cn minus a * b and we want to
+prove that if little n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that if little n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that if little n is bigger than
+this then this here is strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this here is strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this here is strictly less
+than epsilon right but this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon right but this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon right but this thing here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+cn was by definition a n plus bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn was by definition a n plus bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn was by definition a n plus bn
+sorry and this was not a product it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and this was not a product it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and this was not a product it was
+a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus
+a + b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + b
+so but this thing here you can write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this thing here you can write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this thing here you can write as
+a n minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n minus a
+plus bn minus b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now you can just take the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you can just take the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you can just take the absolute
+value of this. It's bounded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this. It's bounded by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this. It's bounded by the
+absolute value of the first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So plus the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So plus the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So plus the absolute value of the
+signal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And now you see that if um if little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you see that if um if little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you see that if um if little a
+uh if little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if little a
+let me keep. So if little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep. So if little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep. So if little a
+sorry if little n since little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if little n since little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if little n since little n is
+bigger than capital n which is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n which is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n which is bigger
+than capital n of a in particular then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n of a in particular then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n of a in particular then
+this thing here is less than epsilon /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is less than epsilon /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is less than epsilon /
+two. Right? So you have that CN minus A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Right? So you have that CN minus A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Right? So you have that CN minus A
++ B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than epsilon / two that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon / two that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon / two that comes
+from this. But you also have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this. But you also have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this. But you also have that
+capital n is bigger equal to n subb. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is bigger equal to n subb. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is bigger equal to n subb. So
+you also have that this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have that this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have that this thing here is
+less than epsilon / two. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon / two. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon / two. Right?
+So, so you have that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you have that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you have that this thing here
+when little a is big n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when little a is big n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when little a is big n is bigger than
+this capital n this thing here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital n this thing here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital n this thing here this
+difference is strictly less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is strictly less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is strictly less than epsilon
+that's what we needed to prove in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we needed to prove in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we needed to prove in order
+to prove that this sequence that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that this sequence that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that this sequence that was a
+sum of the two sequences converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two sequences converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two sequences converging to
+the sum of the limits yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the limits yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the limits yeah
+>> um we initially defined like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um we initially defined like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um we initially defined like
+a less than epon what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less than epon what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less than epon what was the
+justification for why we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for why we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for why we could
+If we know that convers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know that convers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know that convers
+>> right so that's right so because a n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right so that's right so because a n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right so that's right so because a n or
+bn because they converge so like say a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn because they converge so like say a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bn because they converge so like say a n
+converts to a right then for all epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to a right then for all epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to a right then for all epsilon
+you gave me the epsilon but and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me the epsilon but and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me the epsilon but and I'm
+using that it's converging not just when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that it's converging not just when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that it's converging not just when
+for that choice of epsilon but also even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that choice of epsilon but also even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that choice of epsilon but also even
+for epsilon over two right that epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for epsilon over two right that epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for epsilon over two right that epsilon
+if you right so you gave me the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you right so you gave me the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you right so you gave me the epsilon
+then I'm using that is converting so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm using that is converting so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm using that is converting so I
+will have to choose probably a n that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to choose probably a n that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to choose probably a n that is
+much larger if I'm using epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger if I'm using epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger if I'm using epsilon over
+two than if I use directly the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two than if I use directly the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two than if I use directly the epsilon
+>> so it assumes that n increases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so it assumes that n increases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so it assumes that n increases like
+epsilon gets smaller where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon gets smaller where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon gets smaller where
+>> as epsilon gets smaller presumably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> as epsilon gets smaller presumably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> as epsilon gets smaller presumably you
+need to choose capital n larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to choose capital n larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to choose capital n larger
+>> okay so you couldn't run into a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay so you couldn't run into a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay so you couldn't run into a case
+where we're assuming like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're assuming like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're assuming like the
+convergence is like smooth as was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is like smooth as was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is like smooth as was like
+oscillating about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating about
+>> right right that's right I mean so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right right that's right I mean so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right right that's right I mean so so
+um right I'm just I'm using that for I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right I'm just I'm using that for I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right I'm just I'm using that for I'm
+basically using that for all epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically using that for all epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically using that for all epsilon
+that it wasn't just for a fixed epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't just for a fixed epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't just for a fixed epsilon
+right and so that's why when you came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's why when you came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's why when you came
+with this epsilon then I'm actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this epsilon then I'm actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this epsilon then I'm actually used
+it for epsilon over two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was the first two property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the first two property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the first two property
+those are the the it's not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the the it's not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the the it's not like the
+other one is super difficult. Uh but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is super difficult. Uh but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is super difficult. Uh but but
+that was but those two are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was but those two are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was but those two are the most
+straightforward. Let's look at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. Let's look at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. Let's look at the other
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+And so right in particular because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so right in particular because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so right in particular because it's
+like a like for the next one there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like for the next one there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like for the next one there's a
+little trick that is useful in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick that is useful in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick that is useful in in
+various different settings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different settings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different settings.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and so so prove but but the next two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so prove but but the next two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so prove but but the next two I
+will just outline. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just outline. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just outline. Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+of three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three.
+So outline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we need to look at a n time bn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to look at a n time bn right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to look at a n time bn right
+that's so cn is is a n * bn and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so cn is is a n * bn and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so cn is is a n * bn and we want
+to compare cn with a * b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare cn with a * b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare cn with a * b
+right we want to show that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to show that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to show that this thing
+here if little n is sufficiently large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if little n is sufficiently large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if little n is sufficiently large
+so given h epsilon if little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given h epsilon if little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given h epsilon if little n is
+sufficiently large then this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large then this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large then this difference
+is bounded by epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by epsilon
+but this thing here is a n bn minus a b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this thing here is a n bn minus a b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this thing here is a n bn minus a b.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+But and so the little trick is now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But and so the little trick is now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But and so the little trick is now that
+in itself it's kind of difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself it's kind of difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself it's kind of difficult to
+compare these two things. But the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two things. But the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two things. But the little
+trick is that if you're looking at A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is that if you're looking at A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is that if you're looking at A and
+B and if you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if you sort of
+by instead of comparing them directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead of comparing them directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead of comparing them directly
+then comparing this with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comparing this with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comparing this with something that
+is halfway between this and that then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is halfway between this and that then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is halfway between this and that then it
+gets a lot easier. So what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a lot easier. So what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a lot easier. So what you do is
+you're looking at A and B and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at A and B and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at A and B and and you
+subtract A and B and then you add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract A and B and then you add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract A and B and then you add it
+immediately again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is certainly the same, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is certainly the same, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is certainly the same, right?
+And now I can write this thing here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can write this thing here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can write this thing here as a
+N. I can just concentrate on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. I can just concentrate on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. I can just concentrate on these two
+first and there I can factor out a in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and there I can factor out a in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and there I can factor out a in.
+So I can write that as this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this thing here I can factor out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this thing here I can factor out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this thing here I can factor out at
+B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? So I can write it like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I can write it like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I can write it like that.
+And now now you see this is like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now now you see this is like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now now you see this is like it
+looks much more promising. This one look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks much more promising. This one look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks much more promising. This one look
+like the problematic one. This one looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problematic one. This one looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problematic one. This one looks
+like no problem at all because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no problem at all because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no problem at all because this is
+just some fixed constant times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some fixed constant times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some fixed constant times this
+difference here. This one looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here. This one looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here. This one looks a little
+bit more problematic because it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more problematic because it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more problematic because it's not a
+fixed constant, right? But we'll deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed constant, right? But we'll deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed constant, right? But we'll deal
+with this in just a second. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in just a second. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in just a second. But the
+first thing I can do is I just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I can do is I just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I can do is I just take the
+absolute value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the absolute value of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now I just take so so then this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I just take so so then this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I just take so so then this here
+is actually the same for a product. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the same for a product. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the same for a product. You
+can just take the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the product of the
+absolute value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value.
+It's the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the next thing is that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is that we're going to
+use the theorem that we proved earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since this sequence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this sequence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this sequence here
+since these numbers here all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these numbers here all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these numbers here all of these
+numbers for all when you take right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for all when you take right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for all when you take right when
+you take the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the set
+um when you're looking at this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're looking at this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're looking at this set
+this set here since this set here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set here since this set here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set here since this set here is
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's bounded because the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's bounded because the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's bounded because the sequence
+was converging right and so we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was converging right and so we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was converging right and so we already
+prove that then the the values the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that then the the values the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that then the the values the set
+of values is a bounded set right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values is a bounded set right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values is a bounded set right so it's
+bounded and so we can assume so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and so we can assume so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and so we can assume so there
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+See, so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh A is the absolute value is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A is the absolute value is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A is the absolute value is bounded by
+the C, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C, right?
+And so now so now I have and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now so now I have and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now so now I have and and um
+Okay. And so now I uh have that uh CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now I uh have that uh CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now I uh have that uh CN
+minus A * B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A * B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A * B.
+This is what I had up there. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what I had up there. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what I had up there. And I'm
+just using that this is now bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using that this is now bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using that this is now bounded by
+just because these thing here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because these thing here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because these thing here are
+bounded by C. I get C B N minus B plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by C. I get C B N minus B plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by C. I get C B N minus B plus B
+over A N minus A. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over A N minus A. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over A N minus A. Right.
+And now you see now it's going to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you see now it's going to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you see now it's going to follow
+like so so so this here was just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so so so this here was just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so so so this here was just some
+observations right and now when you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations right and now when you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations right and now when you come
+to the proof so to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proof so to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proof so to prove
+to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three
+then given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given
+given epsilon greater than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon greater than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon greater than zero.
+Now we want to make sure that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we want to make sure that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we want to make sure that this thing
+here is less than epsilon / two and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than epsilon / two and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than epsilon / two and that
+this thing here is less than epsilon /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is less than epsilon /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is less than epsilon /
+two and so I don't want to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so I don't want to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so I don't want to get in
+trouble if this here was zero or if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if this here was zero or if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if this here was zero or if this
+was zero. So I'm just so given epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero. So I'm just so given epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero. So I'm just so given epsilon
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+a n converts to a then I can um um find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n converts to a then I can um um find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n converts to a then I can um um find
+now I'm basically writing out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm basically writing out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm basically writing out the whole
+proof but a n I can find capital a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but a n I can find capital a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but a n I can find capital a n
+sorry capital n a so that if little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry capital n a so that if little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry capital n a so that if little n is
+bigger than capital n a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than capital n a
+then you have that a n minus A is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have that a n minus A is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have that a n minus A is less
+than I don't quite use that epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I don't quite use that epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I don't quite use that epsilon and
+I don't quite use epsilon over two but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't quite use epsilon over two but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't quite use epsilon over two but I
+take absolute value I multiply it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take absolute value I multiply it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take absolute value I multiply it like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay because I don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I don't want to have
+something where if b was zero then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where if b was zero then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where if b was zero then it
+really didn't make any sense what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't make any sense what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't make any sense what I
+wrote so now there's no problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote so now there's no problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote so now there's no problem it
+definitely makes sense even if b is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely makes sense even if b is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely makes sense even if b is zero
+and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise
+likewise since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise since
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise
+since since BN converts to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since BN converts to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since BN converts to B
+then there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again you you gave me a uh epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you you gave me a uh epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you you gave me a uh epsilon.
+So there exist a np such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little n is bigger than np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than np
+then actually you have that bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually you have that bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually you have that bn
+minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b
+is less than epsilon again over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon again over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon again over two and
+this is not quite what I use because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite what I use because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite what I use because I
+don't want to be in trouble. That's c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be in trouble. That's c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be in trouble. That's c is
+already non- negative because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already non- negative because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already non- negative because it's
+bigger than these absolute value. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than these absolute value. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than these absolute value. So,
+but I'm just adding one for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just adding one for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just adding one for the same
+reason. And so now you see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. And so now you see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. And so now you see that if
+little n so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little n is bigger than the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger than the maximum
+of these two then both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two then both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two then both of these
+inequality hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality hold
+right both of them hold and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right both of them hold and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right both of them hold and so this
+means that you now have that cn minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you now have that cn minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you now have that cn minus a
+* b this thing here so we had it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* b this thing here so we had it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* b this thing here so we had it here
+this is less and C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less and C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less and C.
+And then this difference here was now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this difference here was now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this difference here was now
+assumed to be epsilon over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be epsilon over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be epsilon over 2
+1 + c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + c.
+And likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by
+this number here times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here times
+and then this this thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this thing here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this thing here.
+So epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So epsilon
+over two uh absolute value of b + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two uh absolute value of b + one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two uh absolute value of b + one.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And but now you see that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but now you see that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but now you see that this thing here
+that's c divided by 1 + c that's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's c divided by 1 + c that's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's c divided by 1 + c that's bounded
+by one. Right? So this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one. Right? So this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one. Right? So this thing here is
+bounded by epsilon / two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this thing here same reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this thing here same reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this thing here same reason is that
+this thing here is bounded by epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is bounded by epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is bounded by epsilon
+/2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2.
+And so the whole thing was bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the whole thing was bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the whole thing was bounded by
+epsilon uh when uh when little n was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon uh when uh when little n was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon uh when uh when little n was
+bigger than the maximum of these two. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the maximum of these two. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the maximum of these two. So
+this in the end I I wrote out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the end I I wrote out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the end I I wrote out the whole
+proof, right? Um in the I already posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof, right? Um in the I already posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof, right? Um in the I already posted
+the lecture notes. In the lecture notes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture notes. In the lecture notes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture notes. In the lecture notes,
+I didn't write out the whole proof, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write out the whole proof, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write out the whole proof, but
+I gave the idea. So I sort of stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave the idea. So I sort of stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave the idea. So I sort of stopped
+once we were here and somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we were here and somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we were here and somewhere here
+after this one somewhere anyway. But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this one somewhere anyway. But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this one somewhere anyway. But you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+right so the next thing I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the next thing I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the next thing I want to talk
+about is that if you no no I still need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that if you no no I still need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that if you no no I still need
+uh property four and that's also useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property four and that's also useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property four and that's also useful
+sorry so let let's go through that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so let let's go through that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so let let's go through that and
+then then we'll come to subsequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I want to prove that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to prove that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to prove that if you take a
+sequence of real numbers none of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers none of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers none of them is
+zero they converge and the limit is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they converge and the limit is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they converge and the limit is not
+zero then one over the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then one over the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then one over the sequence is
+another convergence sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But but again just the main takeaway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but again just the main takeaway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but again just the main takeaway the
+main takeaway I think from property this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main takeaway I think from property this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main takeaway I think from property this
+third property was that this little idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property was that this little idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property was that this little idea
+about inserting something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inserting something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inserting something that was
+halfway between the two things you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway between the two things you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway between the two things you were
+comparing because they weren't very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing because they weren't very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing because they weren't very easy
+to compare directly and that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare directly and that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare directly and that's like a
+little trick that is useful in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick that is useful in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick that is useful in various
+places it comes up almost the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it comes up almost the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it comes up almost the same thing
+one place it comes up is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place it comes up is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place it comes up is what's called
+lightness rule that if you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness rule that if you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness rule that if you take two
+functions and you take the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you take the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you take the product of
+these two functions and you try to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two functions and you try to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two functions and you try to prove
+that what is the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is the derivative of the
+product. It's exactly the same trick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. It's exactly the same trick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. It's exactly the same trick and
+it comes up various other you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up various other you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up various other you know more
+fancy ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy ways.
+Okay. So now let's look at let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's look at let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's look at let's prove
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four.
+So property form group of property form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have this. So CN is 1 / a n and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this. So CN is 1 / a n and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this. So CN is 1 / a n and we
+know that a n are not equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a n are not equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a n are not equal to zero and
+we know that a is not equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that a is not equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that a is not equal to zero.
+This here makes sense and and also 1 / a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here makes sense and and also 1 / a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here makes sense and and also 1 / a
+makes sense. So we want to compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. So we want to compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. So we want to compare this
+here with one away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so this thing here is 1 / a n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this thing here is 1 / a n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this thing here is 1 / a n minus
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now I can put it on a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can put it on a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I can put it on a common
+denominator. So this is a - a n / a n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So this is a - a n / a n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So this is a - a n / a n *
+a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.
+So like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like that
+can write it like this. Right? Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it like this. Right? Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it like this. Right? Now
+already the denominator looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the denominator looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the denominator looks very
+promising because we know that this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising because we know that this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising because we know that this goes
+to zero. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. Right?
+And and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and now
+but now I need to bound says so need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I need to bound says so need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I need to bound says so need to
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+uh right. So need to bound we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right. So need to bound we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right. So need to bound we need to
+bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+So we we want to bound this here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we we want to bound this here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we we want to bound this here right
+by epsilon when little n is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon when little n is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon when little n is sufficiently
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+the top the nominator here looks great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top the nominator here looks great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top the nominator here looks great
+the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator
+maybe we're a little bit worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're a little bit worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're a little bit worried about
+but the thing is that so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that so we need to
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a n times a this here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n times a this here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n times a this here from
+from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below
+Well, we want to bound it from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we want to bound it from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we want to bound it from below
+because then when you're looking at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then when you're looking at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then when you're looking at one
+over it, then that's an upper bound,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it, then that's an upper bound,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it, then that's an upper bound,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And really because a here is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And really because a here is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And really because a here is just a
+fixed number that is not zero, then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number that is not zero, then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number that is not zero, then it's
+equivalent to proving. So it's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to proving. So it's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to proving. So it's this is
+this this is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norm of a n from below.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remember we we don't need to bound it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember we we don't need to bound it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember we we don't need to bound it
+from below for all a n but we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below for all a n but we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below for all a n but we need to
+bound it from below for a for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it from below for a for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it from below for a for n
+sufficiently large right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large right
+and so now you you make the trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you you make the trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you you make the trivial
+observation so that a n you can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that a n you can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that a n you can write a
+n as a n minus a plus a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as a n minus a plus a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as a n minus a plus a right
+and so therefore uh therefore the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore uh therefore the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore uh therefore the norm
+of a n is bounded by the norm of a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n is bounded by the norm of a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n is bounded by the norm of a n
+minus a plus the norm of a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, this was not the this was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, this was not the this was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, this was not the this was not
+this was uh this was not how I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was uh this was not how I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was uh this was not how I want to
+write it. I'm going to write it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it. I'm going to write it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it. I'm going to write it slightly
+differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently.
+I'm going to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write a
+I'm going to do the symmetric syn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the symmetric syn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the symmetric syn thing
+but I'm I'm doing it so I'm writing a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm doing it so I'm writing a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm doing it so I'm writing a n
+as a min so I'm writing a as a minus a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a min so I'm writing a as a minus a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a min so I'm writing a as a minus a n
+plus a n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then then if I do that then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then if I do that then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then if I do that then I can
+just take the absolute value of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the absolute value of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the absolute value of a is
+bounded by the absolute value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the absolute value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the absolute value of this
+difference plus the absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference plus the absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference plus the absolute value of a
+in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right
+and now I can move this here over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can move this here over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can move this here over on the
+other side. So this here implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. So this here implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. So this here implies
+that norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that norm of a
+minus the norm of a minus a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the norm of a minus a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the norm of a minus a n
+is lesser equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal
+to this here. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now you see that this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you see that this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you see that this thing here is
+so so now we're going to use that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we're going to use that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we're going to use that uh
+this here was not equal to zero. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here was not equal to zero. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here was not equal to zero. So this
+here is bounded away from zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is bounded away from zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is bounded away from zero.
+And so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we can
+we can take say a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take say a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take say a here
+uh over two. So we can use this here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over two. So we can use this here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over two. So we can use this here. We
+can use a norm of a over two. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a norm of a over two. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a norm of a over two. This is a
+positive number because a was not zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number because a was not zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number because a was not zero.
+And we can use this in the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can use this in the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can use this in the definition of
+that a n. So use this. So, so use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+a converts to a right. So this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a converts to a right. So this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a converts to a right. So this means
+that if you are this means that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are this means that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are this means that there
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a capital n let's call a capital n1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital n let's call a capital n1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital n let's call a capital n1.
+It's not the final n that we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the final n that we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the final n that we want to use
+but there exist a capital n1. So that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there exist a capital n1. So that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there exist a capital n1. So that if
+little n is bigger than this capital n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is bigger than this capital n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is bigger than this capital n1
+then actually we have that a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually we have that a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually we have that a n
+a minus a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus a n
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+this thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+But now you see that this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that this means that
+when you're looking at when you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at when you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at when you go up
+here and you're looking at when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're looking at when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're looking at when you go
+up to that line be before. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that line be before. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that line be before. So this is
+the line from before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry this here minus this here. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry this here minus this here. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry this here minus this here. This
+and this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this.
+When you're looking at this line here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're looking at this line here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're looking at this line here,
+well, this thing here, this here is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, this thing here, this here is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, this thing here, this here is at
+most half of this. So, this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most half of this. So, this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most half of this. So, this thing here
+is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than
+this thing here over two, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here over two, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here over two, right?
+And so, now you see that we have bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, now you see that we have bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, now you see that we have bounded
+these guys from below, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys from below, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys from below, right?
+And so now we go back up to So now we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we go back up to So now we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we go back up to So now we go
+back up to we're looking at C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to we're looking at C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to we're looking at C minus
+sorry we're looking at CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're looking at CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're looking at CN
+- 1 / A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 / A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 / A.
+This is this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is this
+up here. I'm just I'm just uh I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here. I'm just I'm just uh I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here. I'm just I'm just uh I'm just
+transferring that equation down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring that equation down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring that equation down to this
+board here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here.
+So this here is a n a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is a n a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is a n a minus
+a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n
+divided by and I can just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by and I can just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by and I can just take the
+absolute value separately of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value separately of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value separately of the
+denominator and the denominator a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and the denominator a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and the denominator a n
+* a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so now you see that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so now you see that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so now you see that this thing
+here as long as so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as so when
+n here little n is bigger than n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here little n is bigger than n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here little n is bigger than n1
+but then we have that this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have that this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have that this thing here is
+at the very least the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very least the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very least the absolute value of
+uh a over two. So this means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a over two. So this means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a over two. So this means that this
+thing here we can now bound from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here we can now bound from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here we can now bound from from
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+like this. This is as long as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. This is as long as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. This is as long as you have
+this inequality here and this thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality here and this thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality here and this thing this
+is just a norm of a this give another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a norm of a this give another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a norm of a this give another
+norm of a over two so the two jumps up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a over two so the two jumps up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a over two so the two jumps up
+so it's like this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see that
+now you see that this egg is just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that this egg is just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that this egg is just like a
+constant Right? So this means that I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Right? So this means that I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Right? So this means that I may
+have to go even further out than N1. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go even further out than N1. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go even further out than N1. But
+if I go even further out, then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go even further out, then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go even further out, then I can
+make this in here smaller than the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this in here smaller than the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this in here smaller than the given
+epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So this was like the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this was like the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this was like the outline
+if you will, but that's not at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will, but that's not at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will, but that's not at this
+point there's not very much to fill in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's not very much to fill in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's not very much to fill in.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+Okay. So now I want to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I want to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I want to talk about uh
+subsequences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then I want to then I want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to then I want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to then I want to prove
+a little theorem about subsequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a sequence
+and uh and so I have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then a subsequence. So I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a subsequence. So I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a subsequence. So I'll give you
+first some examples and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first some examples and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first some examples and then I will
+explain uh then I will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain uh then I will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain uh then I will give you the
+proper definition of what a uh what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper definition of what a uh what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper definition of what a uh what a
+subsequence is. So I start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence is. So I start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence is. So I start with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this sequence from before. So this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence from before. So this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence from before. So this was a
+sequence where a1 was minus1 a2 was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence where a1 was minus1 a2 was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence where a1 was minus1 a2 was one
+a3 was minus1. it was alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3 was minus1. it was alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3 was minus1. it was alternating
+between minus one and one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so in this case here, in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in this case here, in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in this case here, in this case
+here, if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, if you take
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh this sequence, let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sequence, let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sequence, let's call it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's call it B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it B
+uh let's call it um let's use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it um let's use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it um let's use a
+different index. Let's call it B K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different index. Let's call it B K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different index. Let's call it B K.
+This is right. So k here play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is right. So k here play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is right. So k here play the same
+role as n before but I want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as n before but I want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as n before but I want to use a
+different symbol to not somehow confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbol to not somehow confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbol to not somehow confuse
+with the n over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the n over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the n over here.
+So if I take so I could take a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take so I could take a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take so I could take a sequence
+that was like one all the time. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like one all the time. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like one all the time. This
+here for all K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This here would be a subsequence. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here would be a subsequence. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here would be a subsequence. This
+would correspond to that you took all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to that you took all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to that you took all
+the the even ones, right? That you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the even ones, right? That you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the even ones, right? That you you
+just take all the even ones, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take all the even ones, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take all the even ones, right? So
+this is like a sub.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a sub.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a sub.
+You could also have another example. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also have another example. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also have another example. So
+this is example one. See another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is example one. See another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is example one. See another example
+is where you took all the odd ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this here is is also a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is is also a subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is is also a subsequence
+and you could do something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could do something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could do something more
+elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate
+where you take say first you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take say first you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take say first you take the
+first two odd and then you take the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two odd and then you take the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two odd and then you take the next
+two even. So you could have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two even. So you could have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two even. So you could have a sequence
+that was like B1 is equal to minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like B1 is equal to minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like B1 is equal to minus1
+B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+is equal to minus1 B3. Now it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus1 B3. Now it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus1 B3. Now it becomes
+the next two even ones and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next two even ones and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next two even ones and then you go
+back to the next two odd ones etc. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the next two odd ones etc. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the next two odd ones etc. Okay,
+that would be another u subsequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, let me look at a few more examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for instance, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for instance, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for instance, if
+your sequence, your original sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequence, your original sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequence, your original sequence,
+so here's another example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example.
+If your original sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If your original sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If your original sequence
+was just that a n was equal to n, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just that a n was equal to n, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just that a n was equal to n, right?
+Then you could take a sequence. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you could take a sequence. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you could take a sequence. So then
+the sequence where you just take the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence where you just take the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence where you just take the odd
+numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This here is a subsequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And likewise if you take all the just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise if you take all the just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise if you take all the just
+the even numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even numbers
+this is also a a sequence a subsequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a a sequence a subsequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a a sequence a subsequence.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um but if you're looking at if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but if you're looking at if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but if you're looking at if you look
+at say something like this where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say something like this where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say something like this where you're
+taking so if you define a sequence where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking so if you define a sequence where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking so if you define a sequence where
+it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh one one two even like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This here is not a subsequence. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here is not a subsequence. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here is not a subsequence. This is
+not a subsequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because you have what you have done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you have what you have done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you have what you have done here
+is that you have taken the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have taken the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have taken the same number
+several times and it doesn't appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times and it doesn't appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times and it doesn't appear
+several times. The value doesn't appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times. The value doesn't appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times. The value doesn't appear
+several times in the original one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in the original one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in the original one. So
+that's not allowed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed.
+It's also not allowed to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also not allowed to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also not allowed to do something
+like this. This here is also not a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. This here is also not a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. This here is also not a so
+not a subsequence. Another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a subsequence. Another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a subsequence. Another thing that's
+not a subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a subsequent
+when you take things out of order. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take things out of order. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take things out of order. So if
+you do if this here was the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do if this here was the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do if this here was the original
+sequence, if you're now looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, if you're now looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, if you're now looking at a
+sequence that was three, two, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that was three, two, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that was three, two, and then
+four, five. This here is etc. This here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, five. This here is etc. This here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, five. This here is etc. This here
+is not a a subsequence either because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a a subsequence either because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a a subsequence either because
+things are taken out of order. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are taken out of order. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are taken out of order. Okay.
+So now what is the formal definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what is the formal definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what is the formal definition of
+a subsequence?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's the formal definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's so if so you have a sequence a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's so if so you have a sequence a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's so if so you have a sequence a n
+a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n
+is where you have a map uh g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have a map uh g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have a map uh g
+from n into n. This is a increasing map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n into n. This is a increasing map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n into n. This is a increasing map.
+This is strictly increasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then if you're thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you're thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you're thinking about this
+thing here, right? You think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here, right? You think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here, right? You think about this
+as a function f,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function f,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function f,
+then you now could think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you now could think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you now could think about the
+composition of these two functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of these two functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of these two functions.
+So this thing here and maybe I would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing here and maybe I would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing here and maybe I would use
+a different notation like this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different notation like this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different notation like this a
+different uh index like this. This thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh index like this. This thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh index like this. This thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BK this here is a subsequence right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK this here is a subsequence right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK this here is a subsequence right. So
+you see that this here right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this here right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this here right when you
+pick if you have a sequence like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick if you have a sequence like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick if you have a sequence like this
+you know the first one could be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first one could be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first one could be anything
+in the original one but once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original one but once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original one but once you have
+fixed the first one you can't look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the first one you can't look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the first one you can't look back
+or you can't go to this you have to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't go to this you have to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't go to this you have to the
+next element have to be somewhat further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next element have to be somewhat further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next element have to be somewhat further
+out in the sequence okay and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the sequence okay and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the sequence okay and and and
+that sort of continue right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of continue right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of continue right
+and this here is often just to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is often just to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is often just to indicate
+that it's a subsequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a subsequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a subsequence of this
+sequence. Then the standard notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Then the standard notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Then the standard notation is
+a n and then another subscript.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n and then another subscript.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n and then another subscript.
+Okay. So anyway, so of course hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So anyway, so of course hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So anyway, so of course hopefully
+there's not too many subsequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not too many subsequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not too many subsequences of
+sequences because each time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences because each time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences because each time it's
+supposed to be another subscript.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be another subscript.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be another subscript.
+Okay. Now there's a little theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there's a little theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there's a little theorem that
+we can just prove here at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just prove here at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just prove here at the end and
+that is that if you and and it's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that if you and and it's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that if you and and it's yeah
+it's sometimes it's a it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes it's a it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes it's a it's a very simple
+fact but it is sometimes a useful fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but it is sometimes a useful fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but it is sometimes a useful fact
+and that is that if you take a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that if you take a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that if you take a sequence
+so a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um that's so so uh a sequence a n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's so so uh a sequence a n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's so so uh a sequence a n is
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all subsequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a n
+uh converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now to prove this there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now to prove this there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now to prove this there's two
+two things we need to prove right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things we need to prove right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things we need to prove right
+because it's a if and only if statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a if and only if statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a if and only if statement.
+So we need to prove that if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to prove that if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to prove that if it is
+convergent then all subsequence are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent then all subsequence are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent then all subsequence are also
+convergent and then we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and then we need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and then we need to prove
+that if all subsequence are convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if all subsequence are convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if all subsequence are convergent
+then the original sequence is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the original sequence is convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the original sequence is convergent
+but one of the two implication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the two implication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the two implication is
+trivial. So one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is that namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since
+right so the the the map remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the the map remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the the map remember that
+the map to define a subsequence has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map to define a subsequence has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map to define a subsequence has to
+be strictly increasing, right? So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be strictly increasing, right? So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be strictly increasing, right? So that
+so remember that a sequence was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that a sequence was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that a sequence was
+a function like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function like this.
+That was a sequence, right? And a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was a sequence, right? And a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was a sequence, right? And a
+subsequence there you have another map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence there you have another map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence there you have another map
+that is strictly increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is strictly increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is strictly increasing
+and then you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're looking at the
+composition. But if you take this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition. But if you take this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition. But if you take this other
+map to be the identity, right? that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to be the identity, right? that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to be the identity, right? that that
+the other map is like g of k is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other map is like g of k is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other map is like g of k is equal to
+k of of course this is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of of course this is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of of course this is strictly
+increasing right and if you did if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right and if you did if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right and if you did if you
+if this hair map was the identity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this hair map was the identity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this hair map was the identity then
+the subsequence would just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence would just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence would just be the
+original sequence right so so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence right so so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence right so so one of the
+two implication here is trivial since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two implication here is trivial since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two implication here is trivial since
+a n itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+admittedly trivial still but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly trivial still but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly trivial still but it is a
+subsequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so if all subsequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so if all subsequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so if all subsequences
+converge to a well then the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a well then the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a well then the original
+sequence since it is a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence since it is a subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence since it is a subsequence
+suddenly will converge right? So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly will converge right? So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly will converge right? So that
+was trivial. Okay. Okay, so we not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trivial. Okay. Okay, so we not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trivial. Okay. Okay, so we not just
+need to prove that if a end converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove that if a end converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove that if a end converts to
+a then any subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then any subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then any subsequence
+but this is not much more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not much more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not much more difficult
+uh because you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you see
+if you so given an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now given epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now given epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now given epsilon
+given so now so now we have so we we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given so now so now we have so we we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given so now so now we have so we we now
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a n converts to a and we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a n converts to a and we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a n converts to a and we're looking
+at a subsequence a n and k and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a subsequence a n and k and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a subsequence a n and k and we want
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a and k also converts to a right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a and k also converts to a right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a and k also converts to a right so
+given epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon
+given epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon greater than zero
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um capital n
+so that if little n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if little n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if little n is bigger than
+capital n then a n minus a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then a n minus a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then a n minus a is less than
+epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+But now you see that if k is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that if k is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that if k is bigger than
+capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n
+then then what correspond to this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what correspond to this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what correspond to this here
+is the right this is this here how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right this is this here how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right this is this here how to
+think about it this here n k you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this here n k you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this here n k you should
+really think about that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about that this thing here
+is the value of this strictly increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of this strictly increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of this strictly increasing
+function right but this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right but this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right but this thing here is
+because it's really increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really increasing
+is bigger than K. Right? So you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than K. Right? So you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than K. Right? So you see that
+if this thing here is bigger than this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing here is bigger than this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing here is bigger than this,
+then means that this index here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then means that this index here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then means that this index here is
+further out than in particular the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out than in particular the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out than in particular the the
+the capital N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital N.
+And so this means that if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means that if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means that if you have this
+here, then a N k this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then a N k this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then a N k this is some
+element like this but it's further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element like this but it's further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element like this but it's further out
+than capital N. So this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital N. So this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital N. So this thing here
+surely will also be less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely will also be less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely will also be less than epsilon
+because it's fall in under here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fall in under here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fall in under here.
+Okay. So that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh implication wasn't too much harder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh implication wasn't too much harder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh implication wasn't too much harder.
+And that's sometimes useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's sometimes useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's sometimes useful
+that so so like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so like if
+um yeah it's sometimes useful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's sometimes useful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's sometimes useful that
+you're looking at a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a sequence
+and um and you see that if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and you see that if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and you see that if it is
+convergent that you you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent that you you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent that you you're looking at
+you're looking at a sequence and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a sequence and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a sequence and you see
+that there's a subsequence that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a subsequence that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a subsequence that is not
+convergent or you have that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent or you have that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent or you have that there's two
+different subsequence of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsequence of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsequence of a given
+sequence that converts to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that converts to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that converts to different
+limits. then then the original sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. then then the original sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. then then the original sequence
+wasn't convergent either. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't convergent either. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't convergent either. Yeah.
+>> Can you not have like a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you not have like a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you not have like a finite
+subsequence of subsequence that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of subsequence that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of subsequence that like
+doesn't get to end so hasn't arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get to end so hasn't arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get to end so hasn't arrived at
+the point of convergence?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of convergence?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of convergence?
+Um I mean so convergence is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean so convergence is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean so convergence is always
+something about the tail about the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the tail about the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the tail about the end
+right it's it it never care about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it it never care about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it it never care about what
+happened in the beginning right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the beginning right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the beginning right so there
+might be finally many ends initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be finally many ends initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be finally many ends initially
+where you know things are crazy but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know things are crazy but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know things are crazy but then
+from there on out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there on out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there on out
+>> subsequences that we care about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> subsequences that we care about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> subsequences that we care about in this
+case are those subsequences that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case are those subsequences that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case are those subsequences that also
+>> yeah yeah so all sequences including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah yeah so all sequences including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah yeah so all sequences including
+subsequences are infinite things, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences are infinite things, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences are infinite things, right?
+Yeah. So like that's right. So because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So like that's right. So because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So like that's right. So because
+the thing is that that you had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that that you had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that that you had to have
+this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map
+uh maybe I erased it but G here has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I erased it but G here has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I erased it but G here has to
+be a map from all the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a map from all the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a map from all the natural numbers
+into N. So it means that for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into N. So it means that for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into N. So it means that for each
+element here you get something right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here you get something right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here you get something right. So
+there's really infinitely many of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really infinitely many of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really infinitely many of them.
+Yeah.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q2qjnLO3I_M.txt b/Q2qjnLO3I_M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e3aeb2f09640827bf9f44bdc3c28f8c971fca08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q2qjnLO3I_M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so today what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so today what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so today what I want to do
+is to continue where we were last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to continue where we were last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to continue where we were last time
+with option pricing as I promised you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with option pricing as I promised you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with option pricing as I promised you
+last time uh having gone through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh having gone through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh having gone through the
+history of option pricing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of option pricing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of option pricing and the
+special role that MIT played today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special role that MIT played today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special role that MIT played today I
+actually want to do some option pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do some option pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do some option pricing
+I want to show you a simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a simple but
+extraordinarily powerful model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily powerful model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily powerful model for
+actually coming up with a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming up with a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming up with a theoretical
+pricing formula for options and frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula for options and frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula for options and frankly
+all derivative Securities so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all derivative Securities so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all derivative Securities so we're going
+to actually do that in the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do that in the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do that in the space of
+about a half an hour and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a half an hour and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a half an hour and then we're
+going to conclude and I want to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to conclude and I want to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to conclude and I want to turn
+then to the next lecture which is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the next lecture which is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the next lecture which is on
+risk and return I want to now after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and return I want to now after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and return I want to now after we
+finish option pricing take on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish option pricing take on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish option pricing take on the
+challenge of trying to understand risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of trying to understand risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of trying to understand risk
+in a much more concrete way than we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more concrete way than we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more concrete way than we've
+done up until now okay so let's turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done up until now okay so let's turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done up until now okay so let's turn to
+uh lecture 10 and 11 and I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture 10 and 11 and I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture 10 and 11 and I'd like you to
+take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+um slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+16 okay this this will be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 okay this this will be uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 okay this this will be uh the
+first uh the first model of option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh the first model of option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh the first model of option
+pricing that any of you have ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that any of you have ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that any of you have ever seen
+you've all heard of black shells we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard of black shells we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard of black shells we
+talked a bit about it last time frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about it last time frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about it last time frankly
+this is a simpler version of option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simpler version of option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simpler version of option
+pricing that ultimately can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that ultimately can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that ultimately can actually be
+used to derive the black sches formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to derive the black sches formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to derive the black sches formula
+as well uh but the reason I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well uh but the reason I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well uh but the reason I love this
+model is because it is so simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is because it is so simple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is because it is so simple that
+with only basic high school algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only basic high school algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only basic high school algebra
+you can actually work out all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually work out all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually work out all of the
+analytics so all of you already have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics so all of you already have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics so all of you already have the
+math that it takes to implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that it takes to implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that it takes to implement this
+formula and even to derive the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and even to derive the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and even to derive the formula
+uh but the underlying economics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the underlying economics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the underlying economics is
+extraordinarily deep and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily deep and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily deep and so it's a
+wonderful way of sort of getting a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful way of sort of getting a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful way of sort of getting a a
+handle on how these very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on how these very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on how these very complex
+formulas work so here's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas work so here's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas work so here's what we're going
+to do we're going to simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to simplify the
+problem uh in the following way uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh in the following way uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh in the following way uh we're
+going to use uh the framework by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uh the framework by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uh the framework by the way
+is called the binomial option pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the binomial option pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the binomial option pricing
+model that was derived by our very own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was derived by our very own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was derived by our very own
+John Cox uh Steve Ross and Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Cox uh Steve Ross and Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Cox uh Steve Ross and Mark
+Rubenstein of UC Berkeley and although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubenstein of UC Berkeley and although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubenstein of UC Berkeley and although
+this is a simpler uh version of option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simpler uh version of option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simpler uh version of option
+pricing than black and schules it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing than black and schules it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing than black and schules it turns
+out that on the street this is used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that on the street this is used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that on the street this is used uh
+much more commonly than the black shes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more commonly than the black shes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more commonly than the black shes
+formula so let me show how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so let me show how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so let me show how it works
+we're going to start with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with a very simple
+framework of one period option price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of one period option price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of one period option price
+pricing meaning we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing meaning we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing meaning we're going to focus on
+a stock uh that survives for two periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock uh that survives for two periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock uh that survives for two periods
+this period And The Next Period and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period And The Next Period and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period And The Next Period and then
+we're going to consider the pricing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the pricing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the pricing of
+an option on that stock uh that expires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option on that stock uh that expires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option on that stock uh that expires
+Next Period we're going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next Period we're going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next Period we're going to figure out
+what the price is this period Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price is this period Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price is this period Okay so
+we've got a stock XYZ and let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a stock XYZ and let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a stock XYZ and let's suppose
+that the current stock price is s0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the current stock price is s0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the current stock price is s0 and
+let's suppose that we have a a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that we have a a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that we have a a call
+option on this stock with a strike PR of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on this stock with a strike PR of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on this stock with a strike PR of
+K and where the option expires tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and where the option expires tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and where the option expires tomorrow
+okay and so tomorrow's value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so tomorrow's value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so tomorrow's value of the
+option is simply equal to C1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is simply equal to C1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is simply equal to C1 which is
+the maximum of tomorrow's stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of tomorrow's stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of tomorrow's stock price
+minus the strike or zero the bigger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the strike or zero the bigger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the strike or zero the bigger of
+those two right that's the payoff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two right that's the payoff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two right that's the payoff for
+the call option and the question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option and the question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option and the question that we
+want to attack is what is the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to attack is what is the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to attack is what is the options
+price today in other words what is c0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price today in other words what is c0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price today in other words what is c0 so
+we draw a timeline as I've told you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a timeline as I've told you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a timeline as I've told you for
+every one of these problems draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these problems draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these problems draw a
+timeline just so that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline just so that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline just so that there's no
+confusion so tomorrow the stock price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion so tomorrow the stock price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion so tomorrow the stock price is
+going to be worth S1 and the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth S1 and the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth S1 and the option
+price is just equal to C1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is just equal to C1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is just equal to C1 which is the
+payoff since it expires tomorrow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff since it expires tomorrow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff since it expires tomorrow and the
+payoff is just the maximum of S1 minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff is just the maximum of S1 minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff is just the maximum of S1 minus K
+and zero and the object of uh our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and the object of uh our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and the object of uh our uh
+focus is to try to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is to try to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is to try to figure out what the
+value of the option is today and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the option is today and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the option is today and so I'm
+going to argue that if we can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue that if we can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue that if we can figure out
+what it is today based upon this then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today based upon this then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today based upon this then we
+can actually generalize it in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually generalize it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually generalize it in a very
+natural way to figure out what the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to figure out what the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to figure out what the price
+is for any number of periods in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for any number of periods in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for any number of periods in the
+future all right so how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future all right so how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future all right so how do we do that
+well we first have to make an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we first have to make an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we first have to make an assumption
+about how the stock price behaves right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the stock price behaves right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the stock price behaves right
+as I mentioned last time we need to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time we need to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time we need to say
+something about the Dynamics of stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the Dynamics of stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the Dynamics of stock
+prices and remember that bashier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and remember that bashier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and remember that bashier that
+French mathematician that came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French mathematician that came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French mathematician that came up with a
+rudimentary version of an option pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary version of an option pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary version of an option pricing
+formula in 1900 uh he developed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in 1900 uh he developed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in 1900 uh he developed the
+mathematics for brownie in motion or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for brownie in motion or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for brownie in motion or a
+random walk for the particular stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk for the particular stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk for the particular stock
+price so you have to assume something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so you have to assume something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so you have to assume something
+about how the stock price moves so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the stock price moves so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the stock price moves so what
+we're going to do in a simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in a simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in a simplified
+version is to assume that the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is to assume that the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is to assume that the stock
+price tomorrow is a coin flip it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price tomorrow is a coin flip it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price tomorrow is a coin flip it's a
+beri trial uh that that's the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trial uh that that's the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trial uh that that's the technical
+term so it either goes up or down and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so it either goes up or down and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so it either goes up or down and if
+it goes up it goes up by a gross amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up it goes up by a gross amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up it goes up by a gross amount
+U so the value of the stock tomorrow S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so the value of the stock tomorrow S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so the value of the stock tomorrow S1
+is going to be equal to U multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to U multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to U multiplied by
+S Sub Z so if it goes up by 10% tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Sub Z so if it goes up by 10% tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Sub Z so if it goes up by 10% tomorrow
+then U is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U is equal to
+1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1
+right or it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down by a factor of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by a factor of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by a factor of D
+tomorrow and so if it goes down by 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and so if it goes down by 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and so if it goes down by 10%
+then D is 0.9 right so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D is 0.9 right so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D is 0.9 right so we're going to
+Simply assert that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply assert that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply assert that this is the
+statistical behavior of stock prices now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical behavior of stock prices now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical behavior of stock prices now
+granted this is a very very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted this is a very very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted this is a very very strong
+simplification but bear with me after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification but bear with me after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification but bear with me after I
+derive this simple version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this simple version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this simple version of the
+pricing formula I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula I'm going to show you
+how to make it much much more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make it much much more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make it much much more complex
+and the additional complexity will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional complexity will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional complexity will be
+really simple to achieve once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple to achieve once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple to achieve once we
+understand this uh very basic version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this uh very basic version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this uh very basic version
+now the probability of going up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the probability of going up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the probability of going up or down
+is not 50/50 doesn't have to be 50/50 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not 50/50 doesn't have to be 50/50 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not 50/50 doesn't have to be 50/50 so
+I'm going to assert that it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assert that it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assert that it's equal to
+some probability of p and one minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability of p and one minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability of p and one minus P
+right so it either goes up by P or goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it either goes up by P or goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it either goes up by P or goes
+down with probability one minus p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with probability one minus p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with probability one minus p and
+the amount that it goes up or down is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that it goes up or down is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that it goes up or down is
+given by U and d and I'm going to assert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by U and d and I'm going to assert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by U and d and I'm going to assert
+that U is greater than D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U is greater than D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U is greater than D
+question so U and D are not the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so U and D are not the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so U and D are not the changes
+but you're just assuming that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just assuming that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just assuming that in your
+cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you
+was uh sorry that there I mean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sorry that there I mean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sorry that there I mean it's not
+necessary that always U is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that always U is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that always U is greater than
+D or here you're assuming that yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D or here you're assuming that yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D or here you're assuming that yeah I'm
+I'm I'm assuming as a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm assuming as a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm assuming as a matter of
+normalization that U is greater than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that U is greater than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that U is greater than d
+right it doesn't matter I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't matter I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't matter I mean you know
+one thing has to be bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing has to be bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing has to be bigger than the
+other right so I just may as well assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so I just may as well assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so I just may as well assume
+that U is greater than D Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question U and D don't have to add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question U and D don't have to add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question U and D don't have to add up to
+anything that's right p and one minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's right p and one minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's right p and one minus P
+always add up to one right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always add up to one right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always add up to one right so for
+example if this is a growth stock that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if this is a growth stock that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if this is a growth stock that's
+really doing well then you may be 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing well then you may be 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing well then you may be 1.1
+10% and D may be um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and D may be um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and D may be um you know
+99 so in other words when it goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 so in other words when it goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 so in other words when it goes down
+it goes down by 1% when it goes up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down by 1% when it goes up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down by 1% when it goes up it
+goes up by 10% so on average when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by 10% so on average when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by 10% so on average when you
+multiply by P1 minus P depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by P1 minus P depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by P1 minus P depending on what
+they are you can get a stock that's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you can get a stock that's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you can get a stock that's got
+a positive drift all right if on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive drift all right if on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive drift all right if on the
+other hand you've got a stock that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you've got a stock that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you've got a stock that's
+declining in value then it may end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining in value then it may end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining in value then it may end up
+that D is much smaller than U and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is much smaller than U and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is much smaller than U and 1
+minus p is bigger than P which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p is bigger than P which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p is bigger than P which means
+that you're more likely to be going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're more likely to be going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're more likely to be going down
+than you are going up okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are going up okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are going up okay so it's
+pretty General yep igger than one and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty General yep igger than one and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty General yep igger than one and D
+lower than one or you could see two it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than one or you could see two it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than one or you could see two it
+doesn't have to be but typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be but typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be but typically you
+would think that you know in the upstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think that you know in the upstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think that you know in the upstate
+it's going to be bigger than one and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be bigger than one and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be bigger than one and in
+the down state it'll be less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down state it'll be less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down state it'll be less than one
+but it doesn't have to be okay what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have to be okay what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have to be okay what I'm
+going to normalize it to be is U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to normalize it to be is U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to normalize it to be is U is
+greater than D and later on we may make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than D and later on we may make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than D and later on we may make
+some other economic assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other economic assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other economic assumptions that
+I'll come to that will tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come to that will tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come to that will tell you a little
+bit more about what un and D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about what un and D are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about what un and D are
+okay all right now if it's true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now if it's true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now if it's true that the
+stock price can only take on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price can only take on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price can only take on two
+values tomorrow then it stands to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values tomorrow then it stands to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values tomorrow then it stands to reason
+that the option can only take on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the option can only take on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the option can only take on two
+values tomorrow right and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values tomorrow right and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values tomorrow right and those are the
+two values it's going to be CU and CD CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values it's going to be CU and CD CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values it's going to be CU and CD CU
+is where the stock price goes up to U *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the stock price goes up to U *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the stock price goes up to U *
+s 0 therefore the option is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 therefore the option is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 therefore the option is going to be
+worth U s0 minus K comma 0 maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth U s0 minus K comma 0 maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth U s0 minus K comma 0 maximum of
+those two and similarly if it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and similarly if it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and similarly if it turns out
+that uh the stock price goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the stock price goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the stock price goes down
+tomorrow then the option is worth this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow then the option is worth this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow then the option is worth this
+tomorrow right two values for the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow right two values for the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow right two values for the stock
+tomorrow implies two values for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow implies two values for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow implies two values for the
+option tomorrow okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option tomorrow okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option tomorrow okay any questions about
+that okay so having said that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so having said that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so having said that that we
+can now proceed to ask the question all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now proceed to ask the question all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now proceed to ask the question all
+right given this simple framework what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right given this simple framework what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right given this simple framework what
+should the option price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the option price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the option price
+today depend on it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today depend on it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today depend on it's going to be a
+function of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bunch of
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+so what should it depend upon well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should it depend upon well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should it depend upon well the
+parameters that are given are these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that are given are these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that are given are these the
+stock price today the strike price un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price today the strike price un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price today the strike price un
+p and the interest rate between today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the interest rate between today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the interest rate between today
+and tomorrow right those are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tomorrow right those are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tomorrow right those are the only
+parameters that we have right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we have right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we have right these are
+it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is
+everything it's going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it's going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it's going to turn
+out that with the simple framework that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that with the simple framework that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that with the simple framework that
+I've put down we will be able to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put down we will be able to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put down we will be able to derive
+a closed form analytical expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed form analytical expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed form analytical expression for
+what the option price has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the option price has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the option price has to be
+today c0 I'm going to do that for you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today c0 I'm going to do that for you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today c0 I'm going to do that for you in
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+minute but it's going to turn out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but it's going to turn out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but it's going to turn out that
+that option pricing formula that F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that option pricing formula that F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that option pricing formula that F of
+stuff is going to depend on all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is going to depend on all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is going to depend on all of these
+parameters except for one one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters except for one one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters except for one one of these
+parameters is going to drop out in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is going to drop out in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is going to drop out in other
+words one of these parameters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words one of these parameters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words one of these parameters is
+redundant and anybody want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant and anybody want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant and anybody want to take a
+guess as to what that parameter might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to what that parameter might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to what that parameter might be
+what parameter do you think might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parameter do you think might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parameter do you think might not
+matter for pricing an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for pricing an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for pricing an option
+yeah Terry the interest rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Terry the interest rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Terry the interest rate the
+interest rate well um that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate well um that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate well um that's a good
+guess uh but that's it's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh but that's it's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh but that's it's not the case
+it's a GU that's what that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a GU that's what that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a GU that's what that's the that's
+what I would have guessed because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would have guessed because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would have guessed because that
+seems to be the thing that should matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the thing that should matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the thing that should matter
+the least given how important all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least given how important all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least given how important all of
+these other parameters are anybody want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other parameters are anybody want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other parameters are anybody want
+to take another guess yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take another guess yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take another guess yeah
+Ken today's stock price that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken today's stock price that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken today's stock price that's another
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+guess although that's not correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess although that's not correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess although that's not correct
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+in both the case of the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the case of the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the case of the interest rate
+and today's stock price you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today's stock price you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today's stock price you could ask
+the question suppose the stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question suppose the stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question suppose the stock price
+were at $1,000 versus $10 that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at $1,000 versus $10 that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at $1,000 versus $10 that would
+matter wouldn't it and or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter wouldn't it and or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter wouldn't it and or if the
+interest rate were at 20% versus 1% that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate were at 20% versus 1% that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate were at 20% versus 1% that
+should matter shouldn't it and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should matter shouldn't it and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should matter shouldn't it and it does
+in fact if you look at every single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you look at every single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you look at every single one
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+parameters none of them looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters none of them looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters none of them looks like
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+unnecessary uh it all it looks like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary uh it all it looks like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary uh it all it looks like all
+of them are required yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+John well the strike price Remains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John well the strike price Remains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John well the strike price Remains the
+Same but the thing is that the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same but the thing is that the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same but the thing is that the question
+is whether or not the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether or not the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether or not the value of the
+option depends on the strike price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option depends on the strike price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option depends on the strike price and
+if the if the option is for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the option is for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the option is for example in
+the money or out of the money you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money or out of the money you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money or out of the money you would
+expect that that would make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that that would make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that that would make a big
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+right right in in fact let let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right in in fact let let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right in in fact let let me tell
+you that there there is no good answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there there is no good answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there there is no good answer
+to this because all of these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this because all of these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this because all of these parameters
+look like they belong but I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they belong but I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they belong but I want to tell
+you that one of them will not one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that one of them will not one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that one of them will not one of
+them will not be in here and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will not be in here and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will not be in here and uh this is
+going to be a major source of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a major source of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a major source of both
+confusion uh and illumination for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion uh and illumination for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion uh and illumination for what
+really depends on uh what option pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on uh what option pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on uh what option pricing
+really depends on all right so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on all right so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on all right so let me
+just show you how we're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you how we're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you how we're going to do this
+all right let me let me illustrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me let me illustrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me let me illustrate to
+you the method and we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the method and we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the method and we're going to do
+this in the exact same way that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the exact same way that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the exact same way that we've
+priced virtually everything uh Under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priced virtually everything uh Under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priced virtually everything uh Under the
+Sun we're going to use an arbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun we're going to use an arbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun we're going to use an arbit
+argument I'm going to construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I'm going to construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I'm going to construct a
+portfolio that will have the identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that will have the identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that will have the identical
+payoff to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff to the
+option and therefore if the portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and therefore if the portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and therefore if the portfolio
+has the exact same cash flows as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the exact same cash flows as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the exact same cash flows as the
+option then the cost of constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option then the cost of constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option then the cost of constructing
+that portfolio has to be the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portfolio has to be the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portfolio has to be the price of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+option moreover if it's not you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option moreover if it's not you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option moreover if it's not you're going
+to be very happy because that will mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very happy because that will mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very happy because that will mean
+that there is an Arbitrage opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an Arbitrage opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an Arbitrage opportunity
+that is the there's money to be made all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the there's money to be made all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the there's money to be made all
+right if this Theory fails then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this Theory fails then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this Theory fails then you're
+going to be able to get rich uh beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to get rich uh beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to get rich uh beyond
+your wildest dreams so we're hoping for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wildest dreams so we're hoping for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wildest dreams so we're hoping for
+a a violation of this all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a violation of this all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a violation of this all right so let's
+see how we do that um I want you to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we do that um I want you to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we do that um I want you to now
+forget about the option for a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the option for a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the option for a moment and
+I want you to imagine that at Time Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to imagine that at Time Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to imagine that at Time Zero
+we construct a portfolio consisting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we construct a portfolio consisting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we construct a portfolio consisting of
+stocks and riskless bonds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and riskless bonds okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and riskless bonds okay
+in particular Delta shares of stocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular Delta shares of stocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular Delta shares of stocks and
+B dollars of riskless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B dollars of riskless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B dollars of riskless
+bonds riskless in terms of default all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds riskless in terms of default all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds riskless in terms of default all
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+uh the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the total
+cost of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of this
+portfolio today Time Zero is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio today Time Zero is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio today Time Zero is simply
+equal to the price per share times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the price per share times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the price per share times the
+number of shares of stock so that's s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shares of stock so that's s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shares of stock so that's s0
+time Delta plus the value of the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Delta plus the value of the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Delta plus the value of the bonds
+that I'm buying the market value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm buying the market value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm buying the market value of the
+bonds that I'm buying today or selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that I'm buying today or selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that I'm buying today or selling
+so B could be a positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B could be a positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B could be a positive or negative
+number Delta could be a positive or A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Delta could be a positive or A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Delta could be a positive or A
+negative number all right and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number all right and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number all right and that's my
+cost today Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost today Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost today Time
+Zero now I want to look at the payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero now I want to look at the payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero now I want to look at the payoff
+tomorrow for this portfolio so V1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow for this portfolio so V1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow for this portfolio so V1 is the
+pay off of the portfolio that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off of the portfolio that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off of the portfolio that's what
+it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth
+tomorrow and V1 is going to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and V1 is going to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and V1 is going to be given
+by the value of the stocks and the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the value of the stocks and the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the value of the stocks and the value
+of the bonds now the stocks are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bonds now the stocks are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bonds now the stocks are going to
+be there two possibilities either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there two possibilities either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there two possibilities either the
+stock goes up or the stock Goes Down And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock goes up or the stock Goes Down And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock goes up or the stock Goes Down And
+if it goes up it'll be worth U S Sub Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes up it'll be worth U S Sub Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes up it'll be worth U S Sub Z
+time Delta and if it goes down it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Delta and if it goes down it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Delta and if it goes down it'll be
+worth the S Sub Z time Delta right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the S Sub Z time Delta right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the S Sub Z time Delta right I
+don't know whether it'll go up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it'll go up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it'll go up or down
+but whatever it does this is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever it does this is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever it does this is the value
+tomorrow now what about my bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow now what about my bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow now what about my bond
+portfolio well I I bought B bonds and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio well I I bought B bonds and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio well I I bought B bonds and r
+now is the gross rate of return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the gross rate of return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the gross rate of return the
+gross interest rate so it's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross interest rate so it's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross interest rate so it's a number
+like 1.03 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1.03 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1.03 or
+1.05 and the reason that I'm switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.05 and the reason that I'm switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.05 and the reason that I'm switching
+notation is I'm following the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is I'm following the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is I'm following the notation
+used originally by Cox Ross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used originally by Cox Ross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used originally by Cox Ross and
+Rubenstein so I apologize for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubenstein so I apologize for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubenstein so I apologize for the the
+kind of uh cognitive dissonance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh cognitive dissonance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh cognitive dissonance that
+this may generate but this R the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may generate but this R the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may generate but this R the way
+that Cox Ross and Rubenstein wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cox Ross and Rubenstein wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cox Ross and Rubenstein wrote it
+was meant to be a gross rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to be a gross rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to be a gross rate of return
+so you'll never see a one plus r because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll never see a one plus r because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll never see a one plus r because
+this in their framework because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in their framework because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in their framework because this
+already contains the one all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already contains the one all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already contains the one all right so
+just keep that in the back of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep that in the back of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep that in the back of your mind
+and make a note of that R is the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a note of that R is the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a note of that R is the gross
+interest rate it's one plus the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it's one plus the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it's one plus the net
+interest rate so it's a number like 1.03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so it's a number like 1.03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so it's a number like 1.03
+for a 3% uh rate of return okay actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 3% uh rate of return okay actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 3% uh rate of return okay actually
+nowadays it should be more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it should be more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it should be more like
+1.01 uh for short-term interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.01 uh for short-term interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.01 uh for short-term interest rates
+okay or less all right now you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or less all right now you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or less all right now you'll notice
+that whether or not stocks go up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether or not stocks go up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether or not stocks go up or down
+has no impact on your riskless borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no impact on your riskless borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no impact on your riskless borrowing
+you're going to get R * B no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get R * B no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get R * B no matter what
+or you're going to owe R * B if B was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're going to owe R * B if B was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're going to owe R * B if B was a
+negative number right in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number right in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number right in both cases
+because it's riskless it has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's riskless it has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's riskless it has nothing to
+do with whether or not stocks go up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with whether or not stocks go up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with whether or not stocks go up or
+down okay now here's what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay now here's what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay now here's what I want you to
+do I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want you to
+select a specific amount of stocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a specific amount of stocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a specific amount of stocks and
+bonds at date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds at date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds at date
+Zero in order to make two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero in order to make two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero in order to make two things
+true I want you to select Delta and B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I want you to select Delta and B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I want you to select Delta and B so
+as to satisfy these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to satisfy these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to satisfy these two
+equations I want you to pick Delta and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I want you to pick Delta and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I want you to pick Delta and B
+so that in the upstate you get CU and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in the upstate you get CU and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in the upstate you get CU and in
+the down state you get CD Now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down state you get CD Now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down state you get CD Now what are
+CU and CD remember what they are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU and CD remember what they are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU and CD remember what they are they're
+the value of the call option in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the call option in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the call option in the
+upstate and the down state and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstate and the down state and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstate and the down state and you know
+that in advance you know what those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in advance you know what those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in advance you know what those two
+possibilities are you don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are you don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are you don't know which
+one's going to occur but you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to occur but you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to occur but you know that
+if it if the upstate occurs it'll be CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if the upstate occurs it'll be CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if the upstate occurs it'll be CU
+and if the down state occurs it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the down state occurs it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the down state occurs it'll be
+CD okay so I want you to find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay so I want you to find two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay so I want you to find two
+numbers Delta and B that make those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Delta and B that make those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Delta and B that make those two
+equations true can you always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations true can you always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations true can you always do
+that how do you know you can always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay can you always find a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay can you always find a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay can you always find a Delta
+and a b to make those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b to make those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b to make those two
+relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah
+equation ah you have two linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ah you have two linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ah you have two linear
+equations in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two
+unknowns and from basic high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and from basic high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and from basic high school
+algebra you know that unless those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you know that unless those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you know that unless those two
+linear equations are multiples of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations are multiples of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations are multiples of each
+other you can always find one exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can always find one exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can always find one exactly
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+solution that satisfies those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that satisfies those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that satisfies those two
+equations in two unknowns right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two unknowns right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two unknowns right it's
+kind of a handy feature about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a handy feature about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a handy feature about linear
+equations okay so as long as these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so as long as these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay so as long as these two
+equations are said to be linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are said to be linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are said to be linearly
+independent that's a fancy way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that's a fancy way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that's a fancy way of saying
+that they're actually two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're actually two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're actually two different
+equations they're not multiples of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they're not multiples of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they're not multiples of each
+other as long as these two equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as long as these two equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as long as these two equations are
+not multiples of each other you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not multiples of each other you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not multiples of each other you can
+always find two numbers Delta and B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find two numbers Delta and B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find two numbers Delta and B to
+make that true okay and and here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that true okay and and here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that true okay and and here they
+are those are the two numbers Delta star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are the two numbers Delta star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are the two numbers Delta star
+and B Star I've solved the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B Star I've solved the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B Star I've solved the equation for
+you not that you couldn't do it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not that you couldn't do it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not that you couldn't do it on your
+own but you know it's uh for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but you know it's uh for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but you know it's uh for convenience
+there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it
+is so let me tell you what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let me tell you what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let me tell you what we've done
+we've put together a portfolio of stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put together a portfolio of stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put together a portfolio of stocks
+and bonds at date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bonds at date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bonds at date
+Zero such that at time one the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero such that at time one the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero such that at time one the value of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+portfolio is always equal to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is always equal to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is always equal to the value
+of the call option no matter what state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the call option no matter what state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the call option no matter what state
+of the world actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world actually
+occurs well by the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs well by the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs well by the principle of
+Arbitrage what this tells us is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage what this tells us is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage what this tells us is that the
+cost of putting together this portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of putting together this portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of putting together this portfolio
+that replicates the call options cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that replicates the call options cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that replicates the call options cash
+flows the value of that portfolio at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows the value of that portfolio at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows the value of that portfolio at
+date Zero must equal the price of a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero must equal the price of a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero must equal the price of a call
+option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're
+done the Sol solution of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the Sol solution of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the Sol solution of what is the
+call option price at date Zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call option price at date Zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call option price at date Zero it's
+given by this formula right here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this formula right here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this formula right here there
+it is a closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a closed form
+solution now before we beat up on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now before we beat up on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now before we beat up on it and
+say gee you know there's only two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee you know there's only two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee you know there's only two two
+possibilities life is more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities life is more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities life is more complicated
+than that there all sorts it's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that there all sorts it's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that there all sorts it's only one
+period let's not let's not beat up on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period let's not let's not beat up on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period let's not let's not beat up on it
+just yet let's take a look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yet let's take a look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yet let's take a look to see
+whether or not this makes sense and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this makes sense and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this makes sense and uh
+and whether we agree and understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether we agree and understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether we agree and understand that
+if in fact the assumptions are true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact the assumptions are true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact the assumptions are true then
+this is indeed the price of an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the price of an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the price of an option
+okay because this is a pretty remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is a pretty remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is a pretty remarkable
+formula it's a remarkable formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's a remarkable formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's a remarkable formula for
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+Simplicity and for the fact that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity and for the fact that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity and for the fact that uh we
+actually have been able to derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have been able to derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have been able to derive it
+explicitly now the other amazing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly now the other amazing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly now the other amazing thing
+is that there's a missing parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a missing parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a missing parameter here
+now you see what the missing parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see what the missing parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see what the missing parameter
+is what this formula doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this formula doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this formula doesn't depend on
+on is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the
+probability of the thing going up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the thing going up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the thing going up or
+down now that's astonishing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now that's astonishing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now that's astonishing it's
+astonishing because what it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing because what it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing because what it says is that
+you and I we can disagree on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I we can disagree on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I we can disagree on whether
+General Electric is going to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric is going to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric is going to go up
+tomorrow or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow or down
+tomorrow and yet we still are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and yet we still are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and yet we still are going to
+agree on what the value of a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on what the value of a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on what the value of a general
+electric call option is tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric call option is tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric call option is tomorrow
+that's a remarkable fact and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a remarkable fact and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a remarkable fact and it has to
+do with a very deep deep phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a very deep deep phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a very deep deep phenomenon
+going on in option pricing which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in option pricing which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in option pricing which is that
+option pricing is all about pricing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing is all about pricing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing is all about pricing the
+relative magnitude of the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitude of the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitude of the security
+relative to the stock price and once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the stock price and once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the stock price and once we
+understand the basic features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic features of the
+stock price like whether or not it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price like whether or not it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price like whether or not it can
+go up or down by U or D then that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up or down by U or D then that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up or down by U or D then that's more
+important than the actual probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the actual probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the actual probabilities
+of U and D so this expression and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U and D so this expression and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U and D so this expression and when
+you fill in for CU and CD you can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill in for CU and CD you can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill in for CU and CD you can plug
+in for that maximum of you know U s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for that maximum of you know U s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for that maximum of you know U s0
+minus K comma 0 you'll see that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K comma 0 you'll see that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K comma 0 you'll see that there's
+no p in there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no p in there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no p in there as well
+okay so any any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any any questions about this
+yeah good when you just say said that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good when you just say said that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good when you just say said that uh
+we could disagree on what the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could disagree on what the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could disagree on what the interest
+will go up or down was yeah on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up or down was yeah on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up or down was yeah on the
+probability of going up or down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going up or down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going up or down right
+and what if we disagree on on the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if we disagree on on the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if we disagree on on the actual
+number then then we will disagree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then then we will disagree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then then we will disagree on the
+option price so we have to agree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option price so we have to agree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option price so we have to agree on the
+U and the D but if we oh sorry the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the D but if we oh sorry the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the D but if we oh sorry the yeah
+the U and the D is that we will disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U and the D is that we will disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U and the D is that we will disagree
+in the option price or that that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the option price or that that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the option price or that that's why
+this Market is possible because someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Market is possible because someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Market is possible because someone
+will think it will go happen no no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think it will go happen no no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think it will go happen no no it's
+not it's not the not the reason that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not the not the reason that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not the not the reason that the
+the market will be possible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market will be possible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market will be possible the
+possibility of the market actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of the market actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of the market actually does
+depend on whether or not there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on whether or not there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on whether or not there's a
+demand for this particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for this particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for this particular kind of
+payoff but that doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff but that doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff but that doesn't necessarily
+hinge on the U or the D in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge on the U or the D in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge on the U or the D in other words
+we can agree on the U and the D but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can agree on the U and the D but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can agree on the U and the D but it
+turns out that you think that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you think that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you think that that the
+price is going to go up therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to go up therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to go up therefore you
+want to have that kind of a call option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have that kind of a call option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have that kind of a call option
+bet I think the price is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I think the price is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I think the price is going to go
+down so I'm happy to sell it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I'm happy to sell it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I'm happy to sell it to you
+because I think I'm going to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I'm going to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I'm going to get a good
+deal on it so we we disagree on the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal on it so we we disagree on the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal on it so we we disagree on the P
+you think that there's a high P I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that there's a high P I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that there's a high P I think
+it's a low P that's what drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a low P that's what drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a low P that's what drives the
+market and the beauty of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the beauty of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the beauty of this particular
+setup is that it tells you that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is that it tells you that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is that it tells you that you can
+actually agree on a price but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree on a price but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree on a price but you have
+very different reasons for engaging in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different reasons for engaging in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different reasons for engaging in a
+transaction and then you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and then you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and then you will have
+markets uh for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh for this particular
+security Now I want to go through a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Now I want to go through a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Now I want to go through a look
+at this formula and try to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this formula and try to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this formula and try to understand it
+okay first of all we see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all we see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all we see that this
+formula is a weighted average of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a weighted average of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a weighted average of of the
+value of the call option in the upstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the call option in the upstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the call option in the upstate
+and the down state it's a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the down state it's a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the down state it's a weighted
+average right and this part inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right and this part inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right and this part inside the
+bracket you can think of as a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket you can think of as a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket you can think of as a weighted
+average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the
+outcome but then you discount it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome but then you discount it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome but then you discount it back to
+the zeroth period using the one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth period using the one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth period using the one period
+interest rate and again remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and again remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and again remember this is
+not meant to be a perpetuity kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meant to be a perpetuity kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meant to be a perpetuity kind of a
+expression uh this R is a gross interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh this R is a gross interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh this R is a gross interest
+rate so it it it is equivalent to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so it it it is equivalent to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so it it it is equivalent to our
+old one over one plus r where we the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old one over one plus r where we the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old one over one plus r where we the the
+r that we use is the uh uh the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r that we use is the uh uh the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r that we use is the uh uh the net
+interest rate here because of the Cox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate here because of the Cox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate here because of the Cox
+Ross and Rubenstein notation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross and Rubenstein notation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross and Rubenstein notation this is
+meant to be the gross interest rate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be the gross interest rate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be the gross interest rate okay
+so this looks like a present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like a present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like a present
+value because whatever is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because whatever is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because whatever is inside the
+bracket you can think of as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket you can think of as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket you can think of as some
+weighted average of the value at date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the value at date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the value at date
+one and then this brings it back to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this brings it back to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this brings it back to date
+Zero right but now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero right but now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero right but now let's look at the
+weighted average the weights R minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average the weights R minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average the weights R minus D
+and U minus D those it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U minus D those it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U minus D those it turns out that
+this plus this adds up to one so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus this adds up to one so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus this adds up to one so indeed
+it is a weighted average right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a weighted average right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a weighted average right when you
+multiply by you know Theta and one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by you know Theta and one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by you know Theta and one minus
+Theta the weights add up to one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the weights add up to one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the weights add up to one you're
+basically taking a weight at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a weight at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a weight at
+average but but I want to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but but I want to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but but I want to argue that
+it's more than just a simple weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just a simple weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just a simple weighted
+average I want to argue that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I want to argue that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I want to argue that these
+weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are
+always non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always non-
+negative so in fact this looks like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so in fact this looks like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so in fact this looks like not
+just a weighted average this looks an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a weighted average this looks an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a weighted average this looks an
+awful lot like a kind of a expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot like a kind of a expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot like a kind of a expected
+value like a probability weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like a probability weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like a probability weighted
+average this looks like a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average this looks like a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average this looks like a probability
+it's not a probability but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a probability but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a probability but I want to
+argue that this number is always non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this number is always non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this number is always non-
+negative and they add up to one so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and they add up to one so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and they add up to one so when
+you've got two numbers that are non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two numbers that are non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two numbers that are non-
+negative and they add up to one you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and they add up to one you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and they add up to one you can
+interpret them as a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them as a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them as a probability
+right now what's the argument for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's the argument for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's the argument for why
+this number is always going to be non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is always going to be non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is always going to be non-
+negative the condition that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the condition that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the condition that's
+required for these numbers to be non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for these numbers to be non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for these numbers to be non-
+negative is that the interest rate R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is that the interest rate R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is that the interest rate R the
+risk-free rate is strictly contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate is strictly contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate is strictly contained in
+between U and D so you've got U here D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and D so you've got U here D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and D so you've got U here D
+here R has to be in the middle and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R has to be in the middle and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R has to be in the middle and when
+when that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's the
+case then you've got these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then you've got these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then you've got these things
+looking like probabilities now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like probabilities now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like probabilities now the
+question is is that a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that a reasonable
+assumption is it reasonable to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is it reasonable to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is it reasonable to assume
+that D is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is less than
+R is less than U Can anybody give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is less than U Can anybody give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is less than U Can anybody give me
+some intuition for why that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition for why that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition for why that makes
+economic sense is nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sense is nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sense is nothing to do with
+mathematics the mathematics couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics the mathematics couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics the mathematics couldn't
+care less as to whether or not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care less as to whether or not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care less as to whether or not that
+inequality held right well if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality held right well if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality held right well if the
+downside was less than uh the the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside was less than uh the the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside was less than uh the the rate
+then you just automatically buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just automatically buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just automatically buy the
+security right and if the upside was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security right and if the upside was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security right and if the upside was
+less than the risk-free rate then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the risk-free rate then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the risk-free rate then you
+just go into the risk-free bills right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go into the risk-free bills right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go into the risk-free bills right
+that's a that's exactly right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's exactly right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's exactly right that's a
+very important economic Insight let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important economic Insight let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important economic Insight let me
+go through that slowly so Brian you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that slowly so Brian you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that slowly so Brian you said
+when if R is less than the downside then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if R is less than the downside then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if R is less than the downside then
+what happens in that case then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in that case then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in that case then you'd
+want to buy the the stock the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy the the stock the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy the the stock the security
+if if the stock in its worst possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the stock in its worst possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the stock in its worst possible
+state offers more than t- bills why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state offers more than t- bills why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state offers more than t- bills why
+would you ever want to buy t- bills in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you ever want to buy t- bills in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you ever want to buy t- bills in
+fact you wouldn't and if that were true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you wouldn't and if that were true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you wouldn't and if that were true
+then what would happen to the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what would happen to the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what would happen to the price of
+t-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bills the price of t-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills the price of t-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills the price of t-
+bills it would go to zero right nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills it would go to zero right nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills it would go to zero right nobody
+would hold it and therefore the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hold it and therefore the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hold it and therefore the value of
+it would go to zero it would not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go to zero it would not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go to zero it would not exist
+any longer so if we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer so if we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer so if we're going to assume
+that there exists riskless borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists riskless borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists riskless borrowing
+that can't be true we can't have R over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be true we can't have R over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be true we can't have R over
+here all right now what what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right now what what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right now what what about the
+other side Brian what happens if R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side Brian what happens if R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side Brian what happens if R is
+over here what did you say uh then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here what did you say uh then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here what did you say uh then you
+want to go into the risk free right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into the risk free right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into the risk free right you
+would never hold a stock because even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never hold a stock because even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never hold a stock because even in
+the best possible world uh for the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible world uh for the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible world uh for the stock
+you would not be able to get as good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not be able to get as good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not be able to get as good a
+return as T bills in which case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return as T bills in which case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return as T bills in which case the
+value of the stock would go to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the stock would go to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the stock would go to zero and
+therefore there there be no more stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there there be no more stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there there be no more stocks
+in the economy the only situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy the only situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy the only situation where
+you can have stocks and t- bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have stocks and t- bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have stocks and t- bills
+coexisting in this simple world the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting in this simple world the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting in this simple world the only
+case where that's true is if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where that's true is if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where that's true is if this
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+held that's the economics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held that's the economics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held that's the economics of this
+pricing formula it's nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula it's nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula it's nothing to do with
+math it's the economics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math it's the economics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math it's the economics and the
+economics tells you that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics tells you that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics tells you that these things
+have to be non- negative that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be non- negative that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be non- negative that's good
+because that suggests that the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that suggests that the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that suggests that the price of
+the call option at date Zero can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option at date Zero can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option at date Zero can never
+be negative right because these guys CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative right because these guys CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative right because these guys CU
+and CD are non- negative and 1 / R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CD are non- negative and 1 / R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CD are non- negative and 1 / R is
+non- negative so if it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative so if it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative so if it turns out that
+the weights can never be negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights can never be negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights can never be negative then
+you know that you've got something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you've got something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you've got something that
+really is a pricing formula you're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a pricing formula you're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a pricing formula you're never
+going to punch in some numbers and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to punch in some numbers and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to punch in some numbers and get
+out a formula that says this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a formula that says this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a formula that says this thing is
+worth minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth minus
+two but more importantly it suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but more importantly it suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but more importantly it suggests
+that there is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a probability
+interpretation but the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation but the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation but the probability is
+not the mathematical probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the mathematical probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the mathematical probability that
+matters it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters it is
+the economic probability and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic probability and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic probability and there is a
+term for this particular probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this particular probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this particular probability
+this is known as the risk neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as the risk neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as the risk neutral
+probabilities of the particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the particular uh
+economy that we've created and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that we've created and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that we've created and it turns
+out that these probabilities can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that these probabilities can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that these probabilities can be used
+to price not just options but anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price not just options but anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price not just options but anything
+under the Sun so there's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the Sun so there's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the Sun so there's a very very
+important uh property a very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh property a very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh property a very deep
+property that we can't go into here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we can't go into here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we can't go into here but
+you'll cover in 15437
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll cover in 15437
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll cover in 15437
+about these so-called risk neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these so-called risk neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these so-called risk neutral
+probabilities okay but now we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay but now we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay but now we've got a
+formula here this is a Bonafide pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here this is a Bonafide pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here this is a Bonafide pricing
+formula and the beauty of it is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the beauty of it is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the beauty of it is that if
+it if it is violated if it is violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it is violated if it is violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it is violated if it is violated
+but the assumptions are correct then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the assumptions are correct then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the assumptions are correct then
+there is a way to create a money machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to create a money machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to create a money machine
+an Arbitrage right either by buying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Arbitrage right either by buying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Arbitrage right either by buying the
+cheap stuff and shorting the expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap stuff and shorting the expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap stuff and shorting the expensive
+uh or vice versa in the case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or vice versa in the case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or vice versa in the case where the
+signs are flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs are flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs are flipped
+okay so here's the argument suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the argument suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the argument suppose that
+c is greater than V then here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is greater than V then here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is greater than V then here's the
+Arbitrage suppose it's less and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage suppose it's less and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage suppose it's less and then you
+basically construct the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically construct the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically construct the opposite
+Arbitrage therefore the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage therefore the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage therefore the cost of the
+option has to be equal to the value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option has to be equal to the value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option has to be equal to the value that
+we computed yeah Swami one is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed yeah Swami one is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed yeah Swami one is is this
+function considered a convex function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function considered a convex function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function considered a convex function
+and all the properties of convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the properties of convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the properties of convex
+functions because well I mean uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions because well I mean uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions because well I mean uh you
+know you tell me it's a convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you tell me it's a convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you tell me it's a convex
+combination of these two things so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two things so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two things so in
+that sense and they that's right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense and they that's right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense and they that's right exactly
+yeah and um I'm just not trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and um I'm just not trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and um I'm just not trying to be
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+what or who was mentioning yeah the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what or who was mentioning yeah the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what or who was mentioning yeah the U
+and D are determined by the market or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D are determined by the market or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D are determined by the market or by
+the individuals who are doing the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals who are doing the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals who are doing the no
+that's a modeling assumption so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a modeling assumption so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a modeling assumption so in
+advance we agree what un and D are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance we agree what un and D are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance we agree what un and D are now
+in a minute I'm going to start relaxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I'm going to start relaxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I'm going to start relaxing
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+assumptions but before we do that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but before we do that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but before we do that I want
+to make sure we all agree on what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we all agree on what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we all agree on what this
+says yeah I mean so the key is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yeah I mean so the key is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yeah I mean so the key is missing
+as you said but isn't that the in isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you said but isn't that the in isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you said but isn't that the in isn't
+that embedded in CU and CD because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embedded in CU and CD because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embedded in CU and CD because you
+rely on a market price for CU and CD no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on a market price for CU and CD no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on a market price for CU and CD no
+there is no market price for CU and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no market price for CU and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no market price for CU and
+CD let's go back and take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD let's go back and take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD let's go back and take a look at what
+CU and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CDR that's not a market price this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR that's not a market price this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR that's not a market price this is
+not a market price CU is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a market price CU is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a market price CU is basically the
+outcome of of U * s0 minus K and CD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of of U * s0 minus K and CD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of of U * s0 minus K and CD is
+the outcome of D s0 minus k0 that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of D s0 minus k0 that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of D s0 minus k0 that's not
+a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market
+price we have to agree in advance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we have to agree in advance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we have to agree in advance on
+what the possible outcomes are but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the possible outcomes are but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the possible outcomes are but once
+we agree on those outcomes everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree on those outcomes everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree on those outcomes everything
+follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from
+that there's no market price here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no market price here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no market price here the
+only market price is s0o that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only market price is s0o that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only market price is s0o that is the
+market price that is determined today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price that is determined today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price that is determined today
+but fortunately that market price we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately that market price we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately that market price we
+observe we can see it now there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we can see it now there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we can see it now there is a
+link between the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the market
+price un and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price un and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price un and
+D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and
+P right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P right
+because if the stock price today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the stock price today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the stock price today is
+worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+$20 and tomorrow we say that there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 and tomorrow we say that there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 and tomorrow we say that there're
+two possibilities either it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities either it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities either it's
+$30 or $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30 or $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30 or $10
+then that tells you that P sort of has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that tells you that P sort of has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that tells you that P sort of has
+to be somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere around
+0.5 we may disagree I may think it's 055
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 we may disagree I may think it's 055
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 we may disagree I may think it's 055
+you may think it's 045 whatever but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think it's 045 whatever but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think it's 045 whatever but when
+we aggregate all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aggregate all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aggregate all of our
+expectations we come up with $20 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we come up with $20 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we come up with $20 for the
+stock today okay so it's all related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock today okay so it's all related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock today okay so it's all related
+it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in
+there but we don't need to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we don't need to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we don't need to make an
+assumption explicitly for what p is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption explicitly for what p is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption explicitly for what p is that
+is the power of this kind of option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power of this kind of option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power of this kind of option
+pricing approach Anan earlier but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing approach Anan earlier but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing approach Anan earlier but um
+that the reason you get mark it here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason you get mark it here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason you get mark it here is
+we agree on everything except that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree on everything except that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree on everything except that I
+think there's a higher go up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a higher go up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a higher go up and you
+think it'll go down and so be exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll go down and so be exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll go down and so be exchange
+right what if we fundamentally don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if we fundamentally don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if we fundamentally don't
+agree on oh then then we have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on oh then then we have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on oh then then we have a problem
+we need to assume a particular UND D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to assume a particular UND D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to assume a particular UND D
+that we can agree on but so let me turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can agree on but so let me turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can agree on but so let me turn
+to that now let me let me turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that now let me let me turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that now let me let me turn to the
+extension of this so what I've derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of this so what I've derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of this so what I've derived
+is a one period pricing model right very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one period pricing model right very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one period pricing model right very
+very simple it turns out that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple it turns out that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple it turns out that you can do
+a multi-period pricing model and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-period pricing model and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-period pricing model and this
+multi- period generalization is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi- period generalization is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi- period generalization is given by
+this what is that multiperiod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is that multiperiod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is that multiperiod
+generalization basically you have oh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization basically you have oh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization basically you have oh let
+me see if I have the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if I have the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if I have the diagram
+here the multiperiod generalization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the multiperiod generalization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the multiperiod generalization is
+simply that you now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that you now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that you now have
+have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibilities and you are figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and you are figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and you are figuring out
+what the price of the option is at date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price of the option is at date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price of the option is at date
+Zero when it pays off at date Capital uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero when it pays off at date Capital uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero when it pays off at date Capital uh
+n or lowercase n in this case end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or lowercase n in this case end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or lowercase n in this case end
+periods okay and you can use exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods okay and you can use exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods okay and you can use exactly the
+same Arbitrage argument that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Arbitrage argument that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Arbitrage argument that I just
+showed you but it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you but it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you but it's a little bit more
+complicated now because you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated now because you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated now because you've got
+multiple branches but it's still at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple branches but it's still at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple branches but it's still at
+every step of the way a binomial or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step of the way a binomial or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step of the way a binomial or or a
+beri trial and so in a multi- period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trial and so in a multi- period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trial and so in a multi- period
+setting you get a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you get a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you get a binomial
+tree now the reason that this is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now the reason that this is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now the reason that this is such a
+powerful extension is that nowhere have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful extension is that nowhere have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful extension is that nowhere have
+I specified what a period is I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specified what a period is I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specified what a period is I've just
+said it's a period today versus tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a period today versus tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a period today versus tomorrow
+but it could be today versus 3 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be today versus 3 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be today versus 3 minutes
+from now or three fto seconds from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now or three fto seconds from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now or three fto seconds from now
+or 3 years from now I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3 years from now I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3 years from now I haven't
+specified so if you say We can't agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified so if you say We can't agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified so if you say We can't agree
+on a u and a d fine let's not agree on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a u and a d fine let's not agree on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a u and a d fine let's not agree on a
+u and a d let's agree that between now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and a d let's agree that between now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and a d let's agree that between now
+and 5 minutes from now there are 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 5 minutes from now there are 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 5 minutes from now there are 256
+possible outcomes for the stock price do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes for the stock price do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes for the stock price do
+you agree on that you think we can agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree on that you think we can agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree on that you think we can agree
+on that is that something that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that is that something that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that is that something that's easy to
+agree on well if that's the case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on well if that's the case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on well if that's the case then
+all I need to do is to have enough steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is to have enough steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is to have enough steps
+between now and five minutes from now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and five minutes from now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and five minutes from now to
+have 256 possibilities and by the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 256 possibilities and by the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 256 possibilities and by the way I
+chose that number specifically as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose that number specifically as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose that number specifically as a
+power of two because with these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two because with these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two because with these kinds of
+branches it's actually very easy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches it's actually very easy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches it's actually very easy to be
+able to get that kind of a tree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get that kind of a tree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get that kind of a tree with
+that many branches so now you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many branches so now you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many branches so now you see that
+the U and the d That's not relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U and the d That's not relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U and the d That's not relevant
+because we can make it as small as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can make it as small as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can make it as small as you
+would like if you would like to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like if you would like to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like if you would like to have it
+really really fine I can get it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fine I can get it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fine I can get it down to
+you know double Precision 32 decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know double Precision 32 decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know double Precision 32 decimal
+places by basically taking one period to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places by basically taking one period to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places by basically taking one period to
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+millisecond and this binomial option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond and this binomial option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond and this binomial option
+pricing for formula will apply exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing for formula will apply exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing for formula will apply exactly
+in the same way it turns out that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way it turns out that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way it turns out that when
+you let the number of periods go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the number of periods go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the number of periods go to
+infinity and at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and at the same time you
+control the U and the D and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the U and the D and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the U and the D and make them
+smaller and smaller and smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller and
+smaller so as to be able to get a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so as to be able to get a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so as to be able to get a tree
+that is reasonably realistic you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is reasonably realistic you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is reasonably realistic you know
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+get you get the black schs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get the black schs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get the black schs
+formula the pricing formula that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the pricing formula that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the pricing formula that you get
+is a solution to this parabolic partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution to this parabolic partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution to this parabolic partial
+differential equation with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with the following
+boundary conditions and so using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and so using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and so using the
+simple binomial two-step kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple binomial two-step kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple binomial two-step kind of
+process when you let it go to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process when you let it go to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process when you let it go to infinity
+and you shrink the probabilities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shrink the probabilities and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shrink the probabilities and the
+U and the D to make it more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the D to make it more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the D to make it more and more
+refined you get the black sches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined you get the black sches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined you get the black sches
+formula this is something that black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is something that black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is something that black and
+scholes never never contemplated so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholes never never contemplated so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholes never never contemplated so this
+is a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a completely different
+approach that allows you to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that allows you to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that allows you to reach the
+exact same conclusion which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same conclusion which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same conclusion which is a
+startling one now as I told you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling one now as I told you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling one now as I told you at the
+beginning when people apply option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when people apply option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when people apply option
+pricing formulas most of the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formulas most of the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formulas most of the time they
+do not do this they do not solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not do this they do not solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not do this they do not solve the
+heat equation what they do is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation what they do is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation what they do is that they
+do a binomial tree the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a binomial tree the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a binomial tree the reason is because
+in order to solve these pdes except in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to solve these pdes except in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to solve these pdes except in a
+very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small
+number of textbook example cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of textbook example cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of textbook example cases you
+can't solve this analytically anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve this analytically anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve this analytically anyway you
+can't get a formula you have to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get a formula you have to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get a formula you have to solve it
+numerically and so if you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and so if you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and so if you're going to go
+to the trouble of solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trouble of solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trouble of solving these
+differential equations numerically well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations numerically well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations numerically well
+you may as well just do the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may as well just do the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may as well just do the binomial
+option pricing formula because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing formula because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing formula because that's
+numerical as well and it's a lot simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical as well and it's a lot simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical as well and it's a lot simpler
+computationally to be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally to be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally to be able to do that
+binomial tree by the way for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial tree by the way for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial tree by the way for those of
+you Computing uh fans who uh like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Computing uh fans who uh like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Computing uh fans who uh like to
+think about parallel processing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about parallel processing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about parallel processing these
+kinds of binomial trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of binomial trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of binomial trees are
+extraordinarily easy to parallelize so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily easy to parallelize so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily easy to parallelize so
+if you thought about the the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought about the the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought about the the old days
+where you had a connection machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had a connection machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had a connection machine that
+was developed by you know Danny Hillis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by you know Danny Hillis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by you know Danny Hillis
+you had 64,000 processors in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had 64,000 processors in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had 64,000 processors in parallel
+you can actually make use of that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make use of that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make use of that by
+implementing a binomial tree nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a binomial tree nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a binomial tree nowadays
+we've got grid Computing the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got grid Computing the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got grid Computing the most recent
+advances uh is to be able to use both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances uh is to be able to use both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances uh is to be able to use both
+hardware and software to do distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and software to do distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and software to do distributed
+computing uh the binomial tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing uh the binomial tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing uh the binomial tree is
+ideally suited for being able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally suited for being able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally suited for being able to do that
+so you can evaluate extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can evaluate extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can evaluate extraordinarily
+complex derivatives very very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex derivatives very very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex derivatives very very quickly
+using this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this kind of a
+framework so you're not giving up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so you're not giving up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so you're not giving up a lot
+by the U and the D because we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the U and the D because we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the U and the D because we can make
+the U and the D as fine as possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U and the D as fine as possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U and the D as fine as possible so
+that ultimately we would all say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately we would all say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately we would all say yeah
+enough I I agree all right leave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I I agree all right leave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I I agree all right leave me
+alone I don't want any more uh binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone I don't want any more uh binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone I don't want any more uh binomial
+trees This is complicated enough 256 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees This is complicated enough 256 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees This is complicated enough 256 of
+them over a FIV minute interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over a FIV minute interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over a FIV minute interval is
+enough for all practical purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for all practical purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for all practical purposes
+yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to kind of be solved why was it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of be solved why was it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of be solved why was it so
+important oh no no this can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important oh no no this can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important oh no no this can be solved
+the solution of this equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of this equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of this equation is the
+black chols formula what I said canaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black chols formula what I said canaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black chols formula what I said canaf
+Sal is when you have a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal is when you have a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal is when you have a more complicated
+security so for example the uh option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so for example the uh option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so for example the uh option
+pricing formula that we looked at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula that we looked at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing formula that we looked at uh
+with a simple plain vanilla call and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple plain vanilla call and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple plain vanilla call and put
+option that's relatively straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that's relatively straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that's relatively straightforward
+but think about something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about something like a
+mortgage-backed security that has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage-backed security that has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage-backed security that has all
+sorts of conversion features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of conversion features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of conversion features and
+knockout features and other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockout features and other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockout features and other types of
+legal uh restrictions as well as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal uh restrictions as well as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal uh restrictions as well as uh
+certain rights and requirements then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rights and requirements then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rights and requirements then it
+it's not so easy it looks much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy it looks much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy it looks much more
+complicated for example uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for example uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for example uh this
+particular coefficient that multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coefficient that multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coefficient that multiplies
+the second derivative ends up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative ends up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative ends up being a
+highly nonlinear function not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly nonlinear function not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly nonlinear function not just a
+quadratic or or this piece here becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic or or this piece here becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic or or this piece here becomes
+a nonlinear function or the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear function or the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear function or the boundary
+conv conditions are kind of weird in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conv conditions are kind of weird in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conv conditions are kind of weird in
+that case you can't solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you can't solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you can't solve it
+analytically you have to use numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically you have to use numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically you have to use numerical
+methods to solve it that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to solve it that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to solve it that's not the
+soltion this is just the Arbitrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soltion this is just the Arbitrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soltion this is just the Arbitrage
+condition that says that the solution c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that says that the solution c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that says that the solution c
+will give you a no Arbitrage price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a no Arbitrage price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a no Arbitrage price for
+the call option right so the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option right so the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option right so the equivalent
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+pde uh partial differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pde uh partial differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pde uh partial differential equation
+is go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go back
+is is uh is this the simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh is this the simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh is this the simultaneous
+equation up there and down here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation up there and down here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation up there and down here and then
+this uh expression that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh expression that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh expression that says that the
+price of the option has to be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the option has to be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the option has to be given by
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+portfolio that's what the pte looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that's what the pte looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that's what the pte looks like
+uh in um in continuous time or when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in um in continuous time or when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in um in continuous time or when you
+have an infinite number of time steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite number of time steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite number of time steps
+okay so uh it is not a that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it is not a that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it is not a that that's
+absolutely a good question uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely a good question uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely a good question uh because
+this is solvable but very quickly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is solvable but very quickly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is solvable but very quickly when
+you change the terms of a contract it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the terms of a contract it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the terms of a contract it
+turns out that it's very hard to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's very hard to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's very hard to model
+this at the beginning you mentioned some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the beginning you mentioned some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the beginning you mentioned some
+assumption about the random you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about the random you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about the random you started
+can you um can you just briefly mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you um can you just briefly mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you um can you just briefly mention
+how that like feeds into the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that like feeds into the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that like feeds into the final
+answer and how it would change things if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and how it would change things if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and how it would change things if
+it's well the random walk hypothesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well the random walk hypothesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well the random walk hypothesis is
+implicit in here right because I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in here right because I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in here right because I've got
+a coin toss and the coin toss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin toss and the coin toss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin toss and the coin toss is
+independent period by period if the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent period by period if the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent period by period if the coin
+toss is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is not
+independent then that's the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then that's the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then that's the wrong
+formula in other words you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in other words you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in other words you don't have a
+simple binomial distribution if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple binomial distribution if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple binomial distribution if you
+don't have IID coin tosses the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have IID coin tosses the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have IID coin tosses the random
+walk is basically the Assumption of IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk is basically the Assumption of IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk is basically the Assumption of IID
+coin tosses independently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses independently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses independently and
+identically distributed that's what IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed that's what IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed that's what IID
+stands for IID coin tosses so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for IID coin tosses so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for IID coin tosses so that's
+where the bosel Assumption came in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bosel Assumption came in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bosel Assumption came in in
+order for bosel to derive the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for bosel to derive the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for bosel to derive the heat
+equation or some variant of the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or some variant of the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or some variant of the heat
+equation he was implicitly assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation he was implicitly assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation he was implicitly assuming that
+what happened in one period for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in one period for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in one period for the
+stock has no bearing on what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock has no bearing on what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock has no bearing on what happens in
+the next period if stock prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next period if stock prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next period if stock prices are
+correlated over time then these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated over time then these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated over time then these formulas
+do not work you need a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not work you need a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not work you need a different kind of
+formula it's actually not that far off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's actually not that far off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's actually not that far off
+you can derive an expression for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can derive an expression for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can derive an expression for an
+option pricing formula with correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing formula with correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing formula with correlated
+returns in fact uh Professor Wang and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns in fact uh Professor Wang and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns in fact uh Professor Wang and I
+published a paper I think it's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper I think it's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper I think it's maybe
+close to 10 years ago where we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 10 years ago where we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 10 years ago where we worked
+out that that case but uh up until then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that case but uh up until then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that case but uh up until then
+most people assume that stock prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people assume that stock prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people assume that stock prices are
+not correlated so the brownie in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correlated so the brownie in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correlated so the brownie in motion
+or random walk idea fit in very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or random walk idea fit in very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or random walk idea fit in very nicely
+with this uh binomial if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh binomial if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh binomial if they're
+correlated then you no longer have IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated then you no longer have IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated then you no longer have IID
+beri trials you have a Markoff chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trials you have a Markoff chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trials you have a Markoff chain and
+you have to use Markoff pricing in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use Markoff pricing in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use Markoff pricing in order
+to be able to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get this
+formula okay if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay if you're interested in
+this I urge you to take 15437 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I urge you to take 15437 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I urge you to take 15437 because
+that's where we go into it much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we go into it much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we go into it much more
+depth yeah okay so use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth yeah okay so use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth yeah okay so use the
+bom options we receive a range of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bom options we receive a range of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bom options we receive a range of um of
+prices right yeah um so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right yeah um so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right yeah um so how do we
+approach that do we take some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that do we take some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that do we take some kind of
+average is this common or do we receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is this common or do we receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is this common or do we receive
+a specific you each time I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific you each time I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific you each time I mean I
+imagine there could be range of no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there could be range of no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there could be range of no no no
+so so the way that you would apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the way that you would apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the way that you would apply this
+is that you would first of all pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you would first of all pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you would first of all pick the
+number of periods that are appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of periods that are appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of periods that are appropriate
+to the problem at hand right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem at hand right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem at hand right so if you
+if you got an option that's expiring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got an option that's expiring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got an option that's expiring in
+three months then typically if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months then typically if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months then typically if you did
+it on a daily basis or an hourly basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a daily basis or an hourly basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a daily basis or an hourly basis
+that would be more than enough and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be more than enough and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be more than enough and then
+you would assume that there would be a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would assume that there would be a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would assume that there would be a u
+and a D in order to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a D in order to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a D in order to match the
+approximate uh uh outcomes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate uh uh outcomes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate uh uh outcomes that you
+would expect and then out of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect and then out of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect and then out of that you
+would actually get a number so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually get a number so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually get a number so this this
+C Sub Zero when you plug in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Sub Zero when you plug in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Sub Zero when you plug in all of these
+parameters you actually get a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you actually get a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you actually get a number
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+$30.25 that's the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30.25 that's the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30.25 that's the price of the
+option and of course if you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and of course if you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and of course if you change the
+parameters you change the strike price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you change the strike price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you change the strike price
+the interest rate changes the U and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate changes the U and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate changes the U and the
+D changes that will change the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D changes that will change the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D changes that will change the value of
+the option price as well what I asking M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option price as well what I asking M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option price as well what I asking M
+that um every now and then are we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um every now and then are we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um every now and then are we not
+going to receive a range for you and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to receive a range for you and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to receive a range for you and a
+range for D no no no what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for D no no no what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for D no no no what you do is you
+start off with an assumption for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with an assumption for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with an assumption for what
+you and the exactly are okay not a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the exactly are okay not a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the exactly are okay not a range
+but actually if it goes up it goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually if it goes up it goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually if it goes up it goes up by
+you know 1.05 if it goes down it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1.05 if it goes down it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1.05 if it goes down it goes
+down by you know 0.92 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh well it varies depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh well it varies depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh well it varies depending on the
+particular instrument that you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instrument that you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instrument that you're trying
+to price so so well no no what what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price so so well no no what what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price so so well no no what what I
+mean what I mean is that options on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what I mean is that options on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what I mean is that options on what
+stock so in other words with any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock so in other words with any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock so in other words with any kind of
+option pricing formula you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing formula you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing formula you actually have
+to calibrate these parameters so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calibrate these parameters so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calibrate these parameters so you
+have to figure out what the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what the interest
+rate is and then typically what is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is and then typically what is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is and then typically what is done
+is you assume uh a particular grid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you assume uh a particular grid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you assume uh a particular grid and
+then use a u and a d that will capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use a u and a d that will capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use a u and a d that will capture
+all the elements of that grid so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements of that grid so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements of that grid so for
+example let's assume that U is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's assume that U is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's assume that U is you know
+25 basis points plus one and D is uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 basis points plus one and D is uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 basis points plus one and D is uh one
+minus 25 basis points so that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 25 basis points so that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 25 basis points so that means you
+can capture stock price movements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture stock price movements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture stock price movements that
+go up by 25 basis points or down and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by 25 basis points or down and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by 25 basis points or down and you
+assume a number of n in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a number of n in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a number of n in order to get
+that tree to be as fine as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree to be as fine as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree to be as fine as you would
+like for the particular time that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the particular time that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the particular time that you're
+pricing it at okay so in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing it at okay so in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing it at okay so in other words if
+I use 25 basis points and N equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use 25 basis points and N equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use 25 basis points and N equal to one
+that means that I can I can uh capture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that I can I can uh capture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that I can I can uh capture a
+situation where at maturity the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where at maturity the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where at maturity the uh the
+stock price goes up or down by 25 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price goes up or down by 25 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price goes up or down by 25 basis
+points okay if I now go four periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay if I now go four periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay if I now go four periods
+then I can capture a situation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can capture a situation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can capture a situation where the
+stock price goes up by 1% or down by 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price goes up by 1% or down by 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price goes up by 1% or down by 1%
+in 25 basis point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 25 basis point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 25 basis point
+increments and if I want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments and if I want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments and if I want more
+refinements then I keep going let N get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinements then I keep going let N get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinements then I keep going let N get
+bigger and bigger and bigger and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger and then
+whatever that is that final number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is that final number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is that final number of
+nodes will be the uh uh the the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will be the uh uh the the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will be the uh uh the the possible
+stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price
+values just historical data on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values just historical data on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values just historical data on this
+specific stock to you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stock to you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stock to you would use
+historical data you would use historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data you would use historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data you would use historical
+because the way you calibrate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way you calibrate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way you calibrate this is
+you can show that the expected value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that the expected value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that the expected value so
+the expected value of S1 is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of S1 is just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of S1 is just equal
+to the probability of uh U s0 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability of uh U s0 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability of uh U s0 plus one
+minus probability of d s0 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus probability of d s0 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus probability of d s0 right so
+you've got the expected value calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the expected value calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the expected value calculate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+variance of S1 and you'll get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of S1 and you'll get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of S1 and you'll get another
+expression with u and D and P and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with u and D and P and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with u and D and P and then
+you simply use historical data to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply use historical data to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply use historical data to match
+the parameters and pick them so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters and pick them so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters and pick them so that
+they give you a reasonable approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a reasonable approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a reasonable approximation
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+reality doesn't continue to behave as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality doesn't continue to behave as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality doesn't continue to behave as
+the history so the options yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history so the options yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history so the options yeah
+absolutely but that's always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely but that's always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely but that's always the case
+isn't it in other words if the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it in other words if the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it in other words if the if you
+don't have IID uh you know you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have IID uh you know you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have IID uh you know you're going
+to get a problem right but it remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a problem right but it remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a problem right but it remember
+it doesn't depend upon the p and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend upon the p and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend upon the p and so in
+that sense if there's a change in p as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense if there's a change in p as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense if there's a change in p as
+long as the U and the D are appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the U and the D are appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the U and the D are appropriate
+you'll still be able to capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still be able to capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still be able to capture the
+value of the option question I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the option question I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the option question I'm trying
+to figure out the analogy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the analogy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the analogy with
+temperature and yeah so um I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and yeah so um I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and yeah so um I understand
+how words in in temperature what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how words in in temperature what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how words in in temperature what would
+be here the conductivity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here the conductivity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here the conductivity and the
+temperature let me let me not talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature let me let me not talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature let me let me not talk about
+that now because I I suspect that while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now because I I suspect that while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now because I I suspect that while
+you may be interested in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be interested in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be interested in a couple of
+other people we we probably don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we we probably don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we we probably don't have
+everybody being physicists here so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody being physicists here so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody being physicists here so we'll
+talk about that afterwards and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that afterwards and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that afterwards and also
+that's something that that again in 437
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that that again in 437
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that that again in 437
+they may touch upon but I want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may touch upon but I want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may touch upon but I want to keep
+moving along um because this is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along um because this is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along um because this is already
+more complicated than you know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than you know the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than you know the uh
+the the nature of what I want to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nature of what I want to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nature of what I want to cover
+in this course okay so let me get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course okay so let me get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course okay so let me get back
+to you on that or we can talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you on that or we can talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you on that or we can talk about it
+afterwards any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards any other questions about
+this yeah so I have a question about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so I have a question about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so I have a question about uh
+volatility and how does it go into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and how does it go into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and how does it go into play
+in the equation like for example I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation like for example I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation like for example I have
+two scenario like they all uh in 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scenario like they all uh in 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scenario like they all uh in 3
+months the price could go up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months the price could go up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months the price could go up or down
+like by U or D but the volatility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like by U or D but the volatility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like by U or D but the volatility of
+those two scenario vary dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two scenario vary dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two scenario vary dramatically
+right so how does how does volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does how does volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does how does volatility
+enter into this that's that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into this that's that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into this that's that's a good
+question well what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well what do you think
+volatility is captured by in this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is captured by in this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is captured by in this simple
+beri trial the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trial the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beri trial the difference between
+exactly exactly volatility is a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly volatility is a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly volatility is a measure
+of the spread between you and d right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spread between you and d right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spread between you and d right
+right holding other things equal by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right holding other things equal by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right holding other things equal by that
+I mean holding the current stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean holding the current stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean holding the current stock price
+equal holding the probability P equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal holding the probability P equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal holding the probability P equal so
+fixing that as I increase the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing that as I increase the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing that as I increase the spread
+between U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and
+D I'm increasing the volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm increasing the volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm increasing the volatility
+right and if there's one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if there's one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if there's one thing that we
+see that matters is the spread between U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that matters is the spread between U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that matters is the spread between U
+and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if the spread between U and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if the spread between U and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if the spread between U and D
+increases that actually will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases that actually will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases that actually will have an
+impact on this formula and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on this formula and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on this formula and you have to
+work out the effects which is a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the effects which is a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the effects which is a a very
+easy thing to do you can even do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy thing to do you can even do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy thing to do you can even do this in
+a spreadsheet but you can show that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spreadsheet but you can show that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spreadsheet but you can show that as
+the volatility increases the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility increases the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility increases the value of
+the call option uh is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option uh is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option uh is actually
+increasing so take a look at that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so take a look at that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so take a look at that and uh
+you'll you'll see that it you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll see that it you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll see that it you know it
+behaves the way that we think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves the way that we think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves the way that we think it
+should okay other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay well um so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay well um so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay well um so you know the
+uh I'll leave I'll leave it at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll leave I'll leave it at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll leave I'll leave it at this
+point which is to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is to say that the
+derivatives literature is huge uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives literature is huge uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives literature is huge uh and it
+has really spawned a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really spawned a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really spawned a number of different
+uh not only Securities but also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only Securities but also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only Securities but also uh
+different methods for hedging and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for hedging and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for hedging and uh
+managing your portfolios to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing your portfolios to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing your portfolios to the point
+where really derivatives are everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where really derivatives are everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where really derivatives are everywhere
+and um you know there are some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know there are some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know there are some examples
+that I've given you here but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've given you here but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've given you here but this is an
+area which is considered rocket science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is considered rocket science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is considered rocket science
+because of the analytics that are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the analytics that are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the analytics that are so
+demanding so this is a natural area for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding so this is a natural area for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding so this is a natural area for
+students here at MIT to be involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here at MIT to be involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here at MIT to be involved in
+but it's certainly not the only area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly not the only area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly not the only area and
+ultimately what's important about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what's important about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what's important about
+derivatives is not just the pricing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is not just the pricing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is not just the pricing and
+the hedging but rather the applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hedging but rather the applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hedging but rather the applications
+so we the fact that we spent a fair bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we the fact that we spent a fair bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we the fact that we spent a fair bit
+of time at the beginning of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time at the beginning of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time at the beginning of this lecture
+uh talking about payoff diagrams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about payoff diagrams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about payoff diagrams that
+wasn't just you know for uh uh for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't just you know for uh uh for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't just you know for uh uh for uh
+completeness we that really is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness we that really is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness we that really is one of
+the most important aspects is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important aspects is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important aspects is how you
+use options in order to tailor the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use options in order to tailor the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use options in order to tailor the kinds
+of risks and uh return uh uh profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risks and uh return uh uh profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risks and uh return uh uh profiles
+that you'd like to have and now that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to have and now that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to have and now that you
+know how to price them you can have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to price them you can have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to price them you can have a a
+very clear sense of whether or not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear sense of whether or not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear sense of whether or not they
+are appropriate from a risk return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate from a risk return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate from a risk return
+tradeoff but they are very different as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff but they are very different as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff but they are very different as
+you can see from the Securities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from the Securities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from the Securities that
+we've done however having done it having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done however having done it having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done however having done it having
+now priced options uh and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now priced options uh and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now priced options uh and other
+derivatives which are really relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which are really relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which are really relatively
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+extensions we've now been able to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions we've now been able to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions we've now been able to price
+virtually 99% of all the Securities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually 99% of all the Securities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually 99% of all the Securities that
+you would ever run into we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would ever run into we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would ever run into we've done
+stocks we've done bonds done Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks we've done bonds done Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks we've done bonds done Futures
+forwards and Now options so there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards and Now options so there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards and Now options so there really
+isn't any other kind of Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any other kind of Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any other kind of Financial
+Security out there that could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security out there that could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security out there that could possibly
+come across that you don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across that you don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across that you don't know how to
+price you may not realize it yet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you may not realize it yet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you may not realize it yet and the
+purpose of the second half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the second half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the second half of the course
+is to introduce risk and show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to introduce risk and show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to introduce risk and show you how to
+use all of these methods to price all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all of these methods to price all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all of these methods to price all of
+the other Securities that you will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Securities that you will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Securities that you will come
+into contact with and then of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into contact with and then of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into contact with and then of course in
+402 uh and other finance courses you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+402 uh and other finance courses you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+402 uh and other finance courses you'll
+see that much more closely right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that much more closely right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that much more closely right so for
+example uh a revolving credit agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a revolving credit agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a revolving credit agreement
+uh uh a syncing fund debt issue uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a syncing fund debt issue uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a syncing fund debt issue uh a
+credit default swap um an interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit default swap um an interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit default swap um an interest rate
+swap um all of these Securities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap um all of these Securities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap um all of these Securities are
+mixtures of the Securities that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures of the Securities that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures of the Securities that we've
+seen till now and the pricing method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen till now and the pricing method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen till now and the pricing method in
+all of these cases is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these cases is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these cases is exactly the same
+which is identify the cash flows come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is identify the cash flows come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is identify the cash flows come up
+with another portfolio that has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another portfolio that has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another portfolio that has the same
+cash flows but where you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows but where you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows but where you know how to
+construct it therefore the price of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it therefore the price of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it therefore the price of that
+security has to be equal to the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has to be equal to the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has to be equal to the price of
+the thing that you're trying to Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you're trying to Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you're trying to Value
+okay that's the basic principle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basic principle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basic principle in
+virtually all of financial pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all of financial pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all of financial pricing
+applications so that once you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so that once you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so that once you understand
+these Concepts you can literally price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts you can literally price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts you can literally price
+anything under the sun and all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything under the sun and all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything under the sun and all you need
+between now and and then is is practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and and then is is practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and and then is is practice
+practice practice in doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice practice in doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice practice in doing that
+okay all right so that wraps up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that wraps up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that wraps up the
+lecture on derivatives and now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on derivatives and now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on derivatives and now I want to
+turn to risk and reward because uh up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to risk and reward because uh up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to risk and reward because uh up
+until now we've really talked about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now we've really talked about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now we've really talked about risk
+uh in an indirect way and I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an indirect way and I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an indirect way and I want to talk
+about it uh in a much more direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh in a much more direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh in a much more direct
+fashion by looking at measures of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion by looking at measures of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion by looking at measures of risk
+okay so what I want to do now is to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do now is to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do now is to turn
+to um a little bit of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um a little bit of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um a little bit of statistical
+background to talk about risk and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to talk about risk and return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to talk about risk and return
+I want to motivate it first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to motivate it first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to motivate it first and then
+give you the measures that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the measures that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the measures that we're going
+to use for capturing risk and return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for capturing risk and return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for capturing risk and return and
+then apply it to stocks and get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply it to stocks and get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply it to stocks and get a sense
+of what kinds of anomalies are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kinds of anomalies are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kinds of anomalies are out there
+that we should be aware of of and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should be aware of of and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should be aware of of and then
+I'm going to take these measures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take these measures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take these measures and
+then tell you uh how to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell you uh how to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell you uh how to come up with the
+one number that I've had to put off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number that I've had to put off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number that I've had to put off for
+the uh for the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for the first half of the
+semester which is the cost of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester which is the cost of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester which is the cost of capital
+the required rate of return the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the required rate of return the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the required rate of return the risk
+adjustment rate of return we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment rate of return we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment rate of return we are now
+going to get to a point where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to a point where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to a point where we can
+actually identify what that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify what that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify what that number is
+and how to make that risk adjustment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to make that risk adjustment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to make that risk adjustment so
+that's uh that's where we're going now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's where we're going now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's where we're going now
+um to give you a quick summary of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to give you a quick summary of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to give you a quick summary of where
+we are as I told you we've priced all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are as I told you we've priced all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are as I told you we've priced all of
+these different Securities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different Securities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different Securities but
+underlying all of these prices is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying all of these prices is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying all of these prices is a kind
+of a Net Present Value calculation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Net Present Value calculation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Net Present Value calculation where
+we're taking some kind of a payoff or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking some kind of a payoff or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking some kind of a payoff or
+expected payoff and discounting it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected payoff and discounting it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected payoff and discounting it at a
+particular rate and we need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rate and we need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rate and we need to figure
+out what that appropriate rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that appropriate rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that appropriate rate of return
+is I've said before that that rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've said before that that rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've said before that that rate of
+return is determined by the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is determined by the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is determined by the marketplace
+right but what we want to know is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what we want to know is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what we want to know is how
+how does the market do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the market do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the market do that because
+unless we understand a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we understand a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we understand a little bit better
+what that mechanism is we won't be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that mechanism is we won't be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that mechanism is we won't be in a
+position to be able to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to be able to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to be able to say that the
+particular Market that we're using is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Market that we're using is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Market that we're using is
+either working very well or completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either working very well or completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either working very well or completely
+out to lunch and and crazy uh so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to lunch and and crazy uh so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to lunch and and crazy uh so we need
+to deconstruct the process by which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deconstruct the process by which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deconstruct the process by which the
+market gets to that okay in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market gets to that okay in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market gets to that okay in order to do
+that we have to go back even farther and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to go back even farther and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to go back even farther and
+peel back the onion and ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel back the onion and ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel back the onion and ask the question
+how do people measure risk and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people measure risk and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people measure risk and and how
+do they engage in risk-taking Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they engage in risk-taking Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they engage in risk-taking Behavior
+so we have to do a little bit more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to do a little bit more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to do a little bit more work
+in figuring out these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figuring out these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figuring out these different kinds of
+measures and then talking explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then talking explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then talking explicitly
+about how individuals actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how individuals actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how individuals actually
+incorporate that into their world viw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into their world viw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into their world viw
+okay along the way we're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay along the way we're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay along the way we're going to ask
+questions like is the market efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like is the market efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like is the market efficient
+and how do we measure the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we measure the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we measure the the the
+performance of portfolio managers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of portfolio managers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of portfolio managers you
+know this past year uh the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this past year uh the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this past year uh the typical
+portfolio manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio manager
+has lost about uh 30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lost about uh 30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lost about uh 30 to
+40% that's a pretty devastating kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% that's a pretty devastating kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% that's a pretty devastating kind of
+return and in that environment if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and in that environment if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and in that environment if you
+found a portfolio manager that ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a portfolio manager that ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a portfolio manager that ended up
+losing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing you
+10% you might think gee that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% you might think gee that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% you might think gee that's that's
+pretty good does that really make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good does that really make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good does that really make sense
+is it ever is it ever the case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it ever is it ever the case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it ever is it ever the case that we
+want to congratulate a portfolio manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to congratulate a portfolio manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to congratulate a portfolio manager
+for losing money for us we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for losing money for us we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for losing money for us we have to
+answer that question in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question in the context of
+how you f figure out what an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you f figure out what an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you f figure out what an appropriate
+or Fair rate of return is so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Fair rate of return is so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Fair rate of return is so that's what
+we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be
+doing now to do that I need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now to do that I need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now to do that I need to uh
+develop a little bit of new notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a little bit of new notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a little bit of new notation and
+so the notation that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notation that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notation that I'm going to
+develop is to talk about returns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop is to talk about returns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop is to talk about returns that
+are uh inclusive of any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh inclusive of any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh inclusive of any kind of
+distributions like dividends so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions like dividends so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions like dividends so when I
+talk about the returns of equities I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the returns of equities I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the returns of equities I'm
+going to be talking explicitly about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking explicitly about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking explicitly about the
+return that includes the dividend okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that includes the dividend okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that includes the dividend okay
+and so the concept that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the concept that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the concept that we're going to
+be working on for the most part for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working on for the most part for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working on for the most part for the
+next half of this course is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next half of this course is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next half of this course is the expected
+rate of return we obviously will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return we obviously will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return we obviously will be
+talking about realized returns but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about realized returns but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about realized returns but from
+a portfolio management perspective we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio management perspective we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio management perspective we're
+going to be focusing not just on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing not just on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing not just on what
+happened this year or what happened last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this year or what happened last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this year or what happened last
+year but we're going to be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but we're going to be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but we're going to be focusing on
+the average rate of return that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average rate of return that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average rate of return that we would
+expect over the course of the next 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect over the course of the next 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect over the course of the next 5
+years we're going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we're going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we're going to be looking at
+excess returns which is in excess of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess returns which is in excess of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess returns which is in excess of the
+net risk-free rate little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net risk-free rate little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net risk-free rate little
+RF and what we refer to as a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF and what we refer to as a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF and what we refer to as a risk
+premium is simply the average rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium is simply the average rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium is simply the average rate of
+return of a risky security minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of a risky security minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of a risky security minus a
+risk-free rate so the excess return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate so the excess return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate so the excess return is
+you can think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as a
+realization of that risk premium but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of that risk premium but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of that risk premium but on
+average over a long period of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over a long period of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over a long period of time the
+number that we're going to be concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we're going to be concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we're going to be concerned
+with most is this risk premium number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most is this risk premium number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most is this risk premium number
+the average rate of return minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average rate of return minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average rate of return minus the
+risk-free rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate
+over the course of the last 100 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the last 100 years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the last 100 years or
+so us Equity markets have provided an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so us Equity markets have provided an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so us Equity markets have provided an
+average rate of return minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate of return minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate of return minus the
+risk-free rate on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free rate on the order of
+7% That's pretty good but that's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% That's pretty good but that's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% That's pretty good but that's a long
+run average the realized excess rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run average the realized excess rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run average the realized excess rate of
+return this year is horrible so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this year is horrible so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this year is horrible so I'm not
+even going to talk about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to talk about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to talk about what that
+number is but it's bad but do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is but it's bad but do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is but it's bad but do you see
+the difference between this year's rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this year's rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this year's rate
+of return versus the long run average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return versus the long run average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return versus the long run average
+and we can talk about both of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about both of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about both of them uh
+but we're going to use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use different
+techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for
+each so the technique for talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so the technique for talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so the technique for talking about
+the statistical aspects of returns will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical aspects of returns will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical aspects of returns will
+be from the language of Statistics we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from the language of Statistics we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from the language of Statistics we're
+going to talk about the expected rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the expected rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the expected rate of
+return I'm going to use the Greek letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return I'm going to use the Greek letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return I'm going to use the Greek letter
+mu to denote that we're going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to denote that we're going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to denote that we're going to also
+talk about the riskiness of returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the riskiness of returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the riskiness of returns
+which I'm going to use uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to use uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to use uh the the
+variance and the standard deviation appr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the standard deviation appr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the standard deviation appr
+proxy for okay so the the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for okay so the the variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for okay so the the variance is
+simply the expected value of the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the expected value of the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the expected value of the squared
+excess return right that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess return right that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess return right that gives you a
+sense of the fluctuations around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the fluctuations around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the fluctuations around the
+mean and the standard deviation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the standard deviation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the standard deviation is just
+the square root of the variance and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the variance and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the variance and we
+use the standard deviation simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the standard deviation simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the standard deviation simply
+because that's in the same units it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's in the same units it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's in the same units it's in
+units of percent per year uh whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of percent per year uh whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of percent per year uh whereas the
+uh variance is in units of percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variance is in units of percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variance is in units of percentage
+points squared per year so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points squared per year so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points squared per year so it's a little
+easier to deal deal with uh the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to deal deal with uh the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to deal deal with uh the standard
+deviation and those concepts are uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and those concepts are uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and those concepts are uh the
+theoretical or population values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical or population values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical or population values of the
+underlying uh Securities that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying uh Securities that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying uh Securities that we're
+going to look at we also want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at we also want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at we also want to look at
+the Historical estimates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Historical estimates and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Historical estimates and the
+historical estimates are given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical estimates are given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical estimates are given by the
+sample counterparts so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample counterparts so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample counterparts so this is the
+sample Bean the sample variance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample Bean the sample variance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample Bean the sample variance and the
+sample standard deviation you should all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample standard deviation you should all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample standard deviation you should all
+remember this uh from your DMD class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this uh from your DMD class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this uh from your DMD class
+U but if not we'll have the TA go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but if not we'll have the TA go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but if not we'll have the TA go over
+it during recitation you can also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it during recitation you can also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it during recitation you can also look
+in the appendix of Brey Myers and Allen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the appendix of Brey Myers and Allen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the appendix of Brey Myers and Allen
+and they'll provide a little review uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll provide a little review uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll provide a little review uh
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+okay now there are lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there are lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there are lots of other
+statistics and the only one that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and the only one that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and the only one that I'm
+going to spend time on uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend time on uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend time on uh is the
+correlation you know there's the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you know there's the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you know there's the median
+instead of the mean you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the mean you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the mean you can look at
+skewness you know which way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewness you know which way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewness you know which way the
+distribution leans but what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution leans but what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution leans but what we're going
+to look at uh in just a little while is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at uh in just a little while is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at uh in just a little while is
+correlation which is how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation which is how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation which is how close
+do the returns of two Investments move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the returns of two Investments move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the returns of two Investments move
+together right if they move together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right if they move together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right if they move together a
+lot then we say that they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot then we say that they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot then we say that they're highly
+correlated or co-related and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated or co-related and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated or co-related and if they
+don't move together a lot uh they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move together a lot uh they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move together a lot uh they're not
+very highly correlated and in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly correlated and in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly correlated and in some cases
+if they move in opposite directions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they move in opposite directions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they move in opposite directions we
+say that they're negatively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're negatively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're negatively correlated
+so correlation as most of you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so correlation as most of you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so correlation as most of you already
+know is a statistic that's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is a statistic that's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is a statistic that's a number
+between minus one and one or minus 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and one or minus 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and one or minus 100%
+And 100% that measures the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And 100% that measures the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And 100% that measures the degree of
+association between these two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between these two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between these two uh
+Securities okay we're going to be making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities okay we're going to be making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities okay we're going to be making
+use of correlations a lot in the coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of correlations a lot in the coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of correlations a lot in the coming
+couple of lectures to try to get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures to try to get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures to try to get a sense
+of whether or not a an investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether or not a an investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether or not a an investment is
+going to help you diversify your overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you diversify your overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you diversify your overall
+portfolio or if an investment is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or if an investment is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or if an investment is only
+going to add to the risks of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add to the risks of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add to the risks of your
+portfolio and you can guess as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and you can guess as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and you can guess as to how
+we're going to measure that right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure that right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure that right if the
+if the new investment is either zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the new investment is either zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the new investment is either zero
+correlated or negatively correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated or negatively correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated or negatively correlated with
+your current portfolio that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current portfolio that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current portfolio that's going to
+help in terms of dampening your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in terms of dampening your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in terms of dampening your
+fluctuations but if the two Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations but if the two Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations but if the two Investments
+move at the same time that's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at the same time that's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at the same time that's not only
+going to not help that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not help that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not help that's going to
+actually add to your risks and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add to your risks and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add to your risks and you don't
+want that at least not without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that at least not without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that at least not without the
+proper reward okay so that's a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper reward okay so that's a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper reward okay so that's a brief
+preview of how we're going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview of how we're going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview of how we're going to use these
+statistics and uh you get some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and uh you get some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and uh you get some examples
+here about what correlation looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about what correlation looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about what correlation looks like
+here I've plotted four different scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've plotted four different scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've plotted four different scatter
+graphs of the return of one asset on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs of the return of one asset on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs of the return of one asset on the
+x- axis and the return of another asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- axis and the return of another asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- axis and the return of another asset
+on the y axis and the dots represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y axis and the dots represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y axis and the dots represent
+those pairs of returns for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pairs of returns for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pairs of returns for different
+assumptions about correlation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about correlation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about correlation so the
+upper leftand scatter graph is a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper leftand scatter graph is a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper leftand scatter graph is a graph
+where there's no correlation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no correlation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no correlation the
+correlation is zero the scatter graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is zero the scatter graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is zero the scatter graph on
+the lower left is where there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower left is where there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower left is where there's very
+high positive correlation 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high positive correlation 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high positive correlation 80%
+correlation between the two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the two and the
+scatter graph on the lower right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter graph on the lower right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter graph on the lower right is
+where there's a negative 50% correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a negative 50% correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a negative 50% correlation
+okay so we're going to use correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to use correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to use correlation
+along with mean and variance to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with mean and variance to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with mean and variance to try to
+put together good collections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together good collections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together good collections of
+Securities in other words good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in other words good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in other words good
+portfolios of Securities and by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios of Securities and by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios of Securities and by doing
+that we're going to show that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to show that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to show that we can
+actually construct some very attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct some very attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct some very attractive
+uh kinds of Investments using relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of Investments using relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of Investments using relatively
+simple information but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple information but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple information but at the same time
+we're going to use that insight to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that insight to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that insight to then
+deconstruct how to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct how to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct how to come up with the
+appropriate risk adjustment for cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjustment for cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk adjustment for cost of
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+calculations now there's a review here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations now there's a review here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations now there's a review here
+about normal distributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about normal distributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about normal distributions and
+confidence intervals and I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and I'd like you to
+go over that either on your own or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over that either on your own or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over that either on your own or with
+the Tas during recitations uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tas during recitations uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tas during recitations uh we're
+going to be using these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using these kinds of
+Concepts to try to measure the risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts to try to measure the risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts to try to measure the risk and
+return of various different Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of various different Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of various different Investments
+here's an example of General Motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of General Motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of General Motors
+monthly returns that's a histogram in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly returns that's a histogram in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly returns that's a histogram in
+blue and the uh the the line the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and the uh the the line the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and the uh the the line the the
+dark line is the assume the the assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark line is the assume the the assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark line is the assume the the assumed
+normal distribution that has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution that has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution that has the same
+mean in the variance and you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the variance and you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the variance and you could see
+that uh it looks like it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it looks like it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it looks like it's sort of a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+approximation but there actually little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but there actually little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but there actually little
+bits of extra probability stuck out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of extra probability stuck out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of extra probability stuck out here
+and stuck out here that don't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuck out here that don't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuck out here that don't exactly
+correspond to normal in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to normal in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to normal in other words the
+Assumption of normality would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of normality would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of normality would say that
+the probability of getting a return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of getting a return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of getting a return of
+minus 15% is relatively low the getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 15% is relatively low the getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 15% is relatively low the getting
+a return less than minus 20% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a return less than minus 20% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a return less than minus 20% is
+exceedingly low but the reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly low but the reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly low but the reality is
+different there are risks of having much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there are risks of having much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there are risks of having much
+lower returns uh in the data and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower returns uh in the data and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower returns uh in the data and after
+this year I can tell you that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I can tell you that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I can tell you that these
+tails are going to be fatter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails are going to be fatter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails are going to be fatter okay so
+this is meant to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is meant to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is meant to be an
+approximation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation not
+reality the approximation is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the approximation is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the approximation is what we're
+going to go over in this course and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over in this course and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over in this course and in
+the very last lecture I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last lecture I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last lecture I'm going to tell
+you how good that approximation is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how good that approximation is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how good that approximation is um
+and then I'm going to tell you about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to tell you about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to tell you about a
+number of courses you might want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of courses you might want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of courses you might want to take
+that focuses on getting that last 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses on getting that last 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses on getting that last 5%
+right so 95% of the distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 95% of the distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 95% of the distribution is
+captured by what I'm going to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by what I'm going to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by what I'm going to teach you
+in this course but if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course but if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course but if you want to get
+the other 5% right and by the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 5% right and by the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 5% right and by the way if
+you're going into Investments as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going into Investments as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going into Investments as a
+profession it's all about that 5% uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession it's all about that 5% uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession it's all about that 5% uh
+then you'll want to take 15433 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll want to take 15433 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll want to take 15433 uh
+Investments okay so with that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments okay so with that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments okay so with that as the
+basic Preamble let me tell you what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic Preamble let me tell you what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic Preamble let me tell you what I'm
+going to talk about next time since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about next time since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about next time since
+we're almost out of time what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost out of time what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost out of time what we're
+going to do next time is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next time is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next time is I'm going to
+talk about the US Stock Market I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the US Stock Market I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the US Stock Market I'm going
+to talk about volatility about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about volatility about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about volatility about
+predictability and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability and then I'm going to
+talk a bit about the notion of efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about the notion of efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about the notion of efficient
+markets and try to describe to you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and try to describe to you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and try to describe to you what
+kinds of properties we expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of properties we expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of properties we expect from
+typical Investments and we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Investments and we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Investments and we're actually
+going to go through some numbers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through some numbers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through some numbers I'm
+going to show you uh some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you uh some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you uh some examples of
+basic statistics for the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic statistics for the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic statistics for the stock market
+that will give you a sense of how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you a sense of how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you a sense of how things
+have behaved over the last 50 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have behaved over the last 50 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have behaved over the last 50 years and
+what you'll get a sense of is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll get a sense of is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll get a sense of is that in
+some cases there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases there is a lot of
+predictability there are certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability there are certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability there are certain things
+that we can count on for example these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can count on for example these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can count on for example these
+are stock market returns from 1946 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stock market returns from 1946 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stock market returns from 1946 to
+2001 this is monthly data uh for monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 this is monthly data uh for monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 this is monthly data uh for monthly
+returns of uh the S&P 500 over a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns of uh the S&P 500 over a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns of uh the S&P 500 over a fairly
+long period of time and uh this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time and uh this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time and uh this might
+sort of look like a typical person's EKG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look like a typical person's EKG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look like a typical person's EKG
+over the last few weeks not surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few weeks not surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few weeks not surprisingly
+there were periods where we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were periods where we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were periods where we had some
+pretty bad returns we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bad returns we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bad returns we're going to see
+another one of these things you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these things you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these things you know as
+well uh over the more recent period but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh over the more recent period but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh over the more recent period but
+when you look at this thing you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this thing you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this thing you then
+begin to appreciate that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to appreciate that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to appreciate that what we're
+living through now while it's bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living through now while it's bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living through now while it's bad and
+it's scary it's not at all unusual or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scary it's not at all unusual or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scary it's not at all unusual or
+completely unheard of there are periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unheard of there are periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unheard of there are periods
+in the stock market where we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stock market where we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stock market where we've seen
+really big swings and by the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big swings and by the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big swings and by the way this is
+just the us if I shown you some Emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the us if I shown you some Emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the us if I shown you some Emerging
+Market uh uh returns you know it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh uh returns you know it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh uh returns you know it would
+go off the screen so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off the screen so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off the screen so we're going to talk
+about that next time and out of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that next time and out of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that next time and out of all of
+this chaos we're going to distill a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chaos we're going to distill a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chaos we're going to distill a very
+important relationship we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important relationship we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important relationship we're going to
+ultimately come up with a simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come up with a simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come up with a simple linear
+equation that shows you how to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that shows you how to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that shows you how to make that
+risk adjustment between the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjustment between the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjustment between the expected
+return and the underlying risk of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the underlying risk of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the underlying risk of a
+portfolio so that's coming up and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so that's coming up and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so that's coming up and we'll
+we'll do that on Wednesday all right see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that on Wednesday all right see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that on Wednesday all right see
+you then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q7mrSQkSB9U.txt b/Q7mrSQkSB9U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4705ec5f0fadea34de5209e2c3ea552992e15122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q7mrSQkSB9U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1966 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So last time you started
+kinetics which is a completely
+
+different topic from
+thermodynamics.
+
+They're related and we'll see a
+relationship at some point.
+
+And you did first
+order kinetics.
+
+And today we're going to move
+on and go ahead and do more
+
+complicated kinetics and
+hopefully get to some
+
+interesting stuff in
+a couple lectures.
+
+Right now we just have to do
+the review of stuff that
+
+you've probably seen before.
+
+And so we're going to
+go reasonably fast.
+
+So you saw first order
+reactions.
+
+Today we're going to do second
+order reactions.
+
+At least begin with second
+order reactions.
+
+Second order kinetics.
+
+Of the form, and then
+there are two kinds.
+
+There's first order, rather,
+second order, in one reactant
+
+of the form A goes
+to products.
+
+And then you have first order
+in two reactants first order
+
+in two reactants.
+
+So I'll have the form A plus
+B goes of products.
+
+Where that's first order in A
+and first order in B, and this
+
+is second order in A. So you can
+think of this as A plus A
+
+goes to products if you want.
+
+And there's some rate
+constant k,
+
+associated with this reaction.
+
+And we do the rate analysis.
+
+We write the rate
+of this process.
+
+Minus dA/dt.
+
+And for the purpose of writing
+on the board, and you might
+
+want to do this also in
+your homework, when
+
+you're tired of writing.
+
+I'm going to skip
+the brackets.
+
+The little brackets that we
+usually put for concentration.
+
+I'm going to skip those, because
+it's just too much
+
+work to write them.
+
+And you can understand that A
+is a concentration of A. So
+
+this is equal to k A squared.
+
+Second order on A. And the units
+for k, it's important to
+
+keep track of your units, at the
+end of the calculations,
+
+often you want to make sure
+your units work out.
+
+So the units for k are going
+to be of this, A is
+
+in moles per liter.
+
+The units for k, you're going
+to have to be able to match
+
+the units on this side here.
+
+So the units for k are going to
+be liters squared per mole
+
+squared per second.
+
+To make the units match.
+
+Then you integrate this, on both
+sides, from zero to t, or
+
+from A0, the initial rate, to A.
+Or from zero to t and this
+
+doesn't go like this.
+
+So integrate with A0 to A.
+You've got dA over A squared,
+
+you put all the A's on one side,
+all the t's on the other
+
+side, from zero to t dt with a
+minus k on this side here.
+
+And then you get your rate
+equation, integrated rate
+
+equation for this.
+
+Which gives you one over A is
+equal to kt plus one over A0.
+
+So this gives you A as
+a function of time.
+
+And this is a convenient way
+to write it, because it's
+
+linear in time.
+
+So you always try to get things
+to be linear in time.
+
+Because then you can plot
+them as a straight line.
+
+Plot on this axis here you plot
+one over A. on this axis
+
+here you plot t as a
+function of time.
+
+And then you get a straight
+line where the slope is k.
+
+Gives you the rate, and the
+intercept is one over A0.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: k is moles per liter
+squared per second.
+
+You're right, liters per
+mole per second, yes.
+
+That is correct. because
+it has to work.
+
+Otherwise it doesn't work.
+
+So I need to turn on my brain.
+
+OK, think.
+
+Liters per mole per second.
+
+Thank you.
+
+And the other thing that you
+want to know is the half-life.
+
+What is the half-life.
+
+So you set 2 A0.
+
+So A0 over two, you look for the
+time where you get to A0
+
+over two, so you put A0
+over two in here.
+
+And that's going to be equal
+to k times t 1/2
+
+plus one over A0.
+
+So you solve for the half-life
+and you get a half-life
+
+of one over k A0.
+
+So the half-life is inversely
+proportional to the amount of
+
+stuff you started out with.
+
+Unlike the first order reaction,
+where the half-life
+
+was independent of the amount
+that you started out with.
+
+So this was the easy one.
+
+The next one is a little
+bit more complicated.
+
+Which is when your first order
+in each of two reactants.
+
+Then your rate, your
+differential rate equation,
+
+looks like this.
+
+Because the k times A times B,
+and now you don't know what to
+
+do with B, a priori.
+
+So you want to rewrite this
+equation a little bit
+
+differently in terms of the
+amount of A that's used up.
+
+So you define A, x is equal to
+A0 minus A, this is the amount
+
+of A that's used up.
+
+This is what you started
+out with, this is
+
+what you're left with.
+
+And so the difference is
+what's being used up.
+
+And dx/dt is minus dA/dt.
+
+And by stoichiometry, what
+you've used up, of A, is also
+
+what you've used up of B.
+Because for every A that
+
+reacts, you have to use up one
+mole of B. For every mole of A
+
+that reacts, you use up one
+mole of B. And so you also
+
+have x to B0 minus B. So, you
+can plug this in here.
+
+And get a differential equation
+which is purely in
+
+terms of one variable,
+which is x.
+
+Right here, it looks like it's
+in terms of two variables,
+
+which makes it complicated.
+
+By doing this change of
+variables, you see that A and
+
+B actually related.
+
+Because of the reaction
+stoichiometry.
+
+So you can rewrite that as dx/dt
+is equal to k times A0
+
+minus x times B0 minus x.
+
+And now you have a differential
+equation in one
+
+variable, which with some
+tricks you can solve.
+
+So we want to have the
+integrated equation.
+
+So we take an integral
+of both sides.
+
+We put in all the
+x's on one side.
+
+All the times on
+the other side.
+
+We'll go from x equals zero to
+x, dx, A0 minus x times B0
+
+minus x is equal to k
+from zero to t dt.
+
+And now you have to dig back
+into the last time you took
+
+integration calculus, which
+for me was about
+
+two centuries ago.
+
+And figure out how to do
+this integral here.
+
+And the trick for doing
+this integral is
+
+to use partial fractions.
+
+So you use partial fractions
+to do this integral here.
+
+Which means that if you take
+this ratio, one over A0 minus
+
+x times B0 minus x and rewrite
+it as some number, n1 divided
+
+by A0 minus x, plus some number
+n2 divided by B0 minus
+
+x, you solve for n1 and n2, and
+you find that n1 here is
+
+equal to one over B0 minus
+A0 and n2 is minus one
+
+over B0 minus A0.
+
+And so you plug, now,
+this in here.
+
+And instead of having this
+complicated denominator, you
+
+have a sum of two integrals
+that you know how to do.
+
+Because they're basically
+of the form one over x.
+
+And in doing this, you also
+realize that you have to be
+
+careful because when A0 is equal
+to B0, when you have the
+
+same amount of A and B,
+then things blow up
+
+and you're in trouble.
+
+So that's going to be
+a special case.
+
+So always look out for special
+cases for these things.
+
+So you assume, then, that B0
+is not the same as A0.
+
+And then you can go forward
+with solving it.
+
+So you integrate, and at the
+end of the process, I'm not
+
+going to go through it, it's
+really complicated, you get
+
+something that looks
+like this.
+
+A0 minus B0 log of A B0 over
+A0 B. And you have your
+
+equation here.
+
+Now, we don't really have a good
+way to plot it against
+
+one variable.
+
+And the usual thing is look
+at specific cases.
+
+And limiting cases.
+
+And there's one limiting case
+we already brought up.
+
+Which is when you started with
+the same amount of material.
+
+What does it look like if you
+have the same amount of
+
+material to begin with?
+
+So if you have A0 equal to B0,
+you start out with the same
+
+amount of stuff, but if you
+start out with the same amount
+
+of stuff, then this doesn't
+look so different from, at
+
+least mathematically, from
+this one right here.
+
+If you start out with A0 is
+equal to B0, and for every
+
+mole of A that you use up you
+use a mole of B, then
+
+throughout the whole reaction,
+the concentration of A and the
+
+concentration of B are
+going to be the same.
+
+So for the whole reaction, if
+you started with this, A is
+
+equal to B for all times.
+
+That makes it easy.
+
+Because now you can go back and
+instead of writing A times
+
+B, you can write A times A,
+which is A squared, which is
+
+what we had here.
+
+And then you have the
+whole thing solved.
+
+So in that case here you just
+have minus dA/dt is equal to k
+
+A squared, and one over A is
+equal to kt plus one over A0.
+
+You don't even have to do any
+math, you just look at it.
+
+So that's one case.
+
+Another case is if one of the
+reactants is in much higher
+
+concentration than the
+other reactant.
+
+And that's called flooding.
+
+You basically flood the system
+with one reactant.
+
+And that's something that we'll
+use again, hopefully by
+
+the end of class today.
+
+Let's say that we take, so this
+is another limiting case.
+
+Let's say we take A0 to be
+much bigger than B0.
+
+So we flood the system
+with A0.
+
+As a result, the concentration
+of A doesn't change
+
+very much in my pot.
+
+It's hugely concentrated
+in A, there's a
+
+little bit of B around.
+
+Again, with the process.
+
+If I use all of the B up, the
+difference in A is going to be
+
+very small.
+
+So at the end of the process,
+I'm basically still going to
+
+have A0 left in the pot.
+
+So during the whole process,
+during the whole time period,
+
+I might as well assume that
+A is equal to A0.
+
+And that makes my life
+much easier.
+
+Because now if I write my
+differential equation in terms
+
+of B instead of A, so the rate
+of destruction of B, k A times
+
+B, instead of writing A here,
+it's pretty much constant for
+
+the whole time.
+
+I'm just going to write A0.
+
+So now, if k times A0 is a
+constant, and this looks
+
+awfully like a first
+order reaction.
+
+So I can solve for it.
+
+And I get that, so I can just
+write the answer because I've
+
+done this already.
+
+I don't have to do it again.
+
+The concentration of B then goes
+like B0 e to the minus k
+
+prime t, that's the first
+order reaction.
+
+Where k prime here is this new
+rate constant, this new
+
+number, which is k, times A0.
+
+So that's easy to solve also.
+
+So always go to the limiting
+cases, because
+
+they tend to easy.
+
+And if you were to go to the
+full solution and put in this
+
+limiting case, then you'd find
+that you get the right answer
+
+this way as well.
+
+You can directly go to the easy
+way of doing it, or you
+
+can go through the whole process
+of solving it and
+
+putting the approximation
+in there.
+
+And do the cancellations
+and get this.
+
+But this is much easier.
+
+Just writing the answer down
+is always much easier.
+
+So it's a pseudo first
+order reaction.
+
+We call this a pseudo first
+order reaction.
+
+So we're done with the
+simple stuff now.
+
+Any questions on first order
+and second order reactions?
+
+So the next step is, you've
+got a reaction.
+
+It could be a gas phase
+reaction, it could be a
+
+solution phase reaction.
+
+There's some quantity, some
+property, of the solution
+
+that's going to change.
+
+That's going to allow
+you to follow it as
+
+a function of time.
+
+And that property could
+be many things.
+
+It could be spectroscopic.
+
+It could be that there's an
+absorption in the visible that
+
+changes as the concentration
+of one of
+
+your reactants changes.
+
+Or one of the products could
+have an absorption band that
+
+you could follow in time.
+
+Or you could using infrared
+spectroscopy to
+
+follow it in time.
+
+Or if you have a reaction in
+the gas phase, and you have
+
+more products or less products
+than the reactants, and the
+
+pressure is going to change
+in time if you
+
+have a finite volume.
+
+So there's usually some quantity
+that you can use to
+
+follow the reaction in time
+to extract out data.
+
+And then from that data, that
+you want to know what are the
+
+kinetics of this reaction.
+
+Because eventually
+you're going to
+
+try to find a mechanism.
+
+You're going to try to find a
+mechanism that's consistent
+
+with the data.
+
+So you get data.
+
+Then you want extract out of the
+rate constants and orders.
+
+So let's assume that you've
+found a way to get data.
+
+And now you've got to
+analyze your data.
+
+And suppose that you've found a
+way to measure the reactant
+
+concentration as a
+function of time.
+
+And let's say that in the first
+case, the simplest case
+
+is that you have one reactant.
+
+So you have one reactant, A.
+So A goes to products.
+
+And you've managed to extract
+A as a function of time.
+
+Well, the obvious thing to do
+is to plot A versus time and
+
+see what it fits like.
+
+So you take A versus time,
+and you plot it.
+
+And you know that if you plot
+log A versus time and it's a
+
+straight line, well,
+that's going to be
+
+a first order process.
+
+Plot log A versus time in a
+straight line, you know that's
+
+going to be first order.
+
+If it doesn't go to a straight
+line you know
+
+it's not first order.
+
+So then you go ahead and plot
+one over A versus time.
+
+And if it's a straight line,
+you know it's second order.
+
+And if it's not second order,
+it's not a straight line.
+
+It's not a straight line, you
+look for some other order.
+
+So that's one way to do it.
+
+And you've got to have enough
+points on your graph, because
+
+if I were to plot a, let's say
+this is my data point, if I
+
+have a second order process, at
+the beginning it's going to
+
+look an awful lot like a
+first order process.
+
+It's not until after
+a while that it's
+
+going to start to deviate.
+
+So you've got to have enough
+points down in time to make
+
+sure that you can differentiate
+between a
+
+straight line and a line
+that's not straight.
+
+And usually, that's often
+a mistake that
+
+experimentalists make.
+
+They look at the beginning.
+
+They say, oh, it's a straight
+line, work is done.
+
+Go home.
+
+But usually you need to have a
+good amount of the reactant
+
+consumed before you can tell the
+difference between first
+
+and second order.
+
+So you'll have an opportunity
+to do this on the homework.
+
+This kind of exercise of
+extracting the order of a
+
+simple reaction.
+
+Another way to do it if you have
+a simple reaction is to
+
+look at half-lives.
+
+That would be the half-life
+method.
+
+If you can measure A as a
+function of time, then you
+
+know when you've gotten
+A over two.
+
+So, you know that if I look at
+the half-life versus the
+
+concentration, the initial
+concentration, of my reactant,
+
+that tells me something
+about the order.
+
+Because we saw that for our
+first order, t 1/2 was
+
+independent of the initial
+concentration.
+
+And that for a second order, t
+1/2 was proportional to one
+
+over the inverse of the
+initial concentration.
+
+So if you plot t 1/2 versus A0,
+or have a few A0 versus t
+
+1/2s, then you can tell the
+difference between first order
+
+and a second order reaction,
+and see which one fits.
+
+Sometimes to get even more solid
+numbers, because from
+
+here you can also extract k.
+
+If you have a bunch of points,
+of t 1/2 versus A0, you can
+
+extract k, the rate constant.
+
+Not just the order,
+but also the rate
+
+constant out of this data.
+
+You can use multiple lifetimes
+if you have enough data.
+
+Multiple lifetimes.
+
+So you can define, you
+can define a t 3/4.
+
+Which is the amount of time it
+takes for the concentration of
+
+A to be 1/4 of what you
+started out with.
+
+So 3/4 is gone.
+
+And then you can put that into
+your first order rate law.
+
+So when you have log of A over
+A0 is equal to minus kt, you
+
+get that t 3/4, we can solve
+for t 3/4, and you get that
+
+that's equal to two
+log two, over k.
+
+And then you can do the
+same thing for a
+
+second order process.
+
+So this is first order.
+
+You plug in t 3/4 and A is equal
+to 1/4 A0, and you solve
+
+for t 3/4 for a second
+order process.
+
+And you get that this is equal
+to three over A0 times k.
+
+So it's the same functional
+form as these two.
+
+But there's a pre-factor
+that's different here.
+
+So here there's a two
+that comes in there.
+
+And here there's there's a three
+that comes in there.
+
+And so there's an obvious way to
+tell, then, if you have the
+
+t 1/2 and the t 3/4 signs.
+
+Basically, you follow, instead
+of having many reactions,
+
+instead of having many
+reactions to do, with
+
+different A0's here you
+can do one reaction.
+
+If you do one reaction and you
+watch the reactant go away,
+
+and you time it.
+
+When 1/2 of it is gone, that's
+one time, then you keep going,
+
+like 3/4 is gone, that's
+another time.
+
+Then you can take the ratio
+of those two times.
+
+Of t 3/4 versus t 1/2.
+t 3/4 versus t 1/2.
+
+And if it's a first order
+process, the ratio
+
+here is just two.
+
+And if you take t 3/4 over t
+1/2 and it's a second order
+
+process, the ratio is three.
+
+So with one experiment, then,
+you can extract out the order.
+
+You can't extract out,
+well, you can extract
+
+out the rate constant.
+
+If you know the order then you
+know which equation fits, and
+
+you can extract out the
+the rate constant,
+
+with a big error bar.
+
+You're always better off doing
+many multiple lifetimes of
+
+different A0's or many of
+these just to get more
+
+statistics in the result.
+
+So this is the simple process.
+
+And you always try, if you have
+something complicated,
+
+you always try to bring it
+back to a one component
+
+process by doing something
+like flooding.
+
+So if you have five different
+reactants, if you make four of
+
+them in very large quantities
+and keep one of them in very
+
+small quantities, then all the
+four that are in large
+
+quantities are basically
+constant over the process.
+
+And you basically are
+looking at only one
+
+reactant going away.
+
+And then you can use these
+methods to figure out what the
+
+order is for that
+one reactant.
+
+So, questions about simple one
+reactant sort of processes.
+
+It's pretty straightforward.
+
+So now, let's say we have more
+complicated reactions.
+
+There are two ways that
+we can deal with that.
+
+The first, I already mentioned,
+which is the
+
+flooding which we'll
+get back to.
+
+And another way is called,
+so we have
+
+some complicated reactions.
+
+Complex reactions, with multiple
+reactants, that's A
+
+plus B plus C goes
+to products.
+
+And there could be some
+
+stoichiometry in front of there.
+
+So one of the ways to deal
+with that is called the
+
+initial rate method.
+
+We want to find out orders
+and rate constants.
+
+Initial rate method.
+
+So if I look at minus dA/dt,
+one of the reactants or the
+
+rate of the reaction near
+time t equals zero.
+
+That's the initial rate.
+
+Right as the reaction starts.
+
+I mix everything together and
+I, just as after I mix it
+
+together, I watch the process
+of A disappearing or B
+
+disappearing or C
+disappearing.
+
+And so in reality what I'm doing
+is minus delta A / delta
+
+t near t equals zero, where
+delta t is a small interval.
+
+So there's not much change in
+delta A. Experimentally
+
+that's what I do.
+
+And that's pretty much,
+essentially getting this
+
+number out.
+
+And we're going to call
+that the initial rate.
+
+And the initial rate is k, and
+at the beginning I haven't
+
+used up anything.
+
+So all the initial
+concentrations are there A0 to
+
+the alpha, B0 to the beta,
+C0 to the gamma.
+
+Et cetera if you have
+more reactants.
+
+So you measure this.
+
+You measure this R0, and then
+you repeat the same process
+
+with a new concentration of one
+of those three reactants.
+
+So with A0 prime, let's say.
+
+And then you get a
+new R0, R0 prime.
+
+Then you take the ratios of
+these R0 and R0 primes, R0
+
+divided by R0 prime.
+
+So R0 is k A0 to the alpha, B0
+to the beta, C0 to the gamma,
+
+then you have k A0 prime
+to the alpha.
+
+B0 to the beta, C0
+to the gamma,
+
+and the k's you disappear.
+
+The B0's disappear.
+
+The C0's disappear.
+
+The only thing that we've
+changed is the concentration
+
+of A0 to begin with.
+
+So the ratios of these initial
+rates is the ratios of the
+
+A0's to the alpha power, to
+the order in terms of A0.
+
+So if you're clever about your
+choice of ratios, then you can
+
+get alpha pretty easily.
+
+So if you choose, so if you
+now choose A0 prime to be
+
+equal to 1/2 A0, then you
+measure R0 over R0 prime.
+
+And if you get one, then you
+know that that alpha's zero.
+
+Alpha has to be zero here.
+
+Then you know alpha is zero,
+that gives you the order.
+
+It's a zero order reaction.
+
+If you get that R0 over R0 prime
+is square root of two,
+
+or rather 1/2, then a square
+root of two, square root of 2,
+
+then you know that
+alpha is 1/2.
+
+And that's a half order.
+
+We haven't seen any half order
+reactions yet, but we will.
+
+Those are indicative of a
+complicated mechanisms.
+
+But that's what you would get
+out of this experiment.
+
+If you get that it's equal to
+two, if you get that this
+
+ratio is equal to two, then you
+know that alpha is equal
+
+to one, et cetera.
+
+So it's a pretty easy way
+to get the order.
+
+Then you repeat the
+experiment.
+
+Now instead of changing A0,
+you keep A0 constant
+
+and you change B0.
+
+Or, you can use flooding or
+isolation, which is the next
+
+process to get the
+other orders.
+
+And eventually you get
+the rate constant.
+
+Once you have all the orders,
+and you have R0, then you have
+
+the rate constant.
+
+OK, so that's one
+way of doing it.
+
+And a second way of
+doing it is the
+
+way we already mentioned.
+
+To solve the second order
+reaction in two components.
+
+Which is to flood the
+reaction with
+
+everything except for one.
+
+So this is called flooding
+or isolation.
+
+Basically, you isolate one
+reactant and watch it.
+
+You're trying to get
+back to a system,
+
+which is a simple system.
+
+Which is a system
+of one reaction.
+
+So let's say you take A0 to be
+much smaller than all the
+
+other species.
+
+You flood with B and C,
+and you isolate A0.
+
+And then your rate minus
+dA/dt, it's going
+
+to be A to the alpha.
+
+And instead of B, well, during
+that process B's going to say
+
+pretty much constant.
+
+Because it's hugely concentrated
+in B. You can
+
+replace B with B0.
+
+You can replace C with C0.
+
+So now you have an effective
+constant, an effective rate
+
+constant, and then you have a
+process which is effectively,
+
+or pseudo, one reactant.
+
+Then you can use these methods
+here, you can plot A versus
+
+time, you can find path lines,
+et cetera, to gather
+
+the order for it.
+
+Then you can get alpha
+and k prime.
+
+And if you can change
+B0 and C0, then you
+
+get k out of this.
+
+So this is basically all fairly
+straightforward, just
+
+tedious experimentation to get
+all these numbers out.
+
+OK, any questions on this?
+
+You'll get experience
+on the homework.
+
+There's likely to be a question
+on the final where
+
+you're given data and
+asked to extract out
+
+orders and rate constants.
+
+So let's move on now.
+
+So, so far we've looked at
+first and second order
+
+elementary processes, and we've
+looked at taking data
+
+and extracting out rate
+and rate constant.
+
+And the next step is to
+build mechanisms.
+
+So a mechanism is when you take
+a complicated reaction,
+
+like A plus B plus C goes to D
+plus E. And you break it up
+
+into elementary steps.
+
+What's an elementary step?
+
+An elementary step
+is a step which
+
+happens in a single reaction.
+
+So I could hypothesize that
+this complicated reaction
+
+happens in three steps, where I
+need to have a molecule of A
+
+and a molecule of B collide with
+each other to first form
+
+an intermediate F. Then I want
+a molecule of F plus a
+
+molecule of B to collide to
+form intermediate G plus a
+
+product D. Then have the
+intermediate G plus reactant C
+
+collide together to form the
+product E. So this set of
+
+elementary steps, where at each
+step you have a collision
+
+of two or three molecules
+together, three is not so
+
+common but two is very common,
+those elementary steps are
+
+called the steps of
+the mechanisms.
+
+And these elementary steps you
+can define something called
+
+molecularity, which is the
+number of species that you
+
+need to collide with each
+other in one of these
+
+elementary steps.
+
+So the molecularity here would
+be two, you need two
+
+molecules to react.
+
+Here it's two, here it's two.
+
+If I have an elementary step
+which is a zero order in one
+
+reactant, then the molecularity
+would be one.
+
+Or I could have A plus A, the
+same molecules have to collide
+
+with each other.
+
+Molecularity would be two.
+
+And the molecularity and
+the order of the
+
+reaction are connected.
+
+So if you have something which
+is a molecularity of one, then
+
+it's going to be a first
+order reaction.
+
+One reactant is just sitting by
+itself, falls apart, like
+
+in radioactive decay.
+
+Molecularity of one, that's
+a first order of process.
+
+If I need to have two molecules
+come together, then
+
+it's a second order process.
+
+If I have to have three
+molecules collide at the same
+
+time together, molecularity of
+three, then it's going to
+
+depend on the concentration of
+all three at the same time.
+
+That's called a ternary
+reaction, and those are really
+
+quite rare.
+
+Termolecular reactions,
+you need to have your
+
+concentrations very, very high
+to statistically get an event
+
+happening where all three
+molecules collide together.
+
+So three body reaction is hard
+and anything higher than three
+
+body is essentially
+impossible.
+
+So that limits your choices,
+which is nice.
+
+So that's the mechanism.
+
+And so what we're going to do
+next is go through some
+
+mechanisms.
+
+Some simple mechanisms and
+build up the complexity.
+
+Any questions about
+mechanisms here?
+
+What we're doing here is, we're
+formulating a framework.
+
+Where we can go back and look
+at things that are more
+
+complicated, like chain
+reactions or explosions or
+
+enzymatic reactions, and know
+when to apply approximations
+
+and et cetera.
+
+So we basically, here,
+are just laying
+
+down the ground rules.
+
+So let's go to our first example
+of a mechanism, a more
+
+complicated reaction.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+we're going to extract out
+
+integrated rate laws out of
+all these mechanisms.
+
+And see what it looks like,
+as a function of time.
+
+So the first one we're
+going to do is
+
+called parallel reactions.
+
+Simple mechanism.
+
+In this case here I have one
+reactant, and that reactant
+
+has a choice.
+
+You can think of it as a
+radioactive decay, an atom
+
+decaying in two different
+channels.
+
+So it can decay into B, or it
+can decay into C. There are
+
+two rate constants, k1 and k2.
+
+So you can write it like this,
+or you can write it as A goes
+
+to B plus C. This is how you
+would write a reaction.
+
+And this is how you would
+write your mechanism.
+
+A goes to B and A goes to C.
+Each elementary step, these
+
+are the elementary steps and
+this is the complex reaction,
+
+each elementary step
+is unimolecular.
+
+It's a first order process.
+
+So in all of these examples, the
+first thing you do is you
+
+write your rate law.
+
+The rate at which A gets
+created or destroyed.
+
+And there are two paths.
+
+It gets destroyed and into
+B, with a rate which is
+
+proportional to the
+concentration of A, and it
+
+gets destroyed into C,
+proportional to the
+
+concentration of A. So you write
+down all the ways that A
+
+can get destroyed.
+
+There are two ways here.
+
+Two channels.
+
+This one happens to be fairly
+easy to solve. k1 plus k2
+
+times A, and you've
+seen this before.
+
+It's minus dA/dt as a constant
+times A. That's
+
+a first order process.
+
+So you can just write
+down the answer.
+
+You don't need to do
+any math here.
+
+You recognize that we just
+call this one k prime.
+
+And that the rate is A as
+a function of time.
+
+This is A0 e to the minus
+k1 plus k2 times t.
+
+And everything you've learned
+about plotting first order
+
+processes et cetera, is
+applicable here, where the
+
+rate constant is the
+sum of these two.
+
+So that's for the reactant.
+
+The products are also
+interesting to plot as a
+
+function of time, to see how
+they are related to each other
+
+in terms of their
+concentrations.
+
+So let me go through
+this also.
+
+When things get more complicated
+we'll quickly go
+
+and make approximations.
+
+But for now, we can still
+do everything exactly.
+
+So you write down your rate law
+for the product. dB/dt is
+
+equal to k1 A. dC/dt is equal
+to k2 times A. The formation
+
+of B depends linearly on A.
+The formation of C depends
+
+linearly on A, because they're
+both first order processes.
+
+To make B and C. And
+you integrate.
+
+You integrate here from
+zero to B, dB.
+
+Is equal from zero
+to t, A dt, k1.
+
+A is a function of time.
+
+And we've already
+solved for that.
+
+It's this exponential
+up there.
+
+So you plug in here A of time.
+
+And you turn the crank and you
+integrate, and it's an
+
+exponential.
+
+So it's not so hard
+to integrate.
+
+And you get that B is a function
+of time is k1 times
+
+A0 over k1 plus k2 times one
+minus e to the minus k1 plus
+
+k2 times the time.
+
+Things are already starting
+to get a little bit more
+
+messy in the math.
+
+And then to get C, you actually
+
+don't need to do anything.
+
+Because you notice that the only
+difference between B and
+
+C here is replacing
+k2 with k1.
+
+So don't worry about
+doing any math.
+
+Just write down the answer. k2
+A0, you interchange k1 and k2
+
+at every step.
+
+One minus e to the minus k1
+plus k2 times the time.
+
+The only difference is up
+here in the k2 term.
+
+And those are your equations
+for k1 and k2.
+
+And what you find, is the ratio
+of B to C is a constant.
+
+If I divide B by C, everything
+cancels out except for the k1
+
+and the k2 here.
+
+Is equal to k1 over k2.
+
+And that is called the
+branching ratio.
+
+The branching ratio, because
+there are two branches out of
+
+the reactions.
+
+And this gives you the ratio of
+which one is more likely to
+
+happen than the other one.
+
+And so if k1 is much
+bigger than k2, the
+
+rate is per unit time.
+
+The units of k1 are per second
+or per minute or per hour.
+
+So if this is big, if k1 is big,
+then mostly you're going
+
+from A to B, and only a little
+bit of C is formed.
+
+And the ratio of B and
+C is always constant.
+
+And so you can plot, then,
+you can plot the result.
+
+You can sketch out the result.
+
+So you know that A is going to
+come down exponentially.
+
+Time on this axis here,
+concentrations
+
+on this axis here.
+
+So this is A as a function
+of time.
+
+That's that equation up here,
+in exponential decay.
+
+And the quantity of A. And B and
+C are going to come up in
+
+time, also, with this
+exponential format here.
+
+B is going to saturate at this
+ratio right here, k1 A0
+
+divided by k1 plus k2.
+
+C is going to saturate at
+this quantity here.
+
+So they're going to start
+both at zero.
+
+And B is eventually going to go
+to k1 A0 over k1, plus k2.
+
+And C, eventually, will go
+to k2 A0 over k1 plus k2.
+
+And this, and the ratio of these
+two lines at every point
+
+is k1 over k2.
+
+So, a simple question, for
+instance, that you might be of
+
+the type that you might be asked
+to look at is, suppose
+
+that k1 is 1/10 of k2.
+
+Which would you expect?
+
+Would you expect to
+have, let's see.
+
+So C is in green here.
+
+C, B. Or do you expect,
+so A comes down.
+
+B comes up.
+
+C comes up like this, or do you
+expect the last choice,
+
+I'm going to put the last choice
+here, so this is, let's
+
+call this choice number one.
+
+Choice number two.
+
+Choice number three.
+
+So k1, the rate k1 is
+1/10 of the rate k2.
+
+That tells you something about
+the branching ratio.
+
+So do you expect this one here
+to be the right one?
+
+How many people think this
+is the right one?
+
+What about this one here?
+
+How many people think this
+is the right one?
+
+One person.
+
+What about this one here?
+
+So the branching ratio is
+the ratio of the two.
+
+It's 1/10.
+
+So this is approximately, in
+my sketch, poor sketch,
+
+granted, but this is
+approximately 10
+
+times bigger than this.
+
+So that's the ratio
+that you'd expect.
+
+And it's the right, here k1 is
+the rate into B. It's slower
+
+than the rate into C. So,
+you got it right.
+
+So for more complicated, we
+have a more complicated
+
+process, we're going to ask you
+the same sort of stuff.
+
+And it won't be as
+straightforward.
+
+Any questions on this
+beginning here?
+
+Next time we're going to finish
+with the parallel first
+
+and second order processes.
+
+And hopefully we'll get done
+with the complex reactions and
+
+mechanisms and move
+on to, I forgot
+
+what's next on the list.
+
+But some explosions or
+chain reactions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q9iJWDFUspU.txt b/Q9iJWDFUspU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d6e21d89e196c47cf8cd99d3c19ed27d16e501e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q9iJWDFUspU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation this will be
+the last video where we do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last video where we do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last video where we do an
+optimization problem and this one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and this one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and this one's a
+little bit different than the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the other two
+so I'm going to give you the problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to give you the problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to give you the problem now
+the problem is the following a cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the following a cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the following a cylinder
+has a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a fixed
+volume what ratio between radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume what ratio between radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume what ratio between radius and
+height minimizes surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height minimizes surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height minimizes surface
+area before I I give you time to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area before I I give you time to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area before I I give you time to think
+about that I'm going to remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I'm going to remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I'm going to remind you of
+the two the two formulas for volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two formulas for volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two formulas for volume and
+surface area of a cylinder so volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area of a cylinder so volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area of a cylinder so volume of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+cylinder is pi r^ 2 H and surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is pi r^ 2 H and surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is pi r^ 2 H and surface
+area is 2 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is 2 pi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is 2 pi r
+2 plus 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 2 pi
+RH so with that information I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RH so with that information I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RH so with that information I'll give
+you some time to work on this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some time to work on this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some time to work on this problem
+and then I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back welcome back back okay what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back back okay what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back back okay what we're
+doing again is we're trying to to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing again is we're trying to to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing again is we're trying to to solve
+an optimization problem and so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimization problem and so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimization problem and so we we
+know now the constraint equation it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now the constraint equation it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now the constraint equation it's a
+little different than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than the other
+situations because the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations because the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations because the constraint
+equation is just we're told that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just we're told that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just we're told that there's
+a fixed volume but we're not told what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed volume but we're not told what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed volume but we're not told what
+it is that actually will not change how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that actually will not change how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that actually will not change how
+we how we work on this problem but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how we work on this problem but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how we work on this problem but it
+does change the kind of answer I can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does change the kind of answer I can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does change the kind of answer I can ask
+of you and notice the answer I ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and notice the answer I ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and notice the answer I ask is
+not about exact values for radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about exact values for radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about exact values for radius and
+height but what ratio between them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height but what ratio between them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height but what ratio between them will
+will minimize surface area so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will minimize surface area so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will minimize surface area so this is
+you'll see at the end things look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see at the end things look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see at the end things look a
+little different but ultimately we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different but ultimately we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different but ultimately we still
+have our optimizing equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our optimizing equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our optimizing equation which is
+surface area and we still have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area and we still have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area and we still have our
+constraint equation which is volume so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation which is volume so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation which is volume so
+again we're going to do what we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to do what we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to do what we always
+do we're going to take our optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to take our optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to take our optimization
+equation and use our constraint equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and use our constraint equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and use our constraint equation
+to get rid of a variable so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of a variable so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of a variable so that we can
+write we can write the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write we can write the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write we can write the right hand side
+here in terms of one variable let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of one variable let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of one variable let me
+point out V is not a variable here V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out V is not a variable here V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out V is not a variable here V is
+a constant because the volume is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant because the volume is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant because the volume is fixed
+so when you see V it's not a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you see V it's not a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you see V it's not a variable
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+constant so what do I do let me write um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so what do I do let me write um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so what do I do let me write um
+first let me write surface area in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me write surface area in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me write surface area in terms
+of just a function of r and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just a function of r and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just a function of r and I'm going to
+do something a little tricky which maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something a little tricky which maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something a little tricky which maybe
+you didn't think of doing but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't think of doing but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't think of doing but ultimately
+you should end up with the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should end up with the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should end up with the same answer
+once you've simplified notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've simplified notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've simplified notice that this
+term has a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has a pi
+RH this term also has a pi RH in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RH this term also has a pi RH in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RH this term also has a pi RH in fact I
+can rewrite the volume equation as v r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite the volume equation as v r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite the volume equation as v r
+is equal to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p
+r so what I'm going to do is take that p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so what I'm going to do is take that p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so what I'm going to do is take that p
+r here and replace it by a v over R now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r here and replace it by a v over R now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r here and replace it by a v over R now
+again you might not have done this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you might not have done this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you might not have done this you
+should ultimately get the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ultimately get the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ultimately get the same answer
+that I do when we're when we're finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do when we're when we're finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do when we're when we're finished
+and even sooner probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even sooner probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even sooner probably some
+simplification would be the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification would be the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification would be the same the
+only thing I've done here is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I've done here is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I've done here is I've
+simplified right away so by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified right away so by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified right away so by looking at
+the problem and kind of pulling back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and kind of pulling back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and kind of pulling back
+from the problem I see oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the problem I see oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the problem I see oh there's
+something here that looks exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here that looks exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here that looks exactly like
+something over here here so I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here here so I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here here so I I just
+want to point that out that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point that out that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point that out that it's not
+wrong to to just substitute for H but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to to just substitute for H but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to to just substitute for H but
+it's maybe a little faster so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe a little faster so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe a little faster so now the
+new surface area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new surface area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new surface area
+equation becomes 2 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation becomes 2 pi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation becomes 2 pi r
+2 plus 2 V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R so now we have everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so now we have everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so now we have everything in terms of
+R because again V is a constant now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R because again V is a constant now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R because again V is a constant now let
+me point out what happens when R goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me point out what happens when R goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me point out what happens when R goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+this term goes to zero but this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to zero but this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to zero but this term
+goes to Infinity so as R gets very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity so as R gets very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity so as R gets very large
+surface area is getting very large as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area is getting very large as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area is getting very large as R
+goes to zero this term goes to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero this term goes to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero this term goes to zero but
+this term goes to Infinity V is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to Infinity V is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to Infinity V is fixed
+and when R goes to zero this term blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when R goes to zero this term blows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when R goes to zero this term blows
+up so when R gets as small as we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so when R gets as small as we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so when R gets as small as we allow
+or as large as we allow either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as large as we allow either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as large as we allow either way
+surface area is going to be getting big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area is going to be getting big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area is going to be getting big
+so where this where surface area has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where this where surface area has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where this where surface area has a
+derivative with respect to radius it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to radius it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to radius it's
+going to have to be a minimum so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be a minimum so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be a minimum so we
+don't have to check anymore now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to check anymore now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to check anymore now we've
+checked sort of the what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked sort of the what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked sort of the what's happening
+towards the boundary at the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the boundary at the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the boundary at the extreme
+values of R so now we can now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R so now we can now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R so now we can now we can
+actually solve the problem well what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve the problem well what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve the problem well what do
+we do we're using our optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're using our optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're using our optimization
+equation we want to take a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we want to take a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we want to take a derivative
+and set it equal to zero and find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set it equal to zero and find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set it equal to zero and find what
+value for R gives that but again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for R gives that but again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for R gives that but again let me
+point out one more time that in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out one more time that in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out one more time that in the end
+I'm asking for a ratio between radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking for a ratio between radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking for a ratio between radius
+and height so I'm not going to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height so I'm not going to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height so I'm not going to get all
+the way to where I have R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to where I have R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to where I have R equals
+something you'll see I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll see I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll see I'm going to do
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+trick but let me first take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick but let me first take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick but let me first take the
+derivative I need surface area Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I need surface area Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I need surface area Prime
+this is derivative with respect to R I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is derivative with respect to R I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is derivative with respect to R I
+have 2 pi r 2 that derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 pi r 2 that derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 pi r 2 that derivative with
+respect to R is 4 pi r and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is 4 pi r and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R is 4 pi r and this
+derivative with respect to R I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to R I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to R I'm going
+to keep the 2v and the the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the 2v and the the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the 2v and the the denominator
+one over R its derivative is 1/ R 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R its derivative is 1/ R 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R its derivative is 1/ R 2 so
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+have 4 pi r for the first term and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 pi r for the first term and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 pi r for the first term and then
+minus 2 V over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 V over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 V over R
+2 if I set this equal to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if I set this equal to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if I set this equal to zero the
+derivative equal to zero and solve I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equal to zero and solve I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equal to zero and solve I get
+2 V / r^ 2 is equal to 4K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 V / r^ 2 is equal to 4K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 V / r^ 2 is equal to 4K
+R which is the same as going to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is the same as going to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is the same as going to put it
+on this side R cubed is equal to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side R cubed is equal to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side R cubed is equal to 2 pi
+over V Let's just check if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V Let's just check if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V Let's just check if I multiply
+both sides by R squ divide by 4 pi oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by R squ divide by 4 pi oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by R squ divide by 4 pi oh I
+did it backwards I think it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it backwards I think it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it backwards I think it should
+actually be pi over 2v let me double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pi over 2v let me double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pi over 2v let me double
+check that all my signs are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that all my signs are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that all my signs are correct
+that's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R
+cubed IDE 4 Pi I should get pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B I should not I've been told from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I should not I've been told from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I should not I've been told from the
+audience I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I made a
+mistake sometimes you'll see when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake sometimes you'll see when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake sometimes you'll see when you're
+at the board and on video scary things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the board and on video scary things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the board and on video scary things
+can happen 2v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh multiply through by R I get R cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh multiply through by R I get R cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh multiply through by R I get R cubed
+oh I have the 2v in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I have the 2v in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I have the 2v in the
+numerator I apologize the 2v is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator I apologize the 2v is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator I apologize the 2v is in the
+numerator the four Pi is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator the four Pi is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator the four Pi is in the
+denominator so I get V over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so I get V over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so I get V over 2
+pi does that look better audience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi does that look better audience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi does that look better audience the
+audience tells me that looks better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience tells me that looks better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience tells me that looks better okay
+so here I am I have R cubed is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I am I have R cubed is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I am I have R cubed is equal to
+V over 2 pi now if I wanted to I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over 2 pi now if I wanted to I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over 2 pi now if I wanted to I could
+take the cube root of both sides and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the cube root of both sides and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the cube root of both sides and get
+R explicitly in terms of v and 2 pi V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R explicitly in terms of v and 2 pi V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R explicitly in terms of v and 2 pi V is
+a constant Pi is a constant I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Pi is a constant I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Pi is a constant I would be
+done but I didn't ask for what R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but I didn't ask for what R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but I didn't ask for what R
+actually is I asked for a ratio so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is I asked for a ratio so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is I asked for a ratio so let's
+make this problem simpler all I need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this problem simpler all I need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this problem simpler all I need in
+the end is R / H let's go back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is R / H let's go back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is R / H let's go back to a
+formula we have and see if we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we have and see if we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we have and see if we can figure
+out a way to get r divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to get r divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to get r divided
+H look at this formula for V it has an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H look at this formula for V it has an r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H look at this formula for V it has an r
+s and it has an H so if I divide by R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and it has an H so if I divide by R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and it has an H so if I divide by R 2
+h on this side I'll end up with an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h on this side I'll end up with an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h on this side I'll end up with an R
+overh hopefully you buy that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overh hopefully you buy that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overh hopefully you buy that I'm going
+to even write it out I'm going to take R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even write it out I'm going to take R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even write it out I'm going to take R
+cub and divide it R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and divide it R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and divide it R 2
+H that in the end is r h let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that in the end is r h let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that in the end is r h let's go back
+here and look at what that equals R 2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and look at what that equals R 2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and look at what that equals R 2 H
+is equal to V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V over
+PI right R 2 H is equal to V over Pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI right R 2 H is equal to V over Pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI right R 2 H is equal to V over Pi so
+I can divide this side by R 2 H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can divide this side by R 2 H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can divide this side by R 2 H and
+divide this side by V over pi and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this side by V over pi and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this side by V over pi and it's
+the same thing which is by the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing which is by the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing which is by the way the
+same thing as multiplying by pi over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as multiplying by pi over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as multiplying by pi over V
+right so I can multiply this side by pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can multiply this side by pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can multiply this side by pi
+over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what do I get I get the v's divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I get I get the v's divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I get I get the v's divide
+out the Pi's divided by out divide out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the Pi's divided by out divide out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the Pi's divided by out divide out
+and I get2 so the result is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get2 so the result is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get2 so the result is that the
+ratio between radius and height should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between radius and height should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between radius and height should
+be 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 to
+two let me one more time explain what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let me one more time explain what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let me one more time explain what we
+were doing here in the end the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing here in the end the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing here in the end the answer
+the the question just asked what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the question just asked what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the question just asked what is the
+ratio between radius and height that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between radius and height that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between radius and height that
+minimiz surface area and I had an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimiz surface area and I had an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimiz surface area and I had an R
+cubed I wanted to get r divid h so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed I wanted to get r divid h so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed I wanted to get r divid h so I
+divided by by two RS I divided by R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by by two RS I divided by R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by by two RS I divided by R 2
+and then H again but R 2 H is V Pi so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then H again but R 2 H is V Pi so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then H again but R 2 H is V Pi so if
+I divide by R 2 H I'm dividing by V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by R 2 H I'm dividing by V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by R 2 H I'm dividing by V over
+Pi so I can do on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so I can do on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so I can do on the right hand side
+the same thing that I do on the left I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that I do on the left I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that I do on the left I
+divide it by V over Pi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by V over Pi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by V over Pi which is
+multiplying by pi over V the Pi's divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by pi over V the Pi's divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by pi over V the Pi's divide
+out the v's divide out and I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the v's divide out and I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the v's divide out and I'm left
+with2 and so this was an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with2 and so this was an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with2 and so this was an optimization
+problem where the constraint equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where the constraint equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where the constraint equation
+did not have a number in it but it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have a number in it but it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have a number in it but it did
+have it did have a fixed constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it did have a fixed constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it did have a fixed constant
+so I couldn't ask you for an exact value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I couldn't ask you for an exact value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I couldn't ask you for an exact value
+for the radius and an exact value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the radius and an exact value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the radius and an exact value for
+the height but I could ask you for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height but I could ask you for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height but I could ask you for how
+they relate and that's ultimately what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate and that's ultimately what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate and that's ultimately what I
+did and I think that's where we'll stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QI09XKVW_8E.txt b/QI09XKVW_8E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50c550c6a75c479a727fd8c42502df1a75d38f57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QI09XKVW_8E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu welcome back um today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome back um today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome back um today we're
+going to we're going to break the mold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to break the mold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to break the mold
+of these one degree of Freedom systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these one degree of Freedom systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these one degree of Freedom systems
+uh in a major way we're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a major way we're going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a major way we're going to go to
+two degree Freedom systems okay um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree Freedom systems okay um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree Freedom systems okay um there
+are two sort of canonical underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sort of canonical underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sort of canonical underactuated
+systems in fact I'd say the the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in fact I'd say the the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in fact I'd say the the field of
+underactuated um robotics has spent most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated um robotics has spent most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated um robotics has spent most
+of its time thinking about a few sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its time thinking about a few sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its time thinking about a few sort of
+canonical underactuated problems the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical underactuated problems the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical underactuated problems the two
+we're going to talk about today are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about today are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about today are the
+acrobot and the cartpole systems okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot and the cartpole systems okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot and the cartpole systems okay uh
+the acrobot uh is a two-link robotic arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot uh is a two-link robotic arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot uh is a two-link robotic arm
+the the only thing special about it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the only thing special about it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the only thing special about it it's
+operating in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane the only thing that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the only thing that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the only thing that makes it
+special is that somebody forgot to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special is that somebody forgot to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special is that somebody forgot to put a
+motor at the shoulder okay so you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor at the shoulder okay so you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor at the shoulder okay so you got a
+motor at the elbow and no motor at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor at the elbow and no motor at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor at the elbow and no motor at the
+shoulder it's called the acrobot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder it's called the acrobot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder it's called the acrobot because
+you might it's a little bit like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might it's a little bit like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might it's a little bit like an
+acrobat on a high bar that has has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobat on a high bar that has has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobat on a high bar that has has to
+spin around and do tricks even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin around and do tricks even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin around and do tricks even though
+they can't produce much torque with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't produce much torque with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't produce much torque with
+their wrist and they have to do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wrist and they have to do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wrist and they have to do it all
+with their waist right um the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their waist right um the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their waist right um the other one
+the the cart pole system um you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cart pole system um you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cart pole system um you've
+probably seen it in sort of an intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen it in sort of an intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen it in sort of an intro
+controls course uh in our 63 and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls course uh in our 63 and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls course uh in our 63 and our
+signals and systems course at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and systems course at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and systems course at the end of
+the year they bring in a a cart pole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year they bring in a a cart pole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year they bring in a a cart pole and
+do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little
+demonstration um it's a cart uh with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration um it's a cart uh with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration um it's a cart uh with I
+made it a simple pendulum since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a simple pendulum since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a simple pendulum since we
+thought a lot about the simple pendulums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a lot about the simple pendulums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a lot about the simple pendulums
+uh on the cart okay you're allowed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the cart okay you're allowed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the cart okay you're allowed to to
+push the cart sideways but there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the cart sideways but there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the cart sideways but there's only
+a pin joint here um holding the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pin joint here um holding the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pin joint here um holding the the uh
+the pendulum up okay so you have to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum up okay so you have to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum up okay so you have to to
+balance the pendulum uh with the cart by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the pendulum uh with the cart by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the pendulum uh with the cart by
+moving the cart okay now in our intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the cart okay now in our intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the cart okay now in our intro
+controls courses um they do linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls courses um they do linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls courses um they do linear
+control at the top right they they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control at the top right they they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control at the top right they they do
+some simple modeling um some pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple modeling um some pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple modeling um some pole
+placement in 63 so they they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement in 63 so they they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement in 63 so they they started
+near the top it stays near the top you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the top it stays near the top you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the top it stays near the top you
+know they actually they put a a wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they actually they put a a wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they actually they put a a wine
+glass or something on the top they put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass or something on the top they put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass or something on the top they put a
+Christmas tree on the top they do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas tree on the top they do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas tree on the top they do all
+these things right but they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right but they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right but they never
+started from sort of here right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from sort of here right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from sort of here right because
+then the nonlinear kicks in and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the nonlinear kicks in and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the nonlinear kicks in and that's
+why we need this course we got to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need this course we got to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need this course we got to that's
+a harder problem okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harder problem okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harder problem okay so we're going to
+do the full uh cart pole uh starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the full uh cart pole uh starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the full uh cart pole uh starting
+today and we'll we'll finish it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we'll we'll finish it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we'll we'll finish it on
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+um so the equations of motion of both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the equations of motion of both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the equations of motion of both of
+those are are are quite easy to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are are are quite easy to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are are are quite easy to derive
+they take a half a page and they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take a half a page and they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take a half a page and they're in
+the notes um both of them uh are nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes um both of them uh are nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes um both of them uh are nicely
+described by the manipulator equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the manipulator equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the manipulator equations
+that I introduced in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I introduced in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I introduced in the first lecture
+so let's work with in the manipulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's work with in the manipulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's work with in the manipulator
+equation form right so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation form right so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation form right so if you remember
+um I said that most of the systems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said that most of the systems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said that most of the systems we
+care about can be described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about can be described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about can be described by
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+okay it happens that um both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it happens that um both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it happens that um both of these
+systems are sort of underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are sort of underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are sort of underactuated
+they've got an one actuator and and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got an one actuator and and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got an one actuator and and one
+passive joint so B turns out to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive joint so B turns out to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive joint so B turns out to be um
+well I've actually got it to be zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've actually got it to be zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've actually got it to be zero and
+one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the
+acrobot and uh one Zer for the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pole but they're both sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole but they're both sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole but they're both sort of the
+standard form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form
+okay so the first thing I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing I think that
+everybody does with these systems and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does with these systems and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does with these systems and we
+that we have to discuss is let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to discuss is let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to discuss is let's see if
+we can make it balance at the top right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it balance at the top right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it balance at the top right
+the task in both of these cases is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task in both of these cases is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task in both of these cases is to
+take the system from some arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the system from some arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the system from some arbitrarily
+arbitrary initial condition and get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary initial condition and get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary initial condition and get it
+up to the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the top and
+balance it turns out that even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it turns out that even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it turns out that even though
+the system is systems are underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is systems are underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is systems are underactuated
+you can do that um just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the to help your intuition here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to help your intuition here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to help your intuition here this is
+some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um
+acrobot video from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot video from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot video from from the
+web okay um they have a belt drive going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web okay um they have a belt drive going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web okay um they have a belt drive going
+down to their uh their elbow motor and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to their uh their elbow motor and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to their uh their elbow motor and a
+big motor up here like very big motor up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big motor up here like very big motor up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big motor up here like very big motor up
+here okay um and if you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay um and if you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay um and if you're willing to
+sort of pump energy up through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pump energy up through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pump energy up through the
+second link then you can they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second link then you can they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second link then you can they were very
+excited uh then you can add energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited uh then you can add energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited uh then you can add energy to
+the system get it to swing around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system get it to swing around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system get it to swing around and
+then the cool thing is you can stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cool thing is you can stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cool thing is you can stabilize
+it at the top okay which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the top okay which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the top okay which is actually
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+surprising all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising all right
+so um this one took however many pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this one took however many pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this one took however many pumps
+got itself to the top balanced they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got itself to the top balanced they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got itself to the top balanced they they
+said oh so um in this class we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh so um in this class we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh so um in this class we're going
+to do better right so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better right so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better right so this is just a
+teaser but here if you want if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaser but here if you want if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaser but here if you want if you were
+to take your optimal control tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take your optimal control tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take your optimal control tools and
+uh and try to solve the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and try to solve the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and try to solve the same problem
+exact same system now it's in mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same system now it's in mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same system now it's in mat lab
+but um we're going to do a lot better by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we're going to do a lot better by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we're going to do a lot better by
+thinking about sort of um minimum time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about sort of um minimum time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about sort of um minimum time
+or or even lqr solutions to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or even lqr solutions to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or even lqr solutions to get to the
+top I think that's pretty elegant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I think that's pretty elegant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I think that's pretty elegant right
+so single pump and then it's up okay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so single pump and then it's up okay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so single pump and then it's up okay of
+course it'll depend on your torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it'll depend on your torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it'll depend on your torque
+limits and and all these things but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and and all these things but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and and all these things but um I
+think we can do very elegant control on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can do very elegant control on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can do very elegant control on
+these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems okay so um I want to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so um I want to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so um I want to start by
+thinking about balancing at the top Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about balancing at the top Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about balancing at the top Okay
+so it's not obvious if I've got a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not obvious if I've got a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not obvious if I've got a system
+with a a motor at the elbow and no motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a motor at the elbow and no motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a motor at the elbow and no motor
+at the shoulder that I can balance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shoulder that I can balance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shoulder that I can balance at
+the top right you'd think that if I fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right you'd think that if I fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right you'd think that if I fall
+with my elbow motor I've got nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my elbow motor I've got nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my elbow motor I've got nothing
+immediately to correct it so how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to correct it so how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to correct it so how the
+heck do I stabilize that fix point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck do I stabilize that fix point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck do I stabilize that fix point at
+the top okay well turns out you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top okay well turns out you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top okay well turns out you can and
+let's look at that um you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that um you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that um you've probably
+seen linearization before it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen linearization before it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen linearization before it turns out
+if you're linearizing things from the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're linearizing things from the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're linearizing things from the um
+the manipulator equations it's pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manipulator equations it's pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manipulator equations it's pretty uh
+pretty elegant so I'm going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty elegant so I'm going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty elegant so I'm going to do that
+quickly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so our system that we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our system that we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our system that we're we're
+working with here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's just an x. equals F of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's just an x. equals F of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's just an x. equals F of U and
+state space form but it happens because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space form but it happens because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space form but it happens because
+it's um from the manipulator equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um from the manipulator equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um from the manipulator equation
+that if we choose X to be QQ dot like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we choose X to be QQ dot like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we choose X to be QQ dot like we
+always do then f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u has this
+sort of block Matrix a block Vector form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of block Matrix a block Vector form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of block Matrix a block Vector form
+here which is Q do is now H inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is Q do is now H inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is Q do is now H inverse
+Q bu uus CQ do minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+right I just solve that for Q dot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just solve that for Q dot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just solve that for Q dot we
+know that H is um an inertial matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that H is um an inertial matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that H is um an inertial matrix
+it's always uniformly positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always uniformly positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always uniformly positive definite
+for so for all Q's it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so for all Q's it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so for all Q's it's positive
+definite so I can take its inverse and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so I can take its inverse and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so I can take its inverse and I
+get that solution for Q dot so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that solution for Q dot so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that solution for Q dot so the
+derivative of x is this is Q dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x is this is Q dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x is this is Q dot
+sorry looks like a line but it's a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now we want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we want to think about
+linearizing that system around a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing that system around a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing that system around a fixed
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the way we're going to do that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the way we're going to do that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the way we're going to do that of
+course is taking a tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion I'm going to take my x dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I'm going to take my x dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I'm going to take my x dot and
+say it's approximately equal to F ofx at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's approximately equal to F ofx at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's approximately equal to F ofx at
+the fixed point U of X at the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point U of X at the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point U of X at the fixed
+point plus partial F partial x with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point plus partial F partial x with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point plus partial F partial x with X
+evaluated at the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the fix
+point you evaluated at the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you evaluated at the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you evaluated at the fix
+Point time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point time
+xus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus x
+Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star
+Plus partial F partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus partial F partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus partial F partial
+U evaluated at the fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it turns out for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out for these
+equations at a fixed Point that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations at a fixed Point that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations at a fixed Point that's really
+not a hard thing to compute okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hard thing to compute okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hard thing to compute okay so we
+can we do that quickly so um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do that quickly so um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do that quickly so um what's
+this term first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all it's going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's going to be zero
+right if we're at a fixed point then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we're at a fixed point then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we're at a fixed point then the
+derivative at that fixed Point better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at that fixed Point better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at that fixed Point better be
+zero right so this guy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so this guy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so this guy just
+disappears okay partial F partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears okay partial F partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears okay partial F partial X
+we'll look at real quick partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at real quick partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at real quick partial F
+partial U turns out to be not too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U turns out to be not too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U turns out to be not too hard
+let's do partial F partial U first it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do partial F partial U first it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do partial F partial U first it's
+it's even easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a vector
+right um so I'm going to end out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so I'm going to end out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so I'm going to end out with a
+in general a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general a matrix
+of here which contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms partial Q dot roughly partial U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms partial Q dot roughly partial U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms partial Q dot roughly partial U
+and partial qou dot partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U so what's partial Q dot partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u z zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay partial qou do partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay partial qou do partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay partial qou do partial
+U well that turns out to be even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well that turns out to be even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well that turns out to be even though
+there's a lot of you know matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of you know matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of you know matrices
+flying around here with possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around here with possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around here with possibly
+nonlinear things inside everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear things inside everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear things inside everything's
+linear in youu right so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in youu right so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in youu right so that's actually
+pretty easy to write too that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to write too that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to write too that turns out
+to be H inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and this whole thing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this whole thing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this whole thing is going to
+be evaluated at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um U doesn't matter in this case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U doesn't matter in this case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U doesn't matter in this case but
+evaluate it at our uh fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point okay what about partial F partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay what about partial F partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay what about partial F partial
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now X is a bigger thing so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X is a bigger thing so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X is a bigger thing so I'm going to
+have partial Q dot partial Q here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partial Q dot partial Q here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partial Q dot partial Q here these
+are this is sort of a block Matrix form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is sort of a block Matrix form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is sort of a block Matrix form
+I'm using here partial Q dot partial Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using here partial Q dot partial Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using here partial Q dot partial Q
+dot here and then partial qou dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here and then partial qou dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here and then partial qou dot
+partial Q partial Q dble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Q partial Q dble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Q partial Q dble
+dot partial Q dot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+this Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Z
+zero what's this one one or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what's this one one or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what's this one one or more
+generally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay Q double. partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay Q double. partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay Q double. partial
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we need to use our chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to use our chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to use our chain rule
+right this is some thing depends on Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is some thing depends on Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is some thing depends on Q
+times something else that depends on Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something else that depends on Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something else that depends on Q
+so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+partial H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H
+inverse partial Q * bu u - CQ do minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse partial Q * bu u - CQ do minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse partial Q * bu u - CQ do minus
+G plus h inverse partial of that hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G plus h inverse partial of that hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G plus h inverse partial of that hole
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and H is
+potentially um a little messy H inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially um a little messy H inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially um a little messy H inverse
+is probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably more
+messy but it turns out this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but it turns out this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but it turns out this is going to
+be very simple again for us um so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very simple again for us um so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very simple again for us um so I I
+claim that this term at the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this term at the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this term at the fix
+Point has also got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point has also got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point has also got to be
+zero do you buy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do you buy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do you buy that
+yeah right this thing has got to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right this thing has got to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right this thing has got to equal
+HQ Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ Dot
+H is positive definite so for Q do to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is positive definite so for Q do to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is positive definite so for Q do to be
+zero this is better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is better be
+zero yeah so that whole thing goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah so that whole thing goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah so that whole thing goes to
+zero so this term or we don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this term or we don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this term or we don't have to do
+partial H inverse partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H inverse partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H inverse partial
+Q right right and this one again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q right right and this one again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q right right and this one again is
+actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+um I I in the very first lecture I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I in the very first lecture I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I in the very first lecture I did
+use B um as potentially a function of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use B um as potentially a function of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use B um as potentially a function of q
+but for these examples it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for these examples it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for these examples it certainly
+isn't it's just a constant so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it's just a constant so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it's just a constant so this
+doesn't have any dependence on q c does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any dependence on q c does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any dependence on q c does
+depend on Q G does depend on Q but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on Q G does depend on Q but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on Q G does depend on Q but at
+the fixed Point Q dot had better be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed Point Q dot had better be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed Point Q dot had better be zero
+if it's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a fixed
+point so the only term that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the only term that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the only term that actually
+survives out of this whole potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives out of this whole potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives out of this whole potentially
+scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary
+thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah good isga H inverse partial G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah good isga H inverse partial G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah good isga H inverse partial G
+partial Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay take the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take the derivative with respect to
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+dot again this term is zero so no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot again this term is zero so no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot again this term is zero so no matter
+the partial H inverse partial Q dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial H inverse partial Q dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial H inverse partial Q dot
+doesn't matter and then what in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and then what in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and then what in here
+depends on um on Q dot well C depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on um on Q dot well C depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on um on Q dot well C depends on
+Q dot both directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q dot both directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q dot both directly
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+internally so we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally so we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally so we end up with
+um partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partial
+so H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H
+inverse partial C partial Q dot time Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse partial C partial Q dot time Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse partial C partial Q dot time Q
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+plus I'll do the whole thing's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I'll do the whole thing's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I'll do the whole thing's minus
+here plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but again Q a zero at the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but again Q a zero at the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but again Q a zero at the fixed
+point so it ends up this whole scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it ends up this whole scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it ends up this whole scary
+thing reduces to H inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing reduces to H inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing reduces to H inverse
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+g that's correct yep those are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g that's correct yep those are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g that's correct yep those are our
+gravitational terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so this whole
+um potentially scary thing works out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um potentially scary thing works out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um potentially scary thing works out to
+be um zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I negative H inverse partial G partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Q negative H inverse C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's a lot of Beauty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a lot of Beauty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a lot of Beauty in the
+manipulator equations it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator equations it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator equations it's a
+very it's a very nice Middle Ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it's a very nice Middle Ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it's a very nice Middle Ground
+between sort of any arbitrary nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of any arbitrary nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of any arbitrary nonlinear
+system but it's got lot it's got enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's got lot it's got enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's got lot it's got enough
+structure that you can play a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you can play a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you can play a lot of
+tricks like this and and often things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks like this and and often things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks like this and and often things
+simplify so I actually think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so I actually think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so I actually think it's a
+beautiful representation that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful representation that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful representation that we're
+we're lucky to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're lucky to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're lucky to have in
+robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay now I've got this form that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I've got this form that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I've got this form that's
+a linear system here right I've got if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system here right I've got if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system here right I've got if I
+just call this thing a and this thing B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this thing a and this thing B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this thing a and this thing B
+then I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got
+xal ax+ bu U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and if you if you prefer to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you if you prefer to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you if you prefer to make it
+really to really make it linear then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to really make it linear then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to really make it linear then
+let's define um xar to be x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define um xar to be x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define um xar to be x - x
+star U Bar to be uus U star to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star U Bar to be uus U star to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star U Bar to be uus U star to put the
+the origin at the fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+now xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now xar
+dot is just X do minus this thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is just X do minus this thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is just X do minus this thing that's
+zero right so it's just x dot so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so it's just x dot so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so it's just x dot so I could
+equally write this as axar + B U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally write this as axar + B U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally write this as axar + B U
+Bar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so given the manipulator equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given the manipulator equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given the manipulator equations
+for the acrobot for the cart pole it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the acrobot for the cart pole it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the acrobot for the cart pole it's
+trivial to find a local approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to find a local approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to find a local approximation of
+those Dynamics which is valid around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Dynamics which is valid around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Dynamics which is valid around the
+fix point we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point we're trying to
+stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize
+right and if I have that then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I have that then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I have that then I could
+play some of the linear control games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some of the linear control games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some of the linear control games
+that we started with right so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with right so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with right so the first
+thing to try let's let's do lq r at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to try let's let's do lq r at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to try let's let's do lq r at the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+right uh turns out lqr at the top just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh turns out lqr at the top just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh turns out lqr at the top just
+works really well it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well it's not too
+surprising I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I
+guess actually before we do lqr let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess actually before we do lqr let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess actually before we do lqr let me
+take a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+actually decide if we should if if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decide if we should if if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decide if we should if if it's
+if it's proper to do lqr okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's proper to do lqr okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's proper to do lqr okay so there's
+a condition in lqr that had to be met in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition in lqr that had to be met in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition in lqr that had to be met in
+that derivation that I threw at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivation that I threw at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivation that I threw at you
+um if the if the infinite rise and cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the if the infinite rise and cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the if the infinite rise and cost
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+integral wasn't bounded if it didn't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral wasn't bounded if it didn't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral wasn't bounded if it didn't if
+your system didn't get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system didn't get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system didn't get to the
+origin then the lqr cost would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin then the lqr cost would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin then the lqr cost would be
+infinite and the lqr derivation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and the lqr derivation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and the lqr derivation would
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+okay if your system if if you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if your system if if you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if your system if if you cannot
+with feedback drive your system so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with feedback drive your system so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with feedback drive your system so that
+X is at the fixed point then the lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is at the fixed point then the lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is at the fixed point then the lqr
+cost function will accumulate cost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function will accumulate cost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function will accumulate cost in
+Forever blow up okay so really the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forever blow up okay so really the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forever blow up okay so really the first
+thing before we apply lqr we better take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before we apply lqr we better take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before we apply lqr we better take
+a second to decide if we think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second to decide if we think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second to decide if we think the
+system can get to the origin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can get to the origin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can get to the origin with
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+right and that condition is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that condition is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that condition is called
+controllability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability
+right and controllability is is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and controllability is is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and controllability is is a very
+powerful concept and I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and I want to make sure
+you understand the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the relationship between
+controllability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability and
+underactuation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for this system the question is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this system the question is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this system the question is if I
+have my linear system and I started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my linear system and I started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my linear system and I started in
+some initial conditions that are nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial conditions that are nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial conditions that are nonzero
+to make otherwise it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make otherwise it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make otherwise it's not so
+interesting if my initial conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if my initial conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if my initial conditions are
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+zero can I design a feedback law find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero can I design a feedback law find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero can I design a feedback law find
+some actions U that will drive my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actions U that will drive my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actions U that will drive my system
+to zero in a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero in a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero in a finite
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay so more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so more generally
+um the definition of controlability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the definition of controlability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the definition of controlability
+says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+say xit zero equals some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say xit zero equals some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say xit zero equals some initial
+conditions to xit some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to xit some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to xit some um
+final time to be some other initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions given unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actions in a finite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so controllability is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so controllability is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so controllability is actually the
+thing we care about in life for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we care about in life for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we care about in life for
+nonlinear systems controllability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems controllability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems controllability is
+actually incredibly hard to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incredibly hard to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incredibly hard to evaluate
+most systems tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most systems tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most systems tend to be
+controllable but um but it's a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable but um but it's a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable but um but it's a hard
+thing to evaluate for nonlinear systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to evaluate for nonlinear systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to evaluate for nonlinear systems
+for linear systems we have all the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear systems we have all the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear systems we have all the tools
+we we could dream of to to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could dream of to to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could dream of to to evaluate the
+controllability of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability of the system
+okay so for linear controlability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's sufficient to say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sufficient to say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sufficient to say x
+tfal equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfal equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfal equals
+0 so a lot of times in for for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so a lot of times in for for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so a lot of times in for for linear
+systems people just ask controllable say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems people just ask controllable say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems people just ask controllable say
+it's controllable if I can drive my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's controllable if I can drive my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's controllable if I can drive my
+system from any initial conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from any initial conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from any initial conditions to
+zero in a finite time and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in a finite time and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in a finite time and because of
+everything's nice and linear that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's nice and linear that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's nice and linear that's
+actually equ that's equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equ that's equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equ that's equivalent to the
+the stronger definition for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger definition for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger definition for linear
+systems okay in nonlinear systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay in nonlinear systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay in nonlinear systems you
+have to evaluate every initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to evaluate every initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to evaluate every initial condition
+every final condition if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every final condition if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every final condition if you're not
+careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful
+okay so what do you think if the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you think if the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you think if the system
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+underactuated then do you think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated then do you think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated then do you think it is
+can be controllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+choose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some
+place some State for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acrobot and I choose a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time can you design a controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can you design a controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can you design a controller
+potentially with really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially with really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially with really big
+actions that gets me there in finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time tell me why tell me why you you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tell me why tell me why you you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tell me why tell me why you you say
+no well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can potentially can stabiliz it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potentially can stabiliz it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potentially can stabiliz it there
+for aquab so regardless of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aquab so regardless of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aquab so regardless of the fact
+which AC you put there you can pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which AC you put there you can pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which AC you put there you can pitch
+that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state
+out but there's nothing to say I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but there's nothing to say I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but there's nothing to say I can't
+leave that state and come back in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that state and come back in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that state and come back in in
+some very finite very small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right so so you're saying if I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you're saying if I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you're saying if I ask you
+to go here right at some small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go here right at some small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go here right at some small amount of
+time and I start right here then I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I start right here then I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I start right here then I can't
+I can't be there in a some small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be there in a some small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be there in a some small amount
+of time but what if I put in so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but what if I put in so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but what if I put in so much
+actuation that I go like this and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuation that I go like this and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuation that I go like this and I'm
+back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right do there system have to stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do there system have to stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do there system have to stay in
+the final State no does not have to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final State no does not have to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final State no does not have to stay
+in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final
+State well so I mean underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well so I mean underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well so I mean underactuated
+implies that the local dimensionality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the local dimensionality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the local dimensionality of
+the reachable state space is lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reachable state space is lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reachable state space is lower than
+the full Dimension right so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full Dimension right so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full Dimension right so if you just
+drink your finite time to an arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink your finite time to an arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink your finite time to an arbitrarily
+small time then we won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small time then we won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small time then we won't be able to
+reach States outside that I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach States outside that I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach States outside that I think that
+so this is exactly the the point so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly the the point so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly the the point so what
+he said is he says the underactuation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said is he says the underactuation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said is he says the underactuation is
+I even I'll use the words instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even I'll use the words instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even I'll use the words instantaneous
+it's an instantaneous constraint on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an instantaneous constraint on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an instantaneous constraint on on
+what you can do right at any instant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do right at any instant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do right at any instant in
+time I can only produce accelerations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can only produce accelerations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can only produce accelerations in
+a certain direction so how could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain direction so how could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain direction so how could I
+possibly in some if I make my finite my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly in some if I make my finite my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly in some if I make my finite my
+finite time small enough how could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time small enough how could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time small enough how could I
+possibly get there well finite time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get there well finite time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get there well finite time is
+actually different than zero time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different than zero time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different than zero time
+right and the actions can potentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the actions can potentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the actions can potentially be
+huge but actually most a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge but actually most a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge but actually most a lot of the
+underactuated systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems are
+controllable right so we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable right so we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable right so we'll see it
+carefully in the the linearization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully in the the linearization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully in the the linearization of
+this okay but actually controllability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but actually controllability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but actually controllability
+if you get one thing out of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get one thing out of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get one thing out of this lecture
+and I'm going to write at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write at the end of the
+lecture again on the board um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture again on the board um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture again on the board um there's a
+difference between controllability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between controllability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between controllability and
+underactuation a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuation a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuation a lot of the
+underactuated systems are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems are in fact
+controllable and that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable and that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable and that's what makes
+gives us a few more things to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a few more things to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a few more things to talk about
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+class okay so let's let's see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so let's let's see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so let's let's see if I can
+uh make that point to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make that point to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make that point to you
+um so how do we talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do we talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do we talk about um
+controllability in a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even what so what are the tools people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what so what are the tools people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what so what are the tools people
+use for controllability in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for controllability in a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for controllability in a linear
+system if you used them call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out who's used control ility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who's used control ility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who's used control ility
+tools yeah there's like the Matrix C * b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools yeah there's like the Matrix C * b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools yeah there's like the Matrix C * b
+c * a b awesome find the r that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c * a b awesome find the r that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c * a b awesome find the r that good
+there's a controllability matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a controllability matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a controllability matrix right
+ability awesome there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability awesome there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability awesome there's a
+controllability gramian which turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability gramian which turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllability gramian which turns out
+to be um almost exactly the L it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um almost exactly the L it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um almost exactly the L it came
+out what came out of our lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what came out of our lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what came out of our lqr
+derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+okay those are the two big ones so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the two big ones so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the two big ones so there
+there are controlability matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are controlability matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are controlability matrices
+controlability gramms I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlability gramms I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlability gramms I'm going to say
+I'm minut about it but but if you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm minut about it but but if you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm minut about it but but if you care
+about we can we can actually both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we can we can actually both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we can we can actually both of
+those are a little bit unintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a little bit unintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a little bit unintuitive
+actually and the proofs are the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the proofs are the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the proofs are the proof of
+the graman is not bad but the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graman is not bad but the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graman is not bad but the proof of
+the um the derivation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the derivation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the derivation of the
+controlability Matrix is um a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlability Matrix is um a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlability Matrix is um a little bit
+of black magic so I decided instead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of black magic so I decided instead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of black magic so I decided instead to
+let's do a a simpler case where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a a simpler case where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a a simpler case where we can
+actually understand it um but it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand it um but it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand it um but it'll be a
+little less General result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less General result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less General result so
+um um so let's look at the uh X doal ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so let's look at the uh X doal ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so let's look at the uh X doal ax
+plus bu U System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I'm going to make I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to make I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to make I'm going to
+make our derivation Easier by making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our derivation Easier by making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our derivation Easier by making an
+assumption that um their the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that um their the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that um their the igen values
+of a are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a are all
+unique Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you're willing to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you're willing to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you're willing to make that
+assumption we can see a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we can see a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we can see a lot of things
+okay the more General derivations don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the more General derivations don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the more General derivations don't
+have that but require black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that but require black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that but require black
+magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so if you remember our igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so if you remember our igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so if you remember our igen
+value um thing an igen value is uh means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um thing an igen value is uh means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um thing an igen value is uh means
+that multiplying a * that is just same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplying a * that is just same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplying a * that is just same
+as multiplying a scalar times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as multiplying a scalar times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as multiplying a scalar times that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um if I compose all the igen sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I compose all the igen sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I compose all the igen sorry I
+these are IG vectors that's an IG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are IG vectors that's an IG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are IG vectors that's an IG value
+if I compose them all into a matrix form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I compose them all into a matrix form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I compose them all into a matrix form
+I could say a * V or V has all the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say a * V or V has all the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say a * V or V has all the IG
+vectors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as
+columns is equivalent to um well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns is equivalent to um well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns is equivalent to um well let's
+write it like V * Lambda where Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like V * Lambda where Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like V * Lambda where Lambda is
+a diagonal matrix which has Lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonal matrix which has Lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonal matrix which has Lambda 1
+Lambda 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing
+about um the reason we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the reason we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the reason we assume that
+there's no repeated igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no repeated igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no repeated igen
+values is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is
+that um it implies that all of the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it implies that all of the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it implies that all of the I
+values are unique implies that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are unique implies that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are unique implies that all the
+IG vectors are actually unique and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG vectors are actually unique and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG vectors are actually unique and that
+they span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they span the
+space and it implies that V inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it implies that V inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it implies that V inverse
+exists okay as soon as you have repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay as soon as you have repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay as soon as you have repeated
+igen values you don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values you don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values you don't have that
+simplification you have to do repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification you have to do repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification you have to do repeated
+roots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+okay but in that simplification we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in that simplification we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in that simplification we can
+uhu we can switch to modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates so let's if V is full rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so let's if V is full rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so let's if V is full rank
+then I can just change coordinates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just change coordinates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just change coordinates from
+X through V inverse to some other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X through V inverse to some other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X through V inverse to some other um
+coordinate system R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right why is that a good idea that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is that a good idea that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is that a good idea that's a
+good idea because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because
+then r dot is just going to be so V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then r dot is just going to be so V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then r dot is just going to be so V
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+time x dot which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x dot which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x dot which
+is um a * v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r right that's just substituting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r right that's just substituting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r right that's just substituting this
+into the X = a X plus b U but what's v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the X = a X plus b U but what's v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the X = a X plus b U but what's v
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+AV if you look at this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV if you look at this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV if you look at this that's
+just our diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix right so on the i i on the modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right so on the i i on the modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right so on the i i on the modal
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the the systems evolve without coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the systems evolve without coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the systems evolve without coupling
+right I can write component wise I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can write component wise I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can write component wise I could
+say r i dot the I component is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say r i dot the I component is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say r i dot the I component is just
+Lambda i r plus some contributions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda i r plus some contributions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda i r plus some contributions from
+this guy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um so now I'm looking in my in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now I'm looking in my in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now I'm looking in my in this
+modal coordinates I'm saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal coordinates I'm saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal coordinates I'm saying that the
+result of applying a um this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of applying a um this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of applying a um this is the same
+thing I I wrote before right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I wrote before right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I wrote before right this is the
+the reason we can make in these phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we can make in these phas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we can make in these phas
+plots we can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots we can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots we can find the
+I uh vectors and just talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh vectors and just talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh vectors and just talk about the
+dynamic on those IG vectors right same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic on those IG vectors right same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic on those IG vectors right same
+thing it just says that on the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it just says that on the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it just says that on the igen
+vectors uh the the Dynamics are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors uh the the Dynamics are just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors uh the the Dynamics are just the
+the IG values right and then they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG values right and then they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG values right and then they've got
+this this impulse the this input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this impulse the this input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this impulse the this input from
+from uh from the control actions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from the control actions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from the control actions okay so
+now let's think about what it would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about what it would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about what it would mean
+to be controllable in this sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what kind of conditions would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of conditions would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of conditions would you
+want to say that this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controllable yeah we can change our DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable yeah we can change our DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable yeah we can change our DOT
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+you you can change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can change our
+DOT to do anything you want using you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT to do anything you want using you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT to do anything you want using you
+right you'd like to be able to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd like to be able to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd like to be able to say um
+make it act like the igen values were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it act like the igen values were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it act like the igen values were
+arbitrarily fast for instance right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily fast for instance right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily fast for instance right or
+arbitrarily unstable if you chose to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily unstable if you chose to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily unstable if you chose to do
+something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so
+silly okay so what is it required to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah
+some excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some excellent
+okay so imagine you only have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine you only have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine you only have a single
+thing you're trying to control um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're trying to control um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're trying to control um and
+lots of inputs then it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inputs then it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inputs then it should be
+sufficient that if any one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient that if any one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient that if any one of those
+betas is non zero that should be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas is non zero that should be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas is non zero that should be enough
+okay now let's say you have um multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's say you have um multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's say you have um multiple
+things you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're trying to
+control okay you start having to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay you start having to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay you start having to worry
+about whether you can use you to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you can use you to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you can use you to control
+I Vector one and I Vector 2 both right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Vector one and I Vector 2 both right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Vector one and I Vector 2 both right
+at the same time but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time but it turns out
+because we assumed we're in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed we're in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed we're in the case of
+of distinct igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values if you think really hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you think really hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you think really hard and
+we'll write a little bit more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write a little bit more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write a little bit more about this
+but it turns out it's still okay to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out it's still okay to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out it's still okay to just
+have one thing that can control you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one thing that can control you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one thing that can control you
+because things are converging at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are converging at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are converging at
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+rates it's actually sufficient to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates it's actually sufficient to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates it's actually sufficient to be
+able to control if you can control each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to control if you can control each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to control if you can control each
+of them independently then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them independently then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them independently then you can
+actually control them all so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually control them all so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually control them all so the
+condition turns out to be um for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition turns out to be um for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition turns out to be um for all I
+there exists A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists A
+J um such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that beta i j is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay beta J again is my B Matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay beta J again is my B Matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay beta J again is my B Matrix but
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+per permutated by this V inverse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I was looking at whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I was looking at whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I was looking at whether the
+system was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was
+underactuated right if B wasn't full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated right if B wasn't full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated right if B wasn't full
+rank I'd be I'd be hosed right that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank I'd be I'd be hosed right that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank I'd be I'd be hosed right that'd be
+underactuated but this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated but this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated but this is actually a
+much less strict condition right I say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less strict condition right I say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less strict condition right I say I
+only have to have one of my in my igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to have one of my in my igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to have one of my in my igen
+modes I I have to be able to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes I I have to be able to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes I I have to be able to control
+each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them
+okay so that's our first sort of Glimpse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our first sort of Glimpse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our first sort of Glimpse
+at how you could imagine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how you could imagine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how you could imagine an
+underactuated system being completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated system being completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated system being completely
+controllable okay is it the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable okay is it the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable okay is it the same thing
+as saying that if you have Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that if you have Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that if you have Dimensions
+that you want to control then beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to control then beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to control then beta
+should have at least different Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have at least different Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have at least different Val
+one so so excellent so so this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so excellent so so this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so excellent so so this actually
+says for instance in the limit let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for instance in the limit let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for instance in the limit let's
+take the case where you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case where you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case where you have you know
+100 degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 degrees of freedom
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+actuator right as long as B is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator right as long as B is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator right as long as B is is
+nonzero for all of those then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero for all of those then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero for all of those then you could
+it says with my one actuator I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says with my one actuator I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says with my one actuator I can
+control I can drive that 100 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I can drive that 100 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I can drive that 100 degree
+Freedom system to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom system to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom system to the
+origin right that's that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin right that's that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin right that's that's a great
+that's a great question a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question a great example
+right so it does not have that same rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it does not have that same rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it does not have that same rank
+condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on
+B so as long as none of your vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so as long as none of your vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so as long as none of your vectors are
+in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's the I it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the I it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the I it's the
+um I have to think about what V inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have to think about what V inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have to think about what V inverse
+is but I think that's right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I think that's right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I think that's right I think
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+right he said so um you don't want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he said so um you don't want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he said so um you don't want you
+don't want B to be in the in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want B to be in the in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want B to be in the in the null
+space of V inverse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right
+I see another question over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see another question over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see another question over there
+no okay so 100 degree Freedom robot one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so 100 degree Freedom robot one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so 100 degree Freedom robot one
+actuator there's a chance right that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator there's a chance right that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator there's a chance right that you
+can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control
+it okay now it doesn't say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now it doesn't say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now it doesn't say anything
+about the trajectory you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trajectory you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trajectory you're going to
+take to get there it might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get there it might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get there it might be really
+hard right but there's a chance you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard right but there's a chance you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard right but there's a chance you can
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's lots of ways to see this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of ways to see this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of ways to see this um
+let's leave it at that if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave it at that if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave it at that if people are
+satisfied with that um let's let's not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with that um let's let's not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with that um let's let's not I
+won't do my second derivation here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do my second derivation here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do my second derivation here but
+um let's get straight to the example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's get straight to the example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's get straight to the example so
+now that that says that if I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that says that if I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that says that if I take my
+um my ax plus Buu representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my ax plus Buu representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my ax plus Buu representation of the
+acrobot okay um B is going to be low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot okay um B is going to be low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot okay um B is going to be low
+rank right it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank right it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank right it's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh so so I used B actually twice already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so I used B actually twice already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so I used B actually twice already
+today did you notice that anybody catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today did you notice that anybody catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today did you notice that anybody catch
+me on that uh I used B in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on that uh I used B in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on that uh I used B in the
+manipulator equations and then I used B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator equations and then I used B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator equations and then I used B
+for the the block form and I swear I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the block form and I swear I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the block form and I swear I've
+lost sleep trying to figure out if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost sleep trying to figure out if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost sleep trying to figure out if I
+could if I could put another letter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if I could put another letter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if I could put another letter in
+there but I not I'm not happy with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I not I'm not happy with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I not I'm not happy with any
+other letters because they both they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other letters because they both they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other letters because they both they
+almost mean the same thing so but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost mean the same thing so but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost mean the same thing so but um I
+did I did slip that one past um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I did slip that one past um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I did slip that one past um so this
+is be in the linear form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be in the linear form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be in the linear form
+um uh so it's not just 01 it's h inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so it's not just 01 it's h inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so it's not just 01 it's h inverse
+* 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0
+one right um so it's going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zeros and uh well sorry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't so it's going to be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so it's going to be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so it's going to be a vector
+again um it actually doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um it actually doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um it actually doesn't have to
+have zeros and in fact it won probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zeros and in fact it won probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zeros and in fact it won probably
+won't have zeros I misspoke this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have zeros I misspoke this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have zeros I misspoke this is
+going to be uh h11 h12 in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh h11 h12 in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh h11 h12 in the in the
+acrobot case right H inverse 11 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay um the question is uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the question is uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the question is uh it's it's
+still low rank because it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still low rank because it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still low rank because it's a it's a
+column it's not a full Matrix right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it's not a full Matrix right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it's not a full Matrix right so
+it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still
+underactuated um and and can I drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated um and and can I drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated um and and can I drive
+that thing with lqr to the top we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing with lqr to the top we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing with lqr to the top we just
+said that it's possible that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that it's possible that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that it's possible that these
+things are are still controllable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are still controllable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are still controllable the
+test that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that you can
+use um the user's guide to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um the user's guide to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um the user's guide to control
+ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ility there's this funky test which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ility there's this funky test which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ility there's this funky test which says
+if I take my a matrix a controllability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take my a matrix a controllability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take my a matrix a controllability
+matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which
+is the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the B
+Matrix AB these are just um cascaded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix AB these are just um cascaded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix AB these are just um cascaded in
+in columns here A squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in columns here A squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in columns here A squ
+B up to the a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B up to the a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B up to the a to the
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+um B where n is the number is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B where n is the number is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B where n is the number is the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states nus one thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good
+y it turns out that if this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it turns out that if this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it turns out that if this Matrix is
+still is full row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rank then the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controllable there's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable there's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable there's actually the
+derivation of that is in your your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of that is in your your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of that is in your your notes
+that I'll post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll post
+um it's not it's not very hard it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not it's not very hard it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not it's not very hard it's just
+um just a matter there's there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just a matter there's there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just a matter there's there's all
+these forms for E the at the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms for E the at the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms for E the at the Matrix
+exponential and it involves one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and it involves one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and it involves one of the
+forms that kind of comes out of nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that kind of comes out of nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that kind of comes out of nowhere
+and so so I won't go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so I won't go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so I won't go through the
+derivation on the board but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation on the board but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation on the board but it turns out
+that that it's sufficient to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's sufficient to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's sufficient to check the
+rank of this Matrix okay and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of this Matrix okay and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of this Matrix okay and that'll
+tell you if the system's controllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if the system's controllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if the system's controllable
+and this is sort of Primal enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of Primal enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of Primal enough and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and important enough that mat La has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important enough that mat La has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important enough that mat La has a
+function for it right so you can call I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for it right so you can call I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for it right so you can call I
+think it's contri right is that what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and then check the rank of it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then check the rank of it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then check the rank of it and you
+can check if your systems are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controllable turns out if you linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable turns out if you linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable turns out if you linearize
+dynamics of the acrobot you linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the acrobot you linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the acrobot you linearize
+the Dynamics of the cart pole you pop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the cart pole you pop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the cart pole you pop in
+the A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and
+B you get a full rank Matrix out okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you get a full rank Matrix out okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you get a full rank Matrix out okay so
+they're both controllable even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both controllable even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both controllable even though
+they're underactuated around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+yes it's the a it's the linear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form maybe I should call it B prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form maybe I should call it B prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form maybe I should call it B prime or
+something like that but still it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but still it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but still it feels
+unnatural to use either uh anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural to use either uh anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural to use either uh anything else
+in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case these matrices are cated for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these matrices are cated for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these matrices are cated for every
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so I just do it I I evaluate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I just do it I I evaluate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I just do it I I evaluate these
+things once at the xstar right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things once at the xstar right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things once at the xstar right so it's
+partial F partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial
+evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+xar so when we say something system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar so when we say something system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar so when we say something system is
+controll because we I all I mean is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controll because we I all I mean is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controll because we I all I mean is that
+all I've show i' I all I can show with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've show i' I all I can show with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've show i' I all I can show with a
+rank condition check in mat lab is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank condition check in mat lab is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank condition check in mat lab is that
+the system linearize the linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system linearize the linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system linearize the linear system
+that approximates the the acrobot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approximates the the acrobot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approximates the the acrobot
+linearized around the top is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized around the top is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized around the top is
+controllable okay MH so controllability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable okay MH so controllability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable okay MH so controllability
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined um no controllability is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined um no controllability is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined um no controllability is a
+system a proper of the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a proper of the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a proper of the system the
+linearization the linear system is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization the linear system is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization the linear system is only
+a relevant approximation of the acrobot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relevant approximation of the acrobot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relevant approximation of the acrobot
+at a given around a given State and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given around a given State and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given around a given State and I'm
+saying that the linear system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the linear system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the linear system you know
+you could evaluate the linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could evaluate the linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could evaluate the linear system
+anywhere it's controllable right I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere it's controllable right I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere it's controllable right I can
+go from any initial condition right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from any initial condition right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from any initial condition right but
+it's only a it's only a relevant example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a it's only a relevant example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a it's only a relevant example
+it's only relevant to the acrobot if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only relevant to the acrobot if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only relevant to the acrobot if
+it's close to the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close to the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close to the fix
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+okay so that definition actually uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that definition actually uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that definition actually uh is
+for all states that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all states that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all states that's right so
+so yes if I could say this stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes if I could say this stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes if I could say this stronger
+thing for the nonlinear system for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the nonlinear system for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the nonlinear system for the
+acrobot then that in order to say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot then that in order to say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot then that in order to say that I
+would have to say for any state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to say for any state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to say for any state this is
+true right I can't say that I I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right I can't say that I I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right I can't say that I I went to
+a weaker form by by looking just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weaker form by by looking just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weaker form by by looking just at the
+linear system MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big is that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is that big
+enough yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough yeah
+okay okay so let's take our A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's take our A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's take our A and B
+matrices that we got from doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that we got from doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that we got from doing the the
+linearization around the um the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization around the um the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization around the um the fix
+point and if you like if it if it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and if you like if it if it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and if you like if it if it helps
+I can sort of show that uh how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of show that uh how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of show that uh how that
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+um right so L very literally I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so L very literally I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so L very literally I take my
+manipulator equations I get an h c g and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator equations I get an h c g and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator equations I get an h c g and
+B I I take the gradient the partial G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I I take the gradient the partial G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I I take the gradient the partial G
+partial q i compute that and then my a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial q i compute that and then my a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial q i compute that and then my a
+is you know negative inverse partial G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know negative inverse partial G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know negative inverse partial G
+partial q and then the the oh c happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial q and then the the oh c happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial q and then the the oh c happens
+to be zero for the acrobot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero for the acrobot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero for the acrobot
+okay I evaluated at the top but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I evaluated at the top but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I evaluated at the top but that's a
+it's not a general so that's why I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a general so that's why I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a general so that's why I don't
+have the negative H inverse C there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the negative H inverse C there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the negative H inverse C there and
+then my inverse HB okay so that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my inverse HB okay so that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my inverse HB okay so that gives me
+an A and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I can write my lqr controller to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write my lqr controller to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write my lqr controller to
+Balan it at the top by literally getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balan it at the top by literally getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balan it at the top by literally getting
+A and B from the the the linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B from the the the linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B from the the the linearized
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling
+lqr well I chose the lqr syntax is AB QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr well I chose the lqr syntax is AB QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr well I chose the lqr syntax is AB QR
+so I chose Q to be a diagonal matrix 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I chose Q to be a diagonal matrix 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I chose Q to be a diagonal matrix 10
+1011 just saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1011 just saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1011 just saying I
+penalize uh position errors 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize uh position errors 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize uh position errors 10 times
+more than velocity errors because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than velocity errors because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than velocity errors because it
+happens you know with units you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know with units you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know with units you tend to
+do that um and R is one and I you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um and R is one and I you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um and R is one and I you can
+see it's in a persistent Loop just so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's in a persistent Loop just so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's in a persistent Loop just so I
+don't compute I don't call lqr every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't compute I don't call lqr every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't compute I don't call lqr every
+time I call my function I only call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I call my function I only call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I call my function I only call it
+every time I start the system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I start the system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I start the system and then
+my control law is = k x - x desired now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control law is = k x - x desired now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control law is = k x - x desired now
+you're going to do sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do sort of the the
+similar thing to what I'm doing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing to what I'm doing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing to what I'm doing for the
+acrobot you're going to do for the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot you're going to do for the cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot you're going to do for the cart
+pole for your problem set I I will bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole for your problem set I I will bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole for your problem set I I will bet
+that half of you will forget to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half of you will forget to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half of you will forget to subtract
+out X desired uh at least once right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out X desired uh at least once right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out X desired uh at least once right I
+know I do all the time so so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I do all the time so so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I do all the time so so remember
+the x- X desired okay um if I put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- X desired okay um if I put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- X desired okay um if I put that
+um at the Top If I put in initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the Top If I put in initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the Top If I put in initial
+conditions near the top um and I run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions near the top um and I run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions near the top um and I run it
+and look what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops okay I'm going to start it every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay I'm going to start it every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay I'm going to start it every
+time it flashes it's going to be a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it flashes it's going to be a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it flashes it's going to be a new
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+condition it actually goes pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it actually goes pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it actually goes pretty far
+from the top and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top and gets
+back wow that's a good one right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back wow that's a good one right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back wow that's a good one right if I
+got if I I'm just choosing ga random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got if I I'm just choosing ga random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got if I I'm just choosing ga random
+variables at the top so if we watch long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at the top so if we watch long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at the top so if we watch long
+enough we might see one fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we might see one fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we might see one fail
+catastrophically right so the linear lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophically right so the linear lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophically right so the linear lqr
+for the linear system will stabilize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the linear system will stabilize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the linear system will stabilize it
+from any point but because the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any point but because the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any point but because the linear
+system is a bad approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a bad approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a bad approximation for the
+nonlinear if I started it way down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear if I started it way down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear if I started it way down at
+the bottom it's just going to go nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom it's just going to go nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom it's just going to go nuts
+right wow that's pretty good now you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wow that's pretty good now you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wow that's pretty good now you you
+know might notice that my second link is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might notice that my second link is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might notice that my second link is
+pretty big compared to my first link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big compared to my first link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big compared to my first link
+that helps right uh and you'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps right uh and you'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps right uh and you'll see why
+in a few minutes but um but it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes but um but it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes but um but it's pretty
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay does have unbounded torque uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does have unbounded torque uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does have unbounded torque uh it
+does have unbounded torque whoa right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have unbounded torque whoa right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have unbounded torque whoa right
+that's pretty good um it does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good um it does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good um it does have
+unbounded torque yeah if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded torque yeah if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded torque yeah if I were to
+saturate the torque it probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate the torque it probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate the torque it probably wouldn't
+do as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well
+yeah okay now the cool thing is um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay now the cool thing is um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay now the cool thing is um if I
+can stop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop these map timers are don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop these map timers are don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop these map timers are don't like to
+stop okay so um I get these huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay so um I get these huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay so um I get these huge
+excursions from the upright um in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excursions from the upright um in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excursions from the upright um in my
+balancing but it's not actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing but it's not actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing but it's not actually because
+I started with crazy initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started with crazy initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started with crazy initial conditions
+if you noticed it wasn't like it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you noticed it wasn't like it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you noticed it wasn't like it was the
+plot was going and starting over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot was going and starting over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot was going and starting over here
+and then coming up it was actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coming up it was actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coming up it was actually going
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this so if you look at a time trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you look at a time trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you look at a time trajectory
+see if I got lucky okay almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I got lucky okay almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I got lucky okay almost all of
+them are like this right but are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are like this right but are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are like this right but are those
+lines dark enough to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines dark enough to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines dark enough to see
+yeah the initial conditions are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the initial conditions are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the initial conditions are actually
+pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small
+okay but in order to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in order to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in order to stabilize the
+system it actually goes way away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it actually goes way away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it actually goes way away from
+the fixed point and comes way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point and comes way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point and comes way back
+okay big time I mean this is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay big time I mean this is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay big time I mean this is like this
+is velocity of you know 18 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is velocity of you know 18 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is velocity of you know 18 radians per
+second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or
+something um and then it finds its way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um and then it finds its way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um and then it finds its way
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for that reason you might you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that reason you might you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that reason you might you might
+easily sort of uh in in lqr say okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily sort of uh in in lqr say okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily sort of uh in in lqr say okay my
+linearization is good here so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization is good here so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization is good here so any
+initial conditions here should work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions here should work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions here should work but
+that's not actually true because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually true because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually true because your
+lqr might easily drive you farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr might easily drive you farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr might easily drive you farther
+farther away before it comes back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away before it comes back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away before it comes back okay
+um if you were to if you're if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you were to if you're if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you were to if you're if you're a
+a linear controls guy and and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear controls guy and and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear controls guy and and you were
+to do this is a multi-input multi output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is a multi-input multi output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is a multi-input multi output
+system but if you if you try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but if you if you try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but if you if you try to find the
+the the poles and zeros then what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the poles and zeros then what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the poles and zeros then what's this
+going to where are the zeros of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to where are the zeros of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to where are the zeros of this
+going to going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yeah there's there's there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah there's there's there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah there's there's there's three
+zeros in the right half plane for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in the right half plane for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in the right half plane for the
+acrobot actually it's a non-minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot actually it's a non-minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot actually it's a non-minimum
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+system okay the C pole has one zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay the C pole has one zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay the C pole has one zero in
+the right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half plane
+okay um it's not it's not a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it's not it's not a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it's not it's not a general
+property of of underactuated systems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of of underactuated systems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of of underactuated systems but
+sometimes uh in order to do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh in order to do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh in order to do this with
+with less actuators than you might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less actuators than you might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less actuators than you might like
+you have to do crazy things to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do crazy things to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do crazy things to get back
+to where you want to go right so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where you want to go right so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where you want to go right so I can
+get and I could if I tightened my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and I could if I tightened my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and I could if I tightened my time
+limit the things I would do would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the things I would do would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the things I would do would be
+even crazier but I could still do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's actually just to just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's actually just to just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's actually just to just to say
+it without without really teaching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without without really teaching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without without really teaching it
+but if you did care about um sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you did care about um sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you did care about um sort of the
+Basin of Attraction of these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction of these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction of these systems
+right um if you wanted to to um do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you wanted to to um do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you wanted to to um do as
+well as you possibly could with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you possibly could with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you possibly could with a linear
+controller on the nonlinear system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller on the nonlinear system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller on the nonlinear system you
+probably wouldn't do what we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't do what we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't do what we just did
+there's better tools from robust control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's better tools from robust control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's better tools from robust control
+which would allow you to sort of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would allow you to sort of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would allow you to sort of design
+a linear controller but explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear controller but explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear controller but explicitly
+reason about how nonlinear the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about how nonlinear the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about how nonlinear the thing
+gets when you're away and you can design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets when you're away and you can design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets when you're away and you can design
+a um a linear controller that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a linear controller that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a linear controller that has a
+bigger Basin of attration than than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Basin of attration than than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Basin of attration than than if
+you just don't reason about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't reason about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't reason about the
+nonlinearities at all right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities at all right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities at all right so you can
+put a bound on how nonlinear things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a bound on how nonlinear things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a bound on how nonlinear things are
+and do a robust control synthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a robust control synthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a robust control synthesis and
+get a uh in some sense a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a uh in some sense a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a uh in some sense a better
+controller it would have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller it would have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller it would have lower
+performance but potentially but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but potentially but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but potentially but uh but
+would be would work better on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would work better on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would work better on the
+nonlinear system bigger Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Attraction oh my fix point was was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction oh my fix point was was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction oh my fix point was was um
+was Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Pi
+0000 or or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 or or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 or or uh
+yeah right so it's it's those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so it's it's those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so it's it's those are all
+going to zero that one's going to Pi as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero that one's going to Pi as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero that one's going to Pi as
+they should yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay excellent so lqr works right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay excellent so lqr works right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay excellent so lqr works right so so
+um and it works and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it works and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it works and this is actually
+sort of a problem in my mind um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a problem in my mind um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a problem in my mind um because
+that works and it works so well on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works and it works so well on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works and it works so well on so
+many different systems that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different systems that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different systems that's sort of
+why people haven't thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people haven't thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people haven't thought about
+nonlinear control enough in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear control enough in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear control enough in my in my
+mind it's sort of sort of unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's sort of sort of unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's sort of sort of unfortunate
+that that works so darn well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works so darn well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works so darn well because
+that that sometimes that's all people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sometimes that's all people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sometimes that's all people do
+okay um so let's think about um if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let's think about um if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let's think about um if we're
+if we're a little bit farther from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're a little bit farther from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're a little bit farther from the
+the fix point just to I maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix point just to I maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix point just to I maybe I should
+even make the point um elbs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make the point um elbs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make the point um elbs will
+probably ask me if I don't if I don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ask me if I don't if I don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ask me if I don't if I don't do
+this right because you you always test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right because you you always test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right because you you always test
+me on the limits of where my things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on the limits of where my things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on the limits of where my things work
+here so what if I were to start it far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what if I were to start it far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what if I were to start it far
+away from the the fix Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the the fix Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the the fix Point
+um a let's let's be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dramatic and let's just do it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh see that's badad when it takes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh see that's badad when it takes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh see that's badad when it takes that
+long that means the integrator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that means the integrator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that means the integrator is
+choking because it's can't can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choking because it's can't can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choking because it's can't can't
+simulate things right so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate things right so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate things right so it's just
+complete nonsense if it's too far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete nonsense if it's too far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete nonsense if it's too far from
+the initial from the linearization point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial from the linearization point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial from the linearization point
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+um so what if we want to do control away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what if we want to do control away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what if we want to do control away
+from that fix Point okay then nothing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that fix Point okay then nothing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that fix Point okay then nothing I
+just said sort of helps right if I'm too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said sort of helps right if I'm too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said sort of helps right if I'm too
+far away from that fix Point um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from that fix Point um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from that fix Point um so so
+what do we do well um you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well um you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well um you don't have to
+throw out linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out linearization
+completely um we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely um we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely um we talked about in the
+first lecture how the underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture how the underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture how the underactuated
+systems are the systems that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are the systems that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are the systems that are not
+feedback linearizable that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearizable that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearizable that's what
+distinguishes them they're not feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes them they're not feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes them they're not feedback
+linearizable I can't just turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizable I can't just turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizable I can't just turn the
+nonlinear system into a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear system into a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear system into a linear
+system but they are partial feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but they are partial feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but they are partial feedback
+linearizable okay so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizable okay so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizable okay so if you want to
+stick to your guns and do feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to your guns and do feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to your guns and do feedback
+linearization you can do half the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization you can do half the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization you can do half the work
+okay so so it actually is pretty elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so it actually is pretty elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so it actually is pretty elegant
+um how that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay keep things fresh let's do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep things fresh let's do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep things fresh let's do it on
+the cart pole instead of the acrobot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart pole instead of the acrobot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart pole instead of the acrobot
+we've been talking about the acrobot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about the acrobot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about the acrobot a
+lot but um I promised I wasn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but um I promised I wasn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but um I promised I wasn't going to
+do the the derivation of the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the derivation of the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the derivation of the equations
+of motion and I won't but turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and I won't but turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and I won't but turns out the
+result of the cart pole is simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the cart pole is simple enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the cart pole is simple enough
+I can write it real quick um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it real quick um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it real quick um the
+equations of motion for the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+are MC plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MP and these are in your notes you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP and these are in your notes you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP and these are in your notes you don't
+have to write these down I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write these down I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write these down I just want to
+see you I want you to see where the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you I want you to see where the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you I want you to see where the next
+line comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well that's that's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's that's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's that's a reasonable
+thing we might get out of the lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we might get out of the lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we might get out of the lrange
+equations I've got a a force on my cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I've got a a force on my cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I've got a a force on my cart
+I've got a zero in the other um equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a zero in the other um equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a zero in the other um equation
+um you can see how this could be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see how this could be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see how this could be easily
+separated into the manipul manipulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into the manipul manipulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into the manipul manipulator
+equations um but since I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um but since I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um but since I'm going to be
+manipulating some of these things let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating some of these things let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating some of these things let me
+just sort of arbitrarily set all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of arbitrarily set all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of arbitrarily set all the
+parameters to one okay let's just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's easy to repeat these for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to repeat these for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to repeat these for for the
+real equations but let's let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real equations but let's let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real equations but let's let's just do
+this and I'll I'll get a 2X do plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll I'll get a 2X do plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll I'll get a 2X do plus
+Theta do c which is cosine Theta C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta do c which is cosine Theta C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta do c which is cosine Theta C is
+enough minus Theta do^ 2 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough minus Theta do^ 2 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough minus Theta do^ 2 s
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+F okay and then X do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay and then X do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay and then X do
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+plus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Theta
+dot plus s equal Z now those are those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus s equal Z now those are those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus s equal Z now those are those I
+can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah that's just just to save my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's just just to save my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's just just to save my
+handwriting it's not to be physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting it's not to be physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting it's not to be physically
+accurate it doesn't change the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate it doesn't change the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate it doesn't change the structure
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+equations if you like you could set um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you like you could set um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you like you could set um I
+bet I could come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I could come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I could come up with a
+parameterization which would keep G at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization which would keep G at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization which would keep G at
+around 10 and do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 and do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 and do okay
+but there you go there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there you go there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there you go there you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Okay so
+given these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these
+equations um can I make x dot and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um can I make x dot and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um can I make x dot and Theta
+dot do whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot do whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot do whatever I
+want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and
+so so no right we we said that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so no right we we said that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so no right we we said that that the
+feedback linearization trick required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearization trick required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearization trick required
+that b inverse in general um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b inverse in general um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b inverse in general um so we
+couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do
+that um but it turns out I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but it turns out I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but it turns out I can do
+something right so so what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so so what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so so what are these
+equations this is a cart um moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is a cart um moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is a cart um moving
+around with a pendulum on it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a pendulum on it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a pendulum on it right and
+I'm pushing the cart and the pendulum's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pushing the cart and the pendulum's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pushing the cart and the pendulum's
+dangling away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangling away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangling away right
+um so so what would feedback L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so what would feedback L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so what would feedback L
+linearization what would a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization what would a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization what would a partial
+feedback linearization mean well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearization mean well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearization mean well if I
+know if I know the Dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I know the Dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I know the Dynamics of the
+pendulum and I know the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and I know the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and I know the state of the
+pendulum right um then and I can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum right um then and I can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum right um then and I can control
+the force on my cart then it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on my cart then it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on my cart then it's pretty
+reasonable to think that I could um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to think that I could um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to think that I could um
+whatever Force the pendulum was applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Force the pendulum was applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Force the pendulum was applying
+to push my cart around I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push my cart around I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push my cart around I could just
+exactly cancel that out so I could turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly cancel that out so I could turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly cancel that out so I could turn
+my cart Dynamics to sort of just be do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cart Dynamics to sort of just be do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cart Dynamics to sort of just be do
+whatever I want and just just cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I want and just just cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I want and just just cancel out
+the effect that that pendulum is adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect that that pendulum is adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect that that pendulum is adding
+to me right that seems reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me right that seems reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me right that seems reasonable
+okay and that's called a collocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's called a collocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's called a collocated
+partial feedback linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to write pfl from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on it's collocated because the the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's collocated because the the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's collocated because the the state
+I'm trying to linearize is the same one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to linearize is the same one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to linearize is the same one
+where the actuator is sitting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actuator is sitting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actuator is sitting it's
+collocated the state I'm linearizing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocated the state I'm linearizing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocated the state I'm linearizing is
+collocated with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocated with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocated with my
+actuators okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um my
+goal is to make xou dot have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to make xou dot have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to make xou dot have the
+Dynamics whatever Dynamics I I choose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics whatever Dynamics I I choose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics whatever Dynamics I I choose X
+double. desired let's say right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double. desired let's say right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double. desired let's say right so so
+let's see if we can do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can do this by
+manipulating the equations a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the equations a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the equations a little
+bit um okay so I can figure out how x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um okay so I can figure out how x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um okay so I can figure out how x
+dot and Theta double dot are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and Theta double dot are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and Theta double dot are related
+with that second equation so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that second equation so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that second equation so let's let's
+get rid of theta double dot I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of theta double dot I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of theta double dot I can see
+Theta double dot had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta double dot had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta double dot had better
+Bex do c - s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bex do c - s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bex do c - s
+right and if I insert that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I insert that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I insert that into the
+first equation then I get 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation then I get 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation then I get 2 x
+dot minus x dot C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot minus x dot C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot minus x dot C minus
+s um oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- s
+C- Theta do^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C- Theta do^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C- Theta do^ 2
+s equals F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that means if I apply the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+um 2 - c^ 2 xou do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 - c^ 2 xou do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 - c^ 2 xou do
+desired - s cus Theta do desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that implies
+that X do equal x dot desired like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X do equal x dot desired like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X do equal x dot desired like we
+wanted and Theta double dot ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and Theta double dot ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and Theta double dot ends up
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupled um but that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled um but that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled um but that's sort of the
+resulting Dynamics I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting Dynamics I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting Dynamics I didn't actually
+plan for that that's just whatever I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for that that's just whatever I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for that that's just whatever I got
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense that's just me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense that's just me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense that's just me
+saying you think about the controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you think about the controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you think about the controller
+here that's just taking the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's just taking the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's just taking the terms that
+are going to be contributed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be contributed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be contributed to the
+Dynamics by the pendulum and canceling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics by the pendulum and canceling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics by the pendulum and canceling
+them out by applying exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out by applying exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out by applying exactly the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+forces okay and the result is that my X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces okay and the result is that my X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces okay and the result is that my X
+moves exactly however I want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves exactly however I want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves exactly however I want it to
+do okay so Fe feedback linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so Fe feedback linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so Fe feedback linearization
+isn't dead if you have an underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't dead if you have an underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't dead if you have an underactuated
+system but you can't feedback linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you can't feedback linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you can't feedback linearize
+the whole system you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system you can do this
+collocated feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linearization now the cooler thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization now the cooler thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization now the cooler thing is
+you can actually often also feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually often also feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually often also feedback
+linearize the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the passive
+joint okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint okay so
+um it's pretty logical that I could move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's pretty logical that I could move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's pretty logical that I could move
+the cart in such a way that I cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart in such a way that I cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart in such a way that I cancel out
+the pendulum Dynamics it's a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum Dynamics it's a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum Dynamics it's a little less
+than intive that I can make the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than intive that I can make the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than intive that I can make the pendulum
+Dynamics do whatever I want with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics do whatever I want with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics do whatever I want with the
+cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart
+okay but you can most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-collocated means I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-collocated means I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-collocated means I'm going to use
+one of my actuators to control feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my actuators to control feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my actuators to control feedback
+linearize one of my passive joints right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize one of my passive joints right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize one of my passive joints right
+so now let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh make Theta double dot do whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make Theta double dot do whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make Theta double dot do whatever we
+Bend to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Will turns out the manipulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will turns out the manipulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will turns out the manipulation is
+almost exactly the same right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the same right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the same right it's not
+in algebraically it's not surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in algebraically it's not surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in algebraically it's not surprising
+that I can do either one right I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do either one right I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do either one right I've got
+my equations of motion here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equations of motion here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equations of motion here I've got
+both xou Dot and Theta double dot depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both xou Dot and Theta double dot depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both xou Dot and Theta double dot depend
+on my Force right and they're coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my Force right and they're coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my Force right and they're coupled
+here so sure I can I can control either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so sure I can I can control either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so sure I can I can control either
+one of them right physically it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them right physically it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them right physically it's a
+little less intuitive but algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less intuitive but algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less intuitive but algebraically
+it's just as obvious so okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just as obvious so okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just as obvious so okay so let's
+just do the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the opposite
+one so um xou dot had better be Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so um xou dot had better be Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so um xou dot had better be Theta
+Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+plus s over C that whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s over C that whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s over C that whole thing
+negative based on that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative based on that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative based on that second
+equation right and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and so I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+um 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C Theta double dot + S negative on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Theta double dot + S negative on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Theta double dot + S negative on
+there plus Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there plus Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there plus Theta dot
+C minus Theta Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus Theta Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus Theta Dot
+squ C oops s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ C oops s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ C oops s
+sorry equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry equals
+F yeah so sure so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah so sure so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah so sure so if I
+apply f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply f
+equals is the controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's the best way to write this C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the best way to write this C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the best way to write this C
+minus 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 over
+C the do desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the do desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the do desired
+us Theta do^ 2 s is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Theta do^ 2 s is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Theta do^ 2 s is that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+s from the first good yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s from the first good yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s from the first good yes
+minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2
+tan Thea right good thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cool so
+um that's a much less intuitive result I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a much less intuitive result I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a much less intuitive result I
+think but it's a much more powerful one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but it's a much more powerful one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but it's a much more powerful one
+right it says if I wanted to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it says if I wanted to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it says if I wanted to uh
+um directly control uh the pendulum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um directly control uh the pendulum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um directly control uh the pendulum I
+can right I have to give up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right I have to give up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right I have to give up something
+right X double dot then is going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X double dot then is going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X double dot then is going to end
+up being the resulting motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being the resulting motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being the resulting motion of the
+cart could be a little strange right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart could be a little strange right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart could be a little strange right
+it's going to be whatever this Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be whatever this Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be whatever this Theta
+double do desired plus s over C looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double do desired plus s over C looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double do desired plus s over C looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh yeah who cares if I'm just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah who cares if I'm just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah who cares if I'm just trying
+to keep the card up that's okay right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the card up that's okay right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the card up that's okay right in
+your 63 type demos they also worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 63 type demos they also worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 63 type demos they also worried
+about not running into the rails um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not running into the rails um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not running into the rails um
+which is important so but but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important so but but the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important so but but the first
+order this is a good thing what did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this is a good thing what did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this is a good thing what did I
+gloss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss
+overa goes to Pi two yeah right so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overa goes to Pi two yeah right so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overa goes to Pi two yeah right so I put
+a cosine on the B on the on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine on the B on the on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine on the B on the on the bottom
+here without being careful about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without being careful about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without being careful about that so
+what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+what is that physically related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that physically related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that physically related
+to your pendum goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your pendum goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your pendum goes
+flat exactly when my pendulum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat exactly when my pendulum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat exactly when my pendulum is
+directly sideways right then suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sideways right then suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sideways right then suddenly
+nothing I do with the cart is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I do with the cart is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I do with the cart is going to
+control the accelerations of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the accelerations of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the accelerations of that
+pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum
+so instantaneously you lose the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instantaneously you lose the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instantaneously you lose the ability
+to control that if you're going to swing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control that if you're going to swing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control that if you're going to swing
+up from the bottom to the top then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from the bottom to the top then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from the bottom to the top then you
+go through that but you know so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that but you know so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that but you know so who
+cares so stop doing control for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares so stop doing control for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares so stop doing control for a second
+and then you'll get back to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll get back to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll get back to a place
+where you where you can control it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so that sort of says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that sort of says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that sort of says
+everything I think that your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I think that your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I think that your intuition
+should uh relate about about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh relate about about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh relate about about these
+things and for the acrobot it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and for the acrobot it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and for the acrobot it's sort of
+similarly surprising but I can use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly surprising but I can use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly surprising but I can use my
+elbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow
+torque to feedb linearize my shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to feedb linearize my shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to feedb linearize my shoulder
+torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque
+okay same thing right so if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same thing right so if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same thing right so if I wanted to
+you know make it do whatever I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make it do whatever I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make it do whatever I want
+really uh then I can do that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh then I can do that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh then I can do that I might
+have to spin like crazy or do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spin like crazy or do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spin like crazy or do something
+nuts but I can make my passive joint do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts but I can make my passive joint do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts but I can make my passive joint do
+whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I
+want it's kind of cool okay um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's kind of cool okay um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's kind of cool okay um in fact
+just to um I got I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to um I got I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to um I got I'm going to show you
+what the slightly more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slightly more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slightly more General
+derivation of that or form of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of that or form of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of that or form of that but
+just to uh to make the point um so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh to make the point um so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh to make the point um so one
+of the ways we've been playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways we've been playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways we've been playing with
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+dog um this is our you know robotic dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog um this is our you know robotic dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog um this is our you know robotic dog
+uh so little dog has actuators at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so little dog has actuators at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so little dog has actuators at all
+the internal joints it's got if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal joints it's got if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal joints it's got if if
+you're just looking at it from the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at it from the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at it from the side
+all you care about it's got one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about it's got one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about it's got one in the
+knee it's got actually two in the hip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee it's got actually two in the hip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee it's got actually two in the hip
+but that doesn't matter here uh two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't matter here uh two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't matter here uh two in
+the other hip one in the knee but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hip one in the knee but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hip one in the knee but the
+thing we're about to make it do is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're about to make it do is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're about to make it do is try
+to control the Dynamics around the foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the Dynamics around the foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the Dynamics around the foot
+which is just like the acrobat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just like the acrobat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just like the acrobat it
+doesn't the place where you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the place where you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the place where you might think
+you'd want it the most is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want it the most is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want it the most is where you
+don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the
+actuator okay so if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator okay so if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator okay so if you want to do
+something like this with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dog right then you've got a reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog right then you've got a reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog right then you've got a reason about
+the coupling the inertial coupling which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling the inertial coupling which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling the inertial coupling which
+is what we did here that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we did here that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we did here that allows you to
+decide the slipping at the end is ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide the slipping at the end is ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide the slipping at the end is ugly
+and we didn't do that right but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't do that right but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't do that right but but
+until the impact we did a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the impact we did a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the impact we did a pretty good
+job actually of regulating um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job actually of regulating um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job actually of regulating um the
+position of the dog just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the dog just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the dog just using the
+controlled actuators and where our most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled actuators and where our most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled actuators and where our most
+essential variable was passive okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential variable was passive okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential variable was passive okay it
+took a slightly more general form which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a slightly more general form which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a slightly more general form which
+I'm going to show you on on Thursday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you on on Thursday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you on on Thursday um
+to do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but
+but um partial feedback linearization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um partial feedback linearization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um partial feedback linearization is
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+of alive and well and and and useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alive and well and and and useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alive and well and and and useful in
+robotics okay um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics okay um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics okay um let me
+just I'll show you half of the or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'll show you half of the or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'll show you half of the or one of
+the slightly more general derivations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly more general derivations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly more general derivations of
+it just cuz it's so easy with these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just cuz it's so easy with these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just cuz it's so easy with these this
+algebra manipulation right so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra manipulation right so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra manipulation right so let's say
+I have um manipulator equations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have um manipulator equations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have um manipulator equations of the
+form I'm just going to sort of lump c q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'm just going to sort of lump c q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'm just going to sort of lump c q
+Dot and g into a single term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and g into a single term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and g into a single term because
+they don't affect the derivation at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't affect the derivation at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't affect the derivation at all
+and let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that
+um I I've stacked I've reordered my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I've stacked I've reordered my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I've stacked I've reordered my
+equations of motion so that all of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so that all of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so that all of my uh
+all of my passive joints are on top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my passive joints are on top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my passive joints are on top and
+all my actuated joints are on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my actuated joints are on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my actuated joints are on the bottom
+so the these are all Al these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the these are all Al these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the these are all Al these are all
+matrices okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay if
+um let's call let me call q1 uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's call let me call q1 uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's call let me call q1 uh the
+collection it's a vector of all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection it's a vector of all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection it's a vector of all the all
+the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passive
+joints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints and
+Q2 um all the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+joints then if I if I break this up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints then if I if I break this up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints then if I if I break this up just
+a little little bit I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little little bit I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little little bit I can
+write the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I left these up the whole lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left these up the whole lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left these up the whole lecture
+thinking I was going to point to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I was going to point to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I was going to point to them
+all the time never did can erase them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now okay so what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so what is my
+collocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+form Co at means I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Co at means I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Co at means I'm going to try to
+control Q2 so let's solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Q2 so let's solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Q2 so let's solve for
+q1 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 is going to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+h11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h11
+inverse h12 Q2 double dot plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 am I allowed to do that h11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse take takes a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse take takes a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse take takes a little bit of
+thinking but it but it's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but it but it's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but it but it's it's actually
+okay it's it's a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's it's a positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's it's a positive definite
+Matrix H so it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix H so it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix H so it turns out the
+square diagonal entries are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square diagonal entries are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square diagonal entries are actually
+also have to be positive definite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to be positive definite okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to be positive definite okay
+so maybe take my word on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe take my word on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe take my word on
+that um and then I can plug that in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then I can plug that in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then I can plug that in and
+see that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I
+do to let's see if I can just do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to let's see if I can just do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to let's see if I can just do it in a
+in a step here um to is going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a step here um to is going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a step here um to is going to have to
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+H22 plus no I missed a minus didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H22 plus no I missed a minus didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H22 plus no I missed a minus didn't
+i q q1 is I missed a minus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus
+h11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h12 I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h12 I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h12 I did that
+uh should have done it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should have done it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should have done it two
+steps it's h 2 1 h11 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's h 2 1 h11 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's h 2 1 h11 inverse
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+h12 Q2 dble dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and the non-collocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to have to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to solve for
+Q2 double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 double
+dot it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot it's going to
+be h12 negative h12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times
+h11 q1 Dot plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h11 q1 Dot plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h11 q1 Dot plus1
+I missed my Theta 1 term in here somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I missed my Theta 1 term in here somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I missed my Theta 1 term in here somehow
+that should have been also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yep okay so so the the first step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay so so the the first step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay so so the the first step in the
+non-collocated in general is this h12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-collocated in general is this h12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-collocated in general is this h12
+inverse is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay not necessarily I could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not necessarily I could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not necessarily I could have a
+different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number
+of uh actuated active and passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh actuated active and passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh actuated active and passive
+degrees of freedom okay so let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so let me write
+something that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a little bit
+better let's write a pseudo inverse all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better let's write a pseudo inverse all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better let's write a pseudo inverse all
+right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+and what matters the the the collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what matters the the the collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what matters the the the collocation
+the the non- collocation the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non- collocation the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non- collocation the partial
+feedback linearization is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearization is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback linearization is going to work
+if and only if that Matrix is full row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if that Matrix is full row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if that Matrix is full row
+rank again okay so what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank again okay so what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank again okay so what does that mean
+it means I can't use one active degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means I can't use one active degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means I can't use one active degree
+of freedom to control two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom to control two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom to control two or more
+passive degrees of freedom I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive degrees of freedom I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive degrees of freedom I need to
+have at least as many actuators as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least as many actuators as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least as many actuators as
+degrees of freedom I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I'm going to try to
+control that's reasonable but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's reasonable but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's reasonable but it's a
+little bit more than that still um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more than that still um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more than that still um I
+actually have to have them inertially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have them inertially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have them inertially
+coupled in the right way so if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled in the right way so if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled in the right way so if I had
+uh two pendula on the table right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two pendula on the table right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two pendula on the table right well
+the table might have some Dynamics if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table might have some Dynamics if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table might have some Dynamics if I
+was had two pendula you know bolted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was had two pendula you know bolted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was had two pendula you know bolted to
+completely independent bases and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent bases and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent bases and I had
+an actuator on one and not an actuator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actuator on one and not an actuator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actuator on one and not an actuator
+on the other that ain't going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other that ain't going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other that ain't going to work
+right I can't make any math that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can't make any math that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can't make any math that that's
+going to make that work um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make that work um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make that work um right so
+there has to be some inertial coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some inertial coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some inertial coupling
+between the two okay so the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two okay so the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two okay so the rank
+condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this um is is the condition of is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is is the condition of is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is is the condition of is is
+sometimes called the condition of strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the condition of strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the condition of strong
+inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling the strong means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling the strong means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling the strong means that it's
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that it's uniformly inertially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's uniformly inertially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's uniformly inertially
+coupled okay it's just inertially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled okay it's just inertially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled okay it's just inertially
+coupled in some State and if for all Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled in some State and if for all Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled in some State and if for all Q
+this thing is full rank then then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is full rank then then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is full rank then then it's
+strongly in strong inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling okay and there's a there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling okay and there's a there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling okay and there's a there's even
+a more General um form so so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General um form so so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General um form so so in general
+you can um um and what we do in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um um and what we do in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um um and what we do in little
+dog is we we pick um some combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is we we pick um some combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is we we pick um some combination of
+actuated and un actuated degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated and un actuated degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated and un actuated degrees of
+freedom and actually what we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and actually what we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and actually what we care about
+is a virtual degree of Freedom which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a virtual degree of Freedom which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a virtual degree of Freedom which is
+the center of mass okay and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass okay and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass okay and I'll show
+you quick at the beginning of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quick at the beginning of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quick at the beginning of the next
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+um the the most general form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the most general form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the most general form of
+this um but I can't sort of put up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but I can't sort of put up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but I can't sort of put up these
+pfl equations without spending one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfl equations without spending one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfl equations without spending one
+minute at the end saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute at the end saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute at the end saying
+um pfl is still sort of bad right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pfl is still sort of bad right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pfl is still sort of bad right I
+don't really it works and I use it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really it works and I use it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really it works and I use it right
+because I want to control these robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to control these robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to control these robots
+but it's it's it's I don't like feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's it's I don't like feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's it's I don't like feedback
+linearization right feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization right feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization right feedback
+linearization is bad right this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization is bad right this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization is bad right this is this
+is taking uh some beautiful nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking uh some beautiful nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking uh some beautiful nonlinear
+system that has beautiful equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has beautiful equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has beautiful equations
+right and arbitrarily pumping in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and arbitrarily pumping in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and arbitrarily pumping in some
+potentially large amount of energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially large amount of energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially large amount of energy to
+squish those Dynamics right and and bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish those Dynamics right and and bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish those Dynamics right and and bend
+them to your will and that's good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to your will and that's good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to your will and that's good that's
+the feedback way but it's not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback way but it's not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback way but it's not the only
+way okay so so we do it when we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so so we do it when we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so so we do it when we have to
+um but it's better if you don't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's better if you don't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's better if you don't right
+yeah would have to like errors it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah would have to like errors it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah would have to like errors it could
+be that if you're if you um if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that if you're if you um if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that if you're if you um if you don't
+have the model perfect that you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the model perfect that you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the model perfect that you could be
+doing bad things too right anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing bad things too right anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing bad things too right anytime you
+have large control gains going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have large control gains going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have large control gains going around
+you can be sensitive um right so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be sensitive um right so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be sensitive um right so so so
+don't always do this but I do want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always do this but I do want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always do this but I do want you
+to know that you can do this if you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that you can do this if you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that you can do this if you so
+choose to take that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to take that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to take that path
+okay cool um so so on Thursday we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um so so on Thursday we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um so so on Thursday we will
+uh use these um partial feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use these um partial feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use these um partial feedback
+linearizations and lqr together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizations and lqr together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizations and lqr together to make
+the acrobot the cart pole swing up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot the cart pole swing up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot the cart pole swing up and
+balance if all goes well and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance if all goes well and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance if all goes well and we don't
+have any license manager issues then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any license manager issues then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any license manager issues then
+we'll see it in class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R8SQafbqR1w.txt b/R8SQafbqR1w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f81e41a175568f4921f6b9c50b222417c632feff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R8SQafbqR1w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how does clustering work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does clustering work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does clustering work
+the first step in clustering is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step in clustering is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step in clustering is to
+define the distance between two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the distance between two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the distance between two data
+points the most popular way to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the most popular way to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the most popular way to compute
+the distance is what's called Euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance is what's called Euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance is what's called Euclidean
+distance this is the standard way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this is the standard way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this is the standard way to
+compute distance that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute distance that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute distance that you might have
+seen before suppose we have two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before suppose we have two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before suppose we have two data
+points I and J the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I and J the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I and J the distance between the
+two points which we'll call d IJ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points which we'll call d IJ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points which we'll call d IJ is
+equal to the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of the
+difference between the two points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two points in the
+first component squared plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component squared plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component squared plus the
+difference between the two points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two points in the
+second component squared all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component squared all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component squared all the way up
+to the difference between the two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference between the two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference between the two points
+in the case component squared where K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case component squared where K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case component squared where K
+here is the number of attributes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of attributes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of attributes or
+independent variables let's see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables let's see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables let's see how this
+works by looking at an example in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works by looking at an example in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works by looking at an example in our
+movie Lin's data set we have binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Lin's data set we have binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Lin's data set we have binary
+vectors for each movie classifying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for each movie classifying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for each movie classifying that
+movie into genres the movie Toy Story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie into genres the movie Toy Story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie into genres the movie Toy Story is
+categorized as an animation comedy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized as an animation comedy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized as an animation comedy and
+children's movie so the data for Toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's movie so the data for Toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's movie so the data for Toy
+Story has a 1 in the spot for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story has a 1 in the spot for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story has a 1 in the spot for these
+three genres and a zero everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three genres and a zero everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three genres and a zero everywhere else
+the movie Batman Forever is categorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie Batman Forever is categorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie Batman Forever is categorized
+as an action adventure comedy and crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an action adventure comedy and crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an action adventure comedy and crime
+movie so Batman Forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so Batman Forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so Batman Forever
+has a 1 in the spot for these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 1 in the spot for these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 1 in the spot for these four
+genres and a zero everywhere else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres and a zero everywhere else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres and a zero everywhere else so
+given these two data observations let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these two data observations let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these two data observations let's
+compute the distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distance between them
+so the distance D would be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance D would be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance D would be equal to the
+square root of the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the difference in the
+first component 0 minus 0 squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component 0 minus 0 squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component 0 minus 0 squared plus
+the difference in the second component 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in the second component 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in the second component 0
+minus 1 squared plus the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 squared plus the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 squared plus the difference in
+the third component 0 minus 1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third component 0 minus 1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third component 0 minus 1 squared
+plus the difference in the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the difference in the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the difference in the fourth
+component 1 minus 0 squared etc this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component 1 minus 0 squared etc this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component 1 minus 0 squared etc this
+ends up being equal to the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being equal to the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being equal to the square root
+of 5 in addition to Euclidean distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 in addition to Euclidean distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 in addition to Euclidean distance
+there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other
+popular distance metrics that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular distance metrics that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular distance metrics that could be
+used one is called Manhattan distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one is called Manhattan distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one is called Manhattan distance
+where the distance is computed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the distance is computed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the distance is computed to be the
+sum of absolute values instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of absolute values instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of absolute values instead of the
+sum of squares another is called maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares another is called maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares another is called maximum
+coordinate distance where we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate distance where we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate distance where we only
+consider the measurement for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the measurement for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the measurement for which the
+data points deviate the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points deviate the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points deviate the most
+another important distance that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important distance that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important distance that we have
+to calculate for clustering is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate for clustering is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate for clustering is the
+distance between clusters when a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between clusters when a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between clusters when a cluster
+is a group of data points we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a group of data points we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a group of data points we just
+discussed how to compute the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how to compute the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how to compute the distance
+between two individual points but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two individual points but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two individual points but how do
+we compute the distance between groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute the distance between groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute the distance between groups
+of points one way of doing this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points one way of doing this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points one way of doing this is by
+using what's called the minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's called the minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's called the minimum distance
+this defines the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defines the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defines the distance between
+clusters as the distance between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters as the distance between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters as the distance between the two
+data points in the clusters that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in the clusters that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in the clusters that are
+closest together for example we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest together for example we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest together for example we would
+define the distance between the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the distance between the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the distance between the yellow
+and red clusters by computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red clusters by computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red clusters by computing the
+Euclidean distance between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean distance between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean distance between these two
+points the other points in the clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the other points in the clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the other points in the clusters
+could be really far away but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really far away but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really far away but it doesn't
+matter if we use minimum distance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if we use minimum distance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if we use minimum distance the
+only thing we care about is how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we care about is how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we care about is how close
+together the closest points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the closest points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the closest points are
+alternatively we could use maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively we could use maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively we could use maximum
+distance this one computes the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this one computes the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this one computes the distance
+between two the two clusters as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two the two clusters as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two the two clusters as the
+distance between the two points that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the two points that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the two points that are
+the farthest apart so for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest apart so for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest apart so for example we
+would compute the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would compute the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would compute the distance between the
+yellow and red clusters by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and red clusters by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and red clusters by looking at
+these two points here it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points here it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points here it doesn't matter
+how close together the other points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close together the other points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close together the other points are
+all we care about is how close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about is how close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about is how close together
+the furthest points are the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furthest points are the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furthest points are the most common
+distance metric between clusters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance metric between clusters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance metric between clusters is
+called centroid distance and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called centroid distance and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called centroid distance and this is
+what we'll use it defines the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll use it defines the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll use it defines the distance
+between clusters by computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between clusters by computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between clusters by computing the
+centroid of the clusters the centroid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid of the clusters the centroid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid of the clusters the centroid is
+just the data point that takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the data point that takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the data point that takes the
+average of all data points in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of all data points in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of all data points in each
+component this takes all data points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this takes all data points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this takes all data points in
+each cluster into account and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cluster into account and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cluster into account and can be
+thought of as the middle data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as the middle data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as the middle data point
+in our example the centroids between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example the centroids between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example the centroids between
+yellow and red are here and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and red are here and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and red are here and we would
+compute the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distance between the
+clusters by computing the Euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters by computing the Euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters by computing the Euclidean
+distance between those two points when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between those two points when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between those two points when
+we're computing distances it's highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing distances it's highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing distances it's highly
+influenced by the scale of the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by the scale of the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by the scale of the variables
+as an example suppose you're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example suppose you're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example suppose you're computing
+the distance between two data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between two data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between two data points
+where one variable is the revenue of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one variable is the revenue of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one variable is the revenue of a
+company in thousands of dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in thousands of dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in thousands of dollars and
+another is the age of the company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is the age of the company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is the age of the company in
+years the revenue variable would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the revenue variable would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the revenue variable would really
+dominate in the distance calculation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate in the distance calculation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate in the distance calculation the
+differences between the data points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the data points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the data points for
+revenue would be in the thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue would be in the thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue would be in the thousands
+whereas the differences between the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the differences between the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the differences between the year
+variable would probably be less than ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable would probably be less than ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable would probably be less than ten
+to handle this it's customary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle this it's customary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle this it's customary to
+normalize the data first we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize the data first we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize the data first we can
+normalize by subtracting the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize by subtracting the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize by subtracting the mean of the
+data and dividing by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and dividing by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and dividing by the standard
+deviation we'll see more of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation we'll see more of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation we'll see more of this in the
+homework in our movie data set all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework in our movie data set all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework in our movie data set all of
+our genre variables are on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our genre variables are on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our genre variables are on the same
+scale so we don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so we don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so we don't have to worry about
+normalizing but if we wanted to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing but if we wanted to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing but if we wanted to add a
+variable like box-office revenue we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable like box-office revenue we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable like box-office revenue we
+would need to normalize so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to normalize so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to normalize so that this
+variable didn't dominate all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable didn't dominate all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable didn't dominate all of the
+others now that we've defined how we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now that we've defined how we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now that we've defined how we'll
+compute the distances we'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distances we'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distances we'll talk about a
+specific clustering algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific clustering algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific clustering algorithm
+hierarchical clustering in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering in the next
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RW2DPHAoXiQ.txt b/RW2DPHAoXiQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a191ebaa7bd9dab194b7ea1ed36591f240380594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RW2DPHAoXiQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today I wanted to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I wanted to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I wanted to give you some
+context for why we're learning about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for why we're learning about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for why we're learning about all
+the Neutron stuff and go over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Neutron stuff and go over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Neutron stuff and go over all the
+reactor types that until this year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor types that until this year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor types that until this year the
+first time you learned about the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you learned about the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you learned about the non
+light water reactors at MIT was once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors at MIT was once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors at MIT was once you
+left MIT I remember that as an undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left MIT I remember that as an undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left MIT I remember that as an undergrad
+as well the only exposure we had to non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well the only exposure we had to non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well the only exposure we had to non
+light water reactors is in our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors is in our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors is in our design
+course because we decided to design one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because we decided to design one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because we decided to design one
+so I wanted to show you guys all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to show you guys all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to show you guys all the
+different types of reactors are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of reactors are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of reactors are out
+there how they work and start generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how they work and start generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how they work and start generating
+and marinating in all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marinating in all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marinating in all the different
+variables and nomenclature that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and nomenclature that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and nomenclature that we'll
+use to develop the neutron transport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to develop the neutron transport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to develop the neutron transport and
+Neutron diffusion equations the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron diffusion equations the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron diffusion equations the nice
+part is now until quiz 2 you can pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is now until quiz 2 you can pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is now until quiz 2 you can pretty
+much forget about the concept of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much forget about the concept of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much forget about the concept of charge
+so 802 can go back on the shelf because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 802 can go back on the shelf because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 802 can go back on the shelf because
+every interaction we do here is neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every interaction we do here is neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every interaction we do here is neutral
+charge neutral there'll be radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge neutral there'll be radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge neutral there'll be radioactive
+decays that are not the case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays that are not the case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays that are not the case but
+everything Neutron is neutral doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Neutron is neutral doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Neutron is neutral doesn't
+mean it's going to be simple it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to be simple it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to be simple it's just
+gonna be different but in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be different but in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be different but in the meantime
+today is not going to be particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is not going to be particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is not going to be particularly
+intense but I do want to show you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense but I do want to show you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense but I do want to show you where
+we're going and this goes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going and this goes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going and this goes with the
+pedagogical switch that we made in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical switch that we made in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical switch that we made in this
+department starting this year and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department starting this year and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department starting this year and you
+guys are the first trial of this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are the first trial of this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are the first trial of this we're
+switching to context first in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching to context first in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching to context first in theory
+second I personally find it much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I personally find it much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I personally find it much more
+interesting to study the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to study the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to study the theory of
+something for which I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for which I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for which I know the
+application exists who here would agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just about actually everybody ok yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about actually everybody ok yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about actually everybody ok yeah
+that's what I thought too so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought too so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought too so in the end
+we had arguments amongst the Faculty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had arguments amongst the Faculty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had arguments amongst the Faculty of
+all well you have to learn the theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well you have to learn the theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well you have to learn the theory to
+understand the application and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the application and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the application and that
+works really well when you say it behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well when you say it behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well when you say it behind
+the closed office door by yourself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed office door by yourself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed office door by yourself but
+the fact is I'm in it for yeah I'm in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is I'm in it for yeah I'm in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is I'm in it for yeah I'm in it
+for a maximum subject matter retention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a maximum subject matter retention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a maximum subject matter retention
+so in whatever order that works the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in whatever order that works the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in whatever order that works the best
+and sounds like for you guys this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sounds like for you guys this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sounds like for you guys this works
+the best that's what we're doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that's what we're doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that's what we're doing with
+the whole undergrad curriculum not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole undergrad curriculum not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole undergrad curriculum not just
+this class so let's launch into all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so let's launch into all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so let's launch into all the
+different methods of making nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of making nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of making nuclear
+power both fission and fusion and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power both fission and fusion and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power both fission and fusion and to
+switch gears since we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears since we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears since we're dealing with
+neutrons I don't know what happened with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons I don't know what happened with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons I don't know what happened with
+the oh there we go the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh there we go the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh there we go the idea here is that
+neutrons hit things like uranium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons hit things like uranium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons hit things like uranium and
+plutonium the fizzle isotopes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium the fizzle isotopes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium the fizzle isotopes that you
+guys saw in the exam and caused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys saw in the exam and caused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys saw in the exam and caused the
+release of other neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of other neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of other neutrons
+as we come up with these variables I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we come up with these variables I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we come up with these variables I'm
+gonna start laying them out here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start laying them out here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start laying them out here it
+might take more than a board to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take more than a board to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take more than a board to fill
+them all and I'll warn you ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all and I'll warn you ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all and I'll warn you ahead of time
+this is the only time in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only time in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only time in this course
+that we're gonna have V and knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna have V and knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna have V and knew the
+Greek letter nu on the board at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek letter nu on the board at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek letter nu on the board at the same
+time and I'm gonna make it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'm gonna make it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'm gonna make it really
+obvious which one is nu and which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which one is nu and which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which one is nu and which one is
+V so this parameter that describes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so this parameter that describes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so this parameter that describes how
+many neutrons come out from each fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neutrons come out from each fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neutrons come out from each fission
+reaction we refer to as nu or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we refer to as nu or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we refer to as nu or the
+average number you'll see in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number you'll see in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number you'll see in the data
+tables as nu bar and so as we come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables as nu bar and so as we come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables as nu bar and so as we come up
+with these sorts of things I will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these sorts of things I will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these sorts of things I will start
+going over them and the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over them and the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over them and the idea here is
+that each uranium-235 or plutonium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each uranium-235 or plutonium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each uranium-235 or plutonium or
+whatever nucleus B gets two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever nucleus B gets two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever nucleus B gets two to three
+neutrons the exact number for which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons the exact number for which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons the exact number for which is
+still under a hot debate and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under a hot debate and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under a hot debate and I don't
+think it actually matters we'll make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it actually matters we'll make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it actually matters we'll make a
+couple of fission products that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of fission products that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of fission products that take
+away most of the heat of the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away most of the heat of the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away most of the heat of the nuclear
+reaction and I just want to stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and I just want to stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and I just want to stop there
+even though you know there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know there's going to be
+a chain reaction and that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain reaction and that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain reaction and that's what makes
+nuclear power happen and we can go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power happen and we can go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power happen and we can go over
+the timeline of what actually happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline of what actually happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline of what actually happens in
+fission and what kind of a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and what kind of a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and what kind of a nuclear
+reaction it really is so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it really is so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it really is so in this case
+this is a reaction where a neutron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reaction where a neutron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reaction where a neutron is
+heading towards this time are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading towards this time are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading towards this time are actually
+gonna give it a label a uranium-235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give it a label a uranium-235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give it a label a uranium-235
+nucleus and it very temporarily like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it very temporarily like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it very temporarily like I
+showed you yesterday forms a compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you yesterday forms a compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you yesterday forms a compound
+nucleus some sort of large excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus some sort of large excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus some sort of large excited
+nucleus that lasts for about ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that lasts for about ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that lasts for about ten to the
+minus fourteen seconds so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus fourteen seconds so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus fourteen seconds so it doesn't
+instantly fizz apart there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly fizz apart there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly fizz apart there's actually a
+neutron absorption event some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron absorption event some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron absorption event some sort of
+nuclear instability at which point your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear instability at which point your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear instability at which point your
+two fission products break off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice you don't have let's call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you don't have let's call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you don't have let's call them
+fission product one and fission product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission product one and fission product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission product one and fission product
+to notice you don't quite have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice you don't quite have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice you don't quite have any
+neutrons yet Neutron production is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons yet Neutron production is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons yet Neutron production is not
+instantaneous for the following reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous for the following reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous for the following reason
+if you remember back to nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember back to nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember back to nuclear
+stability when we plotted let's say n I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability when we plotted let's say n I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability when we plotted let's say n I
+think that was maybe Z and this was N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was maybe Z and this was N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was maybe Z and this was N
+and I think this was a homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this was a homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this was a homework problem
+and you had to come up with some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to come up with some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to come up with some sort of
+curve of best fit for the most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of best fit for the most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of best fit for the most stable
+come combination of n and Z for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come combination of n and Z for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come combination of n and Z for a
+nucleus it was not a straight line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it was not a straight line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it was not a straight line it
+was something on the order of like N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something on the order of like N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something on the order of like N
+equals like what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals like what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals like what is it
+1.00 5 5 z plus some constant something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.00 5 5 z plus some constant something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.00 5 5 z plus some constant something
+with a rather small slope well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rather small slope well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rather small slope well if you
+have a heavy nucleus like uranium-235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a heavy nucleus like uranium-235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a heavy nucleus like uranium-235
+and you split it apart evenly let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you split it apart evenly let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you split it apart evenly let's just
+pretend it splits evenly for now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend it splits evenly for now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend it splits evenly for now you're
+kind of splitting that nucleus along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of splitting that nucleus along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of splitting that nucleus along a
+rather unstable line and as you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather unstable line and as you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather unstable line and as you saw in
+the semi empirical mass formula a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semi empirical mass formula a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semi empirical mass formula a little
+bit of instability goes a really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of instability goes a really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of instability goes a really long
+way towards making the nucleus extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way towards making the nucleus extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way towards making the nucleus extremely
+unstable so let's say you'd make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so let's say you'd make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so let's say you'd make a
+couple of fission products that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of fission products that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of fission products that just
+cleave that just cleave that nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave that just cleave that nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave that just cleave that nucleus
+with the same proportion of protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same proportion of protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same proportion of protons and
+neutrons how would they decay or how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons how would they decay or how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons how would they decay or how can
+they decay there's a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decay there's a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decay there's a couple different
+ways what do you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can emit neutrons if it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can emit neutrons if it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can emit neutrons if it's really
+unstable at which point it would just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable at which point it would just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable at which point it would just go
+down a neutron number or how else could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a neutron number or how else could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a neutron number or how else could
+it decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha decay let's see yeah a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decay let's see yeah a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decay let's see yeah a lot of
+those will the heavier ones tend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will the heavier ones tend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will the heavier ones tend to do
+alpha decays what would it do at alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decays what would it do at alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decays what would it do at alpha
+decay for alpha you guys have we go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay for alpha you guys have we go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay for alpha you guys have we go in
+that direction right yeah you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction right yeah you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction right yeah you know what
+I'm not gonna rule that out yet so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna rule that out yet so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna rule that out yet so let's
+let's go with that how else could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with that how else could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with that how else could they
+decay yeah through beta decay let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay yeah through beta decay let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay yeah through beta decay let's say
+in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty much all these happen just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all these happen just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all these happen just not
+necessarily in this order when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in this order when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in this order when you have
+a really really asymmetric nucleus a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really asymmetric nucleus a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really asymmetric nucleus a lot
+of these fission products will emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these fission products will emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these fission products will emit
+neutrons almost instantaneously in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons almost instantaneously in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons almost instantaneously in the
+realm of like 10 to the minus 17 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of like 10 to the minus 17 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of like 10 to the minus 17 seconds
+some incredibly short time line you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incredibly short time line you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incredibly short time line you'll
+start to decay downwards a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to decay downwards a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to decay downwards a little bit
+but you're not quite at the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not quite at the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not quite at the stability
+line which is why a lot of the fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is why a lot of the fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is why a lot of the fission
+products then go on and they deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products then go on and they deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products then go on and they deposit
+their kinetic energy by bouncing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kinetic energy by bouncing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kinetic energy by bouncing around
+the different atoms and material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different atoms and material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different atoms and material
+creating heat but a lot of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating heat but a lot of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating heat but a lot of them will
+also send off betas or gammas and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also send off betas or gammas and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also send off betas or gammas and it may
+take you know ten to the minus thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you know ten to the minus thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you know ten to the minus thirteen
+seconds for them to whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds for them to whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds for them to whatever the
+half-life of that particular isotope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life of that particular isotope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life of that particular isotope is
+and after around like ten to the let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after around like ten to the let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after around like ten to the let's
+say 10 to the minus 10 to 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 10 to the minus 10 to 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 10 to the minus 10 to 10 to the
+minus six seconds depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six seconds depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six seconds depending on the
+isotope in the medium those two fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope in the medium those two fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope in the medium those two fission
+products will stop and let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products will stop and let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products will stop and let's just say
+that they stop there so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they stop there so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they stop there so the whole
+process of fission it's actually quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of fission it's actually quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of fission it's actually quite a
+compound process first the neutron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound process first the neutron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound process first the neutron is
+absorbed forming a compound nucleus then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed forming a compound nucleus then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed forming a compound nucleus then
+it splits apart then those individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it splits apart then those individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it splits apart then those individual
+fission products undergo what ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission products undergo what ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission products undergo what ever
+decays suit them best and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays suit them best and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays suit them best and that's the
+source of the neutrons in fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the neutrons in fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the neutrons in fission
+sometimes one of those fission products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one of those fission products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one of those fission products
+might be particularly unstable and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be particularly unstable and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be particularly unstable and it
+might send off two neutrons in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might send off two neutrons in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might send off two neutrons in other
+cases that I don't know of it one off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that I don't know of it one off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that I don't know of it one off
+the top of my head it might be none but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my head it might be none but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my head it might be none but
+this is the whole timeline of events in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole timeline of events in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole timeline of events in
+fission and the justification for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and the justification for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and the justification for why
+this happens straight from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens straight from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens straight from the first
+month to 2201 and I wanted to pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month to 2201 and I wanted to pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month to 2201 and I wanted to pull up
+some of the nuclear data so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the nuclear data so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the nuclear data so you can see
+what these values tend to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these values tend to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these values tend to look like
+and also where to find them I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also where to find them I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also where to find them I've got to
+do that screen cloning thing again hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that screen cloning thing again hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that screen cloning thing again hey
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+so I've already pre pulled up the Janus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already pre pulled up the Janus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already pre pulled up the Janus
+library I've already clicked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library I've already clicked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library I've already clicked on
+uranium-235 thanks to you guys I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium-235 thanks to you guys I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium-235 thanks to you guys I have
+all the data now on my shirt but so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data now on my shirt but so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data now on my shirt but so you
+can see a little better I also have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a little better I also have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a little better I also have it
+on the screen so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen so let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen so let's look at this
+value right here a new bar total neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right here a new bar total neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right here a new bar total neutron
+production and I'll make it bigger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and I'll make it bigger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and I'll make it bigger so
+it's easier to see did I click on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to see did I click on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to see did I click on the
+right one yeah so take a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one yeah so take a look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one yeah so take a look at that
+then total number of neutrons produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then total number of neutrons produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then total number of neutrons produced
+during u-235 it's for most energies it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during u-235 it's for most energies it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during u-235 it's for most energies it's
+hovering around the 2.4 or so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering around the 2.4 or so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering around the 2.4 or so there's
+been arguments about whether it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been arguments about whether it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been arguments about whether it's two
+point four three or two point four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four three or two point four four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four three or two point four four
+and that's a linear scale that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a linear scale that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a linear scale that's not
+very helpful let's go to a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful let's go to a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful let's go to a logarithmic
+scale that's more like what I'm used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that's more like what I'm used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that's more like what I'm used to
+seeing most of the fission happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing most of the fission happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing most of the fission happens for
+u-235 in the thermal region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-235 in the thermal region in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-235 in the thermal region in the
+region where the neutrons are at values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the neutrons are at values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the neutrons are at values
+let's say the cutoff usually about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the cutoff usually about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the cutoff usually about one
+electron volt or lower in average energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt or lower in average energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt or lower in average energy
+and noubar is fantastically constant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noubar is fantastically constant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noubar is fantastically constant at
+that level then as you go up and up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level then as you go up and up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level then as you go up and up in
+energy you start to make more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you start to make more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you start to make more and more
+neutrons why do you guys think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons why do you guys think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons why do you guys think that
+would be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are you doing to that compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing to that compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing to that compound
+nucleus as you increase the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus as you increase the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus as you increase the incoming
+Neutron energy it's gonna have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron energy it's gonna have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron energy it's gonna have more
+energy itself you might excite other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy itself you might excite other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy itself you might excite other
+nuclear states that can then lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear states that can then lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear states that can then lead to
+other sorts of decays or other neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of decays or other neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of decays or other neutron
+emission so to me that's the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission so to me that's the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission so to me that's the reason why
+once you hit about 1 MeV you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you hit about 1 MeV you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you hit about 1 MeV you can start
+to see a lot more neutrons being given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot more neutrons being given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot more neutrons being given
+off the reason we usually treat this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the reason we usually treat this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the reason we usually treat this as
+a constant notice I haven't given it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant notice I haven't given it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant notice I haven't given it an
+energy dependence is because most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dependence is because most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dependence is because most of the
+fission that happens is at thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission that happens is at thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission that happens is at thermal
+energies for that I want to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies for that I want to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies for that I want to show you the
+fission cross-section there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission cross-section there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission cross-section there's a lot of
+cross-sections and it's probably gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections and it's probably gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections and it's probably gonna
+be in a different graph because it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a different graph because it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a different graph because it's in
+different units and this gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different units and this gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different units and this gives you a
+rough measure per atom what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough measure per atom what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough measure per atom what's the
+probability of fission happening as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of fission happening as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of fission happening as a
+function of incoming Neutron energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of incoming Neutron energy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of incoming Neutron energy at
+those high energies you have relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those high energies you have relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those high energies you have relatively
+low cross sections or low probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cross sections or low probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cross sections or low probabilities
+of fission happening then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fission happening then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fission happening then there's this
+crazy resonance region that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy resonance region that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy resonance region that looks like a
+sideways mustache but then as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways mustache but then as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways mustache but then as you get
+down to the lower energy levels it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the lower energy levels it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the lower energy levels it gets
+much more in fact exponentially more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more in fact exponentially more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more in fact exponentially more
+likely that fission will happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that fission will happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that fission will happen so
+almost all the fissioning in a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the fissioning in a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the fissioning in a light
+water reactor or any sort of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactor or any sort of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactor or any sort of other
+thermal reactor happens at thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal reactor happens at thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal reactor happens at thermal
+energies and that's why we take nu bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and that's why we take nu bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and that's why we take nu bar
+as a constant you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a constant you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a constant you don't have to
+especially if you're analyzing what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're analyzing what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're analyzing what's
+called a fast reactor or a reactor whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a fast reactor or a reactor whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a fast reactor or a reactor whose
+Neutron population remains fast on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron population remains fast on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron population remains fast on
+purpose and so with that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and so with that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and so with that I want to
+launch into some of the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch into some of the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch into some of the different types
+of reactors that you might see you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactors that you might see you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactors that you might see you guys
+already did those calculations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did those calculations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did those calculations in
+problem set 1 so I don't have to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 1 so I don't have to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 1 so I don't have to repeat
+them for you let's get right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for you let's get right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for you let's get right into the
+acronym so if you haven't figured this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym so if you haven't figured this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym so if you haven't figured this
+out already nuclear is a pretty acronym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out already nuclear is a pretty acronym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out already nuclear is a pretty acronym
+dense field does anyone can anyone say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense field does anyone can anyone say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense field does anyone can anyone say
+they know all the acronyms on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know all the acronyms on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know all the acronyms on this slide
+you're gonna know about 90% of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna know about 90% of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna know about 90% of them in
+about 90 minutes so it's okay or you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 minutes so it's okay or you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 minutes so it's okay or you'll
+have seen them at least and you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen them at least and you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen them at least and you look
+completely unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unfamiliar
+most of them well let's knock them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them well let's knock them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them well let's knock them off
+so KN last Thursday already showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so KN last Thursday already showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so KN last Thursday already showed you
+the basic layout of a boiling water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic layout of a boiling water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic layout of a boiling water
+reactor one of the types of light water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor one of the types of light water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor one of the types of light water
+reactors and the reason that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and the reason that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and the reason that this is a
+thermal reactor is because it's full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal reactor is because it's full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal reactor is because it's full of
+water water as we saw in our old Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water water as we saw in our old Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water water as we saw in our old Q
+equation argument is very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation argument is very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation argument is very good at
+stopping neutrons because if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping neutrons because if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping neutrons because if you guys
+remember this the maximum change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this the maximum change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this the maximum change in
+energy that a neutron can get is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that a neutron can get is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that a neutron can get is related
+to alpha times its incoming energy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha times its incoming energy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha times its incoming energy where
+this alpha is just a minus 1 over a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alpha is just a minus 1 over a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alpha is just a minus 1 over a plus
+1 squared and I think this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 squared and I think this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 squared and I think this should
+actually be a 1 minus right there a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a 1 minus right there a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a 1 minus right there a is
+that mass number of whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass number of whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass number of whatever the
+neutrons are hitting and that one comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are hitting and that one comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are hitting and that one comes
+directly from the neutron mass number if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the neutron mass number if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the neutron mass number if
+you remember this was the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this was the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this was the simplest
+reduction of the Q equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of the Q equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of the Q equation the
+generalized Q equation or kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized Q equation or kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized Q equation or kinematics
+that we looked at when I said let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at when I said let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at when I said let's do
+the general form and okay let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general form and okay let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general form and okay let's take the
+simplest form Neutron elastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest form Neutron elastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest form Neutron elastic scattering
+here's where it comes back if a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it comes back if a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it comes back if a neutron
+hits water which is made mostly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits water which is made mostly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits water which is made mostly a
+hydrogen and a is one then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and a is one then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and a is one then it can
+transfer a maximum of all of its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer a maximum of all of its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer a maximum of all of its energy
+to the let's say to that hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the let's say to that hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the let's say to that hydrogen atom
+therefore given the neutron no energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore given the neutron no energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore given the neutron no energy
+and thermal izing it or slowing it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal izing it or slowing it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal izing it or slowing it down
+very quickly to show you what one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly to show you what one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly to show you what one of
+these things actually looks like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things actually looks like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things actually looks like that's
+the underside of a BWR I don't know if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underside of a BWR I don't know if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underside of a BWR I don't know if K
+did K and show you this before okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did K and show you this before okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did K and show you this before okay
+you've already seen what this generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen what this generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen what this generally
+looks like what about the turbine does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like what about the turbine does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like what about the turbine does
+anyone actually seen a turbine this size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone actually seen a turbine this size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone actually seen a turbine this size
+close up gigawatt electric turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up gigawatt electric turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up gigawatt electric turbine
+trying to see which one of those pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see which one of those pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see which one of those pixels
+is a person so I'm person-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person so I'm person-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person so I'm person-sized
+I don't see anything persons oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see anything persons oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see anything persons oh there's
+a ladder that looks to be about 6 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ladder that looks to be about 6 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ladder that looks to be about 6 feet
+tall so give you guys a sense of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall so give you guys a sense of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall so give you guys a sense of scale
+of the sort of turbines that we say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of turbines that we say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of turbines that we say oh
+yeah we draw a turbine on our diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we draw a turbine on our diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we draw a turbine on our diagram
+well it's not actually not simple these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not actually not simple these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not actually not simple these
+things take up entire hallways they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things take up entire hallways they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things take up entire hallways they're
+kind of airport hangar size buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of airport hangar size buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of airport hangar size buildings
+never seen one of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen one of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen one of the you
+but I've seen one in Japan there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've seen one in Japan there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've seen one in Japan there was a
+lot cleaner than this but otherwise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot cleaner than this but otherwise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot cleaner than this but otherwise it
+looked pretty much the same and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked pretty much the same and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked pretty much the same and the way
+this actually works for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually works for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually works for those who
+haven't taken any thermo classes yet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken any thermo classes yet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken any thermo classes yet is
+this turbine is full of different sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turbine is full of different sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turbine is full of different sets
+of blades that are curved at an angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blades that are curved at an angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blades that are curved at an angle so
+that when steam shoots in it transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when steam shoots in it transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when steam shoots in it transfer
+some of its energy to get the turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its energy to get the turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its energy to get the turbine
+rotating and there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and there's going to be a
+generator found of an eye like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator found of an eye like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator found of an eye like an
+alternator to generate the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternator to generate the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternator to generate the electricity
+there which looks to be roughly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which looks to be roughly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which looks to be roughly a
+hundred feet away just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet away just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet away just to give you a
+sense of scale for this stuff as Kayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of scale for this stuff as Kayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of scale for this stuff as Kayne
+showed you a pressurized water reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a pressurized water reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a pressurized water reactor
+it's another kind of light water reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another kind of light water reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another kind of light water reactor
+with what's called an indirect cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's called an indirect cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's called an indirect cycle so
+this water stays pressurized it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this water stays pressurized it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this water stays pressurized it also
+stays liquid which is good for Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays liquid which is good for Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays liquid which is good for Neutron
+moderation or slowing down because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation or slowing down because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation or slowing down because in
+addition to the probability of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the probability of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the probability of any
+interaction some probability Sigma if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction some probability Sigma if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction some probability Sigma if
+you want to get the total reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the total reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the total reaction
+probability you have to multiply by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have to multiply by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have to multiply by its
+number density to get a macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density to get a macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density to get a macroscopic
+cross-section this is why I introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section this is why I introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section this is why I introduced
+this stuff Y at the beginning of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff Y at the beginning of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff Y at the beginning of class
+so you'd have time to marinate in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have time to marinate in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have time to marinate in it and
+then bring it back and remember what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring it back and remember what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring it back and remember what it
+was all about and so every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all about and so every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all about and so every single
+reaction that goes on in a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that goes on in a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that goes on in a nuclear
+reactor has got its own cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor has got its own cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor has got its own cross section
+will probably need half the board for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably need half the board for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably need half the board for
+this one you can say you have a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you can say you have a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you can say you have a total
+microscopic cross-section these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic cross-section these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic cross-section these are all
+going to be as a function of neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as a function of neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as a function of neutron
+energy what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what's the probability of
+anything happening at all and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening at all and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening at all and these are
+actually tabulated up on the janice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tabulated up on the janice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tabulated up on the janice
+website so let's unclick that get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so let's unclick that get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so let's unclick that get rid of
+neutron production and go all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron production and go all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron production and go all the way to
+the top n comma total so all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top n comma total so all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top n comma total so all this stuff
+is written in nuclear reaction parlance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written in nuclear reaction parlance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written in nuclear reaction parlance
+where if you have let's say n comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you have let's say n comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you have let's say n comma
+total that means a neutron comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total that means a neutron comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total that means a neutron comes in and
+that's the reaction that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reaction that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reaction that you're looking
+at so this data file here once I open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this data file here once I open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this data file here once I open it
+up will give you the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up will give you the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up will give you the probability that
+anything at all will happen you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all will happen you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all will happen you can see
+as the neutron energy gets higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the neutron energy gets higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the neutron energy gets higher the
+probability of anything happening at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of anything happening at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of anything happening at all
+gets less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less and less
+less and it follows the shape of most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and it follows the shape of most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and it follows the shape of most of
+the other cross-sections and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cross-sections and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cross-sections and I'm going
+to leave this up right there you've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave this up right there you've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave this up right there you've also
+got a few different kinds of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a few different kinds of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a few different kinds of reactions
+like you can have a scatter let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can have a scatter let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can have a scatter let's call
+that scatter which we've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scatter which we've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scatter which we've already said
+can either be elastic or inelastic it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be elastic or inelastic it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be elastic or inelastic it
+may not matter to us from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not matter to us from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not matter to us from the point of
+view of neutron physics whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of neutron physics whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of neutron physics whether the
+collision is elastic or inelastic all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is elastic or inelastic all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is elastic or inelastic all
+that matters is the neutron goes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters is the neutron goes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters is the neutron goes in and
+a slower Neutron comes out because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slower Neutron comes out because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slower Neutron comes out because what
+we're really concerned with here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really concerned with here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really concerned with here is
+tracking the full population of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking the full population of neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking the full population of neutrons
+at any point in the reactor so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point in the reactor so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point in the reactor so we'll
+give this a position vector R which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this a position vector R which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this a position vector R which has
+just got x y and z in it or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got x y and z in it or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got x y and z in it or whatever
+other coordinate system you might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinate system you might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinate system you might happen
+to you is I prefer Cartesian because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is I prefer Cartesian because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is I prefer Cartesian because it
+makes sense at every energy going in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense at every energy going in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense at every energy going in any
+direction so we now have a solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we now have a solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we now have a solid angle
+vector that's got both theta and Phi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's got both theta and Phi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's got both theta and Phi in
+it at any given time and the whole goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at any given time and the whole goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at any given time and the whole goal
+of what we're going to be doing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're going to be doing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're going to be doing today
+and all of next week is to find out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of next week is to find out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of next week is to find out how
+do you solve for and simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you solve for and simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you solve for and simplify this
+population of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see make sure to fill that in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see make sure to fill that in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see make sure to fill that in as
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so a lot of let's see let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of let's see let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of let's see let me get
+back to the cross sections and stuff if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the cross sections and stuff if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the cross sections and stuff if
+we want to know how many neutrons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how many neutrons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how many neutrons are in
+a certain little volume element in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain little volume element in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain little volume element in some
+D volume in some certain little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D volume in some certain little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D volume in some certain little
+increment of energy de traveling in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of energy de traveling in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of energy de traveling in some
+very small solid angle D Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small solid angle D Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small solid angle D Omega
+supposedly if you have this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly if you have this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly if you have this function
+then you know the direction and location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the direction and location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the direction and location
+and speed of every single Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speed of every single Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speed of every single Neutron
+everywhere in the reactor and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the reactor and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the reactor and this is
+eventually what the goal of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what the goal of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what the goal of things like
+Ben and cords group does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben and cords group does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben and cords group does the
+computational reactor physics group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational reactor physics group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational reactor physics group is
+solve for this or a simplified version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this or a simplified version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this or a simplified version
+of it over and over and over again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it over and over and over again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it over and over and over again for
+different sorts of geometries and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sorts of geometries and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sorts of geometries and in
+order to do so you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do so you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do so you need to know the
+rates of reactions of every kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of reactions of every kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of reactions of every kind of
+possible reaction that could take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reaction that could take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reaction that could take a
+neutron out of its current position like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron out of its current position like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron out of its current position like
+if it happens to be moving which most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it happens to be moving which most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it happens to be moving which most of
+them are out of its current energy group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are out of its current energy group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are out of its current energy group
+which pretty much any reaction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pretty much any reaction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pretty much any reaction will
+cause the neutron to lose energy what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the neutron to lose energy what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the neutron to lose energy what's
+the only reaction we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reaction we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reaction we've talked about
+where the neutron loses absolutely no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neutron loses absolutely no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neutron loses absolutely no
+energy it's a type of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's a type of scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's a type of scattering
+yep exactly forward scattering so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep exactly forward scattering so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep exactly forward scattering so for
+forward scattering for that case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward scattering for that case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward scattering for that case where
+theta scattering equals zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta scattering equals zero again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta scattering equals zero again
+that's you missed the neutron didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you missed the neutron didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you missed the neutron didn't
+actually change direction at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change direction at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change direction at all and
+therefore it didn't transfer any energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it didn't transfer any energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it didn't transfer any energy
+but for everything else for every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for everything else for every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for everything else for every other
+possible reaction there's gonna be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reaction there's gonna be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reaction there's gonna be an
+energy change associated with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change associated with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change associated with it and
+probably some corresponding change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some corresponding change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some corresponding change in
+angle because a neutron can't just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because a neutron can't just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because a neutron can't just be
+moving and hit something and continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and hit something and continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and hit something and continue
+moving more slowly there's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving more slowly there's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving more slowly there's got to be
+some change in momentum to balance along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in momentum to balance along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in momentum to balance along
+with that change of energy and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that change of energy and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that change of energy and it might
+slightly move in some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly move in some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly move in some different
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+and all this is happening as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this is happening as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this is happening as a function
+of time as you can see this gets pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as you can see this gets pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as you can see this gets pretty
+hairy pretty quick and that's why we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy pretty quick and that's why we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy pretty quick and that's why we put
+the full equation for this on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full equation for this on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full equation for this on our
+department t-shirts but no one ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department t-shirts but no one ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department t-shirts but no one ever
+solves the full thing what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the full thing what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the full thing what we're gonna
+be going over is how do you simplify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going over is how do you simplify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going over is how do you simplify it
+into something you can solve with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something you can solve with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something you can solve with like
+pen and paper or possibly a gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen and paper or possibly a gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen and paper or possibly a gigantic
+computer but it's not impossible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but it's not impossible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but it's not impossible so
+inside this Sigma total we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this Sigma total we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this Sigma total we talked about
+different scattering and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scattering and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scattering and then you could
+have absorption in all its different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absorption in all its different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absorption in all its different
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+what sort of reactions with a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of reactions with a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of reactions with a neutron
+would cause it to be absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes vision thank you so there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes vision thank you so there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes vision thank you so there's going to
+be some Sigma fission cross-section as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some Sigma fission cross-section as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some Sigma fission cross-section as a
+function of energy and if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy and if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy and if it doesn't
+fizz but it is absorbed we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fizz but it is absorbed we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fizz but it is absorbed we'll call that
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but capture can mean a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but capture can mean a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but capture can mean a whole bunch of
+different things to right there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to right there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to right there could be
+also a whole bunch of other nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a whole bunch of other nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a whole bunch of other nuclear
+reactions like there could be a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions like there could be a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions like there could be a reaction
+where one Neutron comes in two no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one Neutron comes in two no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one Neutron comes in two no
+neutrons go out like we looked at with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons go out like we looked at with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons go out like we looked at with
+beryllium in the Chadwick paper from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium in the Chadwick paper from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium in the Chadwick paper from the
+first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day
+we're like what actually does exist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like what actually does exist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like what actually does exist for
+this stuff so Janice doesn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff so Janice doesn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff so Janice doesn't like
+multi-touch so have to bear with me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-touch so have to bear with me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-touch so have to bear with me on
+the small print on the screen but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small print on the screen but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small print on the screen but there
+should be up here it is cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be up here it is cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be up here it is cross-section
+number 16 there is a probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 16 there is a probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 16 there is a probability that
+one Neutron goes in that Z right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Neutron goes in that Z right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Neutron goes in that Z right there
+is whatever your incoming particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever your incoming particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever your incoming particle
+happens to be and in this case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be and in this case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be and in this case we know
+it's a neutron because we picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a neutron because we picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a neutron because we picked
+incident Neutron data and two n means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Neutron data and two n means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Neutron data and two n means
+two neutrons come out let's plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two neutrons come out let's plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two neutrons come out let's plot that
+cross-section you can see that the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section you can see that the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section you can see that the value
+is zero until you hit about four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero until you hit about four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero until you hit about four or five
+oh it's actually five point two nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's actually five point two nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's actually five point two nine
+seven seven eight one MeV so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven eight one MeV so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven eight one MeV so that's the
+Q value at which this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q value at which this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q value at which this particular
+reaction happens to turn on might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happens to turn on might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happens to turn on might be
+responsible for a little bit of the blip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for a little bit of the blip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for a little bit of the blip
+in the total cross-section so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total cross-section so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total cross-section so
+technically if we were to turn on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically if we were to turn on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically if we were to turn on every
+single cross-section in this database it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cross-section in this database it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cross-section in this database it
+should add up to that red line right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to that red line right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to that red line right
+there so you can start to get an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can start to get an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can start to get an idea
+for how much of all the reactions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much of all the reactions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much of all the reactions of
+uranium-235 are due to fission that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium-235 are due to fission that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium-235 are due to fission that's
+the one we want to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we want to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we want to exploit
+so let's find fission right down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's find fission right down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's find fission right down there
+oh wow there's a 3n reaction I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow there's a 3n reaction I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow there's a 3n reaction I want to
+see that that doesn't happen until 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that doesn't happen until 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that doesn't happen until 12
+MeV yeah so neutrons don't typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV yeah so neutrons don't typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV yeah so neutrons don't typically
+tend to hit 12 MeV in a fission reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to hit 12 MeV in a fission reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to hit 12 MeV in a fission reactor
+so this is a flute and the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a flute and the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a flute and the perfect
+flimsy pretext to bring in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flimsy pretext to bring in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flimsy pretext to bring in another
+variable it's called the Chi spectrum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's called the Chi spectrum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's called the Chi spectrum or
+what's called the fission birth spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we've already talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we've already talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we've already talked about the
+neutrons being born and how many there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons being born and how many there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons being born and how many there
+were but we're didn't say at what energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but we're didn't say at what energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but we're didn't say at what energy
+they're born in fusion reactors this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born in fusion reactors this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born in fusion reactors this is
+pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+you've already looked at this case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already looked at this case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already looked at this case what
+is it fourteen point seven MeV that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it fourteen point seven MeV that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it fourteen point seven MeV that's a
+lot simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler
+that's the fusion for fission it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fusion for fission it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fusion for fission it's not
+so simple for the case of fission if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple for the case of fission if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple for the case of fission if you
+draw energy versus this Chi spectrum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw energy versus this Chi spectrum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw energy versus this Chi spectrum it
+takes an interesting looking curve from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an interesting looking curve from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an interesting looking curve from
+about one MeV to about ten MeV with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one MeV to about ten MeV with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one MeV to about ten MeV with the
+most likely energy being around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely energy being around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely energy being around to
+anything so you aren't really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so you aren't really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so you aren't really going to
+get neutrons at the energy required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get neutrons at the energy required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get neutrons at the energy required for
+a three n reaction in a regular fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three n reaction in a regular fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three n reaction in a regular fission
+reactor just not gonna happen but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor just not gonna happen but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor just not gonna happen but it's
+good that you know that that exists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that you know that that exists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that you know that that exists so
+let's go and answer my original question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go and answer my original question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go and answer my original question
+how much of the total cross-section is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the total cross-section is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the total cross-section is
+due to fission most of it especially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to fission most of it especially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to fission most of it especially at
+low energies so let me get rid of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energies so let me get rid of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energies so let me get rid of those
+two n and 3n ones because they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n and 3n ones because they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n and 3n ones because they're kind
+of ruining our data it's making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ruining our data it's making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ruining our data it's making it
+harder to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's better so you can see at energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better so you can see at energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better so you can see at energies
+below around let's say a KETV or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below around let's say a KETV or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below around let's say a KETV or so
+almost all of the reactions happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the reactions happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the reactions happening
+with neutrons in uranium-235 are fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neutrons in uranium-235 are fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neutrons in uranium-235 are fission
+this is part of what makes it such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of what makes it such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of what makes it such a
+particularly good isotope to use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good isotope to use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good isotope to use in
+reactors the other one is you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors the other one is you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors the other one is you can find
+it in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the ground
+unlike most the other fissile isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike most the other fissile isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike most the other fissile isotopes
+unlike I think any of the other fissile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike I think any of the other fissile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike I think any of the other fissile
+isotopes thorium you got to breed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes thorium you got to breed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes thorium you got to breed and
+turn it into uranium 233 have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into uranium 233 have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into uranium 233 have to think
+about that one but then you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that one but then you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that one but then you can start to
+look at what are the other components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what are the other components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what are the other components of
+this cross-section like ZN prime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross-section like ZN prime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross-section like ZN prime in
+elastic scattering which doesn't turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering which doesn't turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering which doesn't turn on
+until about 0.002 MeV but later on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about 0.002 MeV but later on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about 0.002 MeV but later on is
+one of the major contributors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major contributors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major contributors and
+actually is responsible for and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is responsible for and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is responsible for and I've
+brought this for a reason is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this for a reason is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this for a reason is responsible
+for that little bump in the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that little bump in the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that little bump in the total
+cross-section so eventually all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so eventually all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so eventually all these
+things do matter but let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do matter but let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do matter but let's think about
+which ones we actually care about at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones we actually care about at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones we actually care about at all
+because what we eventually want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we eventually want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we eventually want to do is
+develop some sort of Neutron balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some sort of Neutron balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some sort of Neutron balance
+equation if we can measure the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if we can measure the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if we can measure the change in
+the number of neutrons as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neutrons as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neutrons as a function of
+position energy angle and time as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position energy angle and time as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position energy angle and time as a
+function of time and that would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that would probably
+be a partial derivative because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a partial derivative because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a partial derivative because there's
+like seven variables here before I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven variables here before I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven variables here before I write
+any equations it's just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any equations it's just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any equations it's just going to be a
+measure of the gains minus the losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the gains minus the losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the gains minus the losses
+and while every particular reaction has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while every particular reaction has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while every particular reaction has
+its own cross section there's only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own cross section there's only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own cross section there's only going
+to be a few that we care about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a few that we care about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a few that we care about like
+they'll only be one or two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll only be one or two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll only be one or two types of
+reactions that can result in a gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that can result in a gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that can result in a gain of
+the neutron population into a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron population into a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron population into a certain
+volume with a certain energy with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume with a certain energy with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume with a certain energy with a
+certain angle and for losses there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle and for losses there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle and for losses there's
+only one we really care about total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one we really care about total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one we really care about total
+because any interaction with a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any interaction with a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any interaction with a neutron
+is going to cause that Neutron to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to cause that Neutron to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to cause that Neutron to leave
+this little group of perfect position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little group of perfect position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little group of perfect position
+energy and angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's where we're going we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're going we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're going we'll
+probably start down that route on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start down that route on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start down that route on
+Tuesday because I promised you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday because I promised you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday because I promised you guys
+context today you've all been to the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context today you've all been to the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context today you've all been to the MIT
+research reactor a couple of you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research reactor a couple of you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research reactor a couple of you are you
+running it yet awesome okay yeah say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it yet awesome okay yeah say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it yet awesome okay yeah say
+that Bo so yeah so Sarah and Jared's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bo so yeah so Sarah and Jared's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bo so yeah so Sarah and Jared's
+doing that anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that anyone else
+training or trained no I'd say the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or trained no I'd say the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or trained no I'd say the folks
+usually pretty scared when they find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty scared when they find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty scared when they find out
+mit has a reactor and they're even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit has a reactor and they're even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit has a reactor and they're even more
+scared when they find out you guys run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared when they find out you guys run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared when they find out you guys run
+it what they don't realize is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what they don't realize is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what they don't realize is there's
+been basically no problem since 1954 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been basically no problem since 1954 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been basically no problem since 1954 the
+only one I know of as someone fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one I know of as someone fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one I know of as someone fell
+asleep at the controls once and forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep at the controls once and forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep at the controls once and forgot
+to push the don't call FoxNews button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the don't call FoxNews button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the don't call FoxNews button
+and it called Fox News or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it called Fox News or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it called Fox News or something so
+there was a big story about asleep at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big story about asleep at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big story about asleep at
+the helm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helm
+Nora knew alarms and passive safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nora knew alarms and passive safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nora knew alarms and passive safety
+systems and backup operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and backup operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and backup operators and
+everything else that actually made sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that actually made sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that actually made sure
+that nothing happened but nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing happened but nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing happened but nowadays
+correct me if I'm wrong you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if I'm wrong you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if I'm wrong you actually
+have to get up every half hour reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get up every half hour reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get up every half hour reach
+around a panel and hit a button right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a panel and hit a button right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a panel and hit a button right so
+you want to hit it before it beeps at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to hit it before it beeps at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to hit it before it beeps at
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+it's reminding you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah I'd heard the buttons every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah I'd heard the buttons every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah I'd heard the buttons every
+half-hour gotcha cool yeah so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-hour gotcha cool yeah so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-hour gotcha cool yeah so for all
+use watching on camera whatever just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use watching on camera whatever just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use watching on camera whatever just
+know that these guys got it under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these guys got it under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these guys got it under
+control so onto some gas cooled reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so onto some gas cooled reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so onto some gas cooled reactors
+and to explain some of these acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to explain some of these acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to explain some of these acronyms
+there are some that use natural uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some that use natural uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some that use natural uranium
+though all the ones pretty much all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though all the ones pretty much all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though all the ones pretty much all the
+ones in this country you need to enrich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in this country you need to enrich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in this country you need to enrich
+the uranium to get enough u-235 to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uranium to get enough u-235 to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uranium to get enough u-235 to turn
+the reaction on but that's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction on but that's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction on but that's not actually
+you don't have to do that in every case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do that in every case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do that in every case
+and you'll also see these acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll also see these acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll also see these acronyms
+Leu meu or h EU standing for low medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leu meu or h EU standing for low medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leu meu or h EU standing for low medium
+or high enrichment the accepted standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high enrichment the accepted standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high enrichment the accepted standard
+for what's low enriched uranium is 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's low enriched uranium is 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's low enriched uranium is 20%
+or below an interesting fact though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below an interesting fact though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below an interesting fact though you
+can't have something at 19 what at 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have something at 19 what at 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have something at 19 what at 19
+point 99 percent enriched uranium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 99 percent enriched uranium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 99 percent enriched uranium and
+expect it to be low enriched uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be low enriched uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be low enriched uranium
+because every measurement technique has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every measurement technique has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every measurement technique has
+some error and what really determines if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error and what really determines if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error and what really determines if
+it's Leu is when an inspector comes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Leu is when an inspector comes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Leu is when an inspector comes and
+takes a sample it better be below 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sample it better be below 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sample it better be below 20%
+including their error so you'll usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including their error so you'll usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including their error so you'll usually
+see 19 point 75% given as the Leu limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 19 point 75% given as the Leu limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 19 point 75% given as the Leu limit
+because there's always some processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always some processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always some processing
+error in homogeneities measurement error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in homogeneities measurement error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in homogeneities measurement error
+head your bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head your bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head your bets
+pretty much like in england or the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like in england or the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like in england or the UK
+the advanced gas reactors have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advanced gas reactors have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advanced gas reactors have been
+churning along for decades they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning along for decades they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning along for decades they actually
+use co2 as the coolant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co2 as the coolant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co2 as the coolant which is
+relatively inert and they use graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively inert and they use graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively inert and they use graphite
+as the moderator so in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the moderator so in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the moderator so in this case the
+coolant in the moderator are separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant in the moderator are separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant in the moderator are separate
+unlike the light water reactors we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the light water reactors we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the light water reactors we have
+so this way the graphite right here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way the graphite right here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way the graphite right here just
+sits in solid form and slows down those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits in solid form and slows down those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits in solid form and slows down those
+neutrons not quite as good as water but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons not quite as good as water but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons not quite as good as water but
+pretty good there is an issue though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good there is an issue though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good there is an issue though
+that co2 just like anything has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co2 just like anything has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co2 just like anything has a
+natural decomposition reaction where co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural decomposition reaction where co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural decomposition reaction where co2
+naturally is in equilibrium with CO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally is in equilibrium with CO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally is in equilibrium with CO and
+O 2 and O 2 plus graphite yields co2 gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O 2 and O 2 plus graphite yields co2 gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O 2 and O 2 plus graphite yields co2 gas
+graphite was solid and talking with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite was solid and talking with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite was solid and talking with a
+couple folks from the National Nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple folks from the National Nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple folks from the National Nuclear
+Laboratory they said that 40 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory they said that 40 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory they said that 40 years later
+when they took the caps off these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they took the caps off these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they took the caps off these
+reactors a lot of that graphite was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors a lot of that graphite was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors a lot of that graphite was just
+gone with a good explanation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone with a good explanation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone with a good explanation it
+vaporized very very very slowly over 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporized very very very slowly over 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporized very very very slowly over 40
+earth years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth years or so
+due to this natural recombination with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this natural recombination with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this natural recombination with
+whatever little bit of o2 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever little bit of o2 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever little bit of o2 is an
+equilibrium with co2 and possibly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with co2 and possibly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with co2 and possibly some
+other leaks I'm sure I wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other leaks I'm sure I wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other leaks I'm sure I wouldn't have
+been told that if there was a leak so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told that if there was a leak so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told that if there was a leak so
+I'd say the feasibility is high because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say the feasibility is high because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say the feasibility is high because
+they've been running for almost half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been running for almost half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been running for almost half a
+century the power density is very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the power density is very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the power density is very low
+why do you guys think that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely so well let's say you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so well let's say you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so well let's say you need
+the same cooling capacity but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cooling capacity but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cooling capacity but you're
+right co2 even if pressurized is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right co2 even if pressurized is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right co2 even if pressurized is not a
+good at heat transfer medium as water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at heat transfer medium as water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at heat transfer medium as water
+water's dense it's also got one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water's dense it's also got one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water's dense it's also got one of the
+highest heat capacities of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest heat capacities of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest heat capacities of anything
+we've ever seen the other reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've ever seen the other reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've ever seen the other reason is
+right here if you want enough reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here if you want enough reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here if you want enough reaction
+density it not only matters what the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it not only matters what the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it not only matters what the per
+atom density is but what the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom density is but what the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom density is but what the number
+density is and if you're using gaseous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is and if you're using gaseous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is and if you're using gaseous
+co2 coolant even if it's pressurized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 coolant even if it's pressurized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 coolant even if it's pressurized
+there are fewer reactions happening per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer reactions happening per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer reactions happening per
+unit volume because there are a few co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume because there are a few co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume because there are a few co2
+molecules per unit volume than water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules per unit volume than water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules per unit volume than water
+would have so that's why we pressurize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have so that's why we pressurize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have so that's why we pressurize
+our light water reactors to keep water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our light water reactors to keep water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our light water reactors to keep water
+in its liquid state where it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its liquid state where it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its liquid state where it's a great
+heat absorber takes a lot of energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat absorber takes a lot of energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat absorber takes a lot of energy to
+boil it and it's really dense so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil it and it's really dense so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil it and it's really dense so it's a
+very effective dense moderator these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective dense moderator these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective dense moderator these
+have been around forever I think when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around forever I think when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around forever I think when
+did Windscale happen when scale was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Windscale happen when scale was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Windscale happen when scale was also
+the source of an interesting fire that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of an interesting fire that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of an interesting fire that's
+you guys might want to know about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys might want to know about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys might want to know about it's
+one of those only nuclear disasters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those only nuclear disasters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those only nuclear disasters that
+hit seven on the arbitrary unit scale I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit seven on the arbitrary unit scale I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit seven on the arbitrary unit scale I
+don't quite know how they determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite know how they determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite know how they determine
+what's a seven but there was a fire at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a seven but there was a fire at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a seven but there was a fire at
+the wind scale plan due to the build-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind scale plan due to the build-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind scale plan due to the build-up
+of what's called Wigner energy it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called Wigner energy it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called Wigner energy it turns
+out that when neutrons go slamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that when neutrons go slamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that when neutrons go slamming
+around in the graphite they leave behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the graphite they leave behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the graphite they leave behind
+radiation damage and when my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage and when my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage and when my family
+always explained what do you do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always explained what do you do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always explained what do you do for a
+living and I just can only think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and I just can only think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and I just can only think well
+they don't know radiation damage they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know radiation damage they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know radiation damage they've
+watched Harry Potter I like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched Harry Potter I like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched Harry Potter I like to say
+radiation like dark magic leaves traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation like dark magic leaves traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation like dark magic leaves traces
+well it leaves traces in the graphite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it leaves traces in the graphite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it leaves traces in the graphite in
+the form of atomic defense which took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of atomic defense which took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of atomic defense which took
+energy to create so by causing damage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to create so by causing damage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to create so by causing damage to
+the graphite you store energy in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphite you store energy in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphite you store energy in it
+which is known as Wigner energy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as Wigner energy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as Wigner energy and you
+can store so much that it just catches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store so much that it just catches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store so much that it just catches
+fire and explodes sometimes that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire and explodes sometimes that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire and explodes sometimes that's what
+happened here at Windscale eleven tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here at Windscale eleven tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here at Windscale eleven tons
+of uranium ended up burning because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium ended up burning because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium ended up burning because all
+of a sudden the temperature in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden the temperature in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden the temperature in the graph
+I just started going up for no reason no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just started going up for no reason no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just started going up for no reason no
+reason that they understood at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that they understood at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that they understood at the time
+it turns out that they had built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that they had built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that they had built up
+enough radiation damage energy that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough radiation damage energy that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough radiation damage energy that it
+started releasing more heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started releasing more heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started releasing more heat and
+releasing more heat caused more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing more heat caused more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing more heat caused more of that
+energy to be released and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be released and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be released and it was
+self-perpetuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-perpetuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-perpetuating
+until it just caught fire and burned 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it just caught fire and burned 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it just caught fire and burned 11
+tonnes of uranium out in the countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonnes of uranium out in the countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonnes of uranium out in the countryside
+this was 1957 so again a seven on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was 1957 so again a seven on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was 1957 so again a seven on the
+scale with no units of nuclear disasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with no units of nuclear disasters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with no units of nuclear disasters
+argue it's probably not as bad as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it's probably not as bad as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it's probably not as bad as
+Chernobyl so they might want a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl so they might want a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl so they might want a little
+bit of sort of resolution in that scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of sort of resolution in that scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of sort of resolution in that scale
+there's another type of gas cool reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another type of gas cool reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another type of gas cool reactor
+called the pebble bed modular reactor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pebble bed modular reactor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pebble bed modular reactor a
+much more up-and-coming one or each fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more up-and-coming one or each fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more up-and-coming one or each fuel
+element you don't have fuel rods you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you don't have fuel rods you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you don't have fuel rods you've
+actually got little pebbles full of tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got little pebbles full of tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got little pebbles full of tiny
+kernels of fuel so you've got a built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels of fuel so you've got a built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels of fuel so you've got a built in
+graphite moderator tennis ball sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator tennis ball sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator tennis ball sized
+thing with lots of little grains of sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with lots of little grains of sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with lots of little grains of sand
+of uo2 cooled by a bed of flowing helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uo2 cooled by a bed of flowing helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uo2 cooled by a bed of flowing helium
+or something like that and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and then that
+helium or the other gas transfers heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium or the other gas transfers heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium or the other gas transfers heat
+to water which goes into make steam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water which goes into make steam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water which goes into make steam and
+goes into the turbine like I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the turbine like I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the turbine like I showed you
+before so this is what's the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is what's the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is what's the fuel
+actually looks like inside each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like inside each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like inside each one of
+these tennis balls spheres of mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tennis balls spheres of mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tennis balls spheres of mostly
+graphite there's these little kernels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite there's these little kernels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite there's these little kernels of
+uranium dioxide about a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium dioxide about a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium dioxide about a half a
+millimeter across covered in layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter across covered in layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter across covered in layers of
+silicon carbide a really strong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide a really strong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide a really strong and
+dense material that keeps the fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense material that keeps the fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense material that keeps the fission
+products in because the biggest danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in because the biggest danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in because the biggest danger
+from nuclear fuel is the highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nuclear fuel is the highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nuclear fuel is the highly
+radioactive fission products that due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive fission products that due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive fission products that due to
+their instability are giving off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their instability are giving off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their instability are giving off all
+sorts of awful for anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of awful for anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of awful for anywhere from
+milliseconds to mega years after reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds to mega years after reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds to mega years after reactor
+operation and so if you keep those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and so if you keep those out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and so if you keep those out
+of the coolant then the coolant stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coolant then the coolant stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coolant then the coolant stays
+relatively non radioactive and it's safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively non radioactive and it's safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively non radioactive and it's safe
+to do things like maintain the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things like maintain the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things like maintain the plant
+then there's the very high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the very high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the very high temperature
+reactor the ultimate in acronym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor the ultimate in acronym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor the ultimate in acronym
+creativity it operates at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity it operates at a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity it operates at a very high
+temperature which has been steadily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which has been steadily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which has been steadily
+decreasing over time as reality has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing over time as reality has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing over time as reality has
+caught up to expectations when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up to expectations when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up to expectations when I first
+got into this field they were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into this field they were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into this field they were saying
+we're gonna run this at 1,100 Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna run this at 1,100 Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna run this at 1,100 Celsius
+then I started studying material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I started studying material science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I started studying material science
+and I was like yeah nothing wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like yeah nothing wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like yeah nothing wants to be
+at 1,100 Celsius by that time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1,100 Celsius by that time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1,100 Celsius by that time they
+downgraded it to a thousand now they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgraded it to a thousand now they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgraded it to a thousand now they've
+asked some toda at around 800 850 due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked some toda at around 800 850 due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked some toda at around 800 850 due to
+some actual problems in operating things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual problems in operating things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual problems in operating things
+in helium it's not the helium itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in helium it's not the helium itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in helium it's not the helium itself but
+the impurities in the helium that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impurities in the helium that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impurities in the helium that could
+really mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mess
+you up and the sorts of alloys that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up and the sorts of alloys that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up and the sorts of alloys that they
+need to get this working these nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get this working these nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get this working these nickel
+super alloys like alloy 230 they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super alloys like alloy 230 they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super alloys like alloy 230 they can
+slightly carburized ich arbor eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly carburized ich arbor eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly carburized ich arbor eyes
+depending on the amount of carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the amount of carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the amount of carbon and
+the helium coolant either way you go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helium coolant either way you go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helium coolant either way you go you
+lose the strength that you need so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the strength that you need so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the strength that you need so I'll
+say feasibility is low to medium because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say feasibility is low to medium because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say feasibility is low to medium because
+well I haven't really seen one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I haven't really seen one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I haven't really seen one of these
+yet then onto water-cooled reactors has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet then onto water-cooled reactors has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet then onto water-cooled reactors has
+anyone heard hear heard of the reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard hear heard of the reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard hear heard of the reactors
+they have in Canada the CANDU reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in Canada the CANDU reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in Canada the CANDU reactors
+that's my favorite acronym hope that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my favorite acronym hope that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my favorite acronym hope that was
+intentional is what yeah it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional is what yeah it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional is what yeah it's not like
+the well they're not sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well they're not sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well they're not sorry about
+anything but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but whatever
+at any rate one of the nice features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate one of the nice features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate one of the nice features
+about this is you can actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is you can actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is you can actually use
+natural uranium because the moderators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uranium because the moderators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uranium because the moderators
+heavy water you have to look into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy water you have to look into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy water you have to look into what
+the sort of cross-sections are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of cross-sections are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of cross-sections are even
+though deuterium won't slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though deuterium won't slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though deuterium won't slow down
+neutrons as much as hydrogen will or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons as much as hydrogen will or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons as much as hydrogen will or my
+alpha thing oh it was right here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha thing oh it was right here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha thing oh it was right here all
+along even though a is two instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along even though a is two instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along even though a is two instead of
+one for deuterium its absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for deuterium its absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for deuterium its absorption
+cross-section or specifically yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section or specifically yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section or specifically yeah
+because it doesn't fish in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't fish in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't fish in its
+absorption cross-section is way lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption cross-section is way lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption cross-section is way lower
+than that of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that of water
+so you actually it actually functions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually it actually functions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually it actually functions as
+a better moderator because fewer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better moderator because fewer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better moderator because fewer of
+those collisions are absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those collisions are absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those collisions are absorption and
+because you have a better Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a better Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a better Neutron
+population and less absorption you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and less absorption you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and less absorption you don't
+need to enrich your uranium you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to enrich your uranium you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to enrich your uranium you also
+don't need to pressurize your moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to pressurize your moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to pressurize your moderator
+so you can flow some other coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can flow some other coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can flow some other coolant
+through these pressure tubes and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these pressure tubes and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these pressure tubes and just
+have a big tank of close to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big tank of close to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big tank of close to something
+room temperature unpressurized e2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature unpressurized e2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature unpressurized e2o
+as your moderator problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your moderator problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your moderator problem with that is
+d2 is expensive anyone priced out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2 is expensive anyone priced out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2 is expensive anyone priced out
+deuterium oxide before probably have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium oxide before probably have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium oxide before probably have it
+the reactor because I know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor because I know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor because I know you have
+drums of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a couple thousand a kilo it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple thousand a kilo it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple thousand a kilo it's an
+expensive bottle of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive bottle of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive bottle of water
+it'll also mess you up if you drink it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll also mess you up if you drink it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll also mess you up if you drink it
+because a lot of that even if it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of that even if it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of that even if it's you
+know crystal-clear filtered d2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know crystal-clear filtered d2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know crystal-clear filtered d2o
+a lot of what if sell your machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what if sell your machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what if sell your machinery
+depends on the diffusion coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the diffusion coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the diffusion coefficients of
+various things in water those solutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things in water those solutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things in water those solutes in
+water and if you change the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and if you change the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and if you change the mass of the
+water than the diffusion coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water than the diffusion coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water than the diffusion coefficients of
+the water itself as well as the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water itself as well as the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water itself as well as the things
+in it will change and if you depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it will change and if you depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it will change and if you depend on
+let's say exact sodium and potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say exact sodium and potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say exact sodium and potassium
+concentrations for your nerves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations for your nerves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations for your nerves to
+function a little change in that can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a little change in that can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a little change in that can go
+a long way towards giving you a bad day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way towards giving you a bad day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way towards giving you a bad day
+and there's actually we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's actually we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's actually we have a little
+piece of one of these pressure tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of one of these pressure tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of one of these pressure tubes
+upstairs if anyone wants to take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs if anyone wants to take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs if anyone wants to take a look
+there's all these sealed fuel bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these sealed fuel bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these sealed fuel bundles
+inside what they call a calandria tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside what they call a calandria tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside what they call a calandria tube
+just a pressurized tube that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pressurized tube that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pressurized tube that's
+horizontal the problem with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal the problem with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal the problem with some of
+these is if these spacers get knocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is if these spacers get knocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is if these spacers get knocked
+out of place which they do all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of place which they do all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of place which they do all the time
+those tubes can start to creep downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tubes can start to creep downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tubes can start to creep downward
+and get a little harder to cool or touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a little harder to cool or touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a little harder to cool or touch
+the sides and change thermal and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides and change thermal and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides and change thermal and now
+getting into material signs it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into material signs it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into material signs it's it's a
+mess then there's the old RBMK the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess then there's the old RBMK the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess then there's the old RBMK the
+reactor that caused chernobyl you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that caused chernobyl you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that caused chernobyl you can
+also use natural uranium or low enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use natural uranium or low enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use natural uranium or low enriched
+uranium here the problem though that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium here the problem though that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium here the problem though that led
+to turn out one of the many problems led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out one of the many problems led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out one of the many problems led
+to Chernobyl was you've got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chernobyl was you've got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chernobyl was you've got all this
+moderator right here so if you lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator right here so if you lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator right here so if you lose your
+coolant let's say you had a light water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant let's say you had a light water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant let's say you had a light water
+reactor and your coolant goes away your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and your coolant goes away your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and your coolant goes away your
+moderator also goes away which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator also goes away which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator also goes away which means
+your neutrons don't slow down anymore oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neutrons don't slow down anymore oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neutrons don't slow down anymore oh
+that one reaction is messing up there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one reaction is messing up there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one reaction is messing up there we
+go which means your neutrons don't slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go which means your neutrons don't slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go which means your neutrons don't slow
+down anymore which means the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down anymore which means the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down anymore which means the probability
+of fission happening could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fission happening could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fission happening could be like
+10,000 times lower so losing coolant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 times lower so losing coolant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 times lower so losing coolant and
+a light water reactor might temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light water reactor might temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light water reactor might temperature
+might go up but it's not going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go up but it's not going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go up but it's not going to give
+you a nuclear bad day in the RBMK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nuclear bad day in the RBMK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nuclear bad day in the RBMK
+reactor it will and it did and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor it will and it did and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor it will and it did and in
+addition the control rods which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the control rods which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the control rods which was
+supposed to shut down the reaction made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to shut down the reaction made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to shut down the reaction made
+of things like boron for carbide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like boron for carbide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like boron for carbide or
+hafnium or something with a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hafnium or something with a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hafnium or something with a really high
+capture cross-section we're tipped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture cross-section we're tipped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture cross-section we're tipped with
+graphite to help them ease in so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite to help them ease in so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite to help them ease in so you've
+got moderator tipped rods which induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got moderator tipped rods which induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got moderator tipped rods which induce
+additional moderation which helps slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional moderation which helps slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional moderation which helps slow
+down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+neutrons even more to where they fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons even more to where they fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons even more to where they fission
+even better and that's what led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better and that's what led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better and that's what led to
+what's called a positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a positive feedback
+coefficient so the more you tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so the more you tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so the more you tried to
+insert the control rods and the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert the control rods and the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert the control rods and the more you
+tried to fix things the worse things got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to fix things the worse things got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to fix things the worse things got
+in the nuclear sense and in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nuclear sense and in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nuclear sense and in something
+like a quarter of a second the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a quarter of a second the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a quarter of a second the reactor
+power went up by like 35,000 times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power went up by like 35,000 times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power went up by like 35,000 times and
+we'll do a millisecond by millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a millisecond by millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a millisecond by millisecond
+rundown of what happened in Chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rundown of what happened in Chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rundown of what happened in Chernobyl
+after we do all this Neutron physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we do all this Neutron physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we do all this Neutron physics
+stuff when you'll be better equipped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff when you'll be better equipped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff when you'll be better equipped to
+understand it but suffice to say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it but suffice to say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it but suffice to say there
+were some positive coefficients here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some positive coefficients here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some positive coefficients here
+that are to be avoided at all costs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are to be avoided at all costs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are to be avoided at all costs in
+all nuclear reactor design and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nuclear reactor design and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nuclear reactor design and the
+actual reactor Hall you can go and stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reactor Hall you can go and stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reactor Hall you can go and stand
+on one of these things very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these things very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these things very different
+design from what you're used to I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design from what you're used to I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design from what you're used to I don't
+think anyone would let you stand on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anyone would let you stand on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anyone would let you stand on top
+of a pressure vessel first your shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pressure vessel first your shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pressure vessel first your shoes
+would melt because they're usually at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would melt because they're usually at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would melt because they're usually at
+like 300 Celsius or so and second of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 Celsius or so and second of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 Celsius or so and second of all
+you probably get this a little too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably get this a little too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably get this a little too much
+radiation but this is actually what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but this is actually what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but this is actually what an
+RBMK reactors all looks like for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBMK reactors all looks like for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBMK reactors all looks like for one of
+the units that didn't blow up there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units that didn't blow up there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units that didn't blow up there were
+multiple units at that site then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple units at that site then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple units at that site then there's
+the supercritical water reactor let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supercritical water reactor let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supercritical water reactor let's
+say you want to run at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to run at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to run at higher
+temperatures than regular water will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures than regular water will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures than regular water will
+allow you to you can pressurize it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to you can pressurize it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to you can pressurize it so
+much that water goes beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that water goes beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that water goes beyond the
+supercritical point in the phase sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical point in the phase sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical point in the phase sense
+and starts to behave not like a slick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts to behave not like a slick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts to behave not like a slick
+wicked liquid not like a gas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wicked liquid not like a gas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wicked liquid not like a gas but
+somewhere in between something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between something that's
+really really dense so getting towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really dense so getting towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really dense so getting towards
+the density of water not quite which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of water not quite which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of water not quite which
+means it's still a great moderator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's still a great moderator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's still a great moderator but
+still can cool the materials quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can cool the materials quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can cool the materials quite well
+to extract heat to make power and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract heat to make power and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract heat to make power and so on
+and so on yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah good question for a supercritical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good question for a supercritical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good question for a supercritical
+water reactor it most definitely refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactor it most definitely refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactor it most definitely refers
+to the coolant it's the phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the coolant it's the phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the coolant it's the phase of the
+coolant words beyond the liquid gas sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant words beyond the liquid gas sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant words beyond the liquid gas sort
+of separation line and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separation line and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separation line and it's just
+something in between any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in between any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in between any of these
+reactors can go supercritical where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors can go supercritical where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors can go supercritical where
+you're producing more neutrons than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're producing more neutrons than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're producing more neutrons than
+you're consuming and that is a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're consuming and that is a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're consuming and that is a nuclear
+bad day but the supercritical water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad day but the supercritical water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad day but the supercritical water
+reactor does not refer to neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor does not refer to neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor does not refer to neutron
+population just a coolant good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population just a coolant good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population just a coolant good question
+it's never come up before but it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never come up before but it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never come up before but it's like
+should've thought of that and so then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should've thought of that and so then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should've thought of that and so then my
+favorite liquid metal reactors like LBE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite liquid metal reactors like LBE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite liquid metal reactors like LBE
+or lead bismuth eutectic it's a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lead bismuth eutectic it's a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lead bismuth eutectic it's a low
+melting point alloy of lead and bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point alloy of lead and bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point alloy of lead and bismuth
+lead melts at around 330 Celsius bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead melts at around 330 Celsius bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead melts at around 330 Celsius bismuth
+200-something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200-something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200-something
+put them together and it's like a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together and it's like a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together and it's like a low
+temperature solder it melted 123 point 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature solder it melted 123 point 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature solder it melted 123 point 5
+Celsius you can melt it in a frying pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius you can melt it in a frying pan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius you can melt it in a frying pan
+this is nice because you don't want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nice because you don't want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nice because you don't want your
+coolant to freeze when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant to freeze when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant to freeze when you're trying to
+cool your reactor because imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool your reactor because imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool your reactor because imagine that
+you something happens you lose power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something happens you lose power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something happens you lose power the
+coolant freezes somewhere outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant freezes somewhere outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant freezes somewhere outside the
+core you can't get the core cool again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core you can't get the core cool again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core you can't get the core cool again
+that's called a loss of flow accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a loss of flow accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a loss of flow accident
+that can lead to a really bad day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to a really bad day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to a really bad day and
+the lower your melting point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower your melting point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower your melting point is the
+better sodium potassium it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sodium potassium it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sodium potassium it's already
+molten to begin with sodium melts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten to begin with sodium melts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten to begin with sodium melts at
+like 90 C and when you add two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 90 C and when you add two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 90 C and when you add two different
+metals together you almost always lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals together you almost always lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals together you almost always lower
+the melting point of the combination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of the combination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of the combination in
+this case forming what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case forming what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case forming what's called the
+eutectic or a lowest possible melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eutectic or a lowest possible melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eutectic or a lowest possible melting
+point alloy so the sodium fast reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point alloy so the sodium fast reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point alloy so the sodium fast reactor
+has a number of advantages like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of advantages like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of advantages like you
+don't really need any pressure as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need any pressure as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need any pressure as long
+as you have a cover gas keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a cover gas keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a cover gas keeping the
+sodium width from reacting with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium width from reacting with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium width from reacting with anything
+like the moisture in the air or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the moisture in the air or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the moisture in the air or any
+errant water in the room you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errant water in the room you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errant water in the room you can just
+circulate it through the core and liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulate it through the core and liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulate it through the core and liquid
+metals are awesome heat conductors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are awesome heat conductors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are awesome heat conductors they
+might not have the best heat capacity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have the best heat capacity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have the best heat capacity as
+in how much energy per gram they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how much energy per gram they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how much energy per gram they could
+store like water but they're really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store like water but they're really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store like water but they're really good
+conductors with very high thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors with very high thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors with very high thermal
+conductivity they also are really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity they also are really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity they also are really good
+at not slowing down neutrons so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at not slowing down neutrons so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at not slowing down neutrons so these
+tend to be what's called fast reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be what's called fast reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be what's called fast reactors
+that rely on the ability of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rely on the ability of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rely on the ability of other
+isotopes of uranium like uranium 238 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of uranium like uranium 238 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of uranium like uranium 238 to
+undergo what's called fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo what's called fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo what's called fast
+vision and I want to show you what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and I want to show you what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and I want to show you what that
+looks like let's pull up u-238 and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like let's pull up u-238 and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like let's pull up u-238 and look
+at its fission cross-section and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its fission cross-section and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its fission cross-section and you
+might find it should look a fair bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find it should look a fair bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find it should look a fair bit
+different so we'll go down to number 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we'll go down to number 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we'll go down to number 18
+to fission cross-section very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fission cross-section very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fission cross-section very very
+different so u-238 is pretty terrible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so u-238 is pretty terrible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so u-238 is pretty terrible at
+fission at low energies it's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission at low energies it's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission at low energies it's pretty good
+at capturing neutrons this is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at capturing neutrons this is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at capturing neutrons this is where we
+get plutonium 239 like you guys saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get plutonium 239 like you guys saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get plutonium 239 like you guys saw in
+the exam but then you go to really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam but then you go to really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam but then you go to really high
+energies and all of a sudden it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and all of a sudden it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and all of a sudden it gets
+pretty good at undergoing fission on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at undergoing fission on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at undergoing fission on its
+own and so the basis behind a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and so the basis behind a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and so the basis behind a lot of
+fast reactors is a combination of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors is a combination of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors is a combination of making
+their own fuel and the fact that uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own fuel and the fact that uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own fuel and the fact that uranium
+238 fast visions even better than at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 fast visions even better than at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 fast visions even better than at
+thermal visions so something good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal visions so something good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal visions so something good for
+you to know even though it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know even though it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know even though it's not a
+fissile fuel that's light water reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissile fuel that's light water reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissile fuel that's light water reactor
+people talking you can get it to fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking you can get it to fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking you can get it to fission
+if the neutron population is higher now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the neutron population is higher now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the neutron population is higher now
+there's some problems with this it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problems with this it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problems with this it takes
+some time for neutrons to slow down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time for neutrons to slow down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time for neutrons to slow down from
+1 to 10 MeV to about 0.025 Evie if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 10 MeV to about 0.025 Evie if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 10 MeV to about 0.025 Evie if your
+neutrons don't need to slow down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons don't need to slow down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons don't need to slow down and
+travel anywhere it pretty much all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel anywhere it pretty much all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel anywhere it pretty much all they
+have to do is be born and absorbed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is be born and absorbed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is be born and absorbed by a
+nearby uranium atom the feedback time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby uranium atom the feedback time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby uranium atom the feedback time is
+faster in these sorts of reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in these sorts of reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in these sorts of reactors
+they're inherently more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inherently more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inherently more difficult to
+control and you can't use normal physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and you can't use normal physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and you can't use normal physics
+like thermal expansion of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thermal expansion of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thermal expansion of things that
+might happen on the order of micro to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen on the order of micro to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen on the order of micro to
+nanoseconds if it takes less time than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds if it takes less time than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds if it takes less time than
+that for one Neutron to be born and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for one Neutron to be born and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for one Neutron to be born and find
+another uranium atom you can still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uranium atom you can still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uranium atom you can still use
+it somewhat but not quite as much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somewhat but not quite as much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somewhat but not quite as much so
+it's something to note backed up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something to note backed up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something to note backed up by
+nuclear data that's what one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear data that's what one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear data that's what one of them
+actually looks like these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like these things have
+been built that's a blob of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built that's a blob of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built that's a blob of liquid
+sodium on the Monju reactor in Japan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium on the Monju reactor in Japan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium on the Monju reactor in Japan and
+where I was all last week in Russia they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was all last week in Russia they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was all last week in Russia they
+actually have fleets of fast reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have fleets of fast reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have fleets of fast reactors
+they're bien 300 and bien 600 reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bien 300 and bien 600 reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bien 300 and bien 600 reactors
+are 3 and 600 megawatt sodium cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 3 and 600 megawatt sodium cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 3 and 600 megawatt sodium cool
+reactors one of them in the Chelyabinsk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors one of them in the Chelyabinsk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors one of them in the Chelyabinsk
+region they used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they used for
+much for desalination down in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for desalination down in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for desalination down in the center
+of Russia where there's no oceans nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Russia where there's no oceans nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Russia where there's no oceans nearby
+and probably dirty water they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably dirty water they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably dirty water they actually
+use that to make clean water they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to make clean water they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to make clean water they also
+use this for power production and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this for power production and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this for power production and for
+radiation damage studies so when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage studies so when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage studies so when it
+comes to radiation material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to radiation material science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to radiation material science
+these fast reactors are really where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fast reactors are really where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fast reactors are really where
+it's at yeah you just notice the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at yeah you just notice the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at yeah you just notice the bottom
+I went to Belgium to their National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to Belgium to their National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to Belgium to their National
+Nuclear labs where they have a slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuclear labs where they have a slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuclear labs where they have a slowing
+sodium test loop it's not a reactor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium test loop it's not a reactor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium test loop it's not a reactor but
+it's like a thermal hydraulics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a thermal hydraulics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a thermal hydraulics and
+materials test loop and I asked a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials test loop and I asked a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials test loop and I asked a simple
+question where is the bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where is the bathroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where is the bathroom
+and they started laughing at me they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started laughing at me they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started laughing at me they
+said we're not putting any plumbing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're not putting any plumbing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're not putting any plumbing in a
+sodium loop building you'll have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium loop building you'll have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium loop building you'll have to go
+to the next building over and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next building over and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next building over and that's
+when I noticed there weren't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I noticed there weren't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I noticed there weren't any
+sprinkler systems or toilets but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler systems or toilets but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler systems or toilets but every
+15 or 20 feet there was a giant barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 feet there was a giant barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 feet there was a giant barrel
+of sand that's the fire extinguisher for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand that's the fire extinguisher for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand that's the fire extinguisher for
+a liquid metal fire is you just cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid metal fire is you just cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid metal fire is you just cover it
+with sand absorb the heat keep the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sand absorb the heat keep the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sand absorb the heat keep the air
+out of the moisture out wick away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the moisture out wick away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the moisture out wick away the
+moisture whatever else and does I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moisture whatever else and does I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moisture whatever else and does I don't
+know but you can't use normal fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but you can't use normal fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but you can't use normal fire
+extinguishers to put out a sodium fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah I don't know if that would work guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I don't know if that would work guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I don't know if that would work guess
+it's worth a shot with glasses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth a shot with glasses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth a shot with glasses and
+safety and stuff of course and the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and stuff of course and the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and stuff of course and the ones
+that I spent the most time working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I spent the most time working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I spent the most time working on
+like I showed you in the paper yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I showed you in the paper yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I showed you in the paper yesterday
+is the LED or LED bismuth fast reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the LED or LED bismuth fast reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the LED or LED bismuth fast reactor
+this one does not have the disadvantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one does not have the disadvantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one does not have the disadvantage
+of exploding like sodium it does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploding like sodium it does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploding like sodium it does have
+the disadvantage like I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disadvantage like I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disadvantage like I showed you
+yesterday of corroding everything pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday of corroding everything pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday of corroding everything pretty
+much everything and so the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything and so the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything and so the one thing
+keeping this thing back was corrosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this thing back was corrosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this thing back was corrosion
+and I say the outlet temperatures medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say the outlet temperatures medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say the outlet temperatures medium
+but hotter soon hopefully someone picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hotter soon hopefully someone picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hotter soon hopefully someone picks
+up our work and like yeah that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our work and like yeah that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our work and like yeah that was a
+good idea because we think it can raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because we think it can raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because we think it can raise
+the outlet temperature of a lead bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outlet temperature of a lead bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outlet temperature of a lead bismuth
+reactor by like a hundred Celsius as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor by like a hundred Celsius as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor by like a hundred Celsius as
+long as some other unforeseen problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as some other unforeseen problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as some other unforeseen problem
+doesn't pop up and we don't quite know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pop up and we don't quite know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pop up and we don't quite know
+yet these things also already exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet these things also already exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet these things also already exist in
+the form of the Alpha class attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the Alpha class attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the Alpha class attack
+submarines from the Soviet Union these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarines from the Soviet Union these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarines from the Soviet Union these
+are the only subs that can outrun a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only subs that can outrun a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only subs that can outrun a
+torpedo so you know that old algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torpedo so you know that old algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torpedo so you know that old algebra
+problem if personated leaves pittsburgh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if personated leaves pittsburgh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if personated leaves pittsburgh
+at 40 miles an hour and person B leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 40 miles an hour and person B leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 40 miles an hour and person B leaves
+Boston at 30 miles an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston at 30 miles an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston at 30 miles an hour
+word of the trains collide or I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of the trains collide or I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of the trains collide or I forget
+how it actually ends well in the end if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it actually ends well in the end if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it actually ends well in the end if
+a torpedo leaves an American sub at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torpedo leaves an American sub at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torpedo leaves an American sub at
+whatever speed and the alpha class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever speed and the alpha class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever speed and the alpha class
+submarine notices it how close do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine notices it how close do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine notices it how close do they
+have to be before the torpedo runs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be before the torpedo runs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be before the torpedo runs out
+of gas so what I was told by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas so what I was told by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas so what I was told by the
+designer of these subs fellow and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of these subs fellow and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of these subs fellow and by the
+name of George Ito schinsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of George Ito schinsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of George Ito schinsky
+when he came here to talk about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he came here to talk about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he came here to talk about his
+experience with his lead bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with his lead bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with his lead bismuth
+reactors is there is a button on the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors is there is a button on the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors is there is a button on the sub
+that's the forget about safety it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the forget about safety it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the forget about safety it's a
+torpedo button because if you are have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torpedo button because if you are have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torpedo button because if you are have a
+if you're underwater it'll lead bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're underwater it'll lead bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're underwater it'll lead bismuth
+reactor and a torpedo is heading at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and a torpedo is heading at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and a torpedo is heading at you
+you have a choice between maybe dying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a choice between maybe dying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a choice between maybe dying in
+a nuclear catastrophe and definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nuclear catastrophe and definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nuclear catastrophe and definitely
+dying in a torpedo explosion well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying in a torpedo explosion well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying in a torpedo explosion well that
+button is the I like those odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button is the I like those odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button is the I like those odds
+button and you just give full power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and you just give full power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and you just give full power to
+the engines and whatever else happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines and whatever else happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines and whatever else happens
+happens the point is you may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the point is you may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the point is you may be able to
+outrun the torpedo and quite popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrun the torpedo and quite popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrun the torpedo and quite popular
+nowadays especially in this department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays especially in this department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays especially in this department
+is molten salt cooled reactors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is molten salt cooled reactors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is molten salt cooled reactors that
+actually use liquid salt not dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use liquid salt not dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use liquid salt not dissolved
+but molten salt itself as the coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but molten salt itself as the coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but molten salt itself as the coolant
+that doesn't have as many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have as many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have as many of the
+corrosion problems as lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion problems as lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion problems as lead
+the exploding problems is sodium it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exploding problems is sodium it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exploding problems is sodium it does
+have a low a high melting point problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low a high melting point problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low a high melting point problem
+though they tend to melt at around 450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they tend to melt at around 450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they tend to melt at around 450
+degrees Celsius but there's one pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius but there's one pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius but there's one pretty
+cool feature you can dissolve uranium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool feature you can dissolve uranium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool feature you can dissolve uranium in
+them so remember how in light water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so remember how in light water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so remember how in light water
+reactors the coolant is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors the coolant is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors the coolant is also the
+moderator in molten salt reactors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator in molten salt reactors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator in molten salt reactors the
+coolant is also the fuel because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant is also the fuel because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant is also the fuel because you can
+have principally uranium and lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have principally uranium and lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have principally uranium and lithium
+fluoride salt Co dissolved in each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride salt Co dissolved in each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride salt Co dissolved in each other
+and the way you make a reactor is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you make a reactor is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you make a reactor is you
+just flow a bunch of that salt into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow a bunch of that salt into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow a bunch of that salt into
+nearby pipes and then you get less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby pipes and then you get less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby pipes and then you get less
+what's called Neutron leakage or in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Neutron leakage or in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Neutron leakage or in each
+of these pipes once in awhile uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pipes once in awhile uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pipes once in awhile uranium
+will give off a few neutrons most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give off a few neutrons most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give off a few neutrons most of
+them will just come out the other ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will just come out the other ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will just come out the other ends
+of the pipes and you won't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pipes and you won't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pipes and you won't have a
+reaction when you put a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when you put a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when you put a whole bunch of
+molten salt together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salt together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salt together
+most of those neutrons find other molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those neutrons find other molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those neutrons find other molten
+salt and the reaction proceeds and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt and the reaction proceeds and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt and the reaction proceeds and it's
+got some nice AIF tea features like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some nice AIF tea features like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some nice AIF tea features like if
+something goes wrong just break open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong just break open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong just break open a
+pipe all the salt spills out becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe all the salt spills out becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe all the salt spills out becoming
+some critical because leakage goes up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical because leakage goes up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical because leakage goes up it
+freezes pretty quickly and then you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezes pretty quickly and then you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezes pretty quickly and then you must
+deal with it but it's not a big deal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it but it's not a big deal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it but it's not a big deal to
+deal with it if it's already solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it if it's already solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it if it's already solid and
+not critical so it's actually five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not critical so it's actually five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not critical so it's actually five of
+its 0 of 5 of I'll stop here Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its 0 of 5 of I'll stop here Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its 0 of 5 of I'll stop here Tuesday
+we'll keep developing the many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep developing the many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep developing the many many
+different variables we'll need to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables we'll need to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables we'll need to write
+down the neutron transport equation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the neutron transport equation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the neutron transport equation at
+which point you'll be qualified to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point you'll be qualified to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point you'll be qualified to read
+the t-shirts that this department prints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t-shirts that this department prints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t-shirts that this department prints
+out and then we'll simplify it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then we'll simplify it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then we'll simplify it so you
+can actually solve the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RXTvZGj1MDA.txt b/RXTvZGj1MDA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acece9e6fcdf1c8c025a3f53abbb30584c0942ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RXTvZGj1MDA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+SAL: Hi.
+
+I'm Sal.
+
+Today we're going to be solving
+problem one of exam
+
+three of fall 2009.
+
+Now before you attempt the
+problem, there's a couple of
+
+things that you should know or
+have background knowledge of
+
+these materials before
+starting.
+
+First thing is understanding
+the properties of crystal
+
+defects and for this problem
+particularly, Frenkel defects,
+
+which we'll talk about.
+
+The formula, which is an
+Arrhenius relationship, as a
+
+function of temperature and
+energy enthalpy of the
+
+fraction of vacancies that are
+formed in a crystal and the
+
+conversion again between
+one electron
+
+volt and to the joule.
+
+This will help you solve
+the problem.
+
+So the problem reads
+as follows.
+
+Silver bromide, which
+is AgBr, has rock
+
+salt crystal structure.
+
+So it's an FCC Bravais lattice
+with the ion pair Ag plus and
+
+the Br as the basis--
+
+Br minus the basis.
+
+The dominant defect in AgBr
+or silver bromide
+
+is the Frenkel disorder.
+
+So it's telling you what the
+dominant defective is.
+
+So the question asks, for part
+A, so I'll put A here.
+
+Part A for the question asks,
+does the Frenkel disorder in
+
+silver bromide create vacancies
+of silver plus,
+
+vacancies or Br minus or both?
+
+Explain.
+
+Dionic radii are 0.67 Angstroms
+for silver plus and
+
+1.96 Angstroms for
+bromine minus.
+
+So that's data that's
+given to us.
+
+I'm going to go ahead
+and write that down.
+
+So I know from reading about
+point defects and crystals
+
+that a Frenkel defect is pretty
+much formed when you
+
+have an ion pair of
+dissimilar sizes.
+
+So if one of the radii--
+
+like, say, your anion is a lot
+bigger than the radius of your
+
+cation, then one should expect
+that you would have a Frenkel
+
+defect to form.
+
+And what a Frankel defect is--
+which you should know from
+
+reading the material--
+
+is that it's when one of the
+ions in your crystal leaves
+
+and leaves back a vacancy--
+
+so just migrates--
+
+just hops out of its lattice
+site and leaves back empty
+
+spaces, which is called
+a vacancy.
+
+So we're given two things.
+
+If I draw a little picture--
+
+I can call this my silver and
+I'll call this my bromine.
+
+And I'm given the fact that the
+radius of Ag plus is equal
+
+to 0.67 Angstroms--
+
+and an Angstrom is just 10
+to the minus 10 meters--
+
+very small number.
+
+And I'm also given the radius of
+bromine, the anion, is 1.96
+
+Angstroms. Now I would argue
+that these two have very
+
+dissimilar radii.
+
+Obviously, the bromine looks to
+be about three times bigger
+
+than your silver.
+
+So by understanding the
+definition of a Frenkel
+
+defect, I can claim that I would
+expect the smaller ion
+
+of the two to be the one that
+leaves the vacancy behind,
+
+hence forms the Frenkel
+defect.
+
+So for part A, do I expect
+it to create silver plus
+
+vacancies or Br minus
+vacancies or both?
+
+I would expect just to be silver
+plus, given the size of
+
+your cation.
+
+So if you were to write on this
+problem, just expect only
+
+Ag plus, which is your silver
+cation, or the smaller one.
+
+Expect Ag plus smaller ion to
+create a vacancy and hence,
+
+this leads to the
+Frenkel defect.
+
+So yes, I should expect it
+to form a defect now.
+
+If I was given a cation that had
+a similar radius that I--
+
+I wouldn't know if I could argue
+the fact that this will
+
+form a Frenkel defect or not
+because the conditions are
+
+that you have to have the
+similar radius between your
+
+cation and your atom--
+
+and it makes sense because
+the fact that
+
+your silver is small--
+
+it has more freedom
+to hop around.
+
+So it requires less energy for
+this smaller atom to then
+
+start hopping around your
+lattice site without penalty
+
+or without major penalty
+compared to your bromine ion.
+
+So therefore, this is the
+one that should be
+
+expected to form that.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's part A.
+
+And part B reads--
+
+calculate the temperature at
+which the fraction of Frenkel
+
+defects in a crystal with silver
+bromide exceeds one
+
+part per billion.
+
+The enthalpy of Frankel defects
+and formation, delta h
+
+sub f, has a value of 1.16
+electron volts per defect.
+
+And the entropic pre-factor
+A has a value of 3.091.
+
+So it's giving you data.
+
+Now the way I would solve this
+problem is that the first
+
+thing I would do is that
+I would write down
+
+what my data is.
+
+So I'll call this data and the
+first thing is that our
+
+fraction of vacancies that are
+formed in silver bromide is
+
+one part per billion--
+
+so 10 to the -9.
+
+That's a fraction so no units.
+
+The second thing that we're
+given in the problem is that
+
+our energy of formation--
+
+our enthalpy energy--
+
+is 1.16 electron volts
+per defect.
+
+This is the energy penalty for
+every time one of your silver
+
+cations jumps out of sight
+to create that.
+
+Nothing is free.
+
+Everything requires energy.
+
+We're also given the fact
+that A, the entropic
+
+pre-factor, is 3.091--
+
+with no units--
+
+and given our equation
+that I showed you
+
+on the bullet point.
+
+That you should know--
+
+you can go ahead and
+see what's missing.
+
+So if I write down
+my equation--
+
+this is all--
+
+I'll box this off as my data
+because I'm going to refer to
+
+this to solve the problem.
+
+And the problem talks
+about temperature.
+
+So I know that f sub v is
+going to equal to the
+
+pre-factor times the exponent
+of negative delta h, of
+
+formation over kb t.
+
+Now you notice that kb wasn't
+given to you and kb is both in
+
+its constant.
+
+Now a lot of student forget
+that they have a table of
+
+contents in front of them and
+that value is in there.
+
+So if you don't know it by
+heart, then you want to make
+
+sure that you reference to that
+table because a lot of
+
+information will be given to
+you, because you're expected
+
+to look at the table
+of contents or
+
+your periodic table.
+
+But if I include this
+as my data--
+
+I'm going to go ahead and
+write it over here--
+
+that kb--
+
+half the value of 1.38 times
+10 to the -23 and this has
+
+units of joules for
+degree Kelvin.
+
+So this is something that you
+should pay particular
+
+attention to because now kb is
+in joules for Kelvin, but our
+
+energy was given in
+electron volts.
+
+Now this is the number
+one thing that
+
+will take off points.
+
+You'll get points taken off if
+you don't notice this-- that
+
+you need to go ahead and do the
+conversion from electron
+
+volts to joules or joules
+to electron volts.
+
+Either which way, you're going
+to get the answer.
+
+But the problem asks, calculate
+the temperature.
+
+The very first sentence.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+Well, I'm going to go ahead and
+look at my equation and
+
+I'm going to look at the data
+that I have and the constants
+
+and see if I'm missing
+anything else because
+
+obviously you can't solve an
+equation that has two unknowns
+
+and just one equation.
+
+Solve the equation, you've got
+to only have one unknown for
+
+the equation.
+
+So f sub v--
+
+no.
+
+Check--
+
+no.
+
+That's given.
+
+Is A given?
+
+It's right here.
+
+That's given as well.
+
+What about delta A sub F?
+
+Well, that's the energy--
+
+the energy penalty to create a
+defect and kb, which we got
+
+from our table of
+contents, and t.
+
+So this concludes that the only
+thing we're not given is
+
+temperature because that's what
+we're asked to solve.
+
+So I need to do some math on
+here to go ahead and solve for
+
+temperature.
+
+And the first thing I want to do
+is take the natural log of
+
+both sides.
+
+So by taking the natural
+log of both sides--
+
+so natural log of f sub v--
+
+this equals to natural log of A
+plus the natural log of the
+
+exponent part and we know from
+math that the natural log of
+
+an exponent cancels each other
+out because they're inverses.
+
+So the natural log of exponent,
+of negative delta h
+
+sub f, over kb t--
+
+this cancels that and we just
+get the natural log of A plus
+
+negative because you have
+a negative up here--
+
+delta h of formation
+divided by kb t.
+
+So the only thing we don't
+know here is temperature.
+
+So if I can rearrange this
+equation and solve for
+
+temperature, I can
+get an answer.
+
+So if I do that--
+
+what's the best way
+of doing that?
+
+Well.
+
+I can add--
+
+I can move this to the other
+side and move this to the
+
+other side and that gives me
+delta h sub f divided by kb t
+
+equals natural log of A minus
+natural log of your vacancy
+
+fraction and I can then multiply
+both sides by t so it
+
+cancels this one and it arrives
+over here and then
+
+divide both sides
+by ln of this.
+
+So I'll go ahead and do that.
+
+So I'll multiply this by t.
+
+Multiply that by t.
+
+So that cancel that and I end up
+having delta hf over kb t--
+
+the t got canceled--
+
+this equals to the natural log
+of A minus the natural log of
+
+your vacancy fraction times t.
+
+So now if I divide both sides
+by this factor, I solve for
+
+temperature.
+
+So this gives me an isolation
+that t ends up being delta hf
+
+over kb times the natural log of
+A minus the natural log of
+
+the vacancy fraction.
+
+Now all we have to do is plug in
+the numbers, but again, if
+
+you look at the units of
+Boltzmann's constant, which
+
+are joules per Kelvin and the
+value that we're given up here
+
+is electron volts for defect,
+we want to go ahead and
+
+convert the electron volt to the
+joule because it'll just
+
+be easier to do the
+math that way.
+
+So I can go ahead and write
+it out and I do that by
+
+multiplying the top by that
+conversion factor and if I do
+
+the math, t ends up being--
+
+we have 1.16 of this--
+
+has units of electron volts for
+defect and then I want to
+
+get joules because that's what
+Boltzmann's constant has.
+
+So in order to get joules,
+if I multiply this by the
+
+conversion factor which is
+1.6 times 10 to the -19--
+
+this has units of joules
+per electron volt.
+
+Now the electron volts
+cancel and I get--
+
+the numerator has units
+of joules per defect.
+
+That's good because that's going
+to cancel with the units
+
+in Boltzmann's constant.
+
+And then I put in 1.38
+times 10 to the -23--
+
+this is joules per Kelvin--
+
+and this factor is multiplied
+by the natural log of 3.091
+
+minus the natural log
+of 10 to the -9.
+
+So unitless--
+
+so if you do the math out, you
+end up getting a value that at
+
+the end of the day,
+your temperature--
+
+this t right here--
+
+will be equal to--
+
+let's go ahead and write
+it over here.
+
+So now that we go ahead
+and do the math--
+
+that way it's nice and clean.
+
+We know that the t, the
+temperature that we got from
+
+plugging all that math--
+
+ends up being just 615 Kelvin.
+
+And where did the Kelvin
+come from?
+
+Well, it came from your joules
+per Kelvin, from your
+
+Boltzmann's constant, because
+that's what the dimensional
+
+analysis does.
+
+So this is the answer.
+
+This is good.
+
+The problem doesn't say show the
+answer in degrees Celsius,
+
+but since everybody knows
+degrees Celsius--
+
+everybody in science relies
+on degrees Celsius--
+
+you can just convert this over
+to degrees Celsius, which
+
+happens to be 342
+degrees Celsius.
+
+So this right here is your
+answer to part B.
+
+And again, I want to express
+again that the crucial part in
+
+getting this is knowing the
+fact that you're given an
+
+energy in electron volts, but
+the constant that you use has
+
+units of joules.
+
+So you need to convert to get
+the right unit out or else you
+
+will get not Kelvin--
+
+you would get something
+different here, which wouldn't
+
+make any sense given the
+question that was asked.
+
+So with that, again I advise
+that-- always read
+
+the problem in detail.
+
+Look at the units that you're
+working with and make the
+
+appropriate conversions because
+everything should be
+
+on your table of contents.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SIgbYpXE4Xs.txt b/SIgbYpXE4Xs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..873a32b9f02b31ea4459ba13ee0cbc9605571f60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SIgbYpXE4Xs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi to this point in the series we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi to this point in the series we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi to this point in the series we've
+been concentrating on the analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been concentrating on the analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been concentrating on the analysis and
+design of linear feedback systems as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of linear feedback systems as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of linear feedback systems as I'm
+sure you appreciate the Assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you appreciate the Assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you appreciate the Assumption of
+linearity is unrealistic for physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity is unrealistic for physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity is unrealistic for physical
+systems virtually any actual system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems virtually any actual system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems virtually any actual system is
+non linear to a certain extent at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non linear to a certain extent at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non linear to a certain extent at least
+when examined in sufficiently fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when examined in sufficiently fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when examined in sufficiently fine
+detail today I'd like to start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail today I'd like to start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail today I'd like to start looking
+at at techniques that allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at techniques that allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at techniques that allow us to
+investigate the behavior of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the behavior of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the behavior of nonlinear
+systems and we'll continue this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and we'll continue this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and we'll continue this for the
+next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lectures as you appreciate from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures as you appreciate from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures as you appreciate from previous
+experience nonlinearities greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience nonlinearities greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience nonlinearities greatly
+complicate the analysis of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate the analysis of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate the analysis of any
+system The Familiar analytic techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system The Familiar analytic techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system The Familiar analytic techniques
+that we're we're used to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're used to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're used to using
+particularly those based on frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly those based on frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly those based on frequency
+domain representations are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representations are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representations are no longer
+directly applicable when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly applicable when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly applicable when we have
+nonlinearities and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities and in particular the
+difficulty comes when we mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty comes when we mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty comes when we mix
+nonlinearities with Dynamics we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with Dynamics we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with Dynamics we did
+early in the sequence look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the sequence look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the sequence look at an example
+of a nonlinear system if you recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nonlinear system if you recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nonlinear system if you recall the
+audio amplifier that included a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio amplifier that included a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio amplifier that included a
+nonlinearity but there we assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity but there we assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity but there we assumed that
+the system was Dynamic less there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was Dynamic less there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was Dynamic less there was no
+energy storage associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage associated with the
+system and there we found it was fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there we found it was fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there we found it was fairly
+simple to trace Behavior through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to trace Behavior through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to trace Behavior through the
+system however when we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system however when we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system however when we combine
+nonlinearities with Dynamics we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with Dynamics we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with Dynamics we find
+that that we have considerably greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we have considerably greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we have considerably greater
+analytic difficulty I think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic difficulty I think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic difficulty I think we can
+emphasize that by considering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that by considering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that by considering that
+virtually anyone can learn to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually anyone can learn to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually anyone can learn to solve
+linear differential equations and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations and in
+fact once you learn a few techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact once you learn a few techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact once you learn a few techniques for
+the solution of of n of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of of n of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of of n of linear
+differential equations while you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations while you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations while you can
+basically solve any order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve any order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve any order linear
+differential equation however the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation however the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation however the the
+few non linear differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few non linear differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few non linear differential equations
+that we know how to solve exactly are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know how to solve exactly are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know how to solve exactly are in
+fact named for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact named for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact named for their
+solvers today i' like to look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers today i' like to look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers today i' like to look at one
+particular technique for the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technique for the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technique for the analysis of
+nonlinear systems it's not a general one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems it's not a general one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems it's not a general one
+but it applies to an important class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it applies to an important class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it applies to an important class of
+systems and that technique is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that technique is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that technique is
+linearization I think we've all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization I think we've all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization I think we've all seen
+this before in one way or another since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before in one way or another since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before in one way or another since
+it's a familiar tool to many Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a familiar tool to many Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a familiar tool to many Engineers
+uh for example the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the relationship between
+the electric current of a transistor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric current of a transistor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric current of a transistor and
+its based to emitter voltage is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its based to emitter voltage is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its based to emitter voltage is highly
+nonlinear uh similarly the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear uh similarly the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear uh similarly the various
+Junction capacitances of a transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction capacitances of a transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction capacitances of a transistor
+are again nonlinear they're dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again nonlinear they're dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again nonlinear they're dependent on
+operating point and yet we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and yet we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and yet we are able to
+make a linear model for a bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a linear model for a bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a linear model for a bipolar
+transistor and use that to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and use that to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and use that to predict the
+behavior of such a transistor in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of such a transistor in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of such a transistor in a
+variety of circuits and that technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of circuits and that technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of circuits and that technique
+is of course one of linearization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course one of linearization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course one of linearization and
+we'll expand on that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll expand on that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll expand on that idea
+today I'd like to remind you of the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd like to remind you of the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd like to remind you of the not
+since we will use it extensively in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we will use it extensively in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we will use it extensively in this
+session u in particular the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session u in particular the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session u in particular the notation
+that we've been using throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been using throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been using throughout the
+subject is one that identifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is one that identifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is one that identifies the
+nature of a variable by a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of a variable by a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of a variable by a combination of
+the case used for the variable itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case used for the variable itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case used for the variable itself
+and for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for its
+subscript and here we see the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript and here we see the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript and here we see the four
+possibilities drawn out uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities drawn out uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities drawn out uh we have a
+total variable which consists of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable which consists of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable which consists of a
+lowercase variable with a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase variable with a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase variable with a capital
+subscript so we might have lower case v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so we might have lower case v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so we might have lower case v
+sub cap o to indicate an output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub cap o to indicate an output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub cap o to indicate an output voltage
+lowercase V subcap i1 to indicate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase V subcap i1 to indicate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase V subcap i1 to indicate a
+first input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first input
+voltage so that's the total variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so that's the total variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so that's the total variable
+indication uh if we can decompose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication uh if we can decompose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication uh if we can decompose a
+total variable into the sum of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable into the sum of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable into the sum of an
+operating point and an incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and an incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and an incremental
+component we designate the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component we designate the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component we designate the operating
+point or the bias value of the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or the bias value of the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or the bias value of the variable
+uh with a capital variable and a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a capital variable and a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a capital variable and a capital
+subscript so again we have capital V sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so again we have capital V sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so again we have capital V sub
+capital o for the operating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital o for the operating Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital o for the operating Point
+associated with an output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an output voltage
+capital V sub capital i1 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V sub capital i1 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V sub capital i1 for the
+operating Point associated with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point associated with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point associated with one of
+the input variables uh we use lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input variables uh we use lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input variables uh we use lowercase
+for both the variable and the subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the variable and the subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the variable and the subscript
+to denote incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denote incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denote incremental
+variables as shown and the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as shown and the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as shown and the fourth
+permutation which combines a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation which combines a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation which combines a capital
+variable with a lowercase subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with a lowercase subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with a lowercase subscript
+indicates a frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates a frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates a frequency domain
+representation either a a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation either a a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation either a a complex
+amplitude or the Lao transform of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude or the Lao transform of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude or the Lao transform of a
+variable or something like that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or something like that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or something like that so that
+permutation we use to designate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation we use to designate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation we use to designate a
+frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain
+representation let's consider that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation let's consider that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation let's consider that we
+have an output defined as some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an output defined as some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an output defined as some general
+function of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a number of
+inputs and what we'd like to do is see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and what we'd like to do is see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and what we'd like to do is see
+how we develop a linear model that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we develop a linear model that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we develop a linear model that we
+can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to
+describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this
+relationship uh the hope is that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship uh the hope is that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship uh the hope is that when we
+linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize
+our equation we're at least able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation we're at least able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation we're at least able to
+predict the behavior of a system using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the behavior of a system using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the behavior of a system using
+that linearized approximation over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linearized approximation over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linearized approximation over some
+restricted range of variation about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted range of variation about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted range of variation about an
+operating point so our assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point so our assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point so our assumption is
+that we can at least for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can at least for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can at least for some
+sufficiently restricted range of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently restricted range of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently restricted range of input
+and output variables describe the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output variables describe the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output variables describe the total
+output V lowercase V subc cap o as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output V lowercase V subc cap o as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output V lowercase V subc cap o as the
+sum of an operating Point component plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of an operating Point component plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of an operating Point component plus
+an incremental component component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incremental component component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incremental component component and
+what we do in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in order
+to complete this expansion is to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete this expansion is to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete this expansion is to do a
+tailor series expansion of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion of the output
+about the operating point and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the operating point and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the operating point and as you
+recall in order to do that we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in order to do that we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in order to do that we evaluate
+the function at the operating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at the operating Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at the operating Point
+defined by the various input variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the various input variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the various input variables
+so we express the output as the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we express the output as the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we express the output as the sum of
+first of all the variable the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the variable the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the variable the function
+defined at the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined at the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined at the operating
+point then we take the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then we take the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then we take the derivative of the
+output with respect to the first input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output with respect to the first input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output with respect to the first input
+evaluate that derivative at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that derivative at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that derivative at the
+operating point and multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and multiply this
+coefficient which is now simply a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is now simply a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is now simply a a
+number multiply this coefficient by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number multiply this coefficient by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number multiply this coefficient by the
+incremental change in the first input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change in the first input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change in the first input
+variable and we continue that expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we continue that expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we continue that expansion
+for all of the input variables we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the input variables we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the input variables we take
+the derivative of the output with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the output with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the output with
+respect to the second input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the second input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the second input
+variable evaluate that once again at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable evaluate that once again at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable evaluate that once again at the
+operating point at cap vo or uh at cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point at cap vo or uh at cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point at cap vo or uh at cap
+vi1 vi2 and so forth we evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi1 vi2 and so forth we evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi1 vi2 and so forth we evaluate this
+partial derivative at the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative at the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative at the operating
+Point multiply the resultant number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point multiply the resultant number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point multiply the resultant number by
+the incremental change in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental change in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental change in the second
+input variable and so on uh finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variable and so on uh finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variable and so on uh finally we
+get to the derivative of the output with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the derivative of the output with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the derivative of the output with
+respect to the anth input variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the anth input variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the anth input variable
+evaluated once again at the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated once again at the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated once again at the operating
+point and then multiply that coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then multiply that coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then multiply that coefficient
+by the incremental change in the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the incremental change in the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the incremental change in the nth
+input variable and now if we continued a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variable and now if we continued a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variable and now if we continued a
+tailor series expansion there'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion there'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion there'd be
+higher order terms associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms associated with this
+this collection but all of those higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection but all of those higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection but all of those higher
+order terms would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms would
+involve products of incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve products of incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve products of incremental
+variables such that we had at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables such that we had at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables such that we had at least the
+square of an incremental variable or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of an incremental variable or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of an incremental variable or the
+product of one incremental variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of one incremental variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of one incremental variable
+times another one uh as the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times another one uh as the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times another one uh as the quantity
+multiplying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh
+coefficient and if we restrict ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and if we restrict ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and if we restrict ourselves
+to sufficiently small variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sufficiently small variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sufficiently small variations in
+input variable we argue that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variable we argue that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input variable we argue that these
+second order terms and higher terms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order terms and higher terms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order terms and higher terms can
+be neglected and we can then base our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be neglected and we can then base our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be neglected and we can then base our
+approximation uh argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh argue that the
+incremental change in the output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change in the output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change in the output voltage
+is simply given by the various first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply given by the various first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply given by the various first
+order partial derivatives multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order partial derivatives multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order partial derivatives multiplied by
+incremental changes in the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes in the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes in the various
+inputs and so we can use that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and so we can use that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and so we can use that that
+truncated tailor series expansion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated tailor series expansion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated tailor series expansion to
+describe to develop a linear set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to develop a linear set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to develop a linear set of
+equations that describe our input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that describe our input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that describe our input to
+Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationship as an example of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship as an example of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship as an example of this kind
+of analysis I'd like to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis I'd like to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis I'd like to consider the
+design of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of a
+system which I think many of us have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which I think many of us have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which I think many of us have
+thought about I know I spent an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about I know I spent an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about I know I spent an
+inordinate amount of time when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inordinate amount of time when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inordinate amount of time when I was a
+child worrying about this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child worrying about this sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child worrying about this sort of thing
+I didn't know then that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know then that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know then that it wasn't
+possible to do and and the problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do and and the problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do and and the problem is to
+try to suspend a magnetic ball an iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to suspend a magnetic ball an iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to suspend a magnetic ball an iron
+ball in a magnetic field and uh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in a magnetic field and uh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in a magnetic field and uh I know
+as I say I spent an inordinate amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say I spent an inordinate amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say I spent an inordinate amount of
+time trying to figure out an arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trying to figure out an arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trying to figure out an arrangement
+of magnets that would allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnets that would allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnets that would allow me to
+suspend the ball in a in a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend the ball in a in a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend the ball in a in a magnetic
+field well it turns out that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field well it turns out that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field well it turns out that that's not
+possible in fact the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in fact the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in fact the general
+demonstration that it's not possible is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that it's not possible is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that it's not possible is
+known as earnshaw's theorem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as earnshaw's theorem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as earnshaw's theorem and the
+problem is that while we can find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that while we can find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that while we can find some
+point where the magnetic force exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the magnetic force exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the magnetic force exactly
+balances the force of gravity that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances the force of gravity that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances the force of gravity that's an
+unstable equilibrium point if the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium point if the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium point if the ball
+gets a little bit closer to the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit closer to the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit closer to the magnet
+why the magnetic force increases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the magnetic force increases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the magnetic force increases of
+course the force of gravity is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the force of gravity is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the force of gravity is constant
+and so the ball is pulled into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the ball is pulled into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the ball is pulled into the
+magnet consequently if we move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet consequently if we move a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet consequently if we move a little
+bit further away from the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further away from the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further away from the equilibrium
+point while the force from magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point while the force from magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point while the force from magnet
+decreases uh the ball Falls further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases uh the ball Falls further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases uh the ball Falls further away
+so we're not able to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not able to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not able to keep the
+ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+fixed in a Time invariant magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in a Time invariant magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in a Time invariant magnetic field
+but there's a way to win this game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a way to win this game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a way to win this game and
+in fact it's it's used in uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's it's used in uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's it's used in uh for example
+the suspension of aircraft models in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suspension of aircraft models in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suspension of aircraft models in the
+MIT wind tunnel uh what one does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT wind tunnel uh what one does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT wind tunnel uh what one does is
+build a system where you control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system where you control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system where you control the
+strength of a magnetic field you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of a magnetic field you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of a magnetic field you measure
+ball position and then adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position and then adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position and then adjust the
+strength of the magnetic field in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the magnetic field in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the magnetic field in order
+to keep the ball a prescribed distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the ball a prescribed distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the ball a prescribed distance
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+magnet and this system in front of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and this system in front of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and this system in front of me
+does this here we have the the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this here we have the the base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this here we have the the base of
+it is simply a a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is simply a a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is simply a a power
+supply there's a large electromagnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply there's a large electromagnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply there's a large electromagnet
+that you can see there's a sensor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see there's a sensor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see there's a sensor which
+is Optical and it consists of a lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Optical and it consists of a lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Optical and it consists of a lamp
+here with a little bit of a shield very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a little bit of a shield very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a little bit of a shield very
+primitive Optics just a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive Optics just a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive Optics just a piece of
+cardboard wrapped around the lamp uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard wrapped around the lamp uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard wrapped around the lamp uh
+over in here there's a photo cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in here there's a photo cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in here there's a photo cell
+actually a photo resistor that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a photo resistor that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a photo resistor that has a
+linear element a linear sensitive area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear element a linear sensitive area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear element a linear sensitive area
+that's oh possibly a quarter or 38 of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oh possibly a quarter or 38 of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oh possibly a quarter or 38 of an
+inch long uh and again extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch long uh and again extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch long uh and again extremely
+primitive optic simply a washer in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive optic simply a washer in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive optic simply a washer in front
+of the thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing uh
+the ball Lin casts a shadow on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball Lin casts a shadow on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball Lin casts a shadow on this
+linear photo resistor and that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear photo resistor and that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear photo resistor and that gives us
+a method for measuring the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method for measuring the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method for measuring the position of
+the ball and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball and there's some
+Electronics inside the chassis uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics inside the chassis uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics inside the chassis uh which
+drive a drives a power amplifier a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a drives a power amplifier a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a drives a power amplifier a power
+transistor on this heat sink uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor on this heat sink uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor on this heat sink uh the
+output from the power transistor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the power transistor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the power transistor the
+current The Collector current of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current The Collector current of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current The Collector current of the
+power transistor actually drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power transistor actually drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power transistor actually drives the
+electromagnet and the strategy of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet and the strategy of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet and the strategy of course
+is to measure ball position when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to measure ball position when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to measure ball position when we
+notice that the ball has dropped further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the ball has dropped further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the ball has dropped further
+down uh is falling away from the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh is falling away from the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh is falling away from the magnet
+why the system reacts so as to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the system reacts so as to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the system reacts so as to increase
+the magnetic strength conversely as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic strength conversely as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic strength conversely as the
+ball moves up while the system works to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball moves up while the system works to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball moves up while the system works to
+decrease the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the strength of the
+electromagnet and if we do all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly why whoops we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out that the system will in fact support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the system will in fact support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the system will in fact support
+the ball in the magnetic field we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball in the magnetic field we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball in the magnetic field we can
+maybe spin it we can do a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe spin it we can do a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe spin it we can do a lot of things
+with the the ball once it's in there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the ball once it's in there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the ball once it's in there as
+I say this is used as a method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say this is used as a method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say this is used as a method for
+suspending aircraft models in mit's Wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspending aircraft models in mit's Wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspending aircraft models in mit's Wind
+Tunnel it gives a very nice low friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tunnel it gives a very nice low friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tunnel it gives a very nice low friction
+support so that the forces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so that the forces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so that the forces of the
+support member don't influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support member don't influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support member don't influence the
+behavior of the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the aircraft
+model let's see how we make this go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model let's see how we make this go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model let's see how we make this go
+let's say it's a rather good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's a rather good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's a rather good example of
+linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis here we show very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here we show very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here we show very
+diagrammatically the system that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatically the system that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatically the system that we're
+using we have an iron ball of mass m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using we have an iron ball of mass m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using we have an iron ball of mass m and
+let's define the distance of that ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define the distance of that ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define the distance of that ball
+from some reference point as ex sub B if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some reference point as ex sub B if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some reference point as ex sub B if
+we were considering total variables we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were considering total variables we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were considering total variables we'd
+have a lowercase x sub capital B and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lowercase x sub capital B and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lowercase x sub capital B and we
+observe the position of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the position of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the position of the ball
+actually not with an i but rather with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not with an i but rather with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not with an i but rather with a
+the photo cell lamp combination that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo cell lamp combination that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo cell lamp combination that I
+described a moment ago and measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a moment ago and measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a moment ago and measure that
+way get a signal proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way get a signal proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way get a signal proportional to the
+ball position proportional to x sub B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position proportional to x sub B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position proportional to x sub B uh
+we take that electrical signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that electrical signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that electrical signal and
+amplify it and as we'll see we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify it and as we'll see we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify it and as we'll see we have to
+condition it as well and that Amplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it as well and that Amplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it as well and that Amplified
+measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+position uh generates a current which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh generates a current which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh generates a current which we
+then use to drive the electromagnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use to drive the electromagnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use to drive the electromagnet and
+as I described earlier the strategy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I described earlier the strategy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I described earlier the strategy of
+course is as the ball moves down uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is as the ball moves down uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is as the ball moves down uh we
+increase the strength of the magnet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the strength of the magnet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the strength of the magnet to
+pull the ball back toward its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the ball back toward its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the ball back toward its
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position it can be shown that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it can be shown that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it can be shown that for
+certain choices of reference position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain choices of reference position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain choices of reference position
+we can describe the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can describe the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can describe the relationship between
+the magnetic force uh in the upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force uh in the upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force uh in the upward
+Direction on the ball and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction on the ball and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction on the ball and the two
+variables of Interest the magnet current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of Interest the magnet current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of Interest the magnet current
+and the ball position as follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ball position as follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ball position as follows the
+magnetic force on the ball is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force on the ball is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force on the ball is some
+constant that depends on system geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that depends on system geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that depends on system geometry
+and con and parameters times the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and con and parameters times the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and con and parameters times the square
+of the magnet current divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnet current divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnet current divided by the
+square of the ball position and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the ball position and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the ball position and we
+notice of course the this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course the this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course the this equation
+matches the sort of observed Behavior Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the sort of observed Behavior Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the sort of observed Behavior Uh
+if we held magnetic the current constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we held magnetic the current constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we held magnetic the current constant
+uh as we for example increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we for example increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we for example increased the
+distance of the ball downward uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the ball downward uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the ball downward uh we
+decrease the magnetic force similarly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the magnetic force similarly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the magnetic force similarly as
+the ball moved upward decreasing x sub B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball moved upward decreasing x sub B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball moved upward decreasing x sub B
+we'd increase the magnetic force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd increase the magnetic force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd increase the magnetic force and
+that's the observed behavior that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the observed behavior that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the observed behavior that makes
+it impossible for us to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impossible for us to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impossible for us to stabilize the
+ball in a fixed magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in a fixed magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in a fixed magnetic
+field well uh progressing as we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field well uh progressing as we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field well uh progressing as we had
+before we can expand the magnetic force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can expand the magnetic force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can expand the magnetic force
+into the sum of an operating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sum of an operating Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sum of an operating Point
+component and an incremental component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and an incremental component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and an incremental component
+so what we want to do is break our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is break our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is break our
+magnetic force into the sum of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force into the sum of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force into the sum of an
+operating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point
+component plus an incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component plus an incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component plus an incremental
+component and to do that we first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and to do that we first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and to do that we first of all
+evaluate our expression for magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate our expression for magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate our expression for magnetic
+force at the operating point in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at the operating point in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at the operating point in other
+words we have a term that's c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have a term that's c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have a term that's c times
+capital I sub capital M the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital I sub capital M the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital I sub capital M the operating
+point value of the magnet current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point value of the magnet current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point value of the magnet current
+squared divided by the operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared divided by the operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared divided by the operating point
+value of the ball position squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the ball position squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the ball position squared
+that's the value uh of magnetic force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value uh of magnetic force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value uh of magnetic force
+the operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating point
+value found by substituting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value found by substituting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value found by substituting in the
+operating Point values for magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point values for magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point values for magnet
+current and ball position so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and ball position so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and ball position so that's
+really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this
+term then we have the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then we have the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then we have the derivative of the
+original expression with respect to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original expression with respect to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original expression with respect to I
+subm multiplied by the incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm multiplied by the incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm multiplied by the incremental
+change in I subm so the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in I subm so the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in I subm so the derivative of
+this expression is 2 c i subm over x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is 2 c i subm over x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is 2 c i subm over x sub
+b^ 2 uh again of course evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ 2 uh again of course evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ 2 uh again of course evaluated at the
+operating Point capital I sub capital M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point capital I sub capital M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point capital I sub capital M
+and capital x sub capital B multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital x sub capital B multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital x sub capital B multiplied
+by the incremental change uh in magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the incremental change uh in magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the incremental change uh in magnet
+current minus the derivative of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current minus the derivative of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current minus the derivative of our
+original expression with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original expression with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original expression with respect to X
+subb and so when we do that we get a Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subb and so when we do that we get a Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subb and so when we do that we get a Min
+- 2 I sub m^ 2/x B Cubed time C uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 I sub m^ 2/x B Cubed time C uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 I sub m^ 2/x B Cubed time C uh the
+coefficient shown times the incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient shown times the incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient shown times the incremental
+change in ball position plus of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in ball position plus of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in ball position plus of course
+the higher order terms and our hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher order terms and our hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher order terms and our hope is
+that again over some sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again over some sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again over some sufficiently
+restricted range of operation we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted range of operation we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted range of operation we're able
+to ignore the higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore the higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore the higher order
+terms well let's use this incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well let's use this incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well let's use this incremental
+relationship between magnetic force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between magnetic force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between magnetic force and
+the two variables of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two variables of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two variables of interest in
+particular magnet current and ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular magnet current and ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular magnet current and ball
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+uh to write fals ma or as I have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to write fals ma or as I have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to write fals ma or as I have things
+ordered ma equals F and that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered ma equals F and that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered ma equals F and that's simply
+the mass of the ball times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the ball times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the ball times the second
+derivative of ball position with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of ball position with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of ball position with respect
+to time that's ma equals the total force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time that's ma equals the total force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time that's ma equals the total force
+on the ball well mg the mass of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ball well mg the mass of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ball well mg the mass of the ball
+times the acceleration of gravity acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration of gravity acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration of gravity acts
+in a direction to increase X it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction to increase X it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction to increase X it
+accelerates the ball downward so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates the ball downward so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates the ball downward so that
+comes in with a plus that's the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in with a plus that's the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in with a plus that's the force
+due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+gravity and uh the electrical force Acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and uh the electrical force Acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and uh the electrical force Acts
+or the magnetic force acts to restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the magnetic force acts to restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the magnetic force acts to restore
+the ball so uh we get the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball so uh we get the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball so uh we get the negative of
+the term shown above so we get a minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term shown above so we get a minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term shown above so we get a minus c
+i s over XB 2 uh minus 2 C over XB ^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i s over XB 2 uh minus 2 C over XB ^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i s over XB 2 uh minus 2 C over XB ^ 2
+times the incremental change in magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the incremental change in magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the incremental change in magnet
+current uh plus 2 c^ 2/ XB cubed times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh plus 2 c^ 2/ XB cubed times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh plus 2 c^ 2/ XB cubed times
+the incremental change in in ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental change in in ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental change in in ball
+position now we of course assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now we of course assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now we of course assume that
+the system is set up such that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is set up such that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is set up such that at the
+operating point the operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point the operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point the operating point
+value of the magnetic force exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the magnetic force exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the magnetic force exactly
+cancels gravity in other words at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels gravity in other words at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels gravity in other words at the
+operating Point these two terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point these two terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point these two terms are
+equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and
+cancel and then we're left with simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and then we're left with simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and then we're left with simply a
+relationship between the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the second
+derivative of ball position and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of ball position and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of ball position and the
+force that results from incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that results from incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that results from incremental
+changes in magnet current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in magnet current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in magnet current and
+incremental changes in ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes in ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes in ball
+position uh we can rearrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh we can rearrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh we can rearrange the
+equation in a in a somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in a in a somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in a in a somewhat more
+convenient form uh simply by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient form uh simply by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient form uh simply by multiplying
+through by the reciprocal of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the reciprocal of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the reciprocal of this term
+and when we do that we get the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do that we get the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do that we get the equation
+shown mxb Cub over 2 cim squar uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown mxb Cub over 2 cim squar uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown mxb Cub over 2 cim squar uh that's
+the reciprocal of this coefficient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of this coefficient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of this coefficient uh
+times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second
+derivative of x sub B with respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x sub B with respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x sub B with respect to T
+^2 also notice that the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 also notice that the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 also notice that the derivative of a
+total variable is identically equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable is identically equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable is identically equal to
+the derivative of the incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the incremental
+component the operating Point by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the operating Point by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the operating Point by
+definition is a fixed quantity and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a fixed quantity and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a fixed quantity and so
+when we take the derivative why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the derivative why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the derivative why that
+drops out so we get uh M times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out so we get uh M times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out so we get uh M times the
+reciprocal of of the coefficient shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of of the coefficient shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of of the coefficient shown
+times the second derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second derivative of the
+incremental component of ball position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental component of ball position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental component of ball position
+with respect to time uh again when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time uh again when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time uh again when we do
+the multiplication we get a coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication we get a coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication we get a coefficient
+here that's minus operating point value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's minus operating point value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's minus operating point value
+of ball position divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ball position divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ball position divided by the
+operating point value of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point value of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point value of the current
+times incremental changes in current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times incremental changes in current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times incremental changes in current and
+then finally plus the incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally plus the incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally plus the incremental
+changes in in ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in in ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in in ball
+position uh we can then transform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh we can then transform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh we can then transform that
+equation recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation recognize that
+the second derivative uh corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative uh corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative uh corresponds to
+multiplication by S and things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by S and things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by S and things are
+further simplified if we just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further simplified if we just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further simplified if we just call this
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+constants 1/ k^2 to save a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants 1/ k^2 to save a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants 1/ k^2 to save a little bit of
+writing if we combine those operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing if we combine those operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing if we combine those operations
+that that simplification as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that simplification as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that simplification as well as the
+derivative and transforming we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and transforming we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and transforming we end up
+with an expression s^2 over k^ 2 time x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an expression s^2 over k^ 2 time x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an expression s^2 over k^ 2 time x
+sub B now of S capital x sub lowercase b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub B now of S capital x sub lowercase b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub B now of S capital x sub lowercase b
+the Lao transform of the ball position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lao transform of the ball position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lao transform of the ball position
+or the increment component of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the increment component of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the increment component of the ball
+position is equal to minus x sub b/ I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is equal to minus x sub b/ I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is equal to minus x sub b/ I
+subm times the transform of incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm times the transform of incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm times the transform of incremental
+changes in in magnet current plus again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in in magnet current plus again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in in magnet current plus again
+x sub B of s and in spite of my attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub B of s and in spite of my attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub B of s and in spite of my attempt
+to be very very careful with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very careful with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very careful with this uh
+this should be a lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b uh we can rearrange that equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh we can rearrange that equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh we can rearrange that equation uh
+simply solve for x sub B of s we get x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply solve for x sub B of s we get x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply solve for x sub B of s we get x
+sub B of s then being related to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub B of s then being related to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub B of s then being related to its
+second derivative multiplied by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative multiplied by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative multiplied by an
+appropriate coefficient plus X subb over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate coefficient plus X subb over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate coefficient plus X subb over
+I subm * I subm of s and just to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subm * I subm of s and just to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subm * I subm of s and just to get a
+little bit of practice doing this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of practice doing this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of practice doing this why
+let's go ahead and make a block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and make a block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and make a block diagram
+for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular
+equation let's see we're going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's see we're going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's see we're going to solve
+for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x
+subb and we notice that X B is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subb and we notice that X B is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subb and we notice that X B is related
+to two terms or is a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two terms or is a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two terms or is a linear combination
+now of two terms one is uh proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of two terms one is uh proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of two terms one is uh proportional
+to the magnet current with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnet current with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnet current with a constant
+proportionality being XB over I uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality being XB over I uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality being XB over I uh as
+well as a constant proportionality times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a constant proportionality times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a constant proportionality times
+the second derivative of x sub B so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of x sub B so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of x sub B so as
+we construct our block diagram we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we construct our block diagram we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we construct our block diagram we're
+trying to solve for the variable x subb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for the variable x subb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for the variable x subb
+uh that variable is the sum of I subm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that variable is the sum of I subm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that variable is the sum of I subm
+multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a
+coefficient plus s^2 over k^2 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient plus s^2 over k^2 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient plus s^2 over k^2 in other
+words the second derivative divided k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the second derivative divided k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the second derivative divided k^
+2times x sub B those are the two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times x sub B those are the two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times x sub B those are the two terms
+that sum to give us x sub B so we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum to give us x sub B so we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum to give us x sub B so we get a
+little local Loop in our block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little local Loop in our block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little local Loop in our block diagram
+that relates ball position to magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates ball position to magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates ball position to magnet
+current this is the piece that we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this is the piece that we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this is the piece that we'd like
+to get we will then uh make magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get we will then uh make magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get we will then uh make magnet
+current a function of ball position with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current a function of ball position with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current a function of ball position with
+an overall Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall Loop
+we can simplify this block diagram a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can simplify this block diagram a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can simplify this block diagram a
+little bit collapse this Loop and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit collapse this Loop and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit collapse this Loop and when
+we do that we get the forward path over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we get the forward path over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we get the forward path over
+one minus the loop transmission well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the loop transmission well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the loop transmission well the
+forward path is simply one uh the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path is simply one uh the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path is simply one uh the loop
+Transmission in this case uh is plus s^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transmission in this case uh is plus s^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transmission in this case uh is plus s^2
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+k^2 and so we get an expression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 and so we get an expression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 and so we get an expression the
+forward path 1 over 1us the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path 1 over 1us the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path 1 over 1us the loop
+transmission 1 - s^2 over k squ and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission 1 - s^2 over k squ and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission 1 - s^2 over k squ and so
+this block represents the or gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block represents the or gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block represents the or gives us
+the transfer function from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function from here to here
+we precede that with this block and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we precede that with this block and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we precede that with this block and we
+get the overall relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the overall relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the overall relationship between
+ball position and the current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position and the current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position and the current in the
+magnet or the incremental this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet or the incremental this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet or the incremental this this
+equation of course or this block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of course or this block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of course or this block diagram
+uh relates incremental variables since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relates incremental variables since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relates incremental variables since
+we developed it via linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed it via linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed it via linearized
+analysis uh again we can rearrange terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh again we can rearrange terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh again we can rearrange terms
+just a little bit it uh is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit it uh is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit it uh is a little bit
+more convenient probably to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient probably to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient probably to take the
+negative of the denominator s^2 over k^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the denominator s^2 over k^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the denominator s^2 over k^2
+minus1 and and counter that by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and and counter that by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and and counter that by taking
+the negative of the numerator when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the numerator when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the numerator when we do
+all of that we get minus XB / I uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that we get minus XB / I uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that we get minus XB / I uh and
+we can then Factor the denominator uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then Factor the denominator uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then Factor the denominator uh as
+s over k + 1 * s over K minus one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over k + 1 * s over K minus one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over k + 1 * s over K minus one and so
+now we have a a a fair convenient form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a a a fair convenient form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a a a fair convenient form
+for our block diagram that shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our block diagram that shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our block diagram that shows the
+relationship between ball position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between ball position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between ball position and
+magnet current we notice how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet current we notice how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet current we notice how the
+instability shows up here when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability shows up here when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability shows up here when we look
+at the transfer function that relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the transfer function that relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the transfer function that relates
+ball position to magnet current we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position to magnet current we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position to magnet current we
+notice that that transfer function has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that transfer function has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that transfer function has a
+pole in the right half plane and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the right half plane and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the right half plane and we
+anticipate as a consequence of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate as a consequence of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate as a consequence of that that
+we get exponentially growing responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get exponentially growing responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get exponentially growing responses
+and of course that's what happens in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's what happens in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's what happens in a
+linearized analysis if we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized analysis if we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized analysis if we looked at the
+behavior of the ball for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the ball for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the ball for small
+displacements from equilibrium under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements from equilibrium under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements from equilibrium under the
+conditions of a fixed magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of a fixed magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of a fixed magnetic field
+we'd find that as the ball sort of fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd find that as the ball sort of fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd find that as the ball sort of fell
+away from the equilibrium point either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the equilibrium point either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the equilibrium point either
+fell downward acting under the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell downward acting under the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell downward acting under the force of
+gravity or fell upward into the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity or fell upward into the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity or fell upward into the magnet
+the deviation from the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation from the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation from the equilibrium
+position would be exponential for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position would be exponential for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position would be exponential for small
+displacements and exponentially growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and exponentially growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and exponentially growing
+displacement from the null position for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from the null position for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from the null position for
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+displacements so that behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements so that behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements so that behavior is
+reflected by the pole in the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by the pole in the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by the pole in the right half
+plane in the transfer function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the transfer function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the transfer function that
+relates ball position to magnet current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates ball position to magnet current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates ball position to magnet current
+well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can
+use that description of ball and magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that description of ball and magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that description of ball and magnet
+Dynamics to generate a block diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics to generate a block diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics to generate a block diagram for
+our overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our overall
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+system so here we have the block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so here we have the block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so here we have the block that
+describes the ball and magnet dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the ball and magnet dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the ball and magnet dynamic
+mix the expression we had on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix the expression we had on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix the expression we had on the on the
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+earlier uh we can consider the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh we can consider the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh we can consider the input to
+that block of course to be magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block of course to be magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block of course to be magnet
+current the output is ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the output is ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the output is ball
+position then what we do is complete our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then what we do is complete our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then what we do is complete our
+overall Loop by taking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall Loop by taking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall Loop by taking an
+amplifier and an amplifier with Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and an amplifier with Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and an amplifier with Dynamics
+presumably we'll find out that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably we'll find out that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably we'll find out that we have
+to add some compensation and so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some compensation and so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some compensation and so we take
+an amplifier with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amplifier with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amplifier with some
+Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and
+we operate on the signal the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate on the signal the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate on the signal the electric
+signal proportional to ball position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal proportional to ball position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal proportional to ball position
+with our amplifier and the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our amplifier and the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our amplifier and the output of the
+amplifier is magnet current so this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is magnet current so this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is magnet current so this then
+completes our overall Loop uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes our overall Loop uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes our overall Loop uh we
+we complete the loop by surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we complete the loop by surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we complete the loop by surrounding the
+ball Dynamics with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplifier the Dynamics of the magnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the Dynamics of the magnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the Dynamics of the magnet and
+ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+system provide two poles as we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system provide two poles as we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system provide two poles as we mentioned
+earlier one of these is in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one of these is in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one of these is in the right
+half plane we have two poles at s equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane we have two poles at s equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane we have two poles at s equals
+K and that's the one of course that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that's the one of course that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that's the one of course that gets
+us into trouble the right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us into trouble the right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us into trouble the right half plane
+pole as well as a pole at s equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole as well as a pole at s equal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole as well as a pole at s equal minus
+K now we can look at that pole zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now we can look at that pole zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now we can look at that pole zero
+diagram or that in this case pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or that in this case pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or that in this case pole
+diagram and think a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and think a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and think a little bit about how
+we might stabilize such a system I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might stabilize such a system I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might stabilize such a system I think
+the easiest way to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way to determine the
+approach we should use to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we should use to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we should use to stabilize the
+system is via root Locus approach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is via root Locus approach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is via root Locus approach uh
+let's see if we first of all simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we first of all simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we first of all simply
+surrounded the ball magnet Dynamics with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded the ball magnet Dynamics with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded the ball magnet Dynamics with
+a pure gain in other words if a in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure gain in other words if a in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure gain in other words if a in our
+overall system block diagram were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system block diagram were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system block diagram were
+frequency independent that doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency independent that doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency independent that doesn't work
+because uh as you remember the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh as you remember the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh as you remember the root
+Locust diagram for this sort of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locust diagram for this sort of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locust diagram for this sort of a system
+would simply be two branches which came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would simply be two branches which came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would simply be two branches which came
+together uh they would meet at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh they would meet at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh they would meet at the
+arithmetic mean which in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean which in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean which in this case
+happens to be the imaginary axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the imaginary axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the imaginary axis and
+then Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Branch
+off along the imaginary axis so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off along the imaginary axis so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off along the imaginary axis so as we
+increase the gain of our of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the gain of our of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the gain of our of our
+amplifier a what would happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier a what would happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier a what would happen is that
+one pole the one that's giving us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pole the one that's giving us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pole the one that's giving us the
+difficulty would move from its position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty would move from its position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty would move from its position
+in the right half plane finally reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right half plane finally reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right half plane finally reach
+the imaginary axis however as we further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary axis however as we further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary axis however as we further
+increase gain we then get a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase gain we then get a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase gain we then get a complex
+conjugate pole pair on the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate pole pair on the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate pole pair on the imaginary
+axis and the implication of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the implication of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the implication of this is that
+while we would have lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we would have lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we would have lost the
+exponentially growing response uh we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially growing response uh we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially growing response uh we'd
+end up with an oscillator uh the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with an oscillator uh the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with an oscillator uh the this
+system of course once we have sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of course once we have sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of course once we have sufficient
+a to get the closed loop Pooles uh out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to get the closed loop Pooles uh out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to get the closed loop Pooles uh out
+on the imaginary axis describes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the imaginary axis describes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the imaginary axis describes an
+oscillator and so that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and so that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and so that would be the
+situation where if we displace the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where if we displace the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where if we displace the ball
+a little bit from its equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit from its equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit from its equilibrium
+position it would simply vibrate with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it would simply vibrate with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it would simply vibrate with a
+frequency determined by how how far out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency determined by how how far out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency determined by how how far out
+along this path we were uh equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path we were uh equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path we were uh equivalently
+how much a we had used um in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much a we had used um in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much a we had used um in reality
+this problems with that of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problems with that of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problems with that of course there
+are additional low pass elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are additional low pass elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are additional low pass elements in the
+system and so uh we wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so uh we wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so uh we wouldn't be able to
+to even get to the pair of poles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even get to the pair of poles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even get to the pair of poles on the
+imaginary axis without having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis without having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis without having some
+Dynamics associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics associated with the
+amplifier the thing to do is is add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the thing to do is is add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the thing to do is is add a
+zero uh that oftimes works to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh that oftimes works to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh that oftimes works to help
+stabilize systems incidentally uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize systems incidentally uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize systems incidentally uh it's
+worth pointing out here that this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pointing out here that this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pointing out here that this system
+which has an open loop pole in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an open loop pole in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an open loop pole in the right
+half plane in other words the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane in other words the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane in other words the loop
+transmission includes a pole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission includes a pole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission includes a pole in the
+right half plane is one that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane is one that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane is one that that we
+can't uh use a very simple method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh use a very simple method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh use a very simple method for
+stabilizing we can't simply reduce a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing we can't simply reduce a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing we can't simply reduce a f
+there's an awful lot of systems where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an awful lot of systems where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an awful lot of systems where we
+can lower a fnot and while we may get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lower a fnot and while we may get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lower a fnot and while we may get a
+system with low desensitivity it may may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with low desensitivity it may may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with low desensitivity it may may
+not have very spectacular performance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have very spectacular performance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have very spectacular performance at
+least that will stabilize the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that will stabilize the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that will stabilize the system
+here we don't have that out uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have that out uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have that out uh if we
+start with a low value for a KN uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a low value for a KN uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a low value for a KN uh we
+just don't move this pole even to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't move this pole even to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't move this pole even to the
+imaginary axis and again while we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis and again while we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis and again while we can
+bring this pole left why it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this pole left why it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this pole left why it still
+remains in the right half plane and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the right half plane and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the right half plane and so
+this is a system where uh lowering Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a system where uh lowering Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a system where uh lowering Loop
+transmission magnitude which for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude which for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude which for many
+systems at least results in stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at least results in stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at least results in stable
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+fails well uh let's see suppose we add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails well uh let's see suppose we add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails well uh let's see suppose we add a
+zero that's a a good thing to do and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a a good thing to do and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a a good thing to do and in
+fact putting a zero anywhere in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact putting a zero anywhere in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact putting a zero anywhere in the left
+half plane improves the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane improves the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane improves the performance of
+the system for example I could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for example I could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for example I could put a
+zero in here we have to put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in here we have to put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in here we have to put it in the
+left half plane but if I added a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half plane but if I added a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half plane but if I added a zero
+for example here why our root Locust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here why our root Locust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here why our root Locust
+diagram would simply be such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram would simply be such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram would simply be such that this
+pole moved toward the zero uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole moved toward the zero uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole moved toward the zero uh for
+sufficiently large values of a KN then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large values of a KN then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large values of a KN then
+we we get this branch in the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we get this branch in the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we get this branch in the left half
+plane in the meantime the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the meantime the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the meantime the branch
+starting at this pole would simply move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at this pole would simply move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at this pole would simply move
+left so we could certainly by adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so we could certainly by adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so we could certainly by adding a
+zero at this point for some range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at this point for some range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at this point for some range of
+values of a have both closed loop holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a have both closed loop holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a have both closed loop holes
+in the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left half
+plane alternatively we can add a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane alternatively we can add a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane alternatively we can add a zero
+maybe out here and this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe out here and this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe out here and this is one of those
+systems where where the trajector circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where where the trajector circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where where the trajector circle
+around uh so we'd end up possibly with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh so we'd end up possibly with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh so we'd end up possibly with a
+root Locus diagram that looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus diagram that looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus diagram that looks something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this eventually go in uh that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eventually go in uh that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eventually go in uh that way and
+out here and so once again for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and so once again for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and so once again for a
+sufficiently large values of a KN we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large values of a KN we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large values of a KN we'd
+have this branch in the left half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this branch in the left half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this branch in the left half plane
+uh we'd have both of our closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'd have both of our closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'd have both of our closed
+loopholes lying in the left half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loopholes lying in the left half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loopholes lying in the left half of the
+S plane so adding a zero combined with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S plane so adding a zero combined with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S plane so adding a zero combined with a
+sufficiently large magnitude for a KN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large magnitude for a KN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large magnitude for a KN is
+certainly one way to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one way to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one way to stabilize the
+system uh the actual behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh the actual behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh the actual behavior of the
+system is a little bit more complex than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a little bit more complex than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a little bit more complex than
+this there are additional poles Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are additional poles Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are additional poles Beyond
+those associated with the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those associated with the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those associated with the Dynamics of
+the ball magnet system uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball magnet system uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball magnet system uh for example
+the the way that the position detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that the position detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that the position detection
+is done is using a photo resistor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done is using a photo resistor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done is using a photo resistor and
+that's a a device that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a device that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a device that depends on
+Carrier Optical carrier generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrier Optical carrier generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrier Optical carrier generation
+there's a time constant associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time constant associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time constant associated with
+that process and so as the ball moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process and so as the ball moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process and so as the ball moves
+the value of the photo resistor is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the photo resistor is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the photo resistor is not
+directly or is not instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or is not instantaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or is not instantaneously
+proportional to ball position there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to ball position there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to ball position there's a
+a time constant associated with that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time constant associated with that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time constant associated with that or
+at least the first order we can model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the first order we can model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the first order we can model it
+as a single time constant there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a single time constant there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a single time constant there is
+incidentally also a nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally also a nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally also a nonlinearity
+associated with that relationship the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that relationship the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that relationship the uh
+if one goes into details on the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one goes into details on the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one goes into details on the sensor
+that's used the way the resistance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used the way the resistance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used the way the resistance of
+the sensor varies with ball position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor varies with ball position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor varies with ball position and
+so forth there's really a nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth there's really a nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth there's really a nonlinearity
+associated with that transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that transfer
+relationship the one that that links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the one that that links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the one that that links
+ball position to the eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position to the eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position to the eventually
+generated electrical signal but again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated electrical signal but again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated electrical signal but again if
+we did this analysis in detail we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this analysis in detail we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this analysis in detail we'd
+linearize that relationship for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize that relationship for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize that relationship for
+sufficiently small perturbations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small perturbations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small perturbations from
+the operating point the operating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating point the operating Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating point the operating Point
+here is chosen such that about half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is chosen such that about half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is chosen such that about half the
+photo resistor is shaded by the the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resistor is shaded by the the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resistor is shaded by the the ball
+shadowed by the ball and again if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadowed by the ball and again if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadowed by the ball and again if we did
+the analysis in in great detail why we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis in in great detail why we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis in in great detail why we'd
+linearize the transfer relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the transfer relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the transfer relationship
+associated with that sensor it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that sensor it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that sensor it would
+simply become another scale factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply become another scale factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply become another scale factor in
+our set of equations but there is a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of equations but there is a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of equations but there is a time
+constant associated with it uh there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with it uh there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with it uh there may
+be additional time constants associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be additional time constants associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be additional time constants associated
+with the magnet it's a fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnet it's a fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnet it's a fairly large
+magnet that several thousand turns we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet that several thousand turns we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet that several thousand turns we
+may not be able to very rapidly change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be able to very rapidly change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be able to very rapidly change
+the current in the magnet and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the magnet and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the magnet and so there's
+probably a time constant associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a time constant associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a time constant associated with
+the magnet if we use a lead Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet if we use a lead Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet if we use a lead Network
+rather than simply a zero we realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than simply a zero we realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than simply a zero we realize
+that adding a zero to the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adding a zero to the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adding a zero to the loop
+transmission implies somewhere we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission implies somewhere we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission implies somewhere we have
+to have a an amplifier that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a an amplifier that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a an amplifier that has
+unlimited high frequency gain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited high frequency gain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited high frequency gain that's
+probably not realistic we we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not realistic we we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not realistic we we probably
+have to have a pole associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a pole associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a pole associated with that
+zero uh the normal lead Network kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh the normal lead Network kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh the normal lead Network kind of
+transfer function that would give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function that would give us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function that would give us an
+additional poll so the certainly other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional poll so the certainly other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional poll so the certainly other
+poles in the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in the loop
+transmission uh Suppose there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh Suppose there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh Suppose there were two
+additional poles there's probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional poles there's probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional poles there's probably more
+than that but but let's consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but but let's consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but but let's consider this
+situation you're not guaranteed anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you're not guaranteed anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you're not guaranteed anymore
+that you can stabilize the system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can stabilize the system there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can stabilize the system there
+is a particular relationship however uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular relationship however uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular relationship however uh
+if these additional poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these additional poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these additional poles are
+sufficiently far from the origin and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far from the origin and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far from the origin and one
+can go through that development if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through that development if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through that development if
+they're far enough away uh then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far enough away uh then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far enough away uh then the
+addition of a zero appropriately located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of a zero appropriately located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of a zero appropriately located
+makes it possible to to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it possible to to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it possible to to stabilize the
+system and if we've satisfied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and if we've satisfied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and if we've satisfied that
+condition uh let's see the root Locust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition uh let's see the root Locust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition uh let's see the root Locust
+diagram for this thing looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for this thing looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for this thing looks something
+as follows there's one branch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows there's one branch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows there's one branch that
+starts here and moves to the right goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts here and moves to the right goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts here and moves to the right goes
+to this zero uh this Branch goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this zero uh this Branch goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this zero uh this Branch goes
+outward however this is a more remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward however this is a more remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward however this is a more remote
+pole and so uh initially this pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and so uh initially this pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and so uh initially this pole
+closer to the origin has more influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the origin has more influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the origin has more influence
+on the behavior since that branch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the behavior since that branch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the behavior since that branch is
+moving to the right uh this is a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right uh this is a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right uh this is a system
+where the average distance rule holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the average distance rule holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the average distance rule holds
+since we have four poles and only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have four poles and only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have four poles and only one
+zero uh the average distance of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh the average distance of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh the average distance of of the
+poles corresponding to these branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles corresponding to these branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles corresponding to these branches
+must move somewhat to the left so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must move somewhat to the left so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must move somewhat to the left so we
+these two branches meet at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two branches meet at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two branches meet at a point
+somewhere in the left half plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the left half plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the left half plane and
+again depending on on the exact spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depending on on the exact spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depending on on the exact spacing
+involved uh we might end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh we might end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh we might end up with a
+diagram uh possibly that did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh possibly that did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh possibly that did something
+like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually the branch is going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the branch is going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the branch is going off
+making angles of plus andus 60° the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making angles of plus andus 60° the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making angles of plus andus 60° the
+third branch of course going off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third branch of course going off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third branch of course going off at
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+180° but if in fact the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° but if in fact the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° but if in fact the relationship
+between the zero location and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the zero location and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the zero location and the
+additional poles were were correct or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional poles were were correct or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional poles were were correct or
+were if these poles basically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were if these poles basically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were if these poles basically are
+sufficiently far out at sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out at sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out at sufficiently
+high frequencies why then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies why then there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies why then there's some
+range of a for which all of the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of a for which all of the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of a for which all of the closed
+loop holes lie in the left half plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop holes lie in the left half plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop holes lie in the left half plane in
+particular once we've reached a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular once we've reached a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular once we've reached a value of
+a knot uh that gets this Branch to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knot uh that gets this Branch to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knot uh that gets this Branch to this
+point from that point on until these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point from that point on until these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point from that point on until these two
+branches once again cross into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches once again cross into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches once again cross into the right
+half plane uh we have a a root Locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane uh we have a a root Locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane uh we have a a root Locus
+diagram or a set of closed loop holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or a set of closed loop holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or a set of closed loop holes
+that corresponds to stable Behavior well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to stable Behavior well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to stable Behavior well
+I think it's it's important to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it's important to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it's important to look at
+at the way one might really design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the way one might really design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the way one might really design a
+system like this I think the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this I think the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this I think the important
+thing is to have an understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to have an understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to have an understanding of how
+the system works and we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system works and we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system works and we've done that
+with the kind of analysis that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kind of analysis that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kind of analysis that I've
+shown on the blackboards and fine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the blackboards and fine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the blackboards and fine that
+that sort of gives us a a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of gives us a a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of gives us a a very good
+appreciation for the actual behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for the actual behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for the actual behavior of
+the system we can with the linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we can with the linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we can with the linearized
+analysis we've gone through readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we've gone through readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we've gone through readily
+identify why the system should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify why the system should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify why the system should be
+unstable on an open loop basis if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable on an open loop basis if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable on an open loop basis if you
+will the Dynamics associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the Dynamics associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the Dynamics associated with the
+ball and the magnet have a pole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and the magnet have a pole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and the magnet have a pole in the
+right half plane and we we certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane and we we certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane and we we certainly
+anticipate then unstable Behavior unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate then unstable Behavior unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate then unstable Behavior unless
+we do something to counter that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do something to counter that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do something to counter that right
+half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+pole uh so we've seen that behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole uh so we've seen that behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole uh so we've seen that behavior
+we've then used our root Locus approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've then used our root Locus approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've then used our root Locus approach
+to give us a quick look at what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a quick look at what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a quick look at what we might
+do to improve the situation and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to improve the situation and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to improve the situation and we've
+just we've decided on a compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we've decided on a compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we've decided on a compensation
+strategy based on that in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy based on that in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy based on that in particular
+what we'd like to do is add a zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is add a zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is add a zero to
+the loop transmission and hopefully then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission and hopefully then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission and hopefully then
+by combining the zero with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by combining the zero with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by combining the zero with an
+appropriate amount of of a knot we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount of of a knot we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount of of a knot we're
+able to stabilize the system well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to stabilize the system well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to stabilize the system well we
+could on one hand go ahead and make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could on one hand go ahead and make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could on one hand go ahead and make very
+precise measurements on the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise measurements on the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise measurements on the system
+measure the mass of the ball uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the mass of the ball uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the mass of the ball uh
+characterize the magnet determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the magnet determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the magnet determine the
+constant C in the equation that relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C in the equation that relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C in the equation that relates
+magnetic force to magnet current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force to magnet current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force to magnet current and
+ball position and and make a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position and and make a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball position and and make a whole
+collection of of very very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of of very very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of of very very detailed
+system measurements we could go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system measurements we could go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system measurements we could go in and
+precisely characterize the sensor again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely characterize the sensor again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely characterize the sensor again
+as I had indicated there's a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I had indicated there's a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I had indicated there's a non
+linearity associated with it and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity associated with it and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity associated with it and so we
+could could somehow try to develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could somehow try to develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could somehow try to develop that
+relationship and and uh linearize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and and uh linearize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and and uh linearize it and
+try to make an estimate of its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make an estimate of its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make an estimate of its time
+constant and include all of that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and include all of that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and include all of that in our
+equations I'm sure that we could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm sure that we could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm sure that we could take
+weeks at the analysis of such a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks at the analysis of such a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks at the analysis of such a system
+if we if we wish to but there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we wish to but there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we wish to but there's probably
+a much more reasonable way to do it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more reasonable way to do it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more reasonable way to do it from
+an engineering point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineering point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineering point of
+view what uh what I actually did when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view what uh what I actually did when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view what uh what I actually did when I
+put together this system was to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together this system was to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together this system was to go
+through an analysis very much like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an analysis very much like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an analysis very much like I've
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+here and convinced myself that I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and convinced myself that I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and convinced myself that I sort of
+understood how things worked and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how things worked and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how things worked and then I
+went ahead and built a system and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went ahead and built a system and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went ahead and built a system and build
+it with provision to adjust the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with provision to adjust the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with provision to adjust the two
+critical parameters uh in particular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameters uh in particular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameters uh in particular to
+adjust the gain of the amplifier adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the gain of the amplifier adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the gain of the amplifier adjust
+the quantity a knot and also adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity a knot and also adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity a knot and also adjust the
+location of the zero I had a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the zero I had a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the zero I had a reasonable
+guess as to where what those quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to where what those quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to where what those quantities
+should be but certainly uh when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be but certainly uh when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be but certainly uh when I first
+put the system together as as Murphy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the system together as as Murphy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the system together as as Murphy
+would have it while I was unstable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have it while I was unstable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have it while I was unstable but
+at least I I felt that those were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I I felt that those were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I I felt that those were the
+two variables that I'd have to adjust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables that I'd have to adjust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables that I'd have to adjust in
+order to improve the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to improve the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to improve the performance of the
+system and I left provision for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I left provision for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I left provision for doing
+that and so uh what I did was was adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh what I did was was adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh what I did was was adjust
+those variables twist the pots until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables twist the pots until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables twist the pots until
+finally I managed to get the ball stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I managed to get the ball stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I managed to get the ball stable
+in in the magnetic field uh in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the magnetic field uh in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the magnetic field uh in fact what
+we can do as as an aid to that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do as as an aid to that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do as as an aid to that and that
+was actually the the process that I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the the process that I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the the process that I went
+through is even when the system's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is even when the system's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is even when the system's
+unstable before we had have the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable before we had have the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable before we had have the zero
+location and the value of a not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and the value of a not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and the value of a not in the
+proper range we can reach into the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper range we can reach into the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper range we can reach into the field
+uh into the active area close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the active area close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the active area close to the
+null position and we can effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null position and we can effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null position and we can effectively
+feel the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the behavior of the
+ball and when we do that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and when we do that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and when we do that there's two
+modes of behavior while the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of behavior while the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of behavior while the system is
+unstable one is just sort of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable one is just sort of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable one is just sort of the ball
+falls out of the field it it just either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls out of the field it it just either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls out of the field it it just either
+drops down when we let go of the ball or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops down when we let go of the ball or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops down when we let go of the ball or
+it gets pulled up into the magnet well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets pulled up into the magnet well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets pulled up into the magnet well
+that corresponds to the condition in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the condition in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the condition in our
+root Locust diagram where we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locust diagram where we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locust diagram where we really
+don't have enough a not in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough a not in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough a not in other words
+that's the the sort of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the sort of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the sort of single
+exponential growth and what that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and what that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and what that tells
+us is that we haven't increased a knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that we haven't increased a knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that we haven't increased a knot
+sufficiently we're we're still at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently we're we're still at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently we're we're still at the
+point where there's there's a pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where there's there's a pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where there's there's a pole
+associated with the system in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the system in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the system in the right
+half plane we have a real exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane we have a real exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane we have a real exponential
+growth away from the equilibrium point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth away from the equilibrium point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth away from the equilibrium point
+you can feel that uh it the ball just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel that uh it the ball just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel that uh it the ball just
+sort of tries to drop out of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tries to drop out of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tries to drop out of the field
+or tries to pull up into the magnet as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tries to pull up into the magnet as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tries to pull up into the magnet as
+you let it go another possibility uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it go another possibility uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it go another possibility uh is
+that as we hold the ball in the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and begin to loosen up on it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and begin to loosen up on it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and begin to loosen up on it a
+little bit effectively we Pro provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit effectively we Pro provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit effectively we Pro provide
+additional damping to the system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional damping to the system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional damping to the system as
+we begin to loosen up why the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin to loosen up why the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin to loosen up why the ball
+begins to vibrate begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to vibrate begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to vibrate begins to
+jump and that corresponds to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and that corresponds to the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and that corresponds to the case
+where either we have too much a fnot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either we have too much a fnot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either we have too much a fnot so
+that we have closed loop holes out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have closed loop holes out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have closed loop holes out here
+because we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have an
+oscillation uh or uh we have the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh or uh we have the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh or uh we have the zero
+improperly located and if the zero were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improperly located and if the zero were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improperly located and if the zero were
+improperly located these poles might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improperly located these poles might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improperly located these poles might
+never get into the left half plane they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get into the left half plane they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get into the left half plane they
+might Branch off the axis uh while they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might Branch off the axis uh while they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might Branch off the axis uh while they
+were still in the right half plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still in the right half plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still in the right half plane and
+so that probably corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that probably corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that probably corresponds to the
+wrong location for the zero or too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong location for the zero or too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong location for the zero or too much
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+not so we're able to use that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we're able to use that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we're able to use that kind of
+reasoning to guide us in in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning to guide us in in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning to guide us in in the initial
+adjustment of aot and the zero location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment of aot and the zero location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment of aot and the zero location
+and by using that sort of reasoning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by using that sort of reasoning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by using that sort of reasoning I
+was able to very rapidly get the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to very rapidly get the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to very rapidly get the system
+to stabilize at least get the ball to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize at least get the ball to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize at least get the ball to
+support itself in the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support itself in the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support itself in the magnetic field
+originally it was it was very very jumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it was it was very very jumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it was it was very very jumpy
+and if you made any perturbations at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you made any perturbations at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you made any perturbations at all
+why why the the ball would fall out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why the the ball would fall out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why the the ball would fall out but
+at least we could get it in the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we could get it in the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we could get it in the magnetic
+field and once that happens things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and once that happens things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and once that happens things are
+fine uh there are a couple of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine uh there are a couple of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine uh there are a couple of additional
+points on the box that that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the box that that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the box that that I haven't
+used in this demonstration but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in this demonstration but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in this demonstration but one of
+these uh is a drive point and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh is a drive point and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh is a drive point and what that
+allows me to do is inject another little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do is inject another little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do is inject another little
+current on top of the magnet current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current on top of the magnet current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current on top of the magnet current
+there just a connection basically via a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just a connection basically via a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just a connection basically via a
+large resistor from the point labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large resistor from the point labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large resistor from the point labeled
+Drive uh to the magnet current and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive uh to the magnet current and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive uh to the magnet current and so uh
+as we we can then inject little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we we can then inject little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we we can then inject little
+incremental step changes in magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental step changes in magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental step changes in magnet
+current by applying a square wave to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current by applying a square wave to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current by applying a square wave to the
+drive terminal on the device uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive terminal on the device uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive terminal on the device uh at the
+same time we can measure ball position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we can measure ball position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we can measure ball position
+we have an output from the device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an output from the device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an output from the device that
+basically gives us a measure of ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives us a measure of ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives us a measure of ball
+position it's an electrical signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's an electrical signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's an electrical signal
+proportional to ball position so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to ball position so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to ball position so what
+we're now able to do is measure the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now able to do is measure the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now able to do is measure the step
+response of the system we can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system we can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system we can go ahead
+uh the balls in the magnetic field we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the balls in the magnetic field we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the balls in the magnetic field we
+can perturb it perturb magnet current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perturb it perturb magnet current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perturb it perturb magnet current
+just a little bit the loop should react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit the loop should react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit the loop should react
+if we increase magnet current the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase magnet current the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase magnet current the ball
+will move a little bit closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move a little bit closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move a little bit closer to the
+magnet as a consequence of that the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet as a consequence of that the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet as a consequence of that the loop
+will react to lower magnet current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react to lower magnet current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react to lower magnet current to
+reestablish equilibrium and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablish equilibrium and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablish equilibrium and we can
+observe the nature of that transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the nature of that transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the nature of that transient
+response and it's the usual sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and it's the usual sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and it's the usual sort of
+Wiggly second order looking kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly second order looking kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly second order looking kind of
+transient response that we've seen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient response that we've seen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient response that we've seen in a
+number of other systems once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other systems once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other systems once the
+system's stable well once we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's stable well once we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's stable well once we have that
+picture on an oscilloscope we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on an oscilloscope we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on an oscilloscope we're very
+easily able to adjust the Loc a of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily able to adjust the Loc a of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily able to adjust the Loc a of the
+zero and a KN to improve the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a KN to improve the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a KN to improve the nature of
+the transient response and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transient response and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transient response and and that
+becomes a very very quick uh and easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a very very quick uh and easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a very very quick uh and easy
+adjustment to make so once uh we we' use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment to make so once uh we we' use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment to make so once uh we we' use
+this sort of analysis to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of analysis to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of analysis to understand the
+system and to find which situation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and to find which situation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and to find which situation we
+were in which direction should we go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in which direction should we go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in which direction should we go in
+terms of zero location and aot to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of zero location and aot to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of zero location and aot to at
+least get the system stable in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get the system stable in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get the system stable in an
+absolute sense once we're to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sense once we're to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sense once we're to that point
+we get it stable in an absolute sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get it stable in an absolute sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get it stable in an absolute sense uh
+the rest of the sort of quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the sort of quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the sort of quote
+optimization goes very very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization goes very very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization goes very very quickly
+because we we can now look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we can now look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we can now look at a
+transient for the system and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient for the system and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient for the system and we can see
+the effect on the transient of adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on the transient of adjusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on the transient of adjusting
+a knot of adjusting zero location very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knot of adjusting zero location very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knot of adjusting zero location very
+rapidly improve the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly improve the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly improve the performance of the
+system that way and that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that way and that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that way and that's exactly the
+way I I did Def design the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I I did Def design the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I I did Def design the system to
+this day I don't know uh the exact value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day I don't know uh the exact value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day I don't know uh the exact value
+of K for example I suspect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K for example I suspect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K for example I suspect it's
+somewhere uh on the order of of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh on the order of of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh on the order of of 20
+radians per second for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second for this particular
+system but I've never gone through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but I've never gone through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but I've never gone through that
+I I estimate that from really the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I estimate that from really the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I estimate that from really the uh
+location that the zero ended up with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that the zero ended up with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that the zero ended up with and
+the amount of a not that I needed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of a not that I needed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of a not that I needed in
+order to stabilize things so my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stabilize things so my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stabilize things so my guess is
+that the value K is somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value K is somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value K is somewhere in the
+order of of 20 inverse seconds for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of 20 inverse seconds for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of 20 inverse seconds for for
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+system uh there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh there's an interesting
+variation on this theme that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on this theme that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on this theme that's that's
+used uh in another application uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh in another application uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh in another application uh
+there's an application for a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an application for a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an application for a magnetic
+suspension system for energy storage if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system for energy storage if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system for energy storage if
+you look at the numbers involved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the numbers involved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the numbers involved it
+happens that you can store energy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that you can store energy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that you can store energy in a
+flywheel if you make the flywheel out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flywheel if you make the flywheel out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flywheel if you make the flywheel out of
+the appropriate materials composits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate materials composits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate materials composits or
+or something like that you can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you can store
+rotational energy in a flywheel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy in a flywheel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy in a flywheel and the
+energy density is comparable to that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density is comparable to that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density is comparable to that of
+chemical fuels you can get uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical fuels you can get uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical fuels you can get uh for a
+given Mass uh a flywheel get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Mass uh a flywheel get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Mass uh a flywheel get energy
+storage that's that's roughly comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage that's that's roughly comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage that's that's roughly comparable
+to the same mass of a of a fuel and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same mass of a of a fuel and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same mass of a of a fuel and this
+is a a fairly popular way for or people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a fairly popular way for or people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a fairly popular way for or people
+are at least investigating this for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least investigating this for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least investigating this for uh
+storage of electrical energy you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of electrical energy you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of electrical energy you could
+somehow spin the wheel up uh uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow spin the wheel up uh uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow spin the wheel up uh uh using
+power drive from solar cells for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power drive from solar cells for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power drive from solar cells for example
+and then get the energy back out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get the energy back out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get the energy back out of the
+wheel at night time to uh when the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel at night time to uh when the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel at night time to uh when the sun
+wasn't shining or maybe use this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't shining or maybe use this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't shining or maybe use this as a
+method for an electric vehicle or to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for an electric vehicle or to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for an electric vehicle or to to
+store energy for a for a vehicle uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy for a for a vehicle uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy for a for a vehicle uh one
+of the things you'd like to do in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you'd like to do in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you'd like to do in order
+to store energy efficiently is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store energy efficiently is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store energy efficiently is to have a
+a frictionless support for the wheel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless support for the wheel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless support for the wheel and
+so people had considered magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people had considered magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people had considered magnetic
+suspensions for that that sort of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspensions for that that sort of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspensions for that that sort of system
+there was a group at Lincoln laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group at Lincoln laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group at Lincoln laboratory
+that was worrying about this uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was worrying about this uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was worrying about this uh and
+theyed the magnetic suspension system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyed the magnetic suspension system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyed the magnetic suspension system
+but again you'd prefer not to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again you'd prefer not to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again you'd prefer not to have to
+spend a great deal of power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a great deal of power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a great deal of power in
+the magnet you'd prefer not to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet you'd prefer not to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnet you'd prefer not to have to
+use a large electromagnet as I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a large electromagnet as I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a large electromagnet as I have
+because the power to drive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the power to drive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the power to drive that
+electromagnet uh of course would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet uh of course would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet uh of course would have to
+come from somewhere and you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from somewhere and you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from somewhere and you're you're
+trying to improve the overall efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve the overall efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve the overall efficiency
+of the system so what the people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system so what the people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system so what the people at
+Lincoln did was use a permanent magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln did was use a permanent magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln did was use a permanent magnet
+uh and put a winding on it but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and put a winding on it but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and put a winding on it but now
+there's a a null position you can adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a null position you can adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a null position you can adjust
+or select your operating Point uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or select your operating Point uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or select your operating Point uh to be
+that where the force associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where the force associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where the force associated with the
+permanent magnet just balances the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent magnet just balances the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent magnet just balances the force
+of gravity and uh when you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity and uh when you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity and uh when you do that you
+still have to worry about the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to worry about the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to worry about the stability
+of the system so perturbations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system so perturbations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system so perturbations you
+handle with a coil in conjunction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle with a coil in conjunction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle with a coil in conjunction with
+the permanent magnet that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent magnet that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent magnet that allows you to
+change the total magnetic field you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the total magnetic field you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the total magnetic field you add
+the permanent magnet field to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent magnet field to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent magnet field to that
+associated with the coil but operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the coil but operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the coil but operating
+points are chosen so that the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are chosen so that the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are chosen so that the magnetic
+field associated with the coil at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field associated with the coil at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field associated with the coil at the
+operating point is zero and all the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point is zero and all the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point is zero and all the coil
+does is basically stabilize the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is basically stabilize the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is basically stabilize the system
+and you can put a little subsidiary loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put a little subsidiary loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put a little subsidiary loop
+around the thing that with a rather long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the thing that with a rather long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the thing that with a rather long
+time constant kind of adjusts operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant kind of adjusts operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant kind of adjusts operating
+points to be the operating point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to be the operating point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to be the operating point where
+the coil current is is zero and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil current is is zero and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil current is is zero and that was
+the approach used uh so that way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach used uh so that way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach used uh so that way they
+they effectively supported the spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they effectively supported the spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they effectively supported the spinning
+wheel in a magnetic field in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel in a magnetic field in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel in a magnetic field in a
+effectively a frictionless support uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a frictionless support uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a frictionless support uh
+without having to put any power into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to put any power into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to put any power into the
+electromagnet they still uh retain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet they still uh retain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet they still uh retain the
+ability to mod modulate the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to mod modulate the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to mod modulate the magnetic
+field in order to stabilize the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in order to stabilize the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in order to stabilize the system
+it's rather interesting extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather interesting extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather interesting extension of
+this idea and again we've we've seen U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and again we've we've seen U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and again we've we've seen U
+that the ball when started spinning will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ball when started spinning will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ball when started spinning will
+continue for a very long period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue for a very long period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue for a very long period of time
+uh again demonstrating the very nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again demonstrating the very nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again demonstrating the very nearly
+frictionless nature of the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless nature of the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless nature of the support
+provided by that sort of a a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by that sort of a a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by that sort of a a magnetic
+suspension system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system
+this has been just one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been just one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been just one example of
+linearized analysis I mentioned to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized analysis I mentioned to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized analysis I mentioned to you
+that uh there are we've seen other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are we've seen other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are we've seen other
+examples certainly the way we we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples certainly the way we we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples certainly the way we we look at
+bipolar transistors the way we analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar transistors the way we analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar transistors the way we analyze
+circuits involving bipolar transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits involving bipolar transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits involving bipolar transistors
+usually is by a linearized kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is by a linearized kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is by a linearized kind of an
+analysis uh next time I'd like to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh next time I'd like to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh next time I'd like to look
+at another way of of handling nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another way of of handling nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another way of of handling nonlinear
+systems and that one will be based uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that one will be based uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that one will be based uh
+more nearly on some of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nearly on some of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nearly on some of the frequency
+domain Concepts that we've used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain Concepts that we've used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain Concepts that we've used for
+linear systems it's called describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems it's called describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems it's called describing
+functions and say We'll look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and say We'll look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and say We'll look at that
+next time thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S_fiR00UBGo.txt b/S_fiR00UBGo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..204fb52d521260e57933c0221a34c793661a735c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S_fiR00UBGo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+today a lot of stuff to go through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a lot of stuff to go through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a lot of stuff to go through so
+hopefully we'll get to the actual game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll get to the actual game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll get to the actual game
+playing but if not don't worry you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing but if not don't worry you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing but if not don't worry you'll
+actually get to play the games the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to play the games the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to play the games the games
+that will that will add up played today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that will add up played today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that will add up played today
+are games from last year a lot of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are games from last year a lot of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are games from last year a lot of them I
+usually the final semester final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the final semester final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the final semester final
+projects which means they are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which means they are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which means they are you know
+not answering the same question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answering the same question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answering the same question that
+you're trying to answer with your very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to answer with your very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to answer with your very
+first project but it should give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first project but it should give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first project but it should give you a
+sense of what the scope of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what the scope of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what the scope of this class
+actually is last week a couple of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is last week a couple of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is last week a couple of you
+played the Lego game a block party that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the Lego game a block party that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the Lego game a block party that
+was a two week project and it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a two week project and it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a two week project and it was just
+with all staff these were more like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all staff these were more like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all staff these were more like four
+week projects and were designed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week projects and were designed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week projects and were designed by
+students with larger teams and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with larger teams and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with larger teams and and
+probably closer to the kind of game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably closer to the kind of game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably closer to the kind of game that
+you're gonna end up making I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna end up making I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna end up making I want you to
+keep in mind that you're not constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that you're not constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that you're not constrained
+to building games that look exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to building games that look exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to building games that look exactly like
+those in fact after you've got a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in fact after you've got a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in fact after you've got a chance
+to play some of the games from last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play some of the games from last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play some of the games from last year
+I hope you at you you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you at you you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you at you you actually have a
+chance to think a little bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to think a little bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to think a little bit about what
+did they not do what you know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they not do what you know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they not do what you know all these
+games are kind of like this sort of ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are kind of like this sort of ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are kind of like this sort of ball
+game and you will see a lot of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you will see a lot of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you will see a lot of them are
+kind of this sort of board game you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this sort of board game you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this sort of board game you find
+out what this is and you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this is and you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this is and you'll be able to
+do it you can think a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can think a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can think a little bit about
+what would it be like to design a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be like to design a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be like to design a game
+that's not that what if you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that what if you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that what if you just want to
+make your card game for instance no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your card game for instance no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your card game for instance no you
+can't that's that there's no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't that's that there's no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't that's that there's no reason why
+you couldn't what if you want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't what if you want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't what if you want to do a
+live-action game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live-action game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live-action game where you
+you move around with your body that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move around with your body that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move around with your body that sort
+of thing that's totally doable I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that's totally doable I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that's totally doable I really
+really have today not try not to put any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have today not try not to put any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have today not try not to put any
+live digital components in your game I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live digital components in your game I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live digital components in your game I
+know some people you know like unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people you know like unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people you know like unless
+it's something says simple like a timer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something says simple like a timer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something says simple like a timer
+tell you you know you can run off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you know you can run off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you know you can run off your
+iPhone you know okay maybe that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone you know okay maybe that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone you know okay maybe that's fine
+but actually writing code then the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually writing code then the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually writing code then the scope
+of this project just has just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this project just has just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this project just has just went
+through what I expected YouTube to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what I expected YouTube to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what I expected YouTube to do
+and the possibility of failure so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the possibility of failure so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the possibility of failure so-called
+good cause I'm not feeling the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cause I'm not feeling the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cause I'm not feeling the class
+when your project just feeling doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your project just feeling doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your project just feeling doing
+rent action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent action
+so so that's probably something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's probably something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's probably something you
+don't necessarily want to deal with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily want to deal with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily want to deal with we
+had two readings today one for last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two readings today one for last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two readings today one for last
+Wednesday and then one for today's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and then one for today's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and then one for today's so I
+kind of wanna I try to cover quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wanna I try to cover quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wanna I try to cover quite a bit
+of it from the first reading during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it from the first reading during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it from the first reading during
+class itself was anyone here not here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class itself was anyone here not here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class itself was anyone here not here on
+Wednesday okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday okay
+all right so with me we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so with me we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so with me we need to make
+sure that your your names on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your your names on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your your names on the
+attendance sheet and then you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance sheet and then you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance sheet and then you know you
+should come and talk to me after class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come and talk to me after class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come and talk to me after class
+and let me show you get a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me show you get a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me show you get a copy of the
+syllabus and everything like that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and everything like that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and everything like that make
+sure that you get expectations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you get expectations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you get expectations for the
+class everybody who was here hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class everybody who was here hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class everybody who was here hopefully
+you found your name on the attendance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found your name on the attendance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found your name on the attendance
+sheet because I had to manually add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet because I had to manually add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet because I had to manually add a
+few of you so so oh I hope you got I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of you so so oh I hope you got I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of you so so oh I hope you got I got
+at home right now one of the points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home right now one of the points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home right now one of the points that
+I tried to get across this is Pokorny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to get across this is Pokorny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to get across this is Pokorny
+yeah one of the points that I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one of the points that I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one of the points that I tried to
+get across on Wednesday was all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get across on Wednesday was all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get across on Wednesday was all right
+who's the most important person when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the most important person when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the most important person when it
+comes to actually playing game players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to actually playing game players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to actually playing game players
+right not the designers not you but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not the designers not you but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not the designers not you but you
+when you actually play someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually play someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually play someone else's
+game then you're the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game then you're the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game then you're the most important
+person if that person's experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if that person's experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if that person's experience is
+you know you know problematic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know problematic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know problematic or
+exciting or engaged or you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting or engaged or you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting or engaged or you know all
+right hostile to an appearance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hostile to an appearance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hostile to an appearance or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+they're taking in the way that they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking in the way that they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking in the way that they want
+to take it and then you as the designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it and then you as the designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it and then you as the designer
+are going to run through a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to run through a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to run through a number of
+different challenges trying to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different challenges trying to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different challenges trying to be able
+to give them an experience that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them an experience that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them an experience that you're
+trying to create more than what you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create more than what you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create more than what you also
+have to acknowledge that if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to acknowledge that if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to acknowledge that if somebody
+wants to take your hardcore strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to take your hardcore strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to take your hardcore strategy
+game and turn it into a light-hearted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and turn it into a light-hearted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and turn it into a light-hearted
+party game or vice versa that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party game or vice versa that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party game or vice versa that's their
+prerogative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerogative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerogative
+- and and if they say hey I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and and if they say hey I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and and if they say hey I really
+really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted
+light-hearted game and you gave me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-hearted game and you gave me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-hearted game and you gave me this
+hardcore game and it made me hate my the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore game and it made me hate my the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore game and it made me hate my the
+people around the table and I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around the table and I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around the table and I don't like
+it that is fine it's okay for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is fine it's okay for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is fine it's okay for them to
+not like your game based on my criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like your game based on my criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like your game based on my criteria
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+however one of the things that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however one of the things that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however one of the things that comes up
+in their breath way reading is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their breath way reading is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their breath way reading is this
+concept of meaningful decisions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of meaningful decisions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of meaningful decisions right
+it's like well what's sid meier how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well what's sid meier how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well what's sid meier how many
+of you heard the sid meier yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you heard the sid meier yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you heard the sid meier yeah what
+what games can be born remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what games can be born remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what games can be born remember from
+civilization railroads I think you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization railroads I think you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization railroads I think you also
+did the first roses pirates yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first roses pirates yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first roses pirates yeah yeah
+mostly a computer game designer although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a computer game designer although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a computer game designer although
+you actually play his games they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually play his games they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually play his games they feel
+kind of like digital board games a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like digital board games a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like digital board games a lot
+especially civilization and and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially civilization and and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially civilization and and he has
+he has a quote which is like games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a quote which is like games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a quote which is like games are
+series of interesting decisions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of interesting decisions not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of interesting decisions not
+necessarily meaningful but interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily meaningful but interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily meaningful but interesting
+the decisions and what some of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions and what some of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions and what some of the ways
+that a decision can be meaningful what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a decision can be meaningful what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a decision can be meaningful what
+are some of things that either come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of things that either come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of things that either come up
+in the reading or occur to you right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reading or occur to you right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reading or occur to you right now
+that a decision in a game can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a decision in a game can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a decision in a game can be
+meaningful what does it mean what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful what does it mean what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful what does it mean what does
+it mean to be meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when you make a decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you make a decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you make a decision and
+then the outcome actually has changed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the outcome actually has changed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the outcome actually has changed so
+the corollary is that if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corollary is that if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corollary is that if you make a
+decision and an outcome hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and an outcome hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and an outcome hasn't changed
+it wasn't terribly meaningful okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so getting money so getting some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting money so getting some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting money so getting some sort of
+quantitative reward based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative reward based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative reward based on the
+decision that you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like kudos something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like kudos something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like kudos something like that you
+know it's like wow that was a that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like wow that was a that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like wow that was a that was
+an amazing I like like like like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing I like like like like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing I like like like like in
+football for instance you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football for instance you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football for instance you know you know
+that that that that was an amazing play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that was an amazing play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that was an amazing play
+it didn't necessarily complete but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't necessarily complete but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't necessarily complete but so
+what happen awesome well maybe it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen awesome well maybe it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen awesome well maybe it was an
+awesome defense or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome defense or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome defense or something like that
+you know that that could be a meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that could be a meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that could be a meaningful
+decision how about if you if you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision how about if you if you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision how about if you if you decide
+to roll a die game state has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll a die game state has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll a die game state has changed
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's like let me think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's like let me think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's like let me think about this
+eventually alright someone I have I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually alright someone I have I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually alright someone I have I'm
+gonna go at this thing okay oh so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go at this thing okay oh so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go at this thing okay oh so again
+if you're the choice not to roll the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're the choice not to roll the die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're the choice not to roll the die
+okay so the die roll basically tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the die roll basically tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the die roll basically tells you
+what to do you're not actually thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do you're not actually thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do you're not actually thinking
+about it so the outcome of the die roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so the outcome of the die roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so the outcome of the die roll
+is usually meaningful but you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually meaningful but you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually meaningful but you may not
+have has to decide to do that yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have has to decide to do that yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have has to decide to do that yeah and
+that's an interesting thing well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting thing well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting thing well I
+talked a little bit about mechanics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about mechanics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about mechanics on
+Wednesday and the idea that if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and the idea that if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and the idea that if you think
+of a mechanic as something a player does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mechanic as something a player does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mechanic as something a player does
+to change the game state the role die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the game state the role die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the game state the role die
+that the die rolling thing is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the die rolling thing is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the die rolling thing is kind of a
+weird thing because gave theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing because gave theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing because gave theta is
+changing it's something a player does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it's something a player does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it's something a player does
+but play I didn't decide how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but play I didn't decide how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but play I didn't decide how to do that
+right and I was like players just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I was like players just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I was like players just told
+you have to roll this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah I'm getting Yahtzee which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'm getting Yahtzee which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'm getting Yahtzee which which
+dies right there's a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies right there's a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies right there's a version of
+Candyland which lets you choose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candyland which lets you choose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candyland which lets you choose which
+pile of random cards to draw from but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of random cards to draw from but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of random cards to draw from but
+that's beautiful a stack of random card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beautiful a stack of random card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beautiful a stack of random card
+randomly shuffle cards I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly shuffle cards I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly shuffle cards I feel like
+something else that you wanted other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you wanted other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you wanted other
+thing is that you know they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that you know they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that you know they might be
+games but that particular decision might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but that particular decision might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but that particular decision might
+not be in a meaningful one you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be in a meaningful one you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be in a meaningful one you know and
+it's possible that an entire game maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that an entire game maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that an entire game maybe
+you don't get that many meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get that many meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get that many meaningful
+decisions that doesn't necessarily make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that doesn't necessarily make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that doesn't necessarily make
+it not a game it might make it not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not a game it might make it not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not a game it might make it not a
+very good game which is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good game which is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good game which is a different
+thing as a quality often subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a quality often subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a quality often subjective
+experience right to a 300 it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right to a 300 it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right to a 300 it might be
+awesome game you get to play the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome game you get to play the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome game you get to play the matter
+candy I think there's a good reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy I think there's a good reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy I think there's a good reason why
+people who are over a certain age never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are over a certain age never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are over a certain age never
+really want to play because they realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to play because they realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to play because they realize
+that they don't really do anything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't really do anything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't really do anything so
+they get really bored with it but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get really bored with it but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get really bored with it but for
+kids there's some other cognitive thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids there's some other cognitive thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids there's some other cognitive thing
+going on more than me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on more than me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on more than me you know
+meaningful decision making it fun but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful decision making it fun but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful decision making it fun but
+actually just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just doing
+or winning cards I mean there's things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or winning cards I mean there's things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or winning cards I mean there's things
+that that war and you know candy land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that war and you know candy land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that war and you know candy land
+let you do if for instance it gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you do if for instance it gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you do if for instance it gives a
+five-year-old a winning chance against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old a winning chance against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old a winning chance against
+an adult right you know you that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult right you know you that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult right you know you that's that
+that could be a huge for okay it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a huge for okay it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a huge for okay it's like
+wow I can actually play this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I can actually play this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I can actually play this without
+learning how to take turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to take turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to take turns
+that's one thing that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing that people have
+attributed to games like Candyland I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to games like Candyland I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to games like Candyland I I
+can't remember if I brought this up last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember if I brought this up last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember if I brought this up last
+time I believe Candy Land was invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I believe Candy Land was invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I believe Candy Land was invented
+to keep kids from getting polio from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep kids from getting polio from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep kids from getting polio from
+each other that might be a urban legend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay the bill yeah that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay the bill yeah that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay the bill yeah that's a huge
+inversion from the from the get out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion from the from the get out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion from the from the get out and
+get some exercise so that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some exercise so that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some exercise so that's you know
+it's a seriously let's play in a land of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a seriously let's play in a land of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a seriously let's play in a land of
+candy I'd like to go back a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy I'd like to go back a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy I'd like to go back a little bit
+to to this idea about changing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this idea about changing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this idea about changing the game
+state right you make a decision in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right you make a decision in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right you make a decision in a
+game and you've changed the game state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you've changed the game state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you've changed the game state
+and if it wasn't like a decision if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it wasn't like a decision if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it wasn't like a decision if it
+wasn't you know I get you to roll from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't you know I get you to roll from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't you know I get you to roll from
+three identical dice which die to I roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three identical dice which die to I roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three identical dice which die to I roll
+okay alright that's not a real unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright that's not a real unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright that's not a real unless
+the loaded and then they're identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loaded and then they're identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loaded and then they're identical
+but anyway so what what do you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so what what do you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so what what do you need to
+be able to communicate to the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to communicate to the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to communicate to the player
+that their decision actually change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their decision actually change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their decision actually change
+anything okay actually let me flip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay actually let me flip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay actually let me flip that
+around if you don't let the player know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you don't let the player know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you don't let the player know
+what changed in game state even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what changed in game state even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what changed in game state even though
+the game state might have changed is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game state might have changed is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game state might have changed is it
+that meaningful the decision anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meaningful the decision anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meaningful the decision anymore
+you did something some number has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did something some number has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did something some number has
+changed inside the system it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed inside the system it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed inside the system it's got
+effect how things go out later but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect how things go out later but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect how things go out later but you
+don't actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know
+what happened said I want to eat a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened said I want to eat a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened said I want to eat a game
+like this does it sound familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this does it sound familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this does it sound familiar
+I feel it's very much depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel it's very much depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel it's very much depending on the
+player and system mm-hmm because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and system mm-hmm because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and system mm-hmm because a lot
+of times something like that will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times something like that will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times something like that will happen
+and whatever most people might say Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever most people might say Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever most people might say Oh
+like nothing really changed I make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing really changed I make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing really changed I make the
+decision it didn't matter at all mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it didn't matter at all mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it didn't matter at all mm-hmm
+whereas someone that takes to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas someone that takes to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas someone that takes to get more
+seriously might actually realize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously might actually realize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously might actually realize this
+let me change just from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me change just from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me change just from you know
+probabilistic it out I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic it out I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic it out I don't think
+ridiculous mm-hmm and also if you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous mm-hmm and also if you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous mm-hmm and also if you expect
+players to get very into your game this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to get very into your game this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to get very into your game this
+is kind of stuff that you can leave with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of stuff that you can leave with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of stuff that you can leave with
+because they will understand it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they will understand it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they will understand it and
+figure it out on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out on their own
+mm-hmm where any part of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm where any part of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm where any part of the game
+whereas if you play it three times their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you play it three times their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you play it three times their
+life and then they move on it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and then they move on it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and then they move on it probably
+won't help them that much and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't help them that much and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't help them that much and you should
+probably get bit more yep someone that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get bit more yep someone that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get bit more yep someone that I
+think also like if you look at adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also like if you look at adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also like if you look at adventure
+game we're like like there's a story or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we're like like there's a story or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we're like like there's a story or
+something and you like tell some guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you like tell some guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you like tell some guide
+like you're just about to help the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're just about to help the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're just about to help the guy
+and then he becomes like an evil warlord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he becomes like an evil warlord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he becomes like an evil warlord
+later mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later mm-hmm
+there are like some interesting that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like some interesting that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like some interesting that's a
+long term consequences so not immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term consequences so not immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term consequences so not immediate
+consequences or if you get feedback with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences or if you get feedback with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences or if you get feedback with
+this term that you brought up that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term that you brought up that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term that you brought up that means
+we have an example in like Dominion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an example in like Dominion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an example in like Dominion
+often times you can like draw cards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times you can like draw cards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times you can like draw cards that
+don't help you just pointlessly causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't help you just pointlessly causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't help you just pointlessly causing
+like a reshuffle and like normally if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a reshuffle and like normally if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a reshuffle and like normally if I
+would just do this without thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just do this without thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just do this without thinking and
+like thinking it doesn't matter what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking it doesn't matter what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking it doesn't matter what it
+could actually be like slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be like slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be like slightly
+beneficial or slightly like reciting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial or slightly like reciting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial or slightly like reciting or
+consonants to actually do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants to actually do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants to actually do this but
+unless you like really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you like really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you like really think about
+you're going to notice that it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to notice that it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to notice that it's all the
+same sort of change there mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're in there's zero point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in there's zero point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in there's zero point where you
+must there's a doll that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must there's a doll that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must there's a doll that you need to
+give a sandwich otherwise you doom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a sandwich otherwise you doom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a sandwich otherwise you doom
+yourself like 200 turns later and like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself like 200 turns later and like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself like 200 turns later and like I
+know you're in this game right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in this game right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in this game right and that
+kind of hurts right thanks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hurts right thanks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hurts right thanks the
+Hitchhiker's Guide to the galaxy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchhiker's Guide to the galaxy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchhiker's Guide to the galaxy yeah
+it's interesting because usually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because usually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because usually you're
+not changing what your opponent does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing what your opponent does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing what your opponent does
+based on what you can't see but and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you can't see but and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you can't see but and I'd
+say usually because it does happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say usually because it does happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say usually because it does happen
+occasionally I do your opponent see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally I do your opponent see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally I do your opponent see
+something that you didn't see and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you didn't see and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you didn't see and they
+change a strategy based on that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a strategy based on that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a strategy based on that I think
+a number of em enough adventure games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of em enough adventure games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of em enough adventure games
+actually have this more as a puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have this more as a puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have this more as a puzzle
+solving thing so it's not like 200 turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving thing so it's not like 200 turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving thing so it's not like 200 turns
+later something changes like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later something changes like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later something changes like something
+changes right right away and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right right away and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right right away and you need to
+kind of figure out what changed so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of figure out what changed so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of figure out what changed so it's
+not immediate feedback there's feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediate feedback there's feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediate feedback there's feedback
+somewhere in the world but yeah I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the world but yeah I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the world but yeah I I
+wouldn't say i partly adjoined those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say i partly adjoined those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say i partly adjoined those
+games maybe someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's people learning Paris actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people learning Paris actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people learning Paris actually
+I'm getting to enjoy it you played it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting to enjoy it you played it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting to enjoy it you played it
+takes two hours you realize yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two hours you realize yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two hours you realize yeah it's
+like I got the wrong ending because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got the wrong ending because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got the wrong ending because I
+made this decision five hours ago okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this decision five hours ago okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this decision five hours ago okay
+how about the other alternative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the other alternative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the other alternative for
+something where Gabe state changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where Gabe state changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where Gabe state changes and
+you're not really sure how your decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really sure how your decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really sure how your decision
+came up with that outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with that outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with that outcome
+so not random exactly but kind of overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not random exactly but kind of overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not random exactly but kind of overly
+complex and so even though you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and so even though you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and so even though you make
+meaningful decisions you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful decisions you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful decisions you don't know what
+the meaning is and so anytime you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning is and so anytime you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning is and so anytime you may
+not be able to let actually choose in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to let actually choose in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to let actually choose in a
+way that you want to do okay it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you want to do okay it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you want to do okay it's like a
+right like in chess you you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like in chess you you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like in chess you you see the
+board and you like a lot of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and you like a lot of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and you like a lot of the other
+really good players will see like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good players will see like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good players will see like in
+advance but when things happen think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but when things happen think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but when things happen think
+ that randomly appear you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ that randomly appear you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ that randomly appear you know
+like you have to kind of like react on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to kind of like react on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to kind of like react on
+the fly you can't just plan out all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly you can't just plan out all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly you can't just plan out all of
+your bills this reactive plate I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bills this reactive plate I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bills this reactive plate I think
+this one's a lot bigger issue than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's a lot bigger issue than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's a lot bigger issue than the
+other one because this completes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one because this completes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one because this completes a lot
+of frustration with the players if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frustration with the players if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frustration with the players if they
+keep seeing the game state changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep seeing the game state changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep seeing the game state changing and
+know that they're effective but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're effective but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're effective but don't
+know how they're affecting it I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they're affecting it I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they're affecting it I just
+feel like it's a player that would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's a player that would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's a player that would that
+would frustrate you know and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would frustrate you know and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would frustrate you know and that would
+make you really think that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you really think that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you really think that everything
+you're doing this one of the matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this one of the matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this one of the matter and
+that you're gonna win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna win
+regardless of what you're doing it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what you're doing it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what you're doing it you
+kind of turned it into Candyland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody to simple like the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to simple like the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to simple like the game
+occasionally put like some we're closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally put like some we're closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally put like some we're closing
+interesting is our heart sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is our heart sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is our heart sort of like
+parts on your standard like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on your standard like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on your standard like the
+mechanics aren't too intuitive like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics aren't too intuitive like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics aren't too intuitive like
+village for instance the press that play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village for instance the press that play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village for instance the press that play
+like you gives me a more like you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you gives me a more like you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you gives me a more like you sort
+of did stuff and like we have put um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of did stuff and like we have put um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of did stuff and like we have put um and
+like and then afterwards we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then afterwards we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then afterwards we didn't
+really understand michael ritchie we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand michael ritchie we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand michael ritchie we
+didn't understand how we were changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand how we were changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand how we were changing
+it and it took a lot before you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it took a lot before you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it took a lot before you really
+like you don't understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you don't understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you don't understand what's
+happening and they're they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and they're they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and they're they're sort of
+mini games where you can do like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini games where you can do like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini games where you can do like very
+poorly or very well and it's like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly or very well and it's like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly or very well and it's like it
+takes you a while to understand exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you a while to understand exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you a while to understand exactly
+why you're doing very poorly right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're doing very poorly right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're doing very poorly right so so
+sometimes even success can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even success can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even success can be
+bewildering right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or digital name like usually people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or digital name like usually people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or digital name like usually people have
+to take their turns in it they like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take their turns in it they like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take their turns in it they like not
+to play out we're slowly working like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play out we're slowly working like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play out we're slowly working like it
+would change some things like changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change some things like changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change some things like changes so
+in a digital game okay so so so it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a digital game okay so so so it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a digital game okay so so so it in
+video game because some some games let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game because some some games let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game because some some games let
+you say stay and then we don't stay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say stay and then we don't stay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say stay and then we don't stay so
+you can says well what if I tried this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can says well what if I tried this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can says well what if I tried this
+decision and then there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and then there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and then there's an interesting
+phenomena it goes with that and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena it goes with that and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena it goes with that and a lot of
+strategy games called save scumming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy games called save scumming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy games called save scumming and
+that is where you know that the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where you know that the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where you know that the outcome
+of something is based on a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something is based on a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something is based on a probability
+and so if you save and reload often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you save and reload often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you save and reload often
+enough you will always be successful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you will always be successful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you will always be successful you
+know and and that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and that's an interesting
+strategy this is complete aside from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy this is complete aside from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy this is complete aside from
+what I will talk about today but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will talk about today but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will talk about today but as
+interesting strategy that game designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting strategy that game designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting strategy that game designers
+use and that is a digital game save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and that is a digital game save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and that is a digital game save the
+random number seed at the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number seed at the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number seed at the time when
+whenever an assay is made so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever an assay is made so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever an assay is made so that the
+outcome is always the same expect tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is always the same expect tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is always the same expect tech
+support calls when people when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support calls when people when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support calls when people when you
+implement that don't because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that don't because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that don't because people
+assess your random number is broken I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess your random number is broken I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess your random number is broken I've
+tried this thing 15 times and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this thing 15 times and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this thing 15 times and it's
+supposed to have a 90% success rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a 90% success rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a 90% success rate and
+I always fail when I do this one attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always fail when I do this one attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always fail when I do this one attack
+and it's like yes because receives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like yes because receives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like yes because receives a
+random number see so so that's that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number see so so that's that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number see so so that's that is
+actually a problem because people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a problem because people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a problem because people have
+this concept about how the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept about how the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept about how the mechanism
+what what does 90% probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does 90% probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does 90% probability of
+success mean I think it's specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success mean I think it's specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success mean I think it's specifically
+of XCOM right now you might say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XCOM right now you might say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XCOM right now you might say that you
+know 90% probability of success to a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 90% probability of success to a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 90% probability of success to a lot
+of people means that more means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people means that more means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people means that more means that
+it's going to succeed now it's for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to succeed now it's for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to succeed now it's for a lot
+of people are probably a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are probably a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are probably a lot of people
+in this room this means you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room this means you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room this means you will
+probably succeed but for a game which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably succeed but for a game which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably succeed but for a game which
+which the random number seed is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the random number seed is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the random number seed is being
+saved and you fail and then you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved and you fail and then you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved and you fail and then you read
+those problems are a media will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems are a media will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems are a media will always
+fail because that's a different that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because that's a different that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because that's a different that's a
+different concept of how the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept of how the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept of how the random
+number generator works it makes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator works it makes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator works it makes a lot of
+sense to people who are game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to people who are game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to people who are game
+so computer scientists but may not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so computer scientists but may not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so computer scientists but may not make
+a lot of sense to a lot of players and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense to a lot of players and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense to a lot of players and
+it's like I get to be role again when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I get to be role again when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I get to be role again when I
+say them good right but no you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say them good right but no you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say them good right but no you get to
+we're all exactly the same guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all exactly the same guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all exactly the same guy in
+exactly the same way which means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way which means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way which means it's
+gotta come out exactly the same way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this brings me to the second reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to the second reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to the second reading
+which is Don Norman's first chapter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Don Norman's first chapter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Don Norman's first chapter in
+the design of everyday things the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of everyday things the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of everyday things the book
+is that we call the psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we call the psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we call the psychology of
+everyday things which has a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things which has a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things which has a nice little
+acronym of poet but then people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym of poet but then people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym of poet but then people had
+trouble finding the book because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble finding the book because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble finding the book because they
+were looking for design books and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for design books and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for design books and it was
+shelved in a psychology section so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelved in a psychology section so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelved in a psychology section so he
+changed names the designers are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed names the designers are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed names the designers are of
+everyday things which i think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things which i think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things which i think is a
+really interesting application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting application of the
+kinds of things that he's talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that he's talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that he's talking about
+you expect to find this book somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to find this book somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to find this book somewhere
+and it's not in that section so you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not in that section so you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not in that section so you make
+a change and you iterate on it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change and you iterate on it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change and you iterate on it and and
+and if you look at the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the copyright
+actually so sales psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so sales psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so sales psychology of
+everybody things and he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody things and he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody things and he talks about
+visibility and what's the what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and what's the what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and what's the what does
+visibility do it assists in the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they have like an intent right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have like an intent right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have like an intent right they
+want to accomplish something and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to accomplish something and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to accomplish something and it
+gives them a clue on what they could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them a clue on what they could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them a clue on what they could do
+to accomplish that so already does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish that so already does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish that so already does so
+there are a direct application to to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a direct application to to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a direct application to to two
+games right you have a goal in mind it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games right you have a goal in mind it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games right you have a goal in mind it's
+like I want to accumulate more cash in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want to accumulate more cash in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want to accumulate more cash in
+this game I want to you know I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game I want to you know I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game I want to you know I'll
+produce my own and or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce my own and or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce my own and or something like
+that alright what are all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright what are all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright what are all the things
+that I can do what's telling me my what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do what's telling me my what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do what's telling me my what
+what's in front of me right now maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in front of me right now maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in front of me right now maybe in
+a board game maybe in a card game maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a board game maybe in a card game maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a board game maybe in a card game maybe
+in a digital game that's telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a digital game that's telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a digital game that's telling me
+visibly right right right now that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibly right right right now that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibly right right right now that this
+might be the way I get to do that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the way I get to do that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the way I get to do that and in
+a lot of strategy games some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of strategy games some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of strategy games some of these
+things are very literal right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very literal right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very literal right you know
+so and so technology gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so technology gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so technology gives you this
+bonus a lot of rolling games also do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus a lot of rolling games also do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus a lot of rolling games also do you
+have this right I want to hit things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this right I want to hit things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this right I want to hit things
+harder oh look this thing is me plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder oh look this thing is me plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder oh look this thing is me plus
+want to attack all right okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to attack all right okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to attack all right okay that's
+that's a very little very literal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very little very literal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very little very literal thing
+now how much effort you need to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how much effort you need to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how much effort you need to do you
+need to go to to actually find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to to actually find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to to actually find that
+piece of information and whether plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information and whether plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information and whether plus
+one is actually a meaningful difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually a meaningful difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually a meaningful difference
+at all you know it's a depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all you know it's a depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all you know it's a depending on the
+design of the game but visit bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the game but visit bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the game but visit bit
+disability has something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability has something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability has something to do with the
+intent of the player or the user in Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of the player or the user in Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of the player or the user in Don
+Norman's case because he's been not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman's case because he's been not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman's case because he's been not
+talking about games he's talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about games he's talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about games he's talking about
+design of everything and what the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of everything and what the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of everything and what the system
+can actually do the actual operations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do the actual operations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do the actual operations of
+the system so you know I'm saying a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so you know I'm saying a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so you know I'm saying a game
+like no I I'm playing a real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no I I'm playing a real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no I I'm playing a real-time
+strategy game and I have a tank and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game and I have a tank and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game and I have a tank and I
+want to make it do donuts and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it do donuts and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it do donuts and it's like
+well the system doesn't actually support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the system doesn't actually support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the system doesn't actually support
+that you know the actor that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the actor that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the actor that there's no
+physics simulation to this tank and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics simulation to this tank and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics simulation to this tank and so
+you know the I I need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the I I need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the I I need to be able to
+convey to the player that's this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey to the player that's this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey to the player that's this is not
+something you can actually do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can actually do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can actually do in the
+game you know you can sort of tell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know you can sort of tell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know you can sort of tell which
+hex to move your tank but that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex to move your tank but that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex to move your tank but that's it
+maybe the tank doesn't even turn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the tank doesn't even turn right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the tank doesn't even turn right
+so the other thing is this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing is this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing is this concept of
+mapping that is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that is the the
+this again it has to do with the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again it has to do with the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again it has to do with the players
+intent of what do you want to do what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of what do you want to do what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of what do you want to do what we
+what you want to accomplish but mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to accomplish but mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to accomplish but mapping
+instead of the actual operations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the actual operations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the actual operations of the
+system actually has to do it ball what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually has to do it ball what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually has to do it ball what
+you can see of the system so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see of the system so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see of the system so there are
+four dances and their constraints these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dances and their constraints these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dances and their constraints these
+are both words that are introduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both words that are introduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both words that are introduced in
+that reading I think affordances is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading I think affordances is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading I think affordances is
+introduced in is real or anything what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in is real or anything what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in is real or anything what's
+it what's an example of an affordance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can sit on a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sit on a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sit on a chair
+why what about this thing tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what about this thing tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what about this thing tells you that
+you can sit on it yeah it's got a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sit on it yeah it's got a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sit on it yeah it's got a nice
+little butt shaped thing here right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little butt shaped thing here right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little butt shaped thing here right no
+it's not made us fights it's got at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not made us fights it's got at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not made us fights it's got at
+least three legs you know which me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three legs you know which me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three legs you know which me and
+an evenly distributed which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evenly distributed which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evenly distributed which means that
+you know it's not gonna tip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's a little bit of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a little bit of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a little bit of sort of
+cultural familiarity with other chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural familiarity with other chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural familiarity with other chairs
+that you that we've seen a handle on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that we've seen a handle on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that we've seen a handle on a
+door oh okay that's what does a handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door oh okay that's what does a handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door oh okay that's what does a handle
+on door allow you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of hand shaped it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hand shaped it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hand shaped it's kind of
+like the one that looks kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that looks kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that looks kind of like a
+u-shaped tube like that yeah so yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-shaped tube like that yeah so yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-shaped tube like that yeah so yeah you
+know it's kind of like the right shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's kind of like the right shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's kind of like the right shape
+if this you know if one of those door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this you know if one of those door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this you know if one of those door
+handles were something like the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handles were something like the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handles were something like the size of
+of a supporting column you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a supporting column you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a supporting column you wouldn't
+necessarily hint that you have to grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily hint that you have to grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily hint that you have to grab
+it right yeah like fingers because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right yeah like fingers because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right yeah like fingers because it's
+not finger shaped yeah yeah although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not finger shaped yeah yeah although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not finger shaped yeah yeah although it
+has a kind of weird happy face on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kind of weird happy face on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kind of weird happy face on it so
+you know which I always thought was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which I always thought was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which I always thought was a
+little bit strange about that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit strange about that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit strange about that might have
+been designed to actually that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been designed to actually that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been designed to actually that might
+have been something is that you this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been something is that you this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been something is that you this one
+kill you really so you should put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you really so you should put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you really so you should put it in
+your home I want to find out more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home I want to find out more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home I want to find out more about
+the history of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh with the ground intimate on top so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh with the ground intimate on top so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh with the ground intimate on top so
+it's bad design it's bad it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad design it's bad it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad design it's bad it's like
+because you want to put it on your wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to put it on your wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to put it on your wall
+in a way that it smiles at you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that it smiles at you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that it smiles at you all the
+time but what is the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but what is the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but what is the other way around
+there actually is a more stable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually is a more stable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually is a more stable it's
+actually like a more British plugs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like a more British plugs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like a more British plugs I
+actually have the pin usually on top in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the yeah yeah the two round circles yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah yeah the two round circles yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah yeah the two round circles yeah
+well I think you think of European think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think you think of European think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think you think of European think
+pins which are round or inside your flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins which are round or inside your flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins which are round or inside your flat
+but they're like twice the width of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're like twice the width of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're like twice the width of this
+thing you could stick your finger in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could stick your finger in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could stick your finger in a
+British band which means they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British band which means they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British band which means they have to
+like design all kinds of protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like design all kinds of protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like design all kinds of protection
+mechanisms plastic springs and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms plastic springs and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms plastic springs and things
+like that just to be able to prevent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that just to be able to prevent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that just to be able to prevent you
+for sticking your finger in it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sticking your finger in it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sticking your finger in it in that
+sense the Edison plugs are actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the Edison plugs are actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the Edison plugs are actually kind
+of nice because the only the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice because the only the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice because the only the biggest
+hole in there is at least little hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in there is at least little hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in there is at least little hole in
+there it's the one that doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's the one that doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's the one that doesn't have any
+current running through it so so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current running through it so so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current running through it so so an
+affordance is something which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordance is something which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordance is something which sort of
+suggests this is how you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests this is how you can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests this is how you can use it
+right you know something that is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know something that is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know something that is kind
+that you can get your hand around such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get your hand around such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get your hand around such
+as you could grab it something with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you could grab it something with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you could grab it something with you
+know a movable hinge and suggest that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a movable hinge and suggest that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a movable hinge and suggest that's
+the direction and you move it in though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction and you move it in though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction and you move it in though
+they talk about materials like wood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about materials like wood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about materials like wood and
+glass right glasses for looking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass right glasses for looking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass right glasses for looking through
+the glasses for smashing wood is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glasses for smashing wood is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glasses for smashing wood is for
+holding things together and what is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding things together and what is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding things together and what is you
+know possibly for writing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know possibly for writing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know possibly for writing you know
+because it's porous material is paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's porous material is paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's porous material is paint
+very easily that sort of thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily that sort of thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily that sort of thing and then
+and in games you know let me just bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in games you know let me just bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in games you know let me just bring
+on example this that's why I do identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on example this that's why I do identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on example this that's why I do identify
+the upon insert so how did you play pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upon insert so how did you play pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upon insert so how did you play pit
+before really view this is the box let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before really view this is the box let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before really view this is the box let's
+talk about well there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about well there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about well there's a couple of
+things in here there's a rule sheet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in here there's a rule sheet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in here there's a rule sheet I
+guess it affords reading but but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it affords reading but but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it affords reading but but not
+gonna talk about that it has this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually what do you do with this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's why that's okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's why that's okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's why that's okay all right so
+now that you've seen what this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've seen what this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've seen what this thing
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+what is what are the things that dis not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are the things that dis not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are the things that dis not
+not ignoring the rules of it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ignoring the rules of it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ignoring the rules of it completely
+if you had this in your game what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had this in your game what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had this in your game what is
+this thing good for getting attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing good for getting attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing good for getting attention
+yeah it's loud annoying people you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's loud annoying people you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's loud annoying people you could
+use it to annoy people it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to annoy people it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to annoy people it's like you
+know so you want block out what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you want block out what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you want block out what we're
+trying to say or something we just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say or something we just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say or something we just keep
+hitting it okay yeah so the completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it okay yeah so the completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it okay yeah so the completion
+of something the end of because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something the end of because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something the end of because it's
+very progressive right it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very progressive right it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very progressive right it's not just
+like a loud like an airhorn man you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a loud like an airhorn man you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a loud like an airhorn man you know
+this one actually has a very very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one actually has a very very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one actually has a very very sharp
+decay to sound what else what else about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay to sound what else what else about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay to sound what else what else about
+this it's shiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's shiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's shiny
+makes you want it you could pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you want it you could pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you want it you could pass it
+around this could be controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this could be controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this could be controlled by
+different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people
+it doesn't necessarily it's not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily it's not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily it's not like a
+huge thing for instance there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge thing for instance there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge thing for instance there's only one
+if you only had one so then that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only had one so then that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only had one so then that becomes
+even more desirable because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more desirable because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more desirable because it's the
+only something that might not be obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only something that might not be obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only something that might not be obvious
+it's kind of nicely on a flat surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of nicely on a flat surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of nicely on a flat surface
+but it's not like rubberized on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not like rubberized on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not like rubberized on anything
+at that so if you if you put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so if you if you put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so if you if you put it on
+inclined surface or something I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined surface or something I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined surface or something I did it
+it works like that's not sliding so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works like that's not sliding so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works like that's not sliding so this
+implies that's gonna sit on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that's gonna sit on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that's gonna sit on the table
+somewhere it also comes with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it also comes with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it also comes with a bunch of
+carts ooh whoa what happened to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carts ooh whoa what happened to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carts ooh whoa what happened to these
+cards good lord okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards good lord okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards good lord okay
+no the paint could go to rubbed out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the paint could go to rubbed out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the paint could go to rubbed out for
+something in that so you know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that so you know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that so you know don't
+worry too much about you know the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about you know the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about you know the text
+and the graphics but you know just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the graphics but you know just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the graphics but you know just look
+at a car what what the cards allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a car what what the cards allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a car what what the cards allow you
+to to do what are the affordances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do what are the affordances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do what are the affordances of
+Curt hold a couple of them in your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curt hold a couple of them in your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curt hold a couple of them in your hands
+at once okay yeah that's a site that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once okay yeah that's a site that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once okay yeah that's a site that you
+can put knowing no useful information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put knowing no useful information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put knowing no useful information on
+right you know besides the brand of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know besides the brand of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know besides the brand of the
+game sure but all identical so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game sure but all identical so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game sure but all identical so you don't
+know what if what what is now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if what what is now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if what what is now you can
+hold a lot of them in your hand at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what else what else about this yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else what else about this yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else what else about this yeah the
+way how they've been designed makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how they've been designed makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how they've been designed makes it
+sort of possible for you do pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of possible for you do pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of possible for you do pattern
+recognition something which they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition something which they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition something which they didn't
+do is use different colors which book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is use different colors which book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is use different colors which book
+might make it even easier or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make it even easier or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make it even easier or at least
+for people who are not colorblind but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are not colorblind but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are not colorblind but uh
+but but they've sort of arranged similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they've sort of arranged similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they've sort of arranged similar
+elements in the same place and he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the same place and he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the same place and he didn't
+use colors to sort of denoted numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use colors to sort of denoted numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use colors to sort of denoted numbers
+what what else about these words I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else about these words I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else about these words I just
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+yeah I can get that to you and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can get that to you and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can get that to you and in fact
+pip does that it's one of those games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pip does that it's one of those games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pip does that it's one of those games
+where exchange is a real-time thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where exchange is a real-time thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where exchange is a real-time thing
+we'll probably play lead later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll probably play lead later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll probably play lead later in the
+semester because that's what light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester because that's what light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester because that's what light
+that's all oh yeah you can have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all oh yeah you can have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all oh yeah you can have this
+sort of randomizing thing where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of randomizing thing where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of randomizing thing where you just
+have a whole stack sitting on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole stack sitting on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole stack sitting on the table
+and then you don't know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you don't know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you don't know what you're
+gonna get in just grab one amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get in just grab one amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get in just grab one amazingly
+it's actually pretty easy to just grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty easy to just grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty easy to just grab
+one as opposed to like five at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of this because of shuffling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this because of shuffling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this because of shuffling
+yeah or 52-card pick up it's a it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or 52-card pick up it's a it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or 52-card pick up it's a it fits
+it fits in a hand it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits in a hand it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits in a hand it's a little bit
+smaller than it needs to be in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it needs to be in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it needs to be in order for
+you to hold it comfortably like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to hold it comfortably like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to hold it comfortably like that but
+it's what these popular cards are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what these popular cards are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what these popular cards are very
+very good size for shuffling you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good size for shuffling you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good size for shuffling you can put
+them on things like tables yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on things like tables yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on things like tables yeah you know
+you can deal them and you can flip them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal them and you can flip them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal them and you can flip them
+upwards and downwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards and downwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards and downwards
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that they're really terrible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that they're really terrible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that they're really terrible for
+building things out of it's possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building things out of it's possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building things out of it's possible but
+really hard right to make something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard right to make something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard right to make something to
+make a card stand up so really it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a card stand up so really it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a card stand up so really it makes
+it really obvious that it's either this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really obvious that it's either this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really obvious that it's either this
+all this you know other orientations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this you know other orientations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this you know other orientations
+other than than the face up or face down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than than the face up or face down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than than the face up or face down
+aren't really considered not really part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really considered not really part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really considered not really part
+the game the top the the patented yeah i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game the top the the patented yeah i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game the top the the patented yeah i
+all conversely a square card could allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all conversely a square card could allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all conversely a square card could allow
+a false full rotation in an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false full rotation in an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false full rotation in an interaction
+the rotation will get that actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation will get that actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation will get that actually in
+the next one where you can just rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one where you can just rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one where you can just rotate
+things around this is supposed to last a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around this is supposed to last a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around this is supposed to last a
+little bit of time you know multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time you know multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time you know multiple
+play sessions at least so yeah bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play sessions at least so yeah bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play sessions at least so yeah bunch of
+things that cuts do or already that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that cuts do or already that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that cuts do or already that
+you've identified which are all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've identified which are all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've identified which are all very
+accurate and as that's a lot carts do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and as that's a lot carts do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and as that's a lot carts do a
+lot and when you're deciding the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and when you're deciding the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and when you're deciding the game
+and to think about whether cuz the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about whether cuz the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about whether cuz the right
+thing for your choice for for your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for your choice for for your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for your choice for for your your
+game and you've just gone through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you've just gone through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you've just gone through a
+pretty deep analysis about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty deep analysis about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty deep analysis about what this
+thing does that might make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does that might make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does that might make it
+appropriate something like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate something like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate something like that that
+might be a little subtle around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little subtle around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little subtle around the
+corners actually make it much easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners actually make it much easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners actually make it much easier for
+you to to do things like this if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to do things like this if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to do things like this if it
+wasn't for the rounded corners is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't for the rounded corners is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't for the rounded corners is
+actually pretty uncomfortable to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty uncomfortable to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty uncomfortable to do a
+fan it's not not like you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan it's not not like you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan it's not not like you couldn't
+totally cool the stationary stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally cool the stationary stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally cool the stationary stores
+actually do several punches coronal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do several punches coronal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do several punches coronal
+corner punches around off your cards it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner punches around off your cards it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner punches around off your cards it
+is not something that I would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not something that I would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not something that I would actually
+recommend that you do during prototyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that you do during prototyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that you do during prototyping
+because it takes to that much time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes to that much time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes to that much time but
+if you were to design a game for home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to design a game for home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to design a game for home
+for your family or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your family or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your family or something like that
+and you want to make it a pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make it a pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make it a pleasant
+experience you might just want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you might just want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you might just want to spend
+you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two
+knocks on a corner punch and just punch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks on a corner punch and just punch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks on a corner punch and just punch
+the corners out it's really really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners out it's really really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners out it's really really hard
+to do it consistently when you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it consistently when you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it consistently when you're using
+your hands by the way so it could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands by the way so it could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands by the way so it could take
+away the whole information hiding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the whole information hiding things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the whole information hiding things
+cause you know oh the one that was badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you know oh the one that was badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you know oh the one that was badly
+punched - that's the Joker let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what else I talked about so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what else I talked about so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what else I talked about so so
+mapping so back to our the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping so back to our the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping so back to our the idea of
+mapping you've got your intent here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping you've got your intent here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping you've got your intent here's
+something that you want to do as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to do as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to do as a
+player maybe hide information from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player maybe hide information from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player maybe hide information from other
+people and then there's the affordances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then there's the affordances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then there's the affordances
+of the system well if I wanted to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system well if I wanted to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system well if I wanted to hide
+my cards from you then I will hold my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cards from you then I will hold my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cards from you then I will hold my
+cards in a way that oh where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards in a way that oh where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards in a way that oh where you could
+only see the site that doesn't reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only see the site that doesn't reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only see the site that doesn't reveal
+any useful it in information so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any useful it in information so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any useful it in information so that's
+you know that's that's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's a very very
+direct clear what he calls natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct clear what he calls natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct clear what he calls natural
+mapping although I'm not quite sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping although I'm not quite sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping although I'm not quite sure that
+phrase is very easy use in practice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase is very easy use in practice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase is very easy use in practice but
+it gets a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets a little bit more complicated
+when you actually look at the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at the system
+that the game is trying to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the game is trying to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the game is trying to reproduce
+right you know so far I know I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know so far I know I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know so far I know I've just
+been talking about the cards haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the cards haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the cards haven't
+been talking about what the rules of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about what the rules of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about what the rules of the
+game are how many do you think are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are how many do you think are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are how many do you think are to
+something okay couple of people well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay couple of people well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay couple of people well we
+should be able to get a chance to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get a chance to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get a chance to play
+this later to semester I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later to semester I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later to semester I'm pretty sure
+it's already it is syllabus so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already it is syllabus so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already it is syllabus so there's a
+couple of things in this game there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things in this game there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things in this game there is
+this this board there's a back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this board there's a back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this board there's a back of the
+board which is not colored and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board which is not colored and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board which is not colored and it has a
+design on it okay we can just pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on it okay we can just pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on it okay we can just pass this
+one around it's got a little playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one around it's got a little playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one around it's got a little playing
+pieces that referred to as meeples by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that referred to as meeples by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that referred to as meeples by
+the by the hardcover ball game fan base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the hardcover ball game fan base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the hardcover ball game fan base
+I guess they look like little people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they look like little people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they look like little people
+actually that's you know that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's you know that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's you know that's probably
+enough in that for everyone to like grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in that for everyone to like grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in that for everyone to like grab
+one or two and then you can just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two and then you can just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two and then you can just take a
+look I want em all back but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops and a bunch of tiles that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops and a bunch of tiles that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops and a bunch of tiles that I will
+also sort of hand out I'll hand hop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of hand out I'll hand hop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of hand out I'll hand hop out
+to this table just take a look at it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this table just take a look at it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this table just take a look at it I
+had a piece of sand let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a piece of sand let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a piece of sand let's start with the
+tiles some of you have gotten just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles some of you have gotten just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles some of you have gotten just a
+meatball some of you have gotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meatball some of you have gotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meatball some of you have gotten the
+tiles what did the tile suggest just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles what did the tile suggest just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles what did the tile suggest just by
+looking at them hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at them hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at them hmm
+terrain all right something to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain all right something to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain all right something to do it
+land the various terrain features such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land the various terrain features such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land the various terrain features such
+as the yeah they sort of line up nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the yeah they sort of line up nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the yeah they sort of line up nicely
+when you put the tiles in a grid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put the tiles in a grid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put the tiles in a grid with
+other tiles right yeah that was a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tiles right yeah that was a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tiles right yeah that was a hand
+back in the back room yeah you could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the back room yeah you could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the back room yeah you could put
+the a square because I'd like a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a square because I'd like a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a square because I'd like a card
+which is taller than then then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is taller than then then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is taller than then then it is
+wide or wider than it is tall this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide or wider than it is tall this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide or wider than it is tall this one
+is the same like more that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same like more that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same like more that's the same
+size from all directions so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size from all directions so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size from all directions so the idea is
+that maybe you could freely just freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you could freely just freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you could freely just freely
+rotate these things they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate these things they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate these things they're all
+identical in the back and we and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in the back and we and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in the back and we and that
+tells us about these tiles something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about these tiles something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about these tiles something
+that we already know about hurts then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already know about hurts then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already know about hurts then
+you want to hide the information or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to hide the information or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to hide the information or or
+all you want to shuffle it yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you want to shuffle it yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you want to shuffle it yeah yeah
+this that the fact that you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the fact that you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the fact that you've got a
+hidden back gives you quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden back gives you quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden back gives you quite a lot of
+different possibilities this will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities this will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities this will the
+the this game in particular use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this game in particular use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this game in particular use it
+mostly because of this shuffling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because of this shuffling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because of this shuffling and
+just randomizing you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomizing you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomizing you don't know what
+tile you're going to draw so you so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile you're going to draw so you so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile you're going to draw so you so for
+those people who haven't played this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who haven't played this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who haven't played this
+game and you're looking at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you're looking at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you're looking at all these
+tiles what do you think you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles what do you think you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles what do you think you do with
+these tiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+congratulations that caucus art do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations that caucus art do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations that caucus art do
+figure out the game that's you you match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the game that's you you match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the game that's you you match
+things you make big things you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you make big things you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you make big things you put
+people on them you know that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on them you know that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on them you know that's that's
+that track that's going around the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that track that's going around the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that track that's going around the the
+the port that's going around and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port that's going around and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port that's going around and that
+one is probably a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is probably a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is probably a little bit less
+insightful for this particular lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful for this particular lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful for this particular lecture
+that's anyone wanna guess what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's anyone wanna guess what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's anyone wanna guess what that is
+someone who hasn't played any you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who hasn't played any you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who hasn't played any you um
+thinking this is it it keeps going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this is it it keeps going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this is it it keeps going on
+and on it's a combination of all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on it's a combination of all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on it's a combination of all three
+it is a scoreboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a scoreboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a scoreboard
+if you loop around I think it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you loop around I think it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you loop around I think it means that
+you've got it a hundred points or 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it a hundred points or 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it a hundred points or 50
+points subkey sorry sorry so so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points subkey sorry sorry so so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points subkey sorry sorry so so you just
+add 50 to your score every time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 50 to your score every time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 50 to your score every time that you
+go around and what fits are those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around and what fits are those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around and what fits are those things
+well would you place on that board the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would you place on that board the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would you place on that board the
+meatballs you place the meatballs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meatballs you place the meatballs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meatballs you place the meatballs you
+place the meatballs on the tiles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the meatballs on the tiles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the meatballs on the tiles you
+place the meatballs on on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the meatballs on on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the meatballs on on the board
+you wouldn't place it you wouldn't place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't place it you wouldn't place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't place it you wouldn't place
+a tile on that board because this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tile on that board because this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tile on that board because this you
+know that's know like exes they're so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's know like exes they're so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's know like exes they're so so
+you you've already got a mapping off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've already got a mapping off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've already got a mapping off you
+know probably what sort of intense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably what sort of intense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably what sort of intense that
+you've got you know let's make some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know let's make some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know let's make some big
+things and put our people on them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and put our people on them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and put our people on them and
+the affordances of what you can do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affordances of what you can do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affordances of what you can do if
+these finals that suggested that to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finals that suggested that to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finals that suggested that to you
+this is a game about making large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game about making large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game about making large
+patches of similar things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches of similar things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches of similar things and then
+putting people on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh my notes are over here I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my notes are over here I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my notes are over here I'm sorry I
+keep being close to my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep being close to my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep being close to my family
+photographs so um listen that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs so um listen that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs so um listen that's that's a
+whole bunch of ways that you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of ways that you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of ways that you can sort of
+help people with these sorts of mappings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people with these sorts of mappings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people with these sorts of mappings
+we've been talking a lot of salts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking a lot of salts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking a lot of salts about
+visual and physical I guess a Donald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and physical I guess a Donald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and physical I guess a Donald
+Norman will describe a lot of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman will describe a lot of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman will describe a lot of these as
+spatial metaphors he uses spatial mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial metaphors he uses spatial mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial metaphors he uses spatial mostly
+to describe things like driving in a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe things like driving in a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe things like driving in a car
+and then you turn the wheel to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you turn the wheel to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you turn the wheel to the left
+especially you turn the top of the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you turn the top of the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you turn the top of the wheel
+to the left in your car you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left in your car you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left in your car you know it's
+that it's directed to turn left that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's directed to turn left that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's directed to turn left that
+sort of thing there are sort of bodily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing there are sort of bodily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing there are sort of bodily
+metaphors as well you know things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors as well you know things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors as well you know things that
+are high or you know either supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high or you know either supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high or you know either supposed to
+be good and happy things that are low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good and happy things that are low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good and happy things that are low
+when you know when you're feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know when you're feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know when you're feeling
+depressed and you know and and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed and you know and and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed and you know and and you can't
+pick yourself up the ground makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick yourself up the ground makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick yourself up the ground makes you
+know is sad or bad a lot of these met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is sad or bad a lot of these met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is sad or bad a lot of these met
+metaphors are actually kind of arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors are actually kind of arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors are actually kind of arbitrary
+so that a lot of us have learned them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a lot of us have learned them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a lot of us have learned them to
+sort of culture and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of culture and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of culture and sort of
+socialization and in a world but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization and in a world but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization and in a world but that
+means that these might be things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that these might be things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that these might be things that
+you can that you can play off and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that you can play off and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that you can play off and we'll
+go into a little bit more detail I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a little bit more detail I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a little bit more detail I'll
+give it a couple of more examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a couple of more examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a couple of more examples in
+about two weeks when we revisit the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two weeks when we revisit the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two weeks when we revisit the idea
+of user design he talks about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user design he talks about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user design he talks about things
+like single control single function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like single control single function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like single control single function
+where if you've got something that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you've got something that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you've got something that does
+something you might not want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might not want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might not want to make it
+do yet another thing on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yet another thing on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yet another thing on top of it
+because that starts to get really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that starts to get really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that starts to get really really
+confusing the meatballs for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the meatballs for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the meatballs for instance
+yeah you place them on the map but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you place them on the map but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you place them on the map but you
+also place them along scoreboard I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also place them along scoreboard I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also place them along scoreboard I think
+it I personally think this this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I personally think this this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I personally think this this game
+will be a little bit easier to learn if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little bit easier to learn if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little bit easier to learn if
+they just gave you a different piece for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just gave you a different piece for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just gave you a different piece for
+the scoreboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scoreboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scoreboard
+that wasn't the meatball the same colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't the meatball the same colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't the meatball the same colors
+just a slightly different piece because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a slightly different piece because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a slightly different piece because
+pieces never moved from the scoreboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces never moved from the scoreboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces never moved from the scoreboard
+to the tiles or back the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tiles or back the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tiles or back the other thing
+that that that I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that I want to talk about
+though what do these tiles let you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though what do these tiles let you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though what do these tiles let you not
+not let you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the kind of dip that you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the kind of dip that you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the kind of dip that you do that
+but was it easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was it easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was it easy
+no okay they're also I'm not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay they're also I'm not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay they're also I'm not very good
+building but about to do just like cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but about to do just like cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but about to do just like cards
+art holding a whole bunch of name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art holding a whole bunch of name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art holding a whole bunch of name is
+hard that they're really thick and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that they're really thick and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that they're really thick and you
+saw the difficulty I had just tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the difficulty I had just tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the difficulty I had just tried to
+pull a half of them out of the box you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a half of them out of the box you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a half of them out of the box you
+know they were they were unwieldy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they were they were unwieldy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they were they were unwieldy
+shufflings kind of tough you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shufflings kind of tough you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shufflings kind of tough you know you
+can set up like alright yeah maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up like alright yeah maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up like alright yeah maybe I'll
+do this once a game if you had them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this once a game if you had them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this once a game if you had them in a
+bag yeah oh a bag is is its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag yeah oh a bag is is its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag yeah oh a bag is is its own
+affordance right now it had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordance right now it had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordance right now it had in the
+fourth is all I'm sort of like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth is all I'm sort of like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth is all I'm sort of like make
+second Scrabble for instance tiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Scrabble for instance tiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Scrabble for instance tiles and
+Scrabble worked really really well in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble worked really really well in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble worked really really well in a
+bag so you wanted to randomize things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so you wanted to randomize things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so you wanted to randomize things
+yeah you could totally just stick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could totally just stick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could totally just stick the
+ball back hiding thing and just put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball back hiding thing and just put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball back hiding thing and just put them
+all into a bag and then just pull one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all into a bag and then just pull one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all into a bag and then just pull one
+out of random so these are constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of random so these are constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of random so these are constraints
+they're not really supposed to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really supposed to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really supposed to have more
+than one file at a time in Carcassonne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one file at a time in Carcassonne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one file at a time in Carcassonne
+yeah yeah you know supposed to draw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you know supposed to draw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you know supposed to draw one
+figure out where it goes put it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it goes put it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it goes put it down
+then yeah not supposed to ever hang on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah not supposed to ever hang on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah not supposed to ever hang on
+to two so it's okay that this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two so it's okay that this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two so it's okay that this that the
+tiles are designed in such a way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles are designed in such a way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles are designed in such a way that it
+makes it kind of hard for you go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it kind of hard for you go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it kind of hard for you go along
+to do for the cards for instance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for the cards for instance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for the cards for instance you
+know you're not really supposed to stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're not really supposed to stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're not really supposed to stack
+them they are not very useful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they are not very useful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they are not very useful to you
+when you've got them facedown because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've got them facedown because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've got them facedown because
+you have really seeding information if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have really seeding information if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have really seeding information if
+you have a small number of cards like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a small number of cards like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a small number of cards like in
+poker or something like that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker or something like that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker or something like that maybe you
+could remember what you had facedown but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remember what you had facedown but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remember what you had facedown but
+but if it's a large number of cars like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a large number of cars like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a large number of cars like
+in pit you really want them hope face up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pit you really want them hope face up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pit you really want them hope face up
+facing you so the idea of it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing you so the idea of it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing you so the idea of it you don't
+really ever put that face down I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ever put that face down I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ever put that face down I think
+that might be a rule about placing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a rule about placing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a rule about placing that
+facedown right at the end of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facedown right at the end of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facedown right at the end of the game
+but but you don't actually know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you don't actually know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you don't actually know no
+that's not even true you don't ever have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not even true you don't ever have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not even true you don't ever have
+to face down face down when does when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face down face down when does when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face down face down when does when
+they face down they're not interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they face down they're not interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they face down they're not interesting
+to you you should have had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you should have had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you should have had an
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+so these are constraints these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are constraints these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are constraints these are
+things this is another way that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is another way that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is another way that that the
+visibility of system can help you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of system can help you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of system can help you with
+those mappings just like you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mappings just like you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mappings just like you're looking
+at the system and and the pieces that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the system and and the pieces that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the system and and the pieces that is
+giving you and you're thinking what cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you and you're thinking what cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you and you're thinking what cut
+I do with these things and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do with these things and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do with these things and that's
+probably not what the game wants you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not what the game wants you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not what the game wants you to
+do with these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these things
+if the game's design about the games can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the game's design about the games can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the game's design about the games can
+be designed poorly that's the caveat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be designed poorly that's the caveat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be designed poorly that's the caveat you
+know everything that I'm doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything that I'm doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything that I'm doing in the
+qualitative subjective statement and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative subjective statement and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative subjective statement and and
+that goes back to to something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back to to something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back to to something that was
+brought up earlier about mental models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up earlier about mental models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up earlier about mental models
+right you've got this as you play around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got this as you play around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got this as you play around
+with these pieces of course when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these pieces of course when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these pieces of course when you
+read the rule then you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the rule then you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the rule then you see the
+illustrations maybe when you read at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations maybe when you read at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations maybe when you read at the
+back of the box I will suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the box I will suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the box I will suggest that
+usually you start you start trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you start you start trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you start you start trying to
+figure out what a game is when you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what a game is when you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what a game is when you like
+pick it off the off the shelf and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it off the off the shelf and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it off the off the shelf and you
+start looking at it and it says hey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at it and it says hey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at it and it says hey this
+is a game that I want to play it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a game that I want to play it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a game that I want to play it says
+deluxe pit over 100 years of 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deluxe pit over 100 years of 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deluxe pit over 100 years of 100 years
+of working fine she's one of the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working fine she's one of the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working fine she's one of the years
+fun since 1904 so this is probably not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun since 1904 so this is probably not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun since 1904 so this is probably not a
+science fiction game right actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction game right actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction game right actually for
+people who haven't played this game what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who haven't played this game what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who haven't played this game what
+do you think those games about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think those games about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think those games about
+I don't even talked about there's a boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even talked about there's a boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even talked about there's a boy
+now it's the title of the game suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's the title of the game suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's the title of the game suggests
+things is it it's it it is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is it it's it it is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is it it's it it is in fact a
+commodities training game on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities training game on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities training game on the side
+this has cornered the market yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has cornered the market yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has cornered the market yeah
+doesn't matter I wondering whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter I wondering whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter I wondering whether they
+included the Bell and over a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the Bell and over a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the Bell and over a hundred
+years of card game fun intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of card game fun intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of card game fun intentionally
+deserves like this is bad this dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves like this is bad this dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves like this is bad this dates
+back to a time when stock markets will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a time when stock markets will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a time when stock markets will
+run with bells I guess they still saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with bells I guess they still saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with bells I guess they still saw
+our but a sort of our but mostly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our but a sort of our but mostly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our but a sort of our but mostly just
+random computers nowadays I'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random computers nowadays I'd love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random computers nowadays I'd love to
+see picked on I'm on some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see picked on I'm on some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see picked on I'm on some sort of
+updated 21st century thing so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated 21st century thing so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated 21st century thing so there are
+of course you know that's text at a bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know that's text at a bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know that's text at a bag
+that tells you not only what the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you not only what the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you not only what the theme
+of this game is we should shout your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this game is we should shout your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this game is we should shout your
+deal and trade your cards to corner the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and trade your cards to corner the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and trade your cards to corner the
+market etc and then also says family age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market etc and then also says family age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market etc and then also says family age
+seven plus thirty minutes three three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus thirty minutes three three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus thirty minutes three three to
+eight players you know just the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight players you know just the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight players you know just the sort of
+towel to give you a better idea and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel to give you a better idea and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel to give you a better idea and when
+you look at this thing immediately sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this thing immediately sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this thing immediately sort
+of forming a mental model of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming a mental model of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming a mental model of how
+this game played you know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game played you know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game played you know that you're
+supposed to collect cards because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to collect cards because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to collect cards because they
+show you how my dough cards you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how my dough cards you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how my dough cards you know
+it's almost slam a bell at some point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost slam a bell at some point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost slam a bell at some point of
+time and then you're just reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then you're just reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then you're just reading the
+rules alright so when do I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules alright so when do I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules alright so when do I do this
+pretty easy let's see I mean and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy let's see I mean and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy let's see I mean and when it
+comes to to Carcassonne there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to to Carcassonne there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to to Carcassonne there is
+actually a deep deep problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a deep deep problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a deep deep problem with this
+game despite how popular it is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game despite how popular it is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game despite how popular it is and that
+scoring is actually pretty difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring is actually pretty difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring is actually pretty difficult to
+do it's a math intensive problem it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's a math intensive problem it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's a math intensive problem it does
+largely map on to how many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely map on to how many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely map on to how many of the
+meeples that you have of your own color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeples that you have of your own color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeples that you have of your own color
+on large patches of things but how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on large patches of things but how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on large patches of things but how much
+those things are worth those patches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are worth those patches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are worth those patches of
+things that words require a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that words require a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that words require a lot of
+counter a lot of counting and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter a lot of counting and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter a lot of counting and that's why
+you need a scoring track so so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a scoring track so so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a scoring track so so that that
+that is a big problem with that game on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a big problem with that game on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a big problem with that game on
+on how that mapping works it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how that mapping works it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how that mapping works it doesn't
+really give you a good idea conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give you a good idea conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give you a good idea conceptual
+model of how much something is worth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of how much something is worth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of how much something is worth but
+you've got a large patch of thing you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a large patch of thing you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a large patch of thing you've
+got your dude somewhere it then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your dude somewhere it then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your dude somewhere it then there
+you get you you can at least make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you you can at least make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you you can at least make the
+mapping that that's worth something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that that's worth something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that that's worth something and
+and then that's you know the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's you know the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's you know the feedback
+that your back that you get back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your back that you get back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your back that you get back from
+from from from games when is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from games when is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from games when is you know
+pit that's the feedback that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pit that's the feedback that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pit that's the feedback that you get
+when you hit the bell right is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hit the bell right is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hit the bell right is a huge
+date in the sound that's a feedback that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date in the sound that's a feedback that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date in the sound that's a feedback that
+you get when you try to fit a piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you try to fit a piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you try to fit a piece that
+doesn't fit into something else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit into something else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit into something else and
+that's a couple of poor games where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a couple of poor games where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a couple of poor games where you
+have to like put pieces together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like put pieces together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like put pieces together and
+that gives you an idea of maybe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea of maybe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea of maybe those
+two pieces don't go together what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces don't go together what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces don't go together what other
+things would fall in the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would fall in the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would fall in the realm of
+feedback when it comes to like board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback when it comes to like board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback when it comes to like board
+games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm I mean you you mean like a board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm I mean you you mean like a board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm I mean you you mean like a board
+track okay all right yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track okay all right yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track okay all right yeah that's
+actually there are games where the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there are games where the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there are games where the only
+legitimate places that you can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate places that you can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate places that you can that
+where your pieces can be is literally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your pieces can be is literally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your pieces can be is literally on
+the pieces that he provided you so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces that he provided you so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces that he provided you so as
+you fall out of it you are no longer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall out of it you are no longer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall out of it you are no longer you
+know that that's not a legal place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's not a legal place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's not a legal place for
+you to place your yeah so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to place your yeah so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to place your yeah so like
+quantity of sim is a similarly colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's that's that's again direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's that's again direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's that's again direct
+visual metaphor and of course in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual metaphor and of course in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual metaphor and of course in that
+game you earn points by having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you earn points by having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you earn points by having the
+longest road to sort of emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest road to sort of emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest road to sort of emphasize this
+is a good thing even though it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing even though it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing even though it's already
+a good thing to have anything what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other players can give you feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players can give you feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players can give you feedback
+right you know if people remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know if people remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know if people remember
+playing code seven seven last last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing code seven seven last last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing code seven seven last last week
+that's information that other players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's information that other players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's information that other players
+can provide you but you that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide you but you that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide you but you that you need
+but other players have to provide you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other players have to provide you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other players have to provide you so
+what are the games can you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the games can you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the games can you think of
+where other players are your primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other players are your primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other players are your primary
+feedback mechanism of whether you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback mechanism of whether you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback mechanism of whether you've
+you've done a move that's okay or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done a move that's okay or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done a move that's okay or not
+well there's the only feedback you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the only feedback you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the only feedback you get
+yeah okay okay okay yeah therefore for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay okay okay yeah therefore for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay okay okay yeah therefore for a
+certain kind of that you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone falls it's like wait what was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone falls it's like wait what was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone falls it's like wait what was a
+bad idea right okay that was that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea right okay that was that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea right okay that was that that
+that gives you some some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you some some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you some some sort of
+feedback for very specific kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback for very specific kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback for very specific kind of thing
+oh yeah you stick a card with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah you stick a card with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah you stick a card with something
+written on it mm-hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on it mm-hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on it mm-hm
+yeah again it's like code seven seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again it's like code seven seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again it's like code seven seven
+everything that you know about the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you know about the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you know about the thing
+that you were trying to guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were trying to guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were trying to guess is
+something to only other people can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and both both like useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and both both like useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and both both like useful and
+possibly completion feedback right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly completion feedback right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly completion feedback right so
+yeah all the information you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the information you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the information you're getting
+in the game is through other people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game is through other people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game is through other people it
+mafia now oh sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mafia now oh sure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mafia now oh sure yeah
+there's again the hidden is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's again the hidden is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's again the hidden is that's
+information that's hidden from you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's hidden from you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's hidden from you but
+it's completely available to output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely available to output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely available to output and
+and vice versa and Jurgen had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and Jurgen had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and Jurgen had better
+mechanism to tell you that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to tell you that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to tell you that there is a
+computer fellowship it's not as fun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charades and pictionary you know usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charades and pictionary you know usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charades and pictionary you know usually
+your teammates are the ones who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teammates are the ones who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teammates are the ones who are
+guessing so I wouldn't necessarily call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing so I wouldn't necessarily call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing so I wouldn't necessarily call
+that feedback because you it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedback because you it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedback because you it might be
+good feedback on whether your clues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feedback on whether your clues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feedback on whether your clues are
+getting across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting across
+- your your teammate but your opponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- your your teammate but your opponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- your your teammate but your opponents
+are also usually some sort of impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also usually some sort of impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also usually some sort of impact
+like I said that keeping time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said that keeping time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said that keeping time you know
+that they're keeping an eye out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're keeping an eye out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're keeping an eye out for
+listing for illegal things like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing for illegal things like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing for illegal things like if you
+said something during pictionary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something during pictionary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something during pictionary you
+know I think if they hear you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think if they hear you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think if they hear you say
+something you can do that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do that there are a
+few more hands so so you know just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more hands so so you know just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more hands so so you know just just
+always remember that you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that you can sort of
+employ other players into your feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ other players into your feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ other players into your feedback
+mechanism it doesn't always have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism it doesn't always have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism it doesn't always have to be
+your game although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the information either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I think it's like something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think it's like something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think it's like something like
+four or five detectives chasing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five detectives chasing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five detectives chasing one
+fugitive going through London's mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive going through London's mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive going through London's mass
+transit system basically buses cabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit system basically buses cabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit system basically buses cabs
+underground yeah and and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground yeah and and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground yeah and and and you know
+the person who's running knows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's running knows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's running knows where
+they're going and given time the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going and given time the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going and given time the the the
+detectives are sort of working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectives are sort of working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectives are sort of working on
+partial information they try to corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial information they try to corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial information they try to corner
+and sort of close this dragnet so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of close this dragnet so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of close this dragnet so I
+think that song on the list do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that song on the list do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that song on the list do you
+remember if that wasn't a therapist it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if that wasn't a therapist it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if that wasn't a therapist it
+used to be it's called a New York okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be it's called a New York okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be it's called a New York okay
+yeah so so so we might get a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so so we might get a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so so we might get a chance to
+play that but but that's that also kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that but but that's that also kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that but but that's that also kind
+of falls in sort of mastermind category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of falls in sort of mastermind category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of falls in sort of mastermind category
+of games where it's like here's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games where it's like here's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games where it's like here's as
+person has all the information only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has all the information only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has all the information only that
+plus is changing the information as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is changing the information as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is changing the information as the
+game goes on that's the big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game goes on that's the big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game goes on that's the big difference
+it's okay me maybe we'll bring it in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay me maybe we'll bring it in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay me maybe we'll bring it in it
+is business so one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is business so one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is business so one of the things that
+Donald Norman ends his very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Norman ends his very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Norman ends his very first
+chapter odd is that why is it so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter odd is that why is it so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter odd is that why is it so hard to
+you know he asked this question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he asked this question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he asked this question okay
+we've gone through this huge list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone through this huge list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone through this huge list of
+things in his book including things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in his book including things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in his book including things like
+light switches and well actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light switches and well actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light switches and well actually you
+know he hasn't talked about light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he hasn't talked about light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he hasn't talked about light
+switches yet he will talk about light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches yet he will talk about light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches yet he will talk about light
+switches oh my god he'll talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches oh my god he'll talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches oh my god he'll talk about you
+know he talked about cars he talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he talked about cars he talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he talked about cars he talked
+about doors talking about clocks and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doors talking about clocks and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doors talking about clocks and and
+and he asked this question why is it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he asked this question why is it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he asked this question why is it so
+hard to actually make something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to actually make something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to actually make something right
+anyone remember or anyone think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you sir they're communicating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sir they're communicating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sir they're communicating through
+the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object
+that's that is definitely true there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is definitely true there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is definitely true there is
+it is a second order problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a second order problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a second order problem you're
+designing something that then becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing something that then becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing something that then becomes
+this manifestation that somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manifestation that somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manifestation that somebody else
+uses and that's actually when all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses and that's actually when all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses and that's actually when all the
+problems occur market forces kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems occur market forces kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems occur market forces kind of
+push you to add things to additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you to add things to additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you to add things to additive
+design in order to distinguish yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in order to distinguish yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in order to distinguish yourself
+from the competition and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the competition and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the competition and that kind of
+naturally leads to complexity in yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally leads to complexity in yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally leads to complexity in yep so
+so and get back to it to iteration five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and get back to it to iteration five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and get back to it to iteration five
+or six times means five or six at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six times means five or six at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six times means five or six at times
+at the same problem right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same problem right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same problem right so so
+iteration is the reason why design sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is the reason why design sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is the reason why design sort
+of Lights start off as being very clunky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lights start off as being very clunky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lights start off as being very clunky
+but I can eventually becomes something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can eventually becomes something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can eventually becomes something
+that works well communicates well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works well communicates well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works well communicates well
+something that people can learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe even enjoy in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even enjoy in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even enjoy in the case of the
+games one thing that's funny about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games one thing that's funny about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games one thing that's funny about the
+book is that it talks a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is that it talks a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is that it talks a little bit about
+like the clock radio that could do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the clock radio that could do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the clock radio that could do like
+make phone calls and the use as a desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make phone calls and the use as a desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make phone calls and the use as a desk
+lamp and keep keep track of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp and keep keep track of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp and keep keep track of your
+appointments and you sell TV and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments and you sell TV and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments and you sell TV and I'm
+just thinking this isn't that this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking this isn't that this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking this isn't that this right
+exactly the same thing they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing they did
+describing and it's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and it's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and it's kind of interesting
+because he described a phone that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he described a phone that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he described a phone that can
+only be used of two buttons right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be used of two buttons right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be used of two buttons right you
+know like here's a button and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like here's a button and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like here's a button and then
+here's a huge button well you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a huge button well you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a huge button well you get to
+select things that was kind of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select things that was kind of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select things that was kind of exactly
+what he's talking about only I doubt he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's talking about only I doubt he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's talking about only I doubt he
+actually imagined that this was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually imagined that this was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually imagined that this was what
+this was something to be possible at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something to be possible at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something to be possible at a
+time when he wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he wrote it
+I was 98 it wasn't that long ago and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was 98 it wasn't that long ago and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was 98 it wasn't that long ago and you
+know cell phones obviously have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cell phones obviously have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cell phones obviously have gone
+through without criticism iPhone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through without criticism iPhone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through without criticism iPhone of
+course you know has a lot of criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know has a lot of criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know has a lot of criticism
+because you know it's people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's people are
+criticized it for being a lockdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized it for being a lockdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized it for being a lockdown
+system where you can't really do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you can't really do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you can't really do all
+that much certainly not as customizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much certainly not as customizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much certainly not as customizable
+as Android system it's expensive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Android system it's expensive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Android system it's expensive for
+what it does but then arguably by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does but then arguably by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does but then arguably by
+locking out a lot of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locking out a lot of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locking out a lot of things that you
+might want to do but maybe don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do but maybe don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do but maybe don't have to
+do they are trying to like make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they are trying to like make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they are trying to like make it
+easier for you not to do the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you not to do the wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you not to do the wrong thing
+so depending on you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on you know there are
+different ways to fall on this camp but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to fall on this camp but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to fall on this camp but
+you know it is it has been successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is it has been successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is it has been successful
+through a number of different reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a number of different reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a number of different reasons
+don't discount marketing as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't discount marketing as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't discount marketing as being
+something that so but what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that so but what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that so but what I want you to
+too to think about now is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to think about now is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to think about now is actually the
+process of prototyping actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of prototyping actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of prototyping actually you know
+what I'm not going to go right into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not going to go right into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not going to go right into
+prototype typing because that's prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype typing because that's prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype typing because that's prop
+that will probably make more sense once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will probably make more sense once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will probably make more sense once
+I've actually got a prototyping but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually got a prototyping but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually got a prototyping but but
+zeroes out what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroes out what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroes out what I'm going to do is I'm
+gonna give it everyone a five-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give it everyone a five-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give it everyone a five-minute
+break we're actually gonna come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break we're actually gonna come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break we're actually gonna come back and
+play some of last year's games because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some of last year's games because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some of last year's games because I
+think there's enough time for it now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's enough time for it now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's enough time for it now for
+about corporate hour and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about corporate hour and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about corporate hour and then the last
+hour of class what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of class what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of class what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to go into brainstorming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go into brainstorming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go into brainstorming so
+that you can start forming your team's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can start forming your team's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can start forming your team's
+thinking about what kind of game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what kind of game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what kind of game that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+prototyping might be something we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping might be something we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping might be something we'll
+leave after Wednesday so that they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave after Wednesday so that they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave after Wednesday so that they'll be
+they'll be a little bit more time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be a little bit more time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be a little bit more time for
+you to work in your teams so I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to work in your teams so I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to work in your teams so I like to
+get all the Carcassonne bits packed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the Carcassonne bits packed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the Carcassonne bits packed so
+and then we'll pick this up in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll pick this up in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll pick this up in about
+five minutes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TEQ6va1goOY.txt b/TEQ6va1goOY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2d66ec6066375df60ed0fed15e012d0c0f12f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TEQ6va1goOY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay can you tell me the name of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you tell me the name of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you tell me the name of your
+team and introduce the members please we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and introduce the members please we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and introduce the members please we
+are team Double Stuffed reduced fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are team Double Stuffed reduced fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are team Double Stuffed reduced fat
+Oreos this I'm Val verado this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreos this I'm Val verado this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreos this I'm Val verado this
+Isam I'm Jenny um the other members are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isam I'm Jenny um the other members are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isam I'm Jenny um the other members are
+Denny rays and Ben is there any trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denny rays and Ben is there any trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denny rays and Ben is there any trans
+fat in your oros I think it unsaturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat in your oros I think it unsaturated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat in your oros I think it unsaturated
+they're working on this new deal good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working on this new deal good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working on this new deal good
+man oh can I hear that answer again uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man oh can I hear that answer again uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man oh can I hear that answer again uh I
+can't I can't say the name again it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like but it's unsaturated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it's unsaturated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it's unsaturated it's
+unsaturated um well you just had uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsaturated um well you just had uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsaturated um well you just had uh a
+quasi successful flight uh how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi successful flight uh how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi successful flight uh how are you
+guys feeling we're feeling we're feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys feeling we're feeling we're feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys feeling we're feeling we're feeling
+better good it's it it finished like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better good it's it it finished like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better good it's it it finished like
+that's what we were going for so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we were going for so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we were going for so we we
+were like kind of skeptical at first cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like kind of skeptical at first cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like kind of skeptical at first cuz
+we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a
+crack the of a length of a length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack the of a length of a length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack the of a length of a length the
+half of the span so like we weren't sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the span so like we weren't sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the span so like we weren't sure
+if it would like give during flight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it would like give during flight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it would like give during flight so
+basically our wing is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our wing is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our wing is one of the most
+ghetto Wings you'll ever see it was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghetto Wings you'll ever see it was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghetto Wings you'll ever see it was well
+designed and well constructed but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and well constructed but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and well constructed but the
+wing was beautiful yesterday crashed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing was beautiful yesterday crashed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing was beautiful yesterday crashed it
+crashes we do that to your wings so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes we do that to your wings so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes we do that to your wings so we
+just taped it up as best we could and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taped it up as best we could and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taped it up as best we could and
+now it's got an interesting character of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's got an interesting character of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's got an interesting character of
+blue tape but it's cool so at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue tape but it's cool so at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue tape but it's cool so at any rate
+you're relieved yeah yes but the caliber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relieved yeah yes but the caliber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relieved yeah yes but the caliber
+of flight uh like P it off like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight uh like P it off like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight uh like P it off like
+expertise hasn't really changed much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise hasn't really changed much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise hasn't really changed much
+since yesterday so like what you saw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since yesterday so like what you saw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since yesterday so like what you saw is
+like what what I am do no no this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what what I am do no no this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what what I am do no no this guy is
+awesome because yesterday he crashed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome because yesterday he crashed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome because yesterday he crashed it
+into the ceiling it flipped over a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ceiling it flipped over a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ceiling it flipped over a beam
+and he like almost nose dived into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he like almost nose dived into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he like almost nose dived into the
+cone but he managed to like pull it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone but he managed to like pull it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone but he managed to like pull it out
+in a nice little Loop and like save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice little Loop and like save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice little Loop and like save the
+plane nothing broke that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane nothing broke that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane nothing broke that's pretty good
+it's impressive indeed uh so what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impressive indeed uh so what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impressive indeed uh so what was
+your strategy for uh for winning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your strategy for uh for winning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your strategy for uh for winning this
+competition originally our strategy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition originally our strategy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition originally our strategy was
+to fly super low to the ground to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly super low to the ground to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly super low to the ground to get
+ground effect so that would help us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground effect so that would help us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground effect so that would help us with
+um with added lift so we wouldn't use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with added lift so we wouldn't use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with added lift so we wouldn't use so
+much to like do a lap or whatever but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to like do a lap or whatever but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to like do a lap or whatever but
+then like when we actually got to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like when we actually got to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like when we actually got to try
+like testing uh we realized that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like testing uh we realized that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like testing uh we realized that was an
+unfeasible um goal so we just uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfeasible um goal so we just uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfeasible um goal so we just uh we
+tried for stability yeah just to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried for stability yeah just to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried for stability yeah just to fly
+stable and so that nothing would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and so that nothing would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and so that nothing would happen
+cuz I mean if you start to if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I mean if you start to if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I mean if you start to if this
+deviates anything from stable then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates anything from stable then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates anything from stable then the
+plane just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane just goes
+so so what was the most notable design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what was the most notable design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what was the most notable design
+feature of the aircraft what advantag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the aircraft what advantag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the aircraft what advantag
+did give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give
+me I think it was a large wing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think it was a large wing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think it was a large wing I think
+that was I I mean our wing wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I I mean our wing wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I I mean our wing wasn't
+anything special it was just that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special it was just that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special it was just that we
+tried to design a solid Wing that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to design a solid Wing that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to design a solid Wing that had
+like a large span and a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a large span and a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a large span and a pretty good
+aspect ratio um that's just what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect ratio um that's just what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect ratio um that's just what we
+tried we tried to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried we tried to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried we tried to keep it
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+yeah so what was the toughest part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what was the toughest part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what was the toughest part about
+engineering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering your
+system getting all the team together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system getting all the team together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system getting all the team together and
+like building it yeah i' say was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like building it yeah i' say was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like building it yeah i' say was a big
+like big problem uh or it was harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big problem uh or it was harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big problem uh or it was harder
+than we thought it would be so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we thought it would be so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we thought it would be so like
+building the thing wasn't that bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the thing wasn't that bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the thing wasn't that bad but
+like working together well and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like working together well and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like working together well and like
+efficiently was really tough I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently was really tough I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently was really tough I think the
+final touches were hard too getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final touches were hard too getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final touches were hard too getting all
+the controls right and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls right and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls right and everything
+perfect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flight well you you've just had a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight well you you've just had a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight well you you've just had a uh a
+flight how did your performance compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight how did your performance compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight how did your performance compare
+with uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh your
+predictions o I thought he'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions o I thought he'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions o I thought he'd be able to
+float longer but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float longer but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float longer but um
+well so the prop that we used was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the prop that we used was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the prop that we used was
+slightly different from the prop that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the prop that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the prop that we
+wanted to use and it drew more current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use and it drew more current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use and it drew more current
+and so we had a lot shorter flight it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we had a lot shorter flight it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we had a lot shorter flight it I
+mean our battery just died so quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean our battery just died so quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean our battery just died so quickly
+I'm not that I'm actually not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not that I'm actually not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not that I'm actually not that
+surprised we were doing trials yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised we were doing trials yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised we were doing trials yesterday
+and we got about the same performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got about the same performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got about the same performance
+level so I mean I was hoping for like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so I mean I was hoping for like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so I mean I was hoping for like a
+longer flight time but I mean I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer flight time but I mean I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer flight time but I mean I guess
+it's just going with consistency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going with consistency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going with consistency but
+like based on our data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like based on our data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like based on our data that we
+calculated it should have flown longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it should have flown longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it should have flown longer
+that's true by a lot so might you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true by a lot so might you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true by a lot so might you have
+done something differently if you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something differently if you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something differently if you had to
+go back yeah if we could have I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back yeah if we could have I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back yeah if we could have I mean
+sure we wouldn't have cracked our wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we wouldn't have cracked our wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we wouldn't have cracked our wing
+we probably would have gotten a prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably would have gotten a prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably would have gotten a prop
+with uh less pitch I think I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh less pitch I think I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh less pitch I think I probably
+too much pitch and it was just drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much pitch and it was just drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much pitch and it was just drawing
+too much current I would have done wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much current I would have done wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much current I would have done wind
+tunnel tests in yeah wind tunnel we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel tests in yeah wind tunnel we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel tests in yeah wind tunnel we
+would oh God deck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would oh God deck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would oh God deck it
+out but it would have been fun how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but it would have been fun how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but it would have been fun how you
+put decals on his with like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put decals on his with like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put decals on his with like I don't know
+like Captain Morgan or whatever but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Captain Morgan or whatever but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Captain Morgan or whatever but yeah
+instead of like just blue tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like just blue tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like just blue tape
+everywhere made it look nice well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere made it look nice well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere made it look nice well I
+expect you guys have had a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you guys have had a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you guys have had a lot of new
+experiences in UniFi this year you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in UniFi this year you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in UniFi this year you
+designed built and flew this aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed built and flew this aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed built and flew this aircraft
+you you built a team um and you kept up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you built a team um and you kept up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you built a team um and you kept up
+a rigorous academic pace for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigorous academic pace for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigorous academic pace for a long
+period a whole year uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period a whole year uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period a whole year uh what what
+experiences do you think will be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences do you think will be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences do you think will be most
+valuable to you in the courses and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to you in the courses and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to you in the courses and and
+years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to
+come man just the hard work you just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come man just the hard work you just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come man just the hard work you just to
+keep at it whatever doesn't kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep at it whatever doesn't kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep at it whatever doesn't kill you
+makes you stronger that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you stronger that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you stronger that's what it is
+basically that's that's it it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's that's it it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's that's it it's just a
+lot of rigorous training for becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rigorous training for becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rigorous training for becoming
+workers and Workaholics but there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and Workaholics but there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and Workaholics but there a
+bunch of hidden opportunities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of hidden opportunities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of hidden opportunities like
+chances to get better they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances to get better they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances to get better they're very
+hidden I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden I'd
+say I think it's an accurate sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think it's an accurate sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think it's an accurate sentiment
+well thanks very much for talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thanks very much for talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thanks very much for talking about
+this thank you good luck have a good day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TSkDZbGS94k.txt b/TSkDZbGS94k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec4b7482f051a92b224398f762c8b02bfd33f928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TSkDZbGS94k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15221 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu doesn't run Flash Player so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu doesn't run Flash Player so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu doesn't run Flash Player so
+I had to run them on the on um uh Chrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to run them on the on um uh Chrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to run them on the on um uh Chrome
+all right so um let's move on to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um let's move on to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um let's move on to our
+second chapter and hopefully in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chapter and hopefully in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chapter and hopefully in this
+chapter you will feel a little better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you will feel a little better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you will feel a little better if
+you felt like it was going a bit fast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you felt like it was going a bit fast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you felt like it was going a bit fast in
+the first chapter and the main reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first chapter and the main reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first chapter and the main reason
+why I actually went fast especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I actually went fast especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I actually went fast especially in
+terms of you know conference interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know conference interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know conference interval
+some of you came and asked me what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you came and asked me what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you came and asked me what do
+you mean by this is a conference interal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by this is a conference interal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by this is a conference interal
+what does it mean that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean that it's not
+happening in there with probability 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in there with probability 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in there with probability 95%
+Etc I just went really fast so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc I just went really fast so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc I just went really fast so that you
+could see why I didn't want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see why I didn't want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see why I didn't want to give you
+a first week doing you know probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first week doing you know probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first week doing you know probability
+only and without understanding uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and without understanding uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and without understanding uh what
+the cont thetical context for it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cont thetical context for it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cont thetical context for it was
+right so hopefully all these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully all these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully all these things that
+we've done in terms of probability you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in terms of probability you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in terms of probability you
+actually know why we've been doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know why we've been doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know why we've been doing this
+and so we're basically going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're basically going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're basically going to go back
+to what we're doing maybe start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing maybe start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing maybe start with
+some statistical uh setup but the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistical uh setup but the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistical uh setup but the goal
+of this lecture is really going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture is really going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture is really going to go
+back again to what we've seen from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again to what we've seen from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again to what we've seen from a
+purely uh uh statistical perspective all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely uh uh statistical perspective all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely uh uh statistical perspective all
+right so the first thing uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first thing uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first thing uh we're going
+to do is explain why we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is explain why we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is explain why we're doing
+statistical modeling right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical modeling right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical modeling right so in
+practice if I if you have data If You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice if I if you have data If You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice if I if you have data If You
+observe a bunch of points and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a bunch of points and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a bunch of points and here I
+gave you uh some uh some some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you uh some uh some some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you uh some uh some some numbers
+for example so here's a partial data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so here's a partial data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so here's a partial data set
+with the number of siblings including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of siblings including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of siblings including
+self that were collected from college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self that were collected from college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self that were collected from college
+students a few years back right so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students a few years back right so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students a few years back right so I was
+teaching a class like yours and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a class like yours and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a class like yours and I
+actually asked students to go and fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asked students to go and fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asked students to go and fill
+out some Google form and tell me a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some Google form and tell me a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some Google form and tell me a bunch
+of things and one of the questions was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and one of the questions was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and one of the questions was
+including yourself how many siblings do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including yourself how many siblings do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including yourself how many siblings do
+you have and so they gave me this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and so they gave me this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and so they gave me this list
+of numbers right and uh and there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers right and uh and there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers right and uh and there's many
+ways I can think of this list of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I can think of this list of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I can think of this list of numbers
+right I could think of it as being just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I could think of it as being just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I could think of it as being just
+a discrete Distribution on the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete Distribution on the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete Distribution on the set of
+numbers between one I mean I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between one I mean I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between one I mean I know
+there's not going to be an answer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not going to be an answer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not going to be an answer which
+is less than one unless uh well someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one unless uh well someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one unless uh well someone
+doesn't understand the question but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't understand the question but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't understand the question but uh
+all the answers I should get are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the answers I should get are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the answers I should get are
+positive integers 1 two 3 Etc and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers 1 two 3 Etc and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers 1 two 3 Etc and you
+know there probably is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there probably is an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there probably is an upper bound
+but I don't know it on the top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know it on the top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know it on the top of my
+head so maybe I should say 100 uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so maybe I should say 100 uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so maybe I should say 100 uh maybe
+I should say 15 uh depends right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say 15 uh depends right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say 15 uh depends right and so
+I think the largest number I got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the largest number I got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the largest number I got for
+this was six all right so uh um here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was six all right so uh um here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was six all right so uh um here you
+can see you have pretty uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you have pretty uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you have pretty uh standard
+families you know lots of ones twos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families you know lots of ones twos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families you know lots of ones twos and
+threes okay so the way what statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes okay so the way what statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes okay so the way what statistical
+modeling is doing is to try to compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is doing is to try to compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is doing is to try to compress
+this information that I could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information that I could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information that I could actually
+describe in a very naive way so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in a very naive way so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in a very naive way so let's
+start with the basic uh uh uh usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the basic uh uh uh usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the basic uh uh uh usual
+statistical setup right so I will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical setup right so I will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical setup right so I will start
+many of the board that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the board that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the board that look like
+X1 xn random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 xn random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 xn random
+variables and what I'm going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and what I'm going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and what I'm going to assume
+as we said typically is that those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said typically is that those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said typically is that those guys
+are IID and they have some distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are IID and they have some distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are IID and they have some distribution
+all right so they all share the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so they all share the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so they all share the same
+distribution and the fact that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the fact that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the fact that they're
+IID is so that I can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID is so that I can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID is so that I can actually do
+statistics statistics means you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics statistics means you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics statistics means you know
+looking at the global uh averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the global uh averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the global uh averaging
+things so that I I can actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that I I can actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that I I can actually get a
+sense of what the global behavior is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what the global behavior is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what the global behavior is for
+the population right if I start assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population right if I start assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population right if I start assuming
+that those things are not identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those things are not identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those things are not identically
+distributed they all live on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed they all live on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed they all live on their own
+right that my sequence of number is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that my sequence of number is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that my sequence of number is your
+number of siblings uh the shoe size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of siblings uh the shoe size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of siblings uh the shoe size of
+this person uh the depth of the Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person uh the depth of the Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person uh the depth of the Charles
+River and I start measuring a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River and I start measuring a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River and I start measuring a bunch of
+stuff there's nothing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there's nothing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there's nothing I'm going to
+actually get together I need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get together I need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get together I need to have
+something that's cohesive and so here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's cohesive and so here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's cohesive and so here uh
+uh I collected some data that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I collected some data that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I collected some data that was
+cohesive and so the goal here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive and so the goal here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive and so the goal here the first
+thing is to say what is the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to say what is the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to say what is the distribution
+that I actually have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I could actually be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could actually be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could actually be very
+general I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I could just
+say it's some distribution p and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's some distribution p and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's some distribution p and let's
+say those are they're random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those are they're random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those are they're random variables
+not random vectors right I could collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random vectors right I could collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random vectors right I could collect
+entire vectors about students but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire vectors about students but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire vectors about students but let's
+say those are just random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those are just random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those are just random
+variables and so now I can start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so now I can start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so now I can start making
+assumptions on this distribution P right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on this distribution P right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on this distribution P right
+what can I say about a distribution well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about a distribution well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about a distribution well
+maybe if those numbers are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if those numbers are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if those numbers are continuous
+for example I could assume they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I could assume they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I could assume they have a
+density right a probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right a probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right a probability density
+function that's already an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's already an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's already an assumption
+maybe I could start to assume that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could start to assume that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could start to assume that their
+probability density function is smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function is smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function is smooth
+that's another assumption maybe I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another assumption maybe I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another assumption maybe I could
+actually assume that it's peaceway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually assume that it's peaceway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually assume that it's peaceway
+constant that's even better better right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's even better better right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's even better better right
+and those things make my life simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things make my life simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things make my life simpler
+and simpler because what I do by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simpler because what I do by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simpler because what I do by making
+the Su successive assumptions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Su successive assumptions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Su successive assumptions is
+reducing the degrees of freedom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the degrees of freedom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the degrees of freedom of the
+space in which I'm actually searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in which I'm actually searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in which I'm actually searching
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+distribution and so what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so what we actually
+want is to have something which is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is to have something which is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is to have something which is small
+enough so we can actually have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so we can actually have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so we can actually have some
+averaging going on but we also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging going on but we also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging going on but we also want
+something which is uh uh big enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is uh uh big enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is uh uh big enough that
+it can actually express it has chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can actually express it has chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can actually express it has chances
+of actually containing a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually containing a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually containing a distribution
+that makes sense for us so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense for us so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense for us so let's start
+with the simplest possible example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simplest possible example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simplest possible example which
+is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the
+XIs belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs belong to
+01 and as I said here we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and as I said here we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and as I said here we don't have a
+choice the distribution of those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the distribution of those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the distribution of those guys
+has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+be Burn only and since they're IID they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Burn only and since they're IID they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Burn only and since they're IID they
+all share the same P right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all share the same P right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all share the same P right so that's
+definitely the simplest possible thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the simplest possible thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the simplest possible thing I
+could think of they're just burnly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of they're just burnly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of they're just burnly
+P okay and so all I would have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay and so all I would have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay and so all I would have to figure
+out in this case is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know this is the simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this is the simplest case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this is the simplest case
+and unsurprisingly it has the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unsurprisingly it has the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unsurprisingly it has the simplest
+answer right we will come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right we will come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right we will come back to this
+example when we study maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we study maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we study maximum likelihood
+estimators or method of Moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators or method of Moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators or method of Moments
+estimators by the method of moments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators by the method of moments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators by the method of moments but
+at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the
+day uh uh uh the things that we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh uh uh the things that we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh uh uh the things that we did the
+things that we will do are always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we will do are always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we will do are always the
+naive estimator you would come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive estimator you would come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive estimator you would come up with
+is what is the proportion of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the proportion of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the proportion of one and
+this will be in pretty much all respects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be in pretty much all respects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be in pretty much all respects
+the best estimator you can can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best estimator you can can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best estimator you can can think of
+all right so then we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then we're going to try to
+assess his performance and we saw how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess his performance and we saw how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess his performance and we saw how to
+do that in the first chapter as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in the first chapter as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in the first chapter as well so
+this problem here somehow is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem here somehow is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem here somehow is completely
+understood we'll come back to it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood we'll come back to it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood we'll come back to it but
+there's nothing fancy that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing fancy that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing fancy that's going to
+happen but now I could have some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but now I could have some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but now I could have some more
+complicated things right so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things right so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things right so for example
+in in the example of the students now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the example of the students now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the example of the students now my
+XIs belong to the sequence of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs belong to the sequence of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs belong to the sequence of integers
+one two three Etc okay which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three Etc okay which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three Etc okay which is also
+denoted by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by n
+maybe without zero if you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe without zero if you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe without zero if you want to put
+zero in N right so the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in N right so the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in N right so the positive
+integers or I could actually just maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or I could actually just maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or I could actually just maybe
+put some prior knowledge about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some prior knowledge about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some prior knowledge about how
+humans have time to have families but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have time to have families but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have time to have families but
+you know maybe some some people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe some some people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe some some people thought
+of uh their college mates as being their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh their college mates as being their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh their college mates as being their
+brothers and sisters and one student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters and one student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters and one student
+would actually put you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually put you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually put you know
+465 siblings because you know we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+465 siblings because you know we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+465 siblings because you know we're all
+good friends and uh or maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friends and uh or maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friends and uh or maybe they
+actually think that all their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that all their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that all their uh
+Facebook contact are actually their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook contact are actually their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook contact are actually their
+siblings and so you know you never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings and so you know you never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings and so you know you never know
+what's going to happen so you maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen so you maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen so you maybe you
+want to account for this but maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for this but maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for this but maybe you
+know that people are reasonable and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that people are reasonable and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that people are reasonable and they
+will actually give you something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now intuitively maybe you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now intuitively maybe you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now intuitively maybe you would say
+well why would you bother doing this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would you bother doing this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would you bother doing this if
+you're not really sure about the 20 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really sure about the 20 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really sure about the 20 but
+I think that probably all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that probably all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that probably all of you
+intuitively guess that this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively guess that this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively guess that this is probably
+a good idea to start putting this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea to start putting this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea to start putting this kind
+of assumptions rather than allowing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions rather than allowing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions rather than allowing for
+any number in the first place because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number in the first place because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number in the first place because
+this eventually will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eventually will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eventually will be
+injected into the Precision of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected into the Precision of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected into the Precision of our
+estimator if I don't if I allow anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator if I don't if I allow anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator if I don't if I allow anything
+it's going to be more complicated for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more complicated for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more complicated for me
+to get an accurate estimator if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an accurate estimator if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an accurate estimator if I know
+that the numbers are either one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers are either one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers are either one or two
+then I'm actually going to be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm actually going to be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm actually going to be slightly
+more accurate as well all right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate as well all right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate as well all right because
+I know that if for example somebody put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that if for example somebody put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that if for example somebody put
+a five I can remove it then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five I can remove it then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five I can remove it then it's not
+going to actually screw up with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually screw up with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually screw up with my
+estimator all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now let's say we actually agree that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say we actually agree that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say we actually agree that we
+have numbers and here I put uh seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numbers and here I put uh seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numbers and here I put uh seven
+numbers okay so I just said well now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so I just said well now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so I just said well now the
+numbers let's assume that the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's assume that the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's assume that the numbers
+I'm going to get are going to be one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get are going to be one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get are going to be one all
+the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to
+say this number that I denote by larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this number that I denote by larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this number that I denote by larger
+than or equal to seven which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to seven which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to seven which is a
+placeholder for any number larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder for any number larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder for any number larger than
+seven okay because I know maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven okay because I know maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven okay because I know maybe I don't
+want to distinguish between people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to distinguish between people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to distinguish between people who
+have nine or 25 sbls okay and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine or 25 sbls okay and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine or 25 sbls okay and so now
+this is a distribution on seven possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distribution on seven possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distribution on seven possible
+values discrete distributions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values discrete distributions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values discrete distributions and you
+know from you know your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from you know your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from you know your probability
+class that the way you describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that the way you describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that the way you describe this
+distribution is using the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is using the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is using the probability
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pmf okay so that's what how we describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf okay so that's what how we describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf okay so that's what how we describe
+a discrete distribution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete distribution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete distribution and the
+pmf is a uh just a list of numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf is a uh just a list of numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf is a uh just a list of numbers right
+so as I wrote here you have a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I wrote here you have a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I wrote here you have a list of
+numbers and here you wrote the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and here you wrote the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and here you wrote the possible
+value that your random variable can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that your random variable can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that your random variable can take
+and here you write the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you write the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you write the probability that
+your random variable takes this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random variable takes this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random variable takes this value
+okay so the possible values being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the possible values being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the possible values being one
+two three all the way to larger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three all the way to larger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three all the way to larger than or
+equal to seven and then I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to seven and then I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to seven and then I'm trying to
+estimate those numbers right if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those numbers right if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those numbers right if I give
+you those numbers at least up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you those numbers at least up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you those numbers at least up to this
+you know compression of all numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know compression of all numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know compression of all numbers
+larger than or equal to seven you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to seven you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to seven you have a
+full description of your distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full description of your distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full description of your distribution
+and that is the ultimate goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the ultimate goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the ultimate goal of
+Statistics right your the ultimate goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics right your the ultimate goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics right your the ultimate goal
+of Statistics is to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Statistics is to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Statistics is to say what
+distribution your data came from because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution your data came from because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution your data came from because
+that's basically the best you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the best you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the best you're going
+to be able to do now admittedly if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do now admittedly if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do now admittedly if I
+started looking at the fraction of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started looking at the fraction of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started looking at the fraction of ones
+and the fraction of twos and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fraction of twos and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fraction of twos and the
+fraction of Threes Etc I would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Threes Etc I would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Threes Etc I would actually
+eventually get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get those
+numbers right just like looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right just like looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right just like looking at the
+fraction of on gave me a good estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of on gave me a good estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of on gave me a good estimate
+for p in the verly case it would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p in the verly case it would do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p in the verly case it would do the
+same in this case right it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in this case right it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in this case right it's a pretty
+intuitive idea it's just the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive idea it's just the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive idea it's just the law of
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+numbers every every body agrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers every every body agrees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers every every body agrees with
+that if I look at the proportion of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at the proportion of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at the proportion of ones
+the proportion of twos the proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of twos the proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of twos the proportion of
+Threes that should actually give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Threes that should actually give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Threes that should actually give me
+something that gets closer and closer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gets closer and closer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gets closer and closer as
+my sample size increasing increases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample size increasing increases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample size increasing increases to
+what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+want but the problem is if my sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but the problem is if my sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but the problem is if my sample
+size is not huge here I have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not huge here I have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not huge here I have seven
+numbers to estimate and if I have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to estimate and if I have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to estimate and if I have you
+know 20 observations the ratio is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 observations the ratio is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 observations the ratio is not
+really in my favor right I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in my favor right I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in my favor right I mean you know
+20 observations to estimate seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 observations to estimate seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 observations to estimate seven
+parameters some of them are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters some of them are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters some of them are going to be
+pretty off typically the ones with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty off typically the ones with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty off typically the ones with the
+large values right if I have only 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values right if I have only 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values right if I have only 20
+students look at the list of numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students look at the list of numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students look at the list of numbers I
+don't know how many numbers I have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many numbers I have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many numbers I have but
+it probably is close to 20 maybe 15 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably is close to 20 maybe 15 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably is close to 20 maybe 15 or
+something and so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so if you look at this
+list no nobody's actually H nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list no nobody's actually H nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list no nobody's actually H nobody
+has four or more siblings in this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four or more siblings in this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four or more siblings in this list
+right there's no such person so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no such person so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no such person so that
+means that eventually with from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that eventually with from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that eventually with from this
+data set my estimates so those numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set my estimates so those numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set my estimates so those numbers I
+denote by say P1 P2 P3 etc those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by say P1 P2 P3 etc those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by say P1 P2 P3 etc those
+estimates P4 hat would be equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates P4 hat would be equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates P4 hat would be equal to what
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data zero right and P5 hat would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data zero right and P5 hat would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data zero right and P5 hat would be
+equal to zero and P6 hat would be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and P6 hat would be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and P6 hat would be equal
+to zero and P larger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and P larger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and P larger than or equal to
+seven hat would be equal to zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hat would be equal to zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hat would be equal to zero that
+would be my estimates from this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my estimates from this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my estimates from this data
+set so maybe this is not maybe I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so maybe this is not maybe I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so maybe this is not maybe I want to
+actually pull some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pull some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pull some
+information from the people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the people who have
+less siblings to try to make a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less siblings to try to make a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less siblings to try to make a guess
+which is probably slightly better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably slightly better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably slightly better for
+the larger values right it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger values right it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger values right it's pretty
+clear that in average there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that in average there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that in average there's more than
+zero the proportion of the population uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the proportion of the population uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the proportion of the population uh
+with of households that have uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with of households that have uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with of households that have uh four
+children or more is definitely more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or more is definitely more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or more is definitely more than
+zero all right so it means that my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so it means that my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so it means that my data
+set is not representative and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is not representative and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is not representative and what I'm
+going to try to do is to find a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do is to find a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do is to find a model
+that try to use the data I have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to use the data I have for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to use the data I have for the
+smaller values that I can observe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values that I can observe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values that I can observe and
+just pull it up to the other ones and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull it up to the other ones and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull it up to the other ones and so
+what we can do is to just reduce those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is to just reduce those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is to just reduce those
+parameters into something that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters into something that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters into something that's you
+know understood and this is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know understood and this is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know understood and this is part of the
+modeling that I I talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that I I talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that I I talked about in the
+first place now how do you s suly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place now how do you s suly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place now how do you s suly
+describe a number of something well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a number of something well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a number of something well one
+thing that you do is the pone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you do is the pone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you do is the pone
+distribution right why the I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right why the I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right why the I mean
+there's many reasons right I mean again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many reasons right I mean again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many reasons right I mean again
+that's part of statistical modeling but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of statistical modeling but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of statistical modeling but
+once you know that you have number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that you have number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that you have number of
+something that can be modeled by a pesso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be modeled by a pesso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be modeled by a pesso
+why not try a pesso right you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not try a pesso right you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not try a pesso right you could just
+fit a pesso and the pesso is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a pesso and the pesso is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a pesso and the pesso is something
+that looks like this I I I guess you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this I I I guess you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this I I I guess you've
+all all seen it but if x follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all seen it but if x follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all seen it but if x follows
+Aon distribution with parameter Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aon distribution with parameter Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aon distribution with parameter Lambda
+then the probability that X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability that X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability that X is equal to
+Little X is equal to uh Lambda to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X is equal to uh Lambda to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X is equal to uh Lambda to the X
+over factorial x e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over factorial x e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over factorial x e to the minus
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+okay and if you've did the the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you've did the the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you've did the the the first
+the sheet that I gave you on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet that I gave you on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet that I gave you on the first
+day you can check that those numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can check that those numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can check that those numbers so
+this is of course for x equal Z one Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course for x equal Z one Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course for x equal Z one Etc
+right so X is in uh natural integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so X is in uh natural integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so X is in uh natural integers and
+if you sum from xal 0 to Infinity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum from xal 0 to Infinity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum from xal 0 to Infinity this
+thing you get e to the Lambda and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you get e to the Lambda and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you get e to the Lambda and so
+they cancel and you have a sum which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel and you have a sum which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel and you have a sum which is
+equal to one so it's indeed a pmf but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so it's indeed a pmf but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so it's indeed a pmf but
+what's key about this pmf is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's key about this pmf is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's key about this pmf is that it
+never takes value zero but this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takes value zero but this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takes value zero but this thing is
+always strictly positive so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always strictly positive so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always strictly positive so whatever
+value of Lambda I find from this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Lambda I find from this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Lambda I find from this data
+will give me something that's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me something that's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me something that's certainly
+more interesting than just putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than just putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than just putting the
+value zero but more importantly rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero but more importantly rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero but more importantly rather
+than having to estimate seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having to estimate seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having to estimate seven
+parameters and as a consequence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and as a consequence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and as a consequence to
+actually have to estimate one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to estimate one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to estimate one two three
+four of them being equal to zero I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them being equal to zero I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them being equal to zero I have
+only one parameter to estimate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one parameter to estimate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one parameter to estimate which is
+LDA the problem with doing this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA the problem with doing this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA the problem with doing this is that
+now Lambda may not be just something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Lambda may not be just something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Lambda may not be just something as
+simple as Computing the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as Computing the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as Computing the average
+number right I mean in this case it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right I mean in this case it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right I mean in this case it will
+but but but in many instances it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but in many instances it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but in many instances it's
+actually not clear that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not clear that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not clear that this
+parameterization with Lambda that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization with Lambda that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization with Lambda that I
+chose is I'm going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose is I'm going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose is I'm going to be able to
+estimate Lambda just by Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate Lambda just by Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate Lambda just by Computing the
+average number that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number that I
+see it will be the case but if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it will be the case but if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it will be the case but if it's not
+you know remember this example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember this example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember this example of the
+exponential we did in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we did in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we did in the last lecture
+we could use the Delta method and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use the Delta method and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use the Delta method and things
+like that to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to estimate
+it all right so here's uh here's the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so here's uh here's the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so here's uh here's the you
+know modeling 101 so the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know modeling 101 so the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know modeling 101 so the purpose of
+modeling is to restrict the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is to restrict the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is to restrict the the the
+space of possible distributions to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of possible distributions to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of possible distributions to a
+Subspace that's actually plausible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace that's actually plausible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace that's actually plausible but
+much simpler for me to estimate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler for me to estimate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler for me to estimate right so
+we R we went from all distributions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we R we went from all distributions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we R we went from all distributions on
+seven parameters which is a large space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven parameters which is a large space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven parameters which is a large space
+that's a lot of things to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of things to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of things to something
+which is just one number to estimate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one number to estimate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one number to estimate now
+this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+okay any question about the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any question about the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any question about the purpose of
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+so we're going to have to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have to do a little
+bit of formalism now and so if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of formalism now and so if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of formalism now and so if we want
+to talk right this is statistic class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk right this is statistic class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk right this is statistic class
+I'm not going to want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to want to talk about the
+P model specifically every single time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P model specifically every single time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P model specifically every single time
+I'm going to want to talk about generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to want to talk about generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to want to talk about generic
+models and then you're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then you're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then you're going to be able
+to plug in your favorite word you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in your favorite word you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in your favorite word you know
+Pon binomial exponential uniform all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon binomial exponential uniform all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon binomial exponential uniform all
+these words that you've seen you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words that you've seen you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words that you've seen you're
+going to be able to plug in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to plug in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to plug in there but
+we're just going to have some generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to have some generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to have some generic
+notation some generic terminology for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation some generic terminology for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation some generic terminology for a
+statistical model all right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model all right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model all right so here's
+the formal definition so I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal definition so I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal definition so I'm going to go
+uh through it with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+definition is that of a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and
+so uh sorry that's a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh sorry that's a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh sorry that's a statistical
+experiment I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I should say
+uh I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a statistical experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a statistical experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a statistical experiment is
+actually just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+e and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and that's a
+set and a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributions P Theta where Theta ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions P Theta where Theta ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions P Theta where Theta ranges
+in some set Capital Theta okay so I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some set Capital Theta okay so I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some set Capital Theta okay so I hope
+you're up to date with your uh Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up to date with your uh Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up to date with your uh Greek
+letters so it's a small Theta that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters so it's a small Theta that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters so it's a small Theta that's a
+capital Theta I know I'm not the best uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Theta I know I'm not the best uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Theta I know I'm not the best uh
+I don't have the best handwriting so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have the best handwriting so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have the best handwriting so if
+you don't see something just ask me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see something just ask me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see something just ask me okay
+and so this thing now so each of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing now so each of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing now so each of this
+guy is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is a probability
+distribution all right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution all right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution all right so for
+example this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this could be a
+Pon with parameter Theta or a burnly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon with parameter Theta or a burnly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon with parameter Theta or a burnly
+with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter
+Theta okay or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay or an
+exponential with perameter I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with perameter I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with perameter I don't know
+1 over Theta squ if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Theta squ if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Theta squ if you
+want okay they're just indexed by Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay they're just indexed by Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay they're just indexed by Theta
+but for each Theta this completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each Theta this completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each Theta this completely
+describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the
+distribution it could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it could be more
+complicated this Theta should be a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this Theta should be a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this Theta should be a pair
+could be a pair of mu Sigma square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a pair of mu Sigma square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a pair of mu Sigma square and
+that could actually give you some n mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could actually give you some n mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could actually give you some n mu
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square okay so anything where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay so anything where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay so anything where you can
+actually rather than actually giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rather than actually giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rather than actually giving you
+a uh uh full distribution I can compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh uh full distribution I can compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh uh full distribution I can compress
+it into a parameter but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a parameter but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a parameter but it could be
+worse it could be this guy here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse it could be this guy here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse it could be this guy here right
+Thea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+P1 P larger than or equal to 7 and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P larger than or equal to 7 and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P larger than or equal to 7 and my
+distribution could just be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution could just be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution could just be something
+that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pmf P1 P larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf P1 P larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf P1 P larger than
+7 right that's another parameter is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 right that's another parameter is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 right that's another parameter is this
+one has seven seven it's seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has seven seven it's seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has seven seven it's seven
+dimensional this one is two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional this one is two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional this one is two dimensional
+and all these guys are just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these guys are just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these guys are just one
+dimensional okay all these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional okay all these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional okay all these guys are
+parameters is that clear what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is that clear what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is that clear what's
+important here is that once I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is that once I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is that once I give you
+Theta you know exactly all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you know exactly all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you know exactly all the
+probabilities Associated to this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Associated to this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Associated to this random
+variable you know its distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfectly okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay so
+here uh uh so this is the defin is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh uh so this is the defin is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh uh so this is the defin is that
+clear for everyone is there a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for everyone is there a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for everyone is there a question
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+distribution about this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution about this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution about this definition
+sorry all right so really the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right so really the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right so really the key thing
+is the statistical model Associated to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statistical model Associated to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statistical model Associated to a
+statistical experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's just see some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see some examples
+exle is probably just better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exle is probably just better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exle is probably just better because
+again with formalism it's never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with formalism it's never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with formalism it's never really
+clear uh actually uh that's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh actually uh that's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh actually uh that's the next
+slide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay
+so there's two things we need to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things we need to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things we need to assume
+I mean there's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's okay
+so the purpose of a statistical model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the purpose of a statistical model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the purpose of a statistical model is
+to once I estimate the parameter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to once I estimate the parameter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to once I estimate the parameter I
+actually know exactly what distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know exactly what distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know exactly what distribution
+I have okay so it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have okay so it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have okay so it means
+that I could potentially have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could potentially have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could potentially have several
+parameters that give me the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that give me the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that give me the same
+distribution that would still be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that would still be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that would still be fine
+because I could estimate one guy or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could estimate one guy or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could estimate one guy or I
+could estimate the other guy and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could estimate the other guy and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could estimate the other guy and I would
+still recover the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still recover the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still recover the underlying
+distribution of my data the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of my data the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of my data the problem is
+that this creates really annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this creates really annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this creates really annoying
+theoretical problems like things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical problems like things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical problems like things don't
+work the algorithms won't work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the algorithms won't work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the algorithms won't work the
+guarantees won't work and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees won't work and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees won't work and so what we
+typically assume is that the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically assume is that the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically assume is that the model is
+so-called wellp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specified all right sorry that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified all right sorry that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified all right sorry that's not
+well specified U I'm jumping ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well specified U I'm jumping ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well specified U I'm jumping ahead of
+myself okay well specified means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself okay well specified means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself okay well specified means
+that your data the the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your data the the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your data the the distribution of
+your data is actually one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data is actually one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data is actually one of those
+guys okay so some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vocabulary so well specified means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary so well specified means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary so well specified means that
+for my observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X there exists a Theta in capital Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X there exists a Theta in capital Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X there exists a Theta in capital Theta
+such that X follows p subeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should put a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put a double
+bar okay so that's what wellp specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay so that's what wellp specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay so that's what wellp specified
+means okay so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay so that means that the
+distribution of your actual data is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of your actual data is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of your actual data is just
+one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+guys this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this is a
+bit strong of an assumption all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit strong of an assumption all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit strong of an assumption all right
+it's strong in the sense that you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strong in the sense that you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strong in the sense that you know I
+don't know if you've heard of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you've heard of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you've heard of this uh
+sentence uh which I don't know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence uh which I don't know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence uh which I don't know I can
+tell you who it's attributed to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you who it's attributed to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you who it's attributed to but
+that's probably means that this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably means that this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably means that this person
+did not come up with it uh but it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come up with it uh but it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come up with it uh but it said
+that um all models are wrong but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um all models are wrong but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um all models are wrong but some of
+them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are
+useful all right so all models are wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right so all models are wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right so all models are wrong
+means that maybe it's not true that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that maybe it's not true that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that maybe it's not true that this
+Pon distribution that I assume for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon distribution that I assume for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon distribution that I assume for the
+number of siblings for college students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of siblings for college students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of siblings for college students
+maybe that's not perfectly correct maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's not perfectly correct maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's not perfectly correct maybe
+there's a spike at three right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spike at three right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spike at three right maybe
+there's a spike at one because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spike at one because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spike at one because you know
+maybe those are slightly more educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those are slightly more educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those are slightly more educated
+families they have less children maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families they have less children maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families they have less children maybe
+this is actually not exactly perfect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not exactly perfect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not exactly perfect but
+it's probably good enough for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably good enough for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably good enough for our
+purposes and when we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and when we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and when we make this
+assumption we're actually assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we're actually assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we're actually assuming that
+the data really comes from a pestl model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data really comes from a pestl model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data really comes from a pestl model
+there is a lot of research that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of research that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of research that goes on
+about misspecified models and that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about misspecified models and that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about misspecified models and that tells
+you how well you're doing in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how well you're doing in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how well you're doing in the model
+that's the closest to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest to the actual
+distribution that's pretty much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's pretty much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's pretty much it
+yeah X is uh so right so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah X is uh so right so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah X is uh so right so by
+data so it's always the way I gener I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so it's always the way I gener I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so it's always the way I gener I I
+denote one of the generic observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote one of the generic observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote one of the generic observations
+right so my observations are X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn and they're IID with distribution P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and they're IID with distribution P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and they're IID with distribution P
+always so X is just one of those guys I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so X is just one of those guys I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so X is just one of those guys I
+don't want to write x five or X4 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to write x five or X4 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to write x five or X4 it's
+just one they're IID so they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one they're IID so they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one they're IID so they all have
+the same distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay no no no they're all IID so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no no no they're all IID so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no no no they're all IID so they
+all have the same P Theta they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same P Theta they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same P Theta they all have
+the same p which means they'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same p which means they'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same p which means they'll have the
+same Peta so I can Pi any one of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Peta so I can Pi any one of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Peta so I can Pi any one of them so
+I just remove the index just work quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just remove the index just work quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just remove the index just work quick
+okay so when I write X I just mean think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I write X I just mean think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I write X I just mean think
+of X1 right there IDE I can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X1 right there IDE I can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X1 right there IDE I can pick
+whichever I want I'm not going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever I want I'm not going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever I want I'm not going to write
+X1 it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 it's going to be
+weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+okay is that clear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that clear okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that clear okay
+so this uh particular Theta is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh particular Theta is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh particular Theta is called
+the true parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometime to since we're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime to since we're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime to since we're going to want
+some variable Theta we might denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable Theta we might denote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable Theta we might denote it
+by Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Theta
+Star as opposed to Theta hat which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star as opposed to Theta hat which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star as opposed to Theta hat which is
+always a rator but uh I'll keep it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a rator but uh I'll keep it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a rator but uh I'll keep it to be
+Theta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta for
+now and uh so the the aim of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh so the the aim of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh so the the aim of the
+statistical experiment is to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical experiment is to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical experiment is to estimate
+Theta so that once I actually plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so that once I actually plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so that once I actually plug in
+Theta in the form of my distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in the form of my distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in the form of my distribution for
+example I could plug in Theta here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could plug in Theta here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could plug in Theta here so
+Theta here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta here was
+actually Lambda so once I estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Lambda so once I estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Lambda so once I estimate this
+guy I would plug it in and I would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I would plug it in and I would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I would plug it in and I would know
+the probability that my random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that my random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that my random variable
+takes any value right by just putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes any value right by just putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes any value right by just putting a
+Lambda hat and Lambda hat here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda hat and Lambda hat here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda hat and Lambda hat here okay so
+my goal is going to be to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal is going to be to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal is going to be to estimate this
+guy so that I can actually compute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that I can actually compute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that I can actually compute those
+distributions but actually we'll see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but actually we'll see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but actually we'll see for
+example when we talk about regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we talk about regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we talk about regression
+that this parameter actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this parameter actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this parameter actually has a
+meaning in many instances and so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in many instances and so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in many instances and so just
+knowing the parameter itself intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the parameter itself intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the parameter itself intuitively
+or say more let's say more so than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say more let's say more so than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say more let's say more so than just
+Computing probabilities will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing probabilities will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing probabilities will actually
+tell us something about the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something about the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something about the process so
+for example we're going to run linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're going to run linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're going to run linear
+regression and when we do linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and when we do linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and when we do linear
+regression there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression there's going to be some
+coefficients in the linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the linear regression
+and the value of this coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of this coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of this coefficient is
+actually telling me what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling me what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling me what is the
+sensitivity of the response that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the response that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the response that I'm
+looking at to this particular input all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at to this particular input all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at to this particular input all
+right so just knowing if this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just knowing if this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just knowing if this number is
+large or if this number is SL small is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or if this number is SL small is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or if this number is SL small is
+actually going to be useful for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be useful for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be useful for us to
+just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this
+guy all right so there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy all right so there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy all right so there's going to be
+some instances where it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instances where it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instances where it's going to be
+important sometimes we're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sometimes we're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sometimes we're going to want
+to know if this parameter is larger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if this parameter is larger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if this parameter is larger or
+smaller than something or if it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than something or if it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than something or if it's equal
+to something or not equal to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something or not equal to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something or not equal to something
+and those things are also important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things are also important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things are also important for
+example if Theta actually measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if Theta actually measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if Theta actually measures the
+true right so Theta is a true unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right so Theta is a true unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right so Theta is a true unknown
+parameter true efficacy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter true efficacy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter true efficacy of a
+drug okay let's say I want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug okay let's say I want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug okay let's say I want to know what
+the true efficacy of a drug is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true efficacy of a drug is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true efficacy of a drug is and what
+I'm going to want to know is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to want to know is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to want to know is you know
+maybe it's a score maybe I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a score maybe I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a score maybe I'm going to
+want to know if Theta is larer than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if Theta is larer than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if Theta is larer than two
+maybe I want to know if Theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to know if Theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to know if Theta is the
+average number of siblings is this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of siblings is this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of siblings is this true
+number larger than two or not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number larger than two or not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number larger than two or not right
+maybe I'm interested in knowing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm interested in knowing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm interested in knowing if
+college students come from um uh so come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students come from um uh so come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students come from um uh so come
+so maybe from a sociological perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe from a sociological perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe from a sociological perspective
+I'm interested in knowing if college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in knowing if college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in knowing if college
+students come from a household with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students come from a household with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students come from a household with more
+than two children right so those can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two children right so those can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two children right so those can be
+the questions that I may asking myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that I may asking myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that I may asking myself
+right I'm going to want to know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to want to know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to want to know maybe
+Theta is going to be equal to one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is going to be equal to one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is going to be equal to one half
+or not so maybe for drug efficacy is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so maybe for drug efficacy is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so maybe for drug efficacy is it
+completely standard maybe for elections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely standard maybe for elections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely standard maybe for elections
+are the is the proportion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the is the proportion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the is the proportion of the
+population that that is going to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that that is going to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that that is going to vote
+for this particular candidate equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular candidate equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular candidate equal to
+0.5 or is it different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 or is it different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 or is it different from
+0.5 okay and I can think of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 okay and I can think of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 okay and I can think of different
+things when I'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when I'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when I'm talking about the
+regression I'm going to want to test if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I'm going to want to test if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I'm going to want to test if
+this coefficient is actually zero or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coefficient is actually zero or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coefficient is actually zero or not
+because if it's zero it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's zero it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's zero it means that the
+variable that's in front of it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's in front of it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's in front of it actually
+goes out and so those are things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out and so those are things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out and so those are things we're
+testing actually having this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing actually having this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing actually having this very
+specific yes no answer is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific yes no answer is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific yes no answer is going to give
+me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a
+huge Intuition or a huge understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Intuition or a huge understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Intuition or a huge understanding
+of what's going on in the phenomen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on in the phenomen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on in the phenomen that
+I observe but actually since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observe but actually since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observe but actually since the
+questions are so precise it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are so precise it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are so precise it's going to
+be much more I'm going to be much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more I'm going to be much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more I'm going to be much better
+at answering them rather than giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at answering them rather than giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at answering them rather than giving you
+an estimate for Theta with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate for Theta with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate for Theta with some
+confidence around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence around
+it all right it's the sort of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right it's the sort of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right it's the sort of the same
+Principle as trying to reduce right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle as trying to reduce right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle as trying to reduce right what
+you're trying to do as a statistician is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do as a statistician is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do as a statistician is
+to inject as much knowledge about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject as much knowledge about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject as much knowledge about the
+question and about the problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and about the problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and about the problem that you
+can so that the data has to do a minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so that the data has to do a minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so that the data has to do a minimal
+job and and force you actually need less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and and force you actually need less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and and force you actually need less
+data right so for now on we will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right so for now on we will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right so for now on we will always
+assume and this is because this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and this is because this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and this is because this is an
+introstats class you will always assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introstats class you will always assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introstats class you will always assume
+that Theta the subset of parameters is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta the subset of parameters is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta the subset of parameters is a
+subset of R to the D that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of R to the D that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of R to the D that means that
+Theta is a vector with at most a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is a vector with at most a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is a vector with at most a finite
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+coordinates why do I say this well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates why do I say this well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates why do I say this well this
+is called a parametric model so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called a parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model or sometimes parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or sometimes parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or sometimes parametric
+statistics actually we don't really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics actually we don't really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics actually we don't really talk
+about parametric statistics but we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parametric statistics but we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parametric statistics but we talk
+a lot about non-parametric statistics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about non-parametric statistics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about non-parametric statistics or
+a non-parametric model can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-parametric model can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-parametric model can somebody
+think of a model which is non-p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parametric for example in the siblings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric for example in the siblings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric for example in the siblings
+example if I did not cap the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I did not cap the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I did not cap the number
+of siblings to seven but I left I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of siblings to seven but I left I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of siblings to seven but I left I let
+this list go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list go to
+Infinity I would have an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I would have an infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I would have an infinite number
+of parameters to estimate very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters to estimate very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters to estimate very likely
+the last ones would be zero but still I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last ones would be zero but still I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last ones would be zero but still I
+would have an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an infinite number of
+parameters to estimate so this would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to estimate so this would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to estimate so this would not
+be a parametric model if I just let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a parametric model if I just let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a parametric model if I just let this
+list of things to to be estimated to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things to to be estimated to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things to to be estimated to be
+infinite but there's other classes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but there's other classes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but there's other classes that
+are actually infinite and cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually infinite and cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually infinite and cannot be
+represented by vectors for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by vectors for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by vectors for example
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+right if I tell you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+PF is just the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PF is just the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PF is just the distribution of
+x's the probability distributions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's the probability distributions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's the probability distributions that
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+density F right so what I know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density F right so what I know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density F right so what I know is that
+the density is not negative and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density is not negative and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density is not negative and that it
+integrates to one right that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to one right that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to one right that's all I
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+densities well f is not something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities well f is not something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities well f is not something you're
+going to be able to describ with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to describ with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to describ with a
+finite number of values right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of values right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of values right all
+possible functions this is a huge set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible functions this is a huge set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible functions this is a huge set
+it's certainly not representable by 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not representable by 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not representable by 10
+numbers okay and so non-parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay and so non-parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay and so non-parametric
+estimation is typically when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is typically when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is typically when you
+actually want to parameterize this by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to parameterize this by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to parameterize this by a
+large class of functions and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large class of functions and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large class of functions and so for
+example histograms is the prime tool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example histograms is the prime tool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example histograms is the prime tool of
+nonparametric estimation because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric estimation because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric estimation because when
+you fit a histogram to data you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit a histogram to data you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit a histogram to data you're
+trying to estimate the density of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the density of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the density of your
+data but you're not trying to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but you're not trying to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but you're not trying to represent
+represent it as a finite number of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it as a finite number of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it as a finite number of uh of
+points even though that's really I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points even though that's really I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points even though that's really I mean
+effectively you have to represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you have to represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you have to represent it
+right so you actually truncate somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you actually truncate somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you actually truncate somewhere
+and just say those things are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say those things are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say those things are not going
+to matter all right but really the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter all right but really the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter all right but really the key
+thing is that this is non parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this is non parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this is non parametric
+where you have an infinite POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have an infinite POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have an infinite POS
+potentially infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinite number of
+parameters whereas we're going to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters whereas we're going to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters whereas we're going to only
+talk about finite and actually finite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about finite and actually finite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about finite and actually finite in
+most most overwhelming majority of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most overwhelming majority of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most overwhelming majority of cases
+is going to be one right so Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one right so Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one right so Theta is
+going to be a subset of R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a subset of R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a subset of R1
+okay we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to be interested in
+estimating one parameter just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating one parameter just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating one parameter just like the
+parameter of a of a Pon or the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of a of a Pon or the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of a of a Pon or the parameter
+of an exponential the parameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exponential the parameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exponential the parameter of
+verley uh but uh for example rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verley uh but uh for example rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verley uh but uh for example rarely
+we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be interested in
+estimating mu and sigma Square for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating mu and sigma Square for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating mu and sigma Square for the
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so here are some statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so here are some statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so here are some statistical
+Models All right so I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Models All right so I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Models All right so I'm going to go
+through them with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we start right so if I tell you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start right so if I tell you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start right so if I tell you I
+observe I'm interested in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe I'm interested in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe I'm interested in understanding
+uh the I'm I'm still that shallow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the I'm I'm still that shallow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the I'm I'm still that shallow and
+I'm interested in understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in understanding the
+proportion of people who kiss by bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of people who kiss by bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of people who kiss by bending
+their head to the right and for that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head to the right and for that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head to the right and for that I
+collected n observations and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected n observations and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected n observations and uh I'm
+interested in making some inference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in making some inference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in making some inference in
+the statistical model my question to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical model my question to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical model my question to you
+is what is the statistical model well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the statistical model well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the statistical model well
+well if you want to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to write the
+statistical model you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model you're going to have
+to write this e oh sorry I never told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this e oh sorry I never told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this e oh sorry I never told
+you what e was okay well actually let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what e was okay well actually let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what e was okay well actually let's
+just go to uh the examples and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to uh the examples and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to uh the examples and then
+you'll know what e is so uh I'm I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know what e is so uh I'm I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know what e is so uh I'm I'm uh
+I'm you're going to have to write to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you're going to have to write to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you're going to have to write to me
+an E and A P Theta okay so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an E and A P Theta okay so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an E and A P Theta okay so let's start
+with the burnly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trials so this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials so this e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials so this e
+here is called the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and in uh normal people's World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and in uh normal people's World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and in uh normal people's World
+words it just means the space or the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it just means the space or the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it just means the space or the set
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+which X and back to your question X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X and back to your question X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X and back to your question X is
+just a generic observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lips okay and hopefully this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips okay and hopefully this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips okay and hopefully this is the
+smallest you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest you can think
+of okay so for example for br trials I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so for example for br trials I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so for example for br trials I'm
+going to observe a sequence of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to observe a sequence of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to observe a sequence of zeros and
+ones so my experiment is going to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so my experiment is going to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so my experiment is going to be as
+written on the board is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board is going to be one
+01 and then the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and then the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and then the probability
+distributions are going to be well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are going to be well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are going to be well it's
+just going to be the burnly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be the burnly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be the burnly
+distributions indexed by P right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions indexed by P right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions indexed by P right so
+rather than writing P sub P I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than writing P sub P I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than writing P sub P I'm going to
+write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as
+Bally P because it's clear what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bally P because it's clear what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bally P because it's clear what I mean
+when I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write
+that is everybody uh Happy actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is everybody uh Happy actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is everybody uh Happy actually I
+need to tell you something more this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tell you something more this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tell you something more this is
+a family of distribution so I need p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of distribution so I need p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of distribution so I need p and
+maybe I don't want to have P that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't want to have P that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't want to have P that takes
+value Z or one right I mean it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Z or one right I mean it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Z or one right I mean it doesn't
+make sense I would probably not look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense I would probably not look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense I would probably not look at
+this problem if I anticipated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem if I anticipated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem if I anticipated that
+everybody would kiss to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would kiss to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would kiss to the right and
+everybody would or everybody would kiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would or everybody would kiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would or everybody would kiss
+to the left so I'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left so I'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left so I'm going to assume that
+P is in 01 but does not have zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is in 01 but does not have zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is in 01 but does not have zero in
+one okay so that's a statistical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's a statistical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's a statistical model
+for veral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for veral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for veral
+trial okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now the next one what do we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the next one what do we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the next one what do we have uh
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so when I have exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so when I have exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so when I have exponential
+distributions what is the support of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions what is the support of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions what is the support of the
+exponential distribution what value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution what value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution what value is
+can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take zero to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zero to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zero to Infinity
+right so what I have is that uh my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I have is that uh my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I have is that uh my first
+space is the value that my r variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the value that my r variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the value that my r variables
+can take so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take so
+it's well actually I can remove the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well actually I can remove the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well actually I can remove the zero
+again zero to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again zero to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again zero to plus
+infinity and then the family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and then the family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and then the family of
+distributions that I have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that I have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that I have are
+exponential with parameter Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with parameter Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with parameter Lambda and
+again maybe you see me switching from P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe you see me switching from P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe you see me switching from P
+to Lambda to Theta to Mu to Sigma Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lambda to Theta to Mu to Sigma Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lambda to Theta to Mu to Sigma Square
+honestly you can do whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly you can do whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly you can do whatever you want
+but it's just that it's customary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just that it's customary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just that it's customary to
+have these particular Greek letters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these particular Greek letters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these particular Greek letters okay
+and so the parameters of a of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the parameters of a of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the parameters of a of a uh
+exponential are just positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential are just positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential are just positive
+numbers okay and that's my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay and that's my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay and that's my uh
+exponential uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh uh
+model what is the third one can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what is the third one can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what is the third one can somebody
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+p uh is a p random variable discrete or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous go back to your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous go back to your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous go back to your probability
+all right so the answer being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the answer being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the answer being the
+opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of
+continuous good job um all right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous good job um all right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous good job um all right so it's
+going to be what values can aant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what values can aant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what values can aant
+take I'm all the natural integers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I'm all the natural integers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I'm all the natural integers right
+so 0 one two three all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 one two three all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 one two three all the way to
+Infinity we don't have any control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity we don't have any control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity we don't have any control of
+this so I'm going to write this as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm going to write this as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm going to write this as n
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+zero uh I think in the slides it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh I think in the slides it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh I think in the slides it's n
+star maybe actually no you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star maybe actually no you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star maybe actually no you can take
+value zero I'm sorry this actually takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero I'm sorry this actually takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero I'm sorry this actually takes
+value zero quite a lot that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero quite a lot that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero quite a lot that's the
+typically Min is actually the mode uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically Min is actually the mode uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically Min is actually the mode uh so
+it's n and then I'm going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n and then I'm going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n and then I'm going to write it
+as with parameter well here it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with parameter well here it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with parameter well here it's again
+Lambda as a parameter and Lambda can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda as a parameter and Lambda can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda as a parameter and Lambda can
+take any positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's where you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's where you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's where you can actually
+see that the model that we had for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the model that we had for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the model that we had for the
+siblings right so let me actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings right so let me actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings right so let me actually just
+squeeze in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in the
+siblings uh model here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that was the bad model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was the bad model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was the bad model that
+I had in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had in the first
+place when I actually Capp this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when I actually Capp this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when I actually Capp this let's
+say we we just capped it at seven forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we we just capped it at seven forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we we just capped it at seven forget
+about larger than or equal to seven we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about larger than or equal to seven we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about larger than or equal to seven we
+just assumed it was seven what was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed it was seven what was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed it was seven what was our
+uh sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we said
+seven so it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so it's one
+two to seven right those were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to seven right those were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to seven right those were the
+possible values that this thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values that this thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values that this thing would
+take and then what was my uh what What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and then what was my uh what What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and then what was my uh what What's
+my parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so that's going to be a nightmare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's going to be a nightmare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's going to be a nightmare
+to write but I'm going to write it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write but I'm going to write it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write but I'm going to write it okay
+so I'm going to write it as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write it as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write it as something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+probability that X is equal to K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to K is
+equal to P sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K okay and and uh that's going to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and and uh that's going to be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and and uh that's going to be for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+P okay so that's for all KS right for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so that's for all KS right for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so that's for all KS right for uh
+k equal 127 and here the index is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal 127 and here the index is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal 127 and here the index is the
+set of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameters
+P1 to PK and I know a little more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 to PK and I know a little more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 to PK and I know a little more about
+those guys right I know they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys right I know they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys right I know they're going to
+be non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-
+negative PJ non- negative and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative PJ non- negative and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative PJ non- negative and I know
+that the sum to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so maybe writing this you start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe writing this you start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe writing this you start seeing
+why we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we like
+those exponential and short notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exponential and short notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exponential and short notation
+because I actually don't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually don't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually don't have to write
+the pmf of a p i mean the p is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pmf of a p i mean the p is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pmf of a p i mean the p is really
+just this but I call it P so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this but I call it P so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this but I call it P so I don't
+have to rewrite this all the time and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rewrite this all the time and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rewrite this all the time and so
+here I did not use a particular form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I did not use a particular form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I did not use a particular form so
+I just have this thing and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have this thing and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have this thing and that's what
+it is the set of parameters is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the set of parameters is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the set of parameters is the set
+of positive numbers that s of uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive numbers that s of uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive numbers that s of uh sorry
+P1 to p7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 to p7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 to p7
+PK and some to seven right and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PK and some to seven right and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PK and some to seven right and so this
+is just the list of uh of numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the list of uh of numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the list of uh of numbers that
+are non- negative and some up to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non- negative and some up to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non- negative and some up to one so
+that's my parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my parameter
+space okay so here that's my Theta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so here that's my Theta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so here that's my Theta this
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+here this is my Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is my Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is my Capital
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's just the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the set of
+parameters that theeta the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that theeta the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that theeta the set of
+parameters that Theta is allowed to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that Theta is allowed to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that Theta is allowed to take
+okay and finally we're going to end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally we're going to end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally we're going to end with
+the star of all and that's the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star of all and that's the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star of all and that's the normal
+distribution and in the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and in the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and in the normal
+distribution there's you still have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there's you still have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there's you still have also
+some flexibility in terms of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flexibility in terms of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flexibility in terms of choices
+because the N naturally the the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the N naturally the the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the N naturally the the normal
+distribution is parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is parameterized
+by uh the normal distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the normal distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the normal distribution is
+parameterized by two parameters right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by two parameters right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by two parameters right
+mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance I'm going to WR so what values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I'm going to WR so what values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I'm going to WR so what values
+can a g ROM variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a g ROM variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a g ROM variable
+take the entire real line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the entire real line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the entire real line
+right and the set of parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the set of parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the set of parameters that
+it's uh it can take so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it can take so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it can take so this is going to
+be n mu Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n mu Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n mu Sigma
+squ and mu is going to be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and mu is going to be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and mu is going to be positive and
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+square is going sorry mu is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is going sorry mu is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is going sorry mu is going to be
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+R and sigma square is going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and sigma square is going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and sigma square is going to be uh
+positive okay so again here that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so again here that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so again here that's the
+way you're supposed to write it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're supposed to write it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're supposed to write it if you
+really want to identify what Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to identify what Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to identify what Theta
+is well Theta formerly is the set of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well Theta formerly is the set of mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well Theta formerly is the set of mu
+Sigma squ such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ such that
+well in uh well R time 0 Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's just to be formal but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just to be formal but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just to be formal but this
+does the job just look just find it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the job just look just find it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the job just look just find it okay
+you don't have to be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to be super
+form okay so uh that's not three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so uh that's not three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so uh that's not three that's
+like five actually I just want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five actually I just want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five actually I just want to write
+another one let's call it five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one let's call it five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one let's call it five
+bit and five this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gan with known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance and this arises a lot in labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this arises a lot in labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this arises a lot in labs
+when you have measurement error when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have measurement error when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have measurement error when you
+actually receive your measurement device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually receive your measurement device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually receive your measurement device
+this thing has been tested by the Manu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has been tested by the Manu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has been tested by the Manu
+Factor are so much that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor are so much that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor are so much that they actually
+comes and on the side of the box it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and on the side of the box it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and on the side of the box it says
+that the standard deviation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standard deviation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standard deviation of your
+measurements is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is going to be
+0.23 okay and actually why they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.23 okay and actually why they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.23 okay and actually why they do this
+is because they can brag about accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they can brag about accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they can brag about accuracy
+right I mean that's how they sell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean that's how they sell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean that's how they sell you
+this particular device and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular device and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular device and so you
+actually know exactly what Sigma score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know exactly what Sigma score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know exactly what Sigma score
+is so once you actually get your data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so once you actually get your data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so once you actually get your data in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lab you actually only have to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you actually only have to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you actually only have to estimate
+new because Sigma comes as comes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new because Sigma comes as comes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new because Sigma comes as comes on the
+label and so now what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and so now what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and so now what is your
+statistical model well the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model well the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model well the numbers
+you're going to be collecting still live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be collecting still live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be collecting still live
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+R but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the the models that I have is n mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the models that I have is n mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the models that I have is n mu
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+squ but the parameter space is not mu in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ but the parameter space is not mu in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ but the parameter space is not mu in
+r in Sigma positive it's just mu in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R and to be a little uh more fatic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and to be a little uh more fatic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and to be a little uh more fatic about
+this this is enough to describe it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is enough to describe it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is enough to describe it right
+because if Sigma is the sigma that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if Sigma is the sigma that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if Sigma is the sigma that was
+specified by the manufacturer then uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by the manufacturer then uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by the manufacturer then uh uh
+this is the sigma you want but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sigma you want but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sigma you want but you can
+actually write Sigma is equal to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write Sigma is equal to Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write Sigma is equal to Sigma
+square is equal to Sigma Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is equal to Sigma Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is equal to Sigma Square
+manufacturer right you can just fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer right you can just fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer right you can just fix it
+to be this particular value or maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this particular value or maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this particular value or maybe you
+don't want to write an index that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to write an index that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to write an index that's
+manufacturer and so you just say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and so you just say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and so you just say well
+the sigma when I write Sigma Square what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma when I write Sigma Square what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma when I write Sigma Square what
+I mean is the sigma square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is the sigma square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is the sigma square of the
+manufacturer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah for a particular measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for a particular measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for a particular measuring
+device you know you're in a lab and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you know you're in a lab and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you know you're in a lab and you
+have some measuring device I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some measuring device I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some measuring device I don't know
+uh something that measures the I tensile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that measures the I tensile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that measures the I tensile
+strength uh of something and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength uh of something and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength uh of something and it's just
+going to measure something and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure something and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure something and it will
+naturally make errors but it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally make errors but it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally make errors but it's been
+tested so much by the manufacturer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested so much by the manufacturer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested so much by the manufacturer that
+they actually and calibrated by them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually and calibrated by them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually and calibrated by them
+they know it's not going to be perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it's not going to be perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it's not going to be perfect
+but they knew exactly what error it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they knew exactly what error it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they knew exactly what error it's
+making because they've actually tried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making because they've actually tried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making because they've actually tried it
+on thing for which they exactly knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thing for which they exactly knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thing for which they exactly knew
+what the tensile strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tensile strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tensile strength
+were okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+this oh like 5 uh Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+okay and we can come up with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can come up with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can come up with other
+examples right so for example here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples right so for example here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples right so for example here's
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the names don't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the names don't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the names don't really matter
+right I mean uh you know I called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean uh you know I called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean uh you know I called it the
+siblings model but you won't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings model but you won't find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings model but you won't find the
+siblings model in a textbook right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings model in a textbook right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings model in a textbook right so I
+wouldn't worry too much but for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't worry too much but for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't worry too much but for example
+let's say you have something so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have something so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have something so let's
+call it six you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it six you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it six you
+have uh I don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truncated and that's the name I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated and that's the name I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated and that's the name I just
+came up with but it's actually uh not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with but it's actually uh not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with but it's actually uh not uh
+exactly describing what I want but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly describing what I want but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly describing what I want but let's
+say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I
+observe Y which is the indicator of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe Y which is the indicator of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe Y which is the indicator of X
+larger than say five when X follows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than say five when X follows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than say five when X follows some
+exponential with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with parameter
+Lambda okay this is what I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay this is what I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay this is what I get to
+observe I only observe if my waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe I only observe if my waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe I only observe if my waiting
+time was more than five minutes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was more than five minutes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was more than five minutes because
+I see somebody coming out of the candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see somebody coming out of the candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see somebody coming out of the candle
+station being really upset and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station being really upset and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station being really upset and that's
+all I record it's been waiting for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I record it's been waiting for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I record it's been waiting for more
+than 5 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5 minutes
+and that's all I get to record okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all I get to record okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all I get to record okay that
+happens a lot these are called sensored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot these are called sensored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot these are called sensored
+Data I should probably not call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data I should probably not call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data I should probably not call it uh
+truned but this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truned but this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truned but this should be
+censored okay you see a lot of sensored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored okay you see a lot of sensored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored okay you see a lot of sensored
+data when you ask for people how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data when you ask for people how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data when you ask for people how much
+they make they say well more than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make they say well more than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make they say well more than uh
+five figures and uh that's all they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five figures and uh that's all they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five figures and uh that's all they want
+to tell you okay and so you see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you okay and so you see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you okay and so you see a lot of
+sensored data uh in um survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensored data uh in um survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensored data uh in um survival
+analysis right you uh you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right you uh you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right you uh you're trying to
+understand understand how long your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understand how long your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understand how long your
+patients are going to live after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are going to live after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are going to live after some
+surgery okay and uh and uh maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery okay and uh and uh maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery okay and uh and uh maybe you're
+not going to keep people uh live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to keep people uh live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to keep people uh live and
+you're not going to actually have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to actually have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to actually have their
+being touching their family every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being touching their family every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being touching their family every day
+and ask them if the guy still alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask them if the guy still alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask them if the guy still alive and
+so what you can do is just to ask people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do is just to ask people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do is just to ask people
+maybe five years after their study and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five years after their study and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five years after their study and
+say please come in and you know you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please come in and you know you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please come in and you know you will
+just have happen to have some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have happen to have some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have happen to have some people who
+say well you know the person is deceased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you know the person is deceased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you know the person is deceased
+and you will only be able to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will only be able to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will only be able to know that
+the person deceased less than five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person deceased less than five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person deceased less than five years
+ago I mean but uh you only see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I mean but uh you only see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I mean but uh you only see what
+happens after that okay and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after that okay and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after that okay and so this is
+this truned and sensored data happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truned and sensored data happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truned and sensored data happens
+all the time just because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time just because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time just because you don't have
+the availability to uh do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the availability to uh do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the availability to uh do better than
+that so so so this could happen here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so so this could happen here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so so this could happen here so
+now what is my statistical experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is my statistical experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is my statistical experiment
+right so here I should really I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I should really I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I should really I should
+probably write this like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably write this like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably write this like that because
+just told you that my observations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you that my observations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you that my observations are
+going to be X so there's some unknown y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X so there's some unknown y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X so there's some unknown y
+I will never get to see this y I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will never get to see this y I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will never get to see this y I only
+see to get to see the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to get to see the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to get to see the X
+what is my statistical experiment please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my statistical experiment please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my statistical experiment please
+help me so is it the real line my sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me so is it the real line my sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me so is it the real line my sample
+space is it the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line sorry do you know every who does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sorry do you know every who does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sorry do you know every who does
+not know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what this
+means I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm sorry
+okay so this is an called an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an called an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an called an indicator
+so I I write it as it's if I wrote well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I write it as it's if I wrote well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I write it as it's if I wrote well
+that would be one with a double bar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one with a double bar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one with a double bar you
+can also write I if you prefer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write I if you prefer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write I if you prefer if you
+don't feel like writing one double bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like writing one double bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like writing one double bars
+and it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one
+of uh say I'm going to write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh say I'm going to write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh say I'm going to write it like
+that one of um a is equal to one if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of um a is equal to one if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of um a is equal to one if a is
+true and zero if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and zero if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and zero if a is
+false okay so that means that if Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay so that means that if Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay so that means that if Y is
+larger than five this thing goes one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than five this thing goes one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than five this thing goes one is
+one and if Y is not lar larger than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if Y is not lar larger than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if Y is not lar larger than five
+this thing is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is zero
+okay so that's called indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay it's very useful to just turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's very useful to just turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's very useful to just turn
+anything into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything into a
+zero1 so now that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero1 so now that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero1 so now that I'm
+here what is my sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+01 what whatever this thing I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 what whatever this thing I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 what whatever this thing I did not
+tell you was taking value was the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you was taking value was the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you was taking value was the thing
+you should have uh if I end up telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have uh if I end up telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have uh if I end up telling
+you that's taking value six or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's taking value six or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's taking value six or seven
+that would be your example space okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be your example space okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be your example space okay um
+okay so it takes value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it takes value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it takes value
+01 and then uh what is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and then uh what is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and then uh what is the uh
+probability here what should I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here what should I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here what should I write
+here what should you write without even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking yeah so let's assume there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking yeah so let's assume there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking yeah so let's assume there's
+two seconds before the end of the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds before the end of the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds before the end of the exam
+you're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write
+burn and that's where you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn and that's where you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn and that's where you're going to
+start checking if I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start checking if I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start checking if I'm going to give you
+extra time okay so you write burnly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra time okay so you write burnly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra time okay so you write burnly
+without thinking because it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking because it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking because it's taking
+value zero one so you just write bur but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero one so you just write bur but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero one so you just write bur but
+you still have to tell me what possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have to tell me what possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have to tell me what possible
+parameters this thing is taking right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this thing is taking right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this thing is taking right so
+I'm going to write it P because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write it P because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write it P because I don't
+know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then
+P takes value okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P takes value okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P takes value okay so
+sorry I could write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I could write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I could write it like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right that would be perfectly valid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be perfectly valid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be perfectly valid but
+actually no more it's not any P the p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no more it's not any P the p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no more it's not any P the p is
+the probability that an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that an exponential
+Lambda is larger than five five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is larger than five five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is larger than five five and
+maybe I want to have Lambda as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to have Lambda as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to have Lambda as a
+parameter okay so what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so what I need to
+actually compute is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute is what is the
+probability that Y is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is larger than
+five when Y is this exponential Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five when Y is this exponential Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five when Y is this exponential Lambda
+which means that what I need to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that what I need to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that what I need to compute
+is the integral between five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral between five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral between five and
+Infinity of uh what it one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda how did I Define it in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda how did I Define it in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda how did I Define it in this class
+I change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah right right right you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right right right you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right right right you're right
+Lambda e to the minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda e to the minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda e to the minus Lambda
+X DX right so that's what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX right so that's what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX right so that's what I need to
+compute what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what is
+this yeah so what is the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral you take appropriate measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh again that's just Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh again that's just Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh again that's just Bas
+counsel us right so when I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counsel us right so when I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counsel us right so when I'm going to
+integrate this guy those guys are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this guy those guys are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this guy those guys are going
+to cancel I'm going to get zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel I'm going to get zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel I'm going to get zero for
+Infinity I'm going to get a five for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I'm going to get a five for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I'm going to get a five for
+this guy and uh well I know it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and uh well I know it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and uh well I know it's going
+to be a positive number so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive number so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive number so I'm not
+really going to bother with the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to bother with the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to bother with the sign
+because I know that's what it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that's what it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that's what it should be
+okay so I get e to the minus 5 Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I get e to the minus 5 Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I get e to the minus 5 Lambda
+and so that means that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that I can actually
+write this like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now parameterize this thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now parameterize this thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now parameterize this thing by
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+positive okay so what I did here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so what I did here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so what I did here is I
+changed the parameterization from P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the parameterization from P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the parameterization from P to
+Lambda why well because maybe if this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda why well because maybe if this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda why well because maybe if this I
+know this is happening maybe I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is happening maybe I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is happening maybe I'm
+actually interested in reporting Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested in reporting Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested in reporting Lambda
+to MBTA for example right maybe I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MBTA for example right maybe I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MBTA for example right maybe I'm
+actually trying to estimate one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to estimate one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to estimate one over the
+uh one over Lambda so that I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over Lambda so that I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over Lambda so that I know what
+is the uh uh well Lambda is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh uh well Lambda is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh uh well Lambda is actually the
+intensity of arrival of my uh of myal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of arrival of my uh of myal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of arrival of my uh of myal
+process right if I have a PR process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right if I have a PR process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right if I have a PR process
+that's where how my um my uh trains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where how my um my uh trains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where how my um my uh trains are
+coming in and so I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and so I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and so I'm interested in
+Lambda so I will parameterize things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so I will parameterize things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so I will parameterize things by
+Lambda so that the thing I get is Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so that the thing I get is Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so that the thing I get is Lambda
+you can play with this right I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play with this right I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play with this right I mean I
+could parameterize this by one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could parameterize this by one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could parameterize this by one over
+Lambda and put one over Lambda here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and put one over Lambda here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and put one over Lambda here if I
+wanted but you know your the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted but you know your the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted but you know your the context of
+your problem will tell you exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem will tell you exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem will tell you exactly how
+to parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parameter
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so uh what else I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's do a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one by the way are you guys okay with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by the way are you guys okay with u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by the way are you guys okay with u
+you know PL exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know PL exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know PL exponential
+burnly uh I don't know binomial normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnly uh I don't know binomial normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnly uh I don't know binomial normal
+all these things I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things I'm not going to go
+back to it but I'm going to use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it but I'm going to use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it but I'm going to use them
+heavily so you know just spend five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so you know just spend five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so you know just spend five
+minutes on Wikipedia if you forgot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on Wikipedia if you forgot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on Wikipedia if you forgot about
+what those things are uh usually you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those things are uh usually you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those things are uh usually you've
+you must have seen them in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must have seen them in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must have seen them in your
+probability class so that should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class so that should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class so that should not be
+crazy name and again I'm not expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy name and again I'm not expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy name and again I'm not expecting
+you I mean I don't remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean I don't remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean I don't remember what the
+density of an exponential is so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of an exponential is so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of an exponential is so it would
+be pretty unfair of me to actually ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty unfair of me to actually ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty unfair of me to actually ask
+you to remember what it is even for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to remember what it is even for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to remember what it is even for the
+gaon you're not expected to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaon you're not expected to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaon you're not expected to remember
+what it is but I want you to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but I want you to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but I want you to remember
+that you know if I add five to a gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if I add five to a gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if I add five to a gan
+then I have a gon with me new plus 5 If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a gon with me new plus 5 If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a gon with me new plus 5 If
+I multiply it by something right I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it by something right I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it by something right I need
+you need to know how to to operate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know how to to operate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know how to to operate those
+things so uh but uh knowing complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so uh but uh knowing complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so uh but uh knowing complicated
+uh densities is definitely not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh densities is definitely not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh densities is definitely not part of
+the game okay so um let's do final one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game okay so um let's do final one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game okay so um let's do final one I
+don't know what number I have now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what number I have now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what number I have now I'm
+going to just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform that's another one everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform that's another one everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform that's another one everybody
+knows what uniform is a uniform right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what uniform is a uniform right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what uniform is a uniform right so
+I'm going to have X which uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have X which uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have X which uh my
+observations are going to be uniform on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are going to be uniform on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are going to be uniform on
+the interval 0 Theta right so if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval 0 Theta right so if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval 0 Theta right so if I want
+to define a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a uniform
+distribution uh for a random variable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh for a random variable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh for a random variable I
+have to tell you which interval or which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you which interval or which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you which interval or which
+set I want it to be uniform on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I want it to be uniform on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I want it to be uniform on and so
+here I'm telling you is the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm telling you is the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm telling you is the interval
+zero Theta and so what is going to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Theta and so what is going to be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Theta and so what is going to be my
+uh sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sample
+space I'm sorry 0o to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm sorry 0o to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm sorry 0o to
+Theta and then what is my uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then what is my uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then what is my uh probability
+distribution my family of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well I can write it like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I can write it like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I can write it like this right
+uniform Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and Theta let's say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive can somebody tell me what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive can somebody tell me what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive can somebody tell me what's
+wrong with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrote this makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this makes no
+sense tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah
+yeah this set depends on Theta and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this set depends on Theta and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this set depends on Theta and why
+is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem there's no Theta right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's no Theta right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's no Theta right now
+there's the families of thetas which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the families of thetas which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the families of thetas which one
+did you pick here right there's no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you pick here right there's no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you pick here right there's no this
+is just something that's indexed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something that's indexed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something that's indexed by
+Theta but I could have very well written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but I could have very well written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but I could have very well written
+it as uh you know just uh not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as uh you know just uh not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as uh you know just uh not being
+great for a second I could have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for a second I could have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for a second I could have just
+written this as T right rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this as T right rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this as T right rather than
+Theta okay that would be the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay that would be the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay that would be the same and
+then what the hell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what the hell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what the hell is
+Theta there's no such thing as Theta we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta there's no such thing as Theta we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta there's no such thing as Theta we
+don't know what the parameter is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the parameter is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the parameter is the
+parameter should move with everyone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter should move with everyone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter should move with everyone and
+so that means that I actually am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that I actually am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that I actually am not
+allowed to pick this data I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to pick this data I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to pick this data I'm actually
+just for the reason that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the reason that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the reason that there's no
+parameter to put on the left side there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to put on the left side there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to put on the left side there
+should not be right so you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be right so you just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be right so you just said
+well there's a problem because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a problem because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a problem because the
+parameter is on the left hand side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is on the left hand side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is on the left hand side but
+there's not even a parameter I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not even a parameter I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not even a parameter I'm
+describing the family of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the family of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the family of possible
+parameters there's no one that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's no one that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's no one that you can
+actually plug it in so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plug it in so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plug it in so this should
+really be one and I'm going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be one and I'm going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be one and I'm going to go back
+to writing this as Theta because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to writing this as Theta because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to writing this as Theta because
+that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+standard is that clear for everyone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is that clear for everyone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is that clear for everyone I
+cannot just pick one and put it in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just pick one and put it in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just pick one and put it in there
+I just take the the the before I run my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take the the the before I run my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take the the the before I run my
+experiment I could potentially get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I could potentially get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I could potentially get
+numbers that are all the way up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are all the way up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are all the way up to one
+because I don't know what Theta is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know what Theta is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know what Theta is going
+to be ahead of time now if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ahead of time now if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ahead of time now if somebody
+promised to me that Theta was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to me that Theta was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to me that Theta was going to
+be less than 0.5 that would be sorry why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than 0.5 that would be sorry why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than 0.5 that would be sorry why
+do I put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh I could put Theta between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I could put Theta between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I could put Theta between zero
+and one but if somebody's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one but if somebody's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one but if somebody's going to
+promise me for example that Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise me for example that Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise me for example that Theta is
+going to be less than one then yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than one then yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than one then yes I
+could put zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put zero
+one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear okay so now you know how to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay so now you know how to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay so now you know how to answer
+the question what is the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what is the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what is the statistical
+model and again within the scope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and again within the scope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and again within the scope of this
+class you will not be asked to just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you will not be asked to just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you will not be asked to just come
+up with a model right that will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a model right that will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a model right that will just
+tell you quest would be a probably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you quest would be a probably good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you quest would be a probably good
+idea here and then you would just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here and then you would just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here and then you would just have
+to trust me that indeed would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust me that indeed would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust me that indeed would be a good
+idea all right so what I started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea all right so what I started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea all right so what I started talking
+about about uh 20 minutes ago so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh 20 minutes ago so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh 20 minutes ago so I was
+definitely ahead of my of myself is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely ahead of my of myself is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely ahead of my of myself is the
+notion so that's what I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion so that's what I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion so that's what I was talking
+about well specified remember well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well specified remember well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well specified remember well
+specified says that the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified says that the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified says that the true
+distribution is one of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is one of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is one of the distribution
+in this parametric families of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this parametric families of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this parametric families of
+distribution the true distribution of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the true distribution of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the true distribution of my
+siblings is actually a Pon with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings is actually a Pon with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings is actually a Pon with some
+parameters and all I need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and all I need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and all I need to figure out
+is what this parameter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this parameter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this parameter is
+when I started saying that I said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started saying that I said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started saying that I said well
+but then that could be that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that could be that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that could be that there are
+several parameters that give me the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parameters that give me the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parameters that give me the same
+distribution right it could be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right it could be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right it could be the case
+that P five and P 17 are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P five and P 17 are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P five and P 17 are exactly the
+same distributions when I start putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distributions when I start putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distributions when I start putting
+those numbers in the formula which iced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in the formula which iced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in the formula which iced
+okay so it could be the case that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it could be the case that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it could be the case that two
+different numbers would give me exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers would give me exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers would give me exactly
+the same probabilities and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same probabilities and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same probabilities and in this case
+we see that the model is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the model is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the model is not
+identifiable I mean the parameter is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable I mean the parameter is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable I mean the parameter is not
+identifiable I cannot identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable I cannot identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable I cannot identify the
+parameter even if you actually gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter even if you actually gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter even if you actually gave me
+an infinite amount of data which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite amount of data which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite amount of data which means
+that I could actually estimate exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could actually estimate exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could actually estimate exactly
+the pmf I might not be able to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pmf I might not be able to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pmf I might not be able to go back
+because there would be several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there would be several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there would be several
+candidates and I would not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and I would not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and I would not be able to
+tell you which one it was in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you which one it was in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you which one it was in the first
+one okay so what we want is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what we want is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what we want is that this
+function Theta maps to P Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Theta maps to P Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Theta maps to P Theta is
+injective and that's really to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fancy what I really mean is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy what I really mean is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy what I really mean is that if
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+is different from Theta Prime then P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from Theta Prime then P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from Theta Prime then P of
+theta is different from P of theta prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is different from P of theta prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is different from P of theta prime
+or if you prefer to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you prefer to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you prefer to think about the
+contrapositive of this this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrapositive of this this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrapositive of this this is the same
+as saying that if P Theta gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that if P Theta gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that if P Theta gives me the
+same distribution as Theta Prime then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution as Theta Prime then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution as Theta Prime then
+that implies that Theta must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that Theta must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that Theta must be equal to
+Theta Prime right the logic those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Prime right the logic those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Prime right the logic those two
+things are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent
+right so that's what is what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what is what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what is what this means
+that so this is we say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is identifiable or identified doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identifiable or identified doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identifiable or identified doesn't
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+matter in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+okay and this is something we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is something we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is something we're going
+to want okay so in all the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want okay so in all the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want okay so in all the examples that
+I gave you those those parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you those those parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you those those parameters are
+completely identify right if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely identify right if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely identify right if I tell you
+I mean if those things are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if those things are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if those things are in
+probability box it means that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability box it means that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability box it means that they were
+probably thought through right so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thought through right so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thought through right so when I
+say exponential Lambda I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exponential Lambda I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exponential Lambda I'm really
+talking about one specific distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one specific distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one specific distribution
+and not uh uh there's not another Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not uh uh there's not another Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not uh uh there's not another Lambda
+that's going to give me exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me exactly the same
+distribution okay so that was the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so that was the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so that was the case
+and you can check that but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check that but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check that but it's a little
+annoying so I would probably would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying so I would probably would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying so I would probably would not
+do it but rather than doing this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but rather than doing this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but rather than doing this let me
+just give you some examples where would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you some examples where would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you some examples where would
+not be the case okay and here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the case okay and here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the case okay and here's an
+example if I take X on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I'm back to just do using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm back to just do using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm back to just do using this
+indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator
+function but now for a gan right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but now for a gan right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but now for a gan right so what
+I observe is X is the indicator that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observe is X is the indicator that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observe is X is the indicator that Y
+is what did we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive okay so this is a burnly random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so this is a burnly random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so this is a burnly random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and it has some parameter P but P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it has some parameter P but P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it has some parameter P but P
+now is going to depend sorry and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is going to depend sorry and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is going to depend sorry and here
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+n new Sigma Square so the P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n new Sigma Square so the P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n new Sigma Square so the P the
+probability that this thing is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this thing is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this thing is positive
+is actually I don't think I put the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I don't think I put the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I don't think I put the zero
+yeah it was oh yeah because I have Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was oh yeah because I have Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was oh yeah because I have Okay
+so this distribution this P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this distribution this P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this distribution this P the
+probability that it's positive it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's positive it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's positive it's just
+the probability that some Galan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that some Galan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that some Galan is
+positive and it will depend on mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it will depend on mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it will depend on mu and
+sigma right because if I draw I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma right because if I draw I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma right because if I draw I have
+zero and I draw uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I draw uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I draw uh my
+gussan around mu then the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussan around mu then the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussan around mu then the probability of
+being of this burnly being one is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of this burnly being one is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of this burnly being one is really
+the area under the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the curve
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right and this thing well if mu is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this thing well if mu is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this thing well if mu is very
+large it's going to become very large if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it's going to become very large if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it's going to become very large if
+mu is very small it's going to become uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is very small it's going to become uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is very small it's going to become uh
+very small and if Sigma changes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and if Sigma changes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and if Sigma changes it's
+also going to affect it is that clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to affect it is that clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to affect it is that clear to
+everyone but we can actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone but we can actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone but we can actually compute
+this right so so the parameter P that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so so the parameter P that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so so the parameter P that
+I'm looking for here as a function of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for here as a function of mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for here as a function of mu
+and sigma is simply the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma is simply the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma is simply the probability that
+some Y is non- negative which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Y is non- negative which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Y is non- negative which is the
+probability that Yus mu / Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Yus mu / Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Yus mu / Sigma is
+larger than minus mu ided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than minus mu ided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than minus mu ided
+Sigma by the way when you uh studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma by the way when you uh studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma by the way when you uh studied
+probability is that's some operation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that's some operation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that's some operation you
+were used to making removing the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used to making removing the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used to making removing the mean
+and dividing by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dividing by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dividing by the standard
+deviation what is the effect of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation what is the effect of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation what is the effect of doing
+that on this on the Gin random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on this on the Gin random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on this on the Gin random
+variable yeah so you normalize it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable yeah so you normalize it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable yeah so you normalize it right
+you standardize it you actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you standardize it you actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you standardize it you actually make it
+a standard Gan you remove the mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard Gan you remove the mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard Gan you remove the mean it
+becomes a mean zero Gan and you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a mean zero Gan and you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a mean zero Gan and you remove
+the variance to for it to become one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance to for it to become one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance to for it to become one so
+when you have a gan remove the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a gan remove the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a gan remove the mean and
+divide by standard deviation it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by standard deviation it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by standard deviation it becomes
+a standard Gan which this thing has n z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard Gan which this thing has n z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard Gan which this thing has n z
+one distribution which is the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one distribution which is the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one distribution which is the one you
+can read the quenes of at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read the quenes of at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read the quenes of at the end of the
+book right and that's exactly what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right and that's exactly what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right and that's exactly what we do
+did okay so now you have the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay so now you have the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay so now you have the probability
+that some standard Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some standard Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some standard Gan
+exceeds mu over Sigma which I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds mu over Sigma which I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds mu over Sigma which I can write
+in terms of the cumulative distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the cumulative distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the cumulative distribution
+function capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F like we did in the first lecture so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F like we did in the first lecture so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F like we did in the first lecture so if
+I do this cumulative distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this cumulative distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this cumulative distribution
+function what is this probability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what is this probability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what is this probability in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's what your name tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what your name tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what your name tag
+says one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says one
+minus one minus mu over Sigma what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one minus mu over Sigma what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one minus mu over Sigma what
+happened to F in this in in our you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to F in this in in our you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to F in this in in our you
+think I defin this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I defin this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I defin this for
+fun uh 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh 1 minus
+F of mu over Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of mu over Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of mu over Sigma
+right right because this is one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because this is one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because this is one minus
+the probability that it's less than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's less than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's less than this
+and this is exactly the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly the definition of
+the cumulative dist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular this thing only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this thing only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this thing only depends
+on mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mu over
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+agreed so in particular if I had 2 mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed so in particular if I had 2 mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed so in particular if I had 2 mu
+over 2 Sigma P would remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Sigma P would remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Sigma P would remain
+unchanged if I have 12 mu over 12 Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged if I have 12 mu over 12 Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged if I have 12 mu over 12 Sigma
+this thing would remain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would remain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would remain in
+change which mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which mean that
+P does not change if I scale mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P does not change if I scale mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P does not change if I scale mu and
+sigma by the same factor so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma by the same factor so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma by the same factor so there's no
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+just by observing X even an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by observing X even an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by observing X even an infinite
+amount of time so that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time so that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time so that I can actually
+get exactly what p is I'm never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly what p is I'm never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly what p is I'm never going to
+be able to get new n Sigma separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get new n Sigma separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get new n Sigma separately
+all I'm going to be able to get is Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm going to be able to get is Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm going to be able to get is Mu
+over Sigma so here we say that mu Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Sigma so here we say that mu Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Sigma so here we say that mu Sigma
+the parameter mu Sigma or actually each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter mu Sigma or actually each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter mu Sigma or actually each
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+individually those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys they're not identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the parameter mu over Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identifiable so if I wanted to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable so if I wanted to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable so if I wanted to write a
+statistical model in which the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model in which the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model in which the parameter
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identifiable I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable I would
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veral and then I would write 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veral and then I would write 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veral and then I would write 1 minus
+pi over of mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over of mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over of mu over
+Sigma and then I would take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then I would take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then I would take two
+parameters which are mu and R and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which are mu and R and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which are mu and R and sigma
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+positive or let's right Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or let's right Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or let's right Sigma
+positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this is not identifiable I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not identifiable I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not identifiable I cannot
+write those two guys as being two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different instead what I want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instead what I want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instead what I want to write
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vernal 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+uh I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I forgot
+this uh my parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh my parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh my parameter
+is Mu over Sigma can somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu over Sigma can somebody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu over Sigma can somebody tell me
+where mu over Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mu over Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mu over Sigma
+lives what values can this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take any real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so now I've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so now I've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so now I've done this
+definitely out of conven venience right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely out of conven venience right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely out of conven venience right
+because that was the only thing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the only thing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the only thing I was
+able to identify the ratio of mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify the ratio of mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify the ratio of mu over
+Sigma but it's still something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma but it's still something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma but it's still something that has
+some meaning it's the stand it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaning it's the stand it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaning it's the stand it's the
+normalized mean it really tells me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized mean it really tells me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized mean it really tells me what
+the mean is compared to the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is compared to the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is compared to the standard
+deviation so in some models in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so in some models in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so in some models in reality
+in some real applications this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some real applications this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some real applications this actually
+might have a good meaning for me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a good meaning for me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a good meaning for me it's
+just telling me how big the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling me how big the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling me how big the mean is
+compared to the standard fluctuations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the standard fluctuations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the standard fluctuations of
+this model but I won't be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model but I won't be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model but I won't be able to get
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so now that we've set a parametric model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've set a parametric model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've set a parametric model
+let's try to see what our goals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see what our goals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to see what our goals are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be okay so now we have a sample and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so now we have a sample and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so now we have a sample and a
+statistical model and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model and we want to
+estimate the parameter Theta and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the parameter Theta and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the parameter Theta and I could
+say well you know what I don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you know what I don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you know what I don't have time
+for this analysis collecting data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this analysis collecting data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this analysis collecting data is
+going to take me a while so I'm just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take me a while so I'm just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take me a while so I'm just the
+and I'm going to say that over Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to say that over Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to say that over Sigma is
+for I'm just going to give it to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I'm just going to give it to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I'm just going to give it to you and
+maybe you will tell me ah not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you will tell me ah not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you will tell me ah not very good
+right so we need some measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need some measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need some measure of
+performance of a given parameter we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a given parameter we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a given parameter we need
+to be able to evaluate if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to evaluate if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to evaluate if you know
+eyeballing the problem is worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeballing the problem is worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeballing the problem is worse than
+actually collecting a large amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collecting a large amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collecting a large amount of
+data we need to know if even if I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we need to know if even if I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we need to know if even if I come
+up with an estimator that actually sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an estimator that actually sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an estimator that actually sort
+of uses the data does it make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uses the data does it make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uses the data does it make an
+efficient use of the data would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient use of the data would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient use of the data would I
+actually need 10 times more observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need 10 times more observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need 10 times more observations
+to achieve the same accuracy so to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve the same accuracy so to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve the same accuracy so to be
+able to answer these questions well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to answer these questions well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to answer these questions well well
+I need to Define what accuracy means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to Define what accuracy means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to Define what accuracy means and
+accuracy is something that sort of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is something that sort of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is something that sort of makes
+sense it says well I want Theta hat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it says well I want Theta hat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it says well I want Theta hat to
+be close to Theta and but Theta hat is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be close to Theta and but Theta hat is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be close to Theta and but Theta hat is a
+random variable so I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so I'm going to have to
+understand what it means for a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it means for a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it means for a random
+variable to be close to a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to be close to a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to be close to a deterministic
+number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and
+so what is the parameter an estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the parameter an estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the parameter an estimator
+right so I have an estimator and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have an estimator and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have an estimator and I said
+it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random
+variable and the formal definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so an estimator is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the
+data okay so when I write Theta hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so when I write Theta hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so when I write Theta hat and
+that will typically be my notation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will typically be my notation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will typically be my notation for a
+uh an estimator right I should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an estimator right I should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an estimator right I should really
+write Theta hat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Theta hat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Theta hat of
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+xn okay that's what an estimator is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn okay that's what an estimator is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn okay that's what an estimator is so
+if you want to know what the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know what the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know what the estimator
+is this is a measurable function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a measurable function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a measurable function of the
+data and it's actually also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it's actually also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it's actually also known
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistic and you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and you know if you're
+interested in you know I I I see every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know I I I see every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know I I I see every
+day I think uh when I have like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I think uh when I have like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I think uh when I have like you know
+a uh dinner with normal people uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh dinner with normal people uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh dinner with normal people uh and
+they say I'm a statistician oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I'm a statistician oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I'm a statistician oh yeah
+really like baseball and they talk to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like baseball and they talk to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like baseball and they talk to me
+about you know batting averages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know batting averages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know batting averages like
+that's not what I do but for them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I do but for them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I do but for them that's
+what it is and that's because in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and that's because in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and that's because in a way
+that's what a statistic is a batting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a statistic is a batting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a statistic is a batting
+average is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is a
+statistic okay and so here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and so here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and so here are some
+examples you can take the average X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you can take the average X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you can take the average X and
+bar you can take the maximum of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar you can take the maximum of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar you can take the maximum of your
+observation that's the statistics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that's the statistics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that's the statistics you
+can take the first one you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the first one you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the first one you can take the
+first one plus log of one plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one plus log of one plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one plus log of one plus the
+absolute value of the last one you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the last one you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the last one you can
+do whatever you want that will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever you want that will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever you want that will be an
+estimator some of them are clearly going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator some of them are clearly going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator some of them are clearly going
+to be bad but that's still a statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bad but that's still a statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bad but that's still a statistic
+and you can do this now when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this now when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this now when I say
+measurable I always have uh so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable I always have uh so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable I always have uh so you know
+gradu students sometimes ask me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradu students sometimes ask me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradu students sometimes ask me like
+yeah how do I know if this estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do I know if this estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do I know if this estimator is
+measurable or not and usually my answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable or not and usually my answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable or not and usually my answer
+is well if I give you data can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well if I give you data can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well if I give you data can you
+compute it and they say yeah I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it and they say yeah I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it and they say yeah I'm like
+well then it's measurable that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it's measurable that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it's measurable that's a very
+good rule to check if you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good rule to check if you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good rule to check if you can actually
+if you're uh something is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're uh something is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're uh something is actually
+measurable when is this thing not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable when is this thing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable when is this thing not
+measurable is when it's implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable is when it's implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable is when it's implicitly
+defined okay and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined okay and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined okay and in particular the
+things that can give you problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can give you problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can give you problems are
+uh well oh yeah soup or INF anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well oh yeah soup or INF anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well oh yeah soup or INF anybody
+knows what a soup or an INF is it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what a soup or an INF is it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what a soup or an INF is it's like
+a Max or a Min but that's not always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Max or a Min but that's not always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Max or a Min but that's not always a
+Tain okay so if I have X1 so if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tain okay so if I have X1 so if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tain okay so if I have X1 so if I look
+at uh the infim of the function f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh the infim of the function f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh the infim of the function f ofx
+for X on the real line and F ofx sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X on the real line and F ofx sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X on the real line and F ofx sorry
+let's say X on one infinity and F ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say X on one infinity and F ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say X on one infinity and F ofx is
+equal to 1 /x right then the infinum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 /x right then the infinum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 /x right then the infinum is
+the smallest value it can take except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest value it can take except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest value it can take except
+that it does not really take it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does not really take it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does not really take it it's
+zero right right because 1 /x is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right right because 1 /x is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right right because 1 /x is going
+to zero but it's never really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but it's never really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but it's never really getting
+there so we just call the in zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we just call the in zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we just call the in zero but
+it's not the value that it ever takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the value that it ever takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the value that it ever takes
+and this things might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this things might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this things might actually be
+complicated to compute and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to compute and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to compute and so that's
+when you actually have problems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually have problems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually have problems right
+when the limit is not you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the limit is not you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the limit is not you're not really
+quite reaching the limit you won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite reaching the limit you won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite reaching the limit you won't have
+this problem in general but just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in general but just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in general but just so you
+know that nstimer is not really anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that nstimer is not really anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that nstimer is not really anything
+it has to actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to actually be
+measurable okay so the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable okay so the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable okay so the first thing we
+want to know I mentioned it is uh so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know I mentioned it is uh so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know I mentioned it is uh so an
+estimator is a statistic which does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a statistic which does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a statistic which does not
+depend on data of course okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on data of course okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on data of course okay so if I
+give you the data you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the data you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the data you have to be able to
+compute it and that probably should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it and that probably should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it and that probably should not
+require not knowing an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require not knowing an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require not knowing an unknown
+parameter okay so an estimator is said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so an estimator is said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so an estimator is said
+to be consistent if when my data when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistent if when my data when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistent if when my data when I
+collect more and more data this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more and more data this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more and more data this thing is
+getting closer and closer to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer to the true
+parameter all right and we said that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter all right and we said that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter all right and we said that you
+know eyeballing and saying that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eyeballing and saying that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eyeballing and saying that is going
+to be four is not really something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be four is not really something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be four is not really something
+that's probably going to be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably going to be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably going to be consistent
+but they can have things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can have things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can have things that are
+consistent but that are converted ing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent but that are converted ing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent but that are converted ing
+TOA at different speeds okay and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA at different speeds okay and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA at different speeds okay and we know
+also that there's this is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that there's this is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that there's this is a random
+variable it converges to something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it converges to something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it converges to something and
+we there might be some different Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there might be some different Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there might be some different Notions
+of convergence that kick in and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence that kick in and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence that kick in and actually
+they are and we see that it's weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and we see that it's weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and we see that it's weakly
+convergent if it converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent if it converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent if it converges in
+probability and strongly convergent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and strongly convergent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and strongly convergent it
+spe converges almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spe converges almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spe converges almost
+surely okay and this is just vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely okay and this is just vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely okay and this is just vocabulary
+it won't make a big difference okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't make a big difference okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't make a big difference okay so
+we will typically say it's consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will typically say it's consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will typically say it's consistent
+but you say any of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so in parametric statistics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in parametric statistics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in parametric statistics it's
+actually a little difficult to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little difficult to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little difficult to come up
+with but in non-parametric ones I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but in non-parametric ones I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but in non-parametric ones I could
+just say if I have Yi XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yi and I know that Yi is f of x i plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and I know that Yi is f of x i plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and I know that Yi is f of x i plus
+some noise Epsilon I and I know that F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noise Epsilon I and I know that F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noise Epsilon I and I know that F
+belongs to some class of functions let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to some class of functions let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to some class of functions let's
+say so class of smooth functions massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so class of smooth functions massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so class of smooth functions massive
+right and now I'm going to actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'm going to actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I'm going to actually find
+the following estimator I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following estimator I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following estimator I'm going to
+take the average so I'm going to do Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average so I'm going to do Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average so I'm going to do Le
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right so I just check I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so I just check I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so I just check I'm trying
+to minimize the distance of each of my f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the distance of each of my f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the distance of each of my f
+of XI to my Yi and now I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XI to my Yi and now I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XI to my Yi and now I want to find
+the smallest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest of
+them okay so if I look at the infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so if I look at the infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so if I look at the infimum
+here then the question is uh um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then the question is uh um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then the question is uh um so that
+could be uh well that's not really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh well that's not really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh well that's not really an
+estimator for f but it's an estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for f but it's an estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for f but it's an estimator
+for the smallest possible value and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the smallest possible value and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the smallest possible value and so
+for example uh this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh this is actually an
+estimator for the variance of Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for the variance of Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for the variance of Sigma
+Square this might not be attained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this might not be attained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this might not be attained and
+this might not need be measurable if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might not need be measurable if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might not need be measurable if f
+is massive right so that's the info vers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is massive right so that's the info vers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is massive right so that's the info vers
+some class F of okay so those are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some class F of okay so those are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some class F of okay so those are always
+things that are defined implicitly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are defined implicitly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are defined implicitly if
+it's an average for example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an average for example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an average for example it's
+completely measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay so we know that the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know that the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know that the first thing we
+might want to check and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to check and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to check and that's
+definitely something we want about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something we want about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something we want about an
+estimator is that it's consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is that it's consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is that it's consistent
+because all consistency tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all consistency tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all consistency tells us is that
+the as I collect more and more data my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as I collect more and more data my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as I collect more and more data my
+estimator is going to get closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is going to get closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is going to get closer and
+closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+parameter there's other things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter there's other things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter there's other things we can
+look at for each possible value of n now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for each possible value of n now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for each possible value of n now
+right now I'm have I have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm have I have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm have I have a finite
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+observations 25 and I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 25 and I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 25 and I want to know
+something about my estimator the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about my estimator the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about my estimator the first
+thing I want to check is maybe if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to check is maybe if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to check is maybe if in
+average right so this is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right so this is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right so this is a random
+variable is this random variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is this random variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is this random variable in
+average going to be close to Theta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average going to be close to Theta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average going to be close to Theta or
+not and so the difference how far I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so the difference how far I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so the difference how far I am
+from Theta is actually called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Theta is actually called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Theta is actually called the
+bias okay so the bias of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimator is is the expectation of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is is the expectation of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is is the expectation of theta
+hat minus the value that I hope it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus the value that I hope it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus the value that I hope it gets
+which is Theta if this thing is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero we said that Theta hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unbiased and unbiased estimators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased and unbiased estimators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased and unbiased estimators are
+things that people are looking for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people are looking for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people are looking for in
+general the problem is that there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the problem is that there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the problem is that there's lots
+of unbiased estimators and so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unbiased estimators and so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unbiased estimators and so it might
+be misleading to look for unbiasedness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading to look for unbiasedness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading to look for unbiasedness
+when that's not really the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's not really the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's not really the only thing
+you should be looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be looking for
+okay so what does it mean to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does it mean to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does it mean to be
+unbiased maybe for this particular round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased maybe for this particular round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased maybe for this particular round
+of data you collected you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you collected you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you collected you're actually
+pretty far from the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far from the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far from the true
+estimator but uh one thing that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator but uh one thing that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator but uh one thing that actually
+uh uh what it means is that if I redid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what it means is that if I redid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what it means is that if I redid
+this experiment over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment over and over and over
+again and I averaged all the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I averaged all the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I averaged all the values of
+my estimators that I got then this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my estimators that I got then this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my estimators that I got then this would
+actually be the right the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be the right the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be the right the true
+parameter okay that's what it means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay that's what it means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay that's what it means it's
+if I were to repeat this experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to repeat this experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to repeat this experiment in
+average I would actually get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I would actually get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I would actually get the right
+thing but you don't get to repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you don't get to repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you don't get to repeated
+experiment Ty okay just a remark about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment Ty okay just a remark about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment Ty okay just a remark about
+estimators look at this estimator xn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators look at this estimator xn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators look at this estimator xn bar
+right think of the kiss example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right think of the kiss example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right think of the kiss example I'm
+looking at the average of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the average of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the average of my
+observations and I want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and I want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and I want to know what the
+expectation of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this thing
+is okay now this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay now this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay now this guy
+is by linearity of the the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+right but my data is identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but my data is identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but my data is identically
+distributed so in particular all the XIs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so in particular all the XIs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so in particular all the XIs
+have the same expectation right is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same expectation right is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same expectation right is that
+everybody agrees with this when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees with this when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees with this when it's
+identically distributed they all get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed they all get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed they all get the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+expectation so what it means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so what it means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so what it means is that
+this guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guys
+here they're all equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're all equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're all equal to the
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+X1 right so what it means is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 right so what it means is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 right so what it means is that this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+I have the average of the same number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the average of the same number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the average of the same number so
+this is actually the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the expectation of
+X1 okay and it's true in the kiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 okay and it's true in the kiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 okay and it's true in the kiss
+example this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this was
+p and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p the probability of turning your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the probability of turning your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the probability of turning your head
+right okay so those two things are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so those two things are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so those two things are the
+same in particular that means that xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in particular that means that xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in particular that means that xn
+bar and just X1 have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and just X1 have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and just X1 have the same
+bias so that should probably illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so that should probably illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so that should probably illustrate
+to you that bias is not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that bias is not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that bias is not something that
+really is telling you the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is telling you the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is telling you the entire
+picture right I I can take only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right I I can take only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right I I can take only one of
+my observations burnly 01 this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my observations burnly 01 this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my observations burnly 01 this thing
+will have the same bias as if I average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same bias as if I average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same bias as if I average
+a thousand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand of
+them so the bias is really telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the bias is really telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the bias is really telling me
+where I'm in average but it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm in average but it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm in average but it's really not
+telling me what fluctuations I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what fluctuations I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what fluctuations I'm getting
+and so if you want to start having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you want to start having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you want to start having
+fluctuations coming into the picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations coming into the picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations coming into the picture we
+actually have to look at the risk or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to look at the risk or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to look at the risk or the
+quadratic risk of an estimator and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic risk of an estimator and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic risk of an estimator and so
+the quadratic risk is the find as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic risk is the find as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic risk is the find as the
+expectation of the square distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the square distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the square distance
+between Theta hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Theta hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Theta hat and
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay so let look let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk sometimes it's denoted people call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk sometimes it's denoted people call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk sometimes it's denoted people call
+it the L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk of theta hat of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of theta hat of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of theta hat of course
+worse I'm sorry for maintaining such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse I'm sorry for maintaining such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse I'm sorry for maintaining such an
+ugly board I keep this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly board I keep this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly board I keep this uh
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so I look at the square distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so I look at the square distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so I look at the square distance
+between Theta hat and Theta this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Theta hat and Theta this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Theta hat and Theta this is
+still this is a function of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this is a function of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this is a function of a random
+variable so it's a random variable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it's a random variable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it's a random variable as
+well and I'm looking at the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I'm looking at the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I'm looking at the expectation
+of this guy okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition I claim that when this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I claim that when this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I claim that when this thing
+goes to zero then my estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero then my estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero then my estimator is
+actually going to be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be consistent
+everybody agreed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh goes to zero as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes to zero as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes to zero as n goes to infinity
+and here I don't need to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I don't need to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I don't need to tell you what
+kind of convergence I have because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of convergence I have because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of convergence I have because this
+is just a number right it's an EXT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a number right it's an EXT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a number right it's an EXT
+expectation so it's a regular usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so it's a regular usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so it's a regular usual
+calculus th convergence then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus th convergence then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus th convergence then that
+implies that Theta hat is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that Theta hat is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that Theta hat is actually
+weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consistent what do they use to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah this is the convergence in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah this is the convergence in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah this is the convergence in L2
+right this actually is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this actually is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this actually is strictly
+equivalent this is by definition saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent this is by definition saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent this is by definition saying
+that Theta hat converges in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta hat converges in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta hat converges in L2
+2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to
+Theta and we know that convergence in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and we know that convergence in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and we know that convergence in L2
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+convergence in probability to Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability to Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability to Theta
+right that with the picture we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that with the picture we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that with the picture we're going
+up and this is actually equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this is actually equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this is actually equivalent to
+weak consistency by definition of weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak consistency by definition of weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak consistency by definition of weak
+consistency okay so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency okay so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency okay so this is actually
+telling me a little more because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me a little more because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me a little more because this
+guy here they're both unbiased Thea xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here they're both unbiased Thea xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here they're both unbiased Thea xn
+bar is unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is unbiased
+X1 isn't biased but X1 is certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 isn't biased but X1 is certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 isn't biased but X1 is certainly not
+consistent because the more data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent because the more data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent because the more data I
+collect I'm not even doing anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect I'm not even doing anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect I'm not even doing anything with
+it I'm just taking the first data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just taking the first data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just taking the first data point
+you're giving to me so they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving to me so they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving to me so they're both
+unbiased but this one is not consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased but this one is not consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased but this one is not consistent
+and this one we'll see is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one we'll see is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one we'll see is actually
+consistent xn bar is consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent xn bar is consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent xn bar is consistent and
+actually we've seen that last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we've seen that last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we've seen that last time and
+that's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the what guarantees the fact that X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what guarantees the fact that X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what guarantees the fact that X and
+bar is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law of large numbers right actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers right actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers right actually it's
+strongly consistent because of a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly consistent because of a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly consistent because of a strong
+LW of large numbers okay so just uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LW of large numbers okay so just uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LW of large numbers okay so just uh for
+in the last two minutes I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two minutes I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two minutes I want to tell
+you a little bit about how this risk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about how this risk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about how this risk uh
+uh is linked to see I says quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is linked to see I says quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is linked to see I says quadratic
+risk is equal to B squ plus variance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is equal to B squ plus variance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is equal to B squ plus variance so
+let's see what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what I mean by
+this so I'm going to forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm going to forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm going to forget about the
+absolute values I have a square I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values I have a square I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values I have a square I don't
+really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them if Theta hat was unbiased this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if Theta hat was unbiased this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if Theta hat was unbiased this
+thing would be the expectation of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be the expectation of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be the expectation of theta
+hat right it might not be the case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat right it might not be the case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat right it might not be the case so
+let me see how I can actually see put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see how I can actually see put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see how I can actually see put
+the bias in there well one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias in there well one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias in there well one way to do
+this is to see that this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to see that this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to see that this is equal to the
+expectation of theta hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat minus
+expectation of theta hat plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat plus
+expectation of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta
+hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay I just removed the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay I just removed the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay I just removed the same and
+added the same thing so I didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the same thing so I didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the same thing so I didn't change
+anything now this guy is my bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now this guy is my bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now this guy is my bias
+right so now let me expand the square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let me expand the square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let me expand the square so
+what I get is the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is the expectation of the
+square of theta hat minus its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation should put some square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation should put some square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation should put some square
+bracket plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket plus two
+times the cross product so the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cross product so the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cross product so the cross
+product is what expectation of theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is what expectation of theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is what expectation of theta hat
+minus expectation of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus expectation of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus expectation of theta
+Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat
+Time expectation of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time expectation of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time expectation of theta
+hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and then I have the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square expectation of theta hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square expectation of theta hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square expectation of theta hat minus
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+squ okay so Square cross product Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so Square cross product Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so Square cross product Square
+everybody's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's with
+me now this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now this guy
+here if you pay attention this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you pay attention this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you pay attention this thing is
+the expectation of some random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of some random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of some random variable
+so it's a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a deterministic
+number data is the true parameter it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number data is the true parameter it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number data is the true parameter it's a
+deterministic number so what I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number so what I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number so what I can do is
+pull out this entire thing out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out this entire thing out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out this entire thing out of the
+expectation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right and compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and compute the
+expectation only with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation only with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation only with respect to that
+part but what is the expectation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing it's zero right expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's zero right expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's zero right expectation of
+theta hat minus expectation of theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat minus expectation of theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat minus expectation of theta hat
+is zero so this entire thing is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so this entire thing is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so this entire thing is equal to
+zero so now when I actually collect back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now when I actually collect back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now when I actually collect back
+my uh my quadratic terms my two square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh my quadratic terms my two square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh my quadratic terms my two square
+terms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this
+expansion what I get is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion what I get is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion what I get is that the
+expectation of theta hat minus Theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat minus Theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat minus Theta 2
+is equal to the expectation of Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the expectation of Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the expectation of Theta hat
+minus expectation of theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ plus the square of expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus the square of expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus the square of expectation of
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta right so those are just the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right so those are just the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right so those are just the two uh
+the first and the last term of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the last term of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the last term of the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+equality now here I have the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality now here I have the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality now here I have the expectation
+of the square of the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of the difference between
+a random variable and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable and its
+expectation this is otherwise known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this is otherwise known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this is otherwise known as
+the variance right so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance right so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance right so this is actually
+equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the
+variance of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of theta
+hat and this well this was the bias we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this well this was the bias we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this well this was the bias we
+already said that there so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said that there so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said that there so this whole
+thing is the bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square okay and hence the quadratic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay and hence the quadratic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay and hence the quadratic term
+is the sum of the variance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the variance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the variance and the
+squared bias y squar bias well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared bias y squar bias well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared bias y squar bias well because
+otherwise you would add dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would add dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would add dollars and
+dollars squares squared right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars squares squared right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars squares squared right so you
+need to add dollar squared and do Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add dollar squared and do Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add dollar squared and do Square
+so that this thing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this thing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this thing is actually
+homogeneous okay so if x is in dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous okay so if x is in dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous okay so if x is in dollars
+then the bias is in dollars but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the bias is in dollars but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the bias is in dollars but the
+variance is in dollar squ okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is in dollar squ okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is in dollar squ okay and the
+square here forc you to put everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square here forc you to put everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square here forc you to put everything
+on the Square uh scale right so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Square uh scale right so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Square uh scale right so what's
+nice is that if the quadratic risk goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is that if the quadratic risk goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is that if the quadratic risk goes
+to zero then since I have the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then since I have the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then since I have the sum of two
+positive terms both of them have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive terms both of them have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive terms both of them have to go
+to zero that means that my variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that means that my variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that means that my variance is
+going to zero very little fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero very little fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero very little fluctuations
+and my bias is also going to zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my bias is also going to zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my bias is also going to zero which
+means that I'm actually going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I'm actually going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I'm actually going to be on
+target once I reduce my fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target once I reduce my fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target once I reduce my fluctuations
+because it's one thing to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one thing to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one thing to reduce the
+fluctuations but if I'm not on target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations but if I'm not on target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations but if I'm not on target
+it's an issue right for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an issue right for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an issue right for example the
+estimator four the value four has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator four the value four has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator four the value four has no
+variance every time I'm going to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance every time I'm going to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance every time I'm going to repeat
+the experiment I'm going to get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment I'm going to get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment I'm going to get four
+four four four variance is zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four four variance is zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four four variance is zero but the
+bias is bad the bias is four minus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is bad the bias is four minus Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is bad the bias is four minus Theta
+and if Theta is far than far from four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if Theta is far than far from four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if Theta is far than far from four
+that's not doing very well okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not doing very well okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not doing very well okay so um
+next week uh we will uh well we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week uh we will uh well we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week uh we will uh well we'll talk
+about uh what is a good estimate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what is a good estimate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what is a good estimate what
+what how estimators change if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how estimators change if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how estimators change if they have
+high variance or uh uh low variance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high variance or uh uh low variance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high variance or uh uh low variance so
+uh or high bias and low bias and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or high bias and low bias and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or high bias and low bias and we'll
+talk about confidence intervals as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about confidence intervals as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about confidence intervals as well
+all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Td01vFP3uJo.txt b/Td01vFP3uJo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f82ff696ab18456d8288665d024282179b2273e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Td01vFP3uJo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15826 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today's topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's topic
+uh is workflow and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is workflow and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is workflow and uh
+this is something that a topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that a topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that a topic that
+i didn't realize existed when i started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't realize existed when i started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't realize existed when i started
+working in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in this area
+but i've had my nose ground and ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've had my nose ground and ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've had my nose ground and ground
+into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+for many decades and so finally it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many decades and so finally it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many decades and so finally it has
+become obvious to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become obvious to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become obvious to me
+that it's something to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's something to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's something to pay attention to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an interesting question
+suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that
+your goal in the kind of work that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal in the kind of work that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal in the kind of work that we're
+doing in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this class
+is to improve medical care not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to improve medical care not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to improve medical care not an
+unreasonable goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable goal
+so how do you do it well we had an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do it well we had an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do it well we had an idea
+back in the 1970s when i was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1970s when i was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1970s when i was getting
+started on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on this
+which was that we wanted to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was that we wanted to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was that we wanted to understand
+what the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the best
+the world's best experts did and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's best experts did and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's best experts did and to
+create decision support systems by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create decision support systems by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create decision support systems by
+encapsulating their knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating their knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating their knowledge
+about uh how to do diagnosis how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how to do diagnosis how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how to do diagnosis how to
+do prognosis on treatment selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do prognosis on treatment selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do prognosis on treatment selection
+in order to improve the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to improve the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to improve the performance of
+every other doctor who was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other doctor who was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other doctor who was not a
+world-class expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-class expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-class expert
+by allowing the world-class expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing the world-class expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing the world-class expertise
+captured in a computer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in a computer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in a computer system
+to help people figure out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people figure out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people figure out how to do
+better so to make them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so to make them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so to make them more
+accurate diagnosticians more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate diagnosticians more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate diagnosticians more efficient
+therapists etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists etc
+and the goal here was really to bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal here was really to bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal here was really to bring up
+the average performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average performance of
+everybody in the healthcare system so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the healthcare system so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the healthcare system so we
+used to say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say things like
+uh bring everybody uh practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring everybody uh practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring everybody uh practicing
+medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+closer to the level of practice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the level of practice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the level of practice of the
+world-class experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that turned out not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that turned out not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that turned out not to be
+what what was important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was important
+and so there was another idea that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was another idea that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was another idea that came
+along a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a little bit later
+that said well you know it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said well you know it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said well you know it's not really
+so much the average performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the average performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the average performance
+of doctors that's bad it's the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doctors that's bad it's the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doctors that's bad it's the sub
+average performance that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average performance that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average performance that's really
+terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+and so if your sub average performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if your sub average performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if your sub average performance
+leads to your patients dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to your patients dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to your patients dying
+but your above average performance only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your above average performance only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your above average performance only
+makes a moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a moderate
+moderate difference in their outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate difference in their outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate difference in their outcomes
+then it's clearly more important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's clearly more important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's clearly more important to
+focus on the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the people
+who are the worst doctors and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the worst doctors and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the worst doctors and to get
+them to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to act
+in a better way and thus was born the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a better way and thus was born the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a better way and thus was born the
+idea of a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a protocol
+that says let's treat similar patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says let's treat similar patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says let's treat similar patients
+in similar ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in similar ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in similar ways
+and the value of that is to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of that is to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of that is to reduce the
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+so improve average versus reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so improve average versus reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so improve average versus reduced
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+so which of these is better well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which of these is better well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which of these is better well it
+depends on your loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your loss function
+so as i was suggesting if your loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i was suggesting if your loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i was suggesting if your loss
+function is asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is asymmetric
+so that doing badly or doing below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doing badly or doing below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doing badly or doing below
+average is much worse than doing above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is much worse than doing above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is much worse than doing above
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+is much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much better than
+then this protocol idea of reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this protocol idea of reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this protocol idea of reducing
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+is really important and this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important and this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important and this is pretty
+much what the medical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what the medical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what the medical system
+has adopted so i wanted to try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has adopted so i wanted to try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has adopted so i wanted to try to help
+you visualize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visualize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visualize this
+suppose that on some arbitrary scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that on some arbitrary scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that on some arbitrary scale
+of you know zero to eight we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know zero to eight we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know zero to eight we have
+a usual normal distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usual normal distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usual normal distribution of
+on the left the base behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left the base behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left the base behavior
+so this is how people on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how people on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how people on average
+normally behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally behave
+we assume that there's something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that there's something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that there's something like a
+normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution
+so here's your world-class expert whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's your world-class expert whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's your world-class expert whose
+performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is
+up at you know six or seven and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at you know six or seven and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at you know six or seven and here's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dud of a doctor whose performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dud of a doctor whose performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dud of a doctor whose performance is
+down between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down between
+zero and one and the average doctor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one and the average doctor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one and the average doctor is
+just a shy just shy of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a shy just shy of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a shy just shy of four
+so here are two scenarios scenario one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are two scenarios scenario one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are two scenarios scenario one
+is that we improve these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we improve these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we improve these guys
+performance by just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by just a little bit
+so we improve it by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we improve it by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we improve it by you know
+0.1 performance points i think is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 performance points i think is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 performance points i think is is
+what i've done in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done in this model
+versus another approach which is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another approach which is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another approach which is suppose
+we could cut down the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could cut down the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could cut down the variance
+dramatically so that this same normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so that this same normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so that this same normal
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+becomes narrower its average is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes narrower its average is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes narrower its average is still in
+exactly the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same place
+but now there are no distant outliers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there are no distant outliers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there are no distant outliers so
+there aren't doctors who perform a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't doctors who perform a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't doctors who perform a lot
+worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+and there aren't doctors who perform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't doctors who perform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't doctors who perform a
+lot better either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better either
+well what happens in that case well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens in that case well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens in that case well you
+have to look at the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the cost function
+so if you have a cost function like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a cost function like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a cost function like this
+that says that somebody performing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that somebody performing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that somebody performing at
+the zero level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero level
+has a cost of one whereas somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cost of one whereas somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cost of one whereas somebody
+performing at the eight level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing at the eight level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing at the eight level
+has a cost of almost zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cost of almost zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cost of almost zero and
+it's exponentially declining like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponentially declining like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponentially declining like this
+so that the average performance has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the average performance has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the average performance has a
+much lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower cost
+than the average between the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the average between the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the average between the worst
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+and the best performance so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best performance so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best performance so this
+suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests
+that if you could bunch people into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you could bunch people into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you could bunch people into this
+region of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of performance
+that your overall costs would go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your overall costs would go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your overall costs would go down
+and in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if
+if this is a purely hypothetical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a purely hypothetical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a purely hypothetical model
+that i've built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've built
+but if you do the calculations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do the calculations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do the calculations you
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+that for the base distribution here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the base distribution here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the base distribution here's
+the distribution of costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of costs
+for the slightly improved distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slightly improved distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slightly improved distribution
+you get a cost which is 1694 versus 781
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a cost which is 1694 versus 781
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a cost which is 1694 versus 781
+again in arbitrary units but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in arbitrary units but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in arbitrary units but if you
+manage to narrow the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to narrow the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to narrow the distribution
+you can get the total cost down to less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the total cost down to less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the total cost down to less
+than what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you do
+by improving the average now this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by improving the average now this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by improving the average now this is not
+a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof
+that this is the right idea uh the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the right idea uh the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the right idea uh the proof
+is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably
+in the fact that that medical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fact that that medical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fact that that medical systems
+have adopted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adopted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adopted this
+and have decided that getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have decided that getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have decided that getting all
+doctors to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors to behave
+more like the average doctor is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the average doctor is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the average doctor is the best
+practical way of improving medical care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well how do we narrow the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we narrow the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we narrow the performance
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+so one way is by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way is by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way is by having
+guidelines and protocols where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines and protocols where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines and protocols where you have
+some learned body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some learned body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some learned body
+who prescribes appropriate methods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prescribes appropriate methods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prescribes appropriate methods to
+diagnose and treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose and treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose and treat
+patients so what happens is for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so what happens is for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so what happens is for example
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+article here from november of 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here from november of 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here from november of 2018
+a report of the american college of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a report of the american college of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a report of the american college of
+cardiology the american heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiology the american heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiology the american heart
+association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+task force on clinical practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task force on clinical practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task force on clinical practice
+guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines
+and this has been adopted by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been adopted by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been adopted by this
+cornucopia of three and four letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornucopia of three and four letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornucopia of three and four letter
+abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated
+organizations and it's a guideline on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and it's a guideline on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and it's a guideline on
+the management of blood cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management of blood cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management of blood cholesterol
+so as you know having high cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know having high cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know having high cholesterol
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+dangerous uh it can lead to heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh it can lead to heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh it can lead to heart
+attacks and strokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and strokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and strokes
+uh and so there's a consensus that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so there's a consensus that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so there's a consensus that it
+would be good to lower that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to lower that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to lower that
+in people so these guys went around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people so these guys went around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people so these guys went around and
+went about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went about this
+by gathering together a bunch of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by gathering together a bunch of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by gathering together a bunch of world
+experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+and saying well how do we do this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying well how do we do this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying well how do we do this what
+what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we
+promulgate as the appropriate way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgate as the appropriate way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgate as the appropriate way to
+care for patients with this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for patients with this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for patients with this condition
+and the first thing they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing they did is they
+came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up
+with a color-coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a color-coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a color-coded
+notion of how strong the recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of how strong the recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of how strong the recommendation
+a certain recommendation should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain recommendation should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain recommendation should be
+and another color-coded or shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another color-coded or shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another color-coded or shaded
+uh level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of certainty in that recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainty in that recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainty in that recommendation
+so for example if you say something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you say something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you say something is
+in class one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class one
+so it's a strong recommendation uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a strong recommendation uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a strong recommendation uh then
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+use words like is recommended or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use words like is recommended or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use words like is recommended or is
+indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+useful effective beneficial should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effective beneficial should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effective beneficial should be
+performed etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed etc
+if it's in class two where the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in class two where the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in class two where the benefit
+is much greater than the risk then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than the risk then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than the risk then you
+say things like it's reasonable it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like it's reasonable it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like it's reasonable it can
+be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful
+etc if the benefit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc if the benefit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc if the benefit is
+maybe equal to or a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe equal to or a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe equal to or a little bit better
+than the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the risk
+you say waffle words like might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say waffle words like might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say waffle words like might be
+reasonable may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable may be
+considered uh if the if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered uh if the if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered uh if the if there's no
+benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit
+in other words if it roughly equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if it roughly equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if it roughly equals the
+risk then you say it's not recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk then you say it's not recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk then you say it's not recommended
+and if the risk is greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the risk is greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the risk is greater than the
+benefit then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit then you say
+things like it's potentially harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like it's potentially harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like it's potentially harmful
+causes harm etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes harm etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes harm etc
+so if you were giving a recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were giving a recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were giving a recommendation
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+whether to spray disinfectant down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to spray disinfectant down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to spray disinfectant down your
+lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs
+uh you might uh put that in red and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might uh put that in red and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might uh put that in red and say
+this is not recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not recommended
+and then here this other this shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here this other this shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here this other this shading
+coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating
+uh is basically how good is the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is basically how good is the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is basically how good is the evidence
+for this recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this recommendation
+so the best evidence uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best evidence uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best evidence uh the
+level a is high quality evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level a is high quality evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level a is high quality evidence
+from multiple randomized controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from multiple randomized controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from multiple randomized controlled
+clinical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials
+or a meta-analyses of a set of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a meta-analyses of a set of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a meta-analyses of a set of high
+of high quality rcts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high quality rcts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high quality rcts
+or rct's collab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rct's collab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rct's collab
+corroborated by high quality registry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corroborated by high quality registry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corroborated by high quality registry
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+and then we go down to level c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go down to level c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go down to level c
+which is a consensus of expert opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a consensus of expert opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a consensus of expert opinion
+based on clinical experience but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on clinical experience but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on clinical experience but without
+any sort of formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of formal
+analysis so if you look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so if you look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so if you look at at
+this particular document on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular document on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular document on uh
+cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol
+it says well here are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says well here are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says well here are our
+recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations
+on the measurement of ldls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-hdl cholesterol and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hdl cholesterol and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hdl cholesterol and they say
+uh here the confidence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here the confidence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here the confidence in the
+recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation
+is is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one
+um and it's based on b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's based on b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's based on b
+and r level of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r level of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r level of evidence
+and it says in adults who are 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says in adults who are 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says in adults who are 20 years
+or older and not on lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or older and not on lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or older and not on lipid
+lowering therapy measurement of either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering therapy measurement of either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering therapy measurement of either a
+fasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting
+or non-fasting blood dot dot so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-fasting blood dot dot so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-fasting blood dot dot so you can
+read this uh in the notes later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this uh in the notes later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this uh in the notes later but
+notice that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there are
+sort of high qual high force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of high qual high force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of high qual high force
+recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations
+there are lower force recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lower force recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lower force recommendations
+and each recommendation is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each recommendation is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each recommendation is also
+shading coded to tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading coded to tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading coded to tell you what the
+strength of evidence is for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of evidence is for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of evidence is for this kind of
+recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation
+here's just another example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just another example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just another example this is
+secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary
+atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
+prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention
+uh so this is for somebody who's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is for somebody who's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is for somebody who's already
+ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill
+and and it's a bunch of recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's a bunch of recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's a bunch of recommendations
+if you're over 75 years of age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're over 75 years of age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're over 75 years of age
+or younger with a clinical uh case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or younger with a clinical uh case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or younger with a clinical uh case of
+coronary vascular disease then high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary vascular disease then high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary vascular disease then high
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+high intensity statin therapy should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high intensity statin therapy should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high intensity statin therapy should be
+initiated or continued with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated or continued with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated or continued with the
+aim of achieving a 50 or greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim of achieving a 50 or greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim of achieving a 50 or greater
+reduction in ldlc uh and etc so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in ldlc uh and etc so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in ldlc uh and etc so again
+a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of different
+recommendations once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations once again
+the strength of the recommendation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the recommendation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the recommendation by
+the way this is just the first page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is just the first page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is just the first page
+of a couple of pages and the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple of pages and the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple of pages and the quality of
+evidence for it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it so this is
+very much the way that learned societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the way that learned societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the way that learned societies
+are now trying to influence the practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now trying to influence the practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now trying to influence the practice
+of medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medicine
+in order to reduce the variance and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reduce the variance and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reduce the variance and get
+everybody to um to behave in a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to um to behave in a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to um to behave in a normal
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+you've probably seen articles about atul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen articles about atul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen articles about atul
+gawande
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gawande
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gawande
+who's a surgeon here in boston and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a surgeon here in boston and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a surgeon here in boston and he's
+gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten
+publicly famous for advocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly famous for advocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly famous for advocating
+checklists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists
+and he says for example if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says for example if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says for example if you're a
+surgeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon
+you should act like an airline pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should act like an airline pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should act like an airline pilot
+that before you take off in the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you take off in the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you take off in the airplane
+you go through a sanity checklist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through a sanity checklist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through a sanity checklist to
+make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that
+all the systems are working properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the systems are working properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the systems are working properly
+that all the switches are set correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the switches are set correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the switches are set correctly
+which in a surgical setting would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in a surgical setting would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in a surgical setting would be
+things like you have all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you have all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you have all the right
+necessary equipment available that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary equipment available that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary equipment available that you
+know what to do in various potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do in various potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do in various potential
+emergencies etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here are their take-home messages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are their take-home messages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are their take-home messages uh
+which makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense
+uh here i've abstracted these from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here i've abstracted these from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here i've abstracted these from the
+paper that has all of these details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that has all of these details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that has all of these details
+so number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number one
+you go well duh in all individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go well duh in all individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go well duh in all individuals
+emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+heart healthy lifestyle across the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart healthy lifestyle across the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart healthy lifestyle across the life
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+that seems not terribly controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems not terribly controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems not terribly controversial
+and uh and in people who are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and in people who are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and in people who are already
+diseased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseased
+reduce low density lipoprotein with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce low density lipoprotein with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce low density lipoprotein with high
+intensity therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity therapy
+by statins and in very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by statins and in very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by statins and in very high
+risk asv cbd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk asv cbd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk asv cbd
+use a threshold of 70 milligrams per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a threshold of 70 milligrams per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a threshold of 70 milligrams per
+deciliter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciliter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciliter
+etc so these are sort of the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so these are sort of the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so these are sort of the summary
+recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations
+and the hope is that doctors reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hope is that doctors reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hope is that doctors reading
+these sorts of articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of articles
+come away from them convinced and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come away from them convinced and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come away from them convinced and will
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+that they're supposed to act this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're supposed to act this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're supposed to act this way
+when they're interacting with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're interacting with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're interacting with their
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+this is a a flow chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a flow chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a flow chart
+again abstracted from that paper by them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again abstracted from that paper by them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again abstracted from that paper by them
+uh which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which says
+uh you know everybody you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know everybody you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know everybody you should
+uh emphasize a healthy lifestyle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emphasize a healthy lifestyle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emphasize a healthy lifestyle
+and then depending on your age uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then depending on your age uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then depending on your age uh
+depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending
+on what what your estimate of lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what what your estimate of lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what what your estimate of lifetime
+risk is uh you wind up in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is uh you wind up in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is uh you wind up in different
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+uh and these different categories have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these different categories have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these different categories have
+different recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different recommendations
+for what you want to do with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what you want to do with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what you want to do with your
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+this is for secondary prevention so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for secondary prevention so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for secondary prevention so it's
+a similar flow chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar flow chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar flow chart
+for people who are already diseased and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are already diseased and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are already diseased and
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then for people at very high risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for people at very high risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for people at very high risk
+for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future
+events um which is defined by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um which is defined by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um which is defined by these
+histories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories
+um and these high-risk conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these high-risk conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these high-risk conditions
+these are the people who fall into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the people who fall into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the people who fall into that
+into that second flow chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that second flow chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that second flow chart
+and should be treated that way now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should be treated that way now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should be treated that way now by
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+um i didn't make a poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i didn't make a poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i didn't make a poll
+but uh so i'll give you the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so i'll give you the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so i'll give you the answer
+but but it's interesting to ask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's interesting to ask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's interesting to ask so
+when papers like this get published uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when papers like this get published uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when papers like this get published uh
+how well do doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well do doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well do doctors
+actually adhere to these and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually adhere to these and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually adhere to these and the answer
+turns out to be not very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be not very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be not very well
+and it takes many many years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes many many years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes many many years before
+these kinds of recommendations are taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of recommendations are taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of recommendations are taken
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+by the majority of the community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the majority of the community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the majority of the community so
+even very very uncontroversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very very uncontroversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very very uncontroversial
+recommendations for example i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations for example i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations for example i think
+20 years ago there was a recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago there was a recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago there was a recommendation
+that said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that
+anybody who's had a heart attack should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's had a heart attack should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's had a heart attack should
+be treated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated uh
+even if they're now asymptomatic uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're now asymptomatic uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're now asymptomatic uh with
+beta blockers because uh in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta blockers because uh in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta blockers because uh in various
+trials they showed that there was a 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials they showed that there was a 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials they showed that there was a 35
+reduction in repeat heart attacks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in repeat heart attacks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in repeat heart attacks uh
+as a result of this treatment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of this treatment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of this treatment uh
+it took uh i think over a dozen years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took uh i think over a dozen years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took uh i think over a dozen years
+before most doctors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before most doctors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before most doctors were
+aware of this and started making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of this and started making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of this and started making that
+kind of recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recommendation
+to their patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something called the ahrq the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the ahrq the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the ahrq the
+agency for health research and quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency for health research and quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency for health research and quality
+and until uh the current administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until uh the current administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until uh the current administration
+they ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran
+a national guideline clearinghouse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a national guideline clearinghouse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a national guideline clearinghouse that
+contained a myriad of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained a myriad of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained a myriad of these uh
+of these guidelines published by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guidelines published by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guidelines published by
+different authorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different authorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different authorities
+and was available for people to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was available for people to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was available for people to to
+download and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and use
+um there's been an attempt by guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's been an attempt by guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's been an attempt by guideline
+central to take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to take over
+some of these roles since the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these roles since the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these roles since the government
+shut down the government run one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down the government run one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down the government run one
+and they have about 2 000 guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have about 2 000 guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have about 2 000 guidelines
+that are posted on their site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are posted on their site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are posted on their site
+these are some of the examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the examples so
+risk reduction of prostate cancer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk reduction of prostate cancer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk reduction of prostate cancer with
+drugs or nutritional supplements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or nutritional supplements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or nutritional supplements
+stem cell transplantation and multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell transplantation and multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell transplantation and multiple
+myeloma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloma
+stem cell transplantation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell transplantation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell transplantation and
+myelodysplastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelodysplastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelodysplastic
+syndromes and acute myelomyeloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndromes and acute myelomyeloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndromes and acute myelomyeloid
+leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia
+etc and then they also publish a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and then they also publish a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and then they also publish a bunch
+of risk calculators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk calculators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk calculators
+that say uh i don't know what the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say uh i don't know what the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say uh i don't know what the four
+t's score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t's score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t's score
+is for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
+but there are tons of these as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are tons of these as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are tons of these as well so
+there's a clearing house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clearing house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clearing house
+of these things and you as a practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and you as a practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and you as a practicing
+doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor
+can go to these or your hospital can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to these or your hospital can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to these or your hospital can
+decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+that they're going to provide these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to provide these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to provide these
+guidelines to their doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines to their doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines to their doctors
+and either encourage or in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either encourage or in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either encourage or in some cases
+coerce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coerce them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coerce them
+to use the guidelines in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the guidelines in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the guidelines in order to
+determine what their activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what their activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what their activity is
+now notice that this is a very top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that this is a very top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that this is a very top-down
+kind of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of activity
+so it's typically done by these learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's typically done by these learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's typically done by these learned
+societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies
+that bring together experts to cogitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring together experts to cogitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring together experts to cogitate
+on what the right thing to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the right thing to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the right thing to do is
+and then they tell the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tell the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tell the rest of the world
+how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it
+but there's also a kind of bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a kind of bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a kind of bottom-up
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+so there's something called a care plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something called a care plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something called a care plan
+now a care plan is really a nursing term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a care plan is really a nursing term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a care plan is really a nursing term
+so if you hang out at a hospital the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you hang out at a hospital the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you hang out at a hospital the
+thing you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you discover
+is that the doctors are evanescent they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the doctors are evanescent they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the doctors are evanescent they
+appear and disappear they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and disappear they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and disappear they're you know
+they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like
+elementary particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particles and
+they're not around all the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not around all the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not around all the time the
+people who are actually taking care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are actually taking care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are actually taking care of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+are the nurses and so the nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nurses and so the nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nurses and so the nurses
+have developed a set of methodologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have developed a set of methodologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have developed a set of methodologies
+for how to ensure that they take good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to ensure that they take good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to ensure that they take good
+care of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of you
+and one of them is the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is the development of
+these care plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these care plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these care plans
+and then what clinical pathways are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what clinical pathways are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what clinical pathways are is
+an attempt to take the care plans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to take the care plans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to take the care plans that
+nurses use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses use
+in taking care of individuals and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking care of individuals and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking care of individuals and to
+generalize from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from those
+and say well what are the typical ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well what are the typical ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well what are the typical ways
+in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we
+take care of patients in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of patients in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of patients in a particular
+cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort
+so i'm going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to talk a little bit about
+that and one of the papers i gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one of the papers i gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one of the papers i gave you
+as an optional reading for today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an optional reading for today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an optional reading for today is
+about cow paths which are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cow paths which are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cow paths which are these
+attempts to build generalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to build generalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to build generalizations
+of care plans so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care plans so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care plans so this is
+a care plan from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a care plan from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a care plan from
+the michigan center for nursing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michigan center for nursing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michigan center for nursing which is
+an educational organization that tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educational organization that tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educational organization that tries
+to help nurses figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help nurses figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help nurses figure out
+how to be good nurses i was very amused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to be good nurses i was very amused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to be good nurses i was very amused
+when i was looking for this i ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was looking for this i ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was looking for this i ran
+across a video which is some experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a video which is some experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a video which is some experienced
+nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse
+talking about how you build these care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you build these care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you build these care
+plans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and
+and she sort of says well you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she sort of says well you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she sort of says well you know when
+you're in nursing school you learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in nursing school you learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in nursing school you learn how
+to build these very elaborate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build these very elaborate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build these very elaborate uh
+carefully constructed care plans when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully constructed care plans when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully constructed care plans when
+you're actually practicing as a nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually practicing as a nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually practicing as a nurse
+you'll never have time to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never have time to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never have time to do this
+and so you're going to do a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're going to do a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're going to do a rough
+approximation to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this and
+don't worry about it but for now satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it but for now satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it but for now satisfy
+your professors by doing these exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professors by doing these exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professors by doing these exercises
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+so you know take a look at this so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know take a look at this so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know take a look at this so there
+are a bunch of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of columns
+the leftmost one says assessment so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost one says assessment so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost one says assessment so this
+is objective subjective and medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is objective subjective and medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is objective subjective and medical
+diagnostic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic data
+so the objective data is this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the objective data is this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the objective data is this patient
+has a gangrene infected left foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a gangrene infected left foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a gangrene infected left foot
+not a good thing an open wound etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good thing an open wound etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good thing an open wound etc etc
+subjective data the patient said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective data the patient said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective data the patient said the
+pain is worse when walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain is worse when walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain is worse when walking
+and turning she dreads physical therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning she dreads physical therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning she dreads physical therapy
+and she'd wish us she did not have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she'd wish us she did not have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she'd wish us she did not have to be
+in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation
+surprise but that's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise but that's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise but that's definitely
+subjective you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective you can't see
+external evidence of that the nursing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external evidence of that the nursing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external evidence of that the nursing
+diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis
+is that this patient has impaired tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this patient has impaired tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this patient has impaired tissue
+integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity
+um in reference to the wound and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in reference to the wound and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in reference to the wound and the
+presence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of an
+infection now that diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection now that diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection now that diagnosis
+actually comes with a kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes with a kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes with a kind of of
+a guideline about how to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guideline about how to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guideline about how to make that
+diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis
+in other words in order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in order to be able to
+put that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that down
+on the care plan she has to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the care plan she has to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the care plan she has to make sure
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+characteristics of the patient satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the patient satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the patient satisfy
+certain criteria which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain criteria which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain criteria which are the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+of that diagnosis the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that diagnosis the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that diagnosis the patient
+outcomes so this is the the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so this is the the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so this is the the goals
+that the nurse is trying to achieve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nurse is trying to achieve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nurse is trying to achieve and
+notice there are five goals here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are five goals here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are five goals here
+one is that the patient will report any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the patient will report any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the patient will report any
+altered sensation of pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered sensation of pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered sensation of pain
+at the site of tissue impairment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the site of tissue impairment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the site of tissue impairment uh
+between january 23rd and 24th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between january 23rd and 24th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between january 23rd and 24th
+so this is a very specific goal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very specific goal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very specific goal right
+it says the patient will tell me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the patient will tell me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the patient will tell me that
+they feel better that that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel better that that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel better that that there's
+there's a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a change
+in their uh in their feeling in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their uh in their feeling in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their uh in their feeling in their
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+uh left foot uh they will understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh left foot uh they will understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh left foot uh they will understand
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uh uh the plan to heal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the plan to heal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the plan to heal
+tissue and prevent injury so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and prevent injury so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and prevent injury so there's a
+patient education component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient education component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient education component
+they will describe measures to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will describe measures to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will describe measures to protect
+and heal the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heal the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heal the tissue
+including wound care by 124 so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including wound care by 124 so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including wound care by 124 so notice
+this is the patient describing to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the patient describing to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the patient describing to you
+what you're planning to do for them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're planning to do for them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're planning to do for them in
+other words demonstrating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words demonstrating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words demonstrating an
+understanding of what the plan is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the plan is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the plan is and
+what's likely to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely to happen
+with them experience a wound decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them experience a wound decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them experience a wound decrease
+that decreases in size and has increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decreases in size and has increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decreases in size and has increased
+granulation tissue and achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granulation tissue and achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granulation tissue and achieve
+functional pain goal of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional pain goal of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional pain goal of zero
+by 124 per the patient's verbalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 124 per the patient's verbalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 124 per the patient's verbalization
+so when they come in and they ask you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they come in and they ask you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they come in and they ask you on
+that pain scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pain scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pain scale
+are you at a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you at a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you at a um a
+zero or a ten or somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a ten or somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a ten or somewhere in between
+the goal is that the patient will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is that the patient will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is that the patient will say
+i'm at a zero in other words no pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm at a zero in other words no pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm at a zero in other words no pain
+now what are the interventions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are the interventions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are the interventions well
+these are the things that the nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that the nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that the nurse
+plans to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans to do
+in order to try to achieve those goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to achieve those goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to achieve those goals
+and then the rationale is an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rationale is an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rationale is an explanation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+why it's reasonable to expect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's reasonable to expect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's reasonable to expect those
+interventions to achieve those goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to achieve those goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to achieve those goals
+and the evaluation of outcomes says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the evaluation of outcomes says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the evaluation of outcomes says what
+criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria
+uh are we or or what what are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are we or or what what are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are we or or what what are the the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+outcomes uh for what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes uh for what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes uh for what we're trying to
+achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+so that gets filled in later obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets filled in later obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets filled in later obviously
+than when the plan is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when the plan is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when the plan is made
+so if you look at a website like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at a website like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at a website like this
+there are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of
+templated care plans for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templated care plans for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templated care plans for many many
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+you can see that i'm only up to c in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that i'm only up to c in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that i'm only up to c in an
+a to z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to z
+listing from this one website and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing from this one website and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing from this one website and there
+are plenty of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plenty of others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plenty of others
+but you know there's an admission care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there's an admission care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there's an admission care
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+adult failure to thrive alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult failure to thrive alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult failure to thrive alcohol
+withdrawal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal
+runny nose altered cardiac output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runny nose altered cardiac output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runny nose altered cardiac output
+amputation i don't know what an anasaka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputation i don't know what an anasaka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputation i don't know what an anasaka
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+anemia angina anticoagulant care etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anemia angina anticoagulant care etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anemia angina anticoagulant care etc so
+there are tons of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of different
+conditions that different patients fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that different patients fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that different patients fall
+into and this is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and this is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and this is a way
+of trying to list the template care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to list the template care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to list the template care
+plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+now this paper is kind of interesting by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this paper is kind of interesting by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this paper is kind of interesting by
+yea zhang and colleagues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yea zhang and colleagues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yea zhang and colleagues and
+what they did is they said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take all these care plans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take all these care plans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take all these care plans and
+let's try to build a machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to build a machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to build a machine learning
+system that learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that learns
+what are the typical patterns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the typical patterns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the typical patterns that are
+embedded in those care plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in those care plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in those care plans
+but they didn't start with the plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't start with the plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't start with the plans
+this is retrospective analysis so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is retrospective analysis so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is retrospective analysis so what
+they started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started with
+is the actual records of what was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual records of what was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual records of what was done
+to each patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each patient
+and so the idea is that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is that you get
+treatment data from the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment data from the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment data from the electronic
+health record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record
+then you identify patient subgroups from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you identify patient subgroups from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you identify patient subgroups from
+that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data
+and then you mine for common treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you mine for common treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you mine for common treatment
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+and you have medical experts evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have medical experts evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have medical experts evaluate
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+and these then become clinical pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these then become clinical pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these then become clinical pathways
+which are this generalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are this generalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are this generalization of the
+care plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care plans
+to particular subpopulations of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular subpopulations of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular subpopulations of patients
+so the idea is that they define a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that they define a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that they define a bunch
+of abstractions so they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstractions so they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstractions so they say
+look an event is a visit so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look an event is a visit so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look an event is a visit so for example
+for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+outpatient anything that happens to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient anything that happens to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient anything that happens to you
+during one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during one
+visit to a doctor or to a hospital uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit to a doctor or to a hospital uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit to a doctor or to a hospital uh
+with so it's a set of procedures a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so it's a set of procedures a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so it's a set of procedures a set
+of medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medications
+a set of diagnoses uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of diagnoses uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of diagnoses uh and uh
+and by the way they were focusing on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way they were focusing on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way they were focusing on uh
+on people with kidney disease as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people with kidney disease as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people with kidney disease as the uh
+the target population that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target population that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target population that they were
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+so then they say okay individual events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they say okay individual events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they say okay individual events
+are going to be abstracted into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be abstracted into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be abstracted into these
+super nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super nodes
+which capture a unique combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which capture a unique combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which capture a unique combination of
+associations associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations associated
+of events associated with some visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events associated with some visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events associated with some visit
+so you might worry that this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might worry that this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might worry that this is going to
+be combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combinatorial
+right because there are many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there are many possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there are many possible
+combinations of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of things
+and that is in fact a bit of a problem i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is in fact a bit of a problem i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is in fact a bit of a problem i
+think in their analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in their analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in their analysis
+so now you have these super nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have these super nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have these super nodes and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+each patient has a visit sequence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each patient has a visit sequence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each patient has a visit sequence which
+is a time-ordered list of these super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a time-ordered list of these super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a time-ordered list of these super
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+so every time you go see your doctor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time you go see your doctor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time you go see your doctor you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+one new super node and so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one new super node and so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one new super node and so you have a
+time series of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of these
+and then they do the following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they do the following thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they do the following thing
+they say gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say gee
+when we talk to our doctors and nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk to our doctors and nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk to our doctors and nurses
+they tell us that they care mostly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell us that they care mostly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell us that they care mostly about
+what happened at the last visit that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened at the last visit that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened at the last visit that the
+patient had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had
+but they also care a little bit less but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also care a little bit less but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also care a little bit less but
+they still care about what happened at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still care about what happened at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still care about what happened at
+the visit previous to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visit previous to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visit previous to that
+but not so much about history going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so much about history going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so much about history going
+further back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back
+and so they say well in a markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they say well in a markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they say well in a markov chain
+we only have things depend on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have things depend on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have things depend on the last
+node in the markov chain so let's change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the markov chain so let's change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the markov chain so let's change
+the model here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model here
+so that we will combine pairs of visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we will combine pairs of visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we will combine pairs of visits
+into nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nodes
+so that each node in the markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each node in the markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each node in the markov chain
+will represent the last two visits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent the last two visits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent the last two visits that
+the patient had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient had
+okay so this could again cause some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this could again cause some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this could again cause some
+combinatorial problems but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial problems but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial problems but here's
+here's the image that they come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the image that they come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the image that they come up with
+so there are individual items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are individual items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are individual items
+is it a hospital visit an office visit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a hospital visit an office visit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a hospital visit an office visit a
+visit for the purpose of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit for the purpose of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit for the purpose of education
+are you in chronic kidney disease stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you in chronic kidney disease stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you in chronic kidney disease stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was an ultrasound done were you given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an ultrasound done were you given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an ultrasound done were you given
+ace inhibitors were you given diuretics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace inhibitors were you given diuretics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace inhibitors were you given diuretics
+etc so these are all the data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so these are all the data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so these are all the data that we
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+they treat that as a bag and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they treat that as a bag and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they treat that as a bag and then they
+say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay
+we're going to identify all the bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify all the bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify all the bags
+that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+the same exact content uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exact content uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exact content uh
+asterisk they didn't look for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk they didn't look for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk they didn't look for example at
+the dose of medication that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose of medication that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose of medication that you were
+given only which medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given only which medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given only which medication
+it was so there's some collapsing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so there's some collapsing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so there's some collapsing that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+then the supernodes are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the supernodes are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the supernodes are these
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+where we say okay you had a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say okay you had a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say okay you had a particular
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+a particular diagnosis a particular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular diagnosis a particular set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular diagnosis a particular set
+of interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interventions
+a particular set of procedures and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular set of procedures and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular set of procedures and again
+we list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we list
+all possible combinations of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible combinations of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible combinations of those and
+then that sequence represents your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that sequence represents your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that sequence represents your
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+uh these are aggregated into super nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are aggregated into super nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are aggregated into super nodes
+that represents your visit sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents your visit sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents your visit sequence and
+then these super pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these super pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these super pairs
+are this hack to let you look two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this hack to let you look two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this hack to let you look two steps
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+in in the markov chain and so they wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the markov chain and so they wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the markov chain and so they wind
+up with about 3 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with about 3 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with about 3 500
+different uh of these super pair nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh of these super pair nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh of these super pair nodes
+so it is combinatorial but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is combinatorial but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is combinatorial but it's not
+terribly combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly combinatorial
+in their data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they then computer compute the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then computer compute the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then computer compute the maximum
+of the length of common subsequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the length of common subsequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the length of common subsequences
+between each pair of visit sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each pair of visit sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each pair of visit sequences
+so they're going to cluster these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to cluster these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to cluster these
+sequences they define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences they define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences they define
+a distance function that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance function that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance function that says that
+the more the more they share a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the more they share a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the more they share a common
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+the less distant they are from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less distant they are from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less distant they are from each
+other and the particular distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the particular distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the particular distance
+function they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they used
+is the length of each sequence minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length of each sequence minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length of each sequence minus
+twice the length of their common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the length of their common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the length of their common
+subsequence their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence their
+longest common subsequence which seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence which seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence which seems
+pretty reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty reasonable
+and then hierarchical clustering into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hierarchical clustering into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hierarchical clustering into
+distinct subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct subgroups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct subgroups
+they came up with 31 groups for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with 31 groups for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with 31 groups for this
+group of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of patients
+and here they are and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they are and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they are and what you see
+is that some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some of them
+don't differ a whole lot from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't differ a whole lot from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't differ a whole lot from each other
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+these two differ only in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two differ only in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two differ only in that the
+patient got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient got
+some medication and diuretics in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medication and diuretics in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medication and diuretics in one
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and just that medication in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just that medication in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just that medication in the other
+case so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so these are
+you know it is a hierarchical cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is a hierarchical cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is a hierarchical cluster
+and the things lower down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things lower down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things lower down in the
+in the clustering are probably fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clustering are probably fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clustering are probably fairly
+close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other
+nevertheless what they're able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless what they're able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless what they're able to do
+then is to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is to estimate
+a transition matrix among these super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition matrix among these super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition matrix among these super
+uh super node pair states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh super node pair states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh super node pair states
+and they can look at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can look at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can look at different
+trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories
+depending on the degree of support for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the degree of support for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the degree of support for
+the data so you can set different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so you can set different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so you can set different
+thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds
+on how much how many cases have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how much how many cases have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how much how many cases have to be in
+a particular state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular state
+in order for you to take transitions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for you to take transitions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for you to take transitions to
+or from that state seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from that state seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from that state seriously
+one of the critiques i would make of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the critiques i would make of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the critiques i would make of the
+study is that they had way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is that they had way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is that they had way too
+little data and so many of the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little data and so many of the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little data and so many of the groups
+that they came up with had relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they came up with had relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they came up with had relatively
+small numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers
+of patients in them which is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients in them which is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients in them which is is
+unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate
+okay now once you have these transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now once you have these transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now once you have these transition
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+then you can say okay for cluster 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say okay for cluster 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say okay for cluster 29
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this cluster so there were a grand total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cluster so there were a grand total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cluster so there were a grand total
+of 14 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 14 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 14 patients
+in this cluster they were all a chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cluster they were all a chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cluster they were all a chronic
+kidney disease stage four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidney disease stage four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidney disease stage four
+so quite severe they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quite severe they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quite severe they were all
+hypertensive they were all on ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertensive they were all on ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertensive they were all on ace
+inhibitors and statins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors and statins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors and statins
+and and everybody in that group had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and everybody in that group had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and everybody in that group had that
+that categorization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that categorization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that categorization so
+if you look there then you can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look there then you can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look there then you can say okay
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+all the things we know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things we know about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things we know about that
+patient what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient what are
+the probabilistic relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilistic relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilistic relationships
+between them and what we find is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and what we find is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and what we find is that uh
+man i can't read these so these nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man i can't read these so these nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man i can't read these so these nodes
+imply other nodes and the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply other nodes and the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply other nodes and the strength of
+the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows
+is uh uh proportional to their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh proportional to their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh proportional to their their
+width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width
+uh and so this is a representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this is a representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this is a representation of
+everything that we've learned about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we've learned about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we've learned about that
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+but remember only from those 14 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember only from those 14 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember only from those 14 patients
+so i'm i'm not sure i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm i'm not sure i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm i'm not sure i would
+take this to the bank and rely on it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this to the bank and rely on it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this to the bank and rely on it too
+too intensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too intensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too intensely
+but they then by hand abstract it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they then by hand abstract it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they then by hand abstract it
+and say well let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well let's look at
+an interpretation of this and so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretation of this and so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretation of this and so if they
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+in typical patterns that they see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in typical patterns that they see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in typical patterns that they see in
+that cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cluster
+they say hmm we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say hmm we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say hmm we see
+an office visit in which the patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an office visit in which the patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an office visit in which the patient is
+on these medications and has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these medications and has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these medications and has these
+procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures
+then they're hospitalized then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're hospitalized then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're hospitalized then there's a
+uh another um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another um uh
+let's see no i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see no i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see no i'm sorry
+what uh yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh yellow
+yeah yellow note is an office visit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yellow note is an office visit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yellow note is an office visit so
+they're hospitalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hospitalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hospitalized
+they then get an education visit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then get an education visit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then get an education visit so
+that's typically with the nurse or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's typically with the nurse or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's typically with the nurse or a
+nurse practitioner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse practitioner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse practitioner
+to explain to them what they ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to them what they ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to them what they ought to be
+doing they have another hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they have another hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they have another hospital
+they have another office visit they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another office visit they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another office visit they have
+a hospital visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital visit
+they have another hospital visit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another hospital visit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another hospital visit and
+then they die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they die
+okay so that unfortunately is a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that unfortunately is a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that unfortunately is a not
+atypical pattern that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical pattern that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical pattern that you see in
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+who are at a pretty severe state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are at a pretty severe state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are at a pretty severe state of
+chronic kidney disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic kidney disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic kidney disease
+and we don't know from this diagram how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know from this diagram how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know from this diagram how
+long this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this process
+takes out it takes to take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have some questions there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have some questions there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have some questions there are a lot
+of subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subgroups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subgroups
+some of them are fairly similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are fairly similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are fairly similar to
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+they have between 10 and 158 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have between 10 and 158 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have between 10 and 158 patients
+in each subgroup so i would feel much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each subgroup so i would feel much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each subgroup so i would feel much
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+if they had between a thousand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had between a thousand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had between a thousand and
+uh and fifteen thousand uh or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and fifteen thousand uh or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and fifteen thousand uh or something
+uh patients in each group or a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patients in each group or a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patients in each group or a hundred
+fifty thousand patients in each group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand patients in each group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand patients in each group
+i would feel much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would feel much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would feel much more
+believing in the in the representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing in the in the representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing in the in the representations
+that they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they found
+and the other problem is that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other problem is that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other problem is that even
+within an individual subgroup you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an individual subgroup you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an individual subgroup you can
+find very different patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very different patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very different patterns
+so for example here's a pattern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here's a pattern uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here's a pattern uh
+where again a person has a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again a person has a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again a person has a couple of
+office visits they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office visits they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office visits they
+go to the hospital or they go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the hospital or they go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the hospital or they go to the
+hospital twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital twice
+with with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with uh
+a slightly different ah yes so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different ah yes so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different ah yes so this is
+this person at this point is in acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person at this point is in acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person at this point is in acute
+kidney injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidney injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidney injury
+so you can get there either directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get there either directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get there either directly
+from the office visit or from an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the office visit or from an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the office visit or from an earlier
+hospitalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalization
+and then they die and so this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they die and so this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they die and so this is part of
+that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern
+but here's another pattern mined from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's another pattern mined from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's another pattern mined from
+exactly the same subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same subgroup
+now this subgroup has 122 patients in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this subgroup has 122 patients in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this subgroup has 122 patients in it
+so there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little bit more
+heterogeneity but what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity but what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity but what you see here
+is that a patient is going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a patient is going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a patient is going back and
+forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between
+education visits and and doctors visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education visits and and doctors visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education visits and and doctors visits
+back and forth between doctors visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between doctors visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between doctors visits
+and hospitalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hospitalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hospitalization
+then a hospitalization then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a hospitalization then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a hospitalization then another
+hospitalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalization
+but they're they're surviving so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're surviving so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're surviving so it's a
+little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky
+but i think this is a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think this is a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think this is a good idea
+but there are probably improvements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are probably improvements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are probably improvements that
+are possible on the technique that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible on the technique that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible on the technique that's
+being used here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used here
+and of course much more data would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course much more data would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course much more data would be
+very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful
+in order to really delineate what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really delineate what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really delineate what's
+going on in these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in these patients
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a similar idea that i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a similar idea that i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a similar idea that i was
+involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+jeff klan did his ph.d at reagan strief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeff klan did his ph.d at reagan strief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeff klan did his ph.d at reagan strief
+which is a very well known very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very well known very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very well known very early
+adopter of computerized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopter of computerized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopter of computerized
+information systems in indiana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems in indiana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems in indiana
+and so what he started off and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the amazon recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the amazon recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the amazon recommendation
+system that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that says
+uh you know you just bought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you just bought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you just bought this
+camera lens and uh other people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera lens and uh other people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera lens and uh other people who
+bought this camera lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought this camera lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought this camera lens
+also bought a cleaning kit and a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also bought a cleaning kit and a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also bought a cleaning kit and a battery
+that goes with that camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with that camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with that camera
+and so on right so he said why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on right so he said why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on right so he said why don't we
+apply that same idea to medical orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that same idea to medical orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that same idea to medical orders
+and so he took the record of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he took the record of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he took the record of all the
+orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+at reagan street and he basically built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reagan street and he basically built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reagan street and he basically built
+an approximation to the amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation to the amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation to the amazon
+recommendation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation system
+that said hey other doctors who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said hey other doctors who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said hey other doctors who have
+ordered the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered the following
+set of tests have also ordered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tests have also ordered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tests have also ordered this
+additional test that you didn't order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional test that you didn't order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional test that you didn't order
+maybe you should consider doing it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should consider doing it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should consider doing it or
+conversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely
+other doctors who have ordered this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other doctors who have ordered this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other doctors who have ordered this set
+of tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tests
+have never ordered this other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never ordered this other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never ordered this other one
+in addition and so are you sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition and so are you sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition and so are you sure you
+really need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need it
+so that was the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the idea
+and what he did was he focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he did was he focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he did was he focused on
+four different clinical issues so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different clinical issues so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different clinical issues so one of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+was an emergency department visit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an emergency department visit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an emergency department visit for
+back pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back pain
+pregnancy so labor and delivery uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy so labor and delivery uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy so labor and delivery uh
+hypertension in the urgent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension in the urgent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension in the urgent
+visit clinic so the urgent visit clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit clinic so the urgent visit clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit clinic so the urgent visit clinic
+is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these
+lower level non non-emergency department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level non non-emergency department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level non non-emergency department
+cheaper lower level of care but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper lower level of care but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper lower level of care but still
+urgent care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent care
+kinds of clinics that many hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of clinics that many hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of clinics that many hospitals
+have established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have established
+in order to try to keep people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to keep people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to keep people who are
+not that sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that sick
+out of the emergency department in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the emergency department in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the emergency department in this
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+intensity clinic and hypertension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity clinic and hypertension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity clinic and hypertension and
+high blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high blood pressure
+and then altered mental state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then altered mental state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then altered mental state in the
+intensive care unit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive care unit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive care unit so
+people in the icu are often medicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the icu are often medicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the icu are often medicated
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and they become wacko and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they become wacko and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they become wacko and so this is
+trying to take care of such patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take care of such patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take care of such patients
+they used three years of encounter data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used three years of encounter data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used three years of encounter data
+from reaganstreef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reaganstreef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reaganstreef
+and for each domain they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each domain they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each domain they they
+limited themselves to the 40 most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited themselves to the 40 most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited themselves to the 40 most
+frequent orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent orders
+and again low granularity so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again low granularity so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again low granularity so for example
+drug but not the dose of the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug but not the dose of the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug but not the dose of the drug
+for medications and the 10 most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for medications and the 10 most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for medications and the 10 most
+frequent comorbidities or co-occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent comorbidities or co-occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent comorbidities or co-occurring
+diagnoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses
+so this is an example of wisdom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of wisdom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of wisdom of the
+crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd
+kind of of approach that says well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of approach that says well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of approach that says well um
+what your colleagues do is probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your colleagues do is probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your colleagues do is probably a
+good representation of what you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good representation of what you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good representation of what you ought to
+be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing
+now what's an obvious pitfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's an obvious pitfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's an obvious pitfall
+of this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just checking to see if you're awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just checking to see if you're awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just checking to see if you're awake
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+if they're all bozos they're gonna train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all bozos they're gonna train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all bozos they're gonna train
+you to be a bozo too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be a bozo too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be a bozo too
+so uh you know and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know and there's a lot of
+stuff in medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in medicine
+that is not very well supported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not very well supported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not very well supported by
+evidence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence uh
+where in fact people have developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in fact people have developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in fact people have developed
+traditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions
+of doing things a certain way that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing things a certain way that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing things a certain way that may
+not be the right way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the right way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the right way to do it
+and this just reinforces that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just reinforces that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just reinforces that on the
+other hand it probably does reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it probably does reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it probably does reduce
+variance in the sense that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the sense that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the sense that we talked
+about at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the beginning
+and so as a result it may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a result it may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a result it may be a
+reasonable approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approach
+if you're willing to tolerate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to tolerate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to tolerate some
+exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions
+you know my favorite story is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my favorite story is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my favorite story is the
+assemblewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblewise
+figured out that having a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that having a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that having a baby
+in a hospital in vienna uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hospital in vienna uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hospital in vienna uh was
+was extremely dangerous for the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was extremely dangerous for the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was extremely dangerous for the mother
+because they would die of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they would die of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they would die of what was
+called childbed fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called childbed fever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called childbed fever
+which was basically an infection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was basically an infection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was basically an infection and
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+wise figured out that maybe there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise figured out that maybe there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise figured out that maybe there was
+this was before pasteur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was before pasteur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was before pasteur
+but he figured out that maybe there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he figured out that maybe there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he figured out that maybe there was
+something that was being transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was being transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was being transmitted
+from one woman to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one woman to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one woman to the next
+that was causing this child bad fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was causing this child bad fever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was causing this child bad fever
+and of course he was right and he did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course he was right and he did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course he was right and he did an
+experiment where on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where on his
+maternity ward he had all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternity ward he had all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternity ward he had all of the
+uh younger doctors uh wash their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh younger doctors uh wash their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh younger doctors uh wash their hands
+with some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of
+alcohol or or something to kill whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol or or something to kill whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol or or something to kill whatever
+they were transmitting and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were transmitting and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were transmitting and their
+death rate from this child bed fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate from this child bed fever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate from this child bed fever
+dropped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped to
+almost zero and he went to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost zero and he went to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost zero and he went to his
+colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues
+and he said hey guys we could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said hey guys we could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said hey guys we could really
+make the world a better place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the world a better place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the world a better place
+and stop killing women and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stop killing women and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stop killing women and they
+looked at him and they said uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at him and they said uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at him and they said uh you know
+these are these these hands heal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these these hands heal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these these hands heal they
+don't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't kill
+you know many of them were upper-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many of them were upper-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many of them were upper-class
+or noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or noble
+noblemen who had gone into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noblemen who had gone into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noblemen who had gone into this
+profession the idea that somehow they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession the idea that somehow they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession the idea that somehow they
+were responsible for transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were responsible for transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were responsible for transmitting
+what turns out to be bacteria was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be bacteria was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be bacteria was just a
+non-starter for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-starter for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-starter for them
+and some wise wound up ending his days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some wise wound up ending his days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some wise wound up ending his days
+in a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a mental
+institution because he went nuts he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution because he went nuts he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution because he went nuts he was
+unable to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to change
+practice even though he had done an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice even though he had done an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice even though he had done an
+experiment to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to demonstrate
+that it worked so this is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it worked so this is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it worked so this is a case where
+the wisdom of the crowd was not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wisdom of the crowd was not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wisdom of the crowd was not so good
+and led to bad outcomes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and led to bad outcomes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and led to bad outcomes okay
+so it's like amazon's recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like amazon's recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like amazon's recommendation
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+it automates the learning of decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it automates the learning of decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it automates the learning of decision
+support rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support rules
+and what's attractive about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's attractive about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's attractive about this is that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's in induced from real data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in induced from real data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in induced from real data
+it tends to deal with more complex cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to deal with more complex cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to deal with more complex cases
+than the sort of simple stereotypical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sort of simple stereotypical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sort of simple stereotypical
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+for which people can develop guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which people can develop guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which people can develop guidelines
+for example where they can anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where they can anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where they can anticipate
+what's going to happen in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in various
+circumstances so he used the bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so he used the bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so he used the bayesian
+networking model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking model
+that used diagnosis possible orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used diagnosis possible orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used diagnosis possible orders
+and evidence which is the results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evidence which is the results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evidence which is the results from
+orders that were already completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders that were already completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders that were already completed
+there's a system out of university of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system out of university of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system out of university of
+pittsburgh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pittsburgh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pittsburgh called
+tetrad that implements a nice version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrad that implements a nice version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrad that implements a nice version of
+of something called greedy equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something called greedy equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something called greedy equivalent
+search which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search which is
+a faster way of searching through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a faster way of searching through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a faster way of searching through the
+space of of bayesian networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of of bayesian networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of of bayesian networks
+for an appropriate network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an appropriate network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an appropriate network that
+represents your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents your data
+so it you know it's a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it you know it's a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it you know it's a highly
+combinatoric problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatoric problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatoric problem
+and the cleverness in this is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cleverness in this is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cleverness in this is that it
+figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out
+classes of bayesian networks that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of bayesian networks that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of bayesian networks that by
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+would fit the data equally well and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit the data equally well and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit the data equally well and it
+does it by class rather than by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it by class rather than by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it by class rather than by
+individual network and so it gets a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual network and so it gets a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual network and so it gets a nice
+combinatorial reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial reduction
+and what jeff found is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what jeff found is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what jeff found is
+for example the in the pregnancy network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the in the pregnancy network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the in the pregnancy network
+these are the nodes that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the nodes that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the nodes that correspond to
+various interventions and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various interventions and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various interventions and various
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+and this is the bayesian network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bayesian network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bayesian network that
+best fits that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fits that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fits that data
+okay it's reasonably complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's reasonably complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's reasonably complicated
+here are some others this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some others this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some others this is for the
+emergency department case so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department case so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department case so you see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know you have things like chest pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have things like chest pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have things like chest pain
+and abdominal pain sort of presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abdominal pain sort of presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abdominal pain sort of presenting
+diagnoses and then you have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses and then you have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses and then you have various
+procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures
+like an abdomen ct or a pelvic ct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an abdomen ct or a pelvic ct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an abdomen ct or a pelvic ct
+or a chess ct or a head ct or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a chess ct or a head ct or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a chess ct or a head ct or
+a basic metabolic panel etc and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic metabolic panel etc and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic metabolic panel etc and this
+gives you the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the probabilistic
+relationships between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between them
+and so what what they were able to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what they were able to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what they were able to do is
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+this bayesian network representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bayesian network representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bayesian network representation
+and then if you lay a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you lay a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you lay a particular
+patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's
+data on that representation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on that representation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on that representation that
+corresponds to fixing the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to fixing the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to fixing the value
+of certain nodes and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certain nodes and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certain nodes and then you do
+bayesian inference to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bayesian inference to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bayesian inference to figure out
+the probabilities of the unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of the unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of the unobserved
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+and you recommend the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recommend the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recommend the highest
+probability interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability interventions
+that are that have not yet been done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that have not yet been done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that have not yet been done so
+it's a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit like
+if you remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we talked about
+sequential diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential diagnosis
+this is a little bit in that spirit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit in that spirit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit in that spirit but
+it's a much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more complicated
+bayesian network model rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bayesian network model rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bayesian network model rather than a
+naive bayes model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive bayes model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive bayes model
+and so the interface looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the interface looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the interface looks like this
+you have it's called the iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it's called the iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it's called the iterative
+treatment suggestions algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment suggestions algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment suggestions algorithm
+and it shows the doctor that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows the doctor that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows the doctor that these are
+you know the problems of the patient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the problems of the patient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the problems of the patient and
+the current orders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current orders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current orders and
+the probability that you might ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you might ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you might ask that
+you might ask to have any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask to have any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask to have any one of these
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+orders done and what they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders done and what they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders done and what they're able to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+uh is that that this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that that this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that that this does
+reasonably well obviously it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well obviously it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well obviously it wouldn't
+have been published if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been published if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been published if
+they hadn't been able to show that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't been able to show that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't been able to show that and
+so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see
+is that for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for example the
+next order that's done in an inpatient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next order that's done in an inpatient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next order that's done in an inpatient
+pregnancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy
+using this bayesian network formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this bayesian network formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this bayesian network formalism
+has a position of about fourth on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a position of about fourth on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a position of about fourth on the
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+so their criterion for judging this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their criterion for judging this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their criterion for judging this
+algorithm is is it right raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is is it right raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is is it right raising
+the things that people actually do too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that people actually do too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that people actually do too
+high on the list of the recommended list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high on the list of the recommended list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high on the list of the recommended list
+the recommended set of actions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recommended set of actions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recommended set of actions that you
+consider doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider doing
+and you see that it's it's fourth on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that it's it's fourth on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that it's it's fourth on
+average in inpatient pregnancy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in inpatient pregnancy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in inpatient pregnancy about
+sixth in the icu about sixth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth in the icu about sixth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth in the icu about sixth in the
+emergency department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department
+and about fifth in the in the urgent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about fifth in the in the urgent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about fifth in the in the urgent
+care clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care clinic
+so that's pretty good because that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty good because that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty good because that means
+that even if you're looking at an iphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you're looking at an iphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you're looking at an iphone
+uh there's enough screen real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's enough screen real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's enough screen real estate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know it'll be on the so-called first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it'll be on the so-called first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it'll be on the so-called first
+page of the google hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the google hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the google hits
+right which is the only thing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the only thing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the only thing people
+ever pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever pay attention to
+and in fact they can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact they can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact they can show that
+the average list position corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average list position corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average list position corresponds to
+the order rank by frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order rank by frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order rank by frequency
+but that their model does a reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that their model does a reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that their model does a reasonably
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+job of keeping you within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of keeping you within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of keeping you within
+the um you know the first 10 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you know the first 10 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you know the first 10 or so
+for much of this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now i'm going to shift gears again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i'm going to shift gears again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i'm going to shift gears again
+so adam wright you've met he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adam wright you've met he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adam wright you've met he was the
+discussant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussant
+in one of our earlier classes and adam's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of our earlier classes and adam's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of our earlier classes and adam's
+been very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very active
+in trying to deploy decision support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to deploy decision support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to deploy decision support
+systems and he had an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and he had an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and he had an interesting
+episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode
+back in when was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in when was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in when was this
+2016. so it must have been a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016. so it must have been a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016. so it must have been a little
+before 2016.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 2016.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 2016.
+he went to demonstrate this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went to demonstrate this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went to demonstrate this great
+decision support system that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support system that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support system that they had
+implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+at the brigham and he put in a fake case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the brigham and he put in a fake case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the brigham and he put in a fake case
+where an alert should have gone off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an alert should have gone off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an alert should have gone off for
+um uh a patient who has been on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a patient who has been on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a patient who has been on a
+particular drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular drug
+for more than a year and needs to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than a year and needs to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than a year and needs to have
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+thyroid stimulating hormone measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid stimulating hormone measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid stimulating hormone measured in
+order to check for a potential side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to check for a potential side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to check for a potential side
+effect of long-term use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of long-term use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of long-term use
+of amiodarone okay as well as to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amiodarone okay as well as to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amiodarone okay as well as to have
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+alt as a liver test liver enzyme test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alt as a liver test liver enzyme test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alt as a liver test liver enzyme test
+so they needed both of those tests he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they needed both of those tests he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they needed both of those tests he
+was demonstrating this wonderful system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was demonstrating this wonderful system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was demonstrating this wonderful system
+he put in a fake patient who had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put in a fake patient who had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put in a fake patient who had these
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+and the alert didn't go off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alert didn't go off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alert didn't go off so
+he goes hmm what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes hmm what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes hmm what's going on
+and they went back and they discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they went back and they discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they went back and they discovered
+that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+2009 the system's internal code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 the system's internal code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 the system's internal code
+for amiodarone had been changed from 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for amiodarone had been changed from 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for amiodarone had been changed from 40
+to 70 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 70 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 70 99
+who knows why but the rule logic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows why but the rule logic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows why but the rule logic in the
+system was never updated to reflect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was never updated to reflect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was never updated to reflect this
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+and so in fact if you look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact if you look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact if you look at um
+at the history of the use of amiodarone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the history of the use of amiodarone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the history of the use of amiodarone
+by the way it's an interesting graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it's an interesting graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it's an interesting graph the
+blue dots are weekdays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dots are weekdays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dots are weekdays
+on the black dots or weekends so not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the black dots or weekends so not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the black dots or weekends so not a
+lot goes on in the hospital during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot goes on in the hospital during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot goes on in the hospital during the
+weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+but what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see is that
+i i don't know what happened before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't know what happened before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't know what happened before
+about the end of 2009.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the end of 2009.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the end of 2009.
+they probably weren't running that rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably weren't running that rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably weren't running that rule
+or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something
+but what you see is sort of a gradual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see is sort of a gradual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see is sort of a gradual
+increase in the use of this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the use of this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the use of this rule
+and then you see a long decrease from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see a long decrease from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see a long decrease from
+2010 up through 2013 when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 up through 2013 when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 up through 2013 when they
+discovered this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this problem
+now why a decrease i mean it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why a decrease i mean it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why a decrease i mean it's not a
+sudden jump to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden jump to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden jump to zero
+okay and the reason was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason was that
+uh this this came about first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this came about first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this came about first of all
+came about gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about gradually
+because the people who had had this drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the people who had had this drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the people who had had this drug
+before that change in the software uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that change in the software uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that change in the software uh
+had gotten the old code which was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten the old code which was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten the old code which was still
+triggering the rule it's just that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering the rule it's just that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering the rule it's just that as
+time went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time went on
+more and more people who needed the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more people who needed the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more people who needed the test
+had gotten the drug with its new code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten the drug with its new code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten the drug with its new code
+and with that new code it was no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that new code it was no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that new code it was no longer
+triggering the rule and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering the rule and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering the rule and then this is the
+point at which they discovered the bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which they discovered the bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which they discovered the bug
+and then they fixed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they fixed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they fixed it
+of course it came right back up again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh the the uh well i'll talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the the uh well i'll talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the the uh well i'll talk about some
+of the others as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the others as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the others as well
+uh so this was the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this was the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this was the um
+amiodarone case so it fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amiodarone case so it fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amiodarone case so it fell
+subtly as some patients were taken off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtly as some patients were taken off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtly as some patients were taken off
+the drug and others were started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug and others were started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug and others were started
+with this new internal code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this new internal code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this new internal code
+and and as i said the alert logic was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as i said the alert logic was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as i said the alert logic was
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+back in 2013. yeah so i don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2013. yeah so i don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2013. yeah so i don't know how
+hospital i t systems work and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital i t systems work and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital i t systems work and it might
+vary from place to place but is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary from place to place but is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary from place to place but is there
+every notion of like this computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every notion of like this computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every notion of like this computer
+needs to be updated for the software but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be updated for the software but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be updated for the software but
+that one already got updated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one already got updated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one already got updated or
+are they all synced up so that they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they all synced up so that they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they all synced up so that they all
+get updated at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get updated at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get updated at the same time
+they tend to all get updated at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to all get updated at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to all get updated at the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+there are disasters that have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are disasters that have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are disasters that have happened
+in that updating process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that updating process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that updating process
+famously the beth israel was down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously the beth israel was down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously the beth israel was down for
+about three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three days
+their computer system just crashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer system just crashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer system just crashed
+and what they discovered is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they discovered is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they discovered is that they
+they had this very complicated network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this very complicated network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this very complicated network
+in which there were cyclic dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there were cyclic dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there were cyclic dependencies
+in order to boot up different systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to boot up different systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to boot up different systems so
+some system had to be up in order to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some system had to be up in order to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some system had to be up in order to let
+some other system be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other system be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other system be up
+which had to be up in order to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had to be up in order to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had to be up in order to let the
+first system be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first system be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first system be up
+and of course in normal operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in normal operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in normal operation
+they never take down the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never take down the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never take down the whole system
+and so nobody had discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nobody had discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nobody had discovered this
+until there was cisco screwed them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there was cisco screwed them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there was cisco screwed them they
+there was some fix in the routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some fix in the routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some fix in the routers
+that caused everything to crash and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused everything to crash and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused everything to crash and then
+they couldn't bring it back up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't bring it back up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't bring it back up again
+and so that was a big panic uh john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was a big panic uh john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was a big panic uh john
+halamko who's the cio there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halamko who's the cio there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halamko who's the cio there
+is a former student of mine and i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a former student of mine and i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a former student of mine and i and
+after this all played out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this all played out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this all played out
+i asked i asked john so what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked i asked john so what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked i asked john so what's the first
+thing you did when this happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you did when this happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you did when this happened
+and he said i sent a couple of panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said i sent a couple of panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said i sent a couple of panel
+trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks
+down to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the the
+staples warehouse to buy pads of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staples warehouse to buy pads of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staples warehouse to buy pads of paper
+which is pretty smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's another example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another example this is
+lead screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead screening
+um and so this was a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this was a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this was a case where
+there's a lead screening rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lead screening rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lead screening rule for
+two-year-olds there's also one for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-olds there's also one for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-olds there's also one for one
+three and four-year-olds and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four-year-olds and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four-year-olds and there was
+no change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change
+in screening for one three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in screening for one three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in screening for one three and
+four-year-olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-olds
+but the screening for two-year-olds went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the screening for two-year-olds went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the screening for two-year-olds went
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh you know three or four hundred a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know three or four hundred a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know three or four hundred a day
+down to zero for several years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero for several years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero for several years before
+they noticed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they noticed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they noticed it
+uh and then went back up to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then went back up to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then went back up to uh the
+previous level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous level
+and they never did quite figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they never did quite figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they never did quite figure out what
+happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here
+but something added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something added
+two incomplete clauses to the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two incomplete clauses to the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two incomplete clauses to the rule
+having to do with gender and smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with gender and smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with gender and smoking
+status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+but the clauses were incomplete and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the clauses were incomplete and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the clauses were incomplete and so
+they they were actually looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were actually looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were actually looking for the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+of neither the gender nor the smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neither the gender nor the smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neither the gender nor the smoking
+status having been specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status having been specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status having been specified
+so smoking status for a two-year-old you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so smoking status for a two-year-old you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so smoking status for a two-year-old you
+could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine
+is not often specified but gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not often specified but gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not often specified but gender
+typically is um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is um and so
+so the rule never fired because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rule never fired because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rule never fired because of that
+and they have no idea how these changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have no idea how these changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have no idea how these changes
+were made uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made uh they
+the there's a complicated logging system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a complicated logging system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a complicated logging system
+that logs all the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logs all the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logs all the changes
+and it crashed and lost its logging data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it crashed and lost its logging data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it crashed and lost its logging data
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know it's a it's a just so story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a it's a just so story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a it's a just so story
+uh chlamydia screen uh this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chlamydia screen uh this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chlamydia screen uh this was
+human error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human error and
+so they wound up they found this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wound up they found this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wound up they found this very
+quickly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because
+they had a two-month-old boy who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a two-month-old boy who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a two-month-old boy who had
+numerous duplicate reminders including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous duplicate reminders including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous duplicate reminders including
+suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+for mammograms pap smears pneumococcal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mammograms pap smears pneumococcal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mammograms pap smears pneumococcal
+vaccination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination
+and cholesterol screening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cholesterol screening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cholesterol screening and
+a suggestion to start the patient on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suggestion to start the patient on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suggestion to start the patient on
+various meds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various meds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various meds
+so this was just a human error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was just a human error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was just a human error and
+revising the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising the rule
+and that one they found pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one they found pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one they found pretty quickly
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh i mean that's amusing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i mean that's amusing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i mean that's amusing but
+what's interesting is these guys went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is these guys went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is these guys went on
+to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well
+how could we monitor for this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we monitor for this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we monitor for this in some
+ongoing fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing fashion
+and so they said well there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said well there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said well there's this
+notion of change point detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of change point detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of change point detection
+which is an interesting sort of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an interesting sort of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an interesting sort of machine
+learning problem again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem again
+and so they said well suppose we built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said well suppose we built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said well suppose we built a
+dynamic linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic linear model
+that includes seasonality because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes seasonality because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes seasonality because we
+have to deal with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the fact
+that a lot of stuff happens monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of stuff happens monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of stuff happens monday
+through friday and nothing happens on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through friday and nothing happens on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through friday and nothing happens on
+weekends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends
+and so they created a model that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they created a model that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they created a model that says
+that your output is some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your output is some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your output is some function
+f of your inputs plus some noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of your inputs plus some noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of your inputs plus some noise
+the noise is gaussian with some variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise is gaussian with some variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise is gaussian with some variance
+capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital v
+and that x evolves according to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that x evolves according to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that x evolves according to some
+evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+that says it depends on on it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it depends on on it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it depends on on it on the
+previous value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous value of x
+plus some other noise which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some other noise which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some other noise which is also
+gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+so that's the general sort of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general sort of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general sort of time
+series modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series modeling
+uh approach that people often take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach that people often take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach that people often take and
+then they said well we have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they said well we have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they said well we have to deal with
+seasonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality
+so what we're going to do is define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is define a
+period namely a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period namely a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period namely a week
+and then we're going to separate out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to separate out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to separate out the
+states on different days of the week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states on different days of the week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states on different days of the week in
+order to give us the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to give us the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to give us the ability
+to model that seasonality i worked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model that seasonality i worked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model that seasonality i worked on a
+different project having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different project having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different project having to do with
+outbreak detection for infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak detection for infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak detection for infectious
+diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+and there the periodicity was a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the periodicity was a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the periodicity was a year
+because things like the flu come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things like the flu come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things like the flu come in
+yearly cycles rather than in weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly cycles rather than in weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly cycles rather than in weekly
+cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles
+and so that that idea is pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that idea is pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that idea is pretty common
+and then they built this multi-process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they built this multi-process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they built this multi-process
+dynamic linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic linear model
+that says basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says basically uh
+imagine that our data is being generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that our data is being generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that our data is being generated
+by one of a set of these linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of a set of these linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of a set of these linear
+of these dynamic linear models and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dynamic linear models and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dynamic linear models and so we
+have an additional state variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional state variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional state variable
+at each time that says which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each time that says which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each time that says which of the
+models is in control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is in control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is in control
+to generate the data at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the data at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the data at this point
+um and so um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so um uh
+if you have the set of observations up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the set of observations up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the set of observations up
+to some time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some time t
+then you can compute the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can compute the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can compute the probability
+that model i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model i
+is driving the generator at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driving the generator at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driving the generator at this point
+and so you can have three basic models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can have three basic models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can have three basic models
+you can have a model that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a model that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a model that says
+it's a stable model in other words what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a stable model in other words what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a stable model in other words what
+you expect is the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect is the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect is the steady state
+so that would be the normal weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be the normal weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be the normal weekly
+variation in volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in volume
+for any of these alerts you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these alerts you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these alerts you can have a
+model which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is an
+additive outlier so that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive outlier so that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive outlier so that's something
+that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says
+all of a sudden something happened like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden something happened like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden something happened like
+that chlamydia screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chlamydia screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chlamydia screen
+or one of the other things that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one of the other things that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one of the other things that had a
+very quick blip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick blip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick blip
+or you can have a level shift change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have a level shift change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have a level shift change
+like the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the change
+that happened when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened when the
+when the screening rules or the alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the screening rules or the alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the screening rules or the alert
+rule for amiodarone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for amiodarone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for amiodarone
+stopped firing because it went from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped firing because it went from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped firing because it went from one
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+to a very different level over a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very different level over a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very different level over a period
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a relatively short period of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively short period of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively short period of time and
+then what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you can do
+is calculate the probability of any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calculate the probability of any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calculate the probability of any of
+these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+being in control at the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in control at the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in control at the next time
+and that's called the change point score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the change point score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the change point score
+and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+calculate this from the data that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this from the data that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this from the data that you're
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+and they of course they have tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they of course they have tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they of course they have tons of
+data it's a big hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's a big hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's a big hospital
+and and lots of these alerts go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and lots of these alerts go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and lots of these alerts go on and
+if you plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot this
+there's the data for a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the data for a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the data for a time
+series so you see the weekly variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so you see the weekly variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so you see the weekly variation
+but what you see is that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see is that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see is that the probability
+of the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the steady
+behavior is quite high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is quite high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is quite high
+except at certain points where it all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at certain points where it all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at certain points where it all of
+a sudden dips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden dips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden dips
+and so those are places where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are places where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are places where you
+suspect that something interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that something interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that something interesting is
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+and similarly the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the probability of a
+a temporary offset goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temporary offset goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temporary offset goes up
+at these various points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these various points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these various points
+and the probability of a level shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of a level shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of a level shift
+goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+at this point and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point and you can see that
+indeed there is a level shift from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there is a level shift from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there is a level shift from
+essentially zero up to this periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero up to this periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero up to this periodic
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+um up on in in the original data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up on in in the original data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up on in in the original data
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+and so they actually implemented this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually implemented this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually implemented this in
+the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital
+and so now you get not just alerts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you get not just alerts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you get not just alerts but
+you get meta alerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get meta alerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get meta alerts
+that say uh you know this kid ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say uh you know this kid ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say uh you know this kid ought to
+be screened for their lead levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be screened for their lead levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be screened for their lead levels
+but also the lead level screening rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the lead level screening rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the lead level screening rule
+hasn't fired as often as we expected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't fired as often as we expected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't fired as often as we expected it
+to fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there are a lot of details in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are a lot of details in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are a lot of details in
+the paper that you can look up if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper that you can look up if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper that you can look up if you're
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+and what they find is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that if you
+uh look at the area under the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the area under the delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the area under the delay
+false positive rate curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate curve
+so you're trading off how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're trading off how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're trading off how long it takes
+to be certain that one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be certain that one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be certain that one of these
+conditions has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions has occurred
+versus how often you cry wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how often you cry wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how often you cry wolf
+and you see that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that their
+algorithm does much better than a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm does much better than a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm does much better than a bunch
+of other things that they tried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things that they tried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things that they tried it
+against which are earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which are earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which are earlier
+attempts to do this and these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to do this and these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to do this and these are all
+highly statistically significant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly statistically significant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly statistically significant so
+they went and got a nice paper out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and got a nice paper out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and got a nice paper out of it
+okay in the remaining time i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the remaining time i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the remaining time i wanted to
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+about a number of other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a number of other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a number of other issues
+that really have to do with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really have to do with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really have to do with with
+workflows so we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows so we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows so we've talked about
+alerting but there are an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerting but there are an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerting but there are an interesting
+set of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of studies
+about how these alerting systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these alerting systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these alerting systems
+actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work
+so there was a cool idea from the beth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a cool idea from the beth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a cool idea from the beth
+israel deaconess hospital here in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+israel deaconess hospital here in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+israel deaconess hospital here in boston
+where they said well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they said well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they said well um
+what we really need to do is to escalate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really need to do is to escalate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really need to do is to escalate
+alerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts
+so for example uh it's quite typical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh it's quite typical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh it's quite typical in
+a hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital
+that if you have a if you're a doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a if you're a doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a if you're a doctor
+and you have a patient who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a patient who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a patient who
+uh you have just sent their blood to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have just sent their blood to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have just sent their blood to the
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+and let's say their serum potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say their serum potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say their serum potassium
+comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back
+as seven or eight okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seven or eight okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seven or eight okay
+that patient is at high risk of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient is at high risk of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient is at high risk of going
+into cardiac arrhythmia and dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cardiac arrhythmia and dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cardiac arrhythmia and dying
+and so your pager in those days goes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your pager in those days goes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your pager in those days goes off
+and you read this text message that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you read this text message that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you read this text message that says
+mr jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr jones
+has a serum potassium of eight you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a serum potassium of eight you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a serum potassium of eight you'd
+better look in on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better look in on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better look in on them
+okay so what they did was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they did was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they did was very
+clever they said well the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever they said well the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever they said well the problem is
+busy doctors might ignore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy doctors might ignore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy doctors might ignore this
+and so we'll then start a countdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll then start a countdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll then start a countdown
+timer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer
+and we'll say did dr jones actu or dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say did dr jones actu or dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say did dr jones actu or dr
+smith actually come and look at mr jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smith actually come and look at mr jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smith actually come and look at mr jones
+uh within you know 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within you know 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within you know 20 minutes
+and if the answer is no then they send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the answer is no then they send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the answer is no then they send a
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+to the doctor's boss that says hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the doctor's boss that says hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the doctor's boss that says hey we
+sent this guy a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent this guy a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent this guy a page
+and within 20 minutes he didn't look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within 20 minutes he didn't look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within 20 minutes he didn't look in
+on the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then they start another timer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start another timer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start another timer and
+they say if that boss doesn't respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say if that boss doesn't respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say if that boss doesn't respond
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+an hour then they send a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour then they send a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour then they send a page
+to the head of the hospital saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the head of the hospital saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the head of the hospital saying you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+your infectious disease people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your infectious disease people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your infectious disease people are doing
+a lousy job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lousy job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lousy job
+because they're not or in this case your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not or in this case your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not or in this case your
+endocrine people or whatever are doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrine people or whatever are doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrine people or whatever are doing a
+lousy job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy job
+because they're not responding to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not responding to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not responding to these
+alerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts
+now how do you think the doctors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you think the doctors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you think the doctors like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not much and there is a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much and there is a real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much and there is a real problem
+with over alerting and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with over alerting and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with over alerting and there's no
+general rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule
+that says how often can you bug the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says how often can you bug the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says how often can you bug the head
+of the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hospital
+with an alert like this before he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alert like this before he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alert like this before he or she
+just says we'll turn off the damn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says we'll turn off the damn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says we'll turn off the damn thing
+i don't want to see these and clearly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to see these and clearly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to see these and clearly if
+you set the thresholds at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the thresholds at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the thresholds at different
+places you get different results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you get different results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you get different results
+so for example i remember tufts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example i remember tufts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example i remember tufts
+implemented a system like this back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented a system like this back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented a system like this back in
+the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s
+but they would send a page to every on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they would send a page to every on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they would send a page to every on
+every order where any of the lab results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every order where any of the lab results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every order where any of the lab results
+were abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were abnormal
+and that was way too much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was way too much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was way too much because
+you know a lot of these tests generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of these tests generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of these tests generate
+20 results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 results
+normal is defined as the 95 confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is defined as the 95 confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is defined as the 95 confidence
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+what are the chances that out of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the chances that out of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the chances that out of 20
+tests which aren't really independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests which aren't really independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests which aren't really independent
+but if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they were
+one of them would be pretty guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them would be pretty guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them would be pretty guaranteed
+to be out of range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out of range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out of range
+for most of the patients and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the patients and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the patients and so
+basically every test generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every test generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every test generated
+a an alert to the doctor and the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an alert to the doctor and the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an alert to the doctor and the doctors
+did threaten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did threaten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did threaten to
+kill the people who had implemented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the people who had implemented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the people who had implemented this
+system and it got turned off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it got turned off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it got turned off
+a system like this if you set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system like this if you set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system like this if you set the
+threshold to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold to be
+not abnormal but life-threateningly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not abnormal but life-threateningly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not abnormal but life-threateningly
+abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal
+and if you set the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you set the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you set the um the
+the rate and the the time durations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate and the the time durations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate and the the time durations
+such that it's reasonable for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's reasonable for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's reasonable for people to
+respond to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to it
+then maybe it can be acceptable when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe it can be acceptable when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe it can be acceptable when we
+did this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this project
+on looking at how an emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on looking at how an emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on looking at how an emergency
+department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department
+could anticipate a flood of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anticipate a flood of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anticipate a flood of patients
+because it looked like flu season was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looked like flu season was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looked like flu season was
+starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+for example the question we asked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the question we asked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the question we asked is
+how many false alarms a month can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many false alarms a month can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many false alarms a month can you
+guys tolerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys tolerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys tolerate
+okay and they thought about it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they thought about it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they thought about it and the
+ed docs got together and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed docs got together and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed docs got together and said
+three times a month you can cry wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a month you can cry wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a month you can cry wolf
+okay because we really want to know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we really want to know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we really want to know when
+it actually happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually happens
+and we'd rather be prepared and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd rather be prepared and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd rather be prepared and we can
+tolerate sort of a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate sort of a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate sort of a 10
+error rate on this prediction but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate on this prediction but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate on this prediction but i
+don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is
+in this in this domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um another interesting study was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um another interesting study was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um another interesting study was
+uh you know it's become quite popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's become quite popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's become quite popular
+like i got a bunch of emails from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i got a bunch of emails from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i got a bunch of emails from my
+doctor today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor today
+because i had ordered a refill on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i had ordered a refill on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i had ordered a refill on some
+prescription and he wanted to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription and he wanted to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription and he wanted to know how
+it's going and blah blah so the bi asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going and blah blah so the bi asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going and blah blah so the bi asked
+the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+how many what fraction of those messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many what fraction of those messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many what fraction of those messages
+are never read by the patients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never read by the patients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never read by the patients that
+they're sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sent to
+which is an important question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an important question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an important question because
+if you're relying on that mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're relying on that mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're relying on that mode of
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+as part of your workflow you'd like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your workflow you'd like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your workflow you'd like it
+to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+it turned out only to be three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out only to be three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out only to be three percent
+which is is remarkably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is remarkably good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is remarkably good
+that means that most people are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that most people are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that most people are actually
+paying attention to those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to those kinds of
+messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+then i wanted to say a few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i wanted to say a few words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i wanted to say a few words about
+the importance of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of communication
+and then finish up by by mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finish up by by mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finish up by by mentioning
+some so far failed attempts at really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so far failed attempts at really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so far failed attempts at really
+good integration of all different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good integration of all different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good integration of all different data
+sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources
+so as i said the bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said the bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said the bi
+started in 1994 with a system that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 1994 with a system that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 1994 with a system that said
+if you're taking a renally excreted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're taking a renally excreted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're taking a renally excreted or
+an afrotoxic drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an afrotoxic drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an afrotoxic drug
+then we're going to warn people if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to warn people if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to warn people if
+there's a rising creatinine level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rising creatinine level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rising creatinine level
+which is an indication that your kidneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an indication that your kidneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an indication that your kidneys
+are not functioning so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not functioning so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not functioning so well
+because of course if the drug is renally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course if the drug is renally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course if the drug is renally
+excreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreted
+that means that if your kidneys are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if your kidneys are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if your kidneys are not
+excreting things at the rate they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreting things at the rate they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreting things at the rate they're
+supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to
+you're going to wind up building up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to wind up building up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to wind up building up the
+amount of drug in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of drug in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of drug in your body
+and that can become toxic so they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can become toxic so they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can become toxic so they saw
+a 21 hour so almost a full day reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 21 hour so almost a full day reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 21 hour so almost a full day reduction
+in response time from the medical staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response time from the medical staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response time from the medical staff
+given these alerts versus what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these alerts versus what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these alerts versus what happened
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+that's remarkable i mean saving a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's remarkable i mean saving a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's remarkable i mean saving a day
+in responding to a condition like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in responding to a condition like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in responding to a condition like this
+is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+quite an impressive result and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an impressive result and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an impressive result and they also
+saw in terms of clinical outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in terms of clinical outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in terms of clinical outcome
+that the risk of renal impairment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the risk of renal impairment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the risk of renal impairment was
+reduced to about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to about half
+of the pre-intervention level so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pre-intervention level so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pre-intervention level so that
+earlier response actually was saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier response actually was saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier response actually was saving
+people's kidney function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's kidney function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's kidney function
+by getting people to intervene earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting people to intervene earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting people to intervene earlier
+what i found it interesting they said 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i found it interesting they said 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i found it interesting they said 44
+of doctors found these alerts helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doctors found these alerts helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doctors found these alerts helpful
+28 found them annoying but 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 found them annoying but 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 found them annoying but 65
+of them wanted them contin continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them wanted them contin continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them wanted them contin continued to
+be to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be used
+in in a survey okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a survey okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a survey okay
+um enrico coerra is one of my heroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enrico coerra is one of my heroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enrico coerra is one of my heroes
+he's used to be in the uk he's now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's used to be in the uk he's now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's used to be in the uk he's now in
+australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australia
+and he had this very deep insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had this very deep insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had this very deep insight
+back in the 1980s he said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1980s he said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1980s he said you know
+all you computer guys who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you computer guys who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you computer guys who are
+treading on this medical field think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treading on this medical field think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treading on this medical field think
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+all of the action is about decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the action is about decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the action is about decision
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+but it's not all of the action is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not all of the action is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not all of the action is really
+about communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication
+that healthcare is basically a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that healthcare is basically a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that healthcare is basically a team
+sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport
+and unless we spend much more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless we spend much more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless we spend much more time
+studying what goes on in communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying what goes on in communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying what goes on in communication
+we're going to miss the boat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to miss the boat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to miss the boat and then
+mostly we didn't pay any attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we didn't pay any attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we didn't pay any attention to
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+and but he's kept at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but he's kept at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but he's kept at it
+so he said well how big is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he said well how big is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he said well how big is the
+communication space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication space so
+he cited a 1985 study that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cited a 1985 study that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cited a 1985 study that said
+that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about
+50 of requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of requests
+for information are ones that people ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for information are ones that people ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for information are ones that people ask
+a colleague for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colleague for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colleague for
+versus 26 percent that they look up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 26 percent that they look up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 26 percent that they look up in
+their own notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own notes
+so if a doctor is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a doctor is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a doctor is on
+on rounds walks into a patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rounds walks into a patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rounds walks into a patient's
+room and says you know i want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and says you know i want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and says you know i want to know
+has this guy's temperature been going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this guy's temperature been going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this guy's temperature been going up
+and that up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that up or down
+a quarter of the time he'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of the time he'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of the time he'll look at
+notes and half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and half the time
+he'll turn to the nurse and say is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll turn to the nurse and say is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll turn to the nurse and say is this
+patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's
+temperature going up or down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature going up or down okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature going up or down okay
+so he says that that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he says that that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he says that that's interesting
+paul tang did a study in the 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul tang did a study in the 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul tang did a study in the 90s
+that said that in a clinic about 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that in a clinic about 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that in a clinic about 60
+percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time
+is spent talking among the staff not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spent talking among the staff not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spent talking among the staff not
+doing anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enrico and one of his colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said that almost a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that almost a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that almost a hundred percent
+of non-patient record information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-patient record information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-patient record information in
+other words the thing that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the thing that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the thing that's not
+in the written health record uh is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the written health record uh is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the written health record uh is done
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+by talking that's almost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking that's almost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking that's almost uh
+tautological because where else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautological because where else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautological because where else would
+you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it
+uh and then charlie safran at the bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then charlie safran at the bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then charlie safran at the bi
+uh did a sort of time in motion study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did a sort of time in motion study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did a sort of time in motion study
+and was looking at i think nursing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was looking at i think nursing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was looking at i think nursing
+behavior and saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and saying that
+about half their time was face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half their time was face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half their time was face-to-face
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+about 10 with electronic medical records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 with electronic medical records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 with electronic medical records
+and uh also a lot of email and voicemail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also a lot of email and voicemail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also a lot of email and voicemail
+and paper reminders as ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paper reminders as ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paper reminders as ways of
+communicating among people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating among people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating among people
+so this was a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a study
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is that 1998 study by coera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that 1998 study by coera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that 1998 study by coera and
+tombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tombs
+and they're looking at a consultant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at a consultant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at a consultant a
+house office or another consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house office or another consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house office or another consultant
+these are british titles because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are british titles because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are british titles because this
+was done in australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done in australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done in australia
+a nurse etc and they say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nurse etc and they say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nurse etc and they say okay
+among hospital staff i think this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among hospital staff i think this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among hospital staff i think this was
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+in one shift i believe i should have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one shift i believe i should have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one shift i believe i should have had
+that on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the slide
+this is the number of pages that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of pages that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of pages that they
+sent and received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent and received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent and received
+so they range from zero up to about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they range from zero up to about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they range from zero up to about four
+the number of telephone calls made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of telephone calls made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of telephone calls made and
+received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received
+this ranges from zero up to thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ranges from zero up to thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ranges from zero up to thirteen
+um oh here's the length of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh here's the length of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh here's the length of observation
+so this was over a period of about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was over a period of about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was over a period of about three
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+for each of these patients and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these patients and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these patients and this is
+the total number of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of events
+so think about it in three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about it in three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about it in three and a half
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+this senior house officer had 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this senior house officer had 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this senior house officer had 24
+distinct communication events happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct communication events happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct communication events happen to
+that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person
+so that means what that that's like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means what that that's like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means what that that's like like
+seven uh yeah like seven an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh yeah like seven an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh yeah like seven an
+hour so that's like one every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ten minutes roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's an interrupt driven kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an interrupt driven kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an interrupt driven kind of
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um here's one particular subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's one particular subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's one particular subject
+that they looked at uh three and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they looked at uh three and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they looked at uh three and three
+and a quarter hours of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a quarter hours of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a quarter hours of observation
+uh this person spent eighty-six percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this person spent eighty-six percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this person spent eighty-six percent
+of their time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their time talking
+31 percent uh were taken up with 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 percent uh were taken up with 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 percent uh were taken up with 28
+interruptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions
+so that so even the interruptions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so even the interruptions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so even the interruptions were
+being interrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being interrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being interrupted
+um 25 were multitasking with two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 25 were multitasking with two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 25 were multitasking with two or more
+conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations
+uh 87 percent face-to-face or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 87 percent face-to-face or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 87 percent face-to-face or
+or on a phone or pager so most of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a phone or pager so most of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a phone or pager so most of that
+is talk time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk time
+uh and 13 dealing with computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and 13 dealing with computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and 13 dealing with computers and
+patient notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient notes
+so the communication function is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the communication function is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the communication function is really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+um and i mean i don't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i mean i don't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i mean i don't have anything
+profound to say about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound to say about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound to say about it
+uh other than i'll i'll put up a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than i'll i'll put up a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than i'll i'll put up a pointer
+to some of these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these papers
+uh but the kinds of things they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the kinds of things they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the kinds of things they're
+considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+are well we could introduce new channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well we could introduce new channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well we could introduce new channels
+or new types of messages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new types of messages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new types of messages or
+new communication policies that say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new communication policies that say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new communication policies that say you
+know you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may not
+interrupt the person who's taking care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt the person who's taking care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt the person who's taking care
+of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients
+while they're doing it or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they're doing it or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they're doing it or something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and then moving from synchronous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moving from synchronous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moving from synchronous to
+asynchronous methods like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous methods like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous methods like
+voicemail or email or slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicemail or email or slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicemail or email or slack
+or you know some modern communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know some modern communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know some modern communication
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me skip by these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me skip by these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me skip by these so
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+next to last topic quickly how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to last topic quickly how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to last topic quickly how do you
+keep from dropping the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep from dropping the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep from dropping the ball
+so there are a lot of analyses that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of analyses that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of analyses that say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the biggest mistakes in health care are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest mistakes in health care are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest mistakes in health care are
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+not because somebody makes the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because somebody makes the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because somebody makes the wrong
+decision but it's because somebody fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but it's because somebody fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but it's because somebody fails
+to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a decision
+they just forget about something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just forget about something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just forget about something that
+they don't follow up on something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't follow up on something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't follow up on something that
+they ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ought to
+patient is going along and you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is going along and you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is going along and you think
+everything's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's okay
+and you don't deal with it so inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't deal with it so inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't deal with it so inspired
+partly by that escalation of pagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly by that escalation of pagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly by that escalation of pagers
+that i read about at the beth israel i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i read about at the beth israel i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i read about at the beth israel i
+said well this sounds like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well this sounds like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well this sounds like what we
+really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need
+as a workflow engine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a workflow engine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a workflow engine that's
+approximately a discrete event simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a discrete event simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a discrete event simulator
+so has anybody built a discrete event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so has anybody built a discrete event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so has anybody built a discrete event
+simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator
+in this class it's a fairly standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class it's a fairly standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class it's a fairly standard
+sort of programming problem and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of programming problem and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of programming problem and it's
+useful in simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in simulating
+all kinds of things that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things that involve
+discrete events da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete events da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete events da
+and the idea is that you have a timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that you have a timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that you have a timeline
+and you run down the timeline and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you run down the timeline and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you run down the timeline and you
+execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute
+the next activity that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next activity that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next activity that comes up
+and that activity does something okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that activity does something okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that activity does something okay
+it sends an email or it you know shoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends an email or it you know shoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends an email or it you know shoots
+a rocket or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket or
+whatever field you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever field you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever field you're doing the
+simulation in but most importantly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation in but most importantly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation in but most importantly what
+it does is the last thing it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is the last thing it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is the last thing it does is it
+schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules
+something else to happen later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to happen later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to happen later in the
+timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline
+so for example for something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for something that
+happens once a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens once a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens once a day
+when it happens the task that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happens the task that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happens the task that runs
+schedules it to happen again the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules it to happen again the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules it to happen again the next
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+and that means that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that it's going to be
+continually operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually operating
+all the time so the idea i had was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time so the idea i had was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time so the idea i had was that
+what you'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like to do
+is to say if at some time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say if at some time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say if at some time t
+i have a task that says do x or ask z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a task that says do x or ask z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a task that says do x or ask z
+to do y or both then the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do y or both then the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do y or both then the last thing
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+at some time in the future schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time in the future schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time in the future schedule
+another task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another task
+that says is why done and if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says is why done and if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says is why done and if not
+then go notify somebody or go remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go notify somebody or go remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go notify somebody or go remind
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+and as far as i know no hospital and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as i know no hospital and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as i know no hospital and no
+electronic record system has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic record system has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic record system has any
+capability like this but i still think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability like this but i still think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability like this but i still think
+it's a terrific idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrific idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrific idea
+and then i wanted to finish with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i wanted to finish with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i wanted to finish with a
+pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+to a problem that is still very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a problem that is still very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a problem that is still very much
+with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us
+so in 1994
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1994
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1994
+some colleagues and i wrote this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some colleagues and i wrote this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some colleagues and i wrote this thing
+we called the guardian angel manifesto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called the guardian angel manifesto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called the guardian angel manifesto
+and the idea was that we should engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that we should engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that we should engage
+patients more in their own care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients more in their own care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients more in their own care
+because they can keep track of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can keep track of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can keep track of a lot of
+the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that
+systems didn't do a very good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems didn't do a very good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems didn't do a very good job of
+keeping track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of
+and the idea is that you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that you would have a
+computational process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational process
+that would start off at the time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would start off at the time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would start off at the time your
+parents conceived you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents conceived you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents conceived you
+and run until your autopsy after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run until your autopsy after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run until your autopsy after you
+died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died
+and during this time it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during this time it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during this time it would be
+responsible for collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for collecting
+all the relevant health care data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the relevant health care data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the relevant health care data about
+you so it would be your electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so it would be your electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so it would be your electronic
+medical record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record
+but it would also be active so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would also be active so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would also be active so it would
+help you communicate with your providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you communicate with your providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you communicate with your providers
+it would help educate you about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would help educate you about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would help educate you about any
+conditions you have it would remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you have it would remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you have it would remind you
+about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things
+it would schedule stuff for you etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would schedule stuff for you etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would schedule stuff for you etc so
+this was a nice science fiction vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a nice science fiction vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a nice science fiction vision
+and um in the mid 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in the mid 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in the mid 2000s
+uh adam bosworth was a vp of google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adam bosworth was a vp of google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adam bosworth was a vp of google
+came to me and he said you know i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me and he said you know i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me and he said you know i read
+your thing it's a good idea i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing it's a good idea i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing it's a good idea i'm going to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it so google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so google
+started up this thing called google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up this thing called google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up this thing called google
+health which was more focused on being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health which was more focused on being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health which was more focused on being
+at least the personal health record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the personal health record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the personal health record
+they did a pilot with 1600 people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a pilot with 1600 people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a pilot with 1600 people at
+cleveland clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleveland clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleveland clinic
+and then they went public um as a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they went public um as a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they went public um as a beta
+and three years later they killed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three years later they killed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three years later they killed it
+okay and they had a bunch of partners so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they had a bunch of partners so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they had a bunch of partners so
+they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had
+you know all scripts and beth israel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all scripts and beth israel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all scripts and beth israel and
+blue cross of massachusetts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cross of massachusetts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cross of massachusetts and the
+cleveland clinic and cvs and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleveland clinic and cvs and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleveland clinic and cvs and so on
+so they did their job of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did their job of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did their job of trying to
+connect to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a bunch of
+important players but of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important players but of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important players but of course they
+didn't have everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have everybody
+and so for example i of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example i of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example i of course
+immediately signed up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately signed up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately signed up for
+an account and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account and the only
+company that i had ever dealt with out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that i had ever dealt with out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that i had ever dealt with out
+of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set
+was walgreens where i had bought a skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was walgreens where i had bought a skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was walgreens where i had bought a skin
+cream one time for a skin rash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream one time for a skin rash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream one time for a skin rash
+and so my total medical record consisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my total medical record consisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my total medical record consisted
+of a skin rash and a cream that i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a skin rash and a cream that i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a skin rash and a cream that i had
+bought to take care of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought to take care of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought to take care of it
+uh not very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so nobody other than these partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nobody other than these partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nobody other than these partners
+could enter data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter data
+automatically which meant that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically which meant that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically which meant that you had
+to be even more anal compulsive than i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even more anal compulsive than i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even more anal compulsive than i
+am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am
+in order to sit there and type in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sit there and type in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sit there and type in my
+entire medical history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire medical history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire medical history
+into the system especially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system especially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system especially because
+if i did so nobody would ever look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did so nobody would ever look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did so nobody would ever look at it
+because if i go to my doctor and say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i go to my doctor and say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i go to my doctor and say hey
+doc here's the google url
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc here's the google url
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc here's the google url
+for my medical record and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my medical record and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my medical record and here's a
+password by which you can access it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password by which you can access it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password by which you can access it
+what do you think are the odds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think are the odds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think are the odds that
+they're actually going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually going to look
+zero okay so the thing was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so the thing was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so the thing was an
+absolute abject failure um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute abject failure um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute abject failure um and
+people keep trying it and so far nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people keep trying it and so far nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people keep trying it and so far nobody
+has figured out how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has figured out how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has figured out how to do it
+but it's still a good idea all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a good idea all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a good idea all right
+with that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh
+we'll stop on workflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ThZH56PUwNc.txt b/ThZH56PUwNc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08fa084da3b3ed67222907b6348e23341886cfbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ThZH56PUwNc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now would like to explore the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now would like to explore the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now would like to explore the concept
+of potential energy difference for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potential energy difference for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potential energy difference for a
+conservative Force let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Force let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Force let's consider the
+following case suppose you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following case suppose you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following case suppose you have an
+object of mass m and it's located at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of mass m and it's located at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of mass m and it's located at a
+certain height Yi initial and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain height Yi initial and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain height Yi initial and so this is
+our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial
+State and we would like to move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and we would like to move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and we would like to move this
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+upwards so it goes up to a height y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so it goes up to a height y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so it goes up to a height y
+final this is our final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final this is our final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final this is our final state
+and in our initial State we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our initial State we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our initial State we might have
+some initial velocity and in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial velocity and in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial velocity and in the final
+State we might have some final speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we might have some final speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we might have some final speed and
+what we'd like to do now is we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do now is we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do now is we know that
+if there's a gravitational force mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a gravitational force mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a gravitational force mg
+acting downwards that this gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting downwards that this gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting downwards that this gravitational
+force is a conservative force and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is a conservative force and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is a conservative force and now
+what I'd like to do is because the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is because the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is because the force
+is conservative it doesn't depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conservative it doesn't depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conservative it doesn't depend on the
+path that our object goes to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that our object goes to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that our object goes to the final
+state it just depends on the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it just depends on the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it just depends on the parameters
+that describe the initial and the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe the initial and the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe the initial and the final
+States in fact we'll see it only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in fact we'll see it only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in fact we'll see it only depends
+on the initial height and the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial height and the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial height and the final
+height so what I'd like to do is Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so what I'd like to do is Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so what I'd like to do is Define
+a potential energy difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential energy difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential energy difference in the
+following way so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the potential energy
+difference between these two points is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two points is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two points is
+given by the negative of the work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the negative of the work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the negative of the work done
+by the gravitational force in going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the gravitational force in going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the gravitational force in going from
+the initial state to the final State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial state to the final State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial state to the final State
+notice this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this negative
+sign because the gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because the gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because the gravitational force
+here FG is minus mg jat where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here FG is minus mg jat where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here FG is minus mg jat where we're
+taking J hat up we've seen that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking J hat up we've seen that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking J hat up we've seen that this is
+an example of a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force and it doesn't matter how we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it doesn't matter how we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it doesn't matter how we went
+from the initial to the final States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial to the final States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial to the final States so
+we can generalize this idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize this idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize this idea for
+potential energy but first let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy but first let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy but first let's just
+remind ourselves of the calculation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of the calculation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of the calculation when
+we did this calculation before we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this calculation before we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this calculation before we have
+ufal minus ufal initial equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ufal minus ufal initial equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ufal minus ufal initial equals a
+negative sign in the definition and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign in the definition and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign in the definition and when
+we calculated the work done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculated the work done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculated the work done by the
+conservative Force we had negative mg y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Force we had negative mg y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Force we had negative mg y
+final minus y initial notice the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final minus y initial notice the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final minus y initial notice the two
+minus signs so we get mg y final minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs so we get mg y final minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs so we get mg y final minus y
+initial now many times people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial now many times people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial now many times people talk about
+changing is in potential energy so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is in potential energy so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is in potential energy so when
+I write Delta u i mean precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write Delta u i mean precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write Delta u i mean precisely the
+potential energy at the final State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy at the final State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy at the final State
+minus potential energy initial State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus potential energy initial State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus potential energy initial State the
+change in potential energy and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in potential energy and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in potential energy and that's
+equal to mg time the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mg time the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mg time the change in the
+displacement and so we see here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and so we see here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and so we see here for this
+example that if deltay is positive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that if deltay is positive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that if deltay is positive that
+implies that the potential energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the potential energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the potential energy is
+increasing now let's connect that to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing now let's connect that to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing now let's connect that to our
+definition why is the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition why is the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition why is the potential energy
+increasing when we raise something well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing when we raise something well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing when we raise something well
+the gravitational force points downwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational force points downwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational force points downwards
+the displacement is upwards so the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement is upwards so the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement is upwards so the work
+done is negative and another minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is negative and another minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is negative and another minus sign
+means the change in potential energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the change in potential energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the change in potential energy is
+positive if the object is moving with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if the object is moving with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if the object is moving with no
+change in height that tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height that tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height that tells us that the
+potential energy is change is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is change is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is change is zero and
+finally if Delta Y is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if Delta Y is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if Delta Y is less than zero
+that implies that the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that the change in
+potential energy is negative now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is negative now again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is negative now again
+let's examine this case if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine this case if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine this case if we were
+actually lowering an object dropping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lowering an object dropping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lowering an object dropping it
+down the object move downward from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the object move downward from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the object move downward from an
+initial state to a final State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state to a final State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state to a final State the
+gravitational force is downward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is downward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is downward the
+displacement is downward the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is downward the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is downward the integral is
+positive the extra minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the extra minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the extra minus sign
+corresponds to the change of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the change of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the change of potential
+energy being negative
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U2BNmEnry6E.txt b/U2BNmEnry6E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4d44c2ac9cd592523d87c5a09b3076cf568110e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U2BNmEnry6E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1610 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last time, there
+was a question that was asked
+
+about the order of
+magnitude rates.
+
+You asked the question
+about the
+
+concentration of the catalysts.
+
+So the rates that I gave you,
+which were the rates of
+
+reactions are basically
+order of magnitude.
+
+They're estimates and odd
+numbers that, they obviously
+
+depend, as you pointed out,
+depend on the concentration of
+
+the catalyst.
+
+Depends on the concentration
+of the reactants.
+
+Depends on where you are on
+those concentrations.
+
+As we saw when we did enzyme
+catalysis, is that depending
+
+on KM, the Michaelis constant,
+and the substrate
+
+concentration, if your
+substrate's concentration is
+
+much higher than KM, you are in
+the maximum velocity limit,
+
+where the rate depends on
+k2 times the initial
+
+concentration of enzyme.
+
+In that case the rate of the
+reaction depends just on the
+
+concentration of enzyme,
+and not on the
+
+concentration of substrate.
+
+But if you are at the small
+concentration of substrate
+
+relative to KM, then your rate
+depends linearly with the
+
+concentration of substrate.
+
+And the same thing happens
+with the non-enzymatic
+
+catalyst, that there will be
+some sort of mechanism that
+
+goes along with it.
+
+And most likely it's
+going to be second
+
+order in the catalyst.
+
+And the reactant if it's just
+the two body process.
+
+But it could be more
+complicated.
+
+So definitely those
+
+concentrations will go in there.
+
+But a priori, it's not clear
+how they will go in there.
+
+But the orders of magnitude
+are roughly right.
+
+And the basic idea is that you
+change your rate of reactions
+
+by 15, 18 orders of magnitude
+with the right catalyst,
+
+especially if it's a biological
+catalyst.
+
+One concept that I didn't go
+through last time, which is
+
+also quite useful, it's called
+the turnover number.
+
+Turnover number.
+
+And this is useful for
+any kind of catalyst.
+
+But for enzymatic, or enzyme
+catalysts, the
+
+turnover number is k cat.
+
+The number per second.
+
+It's a rate per second.
+
+How many times does a reactant
+get, the number of times that
+
+a reactant turns into a product
+
+per second, per catalyst.
+
+So let me write it out.
+
+So it's the number of product
+formed per second, per second,
+
+per enzyme, per molecule
+of enzyme.
+
+OK, so if one enzyme is going to
+be there, there's going to
+
+be some substrate going in.
+
+Coming in, the pocket
+coming out.
+
+Coming in, the pocket coming
+out, so the number of cycles
+
+of this process per second.
+is the turnover number.
+
+And so if you are where the
+concentration of substrate is
+
+very much larger than the
+Michaelis constant, where are
+
+you are at the saturation limit,
+then this turnover
+
+number doesn't depend on the
+substrate concentration.
+
+It's just k cat.
+
+So that's why k cat
+is important.
+
+As this turnover number in the
+maximum velocity limit.
+
+Because in the maximum velocity
+limit, then the
+
+process that's dominant is the
+second process, ES goes to
+
+enzyme plus product.
+
+The first process here is not
+the rate limiting step.
+
+This is the rate
+limiting step.
+
+Because the substrate
+concentration is very high.
+
+So this first part goes very
+high, goes very fast.
+
+And the number of product
+formed per second, per
+
+molecule of enzyme, the number
+of molecules formed for
+
+second, that's the rate
+of product formation.
+
+Rate of product formation
+per second.
+
+Divided by the concentration
+of the enzyme.
+
+If you normalize by the
+number of enzyme.
+
+So this becomes rate of product
+formation in moles per
+
+second, divided by
+moles of enzyme.
+
+It's the same thing as what
+we're saying here in words.
+
+And so the rate of product
+formation is dP/dt, and you
+
+divide that by the concentration
+of enzyme, which
+
+you can write as E0. dp/dt,
+and the maximum
+
+rate limit is k max.
+
+It's a constant divided by E0.
+
+And k max is k cat times
+E0 divided by E0.
+
+The E0's come out.
+
+And this is k cat.
+
+Which is basically k2.
+
+So that's the turnover number.
+
+Any questions on this
+turnover number?
+
+You see that a lot in catalyst
+literature and
+
+especially the enzymes.
+
+I have to get out these
+lecture notes.
+
+Send these back.
+
+OK, so the last topic
+I want to talk about
+
+is oscillating reactions.
+
+It's sort of like an
+interesting topic.
+
+And it's applicable not just
+to just chemistry, but it's
+
+basically playing with the
+differential equations.
+
+And you'll see this sort of
+stuff later if you keep doing
+
+science that involves coupled
+differential equations.
+
+It's just all over the place.
+
+So normally we have an
+equilibrium process.
+
+A goes to B, B goes back to A.
+And if you start out with
+
+something which is out of
+equilibrium, then you will
+
+eventually reach equilibrium at
+a rate which is dependent
+
+on those two rates. k1
+plus k minus one.
+
+So B will to come up to
+some B equilibrium.
+
+And A will, if you start out
+with a lot of A, and a little
+
+bit of B, and concentration of
+A, will come down smoothly,
+
+monotonically, to the
+equilibrium state.
+
+But sometimes, if you're out
+of equilibrium, and this
+
+doesn't have to be chemistry.
+
+It could be anything that's
+out of equilibrium, your
+
+emotion's out of equilibrium.
+
+Stock market is out
+of equilibrium.
+
+Population dynamics are
+out of equilibrium.
+
+The weather.
+
+Whatever.
+
+So, you're out of equilibrium,
+let's say this is equilibrium
+
+for A, this is equilibrium for
+B, let me try to keep them
+
+somewhat the same as
+here, I messed up.
+
+You're out of equilibrium, you
+start down here for A. And
+
+you, instead of going linearly
+down or monotonically down,
+
+exponentially down to the
+
+equilibrium, instead you overshoot.
+
+And you keep going
+back and forth.
+
+Like a spring.
+
+And then B does the
+same thing.
+
+Overshoots, comes down.
+
+Overshoots, comes down.
+
+Like a pendulum.
+
+A lot of things work
+like that.
+
+The heart is something that
+works like that, right?
+
+It beats.
+
+It's not in equilibrium.
+
+Good thing it's not
+in equilibrium.
+
+So the heart is one example of
+something that oscillates,
+
+back and forth, back
+and forth.
+
+And so there are actually many
+examples of complicated
+
+processes that involve
+chemistry, that aren't at
+
+equilibrium, that instead go
+back and forth, in and out, of
+
+on one side or the other
+of equilibrium.
+
+Now, there's an important
+feature of, if you want to
+
+build a chemical process
+that looks like this.
+
+It's often very useful to have
+a particular step in the
+
+mechanism that's called
+an autocatalysis step.
+
+And that provides feedback.
+
+It's like, if my microphone
+here, the speaker which is
+
+here, I were to stand right in
+front of the speaker and my
+
+microphone would pick up the
+volume from the speaker, it
+
+would get amplified,
+and I get feedback.
+
+And that would be a bad thing.
+
+So this is a form of
+feedback here.
+
+You need some sort of feedback
+that the reaction knows that
+
+you're building up, that
+this is going too fast.
+
+And then there's a feedback
+process that
+
+brings it back up.
+
+And a feedback process that
+goes back and forth.
+
+And the way you get this
+feedback is by having a step
+
+in the mechanism that has both
+a molecule as part of the
+
+reactants and as part
+of the product.
+
+It's not the same as a chain
+reaction, where we talked
+
+about an intermediate being
+recycled and building up.
+
+This is an actual reactant and
+an actual product that's part
+
+of this step here.
+
+So this is an autocatalytic
+step.
+
+And let's just see what
+that step looks like.
+
+Suppose we just have
+that step.
+
+So we want to find out, as a
+function of time, if you start
+
+out with some A and B, what
+happens to the concentration
+
+of B as a function of time.
+
+The time dependence of that.
+
+Clearly it's going
+to build up.
+
+But how is it going
+to build up?
+
+So we need to solve for B
+as a function of time.
+
+So let's go ahead and write
+down our rates.
+
+The rate of the reaction is
+d[A]/dt, is, let's put a rate
+
+constant here. k, k times
+[A] times [B].
+
+Now, [B] and [A]
+
+are related to each other
+through stoichiometry.
+
+The concentration of B is the
+concentration of B that he
+
+started out with, [B]0, then
+every time you destroy an A,
+
+you create 2B.
+
+So it's plus two times the
+amount of A that you've
+
+destroyed, [A]0 minus
+[A], [A]0 is what
+
+you started out with.
+
+This is what's left over.
+
+So the difference is what
+you've destroyed.
+
+But every time you destroy
+an A to form 2B, you
+
+also destroy a b.
+
+So you have to subtract away the
+B that you've destroyed.
+
+Which is [A]0 minus [A].
+
+This is the 2B that you created
+by destroying A, and
+
+this is the B that you destroy
+by having to destroy A, for
+
+the reaction.
+
+You've got to bean-count
+correctly.
+
+Keep track of everything.
+
+So [B], then, is just, I'm going
+to drop those brackets.
+
+B0 plus A0 minus A. So you
+can plug that in here.
+
+And is equal to k times A, times
+B0 plus B0 minus A. And
+
+now you have a differential
+equation that only
+
+contains A and time.
+
+B0 is a constant.
+
+And the way you solve that
+is by partial fractions.
+
+Use partial fractions,
+solve for this.
+
+And I'm not going to
+go through the math
+
+of solving for it.
+
+It's not that interesting.
+
+Let me give you the answer.
+
+You end up with [B] as a
+function of time, is this
+
+function A0 plus B0 over one
+plus A0 over B0 times e to the
+
+minus k times A0 plus
+B0 plus time.
+
+And that's where the time
+component comes in.
+
+Whoops, I'm sorry.
+
+Usually I don't have this
+on, let's turn this off.
+
+That's where the time
+dependence comes in.
+
+And clearly, at t is equal to
+infinity, t equals infinity
+
+just goes to zero.
+
+So you have B as A0, plus B0,
+everything goes through to the
+
+product. t equals to zero,
+this is equal to one.
+
+And B is equal to just B0.
+
+Alright, and so the curve looks
+something like this.
+
+This is what it turns
+out to look like.
+
+We're starting with B0 here.
+
+There's an induction period
+where very little happens.
+
+It's like the dormant stage.
+
+So, locusts that are sitting
+in the ground for seventeen
+
+years waiting for something
+to happen.
+
+Dormant stage, the
+induction period.
+
+And suddenly something
+starts to happen.
+
+There's an inflection point.
+
+And you get to A0 plus B0.
+
+The locusts wake up.
+
+And go to maximum
+concentration.
+
+So there's an s-like shape that
+has an inflection point
+
+and an induction period.
+
+That's pretty typical of an
+auto-catalytic reaction.
+
+OK so let's apply it
+to a process now.
+
+And again, this is going
+to be coupled
+
+differential equations.
+
+Broadly, broadly applicable,
+the example that I'm
+
+going to give you.
+
+This mechanism has been used
+for all sorts of things.
+
+So what do we have here?
+
+We're going to have an island.
+
+In the ocean.
+
+Island here.
+
+And it's going to be sunny,
+so let's get some
+
+yellow chalk here.
+
+There's the sun.
+
+And every now and then
+it's going to rain.
+
+We need some white chalk
+for the rain.
+
+There's a cloud that comes in.
+
+That's going to be one
+of the reactants.
+
+And then some seeds blow in from
+the continent, and grass
+
+starts to grow on the island.
+
+Grass.
+
+And then there's a shipwreck and
+a couple of rabbits get on
+
+the island.
+
+And now we have rabbits.
+
+Rabbits.
+
+A little tail on the back.
+
+I hate rabbits.
+
+I have a little vegetable
+garden, a little tiny
+
+vegetable garden.
+
+And there are rabbits.
+
+And I have to fence in my
+vegetable garden and make it
+
+impermeable impenetrable
+to rabbits.
+
+And rabbits are very clever.
+
+And my vegetable garden
+looks like a fortress.
+
+It's got a green fence.
+
+Heavy duty things.
+
+It's terrible.
+
+Rabbits are awful.
+
+They're very cute but
+they're awful.
+
+Alright, so now what happens.
+
+Well, given the rain and the
+grass, it turns out that this
+
+island can only support
+25 rabbits.
+
+If there are more rabbits
+than that, then
+
+they all eat too much.
+
+If there are less rabbits
+then that's fine.
+
+But 25 is about the
+maximum that can
+
+support on this island.
+
+The rabbits, unfortunately,
+are not that smart.
+
+They don't know that.
+
+They don't know that only 25
+rabbits can live there.
+
+So, what happens is that the
+Year one, Year one there are
+
+ten rabbits.
+
+And the food condition
+is great.
+
+Lots of food, number
+of rabbits.
+
+Lots of food.
+
+So the bunnies, the rabbits
+make bunnies.
+
+Lots of rabbits.
+
+Year two, they kind
+of went overboard.
+
+Now there are 50 rabbits.
+
+The food is lousy.
+
+Terrible.
+
+Well, there's a feedback here.
+
+Feedback and rabbits
+start to die off.
+
+Don't reproduce as much.
+
+Year three, we're back to ten.
+
+Great food.
+
+Rabbits don't notice.
+
+They multiply.
+
+Food is terrible.
+
+And they just don't learn.
+
+Humans are a little
+bit like that.
+
+Except our cycle isn't one
+year, it's usually on the
+
+order of 30 years.
+
+It's like the memory of a
+generation disappearing.
+
+And we have to relearn the
+mistakes of the previous
+
+generation.
+
+Science is like that too.
+
+Science goes in cycles.
+
+20, 30-year cycles.
+
+Topics that were out of fashion
+20 years ago, 25 years
+
+ago, come back.
+
+And suddenly everybody's
+excited about them.
+
+And all the ideas, of course
+we make progress.
+
+We go a little bit further
+than we did 20 years ago.
+
+But all the ideas that were
+out of fashion 20
+
+years ago come back.
+
+People get really excited, and
+they relearn all the mistakes
+
+that people made at
+the beginning.
+
+Technology has improved, we know
+more, and therefore we go
+
+a little bit further this
+cycle than we did
+
+the previous cycle.
+
+But it's really interesting to
+look at history of science and
+
+see this sort of cycle.
+
+So let's write a mechanism.
+
+Let's write a mechanism here.
+
+So we have rain plus grass
+makes more grass.
+
+At the rate k1.
+
+That's autocatalytic.
+
+It provides some feedback.
+
+Then we have grass plus rabbits
+make more rabbits.
+
+OK, let's do more because
+I don't know
+
+how much, more, more.
+
+Also autocatalytic.
+
+Then we have rabbits.
+
+Eventually, unfortunately,
+rabbits become dead rabbits.
+
+Rate k2 k3, and that's the
+termination of the process.
+
+OK, so now let's put some
+chemistry on this.
+
+Let's assume that instead of
+having objects, live objects
+
+here, we have chemical
+molecules.
+
+So A plus B goes to 2B.
+
+That's the first step.
+
+Then we have B plus C,
+C is the rabbits.
+
+And then C goes to some
+sort of products.
+
+Soil.
+
+This is a very famous
+mechanism.
+
+It's called the Lotka-Volterra
+mechanism.
+
+It's also called the
+predator-prey mechanism.
+
+In my case here, I made it
+sort of warm and fuzzy.
+
+I didn't have a predator
+in there.
+
+But you could change this.
+
+Instead of having rabbits
+and grass, we could
+
+have rabbits and foxes.
+
+Where A is the grass, if you
+take A to be the grass.
+
+B to be the rabbits.
+
+And C you be the foxes.
+
+Works the same.
+
+You have grass plus rabbits
+makes more rabbits.
+
+Rabbit plus foxes
+make more foxes.
+
+Eventually the foxes die off.
+
+Same idea.
+
+So now, let's solve this.
+
+Let's assume that A, the rain
+here, it's constant.
+
+There's a steady
+supply of rain.
+
+It doesn't go away.
+
+That makes sense in
+my example here.
+
+So the concentration of
+A is kept constant.
+
+In order to get oscillations to
+keep going, that turns out
+
+to be important.
+
+To have one of the reactants
+just keeping being
+
+reintroduced in the system.
+
+Because it gets used up.
+
+And when all the reactant gets
+used up, then you're done.
+
+So in the case of the heart,
+we have to keep feeding
+
+ourselves to produce energy.
+
+Otherwise the heart
+would stop.
+
+OK, now we want to know what is
+the concentration of B and
+
+C as a function of time.
+
+So we write down our kinetic
+equations. dB/dt gets produced
+
+through the first step, k1 A
+times B, gets destroyed in the
+
+second step. k2 B times C.
+dC/dt, C gets produced in the
+
+second step, k2 B times C. Gets
+destroyed in the third
+
+step. k3 times C, got to do your
+bean-counting correctly.
+
+And the strategy here that we're
+going to use to solve
+
+the problem is to assume that
+we're at steady state.
+
+We're going to find the solution
+at steady state.
+
+Then we're going to perturb
+away from steady state a
+
+little bit.
+
+And see whether this creates
+an oscillation.
+
+First we need to find out what
+the steady state solution is.
+
+So first, let's find
+steady state.
+
+Then perturb away from
+steady state.
+
+We're looking at a harmonic
+response, if
+
+you've heard that term.
+
+When it's going to look like
+a spring, close to its
+
+equilibrium state.
+
+That means that we're going to
+set it these two things equal
+
+to zero, for this
+steady state.
+
+Things are not changing.
+
+Concentration of B and
+C are not changing.
+
+A is not changing
+on purpose here.
+
+And so all these guys here
+are then steady state
+
+concentrations.
+
+If we set it equal to zero.
+
+We solve for A in this.
+
+For C in this process here.
+
+The B's cancel out here.
+
+We divide by B. And you solve
+for C as a function of A. So
+
+this one here gives you C steady
+state is equal to k1
+
+over k2 times the concentration
+of A. And this
+
+one here, now you put in the C
+and you solve for B, B steady
+
+state, is equal to k3 over k2.
+
+So the next step is to perturb
+away from equilibrium.
+
+Or from the steady
+state, rather.
+
+This is not equilibrium, it's
+not equilibrium because we
+
+keep adding A. We have to put
+some input into the system.
+
+So here we are.
+
+We've got some concentration of
+B here at the steady state.
+
+We have some concentration
+of C at the steady state.
+
+And now we're going to add some
+delta B to the system, or
+
+delta C. Or both.
+
+Delta C, we're going to ask the
+question, given our system
+
+here, how is it going
+to respond?
+
+It has a number of choices.
+
+It could respond by going back
+to the steady state in a
+
+monotonic fashion.
+
+Without overshooting.
+
+This is kind of like an
+overdamped system.
+
+It's like having a shock
+absorber on your car.
+
+You go over a bump, the car
+doesn't oscillate up and down.
+
+It's sort of damped.
+
+It's a damped oscillator.
+
+It goes back to the
+steady state.
+
+Or, you could, there we go,
+there's B, C. Or you could
+
+perturb, and it could just
+stay where it is.
+
+That could happen too.
+
+That's an inelastic response.
+
+Kind of like the supply
+and demand with oil.
+
+The price of oil goes from $10
+a barrel to $120 a barrel.
+
+The use of oil doesn't seem to
+be affected very much by the
+
+increasing price.
+
+You're still using
+just as much oil.
+
+There's an inelastic response.
+
+What we're looking for is
+something that has an elastic
+
+response, or a harmonic
+response.
+
+We perturb it, it tries to
+get back to steady state.
+
+But because of feedback, and not
+being over-damped, if it's
+
+an oscillator, it goes
+up and down.
+
+Like a scale that is not well,
+well, like a car that has bad
+
+shock absorbers, all it
+has is the springs.
+
+Up and down.
+
+So what we want is, we want
+to solve for dB/dt as
+
+a function of time.
+
+We want, well, I'm going to
+do everything in green.
+
+Since I lost my white chalk.
+
+We want delta B, delta C
+as a function of time.
+
+So, that means that we start
+with B is B steady state plus
+
+delta B, C is C steady state
+plus delta C. And we put that
+
+in our equations.
+
+For dB/dt and dC/dt.
+
+So now dB/dt is the same thing
+as dB steady state plus delta
+
+B dt, which is d delta B / dt.
+
+Because this is a
+constant here.
+
+And that's equal to k1 times A,
+times B steady state plus
+
+delta B. Minus k2 times B steady
+state plus delta B
+
+times C steady state plus delta
+C. And then you have the
+
+same thing for dC/dt, it's
+going to look exactly
+
+identical. d delta C / dt.
+
+Thank you much, this is magic.
+k2 times B steady state plus
+
+delta B, times C steady state
+plus delta C, minus k3 times C
+
+steady state plus delta C.
+
+So these are two differential
+equations.
+
+And there are coupled
+differential equations.
+
+Because delta B is occurring
+here, here, and here.
+
+So the time derivative of delta
+C depends on delta B.
+
+And the time derivative of delta
+B depends on delta C.
+
+It's a coupled system.
+
+And if you actually expand this
+out and take away all the
+
+terms that cancel out, you end
+up with something that looks
+
+much simpler but is just as
+hard. d delta B / dt is equal
+
+to minus k3 delta C and d delta
+C / dt is equal to k1 A
+
+delta B.
+
+And then you really see that
+it's coupled, because the time
+
+derivative of delta B depends
+on delta C. And the time
+
+derivative of delta C depends
+on delta B. And there's the
+
+feedback sitting right here.
+
+And that's what you do.
+
+You learn how to
+solve in 18.03.
+
+So I'm not going to solve it
+here, I'm just going to give
+
+you the solutions.
+
+Because that's what we're
+interested in.
+
+After all, you're not expected
+to learn how
+
+to solve this equation.
+
+Although you should be able to
+put the solutions in and make
+
+sure that they do work out.
+
+And so the solutions are
+harmonic solutions.
+
+Delta B is a function of time
+is equal to delta B0.
+
+The amount of the perturbation
+times the cosine of omega t,
+
+where omega is the frequency
+of the oscillation.
+
+Minus some pre-factor here, k3
+over k1 A to the 1/2 power.
+
+Times delta C0 sine
+of omega t.
+
+And then delta C
+looks the same.
+
+The same frequency.
+
+Delta C0, cosine of omega t.
+
+Plus k1 over A times k3
+to the 1/2 power.
+
+Delta B0 sine of omega t, where
+omega, the frequency of
+
+the oscillation, is these
+rates. k1, k3 and A. So
+
+obviously, keeping the
+concentration of a constant is
+
+important because we don't want
+a time dependence here.
+
+The rain is constant.
+
+And then if you do that, then
+you have this oscillation.
+
+Up and down and up and down
+with this frequency here.
+
+You get exactly what we're
+trying to get.
+
+Which is this process
+right here.
+
+So let me give you an
+example of this.
+
+And the best way to do is to
+actually go and see a movie of
+
+a reaction that looks
+like this.
+
+This is the reaction that was
+optimized and created for
+
+demonstration purposes.
+
+So it's a pretty complicated
+reaction.
+
+There are ten steps
+to the mechanism.
+
+And if we gave you that
+mechanism to solve for the
+
+final exam, you would still
+be here probably
+
+two weeks form now.
+
+It's pretty complicated.
+
+You'd need a computer
+for sure.
+
+So, ten steps, well, that's
+what's known.
+
+There are probably
+more than that.
+
+It's probably more complicated
+than what we really know in
+
+terms of fishing out
+intermediates.
+
+And the basic reaction is, you
+start out with an oxide of
+
+iodine, which is clear.
+
+You create I2, which is
+going to look gold.
+
+In solution, and then it creates
+Ii minus, which is
+
+going to look deep blue.
+
+And then it'll feed back
+and start again.
+
+So we're going to have this
+cycle of products.
+
+And amongst those ten steps, or
+more than ten steps, there
+
+are a few autocatalytic steps,
+which provide the feedback.
+
+So now I have to start it.
+
+Let's go ahead and read.
+
+Alright.
+
+So here we go.
+
+So, there are two solutions, A
+and solution C. Actually, we
+
+mix three solutions together.
+
+The potassium iodide is what is
+going to give rise to the
+
+different colors.
+
+And now we're in the gold
+phase of the reaction.
+
+It's important to stir,
+otherwise it wouldn't, and
+
+then it turns deep blue.
+
+And then there's an induction
+period, where
+
+you wait for a while.
+
+And then eventually it
+should go clear.
+
+So it goes clear.
+
+And then it turns gold again.
+
+And then deep blue, and there's
+the oscillation.
+
+And then a long induction
+period, and then it goes
+
+through that cycle over
+and over again.
+
+And the recipe can be
+found pretty easily.
+
+And if you ever are in a lab,
+have access to doing this,
+
+it's a pretty easy reaction
+to put together.
+
+The only problem is that unless
+you use fresh hydrogen
+
+peroxide, it doesn't work.
+
+Because hydrogen peroxide tends
+to go bad over time.
+
+If you're going to do this,
+buy your hydrogen peroxide
+
+immediately before you try
+to do the experiment.
+
+And then it'll work.
+
+So what happens is that as
+long as there is a steady
+
+supply of hydrogen peroxide in
+here, it'll keep oscillating.
+
+But as you've used up the
+hydrogen peroxide, this is
+
+going to start to die.
+
+And eventually it'll have
+this pale blue solution.
+
+And it's like the
+heart stopping.
+
+If you want to start it up
+again, add more hydrogen
+
+peroxide and it'll
+start up again.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+There's like an infinite number
+of these oscillating
+
+reactions that people
+have discovered.
+
+And optimized, that you can
+find in different places.
+
+Questions?
+
+Questions about the final.
+
+I didn't get to do a review,
+but you'll get that
+
+done with the TAs.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Because there's
+enough of the equivalent of A,
+
+of the rain here.
+
+So it'll oscillate and there'll
+be some damping.
+
+So what will happen in this
+reaction is that the induction
+
+period will get longer, and
+longer, and longer.
+
+Because the w, this term right
+here, the frequency which
+
+depends on the concentration
+of A, that well
+
+get slower and slower.
+
+And eventually it'll just die.
+
+OK?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V2P5SXVl2KA.txt b/V2P5SXVl2KA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25052659f4f33a82882ebdd5a476876814510dea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V2P5SXVl2KA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+professor of urban studies and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of urban studies and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of urban studies and planning
+at MIT and this is another lecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and this is another lecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and this is another lecture in
+the urban Energy Systems class at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban Energy Systems class at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban Energy Systems class at MIT
+today we're going to talk about the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about the role
+of the built environment and land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the built environment and land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the built environment and land use
+and decarbonization in cities this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decarbonization in cities this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decarbonization in cities this is
+our fourth lecture hopefully convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fourth lecture hopefully convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fourth lecture hopefully convincing
+you about the importance of cities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the importance of cities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the importance of cities in
+achieving decarbonization and why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving decarbonization and why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving decarbonization and why we
+should look at cities at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at cities at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at cities at a particular
+scale of Interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the materials for today are the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials for today are the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials for today are the syllabus
+we're going to talk about Ontario's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Ontario's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Ontario's
+green belts we're going to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belts we're going to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belts we're going to talk about a
+crusader for Queen power in the Tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crusader for Queen power in the Tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crusader for Queen power in the Tea
+Party we're going to talk about local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party we're going to talk about local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party we're going to talk about local
+politics and their role in perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics and their role in perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics and their role in perhaps
+helping and perhaps boarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping and perhaps boarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping and perhaps boarding
+decarbonization we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization we're going to talk
+about a particular case study in Copake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular case study in Copake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular case study in Copake
+New York and finally we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York and finally we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York and finally we'll talk a little
+bit about what permitting reform might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what permitting reform might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what permitting reform might
+mean or decarbonization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or decarbonization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or decarbonization
+so let's just I'm going to structure our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just I'm going to structure our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just I'm going to structure our
+talk today with three key questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk today with three key questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk today with three key questions
+about land use and decarbonization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about land use and decarbonization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about land use and decarbonization
+first let's ask simply should cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's ask simply should cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's ask simply should cities
+continue to expand I think I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to expand I think I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to expand I think I showed you
+a few weeks ago or a few lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks ago or a few lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks ago or a few lectures ago
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um statistics from the UN urbanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um statistics from the UN urbanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um statistics from the UN urbanization
+prospects showing every major region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects showing every major region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects showing every major region of
+the world continuing to urbanize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world continuing to urbanize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world continuing to urbanize some
+faster than others but every region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than others but every region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than others but every region of
+the world is going to be a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is going to be a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is going to be a majority
+Urban population in the coming years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban population in the coming years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban population in the coming years
+over the next 30 Years so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 30 Years so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 30 Years so there's a
+fundamental question should cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question should cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question should cities
+continue to expand or not should they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to expand or not should they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to expand or not should they
+expand internal area if they expand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand internal area if they expand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand internal area if they expand in
+terms of their proportion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their proportion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their proportion of the
+population these are things that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population these are things that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population these are things that we have
+to plan for going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan for going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan for going forward
+another key question we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key question we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key question we'll talk about
+today is what is the role of land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is what is the role of land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is what is the role of land use
+planning in shaping the energy use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in shaping the energy use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in shaping the energy use and
+climate impact of the built environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate impact of the built environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate impact of the built environment
+in other words if we shape land use how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if we shape land use how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if we shape land use how
+did that shape subsequent development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that shape subsequent development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that shape subsequent development
+and subsequent energy use and climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subsequent energy use and climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subsequent energy use and climate
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+finally another key question we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally another key question we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally another key question we'll talk
+about in this lecture and also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this lecture and also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this lecture and also talk
+about in our discussion is who and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in our discussion is who and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in our discussion is who and how
+should land uses be decided what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should land uses be decided what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should land uses be decided what's the
+correct framing we talked about climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct framing we talked about climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct framing we talked about climate
+Justice last time we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice last time we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice last time we talk about
+rhetorical framing of Justice concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical framing of Justice concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical framing of Justice concerns
+that everyone has but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone has but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone has but different
+populations May react to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations May react to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations May react to different
+framings or rhetorics differently but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings or rhetorics differently but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings or rhetorics differently but if
+we're going to talk about how land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how land use
+should be governed our Landing should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be governed our Landing should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be governed our Landing should be
+decided what framing should we use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided what framing should we use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided what framing should we use and
+that's something we'll probably talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we'll probably talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we'll probably talk
+about mostly in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to start with the tumulti report this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with the tumulti report this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with the tumulti report this
+is a report about Ontario's green belts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a report about Ontario's green belts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a report about Ontario's green belts
+around the city of Toronto one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the city of Toronto one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the city of Toronto one of the
+largest green belts in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest green belts in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest green belts in the world
+and it has a number of notable features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a number of notable features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a number of notable features
+it has its like 300 kilometer I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has its like 300 kilometer I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has its like 300 kilometer I think
+long Corridor uh it has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Corridor uh it has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Corridor uh it has a lot of
+agricultural land inside the green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land inside the green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land inside the green belt
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+and just to show you examples of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to show you examples of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to show you examples of other
+green belts I have this is London's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belts I have this is London's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belts I have this is London's
+Greenbelt this is a green belt that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenbelt this is a green belt that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenbelt this is a green belt that I
+think has existed for almost 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has existed for almost 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has existed for almost 100 years
+designed to govern the expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to govern the expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to govern the expansion of
+London London has been expanding four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London London has been expanding four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London London has been expanding four
+maybe 250 years at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 250 years at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 250 years at the beginning of the
+Industrial Revolution and the green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution and the green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution and the green belt
+was put in place to try to govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put in place to try to govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put in place to try to govern
+development and try to limit the expanse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and try to limit the expanse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and try to limit the expanse
+of London which is an increasing portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of London which is an increasing portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of London which is an increasing portion
+of the entire country of course London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire country of course London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire country of course London
+as we know is a dynamic Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know is a dynamic Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know is a dynamic Urban
+environment in some cases development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some cases development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some cases development
+has a leapfrog the green belt and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a leapfrog the green belt and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a leapfrog the green belt and some
+people commute in across the Greenbelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people commute in across the Greenbelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people commute in across the Greenbelt
+every day to London and of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day to London and of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day to London and of course there
+is some development in the green belts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some development in the green belts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some development in the green belts
+this is from the London Greenbelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the London Greenbelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the London Greenbelt
+Council they've put together this map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council they've put together this map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council they've put together this map of
+development projects which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development projects which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development projects which means that
+their proposals to build on protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proposals to build on protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proposals to build on protected
+Greenbelt sites so green belts are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenbelt sites so green belts are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenbelt sites so green belts are a
+policy that can be used to constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that can be used to constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that can be used to constrain
+development or shape development but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or shape development but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or shape development but
+also they have to be maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they have to be maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they have to be maintained
+protected or perhaps modified over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected or perhaps modified over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected or perhaps modified over time
+another city that famously has a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another city that famously has a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another city that famously has a green
+belt is Seoul Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt is Seoul Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt is Seoul Korea
+so let's just talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk about the
+implications of the green belts and land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the green belts and land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the green belts and land
+use planning for urban expansion and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use planning for urban expansion and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use planning for urban expansion and for
+the shape of the city itself here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the city itself here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the city itself here's a
+few Green Belt facts from the Toronto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Green Belt facts from the Toronto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Green Belt facts from the Toronto
+Greenbelt report it's close to 750
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenbelt report it's close to 750
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenbelt report it's close to 750
+000 acre hectares 1.8 million Acres the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 acre hectares 1.8 million Acres the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 acre hectares 1.8 million Acres the
+largest green belt in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest green belt in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest green belt in the world
+it's a integrated band of mostly green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a integrated band of mostly green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a integrated band of mostly green
+Countryside allowing for more complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countryside allowing for more complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countryside allowing for more complete
+ecosystem habitats and continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem habitats and continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem habitats and continuous
+migration routes allows for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration routes allows for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration routes allows for more
+complete habitats and migration routes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete habitats and migration routes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete habitats and migration routes
+than do isolated Parks one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than do isolated Parks one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than do isolated Parks one thing that
+ecologists tend to look at for species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists tend to look at for species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists tend to look at for species
+or for fauna is how large the patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for fauna is how large the patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for fauna is how large the patch
+sizes how large is the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes how large is the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes how large is the side of the
+ecosystem so it can develop more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem so it can develop more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem so it can develop more
+complexity and develop more species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and develop more species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and develop more species and
+more freedom of movement for animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more freedom of movement for animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more freedom of movement for animals and
+other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species
+uh the green belt in Toronto has 217
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the green belt in Toronto has 217
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the green belt in Toronto has 217
+000 hectares or 535
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 hectares or 535
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 hectares or 535
+000 Acres of lakes Wetlands River Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 Acres of lakes Wetlands River Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 Acres of lakes Wetlands River Valley
+and forests providing habitat for over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forests providing habitat for over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forests providing habitat for over
+one third of Ontario species at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third of Ontario species at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third of Ontario species at risk
+and preserves space for locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preserves space for locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preserves space for locally
+accessible tourism Recreation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible tourism Recreation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible tourism Recreation and
+outdoor activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor activities
+it has over 7 000 farms in the Greenbelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has over 7 000 farms in the Greenbelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has over 7 000 farms in the Greenbelt
+agriculture is predominant land use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture is predominant land use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture is predominant land use in
+the green belt generating 1.5 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green belt generating 1.5 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green belt generating 1.5 billion
+dollars a Canadian dollars in Gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a Canadian dollars in Gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a Canadian dollars in Gross
+pharmacies annually and here's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies annually and here's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies annually and here's the key
+point that we want to take home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we want to take home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we want to take home and
+discuss from this Greenbelt report in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss from this Greenbelt report in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss from this Greenbelt report in
+terms of carbon storage the green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of carbon storage the green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of carbon storage the green belt
+stores about 1.4 sorry 147 million tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores about 1.4 sorry 147 million tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores about 1.4 sorry 147 million tons
+of carbon dioxide equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide equivalent
+and to put this in perspective and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to put this in perspective and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to put this in perspective and kind
+of makai-like reasoning we want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makai-like reasoning we want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makai-like reasoning we want to put
+this quantity a carbon perspective this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity a carbon perspective this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity a carbon perspective this
+amounts to more than twice the total CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to more than twice the total CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to more than twice the total CO2
+released each year in Ontario from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released each year in Ontario from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released each year in Ontario from
+Transportation the province's largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation the province's largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation the province's largest
+source of missions and I like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of missions and I like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of missions and I like I
+highlighted this in blue because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted this in blue because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted this in blue because I want
+to discuss this carbon storage in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss this carbon storage in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss this carbon storage in a
+number of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways
+the green belt is continuously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green belt is continuously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green belt is continuously uh
+uptaking carbon from the atmosphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptaking carbon from the atmosphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptaking carbon from the atmosphere and
+continually growing vegetation but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually growing vegetation but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually growing vegetation but it
+may not actually continue to grow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not actually continue to grow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not actually continue to grow in the
+way that our greenhouse gas emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that our greenhouse gas emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that our greenhouse gas emissions
+are this is why we have a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is why we have a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is why we have a fundamental
+problem of climate change we continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of climate change we continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of climate change we continue to
+emit greenhouse gases into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit greenhouse gases into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit greenhouse gases into the
+atmosphere even though the total amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere even though the total amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere even though the total amount
+of house gases are relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of house gases are relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of house gases are relatively small
+compared to natural processes what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to natural processes what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to natural processes what we're
+doing is upsetting the balance and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is upsetting the balance and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is upsetting the balance and so I
+think in some ways it's worth discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in some ways it's worth discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in some ways it's worth discussing
+this carbon storage is a fixed quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon storage is a fixed quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon storage is a fixed quantity
+it represents twice the CO2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents twice the CO2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents twice the CO2 from
+Transportation the province's largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation the province's largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation the province's largest
+source divisions but it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source divisions but it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source divisions but it may not be
+continually uptaking twice the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually uptaking twice the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually uptaking twice the amount of
+CO2 per year as transportation in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 per year as transportation in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 per year as transportation in other
+words this is to say that it's good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is to say that it's good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is to say that it's good that
+we have the carbon storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the carbon storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the carbon storage
+we have lots of other ecological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of other ecological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of other ecological
+benefits from the green belts having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from the green belts having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from the green belts having
+said that there's a considerable amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that there's a considerable amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that there's a considerable amount
+of debate about in among oncologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debate about in among oncologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debate about in among oncologists
+about how this quantity of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this quantity of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this quantity of carbon
+storage is going to change over time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage is going to change over time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage is going to change over time is
+it possible to continue to uptake more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to continue to uptake more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to continue to uptake more
+carbon is it going to expand uh anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is it going to expand uh anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is it going to expand uh anymore
+in the future depending on how it manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future depending on how it manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future depending on how it manage
+this land but it's not going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this land but it's not going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this land but it's not going to continue
+to expand in the way that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand in the way that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand in the way that we are
+emitting greenhouse gases from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting greenhouse gases from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting greenhouse gases from all of
+our activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our activities
+and so this brings me to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to the idea of
+nature-based climate Solutions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based climate Solutions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based climate Solutions this is
+an incredibly popular idea among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly popular idea among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly popular idea among the
+general public and scientists and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public and scientists and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public and scientists and some
+activists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists
+and this fairly distinguished group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fairly distinguished group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fairly distinguished group of
+scientists published and seating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists published and seating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists published and seating the
+National Academy of Science a article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Academy of Science a article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Academy of Science a article
+natural climate Solutions and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural climate Solutions and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural climate Solutions and in this
+article they basically argued it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article they basically argued it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article they basically argued it as
+climate mitigation Potential from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate mitigation Potential from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate mitigation Potential from a
+number of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of natural
+ecosystem Solutions of on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem Solutions of on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem Solutions of on the left hand
+side you can see a 20 or so natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you can see a 20 or so natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you can see a 20 or so natural
+Pathways it involves reforesting lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways it involves reforesting lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways it involves reforesting lands
+and avoid forests also you could avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid forests also you could avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid forests also you could avoid
+for further Force conversion if could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for further Force conversion if could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for further Force conversion if could do
+better management of natural forests you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better management of natural forests you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better management of natural forests you
+can improve Plantation management of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve Plantation management of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve Plantation management of
+course you can avoid trying to use wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can avoid trying to use wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can avoid trying to use wood
+fuels and you could do fire management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and you could do fire management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and you could do fire management
+and those would all improve the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those would all improve the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those would all improve the climate
+mitigation potential of forests in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation potential of forests in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation potential of forests in terms
+of Agriculture and grass plans you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Agriculture and grass plans you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Agriculture and grass plans you could
+try to develop biochar as a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to develop biochar as a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to develop biochar as a form of
+carbon storage and charcoal you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon storage and charcoal you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon storage and charcoal you could
+try to put more trees and croplands you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put more trees and croplands you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put more trees and croplands you
+could do better job of managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better job of managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better job of managing
+nutrients you could increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients you could increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients you could increase the
+grazing or feed improved grazing or feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing or feed improved grazing or feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing or feed improved grazing or feed
+you could do conservation Agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do conservation Agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do conservation Agriculture
+and you can improve varieties of rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can improve varieties of rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can improve varieties of rice
+and so on and so on so on and wetlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on so on and wetlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on so on and wetlands
+are important to know you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important to know you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important to know you could do
+cultural respiration P restoration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural respiration P restoration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural respiration P restoration and
+avoid heat impacts and what these bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid heat impacts and what these bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid heat impacts and what these bars
+on the graph show you are the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph show you are the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph show you are the total
+climate mitigation potential there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate mitigation potential there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate mitigation potential there's a
+few things I want to highlight about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things I want to highlight about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things I want to highlight about
+this first the scientists in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first the scientists in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first the scientists in this
+article are arguing for nature-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article are arguing for nature-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article are arguing for nature-based
+climate Solutions and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate Solutions and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate Solutions and they actually
+found a fairly large climate mitigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a fairly large climate mitigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a fairly large climate mitigation
+potential if you keep in mind the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you keep in mind the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you keep in mind the number
+of you discussed in the first class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you discussed in the first class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you discussed in the first class of
+greenhouse gas missions ranging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas missions ranging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas missions ranging from
+let's say 25 to about 30 or 40 gigatons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 25 to about 30 or 40 gigatons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 25 to about 30 or 40 gigatons
+per year depending on your data source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year depending on your data source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year depending on your data source
+and what you count then this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you count then this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you count then this kind of
+mitigation potential in 2030 actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation potential in 2030 actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation potential in 2030 actually
+looks fairly significant it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks fairly significant it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks fairly significant it looks like
+we have roughly this bars are composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have roughly this bars are composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have roughly this bars are composed
+of how much it might cost and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much it might cost and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much it might cost and you can
+see that the bar is almost as big as 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the bar is almost as big as 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the bar is almost as big as 10
+pentagrams CO2 per year that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagrams CO2 per year that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagrams CO2 per year that's the same
+thing as a gigaton if you remember our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a gigaton if you remember our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a gigaton if you remember our
+powers of 10. another thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of 10. another thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of 10. another thing to note
+about this is a tremendously large error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a tremendously large error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a tremendously large error
+bars on reforestation reforestation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars on reforestation reforestation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars on reforestation reforestation
+could get us up to 10 pentagrams but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get us up to 10 pentagrams but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get us up to 10 pentagrams but
+that's going to be relatively expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be relatively expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be relatively expensive
+that's the maximum of seated cards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum of seated cards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum of seated cards a
+low-cost portion of that fundament gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost portion of that fundament gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost portion of that fundament gauge
+potential is three pedograms CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is three pedograms CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is three pedograms CO2
+equivalent per year but the error bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent per year but the error bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent per year but the error bars
+range from less than three to more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from less than three to more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from less than three to more than
+10. we actually don't know the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. we actually don't know the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. we actually don't know the order of
+magnitude of reforestation potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of reforestation potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of reforestation potential
+this is not to say we shouldn't do it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not to say we shouldn't do it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not to say we shouldn't do it we
+just have to start trying this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to start trying this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to start trying this and
+studying this to understand how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this to understand how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this to understand how to do it
+best and then we will see it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and then we will see it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and then we will see it's also
+worth noting that some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth noting that some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth noting that some of these
+nature-based climate Solutions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based climate Solutions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based climate Solutions or
+climate mitigation potential is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate mitigation potential is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate mitigation potential is not the
+same thing as all the other benefits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as all the other benefits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as all the other benefits I
+mentioned of the green belt itself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned of the green belt itself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned of the green belt itself you
+can see this bar here this Legend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this bar here this Legend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this bar here this Legend of
+these little bars indicate other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little bars indicate other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little bars indicate other
+benefits like air quality benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits like air quality benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits like air quality benefits
+biodiversity benefits water benefits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity benefits water benefits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity benefits water benefits and
+soil benefits and those are all really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil benefits and those are all really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil benefits and those are all really
+important environmental problems too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important environmental problems too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important environmental problems too
+that's a question of how do we balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question of how do we balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question of how do we balance
+the mitigation potential of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitigation potential of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitigation potential of these
+nature-based climate Solutions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based climate Solutions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based climate Solutions with
+other benefits but also how do we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other benefits but also how do we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other benefits but also how do we reduce
+the uncertainties of this mitigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainties of this mitigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainties of this mitigation
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+just to give you kind of a side note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you kind of a side note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you kind of a side note
+something I should have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I should have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I should have talked about
+earlier but it's also in the Makai book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but it's also in the Makai book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but it's also in the Makai book
+we have the powers of 10 the name the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the powers of 10 the name the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the powers of 10 the name the
+famous 1977 film by Charles and Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous 1977 film by Charles and Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous 1977 film by Charles and Ray
+Eames but this is to say that pedograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eames but this is to say that pedograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eames but this is to say that pedograms
+of carbon dioxide equivalent may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide equivalent may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide equivalent may not
+necessarily be a unit that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be a unit that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be a unit that we're
+familiar with it's 10 to the 15 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it's 10 to the 15 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it's 10 to the 15 grams
+but actually turns out a ton is 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually turns out a ton is 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually turns out a ton is 10 to
+the 6 grams so heading to the nine Giga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 grams so heading to the nine Giga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 grams so heading to the nine Giga
+a gigaton which is 10 to the 9 tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gigaton which is 10 to the 9 tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gigaton which is 10 to the 9 tons
+times 10 to the sixth gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the sixth gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the sixth gives you this
+exact same unit as a pentagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same unit as a pentagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same unit as a pentagram and
+that's just worth keeping in mind as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just worth keeping in mind as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just worth keeping in mind as we
+continue to look at different numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to look at different numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to look at different numbers we
+want to convert them convert the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert them convert the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert them convert the units
+and also convert their orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also convert their orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also convert their orders of
+magnitude properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude properly
+so this uh much of many of these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh much of many of these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh much of many of these same
+scientists in the first paper who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in the first paper who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in the first paper who wrote
+a article about nature-based climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a article about nature-based climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a article about nature-based climate
+solutions for the world also right A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the world also right A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the world also right A
+nature-based constellation paper for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based constellation paper for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based constellation paper for the
+US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+and they find in this paper this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find in this paper this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find in this paper this is in
+science advances or science we find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science advances or science we find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science advances or science we find a
+maximum potential of 1.2 and 0.9 1.6 had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum potential of 1.2 and 0.9 1.6 had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum potential of 1.2 and 0.9 1.6 had
+a gram CO2 per year the equivalent of 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gram CO2 per year the equivalent of 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gram CO2 per year the equivalent of 21
+of current net annual missions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current net annual missions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current net annual missions in the
+United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States
+at current carbon market prices which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at current carbon market prices which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at current carbon market prices which
+are relatively low a ten dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively low a ten dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively low a ten dollars per
+megagram uh sorry yeah Mega gram of CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megagram uh sorry yeah Mega gram of CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megagram uh sorry yeah Mega gram of CO2
+equivalent this could be achieved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent this could be achieved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent this could be achieved or
+rather nature-based pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather nature-based pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather nature-based pharmaceutical
+students could provide a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students could provide a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students could provide a water
+filtration flow control so it'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration flow control so it'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration flow control so it'll help
+wildlife habitat and climate those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildlife habitat and climate those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildlife habitat and climate those lines
+of benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benefits
+and so to look at the potential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to look at the potential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to look at the potential for the
+United States you can see of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States you can see of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States you can see of course the
+x-axis is much smaller but they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is much smaller but they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is much smaller but they look at
+many of the same kinds of nature-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the same kinds of nature-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the same kinds of nature-based
+climate Solutions in this case they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate Solutions in this case they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate Solutions in this case they look
+at 21 or so and you can see that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 21 or so and you can see that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 21 or so and you can see that again
+the uncertainties are fairly High the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainties are fairly High the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainties are fairly High the
+bars are composed of low medium and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are composed of low medium and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are composed of low medium and high
+cost benefits so this is worth talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefits so this is worth talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefits so this is worth talking
+about we have a total potential kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we have a total potential kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we have a total potential kind of
+mitigation potential but only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation potential but only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation potential but only a small
+amount of reforestation can be achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reforestation can be achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reforestation can be achieved
+for 10 US dollars per megagram or ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 US dollars per megagram or ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 US dollars per megagram or ton of
+carbon dots equivalent it'll be 50 a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dots equivalent it'll be 50 a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dots equivalent it'll be 50 a ton
+to achieve most potential and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve most potential and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve most potential and for
+reforestation there's a relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforestation there's a relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforestation there's a relatively small
+potential that could be achieved at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that could be achieved at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that could be achieved at a
+very high cost so a hundred dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high cost so a hundred dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high cost so a hundred dollars per
+ton of course again the uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of course again the uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of course again the uncertainties
+are very high that doesn't say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very high that doesn't say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very high that doesn't say we
+shouldn't do it that says we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't do it that says we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't do it that says we should
+start thinking very carefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking very carefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking very carefully and
+studying how to do it properly before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying how to do it properly before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying how to do it properly before we
+try to go to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go to scale
+and so this brings me to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to some of the
+conversations I've been having with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations I've been having with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations I've been having with the
+colleges for the last few years in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges for the last few years in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges for the last few years in some
+cases longer about the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases longer about the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases longer about the importance of
+land use and land cover now I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use and land cover now I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use and land cover now I had to
+summarize those conversations and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize those conversations and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize those conversations and that
+kind of literature in just I guess a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literature in just I guess a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literature in just I guess a few
+key bullet points that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key bullet points that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key bullet points that I want you to
+take home for our discussion on land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take home for our discussion on land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take home for our discussion on land use
+first the total secretion potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the total secretion potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the total secretion potential of
+land use and land cover is currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use and land cover is currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use and land cover is currently
+quite uncertain by dynamics of sequest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uncertain by dynamics of sequest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uncertain by dynamics of sequest
+patriot are also quite uncertain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriot are also quite uncertain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriot are also quite uncertain for
+example a lot of our new faculty at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lot of our new faculty at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lot of our new faculty at MIT
+has written a number of papers on how if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written a number of papers on how if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written a number of papers on how if
+we increase trying to do carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase trying to do carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase trying to do carbon
+sequestration in trees by ostensibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration in trees by ostensibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration in trees by ostensibly
+sucking carbon dioxide out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucking carbon dioxide out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucking carbon dioxide out of the
+atmosphere we may actually be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere we may actually be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere we may actually be taking
+carbon dioxide out of the soil that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide out of the soil that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide out of the soil that's
+currently stored in the soil so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently stored in the soil so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently stored in the soil so we have
+to understand the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the Dynamics of
+sequestration and how that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration and how that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration and how that's going to
+work going forward if we want to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work going forward if we want to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work going forward if we want to pursue
+these nature-based climate Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nature-based climate Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nature-based climate Solutions
+one thing that comes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that comes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that comes through the
+ecological ecological literature quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological ecological literature quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological ecological literature quite
+consistently is that natural or existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently is that natural or existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently is that natural or existing
+ecosystems that are perhaps better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems that are perhaps better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems that are perhaps better
+preserved than other ecosystems you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved than other ecosystems you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved than other ecosystems you have
+many ecosystems have been modified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ecosystems have been modified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ecosystems have been modified in
+North America by indigenous peoples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America by indigenous peoples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America by indigenous peoples and
+sub uh continuous waves of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub uh continuous waves of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub uh continuous waves of human
+settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+but those ecosystems that are existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those ecosystems that are existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those ecosystems that are existing
+are much more efficient than it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much more efficient than it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much more efficient than it will be
+tried to do ecological restoration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do ecological restoration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do ecological restoration or
+management uh those ecosystems uh tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh those ecosystems uh tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh those ecosystems uh tend
+to be more complex they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more complex they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more complex they tend to
+sequester more carbon we tend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequester more carbon we tend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequester more carbon we tend to do
+things like in natural ecosystem we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in natural ecosystem we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in natural ecosystem we will
+let old logs lie those all old logs not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let old logs lie those all old logs not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let old logs lie those all old logs not
+only preserve the carbon in the forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only preserve the carbon in the forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only preserve the carbon in the forest
+as opposed to us taking them out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to us taking them out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to us taking them out for
+Timber Products but those old logs also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber Products but those old logs also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber Products but those old logs also
+provide the basis for other carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the basis for other carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the basis for other carbon
+sequestered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered
+sequestering activities like the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestering activities like the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestering activities like the growth
+of ecosystem on all logs and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecosystem on all logs and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecosystem on all logs and they
+provide nutrients for the forest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide nutrients for the forest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide nutrients for the forest to
+actually continue to become more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually continue to become more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually continue to become more complex
+and to sequester more carbon finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to sequester more carbon finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to sequester more carbon finally
+it's worth pointing out for the last 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth pointing out for the last 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth pointing out for the last 20
+or so times that I showed the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so times that I showed the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so times that I showed the policy
+mechanisms may be wildly different to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms may be wildly different to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms may be wildly different to
+preserve different ecosystems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve different ecosystems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve different ecosystems for
+example Farm preservation is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Farm preservation is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Farm preservation is a very
+different kinds of policy mechanism than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of policy mechanism than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of policy mechanism than
+biodiversity protections actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity protections actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity protections actually a
+significant United States actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant United States actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant United States actually is
+preserved for conservation through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved for conservation through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved for conservation through
+biodiversity and through other laws but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity and through other laws but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity and through other laws but
+it's worth pointing out that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth pointing out that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth pointing out that all of
+these laws are really different so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laws are really different so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laws are really different so you
+have to think about different ecosystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about different ecosystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about different ecosystems
+or let's say different land uses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say different land uses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say different land uses in
+different ways and so if we want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and so if we want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and so if we want to add
+carbon storage as an objective of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon storage as an objective of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon storage as an objective of all of
+our different policies we may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our different policies we may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our different policies we may have to
+fit this into different policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit this into different policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit this into different policy
+mechanisms for example if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms for example if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms for example if we have a
+policy mechanism for protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy mechanism for protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy mechanism for protecting
+biodiversity that may protect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity that may protect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity that may protect that
+natural or existing ecosystem whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural or existing ecosystem whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural or existing ecosystem whether we
+want to do Coastal restoration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do Coastal restoration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do Coastal restoration or
+Coastal preservation that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coastal preservation that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coastal preservation that's going to be
+quite different than agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than agricultural
+preservation and quite different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation and quite different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation and quite different than
+forestry management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forestry management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forestry management
+finally we're going to talk this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're going to talk this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're going to talk this class
+more about what does this all apply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what does this all apply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what does this all apply for
+urban planning of cities we may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planning of cities we may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planning of cities we may have to
+look at Carbon storage as an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Carbon storage as an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Carbon storage as an additional
+objective but also managing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective but also managing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective but also managing our
+different lands differently agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lands differently agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lands differently agricultural
+lands at the outskirts of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands at the outskirts of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands at the outskirts of cities
+Brownfield sites within cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownfield sites within cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownfield sites within cities
+industrial lands these are all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial lands these are all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial lands these are all things
+that we'll have to consider in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll have to consider in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll have to consider in terms of
+carbon storage and climate Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon storage and climate Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon storage and climate Solutions
+and so one answer to uh what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one answer to uh what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one answer to uh what does this
+apply for the urban planning cities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for the urban planning cities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for the urban planning cities is
+that controlling the spatial expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controlling the spatial expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controlling the spatial expansion
+of cities is going to be crucial as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cities is going to be crucial as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cities is going to be crucial as the
+Toronto Greenbelt example shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto Greenbelt example shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto Greenbelt example shows us
+Toronto is a vibrant urban city it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto is a vibrant urban city it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto is a vibrant urban city it's got
+a very expensive housing market we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very expensive housing market we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very expensive housing market we have
+to think carefully about how to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think carefully about how to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think carefully about how to control
+a spatial expansion of cities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatial expansion of cities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatial expansion of cities uh
+Portland Oregon has very famously an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portland Oregon has very famously an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portland Oregon has very famously an
+urban growth boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban growth boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban growth boundary
+and if the urban growth boundary expands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the urban growth boundary expands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the urban growth boundary expands
+over time so uh house pythons are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so uh house pythons are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so uh house pythons are also
+high in Portland but the city is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in Portland but the city is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in Portland but the city is
+continuing to build high density housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to build high density housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to build high density housing
+so it's not uncontrolled growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not uncontrolled growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not uncontrolled growth
+so just to give you a sense of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a sense of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a sense of what the
+relative uh breakdown of land uses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative uh breakdown of land uses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative uh breakdown of land uses are
+in the United States you can see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States you can see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States you can see on the
+left hand side the land use the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the land use the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the land use the United
+States and on the right hand side uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and on the right hand side uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and on the right hand side uh the
+root comparison for the land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root comparison for the land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root comparison for the land use
+required for a thousand gigawatts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for a thousand gigawatts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for a thousand gigawatts of
+Renewables this is from the rewiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables this is from the rewiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables this is from the rewiring
+America report which argues that yes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America report which argues that yes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America report which argues that yes we
+can rewire America in a renewable way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewire America in a renewable way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewire America in a renewable way uh
+land use is going to be one of our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use is going to be one of our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use is going to be one of our main
+challenges if you look at the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges if you look at the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges if you look at the left-hand
+side much of the United States is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side much of the United States is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side much of the United States is used
+for crop land forced JuiceLand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crop land forced JuiceLand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crop land forced JuiceLand and
+grassland that would be great to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grassland that would be great to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grassland that would be great to try to
+cite Renewables on those but we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite Renewables on those but we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite Renewables on those but we just
+said that we actually need to preserve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we actually need to preserve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we actually need to preserve a
+lot of this land for climate Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this land for climate Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this land for climate Solutions
+and perhaps other uh benefits like air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps other uh benefits like air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps other uh benefits like air
+quality water biodiversity and food so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality water biodiversity and food so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality water biodiversity and food so
+we start to look at the existing uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to look at the existing uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to look at the existing uses
+you can see that we've already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we've already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we've already uh
+allocated a large part of U.S parole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated a large part of U.S parole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated a large part of U.S parole
+Parks and Wildlife there's miscellaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parks and Wildlife there's miscellaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parks and Wildlife there's miscellaneous
+other uses which is mysterious and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uses which is mysterious and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uses which is mysterious and large
+but we look at the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we look at the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we look at the things that are
+relevant to us we have urban areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to us we have urban areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to us we have urban areas
+around 69 million Acres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 69 million Acres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 69 million Acres
+we have rural Transportation roads Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have rural Transportation roads Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have rural Transportation roads Farm
+roads idle problem those all seem pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads idle problem those all seem pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads idle problem those all seem pretty
+big but that is worth putting it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but that is worth putting it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but that is worth putting it for a
+moment in perspective with what it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in perspective with what it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in perspective with what it will
+require to get a thousand gigawatts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require to get a thousand gigawatts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require to get a thousand gigawatts of
+Renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables
+the Thousand gigawatts of wind will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand gigawatts of wind will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand gigawatts of wind will
+require 56 million Acres which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require 56 million Acres which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require 56 million Acres which is
+roughly as much area as we need for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly as much area as we need for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly as much area as we need for all
+the urban areas in the U.S we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban areas in the U.S we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban areas in the U.S we need a
+thousand gigawatts of solar which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand gigawatts of solar which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand gigawatts of solar which will
+require much less because solar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require much less because solar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require much less because solar has
+higher density of energy we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density of energy we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density of energy we'll talk
+about that more but that's also worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more but that's also worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more but that's also worth
+like saying we need to basically take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying we need to basically take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying we need to basically take
+all the farmsteads and all the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the farmsteads and all the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the farmsteads and all the farm
+roads in the US and convert them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads in the US and convert them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads in the US and convert them to
+solar we obviously are going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar we obviously are going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar we obviously are going to focus on
+that certain category category it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain category category it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain category category it's just
+to give you a sense of the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of the magnitude of
+the problem Farm roads not always well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem Farm roads not always well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem Farm roads not always well
+maintained are regular highways not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained are regular highways not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained are regular highways not
+always quickly well maintained now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always quickly well maintained now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always quickly well maintained now we
+have to think about how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how to actually
+locate as much uses and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate as much uses and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate as much uses and we don't
+maintain existing roads well we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain existing roads well we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain existing roads well we're not
+going to do silly things like putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do silly things like putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do silly things like putting
+solar on top of Roads or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar on top of Roads or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar on top of Roads or anything like
+that which is sometimes been suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is sometimes been suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is sometimes been suggested
+so this is just to say that many aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just to say that many aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just to say that many aspects
+of decarbonization depend on land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decarbonization depend on land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decarbonization depend on land use
+let's just focus on a few of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just focus on a few of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just focus on a few of the ways
+that the conversational depend on land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conversational depend on land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conversational depend on land
+use in the electricity sector solar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the electricity sector solar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the electricity sector solar and
+wind as I've said are have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind as I've said are have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind as I've said are have different
+energy densities but in both cases there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy densities but in both cases there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy densities but in both cases there
+are less energy dense than fossil fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less energy dense than fossil fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less energy dense than fossil fuel
+they're going to require much more land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to require much more land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to require much more land
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+nuclear power plants are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plants are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plants are relatively
+energy dense but of course we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dense but of course we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dense but of course we have
+concerns about studying the power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about studying the power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about studying the power plant
+plus handling the radioactive fuel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus handling the radioactive fuel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus handling the radioactive fuel for
+the next 10 000 years hydropower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 000 years hydropower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 000 years hydropower in
+North America is an energy resource that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America is an energy resource that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America is an energy resource that
+is relatively clean now that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively clean now that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively clean now that we've been
+exploiting it for over 100 years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting it for over 100 years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting it for over 100 years but
+we've also tapped most of the hydropower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also tapped most of the hydropower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also tapped most of the hydropower
+potential in the U.S there's discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the U.S there's discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the U.S there's discussion
+of maybe using hydropower in smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe using hydropower in smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe using hydropower in smaller
+rivers and streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers and streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers and streams
+revamping the hydropower that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revamping the hydropower that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revamping the hydropower that we have
+but most estimates don't have a vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most estimates don't have a vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most estimates don't have a vast
+increase in hydropower as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in hydropower as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in hydropower as much as
+maintaining the hydropower potential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the hydropower potential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the hydropower potential we
+already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+of course in order for solar wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in order for solar wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in order for solar wind and
+nuclear and hydropower work better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and hydropower work better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and hydropower work better
+especially the first two categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the first two categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the first two categories of
+solar wind we're going to need much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar wind we're going to need much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar wind we're going to need much more
+transmission lines we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission lines we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission lines we're going to need
+to cite the transmission lines and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cite the transmission lines and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cite the transmission lines and we're
+going to need to provide interconnection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to provide interconnection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to provide interconnection
+so solar and wind projects can connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solar and wind projects can connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solar and wind projects can connect
+to the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grid
+in terms of buildings I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of buildings I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of buildings I've already
+talked about how we need to change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how we need to change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how we need to change our
+heating and cooling systems that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling systems that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling systems that also
+means we have to a lot of cases get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have to a lot of cases get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have to a lot of cases get rid
+of the pipes going into our houses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pipes going into our houses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pipes going into our houses the
+pipes that carry natural gas and oil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes that carry natural gas and oil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes that carry natural gas and oil in
+some cases or the oil tanks and houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases or the oil tanks and houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases or the oil tanks and houses
+and we're going to need to replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to need to replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to need to replace that
+with wires that's actually going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wires that's actually going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wires that's actually going to be a
+really big Challenge and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big Challenge and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big Challenge and of course
+location location that matters for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location location that matters for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location location that matters for real
+estate and the buildings may have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate and the buildings may have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate and the buildings may have to be
+in different places if you want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places if you want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places if you want to try
+to achieve lower carbon transit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve lower carbon transit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve lower carbon transit or
+transportation and of course we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and of course we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and of course we're going
+to have to offset that with all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to offset that with all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to offset that with all of our
+challenges and how the buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and how the buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and how the buildings are
+used what the value of the buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used what the value of the buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used what the value of the buildings are
+historic preservation and occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic preservation and occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic preservation and occupancy
+one thing I probably should have added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I probably should have added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I probably should have added
+is that we know we have an affordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we know we have an affordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we know we have an affordable
+housing crisis in many cities in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing crisis in many cities in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing crisis in many cities in the U.S
+so we have to balance our buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to balance our buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to balance our buildings
+rebuilding our buildings and frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding our buildings and frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding our buildings and frankly
+building much more housing so everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building much more housing so everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building much more housing so everyone
+can afford a reasonable and priced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford a reasonable and priced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford a reasonable and priced
+they'd live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd live
+in terms of Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Transportation
+transportation and Mobility is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and Mobility is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and Mobility is going to
+make this all possible not only do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this all possible not only do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this all possible not only do we
+need to have better roads and bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have better roads and bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have better roads and bridges
+which are currently in a poor seated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are currently in a poor seated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are currently in a poor seated
+repair we're trying to add charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair we're trying to add charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair we're trying to add charging
+stations so people can Electrify their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations so people can Electrify their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations so people can Electrify their
+vehicles and so frankly people can drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and so frankly people can drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and so frankly people can drive
+electric vehicles and have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehicles and have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehicles and have some
+Assurance they'll be able to charge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assurance they'll be able to charge them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assurance they'll be able to charge them
+on at work or on long distance Trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at work or on long distance Trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at work or on long distance Trips
+Again Transportation dictates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again Transportation dictates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again Transportation dictates the
+locations of where things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of where things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of where things happen
+dictates a permanent expansion dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates a permanent expansion dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates a permanent expansion dictates
+Real Estate Value in many cases and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Estate Value in many cases and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Estate Value in many cases and of
+course on top of that we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on top of that we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on top of that we need to think
+about Transit rate air and shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Transit rate air and shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Transit rate air and shipping
+everything in our houses everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in our houses everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in our houses everything that
+we use gets shipped to us in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use gets shipped to us in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use gets shipped to us in various
+ways these large Transportation Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways these large Transportation Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways these large Transportation Systems
+require decarbonization uh sectors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require decarbonization uh sectors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require decarbonization uh sectors like
+Freight and air and shipping actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freight and air and shipping actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freight and air and shipping actually
+have very large climate impacts which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very large climate impacts which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very large climate impacts which is
+why we want to think about managing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we want to think about managing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we want to think about managing our
+demand or consumption also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand or consumption also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand or consumption also
+and finally where do we make all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally where do we make all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally where do we make all this
+stuff currently we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff currently we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff currently we have a lot of
+manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+um around the world as we know this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around the world as we know this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around the world as we know this year
+Supply chains have been stressed out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains have been stressed out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains have been stressed out and
+in some cases companies have looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases companies have looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases companies have looked at
+moving manufacturing closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving manufacturing closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving manufacturing closer to
+consumption like back to the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption like back to the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption like back to the United
+States and of course we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and of course we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and of course we have a new
+industrial policy that is very focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial policy that is very focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial policy that is very focused
+on bringing factories and Manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bringing factories and Manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bringing factories and Manufacturing
+back to the United States the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the United States the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the United States the
+implication for decarbonization is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication for decarbonization is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication for decarbonization is that
+if we want to try to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to try to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to try to achieve
+decolonization with new fuel sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decolonization with new fuel sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decolonization with new fuel sources
+like hydrogen like renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydrogen like renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydrogen like renewable energy
+we're going to have to change how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to change how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to change how
+manufacturing Works many cases factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Works many cases factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Works many cases factories
+are located near energy infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located near energy infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located near energy infrastructure
+many times and factories have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and factories have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and factories have their own
+energy sources we need to convert all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources we need to convert all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources we need to convert all
+that industrial supply chain to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that industrial supply chain to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that industrial supply chain to new
+energy sources and of course we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources and of course we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources and of course we know
+it's very important our politics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important our politics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important our politics to
+think about the job implications part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the job implications part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the job implications part of
+the reason why I have polarization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I have polarization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I have polarization in
+this country is by income and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country is by income and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country is by income and by
+education a lot of manufacturing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education a lot of manufacturing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education a lot of manufacturing and
+industrial jobs used to be open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial jobs used to be open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial jobs used to be open to
+people who had a high school education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had a high school education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had a high school education
+and didn't have a college education now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't have a college education now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't have a college education now
+we know we need increasing of levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we need increasing of levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we need increasing of levels of
+training for populations who might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for populations who might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for populations who might be
+left behind in an energy transition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left behind in an energy transition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left behind in an energy transition and
+of course as we rebuild all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as we rebuild all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as we rebuild all of our
+electricity all of our building all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity all of our building all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity all of our building all our
+transportation and all of our industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and all of our industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and all of our industry
+we're gonna have to think about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to think about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to think about where
+the jobs are provided and which groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs are provided and which groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs are provided and which groups
+have jobs are can be assured to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have jobs are can be assured to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have jobs are can be assured to have
+jobs if whether or not they had jobs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs if whether or not they had jobs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs if whether or not they had jobs in
+the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+and so this is what brings me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what brings me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what brings me to the
+importance of land use energy in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of land use energy in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of land use energy in the U.S
+almost all decisions about land use are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all decisions about land use are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all decisions about land use are
+made at the local level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at the local level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at the local level
+just to give you a few examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a few examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a few examples of what
+is decided local level land and property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decided local level land and property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decided local level land and property
+taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+zoning our favorite tool as planners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning our favorite tool as planners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning our favorite tool as planners
+building codes I would say sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building codes I would say sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building codes I would say sometimes
+they're not a very sexy topic but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not a very sexy topic but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not a very sexy topic but I
+think they're really important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're really important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're really important because
+that's how we shape how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we shape how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we shape how all the
+buildings were built or retrofitted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings were built or retrofitted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings were built or retrofitted in
+the future including energy codes fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future including energy codes fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future including energy codes fire
+codes inspection enforcement and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes inspection enforcement and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes inspection enforcement and you
+know frankly other policy mechanisms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frankly other policy mechanisms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frankly other policy mechanisms you
+want to use to affect buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use to affect buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use to affect buildings
+we also also can do use other urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also also can do use other urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also also can do use other urban
+planning tools like visioning like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning tools like visioning like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning tools like visioning like
+Community engagement we can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community engagement we can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community engagement we can basically
+develop a plan that can bring along both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a plan that can bring along both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a plan that can bring along both
+or align both the interests of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or align both the interests of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or align both the interests of the
+public and private sector I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private sector I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private sector I think we
+don't talk about visioning and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about visioning and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about visioning and using
+graphic tools to get a kind of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic tools to get a kind of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic tools to get a kind of common
+Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision
+um arriving to a common Vision together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um arriving to a common Vision together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um arriving to a common Vision together
+enough I think that's one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I think that's one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I think that's one of the key
+tools that planners have also and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that planners have also and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that planners have also and
+finally infrastructure financing the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally infrastructure financing the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally infrastructure financing the US
+is unusual in that we have flourishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unusual in that we have flourishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unusual in that we have flourishing
+Capital markets at the sub-national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets at the sub-national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets at the sub-national
+level in other words cities and states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in other words cities and states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in other words cities and states
+do the majority of borrowing for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the majority of borrowing for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the majority of borrowing for every
+structure in the US and also local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the US and also local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the US and also local
+governments and state governments tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments and state governments tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments and state governments tend
+to own mostly fixed assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own mostly fixed assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own mostly fixed assets and
+infrastructure in the US that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure in the US that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure in the US that's
+including the private sector including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the private sector including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the private sector including
+the defense department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense department
+all of our schools all of our water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our schools all of our water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our schools all of our water
+systems all of our roads added up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all of our roads added up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all of our roads added up
+together are worth more than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together are worth more than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together are worth more than what we
+think of as the private sector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the private sector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the private sector and
+that's worth noting because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth noting because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth noting because that's the
+control that local and state governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that local and state governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that local and state governments
+have over infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over infrastructure
+if we look at Federal jurisdiction over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at Federal jurisdiction over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at Federal jurisdiction over
+land use and energy the key thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use and energy the key thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use and energy the key thing that
+we'll be discussing this semester and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be discussing this semester and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be discussing this semester and in
+politics is the National Environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics is the National Environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics is the National Environmental
+Policy Act of 1970 this act simply says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Policy Act of 1970 this act simply says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Policy Act of 1970 this act simply says
+that you have to review the impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to review the impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to review the impacts of
+the environment for any projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment for any projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment for any projects that
+federal agencies allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal agencies allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal agencies allow
+and of course that is the heart of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that is the heart of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that is the heart of the
+permitting reform debate that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting reform debate that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting reform debate that we are
+likely to have to Congress this fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have to Congress this fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have to Congress this fall
+and of course there's other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's other kinds of
+federal land protections the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal land protections the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal land protections the U.S
+government and state governments simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and state governments simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and state governments simply
+outright a large set simply outright own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outright a large set simply outright own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outright a large set simply outright own
+a large part of the U.S about 40 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of the U.S about 40 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of the U.S about 40 percent
+of the US is actually just outright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US is actually just outright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US is actually just outright
+owned by federal and state governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by federal and state governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by federal and state governments
+and so they actually have jurisdiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually have jurisdiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually have jurisdiction
+they actually have to manage these lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have to manage these lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have to manage these lands
+in a certain way sometimes for uses like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain way sometimes for uses like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain way sometimes for uses like
+oil and gas leasing or sometimes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and gas leasing or sometimes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and gas leasing or sometimes for
+Timber management but also some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber management but also some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber management but also some of the
+federal agencies have to manage lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal agencies have to manage lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal agencies have to manage lands
+for other uses like Recreation but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other uses like Recreation but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other uses like Recreation but also
+conservation and biodiversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and biodiversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and biodiversity
+and of course the states may have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the states may have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the states may have what's
+called little nepos their own State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called little nepos their own State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called little nepos their own State
+Environmental Quality acts that require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Quality acts that require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Quality acts that require
+further review and this is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further review and this is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further review and this is part of the
+burden on development and that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden on development and that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden on development and that it takes
+a long time to build anything in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time to build anything in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time to build anything in the U.S
+at the same time we can have a debate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time we can have a debate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time we can have a debate or
+discussion in class about whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in class about whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in class about whether or not
+we need these protections to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need these protections to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need these protections to protect
+communities or protect the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities or protect the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities or protect the kind of
+development we want around local areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we want around local areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we want around local areas
+so we have at the state level as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have at the state level as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have at the state level as I said
+some states have regional growth plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states have regional growth plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states have regional growth plans
+or give most famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give most famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give most famously
+we also have public utility commissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have public utility commissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have public utility commissions
+our Energy System is essentially divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Energy System is essentially divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Energy System is essentially divided
+into 50 Energy Systems where utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 50 Energy Systems where utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 50 Energy Systems where utilities
+are regulated at the state level so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regulated at the state level so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regulated at the state level so we
+actually have 50 or so commissions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have 50 or so commissions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have 50 or so commissions that
+regulate the Energy System we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the Energy System we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the Energy System we'll talk
+more on this class about how that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on this class about how that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on this class about how that what
+implications that has what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that has what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that has what the
+development of the energy system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the energy system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the energy system and
+finally we have state level legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we have state level legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we have state level legislation
+and constitutions sometimes states can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constitutions sometimes states can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constitutions sometimes states can
+pre-empt local towns or local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-empt local towns or local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-empt local towns or local
+governments from making decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments from making decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments from making decisions about
+cities the one example I've said to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the one example I've said to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the one example I've said to you
+a couple times in this class is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times in this class is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times in this class is that for
+many years the state of Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years the state of Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years the state of Massachusetts
+has not been allowing local governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been allowing local governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been allowing local governments
+to pass natural gas bans you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass natural gas bans you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass natural gas bans you see a
+number of states now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states now
+predominantly through the southeast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly through the southeast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly through the southeast and
+Southwest mostly Republican states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest mostly Republican states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest mostly Republican states
+passing state level legislation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing state level legislation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing state level legislation that
+doesn't allow local governments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't allow local governments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't allow local governments or
+cities to pass natural gas bans because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities to pass natural gas bans because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities to pass natural gas bans because
+cities inflicts like Texas tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities inflicts like Texas tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities inflicts like Texas tend to be
+much more liberal than their state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more liberal than their state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more liberal than their state
+government because the federal system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government because the federal system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government because the federal system of
+government allows the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government allows the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government allows the federal government
+to preempt the states and states to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preempt the states and states to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preempt the states and states to
+preempt local government but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preempt local government but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preempt local government but the point
+of this slide is to say that local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this slide is to say that local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this slide is to say that local
+governments still have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments still have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments still have a lot of
+jurisdiction and a lot of capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction and a lot of capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction and a lot of capacity
+actually think about how to shape energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about how to shape energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about how to shape energy
+use at the local level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the local level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the local level
+so this brings me to One More theme I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to One More theme I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to One More theme I
+want to talk about which is the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about which is the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about which is the idea of
+local fragmentation uh menker Olsen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local fragmentation uh menker Olsen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local fragmentation uh menker Olsen was
+a scholar who wrote This Book way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scholar who wrote This Book way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scholar who wrote This Book way back
+when in 1965 public logic of collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in 1965 public logic of collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in 1965 public logic of collective
+action it's a pretty interesting book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it's a pretty interesting book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it's a pretty interesting book
+actually because you know a lot of books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because you know a lot of books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because you know a lot of books
+that preceded this were concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that preceded this were concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that preceded this were concerned with
+let's say the tyranny of the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the tyranny of the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the tyranny of the majority
+over the minority how do you protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the minority how do you protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the minority how do you protect the
+right of the minority and member also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the minority and member also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the minority and member also
+actually writes this interesting book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually writes this interesting book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually writes this interesting book
+it's really about the difficulty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about the difficulty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about the difficulty of
+achieving Collective action and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving Collective action and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving Collective action and he
+argues that Collective action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues that Collective action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues that Collective action is
+difficult to achieve because of a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to achieve because of a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to achieve because of a free
+rider problem for example things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rider problem for example things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rider problem for example things that
+would broadly benefit many people let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would broadly benefit many people let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would broadly benefit many people let's
+say the majority maybe I opposed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the majority maybe I opposed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the majority maybe I opposed by a
+concentrated minority one example might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated minority one example might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated minority one example might
+be it might be better and generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it might be better and generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it might be better and generally
+popular to try to pursue climate policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular to try to pursue climate policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular to try to pursue climate policy
+but if you're the concentrated minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're the concentrated minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're the concentrated minority
+that had a diaphrag interest in let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a diaphrag interest in let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a diaphrag interest in let's
+say continuing our current Energy System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say continuing our current Energy System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say continuing our current Energy System
+like the fossil fuel industry they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fossil fuel industry they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fossil fuel industry they may
+be much more highly motivated to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more highly motivated to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more highly motivated to do
+something about climate policy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about climate policy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about climate policy and the
+vast majority of people and so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people and so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people and so if the
+many people are not sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are not sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are not sufficiently
+motivated then the few people can win so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated then the few people can win so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated then the few people can win so
+man Carlson's book is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man Carlson's book is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man Carlson's book is kind of
+interesting and argues that Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and argues that Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and argues that Collective
+action is actually hard to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is actually hard to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is actually hard to achieve
+because concentrated minorities May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because concentrated minorities May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because concentrated minorities May
+oppose broadly what the majority wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose broadly what the majority wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose broadly what the majority wants
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+and so it kind of has a rebuttal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it kind of has a rebuttal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it kind of has a rebuttal to
+maker Olsen's book but also to Garrett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker Olsen's book but also to Garrett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker Olsen's book but also to Garrett
+hardin's famous essay uh the tragedy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardin's famous essay uh the tragedy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardin's famous essay uh the tragedy of
+the commons Eleanor Ostrom in 1990
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commons Eleanor Ostrom in 1990
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commons Eleanor Ostrom in 1990
+writes this book called governing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes this book called governing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes this book called governing the
+commons and she argues in this book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and she argues in this book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and she argues in this book that
+commentable resources can be preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentable resources can be preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentable resources can be preserved
+by Collective action and goals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Collective action and goals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Collective action and goals and the
+mechanisms may be particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms may be particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms may be particular
+institutions there may be Norms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions there may be Norms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions there may be Norms or
+cultures of behavior that govern comical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures of behavior that govern comical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures of behavior that govern comical
+resources and there may be enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and there may be enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and there may be enforcement
+mechanisms those enforcement mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms those enforcement mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms those enforcement mechanisms
+can be formal or informal but her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be formal or informal but her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be formal or informal but her
+argument generally is that it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument generally is that it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument generally is that it's possible
+to achieve Collective action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve Collective action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve Collective action
+in things like managing common flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like managing common flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like managing common flow
+resources like a fishery or let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources like a fishery or let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources like a fishery or let's say
+natural benefits but she starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural benefits but she starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural benefits but she starts to look
+at she really kicks off a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at she really kicks off a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at she really kicks off a lot of the
+study of Institutions and norms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of Institutions and norms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of Institutions and norms and
+enforcement mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement mechanisms
+and this also leads in the 1990s to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this also leads in the 1990s to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this also leads in the 1990s to a
+big level of big growth and interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big level of big growth and interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big level of big growth and interest in
+governance this idea of how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance this idea of how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance this idea of how is
+governance achieved governance is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance achieved governance is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance achieved governance is not
+only achieved through formal governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only achieved through formal governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only achieved through formal governments
+and maybe through other informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe through other informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe through other informal
+institutions or non-governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or non-governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or non-governmental
+organizations or Community groups or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations or Community groups or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations or Community groups or
+Norms or other means but you also may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms or other means but you also may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms or other means but you also may
+need enforcement mechanisms to achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need enforcement mechanisms to achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need enforcement mechanisms to achieve a
+broadly a broad interest that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly a broad interest that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly a broad interest that is not
+represented by let's say a concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by let's say a concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by let's say a concentrated
+minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority
+and so this brings me to the Jonathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to the Jonathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to the Jonathan
+column that I suggested from earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that I suggested from earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that I suggested from earlier
+this year it actually says one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year it actually says one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year it actually says one of the
+more depressing lead sentences I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depressing lead sentences I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depressing lead sentences I've ever
+read in a new story published on January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in a new story published on January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in a new story published on January
+11th a temporary mortgage form on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th a temporary mortgage form on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th a temporary mortgage form on
+developing large-scale brown-mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing large-scale brown-mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing large-scale brown-mounted
+solar projects is winning support from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar projects is winning support from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar projects is winning support from
+residents of course this is the article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents of course this is the article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents of course this is the article
+that highlights the national media the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that highlights the national media the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that highlights the national media the
+moratorium in my hometown of Amherst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium in my hometown of Amherst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium in my hometown of Amherst
+Massachusetts I also as I've said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I also as I've said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I also as I've said to
+perform a class find this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a class find this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a class find this really
+depressing that an otherwise liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing that an otherwise liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing that an otherwise liberal
+Progressive town that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive town that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive town that everyone
+ostensibly believes in climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly believes in climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly believes in climate change
+actually considered passing moratorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considered passing moratorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considered passing moratorium
+to avoid solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid solar
+this brings me to this kind of case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brings me to this kind of case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brings me to this kind of case
+study story that in Copake New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study story that in Copake New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study story that in Copake New York and
+it talks about a solar farm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it talks about a solar farm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it talks about a solar farm essentially
+dividing the town until it didn't divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the town until it didn't divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the town until it didn't divide
+the town until the two groups came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town until the two groups came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town until the two groups came
+together and achieved common ground of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and achieved common ground of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and achieved common ground of
+course it is worth looking at the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is worth looking at the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is worth looking at the story
+carefully when you read it this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully when you read it this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully when you read it this week
+because it talks partly about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it talks partly about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it talks partly about the
+relationships between the people and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the people and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the people and how
+different opposing groups aim to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opposing groups aim to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opposing groups aim to achieve
+and compromise and it also talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compromise and it also talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compromise and it also talks about
+some of the New York State legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the New York State legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the New York State legislation
+that essentially for some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially for some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially for some of these
+groups to compromise when they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups to compromise when they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups to compromise when they didn't
+necessarily want to compromise before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to compromise before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to compromise before
+one other reason I think I mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other reason I think I mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other reason I think I mentioned the
+Debbie Dooley article for this week it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Debbie Dooley article for this week it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Debbie Dooley article for this week it's
+a very different area it's about solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different area it's about solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different area it's about solar
+subsidies and connections to the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies and connections to the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies and connections to the grid
+but I would argue that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would argue that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would argue that a lot of the
+interest in Debbie Dooley as a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in Debbie Dooley as a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in Debbie Dooley as a solar
+activist in Florida is because she has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activist in Florida is because she has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activist in Florida is because she has a
+really fundamentally different take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fundamentally different take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fundamentally different take and
+a different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different uh
+opinion or a different view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion or a different view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion or a different view of the
+relationships between individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between individuals
+government and technology and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and technology and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and technology and so there
+have been many national uh reporters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been many national uh reporters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been many national uh reporters
+who've written many positive articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've written many positive articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've written many positive articles
+about her Effectiveness because she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her Effectiveness because she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her Effectiveness because she's a
+really unusual activist for solar power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unusual activist for solar power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unusual activist for solar power
+she's funded like different motivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's funded like different motivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's funded like different motivations
+she is opposed to government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is opposed to government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is opposed to government
+intervention and frankly utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and frankly utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and frankly utilities
+restraining people from putting solar on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraining people from putting solar on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraining people from putting solar on
+their rooftops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rooftops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rooftops
+so the key questions I want to ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key questions I want to ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key questions I want to ask about
+permitting reform as we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting reform as we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting reform as we go through the
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+are are we taught are we rather the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are we taught are we rather the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are we taught are we rather the key
+questions you should ask as we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you should ask as we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you should ask as we talk
+about different ideas about permitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ideas about permitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ideas about permitting
+reform are are we actually talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform are are we actually talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform are are we actually talking about
+specific legislative language we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific legislative language we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific legislative language we don't
+have any drafts of what a permitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any drafts of what a permitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any drafts of what a permitting
+reform deal might look like so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform deal might look like so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform deal might look like so there's a
+lot of heat and not so much light so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of heat and not so much light so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of heat and not so much light so far
+about what the specific legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the specific legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the specific legislation
+might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like
+we should ask ourselves if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should ask ourselves if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should ask ourselves if we do
+permitting reform is this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting reform is this going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting reform is this going to
+change the speed of current permitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the speed of current permitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the speed of current permitting
+is there a sufficient administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a sufficient administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a sufficient administrative
+capacity to govern the permitting is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to govern the permitting is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to govern the permitting is our
+our changes in permitting would result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our changes in permitting would result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our changes in permitting would result
+in more or less litigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more or less litigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more or less litigation
+will our permitting reform change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will our permitting reform change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will our permitting reform change the
+amount of public participation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of public participation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of public participation that's
+currently allowed the process do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently allowed the process do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently allowed the process do we need
+to change the level of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the level of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the level of public
+participation in the process do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in the process do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in the process do we need
+to change who shows up in the process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change who shows up in the process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change who shows up in the process we
+know that lots of urban planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that lots of urban planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that lots of urban planning
+processes that solicit public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that solicit public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that solicit public
+participation are quite often dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation are quite often dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation are quite often dominated
+by frankly people who are older and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by frankly people who are older and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by frankly people who are older and
+wider than the residents of places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider than the residents of places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider than the residents of places that
+may be looking at development they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be looking at development they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be looking at development they may
+be represented by people who already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by people who already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by people who already
+live there not the people who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live there not the people who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live there not the people who want to
+live there so how do we need to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live there so how do we need to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live there so how do we need to change
+public participation to truly reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public participation to truly reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public participation to truly reflect
+Community desires but also try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community desires but also try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community desires but also try to
+achieve building the things that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve building the things that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve building the things that also
+communities desire everybody wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities desire everybody wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities desire everybody wants
+better roads Bridges infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better roads Bridges infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better roads Bridges infrastructure
+everybody probably most people want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody probably most people want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody probably most people want a
+cleaner energy system so how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner energy system so how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner energy system so how are we
+going to achieve that we have to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to achieve that we have to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to achieve that we have to not
+lose sight of those goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sight of those goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sight of those goals
+and of course we should ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we should ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we should ask ourselves
+both in terms of Permitting reform but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of Permitting reform but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of Permitting reform but
+our existing permitting regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our existing permitting regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our existing permitting regime
+are these permitting systems leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these permitting systems leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these permitting systems leading to
+the desired outcomes we want and are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired outcomes we want and are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired outcomes we want and are we
+going to need permanent reform to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need permanent reform to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need permanent reform to build
+renewable resources or we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable resources or we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable resources or we're going to
+need to build things like affordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to build things like affordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to build things like affordable
+housing and are we going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and are we going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and are we going to need
+permitting to stay as as it is to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting to stay as as it is to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting to stay as as it is to build
+or block fossil fuel resources some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or block fossil fuel resources some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or block fossil fuel resources some
+people argue that environmental groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people argue that environmental groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people argue that environmental groups
+are really good at using litigation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at using litigation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at using litigation to
+block fossil fuel development but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block fossil fuel development but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block fossil fuel development but we've
+also built a lot of fossil fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also built a lot of fossil fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also built a lot of fossil fuel
+infrastructure in the last 20 or 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure in the last 20 or 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure in the last 20 or 30
+years it's not like we haven't built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's not like we haven't built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's not like we haven't built a
+lot of other pipelines even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other pipelines even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other pipelines even if we
+stopped some pipelines so we should ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped some pipelines so we should ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped some pipelines so we should ask
+ourselves is the permitting system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves is the permitting system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves is the permitting system we
+have enabling us to achieve the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enabling us to achieve the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enabling us to achieve the outcomes
+we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want
+and finally if we have permitting reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if we have permitting reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if we have permitting reform
+can it get the necessary votes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it get the necessary votes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it get the necessary votes in the
+house or Senate 45 or 50 ounce Democrats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or Senate 45 or 50 ounce Democrats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or Senate 45 or 50 ounce Democrats
+have already signed a signal already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already signed a signal already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already signed a signal already
+assigned a letter saying that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a letter saying that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a letter saying that they
+opposed any permanent reform if it asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed any permanent reform if it asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed any permanent reform if it asks
+if the Senate is going to need 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Senate is going to need 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Senate is going to need 10
+Republican votes the previous climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican votes the previous climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican votes the previous climate
+bill was done through reconciliation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was done through reconciliation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was done through reconciliation so
+it could be done with 51 Democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be done with 51 Democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be done with 51 Democratic
+votes or 50 Democratic votes plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes or 50 Democratic votes plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes or 50 Democratic votes plus the
+vice president but if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice president but if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice president but if you want to do
+something non-financial or non-budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something non-financial or non-budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something non-financial or non-budget
+related it has to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related it has to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related it has to go through the
+filibuster and filibuster requires at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filibuster and filibuster requires at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filibuster and filibuster requires at
+least 10 Republican votes so we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 10 Republican votes so we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 10 Republican votes so we talk
+about permitting reform there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about permitting reform there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about permitting reform there's gonna be
+a lot of discussion on what the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of discussion on what the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of discussion on what the perfect
+permitting system might be the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting system might be the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting system might be the perfect
+should not be the enemy of the good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be the enemy of the good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be the enemy of the good we
+need a possible level of permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a possible level of permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a possible level of permanent
+reform that's 50 house Democrats and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform that's 50 house Democrats and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform that's 50 house Democrats and 10
+Senate Republicans can agree on we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate Republicans can agree on we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate Republicans can agree on we do
+not know if any legislative language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know if any legislative language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know if any legislative language
+currently exists or any reform exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently exists or any reform exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently exists or any reform exists
+that's going to satisfy these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to satisfy these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to satisfy these two
+different extremes on the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different extremes on the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different extremes on the political
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+so what we're going to do in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in class
+discussion on Tuesday I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on Tuesday I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on Tuesday I want you to be
+prepared to discuss your pset answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to discuss your pset answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to discuss your pset answered
+at length we're going to discuss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at length we're going to discuss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at length we're going to discuss it
+quite actively in Tuesday's class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite actively in Tuesday's class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite actively in Tuesday's class the
+questions I had in the pset are all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I had in the pset are all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I had in the pset are all on
+this slide I encourage you to think very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide I encourage you to think very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide I encourage you to think very
+carefully about your answers and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about your answers and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about your answers and be
+prepared to talk about them with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to talk about them with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to talk about them with your
+classmates thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V2s0SnknrtA.txt b/V2s0SnknrtA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87bec445548f32002e0a6cc2f3f57fe2635956ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V2s0SnknrtA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10168 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good evening everyone I hope everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good evening everyone I hope everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good evening everyone I hope everyone's
+enjoying the conference so far uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying the conference so far uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying the conference so far uh and
+again I want to thank Brandon maratu I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want to thank Brandon maratu I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want to thank Brandon maratu I
+think he's just done a wonderful job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's just done a wonderful job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's just done a wonderful job
+putting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together welcome to this the inaugural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome to this the inaugural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome to this the inaugural
+presentation of our awards for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of our awards for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of our awards for open
+courseware Excellence I'm St Carson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware Excellence I'm St Carson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware Excellence I'm St Carson and
+I'm incoherent at this point but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm incoherent at this point but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm incoherent at this point but you'll
+have to bear with me um so before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bear with me um so before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bear with me um so before we get
+started today there are a couple of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started today there are a couple of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started today there are a couple of sort
+of consortion pieces of business that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consortion pieces of business that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consortion pieces of business that we
+need to take care of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take care of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take care of um
+so uh first we haven't done enough uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh first we haven't done enough uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh first we haven't done enough uh in
+the last couple of days to thank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of days to thank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of days to thank the
+sustaining members of the Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining members of the Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining members of the Consortium
+these are in uh institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in uh institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in uh institutions and
+organizations that have committed funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that have committed funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that have committed funds
+significantly higher than our annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly higher than our annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly higher than our annual
+dues in support of the consor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dues in support of the consor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dues in support of the consor
+and they're absolutely vital to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're absolutely vital to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're absolutely vital to uh the
+financial stability of the Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability of the Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability of the Consortium
+especially in the early going and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the early going and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the early going and and uh
+so we'd like to uh once again recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to uh once again recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to uh once again recognize
+all of the universities that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the universities that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the universities that have
+supported us and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organizations thank you so much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations thank you so much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations thank you so much um
+change for an organization is is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for an organization is is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for an organization is is always
+a good thing and I think especially an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing and I think especially an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing and I think especially an
+organization that represents as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that represents as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that represents as as
+diverse a set of interests as uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse a set of interests as uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse a set of interests as uh the
+open courseware Consortium does and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware Consortium does and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware Consortium does and so
+turn over on our board of directors is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn over on our board of directors is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn over on our board of directors is a
+natural normal and expected thing um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural normal and expected thing um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural normal and expected thing um but
+it's all always a Bittersweet thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all always a Bittersweet thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all always a Bittersweet thing for
+those of us who's who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who's who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who's who have been
+fortunate enough to serve on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate enough to serve on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate enough to serve on the board
+uh because in helping to shape this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in helping to shape this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in helping to shape this
+organization together um we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization together um we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization together um we've also
+become very very good friends and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very very good friends and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very very good friends and uh so
+in some ways when when a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways when when a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways when when a member of the
+board steps down um it's it's like um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board steps down um it's it's like um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board steps down um it's it's like um uh
+losing a friend in in a a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a friend in in a a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a friend in in a a place where
+you go often and and you you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go often and and you you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go often and and you you expect to
+see them there um and so we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them there um and so we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them there um and so we have one
+member of our board who who's not gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of our board who who's not gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of our board who who's not gone
+forever obviously but one one member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever obviously but one one member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever obviously but one one member of
+our board who's who stepped down uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our board who's who stepped down uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our board who's who stepped down uh this
+morning after the elections and I I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning after the elections and I I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning after the elections and I I do
+count him as a personal friend and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count him as a personal friend and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count him as a personal friend and as a
+wise counselor for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise counselor for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise counselor for the
+organization um he's uh been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization um he's uh been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization um he's uh been very
+quietly a tremendously effective leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly a tremendously effective leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly a tremendously effective leader
+especially in the areas of Technology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the areas of Technology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the areas of Technology uh
+and uh I desperately hope he'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I desperately hope he'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I desperately hope he'll continue
+to be engaged in uh the Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be engaged in uh the Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be engaged in uh the Consortium
+governance activities uh on committees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance activities uh on committees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance activities uh on committees
+and in other ways going forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other ways going forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other ways going forward so
+please Pepe would you stand up and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Pepe would you stand up and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Pepe would you stand up and let's
+recognize hose for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize hose for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize hose for his
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contributions um and uh keeping with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions um and uh keeping with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions um and uh keeping with the
+theme of organizational change it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of organizational change it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of organizational change it's my
+distinct pleasure this evening uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct pleasure this evening uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct pleasure this evening uh to
+announce that I have been succeeded as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce that I have been succeeded as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce that I have been succeeded as
+president of the organization by Ana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the organization by Ana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the organization by Ana
+Moulder of Tu Del uh I cannot think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moulder of Tu Del uh I cannot think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moulder of Tu Del uh I cannot think of
+yeah my boss is really happy about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my boss is really happy about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my boss is really happy about this
+one I I cannot think of a more capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I I cannot think of a more capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I I cannot think of a more capable
+uh person to take over leadership of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh person to take over leadership of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh person to take over leadership of the
+organization Ana has just been fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization Ana has just been fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization Ana has just been fantastic
+for us in the last uh 3 years uh and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us in the last uh 3 years uh and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us in the last uh 3 years uh and has
+uh contributed in ways I I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contributed in ways I I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contributed in ways I I don't have
+time tonight really to articulate um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tonight really to articulate um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tonight really to articulate um but
+I'm sure we'll be able to list them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure we'll be able to list them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure we'll be able to list them uh
+later when she's done with her tenure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when she's done with her tenure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when she's done with her tenure as
+president uh so Ana if you would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president uh so Ana if you would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president uh so Ana if you would uh
+let's uh congratulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh congratulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh congratulate
+you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should I sit down you just if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I sit down you just if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I sit down you just if you just
+stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+there now Steve has given me one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now Steve has given me one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now Steve has given me one minute
+to say something because you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something because you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something because you're all
+looking forward to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to your
+dinner and uh Steve has already thanked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and uh Steve has already thanked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and uh Steve has already thanked
+I think almost everybody today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think almost everybody today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think almost everybody today and
+yesterday MIT for hosting us next for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday MIT for hosting us next for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday MIT for hosting us next for
+sponsoring uh this conference the huid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsoring uh this conference the huid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsoring uh this conference the huid
+foundation for U while sponsoring us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for U while sponsoring us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for U while sponsoring us for
+many many years and I think without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years and I think without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years and I think without the
+hulet foundation many of our projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulet foundation many of our projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulet foundation many of our projects
+would not even have started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not even have started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not even have started
+um you thanked the staff Pepe and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you thanked the staff Pepe and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you thanked the staff Pepe and even
+me so now it's time to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so now it's time to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so now it's time to thank
+Steve and it's my honor to thank Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve and it's my honor to thank Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve and it's my honor to thank Steve
+because um I want to thank Steve for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um I want to thank Steve for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um I want to thank Steve for his
+vision for his ideas for his support to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for his ideas for his support to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for his ideas for his support to
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+organizations to many of us who started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to many of us who started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to many of us who started
+open courseware and for his leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and for his leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and for his leadership
+as president and I think a lot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as president and I think a lot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as president and I think a lot has
+changed in these three years I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in these three years I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in these three years I was just
+talking um with my colleague from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking um with my colleague from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking um with my colleague from MIT
+about uh the Vibe you have today which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the Vibe you have today which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the Vibe you have today which
+is very different from a few years ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different from a few years ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different from a few years ago I
+think we've gone from uh well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've gone from uh well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've gone from uh well one
+University MIT active in open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University MIT active in open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University MIT active in open courseware
+to 250 active members which is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 250 active members which is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 250 active members which is I think
+amazing uh we've gone from uh uh a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing uh we've gone from uh uh a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing uh we've gone from uh uh a few
+hundred courses from MIT to 15,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred courses from MIT to 15,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred courses from MIT to 15,000
+courses online and I think the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses online and I think the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses online and I think the thing
+that's happening now is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening now is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening now is that we're
+changing from a focus on uh on producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing from a focus on uh on producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing from a focus on uh on producing
+materials and putting them online to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and putting them online to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and putting them online to the
+user so what is actually going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user so what is actually going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user so what is actually going to happen
+with our material and that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our material and that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our material and that will be a
+huge big next step and um well you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge big next step and um well you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge big next step and um well you've
+done a lot of that and on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of that and on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of that and on top of that
+Steve had to manage this board this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve had to manage this board this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve had to manage this board this this
+board of people from all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of people from all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of people from all kinds of
+different countries and um well I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and um well I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and um well I am
+Dutch and there's a Dutch expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch and there's a Dutch expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch and there's a Dutch expression
+about um managing a wheelbarrow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um managing a wheelbarrow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um managing a wheelbarrow with
+frogs ah you seem to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs ah you seem to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs ah you seem to understand what
+that means I think in English that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I think in English that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I think in English that would
+translate into uh hurting cats is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into uh hurting cats is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into uh hurting cats is that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now I don't think we're a very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't think we're a very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't think we're a very difficult
+bunch of people as a board but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people as a board but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people as a board but we do
+come from different countries from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from different countries from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from different countries from every
+continent so we have different cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent so we have different cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent so we have different cultures
+and uh different ways of working and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh different ways of working and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh different ways of working and we
+have different ways of speaking English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different ways of speaking English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different ways of speaking English
+that's a more difficult thing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more difficult thing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more difficult thing we have
+Dutch English Spanish English Korean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch English Spanish English Korean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch English Spanish English Korean
+English uh Japanese English and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh Japanese English and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh Japanese English and when
+Andy was still on our board we even had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy was still on our board we even had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy was still on our board we even had
+English English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can judge for yourself which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can judge for yourself which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can judge for yourself which was
+the most difficult thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand now U Steve has managed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now U Steve has managed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now U Steve has managed all
+of this and on top of that he's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and on top of that he's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and on top of that he's just a
+great great friend I think he's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great friend I think he's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great friend I think he's not even
+turned this board into he's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this board into he's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this board into he's not only
+turned this board into an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this board into an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this board into an effective
+board but also a board of friends this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but also a board of friends this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but also a board of friends this
+is what you just mentioned when we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you just mentioned when we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you just mentioned when we said
+bye-bye to Pepe we really a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye-bye to Pepe we really a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye-bye to Pepe we really a bunch of
+friends and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and I think that's
+fantastic so um I'm very sad that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic so um I'm very sad that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic so um I'm very sad that you're
+giving up this job honestly and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up this job honestly and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up this job honestly and uh I'm
+really happy that you're staying on as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy that you're staying on as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy that you're staying on as a
+board member and also as the chair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board member and also as the chair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board member and also as the chair of
+the awards committee because you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the awards committee because you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the awards committee because you will
+address that top topic later on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that top topic later on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that top topic later on and on
+behalf of all the board members and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of all the board members and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of all the board members and the
+staff I would like to say thank you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff I would like to say thank you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff I would like to say thank you and
+a big round of applause for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big round of applause for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big round of applause for you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you thank you very much it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you very much it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you very much it's um
+obviously my extreme pleasure to precede
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously my extreme pleasure to precede
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously my extreme pleasure to precede
+Ana as president because she's clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ana as president because she's clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ana as president because she's clearly a
+hard act to follow so I'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard act to follow so I'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard act to follow so I'm going to try
+to be try to be as eloquent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be try to be as eloquent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be try to be as eloquent and
+entertaining as as she has been um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining as as she has been um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining as as she has been um so
+the reason we're here tonight uh Awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're here tonight uh Awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're here tonight uh Awards
+we're giving out awards for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving out awards for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving out awards for the first
+time we're 10 years old now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're 10 years old now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're 10 years old now we have a
+bit of history um but the real reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of history um but the real reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of history um but the real reason uh
+we're giving out awards at least in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving out awards at least in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving out awards at least in my
+opinion is because we've gotten just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is because we've gotten just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is because we've gotten just so
+big and I I've been consumed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and I I've been consumed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and I I've been consumed by the
+feeling every time I go to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling every time I go to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling every time I go to one of these
+meetings in the past five years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings in the past five years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings in the past five years or so
+that there's just no way anymore to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's just no way anymore to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's just no way anymore to wrap
+your arms around everything that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your arms around everything that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your arms around everything that's going
+on in the open course whereare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the open course whereare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the open course whereare
+Consortium it used to be that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium it used to be that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium it used to be that I would
+actually hand count all of the courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hand count all of the courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hand count all of the courses
+that were published by the Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were published by the Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were published by the Consortium
+members so that we could those charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members so that we could those charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members so that we could those charts
+that told you how many courses there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told you how many courses there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told you how many courses there
+were there are not enough days in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there are not enough days in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there are not enough days in the
+year now for me to count all the courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year now for me to count all the courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year now for me to count all the courses
+that this organization this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this organization this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this organization this group of
+people has published together um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has published together um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has published together um and you
+know we struggle with the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we struggle with the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we struggle with the issue of
+metadata we struggle with the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata we struggle with the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata we struggle with the issue of
+search we struggle with the issue of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search we struggle with the issue of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search we struggle with the issue of how
+to surface the great material the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to surface the great material the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to surface the great material the great
+work that's being done by the members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's being done by the members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's being done by the members of
+this organization and so in small part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organization and so in small part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organization and so in small part
+that's what these awards are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these awards are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these awards are about
+they're about recognizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about recognizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about recognizing the
+contributions from across the Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from across the Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from across the Consortium
+that make this such unique and wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make this such unique and wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make this such unique and wonderful
+organization it's not possible for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization it's not possible for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization it's not possible for us to
+recognize everybody uh who has made uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize everybody uh who has made uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize everybody uh who has made uh
+such an outstanding contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an outstanding contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an outstanding contribution of
+course um and there are many people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um and there are many people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um and there are many people who
+will not be honored that we wish we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be honored that we wish we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be honored that we wish we
+could have honored but we had to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have honored but we had to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have honored but we had to keep
+the night relatively short for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night relatively short for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night relatively short for everybody
+um so before we begin there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so before we begin there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so before we begin there's also
+another clear reason we're having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another clear reason we're having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another clear reason we're having this
+award ceremony and because attribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award ceremony and because attribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award ceremony and because attribution
+is one of our cultural norms here uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of our cultural norms here uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of our cultural norms here uh I
+have to give credit to uh Pedro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give credit to uh Pedro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give credit to uh Pedro and
+universia for uh proving the idea with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia for uh proving the idea with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia for uh proving the idea with
+their their award program in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their award program in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their award program in the past
+four years it was an inspiration to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years it was an inspiration to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years it was an inspiration to us
+and certainly has served to add energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly has served to add energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly has served to add energy
+to their community so uh in part credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their community so uh in part credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their community so uh in part credit
+belongs to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to to
+universia um how are we providing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia um how are we providing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia um how are we providing these
+Awards well in a couple of ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards well in a couple of ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards well in a couple of ways the
+first is the way we provide anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the way we provide anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the way we provide anything in
+this community that's through the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community that's through the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community that's through the hard
+volunteer efforts of individuals and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer efforts of individuals and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer efforts of individuals and so
+uh the Consortium board deserves credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Consortium board deserves credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Consortium board deserves credit
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+uh were the body that deliberated about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were the body that deliberated about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were the body that deliberated about
+the individual Awards uh the names are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual Awards uh the names are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual Awards uh the names are
+listed there uh and then the site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed there uh and then the site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed there uh and then the site and
+award the site and course Awards uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award the site and course Awards uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award the site and course Awards uh were
+chosen by the awards committee which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by the awards committee which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by the awards committee which I
+chaired uh Gordon lockart Jose I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaired uh Gordon lockart Jose I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaired uh Gordon lockart Jose I'm gonna
+butcher this name Gigante Galo delor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butcher this name Gigante Galo delor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butcher this name Gigante Galo delor and
+Sophie to who's here tonight right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophie to who's here tonight right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophie to who's here tonight right
+Sophie you're here somewhere yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophie you're here somewhere yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophie you're here somewhere yes so
+thank you GMO is not here right I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you GMO is not here right I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you GMO is not here right I I
+think I checked the roles okay please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I checked the roles okay please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I checked the roles okay please
+stand up you you deserve to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up you you deserve to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up you you deserve to be
+recognized for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized for your
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+efforts another way we're doing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts another way we're doing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts another way we're doing this is
+through sponsorship one of the things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sponsorship one of the things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sponsorship one of the things uh
+that next has supported for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next has supported for this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next has supported for this this
+event is the awards program and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is the awards program and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is the awards program and uh the
+awards ceremony we wouldn't be having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards ceremony we wouldn't be having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards ceremony we wouldn't be having
+this lovely event if it weren't for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely event if it weren't for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely event if it weren't for the
+support we've gotten next has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support we've gotten next has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support we've gotten next has also
+provided direct support for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided direct support for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided direct support for the uh
+conference as a whole and also supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference as a whole and also supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference as a whole and also supported
+the travel of some of our participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel of some of our participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel of some of our participants
+from various areas around the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various areas around the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various areas around the country
+around the world I'm sorry uh so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world I'm sorry uh so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world I'm sorry uh so we have
+Brian olette Peter Smith Susan Huggins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian olette Peter Smith Susan Huggins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian olette Peter Smith Susan Huggins
+and I forgot to put your name on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot to put your name on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot to put your name on there
+I'm sorry KIA KIA KIA would you stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please if you haven't had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please if you haven't had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please if you haven't had the
+opportunity to stop by and talk to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to stop by and talk to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to stop by and talk to them
+about what they're doing please do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're doing please do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're doing please do it's
+a really exciting project that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really exciting project that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really exciting project that they've
+got going and it's really starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got going and it's really starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got going and it's really starting to
+get traction right now uh and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get traction right now uh and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get traction right now uh and they're
+just playing great people so please take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing great people so please take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing great people so please take
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+opportunity um so what are the awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity um so what are the awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity um so what are the awards
+we're giving out tonight uh we've sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving out tonight uh we've sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving out tonight uh we've sent
+this out in various emails and postings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out in various emails and postings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out in various emails and postings
+on the blog and it still probably was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the blog and it still probably was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the blog and it still probably was
+not quite clear to the community so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite clear to the community so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite clear to the community so I
+thought before we got started I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought before we got started I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought before we got started I would
+just run through what they are uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run through what they are uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run through what they are uh so we
+actually have three types of awards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have three types of awards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have three types of awards that
+we're presenting tonight the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're presenting tonight the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're presenting tonight the first is
+awards for individuals within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards for individuals within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards for individuals within the
+community uh who have made it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh who have made it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh who have made it out
+standing commitments to our common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing commitments to our common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing commitments to our common
+effort there's three different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort there's three different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort there's three different kinds
+educator leadership and a special award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator leadership and a special award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator leadership and a special award
+we called the president's award so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called the president's award so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called the president's award so those
+we'll do first uh we also have awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do first uh we also have awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do first uh we also have awards
+for sites we have an award for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sites we have an award for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sites we have an award for the best
+news site to try to surface some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news site to try to surface some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news site to try to surface some of the
+more recent activity uh technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent activity uh technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent activity uh technical
+achievement uh and a landmark site just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement uh and a landmark site just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement uh and a landmark site just
+to recognize an existing site that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize an existing site that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize an existing site that's
+been out there a while that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been out there a while that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been out there a while that you might
+not know of that you really should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know of that you really should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know of that you really should uh
+and finally we have awards for courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have awards for courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have awards for courses
+what we did was we broke it up into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we broke it up into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we broke it up into two
+categories uh because we were afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh because we were afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh because we were afraid
+that all the video and multimedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the video and multimedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the video and multimedia
+courses would just overwhelm all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses would just overwhelm all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses would just overwhelm all the
+other courses and we think the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses and we think the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses and we think the text
+contributions in many ways are um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions in many ways are um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions in many ways are um you
+know just as incredible as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just as incredible as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just as incredible as the
+multimedia ones they may not be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia ones they may not be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia ones they may not be as
+flashy but the content they provide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashy but the content they provide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashy but the content they provide and
+in the way that they provide it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that they provide it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that they provide it which
+moves offline very gracefully and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves offline very gracefully and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves offline very gracefully and I
+think is an important aspect of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is an important aspect of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is an important aspect of open
+courseware uh are equally worth noting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh are equally worth noting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh are equally worth noting
+so we'll prevent we'll we have five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll prevent we'll we have five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll prevent we'll we have five of
+each of those Awards and we'll share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those Awards and we'll share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those Awards and we'll share
+those winners the the site and cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those winners the the site and cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those winners the the site and cor
+individual award were previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual award were previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual award were previously
+announced um we have not announced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced um we have not announced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced um we have not announced the
+course Awards yet so that's our surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Awards yet so that's our surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Awards yet so that's our surprise
+at the end of the evening um so who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the evening um so who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the evening um so who are
+the winners of these Awards well uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners of these Awards well uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners of these Awards well uh open
+course were begins with education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were begins with education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were begins with education and
+Educators and the material that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators and the material that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators and the material that they
+provide uh for our open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide uh for our open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide uh for our open courseware
+courses so I think it's only fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses so I think it's only fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses so I think it's only fitting
+that we start with the educator award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we start with the educator award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we start with the educator award
+tonight um the educator award sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight um the educator award sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight um the educator award sorry the
+educator award uh this year is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator award uh this year is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator award uh this year is being
+given to Dr Walter Luen uh physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to Dr Walter Luen uh physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to Dr Walter Luen uh physics
+professor at MIT um Dr Luan uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT um Dr Luan uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT um Dr Luan uh is
+probably the most well-known figure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most well-known figure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most well-known figure in
+the open courseware faculty community at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open courseware faculty community at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open courseware faculty community at
+this point his videos have been watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point his videos have been watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point his videos have been watched
+literally uh by millions and millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally uh by millions and millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally uh by millions and millions of
+people and that's significant in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that's significant in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that's significant in a
+couple of different ways uh the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different ways uh the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different ways uh the first is
+simply the reach uh that he's had with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the reach uh that he's had with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the reach uh that he's had with
+his materials uh he's placed three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his materials uh he's placed three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his materials uh he's placed three
+courses on MIT open courseware uh 801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on MIT open courseware uh 801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on MIT open courseware uh 801
+classical mechanics 802 electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics 802 electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics 802 electricity and
+magnetism and 803 vibrations and waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism and 803 vibrations and waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism and 803 vibrations and waves
+in total more than a 100 video lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total more than a 100 video lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total more than a 100 video lectures
+uh his content has also been used as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his content has also been used as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his content has also been used as the
+core content for one of our new scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core content for one of our new scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core content for one of our new scholar
+courses if you saw our presentation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses if you saw our presentation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses if you saw our presentation on
+those those are amazing new resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are amazing new resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are amazing new resources
+and they that particular one owes uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they that particular one owes uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they that particular one owes uh a
+great debt to uh Dr leen's materials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great debt to uh Dr leen's materials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great debt to uh Dr leen's materials I
+took the opportunity to add up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the opportunity to add up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the opportunity to add up all of
+the different visits to his sites to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different visits to his sites to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different visits to his sites to the
+YouTube videos to all of the other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos to all of the other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos to all of the other ways
+that his materials are distributed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his materials are distributed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his materials are distributed and
+uh more than 5 million visits in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than 5 million visits in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than 5 million visits in total
+that's just an astounding number um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an astounding number um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an astounding number um but
+beyond the education that he's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the education that he's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the education that he's made
+available to Millions around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to Millions around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to Millions around the world
+uh I think that Dr L has made an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that Dr L has made an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that Dr L has made an even
+more significant contribution to uh MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more significant contribution to uh MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more significant contribution to uh MIT
+open courseware into the open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware into the open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware into the open courseware
+movement and that is really uh to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and that is really uh to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and that is really uh to bring
+bring uh to the attention of an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring uh to the attention of an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring uh to the attention of an enormous
+audience the whole concept of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the whole concept of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the whole concept of open
+courseware and uh the uh Rich resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and uh the uh Rich resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and uh the uh Rich resources
+that are available from all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available from all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available from all of our
+courses on mit's site for certain and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on mit's site for certain and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on mit's site for certain and on
+all of the sites throughout the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the sites throughout the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the sites throughout the world
+it's professors who provide this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's professors who provide this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's professors who provide this kind of
+material that draw this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that draw this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that draw this kind of
+attention and you can see there uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and you can see there uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and you can see there uh the
+New York Times uh he was in in the AP uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times uh he was in in the AP uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times uh he was in in the AP uh
+this is how we know uh that we arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we know uh that we arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we know uh that we arrived
+as a movement is when he was covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a movement is when he was covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a movement is when he was covered in
+om magazine when when Oprah takes notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om magazine when when Oprah takes notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om magazine when when Oprah takes notice
+you know you've arrived so it it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've arrived so it it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've arrived so it it's done
+tremendous tremendous service for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous tremendous service for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous tremendous service for the
+movement as a whole um and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement as a whole um and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement as a whole um and I should
+point out that Dr Luen has uh been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that Dr Luen has uh been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that Dr Luen has uh been
+sharing his content long before there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing his content long before there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing his content long before there
+was the concept of open course where o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the concept of open course where o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the concept of open course where o
+Open educational uh resources the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open educational uh resources the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open educational uh resources the video
+lectures that appear on our site were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that appear on our site were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that appear on our site were
+not recorded for our site but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recorded for our site but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recorded for our site but in fact
+were recorded previously and were shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recorded previously and were shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recorded previously and were shared
+in the 199 0 S on Seattle public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 199 0 S on Seattle public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 199 0 S on Seattle public
+television and in the uh scholar course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and in the uh scholar course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and in the uh scholar course
+there are also uh help sessions that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also uh help sessions that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also uh help sessions that he
+had done and that were broadcast on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done and that were broadcast on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done and that were broadcast on the
+MIT TV network uh so he was sharing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT TV network uh so he was sharing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT TV network uh so he was sharing uh
+educational materials through technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational materials through technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational materials through technology
+long before the Institute uh took it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before the Institute uh took it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before the Institute uh took it up
+as a mission uh across the school uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mission uh across the school uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mission uh across the school uh so
+for these reasons it really is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these reasons it really is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these reasons it really is our
+distinct honor to present to Dr Luen our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct honor to present to Dr Luen our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct honor to present to Dr Luen our
+first uh award for open course whereare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh award for open course whereare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh award for open course whereare
+Excellence for educator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellence for educator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellence for educator
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dr Luen would you like to say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words I have your award here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you very much yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+congratulations so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on the
+web and these are being watched yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and these are being watched yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and these are being watched yearly
+by roughly 2 million people about 6,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by roughly 2 million people about 6,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by roughly 2 million people about 6,000
+people per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per
+day so every day I receive roughly 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so every day I receive roughly 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so every day I receive roughly 30
+messages from people all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from people all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from people all over the world
+I call it my fan mail it's about 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it my fan mail it's about 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it my fan mail it's about 10,000
+per year and I answer them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year and I answer them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year and I answer them
+all some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them some of them are immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some of them are immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some of them are immensely
+moving many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving many of them
+say your lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your lecture
+have changed my life I'm now looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed my life I'm now looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed my life I'm now looking at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world in a completely different way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a completely different way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a completely different way and
+I get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get these
+messages from kids which are 15 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from kids which are 15 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from kids which are 15 year old
+to people who are in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who are in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who are in their
+90s it is absolutely it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s it is absolutely it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s it is absolutely it is so
+rewarding not only have I changed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding not only have I changed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding not only have I changed their
+lives but in that sense they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but in that sense they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but in that sense they have
+changed my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my life
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+yesterday I was beginning to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I was beginning to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I was beginning to think
+about how this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this all
+happened and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and for
+me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it
+happened perhaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1997 when a man of vision he may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 when a man of vision he may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 when a man of vision he may not be
+here dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here dick
+Larson who at the time was a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larson who at the time was a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larson who at the time was a professor
+electrical engineering came to to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering came to to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering came to to me and
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+Walter let's face it your lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter let's face it your lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter let's face it your lectures are
+very special and therefore they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special and therefore they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special and therefore they should
+really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be
+videotaped he got a grant very generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotaped he got a grant very generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotaped he got a grant very generous
+Grant and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant and so in
+1999 my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 my
+801 Newtonian mechanic lectures were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 Newtonian mechanic lectures were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 Newtonian mechanic lectures were
+were taped and then a few years later he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taped and then a few years later he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taped and then a few years later he
+got another Grant and then my 802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another Grant and then my 802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another Grant and then my 802
+lectures were taped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures were taped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures were taped
+electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and
+magnetism so now you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism so now you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism so now you have all these
+wonderful lectures and what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful lectures and what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful lectures and what are you
+going to do with them a man of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with them a man of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with them a man of vision
+but here at the lectures how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here at the lectures how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here at the lectures how do we get
+them out to the world it just so happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out to the world it just so happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out to the world it just so happens
+that we had a few more people at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had a few more people at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had a few more people at MIT
+with great vision and one of it was Dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great vision and one of it was Dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great vision and one of it was Dick
+U who came up to with the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U who came up to with the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U who came up to with the idea of
+ocw and he went through the president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw and he went through the president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw and he went through the president of
+MIT was Chuck Fest at the time and Chu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was Chuck Fest at the time and Chu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was Chuck Fest at the time and Chu
+vest immediately recognized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest immediately recognized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest immediately recognized the
+incredible importance the incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible importance the incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible importance the incredible
+impact that this might have on the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that this might have on the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that this might have on the world
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so Chuck Fest also had vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Chuck Fest also had vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Chuck Fest also had vision and
+supported it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strongly dick Larson and I couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly dick Larson and I couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly dick Larson and I couldn't be
+more happy because here was the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more happy because here was the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more happy because here was the vehicle
+that we had been waiting for this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had been waiting for this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had been waiting for this was
+the vehicle that would carry my lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle that would carry my lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle that would carry my lectures
+out all over the world and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all over the world and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all over the world and they were
+immediately copied by iTunes U by youe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately copied by iTunes U by youe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately copied by iTunes U by youe
+YouTube by academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Earth and they were very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and they were very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and they were very successful
+right from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the
+start so people came to me and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so people came to me and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so people came to me and say well
+now that you've done 801 and 802 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've done 801 and 802 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've done 801 and 802 you
+surely want to have 803 also taped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely want to have 803 also taped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely want to have 803 also taped
+vibrations and waves so I went to Dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and waves so I went to Dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and waves so I went to Dick
+Larson and I said come on you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larson and I said come on you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larson and I said come on you got to
+come up with some money because we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some money because we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some money because we got
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+803 and Dick said well Walter it just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 and Dick said well Walter it just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 and Dick said well Walter it just so
+happens that I have now a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that I have now a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that I have now a different
+position at MIT I can't get you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at MIT I can't get you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at MIT I can't get you any
+funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding
+anymore so I did what any physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so I did what any physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so I did what any physics
+Professor would do I went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor would do I went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor would do I went to the
+leadership of the physics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership of the physics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership of the physics department
+we're talking now about the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking now about the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking now about the year
+2002 and I said look 801 and 802 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 and I said look 801 and 802 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 and I said look 801 and 802 were
+quite successful that was already known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite successful that was already known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite successful that was already known
+could you support me financially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you support me financially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you support me financially on
+803 and I still have a copy of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 and I still have a copy of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 and I still have a copy of their
+email and it said we are not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and it said we are not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and it said we are not interested
+in video taped lectures by Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in video taped lectures by Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in video taped lectures by Professor
+Walter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter
+Leen that was the physics department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leen that was the physics department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leen that was the physics department of
+MIT the reason why I mention it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the reason why I mention it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the reason why I mention it so that
+you know that at MIT not only do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that at MIT not only do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that at MIT not only do we have
+people V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Vision in any case I did find funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision in any case I did find funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision in any case I did find funding
+for 803 and so my 803 lectures are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 803 and so my 803 lectures are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 803 and so my 803 lectures are also
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+web this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web this whole
+episode has changed my life in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode has changed my life in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode has changed my life in a way
+that you cannot even imagine it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot even imagine it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot even imagine it is the
+highlight of my life of my 43 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight of my life of my 43 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight of my life of my 43 years
+being a professor of physics at MIT it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a professor of physics at MIT it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a professor of physics at MIT it's
+with me every day I communicate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me every day I communicate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me every day I communicate every
+day with two dozen people all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with two dozen people all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with two dozen people all over the
+world and this is the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and this is the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and this is the result of the
+vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of
+people dick Larson if he is here was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dick Larson if he is here was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dick Larson if he is here was one
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+dick U was one of them and Chuck vest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick U was one of them and Chuck vest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick U was one of them and Chuck vest
+was one of them and I want to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of them and I want to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of them and I want to thank
+these people with vision who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people with vision who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people with vision who have
+created a mechanism which has which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a mechanism which has which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a mechanism which has which is a
+revolution in education and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in education and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in education and there's no
+end to this I even worry sometimes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to this I even worry sometimes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to this I even worry sometimes about
+where the end may be it's only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the end may be it's only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the end may be it's only the
+beginning and it is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and it is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and it is a wonderful
+beginning unprecedented it is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning unprecedented it is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning unprecedented it is the best
+thing that happened since sliced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bread I want to thank these people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread I want to thank these people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread I want to thank these people with
+vision and I want to thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and I want to thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and I want to thank you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+all congratulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all congratulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all congratulations
+again you need help a good one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you need help a good one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you need help a good one yeah
+that's it got it okay can I take it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it got it okay can I take it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it got it okay can I take it you
+it's all yours thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you we got the photo op going on up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we got the photo op going on up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we got the photo op going on up here
+yes this this is Dick Larson here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please so Educators and course content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please so Educators and course content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please so Educators and course content
+are the heart of what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the heart of what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the heart of what we do
+um but oh you know what I totally forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but oh you know what I totally forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but oh you know what I totally forgot
+to play this I'm going to go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this I'm going to go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this I'm going to go ahead and
+do this this anyways because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this anyways because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this anyways because if you
+haven't been in Dr leen's classrooms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been in Dr leen's classrooms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been in Dr leen's classrooms you
+really ought to one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to one of the most
+remarkable things I just mentioned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable things I just mentioned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable things I just mentioned to
+you is that the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that the period of the
+oscillations is independent of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations is independent of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations is independent of the mass
+of the object that would mean if I join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object that would mean if I join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object that would mean if I join
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Bob and I swing down with the Bob that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob and I swing down with the Bob that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob and I swing down with the Bob that
+you should get that same period or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get that same period or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get that same period or
+should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you
+not I'm asking you a question before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm asking you a question before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm asking you a question before we
+do this awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this awful
+experiment you count wow my expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you count wow my expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you count wow my expectations
+are high I want to hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high I want to hear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high I want to hear you
+loud you ready for this yeah 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and here is the femur of an elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here is the femur of an elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here is the femur of an elephant
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+zero oh so I need a here 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero oh so I need a here 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero oh so I need a here 1 2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relax what does it remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax what does it remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax what does it remind you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+of 2 1 zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 1 zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 1 zero
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+10t with Walter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10t with Walter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10t with Walter
+Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+45.6 plus or minus 0.1 seconds physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45.6 plus or minus 0.1 seconds physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45.6 plus or minus 0.1 seconds physics
+works I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'm telling
+you one of the most remarkable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I you know I I think one of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I I think one of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I I think one of the earliest
+things I heard about video lectures was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I heard about video lectures was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I heard about video lectures was
+that they were going to make rock stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were going to make rock stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were going to make rock stars
+out of Faculty members and put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Faculty members and put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Faculty members and put all the
+other fa faculty members out of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fa faculty members out of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fa faculty members out of work
+well at least half of that's been true I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least half of that's been true I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least half of that's been true I
+got to tell you because if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to tell you because if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to tell you because if there's a
+rockstar in the open course world it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockstar in the open course world it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockstar in the open course world it's
+it's Walter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Walter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Walter
+Leen okay so our next award is a award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leen okay so our next award is a award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leen okay so our next award is a award
+for leadership um obviously courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for leadership um obviously courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for leadership um obviously courses and
+uh educators are the heart and soul of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh educators are the heart and soul of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh educators are the heart and soul of
+what we do but open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do but open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do but open course Weare
+projects don't happen without Champions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects don't happen without Champions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects don't happen without Champions
+and I've worked with lots and lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've worked with lots and lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've worked with lots and lots and
+lots of open course Weare projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of open course Weare projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of open course Weare projects
+around the world and every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and every single one of
+them has had a champion those Champions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has had a champion those Champions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has had a champion those Champions
+come from all different uh places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from all different uh places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from all different uh places in
+educational organizations outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational organizations outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational organizations outside of
+educational organizations and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational organizations and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational organizations and I think
+that's one of the things that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things that makes
+these meetings such spectacular fun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these meetings such spectacular fun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these meetings such spectacular fun is
+it's not just professors it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just professors it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just professors it's not just
+educational technologists it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational technologists it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational technologists it's not just
+academic leaders but it's a mix of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic leaders but it's a mix of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic leaders but it's a mix of all
+of them and all of them are passionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and all of them are passionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and all of them are passionately
+committed to the cause of openly sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to the cause of openly sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to the cause of openly sharing
+educational materials it makes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational materials it makes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational materials it makes for a
+fantastic ftic environment uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic ftic environment uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic ftic environment uh for
+sharing and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and for
+creativity um but even among Champions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um but even among Champions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um but even among Champions
+there are champions and uh some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are champions and uh some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are champions and uh some people
+Champion one project other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Champion one project other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Champion one project other people
+Champion 60 70 I don't know how many are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Champion 60 70 I don't know how many are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Champion 60 70 I don't know how many are
+there now um more than a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now um more than a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now um more than a thousand
+courses I believe across the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses I believe across the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses I believe across the University
+of uh ocw crowd and all of those in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ocw crowd and all of those in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ocw crowd and all of those in some
+measure the result of hard work uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the result of hard work uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the result of hard work uh by
+Pedro arzadi um again when when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pedro arzadi um again when when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pedro arzadi um again when when we talk
+about a community this old there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a community this old there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a community this old there are
+there are old friends and uh certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are old friends and uh certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are old friends and uh certainly
+Pedro is is what I would consider an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pedro is is what I would consider an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pedro is is what I would consider an old
+friend he's been there from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend he's been there from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend he's been there from the very
+beginning he was there in 2005 when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning he was there in 2005 when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning he was there in 2005 when we
+first met uh February 17th by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first met uh February 17th by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first met uh February 17th by the way
+that date is forever stuck in my head uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that date is forever stuck in my head uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that date is forever stuck in my head uh
+to talk about forming the open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about forming the open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about forming the open course
+Weare Consortium and when I think of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare Consortium and when I think of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare Consortium and when I think of his
+efforts the first word that comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts the first word that comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts the first word that comes to
+mind is is tireless um but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is is tireless um but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is is tireless um but then I
+remember February 17th 2005 when he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember February 17th 2005 when he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember February 17th 2005 when he came
+into the room exhaust Ed from an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room exhaust Ed from an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room exhaust Ed from an a
+flight coming into Boston at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight coming into Boston at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight coming into Boston at the last
+minute and I remember uh the next fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and I remember uh the next fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and I remember uh the next fall
+at Utah when we had the first open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Utah when we had the first open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Utah when we had the first open
+course for Consortium meeting and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for Consortium meeting and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for Consortium meeting and he
+flew in at the last minute and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew in at the last minute and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew in at the last minute and was
+exhausted the whole time now I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted the whole time now I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted the whole time now I remember
+2007 or six whichever it was in send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 or six whichever it was in send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 or six whichever it was in send
+there when Pedro hosted uh the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when Pedro hosted uh the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when Pedro hosted uh the open
+course Weare Consortium meeting and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare Consortium meeting and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare Consortium meeting and the
+meeting of the board of directors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting of the board of directors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting of the board of directors of
+universia at the same time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia at the same time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universia at the same time that the
+board of directors for banko send there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of directors for banko send there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of directors for banko send there
+was meeting then he looked really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meeting then he looked really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meeting then he looked really really
+tired so um as much as I'd like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired so um as much as I'd like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired so um as much as I'd like to give
+him credit for being tireless I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him credit for being tireless I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him credit for being tireless I know
+he's not but what he gets done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not but what he gets done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not but what he gets done is
+amazing uh he started off leading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing uh he started off leading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing uh he started off leading the
+effort to translate uh MIT open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to translate uh MIT open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to translate uh MIT open course
+whereas materials uh from English into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas materials uh from English into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas materials uh from English into
+Spanish and Portuguese um and like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish and Portuguese um and like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish and Portuguese um and like many
+of the other translation efforts he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other translation efforts he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other translation efforts he
+realized very quickly that well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized very quickly that well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized very quickly that well it's
+valuable to translate mit's materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to translate mit's materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to translate mit's materials
+it's even more valuable to to share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more valuable to to share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more valuable to to share the
+materials that are being generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are being generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are being generated by
+the Spanish universities and and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spanish universities and and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spanish universities and and so um
+he's LED uh Spanish and Latin American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's LED uh Spanish and Latin American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's LED uh Spanish and Latin American
+universities as I said in publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities as I said in publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities as I said in publishing
+more than a thousand languages he led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand languages he led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand languages he led
+the efforts to translate metadata uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts to translate metadata uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts to translate metadata uh for
+those courses into 14 or more languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses into 14 or more languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses into 14 or more languages
+an effort that doesn't get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effort that doesn't get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effort that doesn't get enough
+attention within the community by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention within the community by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention within the community by
+translating the metadata alone he's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating the metadata alone he's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating the metadata alone he's been
+able to drive enormous increases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to drive enormous increases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to drive enormous increases in
+traffic to those courses and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic to those courses and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic to those courses and I think
+it's a lesson we should all look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lesson we should all look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lesson we should all look more
+closely at as we're trying to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at as we're trying to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at as we're trying to get our
+materials to to broader and broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to to broader and broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to to broader and broader
+audiences um as I said he oversaw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences um as I said he oversaw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences um as I said he oversaw the
+award program that led to this award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award program that led to this award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award program that led to this award
+program so in a way he's kind of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so in a way he's kind of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so in a way he's kind of giving
+himself an award tonight which strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself an award tonight which strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself an award tonight which strange
+things happen in this community uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen in this community uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen in this community uh and
+he's worked uh lobbying in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's worked uh lobbying in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's worked uh lobbying in the public
+sector to include uh ocw as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector to include uh ocw as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector to include uh ocw as part of the
+merits for instructors there as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merits for instructors there as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merits for instructors there as well so
+he's a policy Advocate as well uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a policy Advocate as well uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a policy Advocate as well uh and it
+is really my true pleasure to present to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really my true pleasure to present to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really my true pleasure to present to
+him tonight our 2011 leadership award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him tonight our 2011 leadership award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him tonight our 2011 leadership award
+for open courseware Excellence ped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you go my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go my friend
+thank don't drop it let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank don't drop it let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank don't drop it let me put it
+here good evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody um I wanted to dedicate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody um I wanted to dedicate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody um I wanted to dedicate this
+award to my absolutely bewildered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award to my absolutely bewildered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award to my absolutely bewildered
+parents that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents that under
+46th uh wedding anniversary that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46th uh wedding anniversary that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46th uh wedding anniversary that is
+today which are absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amazed and they are absolutely amazed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed and they are absolutely amazed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed and they are absolutely amazed at
+how a 16-year-old student like I was can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a 16-year-old student like I was can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a 16-year-old student like I was can
+be awarded by a Consortium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be awarded by a Consortium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be awarded by a Consortium of
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+amazing but jokes apart I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing but jokes apart I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing but jokes apart I wanted to
+thank you all for this award I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all for this award I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all for this award I wanted to
+thank especially the members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank especially the members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank especially the members of the
+board at the Consortium and very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board at the Consortium and very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board at the Consortium and very very
+especially to all the uh Iber American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to all the uh Iber American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to all the uh Iber American
+universities that believed in universia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that believed in universia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that believed in universia
+and bought the open cor movement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought the open cor movement from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought the open cor movement from
+the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very
+beginning and that' be all thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and that' be all thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and that' be all thank you
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are
+contributions uh to our efforts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions uh to our efforts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions uh to our efforts that
+defy both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defy both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defy both
+definition uh and PowerPoint so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh and PowerPoint so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh and PowerPoint so I'm not
+sure I can quite capture what what on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I can quite capture what what on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I can quite capture what what on
+these slides everything that that Kathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides everything that that Kathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides everything that that Kathy
+cly has done for the open course sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cly has done for the open course sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cly has done for the open course sare
+Community uh she's currently CEO of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh she's currently CEO of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh she's currently CEO of
+Creative Commons but uh her prior roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creative Commons but uh her prior roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creative Commons but uh her prior roles
+are equally well known I think in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally well known I think in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally well known I think in this
+community at hulet at Carnegie um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community at hulet at Carnegie um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community at hulet at Carnegie um and
+through those various roles she has made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those various roles she has made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those various roles she has made
+um enormous contributions to the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enormous contributions to the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enormous contributions to the field
+uh some of them clearly were Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them clearly were Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them clearly were Financial
+guiding funding to many of the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding funding to many of the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding funding to many of the projects
+that are represented here uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are represented here uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are represented here uh some of the
+early funding for open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early funding for open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early funding for open courseware
+connections open learn Oar Africa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections open learn Oar Africa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections open learn Oar Africa and
+more um but I certainly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um but I certainly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um but I certainly more
+significantly than that in this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly than that in this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly than that in this group of
+the separate projects that were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separate projects that were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separate projects that were doing
+different things with different ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things with different ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things with different ideas
+Kathy and in in in partnership with Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kathy and in in in partnership with Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kathy and in in in partnership with Mike
+Smith and if we could break the award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith and if we could break the award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith and if we could break the award
+into two pieces one would go to Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces one would go to Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces one would go to Mike
+certainly um Kathy provided vision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly um Kathy provided vision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly um Kathy provided vision for
+uh a movement that was much larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a movement that was much larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a movement that was much larger and
+much broader than open courseware and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader than open courseware and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader than open courseware and a
+vision uh that provided a way for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision uh that provided a way for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision uh that provided a way for all of
+these different projects to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different projects to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different projects to work in
+reinforcing one another and making each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing one another and making each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing one another and making each
+other more effective um beyond that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more effective um beyond that c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more effective um beyond that c is
+an incredibly incredibly talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly incredibly talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly incredibly talented
+program officer um and it's not an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program officer um and it's not an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program officer um and it's not an easy
+job uh I know in working with her at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job uh I know in working with her at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job uh I know in working with her at
+Open courseware uh and with the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open courseware uh and with the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open courseware uh and with the open
+courseware Consortium she has the unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware Consortium she has the unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware Consortium she has the unique
+talent of being able to provide input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent of being able to provide input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent of being able to provide input
+and criticism as a funer in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and criticism as a funer in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and criticism as a funer in a way that's
+neither intrusive nor nor resented nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither intrusive nor nor resented nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither intrusive nor nor resented nor
+uh at all um disruptive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at all um disruptive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at all um disruptive to the
+environment that she's working in and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that she's working in and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that she's working in and in
+fact is welcomed as uh the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is welcomed as uh the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is welcomed as uh the kind of
+advice that you really need to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice that you really need to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice that you really need to make a
+program successful and I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program successful and I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program successful and I think that's a
+a tremendously difficult thing to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendously difficult thing to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendously difficult thing to do I
+can't imagine trying to do that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine trying to do that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine trying to do that um and
+so I think for that she deserves an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think for that she deserves an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think for that she deserves an
+enormous amount of credit in in helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of credit in in helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of credit in in helping
+all of the projects that she's helped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the projects that she's helped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the projects that she's helped to
+uh fund and nurture to be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fund and nurture to be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fund and nurture to be the best
+projects that they can possibly be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that they can possibly be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that they can possibly be uh
+and we're so lucky to have her in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're so lucky to have her in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're so lucky to have her in her
+new role continuing to provide vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new role continuing to provide vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new role continuing to provide vision
+and Leadership for the commun Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leadership for the commun Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leadership for the commun Community
+uh in a way that I think is going to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a way that I think is going to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a way that I think is going to is
+going to bear um an equal reward for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bear um an equal reward for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bear um an equal reward for all
+of us uh and so uh I don't know how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us uh and so uh I don't know how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us uh and so uh I don't know how I
+could I could capture it any better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could capture it any better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could capture it any better than
+that so I'm just going to give up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm just going to give up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm just going to give up and
+congratulate Kathy on receiving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulate Kathy on receiving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulate Kathy on receiving the
+president's award for open course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's award for open course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's award for open course for
+excellence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they want the picture while I'm handing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the picture while I'm handing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the picture while I'm handing
+it to you so yes thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you so yes thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you so yes thank
+you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank
+you well I am both honored and humbled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well I am both honored and humbled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well I am both honored and humbled
+by this award and particularly thank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this award and particularly thank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this award and particularly thank the
+open courseware Consortium board for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware Consortium board for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware Consortium board for
+this recognition this recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recognition this recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recognition this recognition
+certainly extends far beyond me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly extends far beyond me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly extends far beyond me it
+certainly extends to Mike Smith and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly extends to Mike Smith and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly extends to Mike Smith and it
+extends to the ulet foundation who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends to the ulet foundation who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends to the ulet foundation who had
+the vision and the real reality and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision and the real reality and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision and the real reality and the
+willingness to take a chance on a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to take a chance on a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to take a chance on a whole
+new field that was unclear but realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new field that was unclear but realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new field that was unclear but realized
+that the foundation had that possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the foundation had that possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the foundation had that possibility
+to make it happen I think for me over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it happen I think for me over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it happen I think for me over
+the past year 10 years it's been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past year 10 years it's been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past year 10 years it's been an
+incredible both personal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible both personal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible both personal and
+professional Journey this has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional Journey this has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional Journey this has this
+experience of being part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being part of this
+Consortium and the growth of the Oar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium and the growth of the Oar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium and the growth of the Oar
+movement has put me in touch with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement has put me in touch with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement has put me in touch with many
+of you who are in the room and those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are in the room and those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are in the room and those who
+I don't know I am sure that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I am sure that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I am sure that will be
+characterizing in the same way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing in the same way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing in the same way this is
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+incredibly in incredibly intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly in incredibly intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly in incredibly intelligent
+group of people the intellect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people the intellect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people the intellect is
+enormous the curiosity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous the curiosity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous the curiosity is
+endless the vision is boundless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless the vision is boundless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless the vision is boundless the
+willingness to take risk is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to take risk is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to take risk is incredibly
+important and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the
+creativity that exists in the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that exists in the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that exists in the room and
+all the people and I know you are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people and I know you are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people and I know you are all
+the leaders of this movement has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaders of this movement has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaders of this movement has been
+aight light to participate in in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aight light to participate in in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aight light to participate in in every
+in every way every morning I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every way every morning I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every way every morning I have the
+unique opportunity of getting up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique opportunity of getting up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique opportunity of getting up and
+trying to figure out what the landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what the landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what the landscape
+will look like tomorrow and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like tomorrow and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like tomorrow and we don't
+always know and part of this excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always know and part of this excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always know and part of this excitement
+of this vision and this space that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vision and this space that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vision and this space that we've
+been in is that we actually get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in is that we actually get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in is that we actually get to
+create that landscape and in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that landscape and in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that landscape and in many ways
+through the past 10 years the vision has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the past 10 years the vision has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the past 10 years the vision has
+been muddy it has been unclear but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been muddy it has been unclear but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been muddy it has been unclear but we've
+always persevered because we've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always persevered because we've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always persevered because we've always
+believed in the ultimate vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in the ultimate vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in the ultimate vision of
+sharing knowledge and equalizing access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing knowledge and equalizing access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing knowledge and equalizing access
+for individuals institutions and faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals institutions and faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals institutions and faculty
+throughout the world so that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world so that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world so that has been
+the vision that has that Vision that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision that has that Vision that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision that has that Vision that has
+really drawn us together and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drawn us together and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drawn us together and it's the
+vision that will continue to draw us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that will continue to draw us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that will continue to draw us in
+the next decade so I definitely look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next decade so I definitely look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next decade so I definitely look
+forward to the next decade of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the next decade of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the next decade of this um
+continuing um journey and I particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing um journey and I particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing um journey and I particularly
+look forward to it with my role as CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to it with my role as CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to it with my role as CEO
+of Creative Commons and I know as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Creative Commons and I know as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Creative Commons and I know as the
+CEO of Creative Commons behind me sits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of Creative Commons behind me sits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of Creative Commons behind me sits a
+staff of 25 in the headquarters office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff of 25 in the headquarters office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff of 25 in the headquarters office
+in Mountain View sit 70 International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mountain View sit 70 International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mountain View sit 70 International
+Affiliates who sit across the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affiliates who sit across the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affiliates who sit across the global
+community and I know that behind each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and I know that behind each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and I know that behind each of
+you who sit here is a team it's a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who sit here is a team it's a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who sit here is a team it's a team
+that supports you that supported me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supports you that supported me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supports you that supported me at
+ulet that supports the vision of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulet that supports the vision of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulet that supports the vision of where
+we're going and on behalf of all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going and on behalf of all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going and on behalf of all of you
+thank you for this award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so riffing on some of the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so riffing on some of the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so riffing on some of the earlier
+uh presentations today this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentations today this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentations today this this whole
+uh event and presentation is in my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh event and presentation is in my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh event and presentation is in my mind
+modular which is an advantage because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular which is an advantage because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular which is an advantage because it
+gives me chunks that I can manage but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me chunks that I can manage but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me chunks that I can manage but
+I'm getting some of them out of order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting some of them out of order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting some of them out of order so
+I I just wanted to to say about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wanted to to say about the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wanted to to say about the uh
+president's award um it's an award we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's award um it's an award we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's award um it's an award we
+created specifically to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created specifically to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created specifically to recognize
+contributions that we had no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that we had no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that we had no other
+category we could fit them into it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we could fit them into it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we could fit them into it's not
+probably something we'll do every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something we'll do every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something we'll do every year
+um but when we come across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when we come across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when we come across a
+contribution like Cathy how can you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution like Cathy how can you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution like Cathy how can you not
+so um we're going to take a a break let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're going to take a a break let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're going to take a a break let
+you guys get some food because I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get some food because I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get some food because I'm sure
+you're all starving um we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all starving um we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all starving um we'll come back
+in a little while meal so this way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little while meal so this way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little while meal so this way we're
+only ruining half your meal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ruining half your meal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ruining half your meal so
+um uh just a note on Kathy as I thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just a note on Kathy as I thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just a note on Kathy as I thinking
+about this over intermission there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this over intermission there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this over intermission there was
+one thing I wanted to share that no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I wanted to share that no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I wanted to share that no this
+is um one of the ironies of her being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um one of the ironies of her being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um one of the ironies of her being
+now at Creative Commons is uh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at Creative Commons is uh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at Creative Commons is uh I was
+looking for a good shared image of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a good shared image of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a good shared image of her
+for the slide and there are like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slide and there are like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slide and there are like two
+images of Kathy that I can find on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of Kathy that I can find on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of Kathy that I can find on the
+web um which is just an absolute shame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web um which is just an absolute shame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web um which is just an absolute shame
+so I let's make it our mission please to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I let's make it our mission please to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I let's make it our mission please to
+get photos of Kathy up so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get photos of Kathy up so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get photos of Kathy up so we
+can have more to choose from when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have more to choose from when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have more to choose from when we're
+when we're honoring her the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're honoring her the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're honoring her the next time
+this comes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes around
+okay we're on to the site Awards we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're on to the site Awards we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're on to the site Awards we have
+three site Awards best news site uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three site Awards best news site uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three site Awards best news site uh
+technical achievement and landmark site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical achievement and landmark site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical achievement and landmark site
+these were all announced ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were all announced ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were all announced ahead of time
+in part because we were hoping we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because we were hoping we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because we were hoping we could
+get uh representatives of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh representatives of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh representatives of the uh
+award-winning institutions here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award-winning institutions here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award-winning institutions here to
+receive the awards and I'm pleased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the awards and I'm pleased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the awards and I'm pleased
+really to say that I think we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to say that I think we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to say that I think we've done
+that for all three of them so it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all three of them so it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all three of them so it's great
+to have uh Representatives here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh Representatives here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh Representatives here this
+evening the first is the best new sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening the first is the best new sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening the first is the best new sight
+award and uh you know the board had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award and uh you know the board had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award and uh you know the board had the
+the board of directors had to think long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board of directors had to think long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board of directors had to think long
+and hard about the individual Awards um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard about the individual Awards um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard about the individual Awards um
+but I got to tell you the work to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got to tell you the work to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got to tell you the work to sort
+through uh best news site technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh best news site technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh best news site technical
+achievement best site and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement best site and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement best site and all of the
+courseware was an incredible effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware was an incredible effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware was an incredible effort and
+it was it was an effort um Brandon can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was an effort um Brandon can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was an effort um Brandon can
+attest to this that was hampered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attest to this that was hampered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attest to this that was hampered by the
+fact that I was the one organizing it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I was the one organizing it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I was the one organizing it so
+um I really appreciate all of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I really appreciate all of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I really appreciate all of the people
+who are on the awards committee all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are on the awards committee all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are on the awards committee all of
+their efforts and all of their patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts and all of their patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts and all of their patience
+with uh me continually pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh me continually pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh me continually pushing the
+schedule back but in the end I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule back but in the end I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule back but in the end I'm very
+pleased with uh the sites and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased with uh the sites and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased with uh the sites and the
+courses that were uh able to honor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that were uh able to honor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that were uh able to honor this
+evening um so for the first award the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening um so for the first award the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening um so for the first award the
+best news site uh we chose uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best news site uh we chose uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best news site uh we chose uh the
+University of simitar atara's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of simitar atara's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of simitar atara's open
+courseware uh which is one I saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh which is one I saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh which is one I saw the
+announcement of uh when it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement of uh when it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement of uh when it came out
+early last year um in part it struck me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early last year um in part it struck me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early last year um in part it struck me
+because uh we kind of already had a US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we kind of already had a US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we kind of already had a US
+ocw somewhere and so when I saw us ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw somewhere and so when I saw us ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw somewhere and so when I saw us ocw
+launched uh I thought Utah State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched uh I thought Utah State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched uh I thought Utah State
+launched a long time ago what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched a long time ago what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched a long time ago what's going on
+here so I went and I checked out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I went and I checked out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I went and I checked out the
+site and even then I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and even then I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and even then I was really
+impressed uh with uh both the the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed uh with uh both the the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed uh with uh both the the amount
+of content the level of content uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of content the level of content uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of content the level of content uh and
+with the organization and presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the organization and presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the organization and presentation
+of of the site it really is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the site it really is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the site it really is a wonderful
+site I'm going to spare you the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site I'm going to spare you the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site I'm going to spare you the site
+demo but I do hope that all of you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo but I do hope that all of you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo but I do hope that all of you will
+take the opportunity uh to visit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the opportunity uh to visit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the opportunity uh to visit this
+site and move through the materials uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and move through the materials uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and move through the materials uh
+and see what an elegant job they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what an elegant job they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what an elegant job they've done
+of of presenting it but first the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of presenting it but first the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of presenting it but first the amount
+of material 177 courses in 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material 177 courses in 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material 177 courses in 12
+disciplines on this site uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines on this site uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines on this site uh that was
+just launched last year uh including 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just launched last year uh including 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just launched last year uh including 20
+textbooks and I can tell you there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and I can tell you there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and I can tell you there are
+20 textbooks on this site because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 textbooks on this site because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 textbooks on this site because when
+you look at the content they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the content they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the content they've
+organized it so beautifully you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized it so beautifully you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized it so beautifully you can see
+exactly what kind of contents are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what kind of contents are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what kind of contents are in the
+courses as you scan the page um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses as you scan the page um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses as you scan the page um it's
+it's very very simple and it's pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very simple and it's pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very simple and it's pre
+presentation the materials are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation the materials are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation the materials are very
+straightforward typically they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward typically they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward typically they're uh
+print materials um so it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print materials um so it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print materials um so it's as
+straightforward an open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward an open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward an open courseware
+presentation as you can find um content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as you can find um content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as you can find um content
+is in two languages English and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in two languages English and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in two languages English and
+Indonesian uh and it it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesian uh and it it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesian uh and it it was just a
+delight to to review the content on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delight to to review the content on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delight to to review the content on this
+side so it's my pleasure to present uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so it's my pleasure to present uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so it's my pleasure to present uh
+to the University of SAR otara ocw team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the University of SAR otara ocw team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the University of SAR otara ocw team
+uh the best new site award for open for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellence do we have him in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence do we have him in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence do we have him in the room
+are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay I thought we had him here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I thought we had him here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I thought we had him here
+we'll have to track them down they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to track them down they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to track them down they're
+around oh well please come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around oh well please come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around oh well please come
+up I didn't see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should have invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have invited
+you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come
+on villm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behave there you go thank you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave there you go thank you thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave there you go thank you thank you
+would you like to say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please good evening everyone on behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please good evening everyone on behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please good evening everyone on behalf
+of members of University of norra we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of members of University of norra we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of members of University of norra we
+would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+thanks ocw Consortium Bo for giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks ocw Consortium Bo for giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks ocw Consortium Bo for giving us
+over to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the the
+award I'm from Indonesia Indonesia is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award I'm from Indonesia Indonesia is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award I'm from Indonesia Indonesia is uh
+in the southeast Asia uh we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the southeast Asia uh we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the southeast Asia uh we have uh
+three the biggest island the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the biggest island the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the biggest island the first
+island is the Papua the second island is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island is the Papua the second island is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island is the Papua the second island is
+the cant of Boro and the third island is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cant of Boro and the third island is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cant of Boro and the third island is
+Sumatra we are from the Sumatra we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sumatra we are from the Sumatra we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sumatra we are from the Sumatra we we
+are close to the Singapore on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to the Singapore on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to the Singapore on the
+Malaysia we have 3,000 universities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia we have 3,000 universities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia we have 3,000 universities in
+Indonesia we are number six in Indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia we are number six in Indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia we are number six in Indonesia
+and we have uh about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have uh about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have uh about uh
+38,000 students in our our universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38,000 students in our our universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38,000 students in our our universities
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you congratulations again beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you congratulations again beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you congratulations again beautiful
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right the next award we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right the next award we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right the next award we have is
+the award for technical achievement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the award for technical achievement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the award for technical achievement uh
+you know open courseware those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know open courseware those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know open courseware those of you
+who are from the United States know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are from the United States know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are from the United States know that
+April is tax time uh in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April is tax time uh in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April is tax time uh in the United
+States and that every year presents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and that every year presents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and that every year presents a
+dilemma for me because if you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma for me because if you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma for me because if you've ever
+filled out a US tax form you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out a US tax form you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out a US tax form you know
+there's a little box there that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little box there that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little box there that says
+occupation and I yeah so typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation and I yeah so typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation and I yeah so typically what
+I put in the the occupation box because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in the the occupation box because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in the the occupation box because
+it's so small is educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so small is educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so small is educational
+technologist but the third table back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist but the third table back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist but the third table back
+here can tell you that I know just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can tell you that I know just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can tell you that I know just about
+nothing about technology so it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about technology so it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about technology so it's it's a
+complete farce um what what we do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete farce um what what we do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete farce um what what we do uh
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+Educators uh and educational materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators uh and educational materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators uh and educational materials
+but underlying those materials are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but underlying those materials are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but underlying those materials are the
+technologies that we use uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that we use uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that we use uh to
+distribute the content worldwide an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the content worldwide an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the content worldwide an open
+course whereare wouldn't be uh possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare wouldn't be uh possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare wouldn't be uh possible
+without a whole host of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a whole host of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a whole host of technical
+achievements some of which I think Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements some of which I think Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements some of which I think Tim
+O'Reilly talked about before uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Reilly talked about before uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Reilly talked about before uh some of
+which are more particular to our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are more particular to our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are more particular to our little
+corner of the world the open coursework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the world the open coursework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the world the open coursework
+uh Consortium and the open educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Consortium and the open educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Consortium and the open educational
+resources world uh and I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources world uh and I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources world uh and I I think that
+part of the problem we face is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem we face is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem we face is that many
+of us in this community are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this community are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this community are not
+technologists uh and it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists uh and it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists uh and it's very difficult
+to build the scale of tools that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the scale of tools that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the scale of tools that we need
+um with the subset of our community who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the subset of our community who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the subset of our community who
+are technologists and they labor long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are technologists and they labor long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are technologists and they labor long
+and hard often uh to uh create the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard often uh to uh create the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard often uh to uh create the the
+uh uh pieces of software that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh pieces of software that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh pieces of software that they
+create um and that leaves us in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um and that leaves us in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um and that leaves us in a in a
+real dilemma when it comes to platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real dilemma when it comes to platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real dilemma when it comes to platforms
+um we can either adopt an existing tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can either adopt an existing tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can either adopt an existing tool
+that isn't quite made for open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't quite made for open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't quite made for open course
+sare or or we can build our own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare or or we can build our own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare or or we can build our own and
+there are some spectacular examples uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some spectacular examples uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some spectacular examples uh
+of ones that have certainly been built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones that have certainly been built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones that have certainly been built
+specifically for open course whereare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for open course whereare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for open course whereare
+and oar connections being one educ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oar connections being one educ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oar connections being one educ
+Commons being another um but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons being another um but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons being another um but there
+certainly are not enough of them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are not enough of them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are not enough of them out
+there and so every time a new platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so every time a new platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so every time a new platform
+uh emerges that can be used to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emerges that can be used to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emerges that can be used to help us
+do our job better it's a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our job better it's a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our job better it's a significant
+occasion for the community so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion for the community so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion for the community so this is a
+young piece of technology but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young piece of technology but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young piece of technology but it's a
+piece of technology that caught the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of technology that caught the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of technology that caught the
+attention of many and was recommended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention of many and was recommended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention of many and was recommended to
+us uh in the awards uh on the awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh in the awards uh on the awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh in the awards uh on the awards
+committee and uh uh so in reviewing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and uh uh so in reviewing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and uh uh so in reviewing it
+we saw what they saw in it which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw what they saw in it which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw what they saw in it which was a
+whole new opportunity for us to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new opportunity for us to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new opportunity for us to share
+educational content in new ways um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational content in new ways um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational content in new ways um and
+so for that achievement it's it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that achievement it's it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that achievement it's it's my
+privilege to present the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege to present the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege to present the technical
+Achievement Award for open course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Achievement Award for open course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Achievement Award for open course for
+excellence to the orbit program from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence to the orbit program from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence to the orbit program from the
+University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Michigan I got to ask what do you put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan I got to ask what do you put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan I got to ask what do you put on
+your tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tax
+phone uh educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone uh educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone uh educational
+researcher um so yeah orbit uh really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher um so yeah orbit uh really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher um so yeah orbit uh really I
+work with a pretty awesome team at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a pretty awesome team at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a pretty awesome team at the
+University of Michigan uh the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Michigan uh the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Michigan uh the open
+Michigan team and uh the developers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan team and uh the developers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan team and uh the developers and
+the open education Specialists and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open education Specialists and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open education Specialists and um
+and Ted and uh yeah we we do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ted and uh yeah we we do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ted and uh yeah we we do a lot of
+great work and uh I really appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work and uh I really appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work and uh I really appreciate
+the fact that the Consortium has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the Consortium has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the Consortium has
+recognized uh really cool stuff thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized uh really cool stuff thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized uh really cool stuff thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry DW there were a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry DW there were a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry DW there were a couple of
+things I wanted to point out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to point out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to point out this is
+again going with the theme of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going with the theme of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going with the theme of doing
+things out of order here um just some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out of order here um just some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out of order here um just some of
+the features of of orbit I I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features of of orbit I I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features of of orbit I I wanted to
+describe really quickly Drupal based uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe really quickly Drupal based uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe really quickly Drupal based uh
+course and resource-based navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and resource-based navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and resource-based navigation
+flex flexible workflow CC integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flex flexible workflow CC integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flex flexible workflow CC integration
+which uh you know is part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you know is part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you know is part of our
+community norm and RSS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community norm and RSS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community norm and RSS
+distribution um okay The Landmark site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um okay The Landmark site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um okay The Landmark site
+this is the final of the three site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the final of the three site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the final of the three site
+Awards The Landmark site award for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards The Landmark site award for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards The Landmark site award for open
+course where Excellence a funny uh story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where Excellence a funny uh story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where Excellence a funny uh story
+about this and I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and I think one of the
+reasons why we really um need these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we really um need these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we really um need these kind
+of award ceremonies and we need people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of award ceremonies and we need people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of award ceremonies and we need people
+to be digging through the content that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be digging through the content that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be digging through the content that's
+out there is because some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is because some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is because some things
+literally Get Lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally Get Lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally Get Lost in
+Translation uh and so uh this site was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Translation uh and so uh this site was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Translation uh and so uh this site was
+nominated as one of the landmark site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominated as one of the landmark site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominated as one of the landmark site
+candidates and as I was going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and as I was going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and as I was going through
+the sites I came to this site and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites I came to this site and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites I came to this site and I I
+clicked on the course list and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on the course list and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on the course list and there
+were three courses there and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three courses there and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three courses there and I thought
+okay that's odd and I I emailed Pedro I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's odd and I I emailed Pedro I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's odd and I I emailed Pedro I
+said Pedro can you help me out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Pedro can you help me out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Pedro can you help me out with this
+why is it that uh there are only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that uh there are only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that uh there are only three
+courses on this this this site that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on this this this site that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on this this this site that's
+been described as one of the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been described as one of the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been described as one of the leading
+sites in Spain and and he said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites in Spain and and he said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites in Spain and and he said well
+that's because you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you're looking at the
+English course list dummy and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English course list dummy and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English course list dummy and sure
+enough my browser had defaulted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough my browser had defaulted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough my browser had defaulted to
+English and when I flipped it over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and when I flipped it over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and when I flipped it over to
+Spanish there were uh 134 courses there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish there were uh 134 courses there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish there were uh 134 courses there
+um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+that's just really the beginning of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just really the beginning of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just really the beginning of what
+you'll find if you dig through this site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find if you dig through this site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find if you dig through this site
+a tremendous amount of content um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of content um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of content um but
+for for in as much as Sumatra Atara was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for in as much as Sumatra Atara was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for in as much as Sumatra Atara was
+a a straightforward uh presentation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a straightforward uh presentation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a straightforward uh presentation of
+uh just the the written content this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just the the written content this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just the the written content this one
+is just dizzying in the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just dizzying in the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just dizzying in the kinds of things
+that they've built into it and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've built into it and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've built into it and it's a
+real experience to sort of see uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experience to sort of see uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experience to sort of see uh all of
+the different options that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different options that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different options that you have
+available when you come to the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available when you come to the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available when you come to the content
+so in addition to the 134 courses they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition to the 134 courses they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition to the 134 courses they
+integrated with their institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with their institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with their institutional
+repository which I believe is a dpace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository which I believe is a dpace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository which I believe is a dpace
+repository is that right yeah um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository is that right yeah um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository is that right yeah um they
+have export to Wiki function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have export to Wiki function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have export to Wiki function uh
+functionality they have search and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality they have search and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality they have search and
+Discovery tools uh that really make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery tools uh that really make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery tools uh that really make it a
+fantastic experience that uh certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic experience that uh certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic experience that uh certainly
+would be much better for me uh if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much better for me uh if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much better for me uh if my
+Spanish were better so um I really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish were better so um I really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish were better so um I really uh
+even if you don't speak Spanish it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't speak Spanish it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't speak Spanish it's
+worth a trip through this site if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a trip through this site if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a trip through this site if you do
+uh it's definitely worth checking out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's definitely worth checking out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's definitely worth checking out so
+with that it's my real pleasure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that it's my real pleasure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that it's my real pleasure to
+present to University of Alicante The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to University of Alicante The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to University of Alicante The
+Landmark site award for open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark site award for open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark site award for open course
+Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Excellence congratulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+congratulations thank you very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations thank you very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations thank you very much for
+the award H for the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the award H for the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the award H for the University of
+Alicante agor to to accept it the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicante agor to to accept it the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicante agor to to accept it the open
+course word in the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course word in the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course word in the University of
+Alicante is not an isolate project is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicante is not an isolate project is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicante is not an isolate project is a
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+new par piece of a whole strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new par piece of a whole strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new par piece of a whole strategy
+politic the the whole politic of the vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politic the the whole politic of the vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politic the the whole politic of the vi
+president of the educational Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the educational Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the educational Innovation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Technology this policy ER link Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology this policy ER link Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology this policy ER link Open
+Access and free sofware project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access and free sofware project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access and free sofware project
+as far as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as this
+all share the the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all share the the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all share the the same
+idea ER the relevance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sing learning is the greatest experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing learning is the greatest experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing learning is the greatest experience
+of Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Our
+Lives Obi W Kenobi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives Obi W Kenobi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives Obi W Kenobi
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+this strange citation of Star Wars were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange citation of Star Wars were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange citation of Star Wars were
+were pronounced by Paco sanino who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pronounced by Paco sanino who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pronounced by Paco sanino who is
+the third member of the open corw team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third member of the open corw team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third member of the open corw team
+in the University of Alicante and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the University of Alicante and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the University of Alicante and I have
+to say that he was wrong and right he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that he was wrong and right he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that he was wrong and right he
+was wrong because as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong because as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong because as far as I know
+obiwan has never said those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obiwan has never said those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obiwan has never said those
+words but he was right because uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but he was right because uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but he was right because uh for
+all of us learning is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us learning is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us learning is a great
+experience and most of the time is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and most of the time is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and most of the time is an
+experience based on sharing knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience based on sharing knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience based on sharing knowledge
+and I think this is precisely what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is precisely what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is precisely what we do
+in up and coare we share knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in up and coare we share knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in up and coare we share knowledge
+between staffs between academics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between staffs between academics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between staffs between academics and
+more than that we share knowledge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that we share knowledge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that we share knowledge with
+anybody who is interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is interested in
+learning uh in some extent I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh in some extent I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh in some extent I think this
+is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort
+of our common business no and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our common business no and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our common business no and I think
+that everybody here knows that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody here knows that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody here knows that there's
+no business buiness like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no business buiness like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no business buiness like our
+business there's no business at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business there's no business at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business there's no business at
+all but in any case um of course uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but in any case um of course uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but in any case um of course uh what
+is important is that it's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important is that it's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important is that it's a common
+business and I want to say that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and I want to say that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and I want to say that it's not
+our project is overall your project too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project is overall your project too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project is overall your project too
+and we are uh for that uh really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are uh for that uh really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are uh for that uh really very
+honor to accept this uh award and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor to accept this uh award and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor to accept this uh award and we
+want to thanks the the committee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to thanks the the committee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to thanks the the committee the
+open coare Consortium and the whole open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coare Consortium and the whole open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coare Consortium and the whole open
+coare community and as a final wish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coare community and as a final wish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coare community and as a final wish and
+reminding Paco I want to say May the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding Paco I want to say May the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding Paco I want to say May the
+force be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force be with
+us and I hope and I hope we all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and I hope and I hope we all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and I hope and I hope we all together
+can bring the oper course the open cour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring the oper course the open cour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring the oper course the open cour
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+infinity and beond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and beond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and beond
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much
+and and happy happy birthday for MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and happy happy birthday for MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and happy happy birthday for MIT and
+and open course we too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open course we too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open course we too
+yeah thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right only 10 more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right only 10 more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right only 10 more to
+go um no actually so what we're down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um no actually so what we're down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um no actually so what we're down to
+now is the course Awards um we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the course Awards um we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the course Awards um we did not
+uh announce these in advance uh in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh announce these in advance uh in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh announce these in advance uh in part
+because uh uh we didn't have enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh we didn't have enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh we didn't have enough time
+built into the schedule to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the schedule to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the schedule to make the
+decision um but also uh in in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision um but also uh in in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision um but also uh in in part
+because we didn't want to make people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't want to make people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't want to make people
+feel bad if they weren't able to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad if they weren't able to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad if they weren't able to come
+and attend and and get the award um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attend and and get the award um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attend and and get the award um
+because the you know travel budgets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the you know travel budgets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the you know travel budgets are
+terrible and and so forth but um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and and so forth but um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and and so forth but um what
+we're going to do I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do I think we have
+representatives of most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of most of the
+institutions that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that are going to be
+honored here I have two slides on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored here I have two slides on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored here I have two slides on one
+slide there's going to be the um awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide there's going to be the um awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide there's going to be the um awards
+for multimedia courses and in one slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multimedia courses and in one slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multimedia courses and in one slide
+there's the text and still images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the text and still images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the text and still images
+courses uh and um so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses uh and um so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses uh and um so what I'm going to
+do is share each slide and at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is share each slide and at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is share each slide and at that time
+if there's someone from one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's someone from one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's someone from one of the
+institutions uh that's won the award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh that's won the award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh that's won the award
+please just stand and be recognized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please just stand and be recognized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please just stand and be recognized for
+your institution's work uh and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your institution's work uh and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your institution's work uh and after the
+ceremony we have uh certificates up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony we have uh certificates up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony we have uh certificates up here
+that you can bring home to the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can bring home to the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can bring home to the faculty
+member from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member from your
+organization uh so you know when we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh so you know when we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh so you know when we put
+these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together
+U the only ground rule I think we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the only ground rule I think we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the only ground rule I think we set
+was we want to honor as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we want to honor as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we want to honor as many
+institutions as possible so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions as possible so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions as possible so we didn't
+give uh two Awards to any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give uh two Awards to any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give uh two Awards to any one
+institution um but beyond that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution um but beyond that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution um but beyond that we really
+just looked at the at the the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at the at the the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at the at the the quality of
+the presentation of the materials uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation of the materials uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation of the materials uh and
+in doing so I think we came up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing so I think we came up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing so I think we came up with an
+amazing representation of the breadth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing representation of the breadth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing representation of the breadth
+and the richness of our community both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the richness of our community both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the richness of our community both
+sort of the types of Institutions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the types of Institutions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the types of Institutions the
+geographies and uh the uh subjects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographies and uh the uh subjects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographies and uh the uh subjects that
+are cover CED by these courses I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cover CED by these courses I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cover CED by these courses I think
+they really show the richness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really show the richness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really show the richness of the
+open courseware Consortium community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware Consortium community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware Consortium community and
+what we're providing to the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're providing to the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're providing to the world so
+first text instill images were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first text instill images were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first text instill images were were
+recognizing courses from University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing courses from University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing courses from University of
+Cape Town University of Notre Dame uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape Town University of Notre Dame uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape Town University of Notre Dame uh
+University of kabra canabria uh un the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of kabra canabria uh un the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of kabra canabria uh un the
+National University of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National University of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National University of distance
+education in Costa Rica I won't butcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in Costa Rica I won't butcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in Costa Rica I won't butcher
+the the Spanish on that one and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Spanish on that one and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Spanish on that one and uh
+University Carlos uh 3 to Madrid uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Carlos uh 3 to Madrid uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Carlos uh 3 to Madrid uh so
+these are the award winners and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the award winners and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the award winners and I know
+we have representatives of uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have representatives of uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have representatives of uh some of
+these institutions in the room uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these institutions in the room uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these institutions in the room uh so if
+you would would you please uh stand at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would would you please uh stand at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would would you please uh stand at
+this time and we congratulate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time and we congratulate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time and we congratulate your
+faculty uh for their outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh for their outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh for their outstanding
+contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and then in the the multimedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then in the the multimedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then in the the multimedia
+category we have open University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we have open University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we have open University of
+Netherlands represented UC Irvine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands represented UC Irvine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands represented UC Irvine the
+Middle East Technical University from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East Technical University from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East Technical University from
+Turkey University to poly Technica to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkey University to poly Technica to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkey University to poly Technica to
+Valencia and University of meria in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valencia and University of meria in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valencia and University of meria in
+Spain um so again I mean if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain um so again I mean if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain um so again I mean if you look at
+the the list of courses that are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the list of courses that are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the list of courses that are here
+you look at the subjects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the subjects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the subjects that are
+represented uh we have occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented uh we have occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented uh we have occupational
+therapy we have multimedia technology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy we have multimedia technology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy we have multimedia technology uh
+Greek and Roman mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek and Roman mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek and Roman mythology
+uh entertainment to uh travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entertainment to uh travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entertainment to uh travel
+entertainment and uh administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and uh administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and uh administrative
+Basics you have metabolism uh music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics you have metabolism uh music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics you have metabolism uh music
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+uh physics no physical education um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physics no physical education um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physics no physical education um so I
+mean it's a tremendous uh variety of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a tremendous uh variety of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a tremendous uh variety of uh
+materials that are that are presented up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are that are presented up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are that are presented up
+there and I really think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I really think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I really think that it
+illustrates uh the richness of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates uh the richness of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates uh the richness of what
+we're providing here so if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're providing here so if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're providing here so if there are
+representatives of uh these courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of uh these courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of uh these courses
+present and I know there are would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and I know there are would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and I know there are would you
+please stand at this time and and let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stand at this time and and let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stand at this time and and let us
+congratulate you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well and as I said there's certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and as I said there's certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and as I said there's certificates
+up here please come up and grab the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here please come up and grab the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here please come up and grab the ones
+from your institutions and bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your institutions and bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your institutions and bring them
+home to their faculty with our most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to their faculty with our most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to their faculty with our most
+sincere congratulations okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere congratulations okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere congratulations okay um
+congratulations to all of this year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations to all of this year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations to all of this year's
+nominees and all of this year's winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominees and all of this year's winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominees and all of this year's winners
+uh at some point we'll try to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some point we'll try to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some point we'll try to organize
+uh a Showcase of all the videos that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Showcase of all the videos that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Showcase of all the videos that
+everybody delivered uh highlighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody delivered uh highlighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody delivered uh highlighting
+their the features of their courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the features of their courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the features of their courses and
+some of their sites uh I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their sites uh I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their sites uh I think it's a
+wonderful thing a wonderful resource for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing a wonderful resource for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing a wonderful resource for
+all of us to get a better look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us to get a better look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us to get a better look at some
+of some of the richness uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the richness uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the richness uh that is
+provided for the community thanks again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided for the community thanks again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided for the community thanks again
+to the board uh and the award committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the board uh and the award committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the board uh and the award committee
+uh a a small note here despite how badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a small note here despite how badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a small note here despite how badly
+I made it sound it's a great fun to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made it sound it's a great fun to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made it sound it's a great fun to to
+serve on the committee so so please sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve on the committee so so please sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve on the committee so so please sign
+up uh I'm going to chare it one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh I'm going to chare it one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh I'm going to chare it one more
+year at least and of course thanks again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at least and of course thanks again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at least and of course thanks again
+to our sponsors at next they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our sponsors at next they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our sponsors at next they've been
+very gracious in supporting this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gracious in supporting this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gracious in supporting this event
+and in supporting uh the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in supporting uh the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in supporting uh the entire
+conference so uh thank you all and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference so uh thank you all and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference so uh thank you all and let's
+one let's have one more round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's have one more round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's have one more round of
+applause for all of our winners this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applause for all of our winners this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applause for all of our winners this
+evening
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VBgVRviSKek.txt b/VBgVRviSKek.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d94735f1e19a8fa8c0319271683fbd3b29e04cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VBgVRviSKek.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so everyone is
+here for 229 correct becoming the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for 229 correct becoming the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for 229 correct becoming the next
+bill n no one's in the wrong room all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay well welcome to the class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well welcome to the class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay well welcome to the class uh
+I'm Elizabeth I run the K2 videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Elizabeth I run the K2 videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Elizabeth I run the K2 videos
+program um maybe we can do a quick intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program um maybe we can do a quick intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program um maybe we can do a quick intro
+with the staff over here so Jamie you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the staff over here so Jamie you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the staff over here so Jamie you
+want to hi I'm Jamie Goldstein I run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hi I'm Jamie Goldstein I run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hi I'm Jamie Goldstein I run the
+communication lab in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication lab in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication lab in biological
+engineering and I oversee at nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and I oversee at nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and I oversee at nuclear
+science and engineering as well um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering as well um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering as well um I'm
+Siri I'm the TA for this class I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri I'm the TA for this class I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri I'm the TA for this class I'm a
+junior in comparative media studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior in comparative media studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior in comparative media studies and
+biology I'm Josh um I run an animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology I'm Josh um I run an animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology I'm Josh um I run an animation
+studio here in Cambridge called Planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio here in Cambridge called Planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio here in Cambridge called Planet
+nutshell uh I'm Chris B I'm uh media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell uh I'm Chris B I'm uh media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell uh I'm Chris B I'm uh media
+development director at mitx and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development director at mitx and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development director at mitx and uh I
+also teach a class here at MIT called DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also teach a class here at MIT called DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also teach a class here at MIT called DV
+lab on documentary I'll be uh guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab on documentary I'll be uh guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab on documentary I'll be uh guest
+lecturing for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing for a couple of
+sessions and come on and take a seat um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions and come on and take a seat um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions and come on and take a seat um
+so just Logistics Stu stuff all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just Logistics Stu stuff all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just Logistics Stu stuff all the
+information about this class is on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this class is on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this class is on our
+Tumblr which I'll email it out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tumblr which I'll email it out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tumblr which I'll email it out to you
+guys but it's MIT 29. tumblr.com and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but it's MIT 29. tumblr.com and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but it's MIT 29. tumblr.com and
+you'll find the class syllabus all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find the class syllabus all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find the class syllabus all the
+links all the videos that I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links all the videos that I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links all the videos that I'll be
+showing you during class um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you during class um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you during class um and
+basically everything you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything you need to know
+about just homework assignments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just homework assignments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just homework assignments and
+things like that so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so we're just going to
+go ahead and Dive Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and Dive Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and Dive Right
+In so this class is about writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In so this class is about writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In so this class is about writing
+hosting and producing video uh short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting and producing video uh short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting and producing video uh short
+form video but in the context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form video but in the context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form video but in the context of this
+sort of scary amorphous blob that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scary amorphous blob that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scary amorphous blob that people
+talk about a lot the problems in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a lot the problems in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a lot the problems in science
+Technology and Engineering and math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and Engineering and math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and Engineering and math
+education and the specific problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the specific problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the specific problems that
+we're going to be trying to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be trying to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be trying to be thinking
+about in the context of making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the context of making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the context of making these
+videos um are these three problems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos um are these three problems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos um are these three problems which
+is that the culture that we have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the culture that we have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the culture that we have right
+now especially with video and science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now especially with video and science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now especially with video and science is
+that it kind of implies that the door to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it kind of implies that the door to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it kind of implies that the door to
+science and engineering whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering whether or not
+you want to be a scientist or whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be a scientist or whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be a scientist or whether or
+not you want to study it is only open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you want to study it is only open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you want to study it is only open to
+certain people um we also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain people um we also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain people um we also have this
+issue of maintaining a love of lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of maintaining a love of lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of maintaining a love of lifelong
+learning so Josh and I were just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so Josh and I were just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so Josh and I were just talking
+about the Dark Ages when you quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dark Ages when you quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dark Ages when you quit
+playing with Legos but um kids are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with Legos but um kids are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with Legos but um kids are very
+curious creatures and somehow our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious creatures and somehow our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious creatures and somehow our
+educational system scales that Curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system scales that Curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system scales that Curiosity
+and um science and engineering are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um science and engineering are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um science and engineering are these
+topics that I'm sure you guys are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that I'm sure you guys are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that I'm sure you guys are very
+excited about I'm very excited about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about I'm very excited about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about I'm very excited about it
+too um but somehow it becomes this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um but somehow it becomes this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um but somehow it becomes this sort
+of boring subject and especially in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boring subject and especially in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boring subject and especially in high
+school people think think of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school people think think of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school people think think of chemistry
+as you know their least favorite class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know their least favorite class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know their least favorite class
+it was my least favorite class in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my least favorite class in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my least favorite class in high
+school and then you have um the civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and then you have um the civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and then you have um the civic
+responsibility as scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility as scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility as scientists and
+Engineers to make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers to make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers to make sure that you're
+promoting stem literacy among the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting stem literacy among the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting stem literacy among the public
+so um we don't want everyone in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we don't want everyone in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we don't want everyone in our
+culture to become a scientist or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture to become a scientist or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture to become a scientist or an
+engineer that would be terrible it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that would be terrible it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that would be terrible it would
+be super boring it wouldn't really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be super boring it wouldn't really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be super boring it wouldn't really be
+helping our society at all but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping our society at all but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping our society at all but at the
+same time science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time science and engineering
+affects your daily life whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects your daily life whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects your daily life whether or not
+you're an artist or you're author you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an artist or you're author you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an artist or you're author you're
+voting on issues that um require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting on issues that um require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting on issues that um require a
+certain knowledge of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain knowledge of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain knowledge of science and
+engineering and uh as scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and uh as scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and uh as scientists and
+Engineers we need to be making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers we need to be making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers we need to be making sure that
+we're promoting a basic level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're promoting a basic level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're promoting a basic level of
+literacy among the voting public so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy among the voting public so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy among the voting public so it's
+a practical thing for us as scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical thing for us as scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical thing for us as scientists
+and Engineers it's also you know sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers it's also you know sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers it's also you know sharing
+that excitement and love of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excitement and love of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excitement and love of learning
+with other people that maybe they lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people that maybe they lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people that maybe they lost
+in a a boring class or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a boring class or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a boring class or something like
+that so the idea of this class is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the idea of this class is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the idea of this class is to
+bring together the best practi practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together the best practi practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together the best practi practices
+in education and some of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education and some of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education and some of these problems
+that I'm talking about with stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm talking about with stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm talking about with stem
+education and bringing it together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and bringing it together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and bringing it together with
+some of the tools that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tools that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tools that we have in
+entertainment so how can we use video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment so how can we use video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment so how can we use video
+how can we leverage video to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we leverage video to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we leverage video to address
+that big Amorphis blob um so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big Amorphis blob um so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big Amorphis blob um so we're going
+to try to occupy this middle space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to occupy this middle space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to occupy this middle space but
+the problem is that the best practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that the best practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that the best practices
+in this middle space have not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this middle space have not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this middle space have not really
+been established part of that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been established part of that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been established part of that is because
+um there aren't really experts in educ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there aren't really experts in educ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there aren't really experts in educ
+entainment necessarily it's not a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entainment necessarily it's not a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entainment necessarily it's not a super
+academic field it's also pretty new the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic field it's also pretty new the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic field it's also pretty new the
+Advent of science entertainment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of science entertainment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of science entertainment on the
+web especially now it's exploding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web especially now it's exploding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web especially now it's exploding but
+it's it's all very new um so it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's all very new um so it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's all very new um so it's hard
+to establish the best practices and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish the best practices and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish the best practices and on
+top of that the best practices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that the best practices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that the best practices in
+education and the best practices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the best practices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the best practices in
+entertainment don't always align A lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment don't always align A lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment don't always align A lot
+of times they conflict with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they conflict with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they conflict with each other
+so a lot of this class will be piecing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of this class will be piecing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of this class will be piecing
+together um what's great about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um what's great about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um what's great about these two
+disciplines and it'll also be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and it'll also be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and it'll also be sort of
+discovering on our own what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering on our own what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering on our own what are the
+pieces that we want to take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that we want to take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that we want to take and
+Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ourselves so at this point um I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so at this point um I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so at this point um I wanted
+you guys to think about this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to think about this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to think about this question
+part partially uh to inform us and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part partially uh to inform us and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part partially uh to inform us and help
+us help you guys over the course of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us help you guys over the course of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us help you guys over the course of this
+month um but I wanted to get a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um but I wanted to get a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um but I wanted to get a sense of
+why you all signed up for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you all signed up for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you all signed up for this class
+maybe it was because you needed six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was because you needed six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was because you needed six
+extra units to graduate um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra units to graduate um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra units to graduate um which is
+totally fine um and also what you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine um and also what you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine um and also what you wanted
+to get out of this class so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of this class so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of this class so if you're
+coming in the class and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the class and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the class and you want to
+learn how to record video um we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to record video um we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to record video um we want to
+know if that's your objective if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's your objective if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's your objective if you
+came in because you thought it sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in because you thought it sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in because you thought it sounded
+interesting or anything like that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or anything like that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or anything like that um we
+want to know too so you guys can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know too so you guys can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know too so you guys can think
+about it uh maybe share um if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh maybe share um if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh maybe share um if you don't
+want to share right now that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share right now that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share right now that's totally
+fine but um I will mention this at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but um I will mention this at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but um I will mention this at the
+end of class but every day you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of class but every day you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of class but every day you're going
+to be writing blog posts and and Daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be writing blog posts and and Daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be writing blog posts and and Daily
+Reflections so hopefully this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections so hopefully this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections so hopefully this is
+something that you can incorporate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can incorporate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can incorporate into
+your reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reflection
+today Elizabeth why don't you start why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today Elizabeth why don't you start why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today Elizabeth why don't you start why
+are you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you here
+well I'm going to talk about why AC I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to talk about why AC I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to talk about why AC I
+don't want to spoil it jie why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to spoil it jie why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to spoil it jie why are you
+here oh okay so uh really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh okay so uh really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh okay so uh really good question
+so I run the communication lab in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I run the communication lab in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I run the communication lab in
+biological engineering and that was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering and that was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering and that was I
+oversee nuclear science as well and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversee nuclear science as well and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversee nuclear science as well and our
+our goal is really to help scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is really to help scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is really to help scientists
+learn to communicate more effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to communicate more effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to communicate more effectively
+and um that's what I do now right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's what I do now right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's what I do now right I
+mostly train graduate students to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly train graduate students to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly train graduate students to talk
+to each other about their science and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other about their science and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other about their science and to
+undergraduates about you know how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates about you know how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates about you know how do you
+how do you tell people about what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you tell people about what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you tell people about what you're
+doing right and um when Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right and um when Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right and um when Elizabeth
+approached me she was an inbe originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached me she was an inbe originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached me she was an inbe originally
+so she knew about our lab this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she knew about our lab this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she knew about our lab this was a
+perfect match for me personally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match for me personally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match for me personally this
+course because prior to my life here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because prior to my life here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because prior to my life here I
+taught middle school for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught middle school for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught middle school for many years
+among the many other things I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the many other things I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the many other things I was a
+magazine editor for a little while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine editor for a little while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine editor for a little while and
+so this to me is a perfect intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this to me is a perfect intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this to me is a perfect intersection
+of of things that I'm passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of things that I'm passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of things that I'm passionate about
+because your videos are targeted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your videos are targeted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your videos are targeted that
+you're going to be making for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be making for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be making for that
+Middle School population and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle School population and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle School population and that's one
+that I know very well and that I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know very well and that I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know very well and that I care
+about a lot so I'm looking forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot so I'm looking forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot so I'm looking forward to
+sharing with you what I know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing with you what I know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing with you what I know about the
+work that I do now blended with the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I do now blended with the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I do now blended with the work
+that I used to do so I'm excited to tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I used to do so I'm excited to tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I used to do so I'm excited to tap
+into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creativity anyone else want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+share uh my name is Paul Felino uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share uh my name is Paul Felino uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share uh my name is Paul Felino uh I
+came here to kind of on what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here to kind of on what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here to kind of on what you were
+saying is just try to be able to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is just try to be able to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is just try to be able to convey
+technical Concepts in a simple way so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical Concepts in a simple way so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical Concepts in a simple way so I
+can you know explain to someone or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know explain to someone or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know explain to someone or
+whether it's one of my friends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's one of my friends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's one of my friends or
+someone like my niece you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anyone
+else you will have to stay in your Vlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you will have to stay in your Vlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you will have to stay in your Vlog
+though I want to hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I want to hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I want to hear from
+everyone I'll probably go first um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I'll probably go first um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I'll probably go first um yeah
+and what's your name sorry my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's your name sorry my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's your name sorry my name is
+Joshua Joshua uh K and call me Josh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joshua Joshua uh K and call me Josh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joshua Joshua uh K and call me Josh uh I
+come from Singapore so be we're here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from Singapore so be we're here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from Singapore so be we're here on
+a really short exchange for about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really short exchange for about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really short exchange for about a
+month uh we come from sort University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month uh we come from sort University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month uh we come from sort University of
+Technology and design it's a university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and design it's a university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and design it's a university
+that was like started in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like started in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like started in in
+collaboration with MIT so uh well I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with MIT so uh well I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with MIT so uh well I came
+to this class because we study ocw a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this class because we study ocw a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this class because we study ocw a lot
+and that's because like we we we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because like we we we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because like we we we we are
+probably the first bch of University and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first bch of University and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first bch of University and
+most of our curriculum comes from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our curriculum comes from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our curriculum comes from MIT
+and honestly I feel like close to 25% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honestly I feel like close to 25% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honestly I feel like close to 25% of
+my education comes from online and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my education comes from online and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my education comes from online and I'm
+very comfortable with it but and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortable with it but and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortable with it but and my
+teacher used to be a no sorry my mom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher used to be a no sorry my mom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher used to be a no sorry my mom is
+a chemistry teacher and she tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry teacher and she tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry teacher and she tells me
+that students don't necessarily like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students don't necessarily like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students don't necessarily like
+stuff like kind Academy because it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like kind Academy because it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like kind Academy because it might
+look too boring for them and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look too boring for them and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look too boring for them and that's kind
+of like my curiosity right now how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like my curiosity right now how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like my curiosity right now how do I
+convey something that people might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey something that people might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey something that people might not
+find really interesting um but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find really interesting um but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find really interesting um but very
+important for them and make it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for them and make it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for them and make it very
+Interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I I was very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I was very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I was very interested in
+education in high school and I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in high school and I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in high school and I noticed
+that kids don't like St subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids don't like St subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids don't like St subjects
+generally um and so I just wanted to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um and so I just wanted to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um and so I just wanted to as
+a career um pursue promotion as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a career um pursue promotion as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a career um pursue promotion as some
+subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm jonan um I noticed that John John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm jonan um I noticed that John John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm jonan um I noticed that John John
+John John is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John John is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John John is fine
+too so I noticed there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I noticed there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I noticed there are a number of
+videos on YouTube popping up number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on YouTube popping up number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on YouTube popping up number of
+educational videos and they range from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational videos and they range from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational videos and they range from
+exciting to pry one um and I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to pry one um and I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to pry one um and I think this
+is a very powerful medium to prach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very powerful medium to prach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very powerful medium to prach
+students who wouldn't normally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who wouldn't normally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who wouldn't normally be
+science for ma exposure and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science for ma exposure and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science for ma exposure and how you
+receive how you get information usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive how you get information usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive how you get information usually
+tends to tip the scills as far as who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to tip the scills as far as who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to tip the scills as far as who's
+into something who's not um so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something who's not um so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something who's not um so I think
+this is a this is a really cool project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a really cool project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a really cool project
+and I like be on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like be on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like be on the other side of the
+camera as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I guess I'll go next um my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess I'll go next um my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess I'll go next um my name is
+Andrea I'm a SLO fell here at MIT um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea I'm a SLO fell here at MIT um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea I'm a SLO fell here at MIT um so
+I'm significantly older than May um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm significantly older than May um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm significantly older than May um my
+uh what I've been doing for the past 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I've been doing for the past 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I've been doing for the past 10
+years of my life has been working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of my life has been working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of my life has been working in
+regulatory so doing medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory so doing medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory so doing medical device
+submissions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submissions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submissions to the
+FDA so it's a lot of communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA so it's a lot of communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA so it's a lot of communicating
+highly technical information to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly technical information to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly technical information to people
+who aren't exactly late people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't exactly late people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't exactly late people but
+they're not going to be as familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be as familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be as familiar with
+the topic as say I am so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic as say I am so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic as say I am so that's what
+I've been doing and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing and one of the things
+that I'd really like to introduce is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd really like to introduce is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd really like to introduce is
+using video as another tool to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using video as another tool to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using video as another tool to convey
+this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes Nathan um I think my class is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Nathan um I think my class is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Nathan um I think my class is I
+think the comment War to you to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the comment War to you to spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the comment War to you to spread
+scientific information to at least to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific information to at least to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific information to at least to me
+I think not necess people who would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think not necess people who would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think not necess people who would go
+the science but just people so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science but just people so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science but just people so they can
+be scientifically literate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+General yeah um hi I'm Kenneth um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General yeah um hi I'm Kenneth um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General yeah um hi I'm Kenneth um from
+SD as well um back when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD as well um back when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD as well um back when I first
+graduated from Junior College I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from Junior College I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from Junior College I actually
+uh went to have a teaching internship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went to have a teaching internship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went to have a teaching internship
+for a period in Singapore and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period in Singapore and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period in Singapore and that's
+when I realized that most students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I realized that most students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I realized that most students in
+Singapore do not really like Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore do not really like Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore do not really like Blackboard
+or whiteboard teaching so I I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whiteboard teaching so I I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whiteboard teaching so I I realized
+that a little like halfway into my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little like halfway into my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little like halfway into my first
+week of doing the internship so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week of doing the internship so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week of doing the internship so that's
+when I revised everything that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I revised everything that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I revised everything that I had
+prepared started creating like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared started creating like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared started creating like
+multimedia tools and animation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia tools and animation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia tools and animation and so
+and it's been like 2 3 years since then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been like 2 3 years since then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been like 2 3 years since then
+but the whole idea of using multim media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole idea of using multim media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole idea of using multim media
+as well as video tools has still stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as video tools has still stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as video tools has still stuck
+around I I still regularly when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I I still regularly when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I I still regularly when I'm
+bought and I don't feel like doing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought and I don't feel like doing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought and I don't feel like doing my
+homework I'll go on YouTube and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework I'll go on YouTube and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework I'll go on YouTube and I'll
+watch all this random videos CU at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch all this random videos CU at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch all this random videos CU at least
+I learned something not relevant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned something not relevant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned something not relevant but
+something so yeah so this has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so yeah so this has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so yeah so this has always
+been like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like a
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+yeah does anyone have any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does anyone have any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does anyone have any particular
+goals out of this month or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals out of this month or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals out of this month or something
+that you want to get out of taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class that's okay we'll give you goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's okay we'll give you goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's okay we'll give you goals
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worry all right well I won't torture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry all right well I won't torture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry all right well I won't torture you
+I'll just I'll just mention that I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just I'll just mention that I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just I'll just mention that I I'm
+excited about the class I run an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the class I run an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the class I run an
+animation studio as I said um and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation studio as I said um and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation studio as I said um and we do
+this work every day and we're engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work every day and we're engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work every day and we're engaged in
+um helping biotechs and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helping biotechs and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helping biotechs and technology
+companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and
+Educators um explain very complex things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators um explain very complex things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators um explain very complex things
+um and sometimes not so complex things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sometimes not so complex things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sometimes not so complex things
+to very young kids um but I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very young kids um but I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very young kids um but I certainly
+don't have the market cornered on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the market cornered on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the market cornered on how to
+do this um and as as you said this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this um and as as you said this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this um and as as you said this isn't
+really an academic field and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an academic field and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an academic field and there are
+no there's no Grand unified theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no Grand unified theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no Grand unified theory of
+how to how to do this most effectively I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to do this most effectively I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to do this most effectively I
+think a lot of things are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of things are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of things are out there
+right now but um I'm just excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but um I'm just excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but um I'm just excited
+to be engaged in a conversation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be engaged in a conversation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be engaged in a conversation about
+about techniques and strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about techniques and strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about techniques and strategies for
+doing this because they'll help me in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this because they'll help me in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this because they'll help me in my
+own work and they'll help me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work and they'll help me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work and they'll help me um
+understand the perspective that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the perspective that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the perspective that you guys
+have as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as well so
+thanks great um so as I said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks great um so as I said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks great um so as I said in the
+beginning I run the K12 videos program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I run the K12 videos program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I run the K12 videos program
+which is um a fairly new initiative out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um a fairly new initiative out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um a fairly new initiative out
+of the office of digital learning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the office of digital learning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the office of digital learning here
+so it's the same group that oversees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same group that oversees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same group that oversees
+mitx and open courseware and uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx and open courseware and uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx and open courseware and uh I I
+produce a series called science out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a series called science out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a series called science out loud
+which is essentially trying to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially trying to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially trying to mix
+education and entertainment um having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and entertainment um having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and entertainment um having
+students like you guys be the the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like you guys be the the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like you guys be the the face
+of Science and the face of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Science and the face of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Science and the face of engineering
+and to get people not only educated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get people not only educated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get people not only educated and
+informed but also inspired as well um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed but also inspired as well um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed but also inspired as well um so
+I've had an interest in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had an interest in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had an interest in in the
+intersection of all that stuff I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all that stuff I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all that stuff I guess
+since I took Chris's class when I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I took Chris's class when I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I took Chris's class when I was an
+underg I took his DV lab class um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underg I took his DV lab class um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underg I took his DV lab class um but I
+think it's a a very fascinating area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a a very fascinating area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a a very fascinating area and
+like Josh that it's this Market that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Josh that it's this Market that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Josh that it's this Market that um
+I don't think anyone really has cornered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anyone really has cornered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anyone really has cornered
+or or really you know no one really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or really you know no one really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or really you know no one really has
+a good grasp on what the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good grasp on what the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good grasp on what the best way to
+practice in it is um so I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in it is um so I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in it is um so I think it's a
+really interesting problem especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting problem especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting problem especially
+for people at MIT to think about as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people at MIT to think about as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people at MIT to think about as well
+um so as some of you guys said videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as some of you guys said videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as some of you guys said videos
+have exploded in the last decade or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exploded in the last decade or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exploded in the last decade or so
+um these are all science YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are all science YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are all science YouTube
+channels that have over a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels that have over a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels that have over a million
+subscribers each um and it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribers each um and it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribers each um and it's not just
+video exploding in a certain area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video exploding in a certain area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video exploding in a certain area you
+have YouTube entertainment SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have YouTube entertainment SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have YouTube entertainment SL
+educational shows and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational shows and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational shows and then you have
+things that are um very lucrative uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are um very lucrative uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are um very lucrative uh in
+our pop culture Cosmos was raking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pop culture Cosmos was raking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pop culture Cosmos was raking in
+like 5 million viewers a week which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 5 million viewers a week which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 5 million viewers a week which
+isn't um a whole lot compared to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't um a whole lot compared to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't um a whole lot compared to some of
+the other Prime Time network shows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Prime Time network shows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Prime Time network shows but
+thinking about the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the fact that a
+science-based show aired on the Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science-based show aired on the Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science-based show aired on the Fox
+network you know during a prime time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you know during a prime time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you know during a prime time
+slot and was raking in those views is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot and was raking in those views is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot and was raking in those views is
+pretty amazing um and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing um and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing um and then you have
+movies like Interstellar which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies like Interstellar which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies like Interstellar which are
+addressing a lot of you know real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing a lot of you know real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing a lot of you know real
+science topics um and is also making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science topics um and is also making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science topics um and is also making
+like $50 million during opening weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $50 million during opening weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $50 million during opening weekend
+um and then you have things like edex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you have things like edex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you have things like edex
+and open courser and all these open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open courser and all these open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open courser and all these open
+education resources that are video based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education resources that are video based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education resources that are video based
+but um and are also reaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and are also reaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and are also reaching this
+incredible audience and um have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible audience and um have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible audience and um have a huge
+group of people investing in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people investing in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people investing in it and
+these are all very very different styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all very very different styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all very very different styles
+of video but they're all unified by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of video but they're all unified by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of video but they're all unified by the
+seam that they're using video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam that they're using video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam that they're using video and
+they're accumulating a huge database of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're accumulating a huge database of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're accumulating a huge database of
+users um so something must be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users um so something must be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users um so something must be happening
+with video that's making it compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with video that's making it compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with video that's making it compelling
+for people to use to learn and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to use to learn and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to use to learn and to
+entertain so what can video do what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain so what can video do what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain so what can video do what is
+it about video that makes it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about video that makes it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about video that makes it so
+compelling to use as a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to use as a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to use as a tool
+educationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educationally
+um you have stuff like open course word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have stuff like open course word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have stuff like open course word
+that's really great because people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really great because people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really great because people can
+pause the video whenever they want they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video whenever they want they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video whenever they want they
+can rewind and and re-watch an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewind and and re-watch an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewind and and re-watch an
+explanation and it's also super scalable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and it's also super scalable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and it's also super scalable
+so it means that you don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it means that you don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it means that you don't have to be
+physically in Cambridge to hear Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in Cambridge to hear Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in Cambridge to hear Eric
+Lander talk about genetics in the 7012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lander talk about genetics in the 7012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lander talk about genetics in the 7012
+class you can be anywhere in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can be anywhere in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can be anywhere in the world
+you can be in Singapore um you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be in Singapore um you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be in Singapore um you don't
+have to be restricted to the confines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be restricted to the confines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be restricted to the confines of
+room 26100 right it's a very scalable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room 26100 right it's a very scalable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room 26100 right it's a very scalable um
+tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+and then in terms of movies I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in terms of movies I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in terms of movies I mean the
+thing about movies is right we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about movies is right we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about movies is right we have this
+culture where people say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture where people say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture where people say that the
+attention span for video is like less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention span for video is like less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention span for video is like less
+than 3 minutes yet you and I or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 3 minutes yet you and I or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 3 minutes yet you and I or at least
+I spend $10 to sit for two three hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend $10 to sit for two three hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend $10 to sit for two three hours
+in a dark room and it's because movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dark room and it's because movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dark room and it's because movies
+are these completely immersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these completely immersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these completely immersive
+experiences that give us a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that give us a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that give us a chance to
+sort of Escape into this other world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Escape into this other world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Escape into this other world and
+you don't see people paying $10 to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see people paying $10 to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see people paying $10 to sit
+in a room to listen to a radio podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room to listen to a radio podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room to listen to a radio podcast
+right there's something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's something about the
+integration of the visual with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of the visual with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of the visual with the
+storytelling and the acting that totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling and the acting that totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling and the acting that totally
+immerses you in this experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerses you in this experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerses you in this experience and
+that's a very very powerful um element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very powerful um element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very powerful um element
+that video can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video can
+do I also think it's a window into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I also think it's a window into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I also think it's a window into a
+world that you don't necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you don't necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you don't necessarily have
+access to right so whether it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to right so whether it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to right so whether it's you know
+the the world of 26100 where Eric Lander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the world of 26100 where Eric Lander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the world of 26100 where Eric Lander
+is teaching or if it's the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is teaching or if it's the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is teaching or if it's the world of
+um Middle Earth I just went and saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Middle Earth I just went and saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Middle Earth I just went and saw
+havit three right you get this uh chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+havit three right you get this uh chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+havit three right you get this uh chance
+to look into this world that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into this world that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into this world that you don't
+have access to and that's what video can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to and that's what video can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to and that's what video can
+do and then finally um especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then finally um especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then finally um especially in
+non-fiction video there's this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fiction video there's this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fiction video there's this idea of
+the trusted guide which is a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trusted guide which is a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trusted guide which is a term that
+PBS kids use to um think about new shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PBS kids use to um think about new shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PBS kids use to um think about new shows
+that they pitch they think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they pitch they think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they pitch they think about the
+person who's going to be the host that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's going to be the host that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's going to be the host that
+it's more than just the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just the person who's
+going to stand and transfer information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stand and transfer information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stand and transfer information
+to you it's someone who's relatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's someone who's relatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's someone who's relatable
+somebody who's a role model someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's a role model someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's a role model someone who
+you really trust um that you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really trust um that you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really trust um that you end up
+really growing up with people like Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really growing up with people like Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really growing up with people like Bill
+Nye I don't know if you guys have shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nye I don't know if you guys have shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nye I don't know if you guys have shows
+or show hosts that you remember growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or show hosts that you remember growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or show hosts that you remember growing
+up as kids mine was Jeff Corin I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as kids mine was Jeff Corin I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as kids mine was Jeff Corin I'm like
+obsessed with Jeff Corin um does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed with Jeff Corin um does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed with Jeff Corin um does anyone
+have a figure that they really loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a figure that they really loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a figure that they really loved
+watching growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up did anyone watch the old Cosmos with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up did anyone watch the old Cosmos with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up did anyone watch the old Cosmos with
+Carl Sean yeah I feel like that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl Sean yeah I feel like that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl Sean yeah I feel like that's a big
+one for people here um so the trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for people here um so the trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for people here um so the trusted
+guide is a really powerful thing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide is a really powerful thing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide is a really powerful thing that um
+video can leverage and I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video can leverage and I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video can leverage and I think that's a
+really big reason why we're here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big reason why we're here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big reason why we're here at
+least the reason why I'm here is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the reason why I'm here is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the reason why I'm here is because
+um you look at the landscape of trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you look at the landscape of trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you look at the landscape of trusted
+guides right now on especially science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides right now on especially science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides right now on especially science
+and Technical TV and and not just TV but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technical TV and and not just TV but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technical TV and and not just TV but
+you know Han green hosts I show on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Han green hosts I show on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Han green hosts I show on
+YouTube um and the landscape of trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube um and the landscape of trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube um and the landscape of trusted
+guides looks very homogeneous and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides looks very homogeneous and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides looks very homogeneous and I'm
+not saying that it's a bad thing to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that it's a bad thing to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that it's a bad thing to be a
+guy at all but I do think that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy at all but I do think that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy at all but I do think that we have
+this opportunity with video to Showcase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity with video to Showcase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity with video to Showcase
+who the the scientists and Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the the scientists and Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the the scientists and Engineers
+really are um and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are um and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are um and these
+are this landscape is building a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this landscape is building a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this landscape is building a group
+of um Advocates who are going to be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um Advocates who are going to be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um Advocates who are going to be sort
+of being the ambassadors to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being the ambassadors to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being the ambassadors to the public
+about what you're learning about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're learning about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're learning about and
+what you're studying and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're studying and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're studying and we have this
+opportunity to create a landscape that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to create a landscape that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to create a landscape that's
+just as diverse as the group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as diverse as the group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as diverse as the group of people
+it's trying to represent um and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to represent um and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to represent um and it's an
+opportunity that I think hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that I think hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that I think hasn't
+necessarily been capitalized upon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily been capitalized upon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily been capitalized upon um
+maybe it's because there are political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's because there are political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's because there are political
+things and it it's hard to invest in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it it's hard to invest in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it it's hard to invest in a
+figure that's you know looks different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that's you know looks different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that's you know looks different
+than the the science host that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the the science host that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the the science host that we're
+used to seeing um but we have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing um but we have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing um but we have a chance
+here at MIT where the people are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT where the people are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT where the people are so
+diverse not just in ethnicity and gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse not just in ethnicity and gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse not just in ethnicity and gender
+but in background and personalities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in background and personalities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in background and personalities and
+interests um we have this huge landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests um we have this huge landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests um we have this huge landscape
+here that we can tap into and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we can tap into and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we can tap into and start
+contributing to a picture that looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to a picture that looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to a picture that looks a
+little bit more like what science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like what science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like what science and
+engineering really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering really is
+is um and the other thing is literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and the other thing is literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and the other thing is literacy
+and digital media which is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digital media which is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digital media which is the whole
+idea of understanding your video product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of understanding your video product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of understanding your video product
+as something more than the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something more than the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something more than the thing that
+you just hit play and watch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just hit play and watch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just hit play and watch or
+understanding making video as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding making video as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding making video as something
+more than just hitting certain buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just hitting certain buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just hitting certain buttons
+to record the present moment um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record the present moment um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record the present moment um is
+something that is going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is going to become
+increasingly relevant I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly relevant I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly relevant I don't know if
+you guys you're op in Labs or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys you're op in Labs or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys you're op in Labs or anything
+but a lot of labs right now have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of labs right now have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of labs right now have their
+own cameras U many of you will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own cameras U many of you will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own cameras U many of you will probably
+end up having to give like a TED talk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having to give like a TED talk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having to give like a TED talk or
+a some sort of talk to the public where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some sort of talk to the public where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some sort of talk to the public where
+it's going to be more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more than just
+conveying information like people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying information like people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying information like people were
+saying you want to learn more about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you want to learn more about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you want to learn more about how
+to engage an audience in a way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage an audience in a way that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage an audience in a way that is
+going to inspire and engage them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to inspire and engage them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to inspire and engage them right
+so at the end of the day this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end of the day this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end of the day this class is
+not about becoming the next bill NY that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about becoming the next bill NY that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about becoming the next bill NY that
+title is just totally clickbait to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is just totally clickbait to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is just totally clickbait to get
+people to sign up for the class um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sign up for the class um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sign up for the class um and
+it's not even really about making videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even really about making videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even really about making videos
+like I was saying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was saying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was saying um
+the eventual deliverable of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eventual deliverable of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eventual deliverable of this class
+the thing that we're going to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that we're going to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that we're going to be working
+towards every single day of this month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards every single day of this month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards every single day of this month
+is to eventually create around a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to eventually create around a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to eventually create around a three
+minute episode that you host that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute episode that you host that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute episode that you host that you're
+on camera for um where you talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera for um where you talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera for um where you talk about a
+science or technology or engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or technology or engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or technology or engineering
+math subject um or topic that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math subject um or topic that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math subject um or topic that you're
+interested in so that's the deliverable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so that's the deliverable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so that's the deliverable
+it's a video but it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a video but it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a video but it's not necessarily
+about what are the technical steps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the technical steps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the technical steps I
+need to get there those are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get there those are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get there those are important
+but eventually it's about taking those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually it's about taking those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually it's about taking those
+skills of being a producer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills of being a producer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills of being a producer and
+transferring them into your everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring them into your everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring them into your everyday
+life so maybe some of you won't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so maybe some of you won't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so maybe some of you won't make a
+video after this month is over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video after this month is over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video after this month is over and
+that's okay but hopefully the skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but hopefully the skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but hopefully the skills
+that you've picked up along the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've picked up along the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've picked up along the way to
+become to becoming an effective video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become to becoming an effective video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become to becoming an effective video
+producer will help you become a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer will help you become a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer will help you become a great
+advocate for Science and Engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for Science and Engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for Science and Engineering
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+on um so every video that you guys will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um so every video that you guys will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um so every video that you guys will
+make and every assignment that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and every assignment that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and every assignment that you make
+and every video that's online right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every video that's online right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every video that's online right now
+has different objectives some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different objectives some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different objectives some of you may
+want to do a video on physics some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a video on physics some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a video on physics some of
+you may want to talk about math um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to talk about math um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to talk about math um but
+the thing that should be the overarching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that should be the overarching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that should be the overarching
+objective of everything you make during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of everything you make during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of everything you make during
+this month should be to address these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month should be to address these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month should be to address these
+three problems in that Amorphis stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three problems in that Amorphis stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three problems in that Amorphis stem
+blob that I was talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob that I was talking about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob that I was talking about earlier
+that you want to open the door to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to open the door to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to open the door to
+science and engineering and really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering and really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering and really a
+love of learning to everyone um so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of learning to everyone um so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of learning to everyone um so a lot
+of that will translate to making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that will translate to making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that will translate to making sure
+that your script isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your script isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your script isn't
+um condescending to your audience making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um condescending to your audience making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um condescending to your audience making
+sure that you're really meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're really meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're really meeting and
+knowing your audience where they are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing your audience where they are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing your audience where they are um
+encouraging this lifelong learning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging this lifelong learning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging this lifelong learning we
+want curiosity to drive a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want curiosity to drive a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want curiosity to drive a lot of what
+your objective should be you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your objective should be you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your objective should be you want your
+audience to become curious um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to become curious um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to become curious um and then
+of course we want your science to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we want your science to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we want your science to be
+legit so you're educating the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legit so you're educating the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legit so you're educating the public
+you're spreading stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spreading stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spreading stem
+literacy um so what makes a good video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy um so what makes a good video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy um so what makes a good video
+now this is a quote from from one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a quote from from one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a quote from from one of the
+optional readings that's listed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings that's listed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings that's listed on the
+syllabus it's actually really great we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus it's actually really great we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus it's actually really great we
+just don't have CL or time in class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have CL or time in class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have CL or time in class to
+cover it um but I love this quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it um but I love this quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it um but I love this quote
+learning how to make really effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to make really effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to make really effective
+videos like learning to speak a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos like learning to speak a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos like learning to speak a second
+language you have to learn not just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you have to learn not just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you have to learn not just what
+to say but how what you say will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but how what you say will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but how what you say will be
+received by others we understand video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received by others we understand video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received by others we understand video
+better than any humans that have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any humans that have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any humans that have ever
+lived most of us just don't speak it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived most of us just don't speak it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived most of us just don't speak it
+well so we consume video all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we consume video all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we consume video all the time
+like you were saying you watch YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you were saying you watch YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you were saying you watch YouTube
+videos but that doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos but that doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos but that doesn't necessarily
+transfer into US knowing how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer into US knowing how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer into US knowing how to make
+videos right it's the argument of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos right it's the argument of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos right it's the argument of like
+oh teaching can't be that hard because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh teaching can't be that hard because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh teaching can't be that hard because
+I've been a student this whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been a student this whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been a student this whole time
+right um it's very hard to extrapolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it's very hard to extrapolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it's very hard to extrapolate
+what it is about the practice of video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is about the practice of video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is about the practice of video
+that makes it good um when all you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it good um when all you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it good um when all you used
+to doing is being a consumer so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing is being a consumer so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing is being a consumer so what
+makes a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a great
+video um so let's just take this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um so let's just take this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um so let's just take this piece
+by piece and look at Best Practices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by piece and look at Best Practices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by piece and look at Best Practices in
+established video Realms so educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established video Realms so educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established video Realms so educational
+videos um there was this task force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos um there was this task force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos um there was this task force that
+mitx had a couple years ago on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx had a couple years ago on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx had a couple years ago on what
+makes an effective educational video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an effective educational video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an effective educational video and
+the four traits that they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four traits that they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four traits that they came up with
+were um one that they were short that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um one that they were short that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um one that they were short that
+they were digestible modules usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were digestible modules usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were digestible modules usually
+under 10 minutes um another is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 10 minutes um another is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 10 minutes um another is that the
+learner could interact with the speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner could interact with the speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner could interact with the speaker
+of the video um so maybe the speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the video um so maybe the speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the video um so maybe the speaker
+would mention a topic and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mention a topic and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mention a topic and it would be
+something that the viewer could end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the viewer could end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the viewer could end up
+looking up on their own and interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up on their own and interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up on their own and interacting
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the other thing was that the host had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing was that the host had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing was that the host had
+them engaged so it wasn't just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them engaged so it wasn't just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them engaged so it wasn't just this
+passive uh recording of them rambling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive uh recording of them rambling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive uh recording of them rambling on
+for an hour the the host would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour the the host would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour the the host would actually
+tell the viewer okay now try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the viewer okay now try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the viewer okay now try this
+problem at home for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at home for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at home for
+instance and then the host would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and then the host would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and then the host would
+acknowledge the viewers so it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the viewers so it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the viewers so it wasn't
+just here's this math problem sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here's this math problem sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here's this math problem sort of
+sent out to this you know vague audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out to this you know vague audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out to this you know vague audience
+it was you try this at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and this is also what a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is also what a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is also what a lot of uh
+what I call explainer videos do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call explainer videos do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call explainer videos do on
+YouTube um I don't know you guys must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube um I don't know you guys must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube um I don't know you guys must be
+familiar with KH Academy um but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with KH Academy um but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with KH Academy um but there
+are also things like MIT blossoms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also things like MIT blossoms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also things like MIT blossoms which
+is um a set of videos that's developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a set of videos that's developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a set of videos that's developed
+by a group here there's Boseman science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a group here there's Boseman science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a group here there's Boseman science
+who's this High School teacher out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's this High School teacher out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's this High School teacher out in
+Montana and he does tutorial videos on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montana and he does tutorial videos on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montana and he does tutorial videos on
+all the AP science subjects Tyler dwit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the AP science subjects Tyler dwit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the AP science subjects Tyler dwit a
+former grad student here he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former grad student here he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former grad student here he does
+chemistry tutorial videos and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry tutorial videos and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry tutorial videos and they're
+all very very successful because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very very successful because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very very successful because they
+take um an audience that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um an audience that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um an audience that's already
+motivated in learning something and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated in learning something and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated in learning something and they
+they're sort of onetop shops so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of onetop shops so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of onetop shops so how do I
+calculate the molar mass of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the molar mass of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the molar mass of this
+compound you know you can just go to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound you know you can just go to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound you know you can just go to one
+of Tyler's videos and learn how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tyler's videos and learn how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tyler's videos and learn how to do it
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+very um misleading sometimes though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um misleading sometimes though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um misleading sometimes though
+because people see it and they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people see it and they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people see it and they often
+mistake it for it being a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it for it being a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it for it being a direct
+recording of an instruction and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording of an instruction and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording of an instruction and so they
+say oh you know these explainer videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh you know these explainer videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh you know these explainer videos
+are much easier to do than big budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much easier to do than big budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much easier to do than big budget
+Productions and that's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions and that's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions and that's not necessarily
+true they still spend weeks and weeks U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true they still spend weeks and weeks U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true they still spend weeks and weeks U
+writing a script and developing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a script and developing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a script and developing exactly
+what they're going to say and they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to say and they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to say and they're so
+effective because it's a very talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective because it's a very talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective because it's a very talented
+host a very talented teacher who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host a very talented teacher who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host a very talented teacher who is
+engaging Their audience in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging Their audience in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging Their audience in a way that
+helps them achieve Mastery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them achieve Mastery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them achieve Mastery of the
+subject so it gives them learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so it gives them learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so it gives them learning
+confidence people love salcon because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence people love salcon because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence people love salcon because
+they really feel connected to him Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really feel connected to him Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really feel connected to him Beyond
+sort of this robotic voice that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this robotic voice that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this robotic voice that's
+telling them how to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them how to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them how to calculate the
+derivative of something and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of something and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of something and that's a
+very intentional thing I think that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does now for entertainment even within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does now for entertainment even within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does now for entertainment even within
+the world of YouTube or within the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of YouTube or within the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of YouTube or within the world
+of entertaining videos there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertaining videos there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertaining videos there are
+subcategories that have their own best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcategories that have their own best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcategories that have their own best
+practices um but in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices um but in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices um but in general for
+entertainment the thing that is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment the thing that is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment the thing that is most
+important at least I think is building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at least I think is building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at least I think is building
+an emotional connection with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotional connection with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotional connection with your
+audience and that's something that um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and that's something that um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and that's something that um is
+repeated by some of the folks that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated by some of the folks that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated by some of the folks that I'll
+be quoting in a little bit um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quoting in a little bit um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quoting in a little bit um and in
+terms of viral video the way to Best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of viral video the way to Best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of viral video the way to Best
+establish that emotional connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that emotional connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that emotional connection is
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+authenticity so um by authenticity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity so um by authenticity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity so um by authenticity I
+mean when you see a video that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you see a video that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you see a video that goes
+viral on YouTube it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral on YouTube it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral on YouTube it's not necessarily
+something that has a super corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a super corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a super corporate
+Sheen it's not really polished a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheen it's not really polished a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheen it's not really polished a lot of
+times it just looks like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it just looks like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it just looks like a very
+janky video that someone took with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janky video that someone took with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janky video that someone took with their
+iPhone and that in some ways helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone and that in some ways helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone and that in some ways helps
+people feel really connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel really connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel really connected to the
+material that they're watching um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that they're watching um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that they're watching um and
+you have to be careful with it but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful with it but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful with it but I did
+want to show a couple clips of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show a couple clips of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show a couple clips of two
+science videos that have each Rak I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos that have each Rak I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos that have each Rak I
+think the first one has over 6 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the first one has over 6 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the first one has over 6 million
+and the second one has almost 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one has almost 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one has almost 10 million
+views and we'll just watch part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each all right here's what we need empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each all right here's what we need empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each all right here's what we need empty
+soda cans and put a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda cans and put a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda cans and put a little bit of
+water just a little bit so it will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water just a little bit so it will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water just a little bit so it will will
+boil down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down you
+know so and then turn on this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so and then turn on this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so and then turn on this stuff
+while this get while this gets ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this get while this gets ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this get while this gets ready
+we're going to make a nice Bowl so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a nice Bowl so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a nice Bowl so right
+here we got our ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got our ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got our ice
+water already and you see how it's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water already and you see how it's water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water already and you see how it's water
+is boiling and steam coming out I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is boiling and steam coming out I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is boiling and steam coming out I don't
+know if you can see it but the steam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see it but the steam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see it but the steam is
+coming out right now so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out right now so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out right now so we're going to
+get it and drop it use the tones don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and drop it use the tones don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and drop it use the tones don't
+use hands get it and drop it upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hands get it and drop it upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hands get it and drop it upside down
+oh that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that kind of
+fail let's start let's start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+see that called this implosion I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that called this implosion I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that called this implosion I want
+you to tell me why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to tell me why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to tell me why is that
+happens why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens why does
+it why does it implode like that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why does it implode like that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why does it implode like that so we
+got this pen like regular pen and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this pen like regular pen and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this pen like regular pen and just
+we're going to turn this on but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to turn this on but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to turn this on but remember
+safety is first kids you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is first kids you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is first kids you're going to
+need adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need adult
+prision so and then we're going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prision so and then we're going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prision so and then we're going to leave
+it for a minute we're going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a minute we're going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a minute we're going to put a
+little bit of water you see how water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of water you see how water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of water you see how water is
+boiling out because it's too hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know so all the water is gone boiled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so all the water is gone boiled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so all the water is gone boiled out
+and let's leave it for another 2 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's leave it for another 2 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's leave it for another 2 minutes
+so it's been about 2 minutes you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been about 2 minutes you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been about 2 minutes you see how
+H it is and let's put just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it is and let's put just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it is and let's put just a little bit
+of water just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drops you see how all this drops just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops you see how all this drops just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops you see how all this drops just
+like like spinning around and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like spinning around and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like spinning around and not
+boiling out I want you to comment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling out I want you to comment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling out I want you to comment and
+tell me why I drop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me why I drop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me why I drop some
+more okay so the thing is like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay so the thing is like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay so the thing is like 10
+minutes long so going to show it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes long so going to show it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes long so going to show it but
+this video which I personally cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video which I personally cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video which I personally cannot
+stand watching um this thing has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand watching um this thing has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand watching um this thing has gotten
+over 5 million views on YouTube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 million views on YouTube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 million views on YouTube and
+crazy Russian hacker who's the user who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker who's the user who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker who's the user who
+created it he has millions and millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created it he has millions and millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created it he has millions and millions
+of subscribers I have a a cooworker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subscribers I have a a cooworker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subscribers I have a a cooworker
+whose son is 12 years old and he loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose son is 12 years old and he loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose son is 12 years old and he loves
+crazy Russian hacker um and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker um and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker um and I don't know
+how you guys feel about the video um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you guys feel about the video um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you guys feel about the video um
+were there any certain elements that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there any certain elements that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there any certain elements that you
+noticed about it that either you liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed about it that either you liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed about it that either you liked
+or you understood why people would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you understood why people would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you understood why people would like
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much yes he ask the audience um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yes he ask the audience um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yes he ask the audience um to
+explain what was going on do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what was going on do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what was going on do that
+encourage feedback and even more posts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage feedback and even more posts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage feedback and even more posts
+uh by commenting on the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by commenting on the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by commenting on the video
+yeah so there's that element of not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's that element of not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's that element of not only
+acknowledging your audience but engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging your audience but engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging your audience but engaging
+it um and that's something that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and that's something that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and that's something that a lot of
+YouTube videos do uh maybe it's to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos do uh maybe it's to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos do uh maybe it's to get
+more comments but it certainly works a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comments but it certainly works a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comments but it certainly works a
+lot of the time yes that video seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the time yes that video seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the time yes that video seemed
+like it was kind of it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was kind of it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was kind of it wasn't
+necessarily scripted so it kind of shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily scripted so it kind of shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily scripted so it kind of shows
+that he really knows what he's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he really knows what he's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he really knows what he's talking
+about he's not like kind of robotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about he's not like kind of robotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about he's not like kind of robotically
+following his script he's you know shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following his script he's you know shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following his script he's you know shows
+he knows a little bit about what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows a little bit about what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows a little bit about what he's
+doing and he's quite a character I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and he's quite a character I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and he's quite a character I mean
+crazy Russian hacker has a huge brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker has a huge brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker has a huge brand
+right like as soon as he starts talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like as soon as he starts talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like as soon as he starts talking
+you know that it's a crazy Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's a crazy Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's a crazy Russian
+hacker video and he's kind of outrageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacker video and he's kind of outrageous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacker video and he's kind of outrageous
+um which is why it's hard to repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is why it's hard to repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is why it's hard to repeat that
+it's it would be hard if I replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it would be hard if I replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it would be hard if I replicated
+that exact same video it would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact same video it would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact same video it would probably
+not go viral um so his whole Persona and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go viral um so his whole Persona and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go viral um so his whole Persona and
+the way that he has a sort of unpolished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that he has a sort of unpolished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that he has a sort of unpolished
+look about his videos is actually maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look about his videos is actually maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look about his videos is actually maybe
+one of the reasons why it's compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why it's compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why it's compelling
+were you going to say something um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you going to say something um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you going to say something um yeah
+I think it's also relatable he dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's also relatable he dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's also relatable he dropped
+the can the first time so that tells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can the first time so that tells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can the first time so that tells the
+viewers can also make mistakes mhm a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers can also make mistakes mhm a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers can also make mistakes mhm a lot
+of online videos have this single take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of online videos have this single take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of online videos have this single take
+format so um instead of having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so um instead of having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so um instead of having two
+cameras like these guys set up where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras like these guys set up where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras like these guys set up where you
+know you're switching back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're switching back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're switching back and forth
+between angles he kind of just held his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between angles he kind of just held his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between angles he kind of just held his
+iPhone where he was right or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone where he was right or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone where he was right or whatever
+camera and followed along so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and followed along so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and followed along so you
+actually feel like you're right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feel like you're right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feel like you're right there
+with him you feel like you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him you feel like you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him you feel like you're in the
+kitchen with him um there no Cuts back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen with him um there no Cuts back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen with him um there no Cuts back
+and forth to him talking it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth to him talking it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth to him talking it's just one
+long continuous take with just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long continuous take with just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long continuous take with just a couple
+you know mess ups taken out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mess ups taken out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mess ups taken out in
+between and I can maybe like even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and I can maybe like even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and I can maybe like even though
+he ask comments I'm very sure his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ask comments I'm very sure his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ask comments I'm very sure his
+comments are not all legitimate comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments are not all legitimate comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments are not all legitimate comments
+I'm very sure there'll be probably one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very sure there'll be probably one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very sure there'll be probably one
+or two people who purposely are trolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two people who purposely are trolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two people who purposely are trolls
+and probably say oh this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably say oh this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably say oh this is this is
+black magic or and then someone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black magic or and then someone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black magic or and then someone will
+come in and that variety probably gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and that variety probably gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and that variety probably gives
+him that extra few million views yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him that extra few million views yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him that extra few million views yeah
+yeah um Logan SMY who's the head of Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um Logan SMY who's the head of Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um Logan SMY who's the head of Ted
+Ed have you guys ever you guys have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed have you guys ever you guys have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed have you guys ever you guys have seen
+TED Talks right have you ever seen Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TED Talks right have you ever seen Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TED Talks right have you ever seen Ted
+Ed videos they do a spin-off um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed videos they do a spin-off um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed videos they do a spin-off um where
+they have animators and writers partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have animators and writers partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have animators and writers partner
+up he's the one who directs Ted Ed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up he's the one who directs Ted Ed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up he's the one who directs Ted Ed and
+he had this talk where he was saying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had this talk where he was saying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had this talk where he was saying how
+a video online has a beginning middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video online has a beginning middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video online has a beginning middle
+and end but the beginning middle and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end but the beginning middle and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end but the beginning middle and end
+isn't what's in the video itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what's in the video itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what's in the video itself the
+beginning is the tweet that announces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is the tweet that announces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is the tweet that announces
+the video the middle is the video itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video the middle is the video itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video the middle is the video itself
+and the end is all of the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end is all of the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end is all of the conversation
+that takes place afterwards in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes place afterwards in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes place afterwards in the
+comments online and social media and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments online and social media and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments online and social media and so
+with things like crazy Russian hacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like crazy Russian hacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like crazy Russian hacker
+the end the convers ation is almost just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the convers ation is almost just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the convers ation is almost just
+as important or just as much a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important or just as much a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important or just as much a part of
+the experience as the 10-minute video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience as the 10-minute video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience as the 10-minute video
+itself I wanted to show you one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I wanted to show you one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I wanted to show you one other
+video this is from smarter everyday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this is from smarter everyday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this is from smarter everyday um
+and this has also over 5 million views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has also over 5 million views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has also over 5 million views
+hey it's me D and welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey it's me D and welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey it's me D and welcome back to
+smarter everyday so you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter everyday so you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter everyday so you've probably
+observed that cats almost always land on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that cats almost always land on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that cats almost always land on
+their feet today's question is why like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their feet today's question is why like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their feet today's question is why like
+most simple questions there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most simple questions there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most simple questions there's a very
+complex answer for instance let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex answer for instance let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex answer for instance let me
+reward this question how does a cat go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward this question how does a cat go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward this question how does a cat go
+from feet up to feet down in a falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from feet up to feet down in a falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from feet up to feet down in a falling
+reference frame without violating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame without violating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame without violating the
+conservation of angular momentum now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of angular momentum now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of angular momentum now
+I've studied Free Falling bodies my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've studied Free Falling bodies my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've studied Free Falling bodies my own
+in fact in several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in several different
+environments and once I get my angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and once I get my angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and once I get my angular
+rotation started in One Direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation started in One Direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation started in One Direction I
+can't stop it today we're going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't stop it today we're going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't stop it today we're going to use a
+high-speed camera we're not going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-speed camera we're not going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-speed camera we're not going to use
+Aly because this is my daughter's cat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aly because this is my daughter's cat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aly because this is my daughter's cat I
+don't want to hurt it we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hurt it we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hurt it we're going to use
+a stunt cat let me introduce you to XII
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stunt cat let me introduce you to XII
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stunt cat let me introduce you to XII
+the stunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+cat I'll just flip the uh the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat I'll just flip the uh the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat I'll just flip the uh the video
+vertical and then motion track the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and then motion track the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and then motion track the cat
+it's just going to take a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to take a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to take a lot more
+effort in post we're going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort in post we're going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort in post we're going to try to do
+it in a way that doesn't make anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that doesn't make anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that doesn't make anybody
+mad that's pretty hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad that's pretty hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad that's pretty hard to
+do you got to drop a cat ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gigi checking out the high speeded data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gigi checking out the high speeded data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gigi checking out the high speeded data
+there Gigi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the first thing a cat does when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first thing a cat does when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first thing a cat does when
+it's falling is try to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's falling is try to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's falling is try to figure out which
+way is up it does this either with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is up it does this either with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is up it does this either with the
+gyro in the ear or with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eyes 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes 3 2
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+1 ready to talk cat physics all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 ready to talk cat physics all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 ready to talk cat physics all right so
+check out this footage I captured with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out this footage I captured with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out this footage I captured with
+the Phantom Miro while Gigi goes to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Phantom Miro while Gigi goes to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Phantom Miro while Gigi goes to get
+a drink of water so here's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drink of water so here's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drink of water so here's what's
+interesting about this to me if you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this to me if you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this to me if you'll
+notice at the beginning of the drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice at the beginning of the drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice at the beginning of the drop the
+cat is not rotating halfway through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat is not rotating halfway through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat is not rotating halfway through the
+drop the cat is rotating and then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the cat is rotating and then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the cat is rotating and then at the
+very end Gigi somehow stops rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end Gigi somehow stops rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end Gigi somehow stops rotating
+Newton's first law says that an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's first law says that an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's first law says that an object
+at rest will stay at rest unless acted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest will stay at rest unless acted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest will stay at rest unless acted
+on by an external Force I see no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by an external Force I see no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by an external Force I see no
+external forces on this cat so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on this cat so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on this cat so what's
+happening here it's not making sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here it's not making sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here it's not making sense to
+me okay so in order to really get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so in order to really get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so in order to really get the
+right data we're going to have to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right data we're going to have to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right data we're going to have to drop
+her 90 degrees out of phase ready girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her 90 degrees out of phase ready girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her 90 degrees out of phase ready girl
+this time watch your tail three two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time watch your tail three two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time watch your tail three two one
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you think you figured it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you think you figured it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you think you figured it out
+check this out you probably noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this out you probably noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this out you probably noticed that
+when the cat was falling her tail was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cat was falling her tail was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cat was falling her tail was
+rotating in the direction opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating in the direction opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating in the direction opposite of
+where her body was rotating what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where her body was rotating what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where her body was rotating what's
+interesting about that is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that is that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that is that that's
+not how it works in fact even bobtail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how it works in fact even bobtail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how it works in fact even bobtail
+cats can do this it's called the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats can do this it's called the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats can do this it's called the cat
+riding reflex I'll prove it to you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding reflex I'll prove it to you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding reflex I'll prove it to you I
+came across some video from the 60s when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across some video from the 60s when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across some video from the 60s when
+the Air Force was researching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Air Force was researching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Air Force was researching
+microgravity for future astronauts turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microgravity for future astronauts turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microgravity for future astronauts turns
+out they took some cats up on parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they took some cats up on parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they took some cats up on parabolic
+flights he tries to rotate his tail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights he tries to rotate his tail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights he tries to rotate his tail to
+flip over but it doesn't work he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip over but it doesn't work he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip over but it doesn't work he just
+ends up nutating wildly then he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up nutating wildly then he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up nutating wildly then he does
+something interesting he takes his back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting he takes his back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting he takes his back
+and he bends it and when he bends his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he bends it and when he bends his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he bends it and when he bends his
+back and then creates motion something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then creates motion something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then creates motion something
+interesting happens ah now we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting happens ah now we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting happens ah now we're getting
+somewhere so let me show you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so let me show you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so let me show you one more
+cat flip with the Miro and we'll figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat flip with the Miro and we'll figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat flip with the Miro and we'll figure
+this out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out here
+go okay the arched back ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay the arched back ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay the arched back ends up being
+pretty important uh what he does is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important uh what he does is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important uh what he does is he
+divides his body up into two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides his body up into two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides his body up into two separate
+rotational axes that are tilted from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational axes that are tilted from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational axes that are tilted from one
+another when he's released he pulls his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another when he's released he pulls his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another when he's released he pulls his
+front Pol in and does the ice skater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Pol in and does the ice skater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Pol in and does the ice skater
+trick he decreases his moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick he decreases his moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick he decreases his moment of inertia
+in the front so he can spin fast up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front so he can spin fast up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front so he can spin fast up
+there but in the back he pushes his legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but in the back he pushes his legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but in the back he pushes his legs
+away from him increasing his moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from him increasing his moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from him increasing his moment of
+Nera so a really large twist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nera so a really large twist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nera so a really large twist in the
+front equals a really small twist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front equals a really small twist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front equals a really small twist in the
+back in the opposite direction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the opposite direction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the opposite direction and the
+torqus equal out so as soon as he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus equal out so as soon as he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus equal out so as soon as he gets
+his front PS in under him all he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his front PS in under him all he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his front PS in under him all he has to
+do is extend those legs back out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is extend those legs back out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is extend those legs back out to
+increase that moment of inertia and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that moment of inertia and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that moment of inertia and stop
+the front twist and extend his back legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front twist and extend his back legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front twist and extend his back legs
+along that rear axis that allows him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that rear axis that allows him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that rear axis that allows him to
+twist those around really fast and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist those around really fast and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist those around really fast and then
+all he has to do is pull him back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he has to do is pull him back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he has to do is pull him back in
+under his body and then extend all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under his body and then extend all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under his body and then extend all four
+legs and brace for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and brace for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and brace for
+impact all right so very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact all right so very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact all right so very different from
+crazy Russian hacker but just as popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker but just as popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy Russian hacker but just as popular
+I personally really like smarter every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally really like smarter every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally really like smarter every
+day I think he's one of the best hosts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I think he's one of the best hosts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I think he's one of the best hosts
+period um You can disagree with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um You can disagree with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um You can disagree with me
+that's totally fine but the thing I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally fine but the thing I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally fine but the thing I like
+about him is even though he's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him is even though he's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him is even though he's maybe a
+little bit more scripted he doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more scripted he doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more scripted he doesn't say
+I'm a lot he doesn't really mess up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a lot he doesn't really mess up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a lot he doesn't really mess up as
+much I still feel like Destin is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I still feel like Destin is talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I still feel like Destin is talking
+to me that it's just this random guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that it's just this random guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that it's just this random guy in
+his backyard he happens to be a rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his backyard he happens to be a rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his backyard he happens to be a rocket
+scientist uh down at NASA or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist uh down at NASA or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist uh down at NASA or some
+similar engineering firm in Alabama so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar engineering firm in Alabama so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar engineering firm in Alabama so
+he obviously knows his stuff very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he obviously knows his stuff very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he obviously knows his stuff very well
+but um there's something about him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there's something about him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there's something about him
+that's still very relatable very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still very relatable very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still very relatable very natural
+he he seems like who he is on screen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he seems like who he is on screen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he seems like who he is on screen is
+who he is in real life did anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who he is in real life did anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who he is in real life did anyone have
+any particular aspects about that video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular aspects about that video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular aspects about that video
+that they liked or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disliked or anything that they notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think he thought about how there not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he thought about how there not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he thought about how there not
+discussing the TA was that affected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the TA was that affected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the TA was that affected the
+cats woman a lot the C but he mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats woman a lot the C but he mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats woman a lot the C but he mentioned
+that it wasn't that oh okay so then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't that oh okay so then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't that oh okay so then that
+made us more interested want to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us more interested want to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us more interested want to finish
+the rest of the video mhm he anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the video mhm he anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the video mhm he anticipated
+the misconceptions that the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the misconceptions that the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the misconceptions that the audience
+would have and that's actually a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have and that's actually a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have and that's actually a really
+big tool that you can use in your videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tool that you can use in your videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tool that you can use in your videos
+to hook people in and Sarah you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hook people in and Sarah you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hook people in and Sarah you took
+that um summer MIT course right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um summer MIT course right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um summer MIT course right where
+you were specifically addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were specifically addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were specifically addressing
+misconceptions in biology summer class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions in biology summer class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions in biology summer class
+at MIT and um I personally made a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and um I personally made a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and um I personally made a video
+but our whole objective of the class was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our whole objective of the class was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our whole objective of the class was
+to choose a topic in science that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a topic in science that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a topic in science that people
+often um have misconceptions about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um have misconceptions about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um have misconceptions about so
+some people uh did videos on you catch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people uh did videos on you catch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people uh did videos on you catch a
+cold if you're outside in the cold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold if you're outside in the cold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold if you're outside in the cold and
+then mine was um your deoxygenated blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mine was um your deoxygenated blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mine was um your deoxygenated blood
+in diagrams is always shown as blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagrams is always shown as blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagrams is always shown as blue and
+so people think our blood is blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people think our blood is blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people think our blood is blue
+sometimes but it's always different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but it's always different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but it's always different
+shades of red um yeah and so our entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shades of red um yeah and so our entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shades of red um yeah and so our entire
+goal was to figure out not only the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to figure out not only the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to figure out not only the real
+science behind the topic but how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science behind the topic but how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science behind the topic but how to
+explain it in a way that debunks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it in a way that debunks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it in a way that debunks the
+myths or the misconceptions that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths or the misconceptions that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths or the misconceptions that people
+have about them and I don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about them and I don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about them and I don't know what it
+is about misconceptions but it does seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about misconceptions but it does seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about misconceptions but it does seem
+to be something that not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that not necessarily
+predicates but um can help launch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates but um can help launch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates but um can help launch a
+video into being something more engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video into being something more engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video into being something more engaging
+and maybe is because it taps into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe is because it taps into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe is because it taps into the
+the audience itself and it it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience itself and it it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience itself and it it becomes
+more relatable because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relatable because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relatable because it's
+acknowledging hey this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging hey this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging hey this is what you
+actually think um and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think um and it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think um and it becomes
+surprising and maybe more memorable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and maybe more memorable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and maybe more memorable in
+that way um that you're more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um that you're more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um that you're more likely to
+remember that a cat doesn't use its tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a cat doesn't use its tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a cat doesn't use its tail
+to sort of out outbalance the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of out outbalance the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of out outbalance the the
+rotation that it feels when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that it feels when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that it feels when it's
+flipping but actually scrunches up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping but actually scrunches up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping but actually scrunches up I
+mean I'm going to remember that way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm going to remember that way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm going to remember that way more
+than I'm going to remember a single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I'm going to remember a single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I'm going to remember a single one
+of my 801 lectures on rotational physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my 801 lectures on rotational physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my 801 lectures on rotational physics
+um so that's just something to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's just something to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's just something to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um now something I do want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now something I do want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now something I do want to mention
+this is a conversation that Chris and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conversation that Chris and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conversation that Chris and I
+have a lot which is that people often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot which is that people often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot which is that people often uh
+confuse cause or correlation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse cause or correlation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse cause or correlation for
+causation right they think oh well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation right they think oh well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation right they think oh well all
+these videos did really well so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos did really well so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos did really well so I just
+need to make a crappy video and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a crappy video and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a crappy video and do
+really bad lighting and just be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad lighting and just be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad lighting and just be really
+terrible on camera and it'll go viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible on camera and it'll go viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible on camera and it'll go viral
+it'll be great it'll be relatable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be great it'll be relatable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be great it'll be relatable and
+authentic and that's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and that's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and that's not necessarily
+true right low production value is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right low production value is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right low production value is not
+not equal to and does not predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to and does not predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to and does not predict a
+viral video um if any of us tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral video um if any of us tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral video um if any of us tried to
+recreate crazy Russian hacker it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate crazy Russian hacker it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate crazy Russian hacker it would
+probably not go viral for this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not go viral for this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not go viral for this same
+reasons that I talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I talked about earlier
+which is that um there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that um there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that um there are a lot of
+elements that go in play um into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that go in play um into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that go in play um into
+creating something beyond what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating something beyond what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating something beyond what you see
+on screen when you're watching it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen when you're watching it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen when you're watching it um
+that it's okay to have good production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's okay to have good production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's okay to have good production
+um smarter RVD is actually pretty decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um smarter RVD is actually pretty decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um smarter RVD is actually pretty decent
+and when you see his newer videos his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you see his newer videos his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you see his newer videos his
+camera work gets pretty good and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera work gets pretty good and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera work gets pretty good and you can
+tell that he's gotten new equipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that he's gotten new equipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that he's gotten new equipment and
+things like that and it doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and it doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and it doesn't take
+away at all from the experience from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at all from the experience from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at all from the experience from the
+authenticity of the video that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of the video that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of the video that that
+authenticity starts at the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity starts at the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity starts at the core of the
+host at the way they're creating it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host at the way they're creating it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host at the way they're creating it the
+reasons why they're creating the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why they're creating the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why they're creating the video
+and it's not created by the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not created by the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not created by the conditions
+of the production itself necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the production itself necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the production itself necessarily
+it's just that the conditions don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the conditions don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the conditions don't
+hinder the authenticity right but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinder the authenticity right but please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinder the authenticity right but please
+don't mistake bad video production does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mistake bad video production does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mistake bad video production does
+not help you get to viral video it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not help you get to viral video it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not help you get to viral video it just
+doesn't stop you from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stop you from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stop you from getting
+there now for YouTube um and we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now for YouTube um and we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now for YouTube um and we sort of
+previewed this a little bit with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previewed this a little bit with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previewed this a little bit with the two
+videos that we watched there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that we watched there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that we watched there are a
+couple traits about YouTube videos that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple traits about YouTube videos that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple traits about YouTube videos that
+I think make them really great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think make them really great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think make them really great for
+Learning and for educating um and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning and for educating um and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning and for educating um and for
+successfully engaging an audience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully engaging an audience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully engaging an audience the
+first being just sort of the format in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first being just sort of the format in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first being just sort of the format in
+which they're written a lot of viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're written a lot of viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're written a lot of viral
+YouTube videos or or videos that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos or or videos that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos or or videos that are
+well known or a lot of the SC show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known or a lot of the SC show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known or a lot of the SC show
+videos for instance they follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos for instance they follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos for instance they follow this
+format of asking the why what and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of asking the why what and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of asking the why what and how
+questions so you'll notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you'll notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you'll notice that the
+smarter everyday video was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter everyday video was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter everyday video was not
+titled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled
+gravitational physics Newton's Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational physics Newton's Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational physics Newton's Second
+Law or rotational Dynamics right it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law or rotational Dynamics right it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law or rotational Dynamics right it was
+um why does a cat fall on its feet when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why does a cat fall on its feet when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why does a cat fall on its feet when
+it falls down right it's contextualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls down right it's contextualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls down right it's contextualizing
+the question it's making it relatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question it's making it relatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question it's making it relatable
+it's sort of tapping into the innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of tapping into the innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of tapping into the innate
+curiosity that people have even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity that people have even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity that people have even if they
+hate science people who watch that video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate science people who watch that video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate science people who watch that video
+are not physics Majors um and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not physics Majors um and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not physics Majors um and it makes
+them more sharable it makes them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more sharable it makes them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more sharable it makes them more
+more memorable and um I think it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more memorable and um I think it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more memorable and um I think it makes
+it a little bit more conducive to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more conducive to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more conducive to this
+idea of retrieval learning that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of retrieval learning that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of retrieval learning that people
+aren't going to just end the video right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to just end the video right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to just end the video right
+there right they're going to maybe share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right they're going to maybe share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right they're going to maybe share
+it with their friends or they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with their friends or they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with their friends or they're going
+to talk about it with their teacher at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it with their teacher at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it with their teacher at
+school which is such a powerful thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school which is such a powerful thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school which is such a powerful thing to
+happen with learning I think that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with learning I think that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with learning I think that's what
+really everyone's objective is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really everyone's objective is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really everyone's objective is as a
+teacher a lot of teachers have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher a lot of teachers have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher a lot of teachers have this
+objective that they don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective that they don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective that they don't want the
+lessons that they're teaching to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that they're teaching to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that they're teaching to just
+stop once people leave the room they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop once people leave the room they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop once people leave the room they
+want people to keep thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people to keep thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people to keep thinking about it
+and thinking about it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about it in the context of
+their life outside of the classroom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life outside of the classroom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life outside of the classroom so
+this format really AIDS in doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format really AIDS in doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format really AIDS in doing that
+and I have a couple videos I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a couple videos I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a couple videos I want to
+show you guys the first being from ASAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+science uh sleep you can never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh sleep you can never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh sleep you can never have
+enough of it it seems in fact sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of it it seems in fact sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of it it seems in fact sometimes
+it literally feels like you aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it literally feels like you aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it literally feels like you aren't
+getting enough but what if you stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting enough but what if you stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting enough but what if you stopped
+sleeping all together strangely science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping all together strangely science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping all together strangely science
+understands relative ly little about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands relative ly little about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands relative ly little about why
+we sleep or how it evolved in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sleep or how it evolved in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sleep or how it evolved in the first
+place after all laying unconscious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place after all laying unconscious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place after all laying unconscious and
+dormant for hours on end while Predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormant for hours on end while Predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormant for hours on end while Predators
+lurk hardly seems advantageous or smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurk hardly seems advantageous or smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurk hardly seems advantageous or smart
+but we have discovered a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have discovered a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have discovered a few
+correlations for example adults who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations for example adults who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations for example adults who
+sleep between 6 to 8 hours a night tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep between 6 to 8 hours a night tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep between 6 to 8 hours a night tend
+to live longer excessive sleep however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live longer excessive sleep however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live longer excessive sleep however
+can lead to medical problems including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to medical problems including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to medical problems including
+cardiovascular disease and diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular disease and diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular disease and diabetes
+similarly chronic sleep deprivation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly chronic sleep deprivation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly chronic sleep deprivation has
+been linked to aspects of cardiovascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been linked to aspects of cardiovascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been linked to aspects of cardiovascular
+disease obesity depression and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease obesity depression and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease obesity depression and even
+brain damage but what if you stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage but what if you stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage but what if you stopped
+sleeping right now well after your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping right now well after your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping right now well after your first
+sleepless night your meso limpic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepless night your meso limpic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepless night your meso limpic system
+becomes stimulated and dopamine runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes stimulated and dopamine runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes stimulated and dopamine runs
+rampant and this may actually trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rampant and this may actually trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rampant and this may actually trigger
+some extra energy motivation positivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra energy motivation positivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra energy motivation positivity
+and even sex drive sounds appealing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even sex drive sounds appealing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even sex drive sounds appealing but
+it's a slippery slope your brain slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slippery slope your brain slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slippery slope your brain slowly
+begins to shut off the regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to shut off the regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to shut off the regions
+responsible for planning and evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for planning and evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for planning and evaluating
+decisions leading to more impulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions leading to more impulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions leading to more impulsive
+behavior once exhaustion sets in you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior once exhaustion sets in you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior once exhaustion sets in you'll
+find yourself with slower reaction times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself with slower reaction times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself with slower reaction times
+and reduced perceptual and cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced perceptual and cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced perceptual and cognitive
+functions after a day or two of No Sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions after a day or two of No Sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions after a day or two of No Sleep
+the body loses its ability to properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body loses its ability to properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body loses its ability to properly
+metabolize glucose and the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize glucose and the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize glucose and the immune system
+stops working as well in some cases 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops working as well in some cases 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops working as well in some cases 3
+days of no sleep has led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of no sleep has led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of no sleep has led to
+hallucinations care about how you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations care about how you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations care about how you look
+Studies have shown a direct correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have shown a direct correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have shown a direct correlation
+between sleep deprivation and a person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sleep deprivation and a person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sleep deprivation and a person's
+perceived beauty that is to say sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived beauty that is to say sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived beauty that is to say sleep
+deprived individuals appeared less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived individuals appeared less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived individuals appeared less
+healthy and less attractive than when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and less attractive than when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and less attractive than when
+they were well rested the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were well rested the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were well rested the longest
+scientifically documented case of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically documented case of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically documented case of being
+awake was 264 hours or 11 days and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake was 264 hours or 11 days and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake was 264 hours or 11 days and while
+they did develop problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did develop problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did develop problems with
+concentration perception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration perception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration perception and
+irritability the surprising truth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritability the surprising truth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritability the surprising truth is
+that they suffered no serious long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they suffered no serious long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they suffered no serious long-term
+health effects in fact no individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health effects in fact no individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health effects in fact no individuals
+under these documented conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these documented conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these documented conditions
+experienced medical physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced medical physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced medical physiological
+neurological or psychiatric problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological or psychiatric problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological or psychiatric problems but
+there are limited studies and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are limited studies and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are limited studies and this
+doesn't mean permanent damage couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean permanent damage couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean permanent damage couldn't
+be inflicted with more time sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inflicted with more time sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inflicted with more time sleep
+deprivation experiments on rats for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation experiments on rats for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation experiments on rats for
+example generally lead to death after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example generally lead to death after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example generally lead to death after
+about 2 weeks but scientists aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 weeks but scientists aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 weeks but scientists aren't
+totally sure if they're dying from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally sure if they're dying from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally sure if they're dying from the
+lack of sleep or from the stress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of sleep or from the stress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of sleep or from the stress of
+constantly being woken up perhaps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being woken up perhaps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being woken up perhaps we
+should look at fatal familial insomnia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at fatal familial insomnia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at fatal familial insomnia
+for an answer a rare genetic disease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an answer a rare genetic disease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an answer a rare genetic disease of
+the brain which causes progressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain which causes progressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain which causes progressively
+worsening insomnia or sleeplessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worsening insomnia or sleeplessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worsening insomnia or sleeplessness
+leading to hallucinations dementia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to hallucinations dementia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to hallucinations dementia and
+ultimately death this disease has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately death this disease has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately death this disease has only
+affected around 100 people in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected around 100 people in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected around 100 people in the world
+but their average survival span was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their average survival span was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their average survival span was
+around 18 months over time the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 18 months over time the lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 18 months over time the lack of
+sleep becomes worse and the body's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep becomes worse and the body's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep becomes worse and the body's
+organs begin to shut down so while lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs begin to shut down so while lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs begin to shut down so while lack
+of sleep won't necessarily kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sleep won't necessarily kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sleep won't necessarily kill you
+quickly continual sleep deprivation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly continual sleep deprivation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly continual sleep deprivation will
+have a negative effect on your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative effect on your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative effect on your body
+sleep tight but not too much got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep tight but not too much got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep tight but not too much got
+a all right so were there any elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so were there any elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so were there any elements
+of that video that you found striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that video that you found striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that video that you found striking
+that you liked that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you liked that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you liked that you
+disliked yes like the movement and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disliked yes like the movement and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disliked yes like the movement and that
+he changed his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he changed his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he changed his
+materials so oh like from drawing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so oh like from drawing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so oh like from drawing to
+construction paper and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what did you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what did you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what did you think about the
+animation did you like it or not oh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation did you like it or not oh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation did you like it or not oh are
+you asking me oh yeah I think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asking me oh yeah I think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asking me oh yeah I think it's it's
+effective I I think um one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective I I think um one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective I I think um one of the things
+about it that's nice is is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that's nice is is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that's nice is is that the
+animation allowed him to change um to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation allowed him to change um to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation allowed him to change um to um
+appeal to I think a current need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to I think a current need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to I think a current need for
+constant and constant stream of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and constant stream of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and constant stream of images
+that are different is kind of I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different is kind of I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different is kind of I think
+we've been conditioned to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been conditioned to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been conditioned to be sort of
+bombarded with like images and so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombarded with like images and so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombarded with like images and so an
+animation is great for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation is great for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation is great for that
+so I mean I personally am not a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean I personally am not a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean I personally am not a huge
+huge fan of asep science style but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge fan of asep science style but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge fan of asep science style but I
+also recognize why it's super effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also recognize why it's super effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also recognize why it's super effective
+and why other people would like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why other people would like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why other people would like it
+because like you said it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you said it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you said it's it's very
+engaging if only for just you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging if only for just you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging if only for just you know the
+the visual you know yeah it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual you know yeah it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual you know yeah it's also
+really well written I actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well written I actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well written I actually think
+that it's better written than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's better written than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's better written than it is
+perform I mean I think there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform I mean I think there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform I mean I think there are any
+number of ways it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways it could have been
+performed um but but I think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed um but but I think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed um but but I think it's really
+well written it's very concise right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well written it's very concise right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well written it's very concise right you
+know it's very sharable like it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very sharable like it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very sharable like it it's
+sort of written in the lisal form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of written in the lisal form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of written in the lisal form that
+is dominating web media in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominating web media in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominating web media in general it's
+like basically taking a buzzfeed article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically taking a buzzfeed article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically taking a buzzfeed article
+and putting it into a video yet uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting it into a video yet uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting it into a video yet uh with
+the visual elements there's a motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual elements there's a motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual elements there's a motivation
+for you to watch versus just see it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to watch versus just see it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to watch versus just see it on
+on text form in BuzzFeed for instance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on text form in BuzzFeed for instance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on text form in BuzzFeed for instance I
+actually thought that that the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought that that the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought that that the um the
+Cat video lost some of its engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cat video lost some of its engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cat video lost some of its engagement
+for me when he was there's this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me when he was there's this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me when he was there's this sort of
+stream of scientific information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of scientific information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of scientific information and
+you're all doing is just watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all doing is just watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all doing is just watching this
+cat in slow motion right and for me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in slow motion right and for me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in slow motion right and for me it
+lost that that kind of key component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that that kind of key component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that that kind of key component of
+what makes something engaging which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes something engaging which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes something engaging which is
+the tight cohesion between what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tight cohesion between what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tight cohesion between what you're
+seeing and what's being said and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and what's being said and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and what's being said and also
+the streamlining of scripting right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streamlining of scripting right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streamlining of scripting right you
+know and that's always going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that's always going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that's always going to be a
+push and pull that everyone's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and pull that everyone's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and pull that everyone's going to
+experience too with at some point are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience too with at some point are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience too with at some point are
+you explaining too much to the viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explaining too much to the viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explaining too much to the viewer
+should you just rely on the visual are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you just rely on the visual are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you just rely on the visual are
+you um cuz you don't want to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um cuz you don't want to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um cuz you don't want to be too
+jargony and and end up alienating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargony and and end up alienating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargony and and end up alienating an
+audience but at the same time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but at the same time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but at the same time you have
+to cover um you can't cover everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover um you can't cover everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover um you can't cover everything
+right you can't go in in detail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't go in in detail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't go in in detail and
+explain everything and that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain everything and that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain everything and that's a that's a
+a conflict that we'll hit in later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conflict that we'll hit in later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conflict that we'll hit in later
+lectures how you can use animation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures how you can use animation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures how you can use animation to
+help you with that um some of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you with that um some of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you with that um some of the best
+practices in in that realm but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in in that realm but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in in that realm but that is
+something to think about and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about and I think
+that's a struggle that everyone has with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a struggle that everyone has with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a struggle that everyone has with
+video for sure I have one more video did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video for sure I have one more video did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video for sure I have one more video did
+anyone else want to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else want to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else want to say anything
+about what would happen if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen if you didn't
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know I was watching it I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I was watching it I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I was watching it I was
+thinking because so much of it is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking because so much of it is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking because so much of it is being
+shown um just sort of from theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown um just sort of from theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown um just sort of from theory of
+these pictures and these words the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures and these words the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures and these words the thing
+that crazy Russian hacker C that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crazy Russian hacker C that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crazy Russian hacker C that and the
+cat guy had that this guy doesn't is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat guy had that this guy doesn't is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat guy had that this guy doesn't is
+that they're not making you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not making you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not making you know they're
+not making anything up because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making anything up because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making anything up because you can
+see the cat and you can see the bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cat and you can see the bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cat and you can see the bubbles
+whereas there are no references so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas there are no references so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas there are no references so how
+do I know that everything that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know that everything that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know that everything that is being
+said is based on fact upon fact one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is based on fact upon fact one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is based on fact upon fact one in
+fact he could be making all this up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he could be making all this up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he could be making all this up for
+all I know yeah true and as I was read I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I know yeah true and as I was read I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I know yeah true and as I was read I
+was watching I was thinking how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was watching I was thinking how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was watching I was thinking how do I
+know he's not like where's the truth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's not like where's the truth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's not like where's the truth in
+here yeah there's some of that element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah there's some of that element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah there's some of that element
+of like uh the web has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like uh the web has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like uh the web has a lot of
+information but what of it is validated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but what of it is validated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but what of it is validated
+or what where sub text somewhere even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what where sub text somewhere even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what where sub text somewhere even
+just referencing any of the ideas I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just referencing any of the ideas I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just referencing any of the ideas I feel
+more you know like all right I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know like all right I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know like all right I can
+believe this guy but as it is it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this guy but as it is it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this guy but as it is it's hard
+because you just have a whiteboard and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just have a whiteboard and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just have a whiteboard and a
+marker and you think how do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker and you think how do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker and you think how do I know
+they've done their research right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done their research right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done their research right and I
+mean with YouTube channels a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with YouTube channels a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with YouTube channels a lot of them
+put in the source in their descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the source in their descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the source in their descriptions
+but I think the thing that um maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the thing that um maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the thing that um maybe I
+enjoy less about ASAP science is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy less about ASAP science is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy less about ASAP science is you
+could switch the Creator out for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could switch the Creator out for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could switch the Creator out for any
+other person and have any you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person and have any you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person and have any you could have
+Siri from your phone narrate the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri from your phone narrate the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri from your phone narrate the video
+for you and it wouldn't be a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and it wouldn't be a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and it wouldn't be a completely
+different experience I mean it has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experience I mean it has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experience I mean it has its
+branding because it was really one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding because it was really one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding because it was really one of
+the first channels to do that style of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first channels to do that style of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first channels to do that style of
+handdrawn Animation So that's its thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handdrawn Animation So that's its thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handdrawn Animation So that's its thing
+but it doesn't have the compelling sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have the compelling sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have the compelling sort
+of authenticity that crazy Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authenticity that crazy Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authenticity that crazy Russian
+hacker does or smarter everyday or SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacker does or smarter everyday or SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacker does or smarter everyday or SC
+show and I think a lot of it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and I think a lot of it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and I think a lot of it is because
+you don't see someone on screen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see someone on screen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see someone on screen you
+don't see a person on screen and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a person on screen and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a person on screen and maybe
+that's just my personal taste but I I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just my personal taste but I I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just my personal taste but I I do
+think that makes a really big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that makes a really big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that makes a really big difference
+um this video is from Vsauce has anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this video is from Vsauce has anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this video is from Vsauce has anyone
+ever seen that channel before yeah so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen that channel before yeah so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen that channel before yeah so um
+I actually haven't watched all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually haven't watched all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually haven't watched all this
+video by myself cuz I was scared too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video by myself cuz I was scared too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video by myself cuz I was scared too but
+uh this is why I's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is why I's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is why I's
+creepy hey vauce Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy hey vauce Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy hey vauce Michael
+here fear gives us life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fear gives us life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fear gives us life
+being afraid of the right things kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being afraid of the right things kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being afraid of the right things kept
+our ancestors alive it makes sense to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ancestors alive it makes sense to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ancestors alive it makes sense to be
+afraid of poisonous insects or hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of poisonous insects or hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of poisonous insects or hungry
+Tigers but what about fear when there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tigers but what about fear when there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tigers but what about fear when there is
+no clear and obvious danger for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clear and obvious danger for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clear and obvious danger for instance
+a teddy bear with a full set of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a teddy bear with a full set of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a teddy bear with a full set of human
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+tea or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jpeg there's something a little off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jpeg there's something a little off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jpeg there's something a little off
+about these images too much mystery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these images too much mystery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these images too much mystery and
+strangeness but no obvious threat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness but no obvious threat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness but no obvious threat the
+way there is with a gun or a Falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there is with a gun or a Falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there is with a gun or a Falling
+Rock but yet they still inight fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock but yet they still inight fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock but yet they still inight fear
+because they are creepy but why what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are creepy but why what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are creepy but why what
+gives us the creeps what causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the creeps what causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the creeps what causes
+something to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creepy are now in my bedroom the bedroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy are now in my bedroom the bedroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy are now in my bedroom the bedroom
+I grew up in in Kansas like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up in in Kansas like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up in in Kansas like a lot of
+children my age I was terrified of scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children my age I was terrified of scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children my age I was terrified of scary
+stories to tell in the dark but the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories to tell in the dark but the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories to tell in the dark but the very
+first book that ever scared me was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first book that ever scared me was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first book that ever scared me was the
+curse of the squirrel to this day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the squirrel to this day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the squirrel to this day I
+still haven't finished the book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't finished the book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't finished the book but
+that's just me psychologist James gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just me psychologist James gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just me psychologist James gear
+developed the fear survey schedule 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the fear survey schedule 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the fear survey schedule 2
+which she used to find out what scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she used to find out what scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she used to find out what scared
+us the most combined with the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the most combined with the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the most combined with the results of
+a more recent Gallop poll these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more recent Gallop poll these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more recent Gallop poll these are the
+things that scare most of us the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that scare most of us the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that scare most of us the most
+all of these things are scary but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are scary but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are scary but are
+they creepy let's get more specific I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they creepy let's get more specific I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they creepy let's get more specific I
+love the way Stephen King delineates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the way Stephen King delineates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the way Stephen King delineates
+three types of scary stuff the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types of scary stuff the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types of scary stuff the first is
+the gross out this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross out this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross out this is something
+disgusting morbid diseased the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting morbid diseased the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting morbid diseased the second is
+horror horror to King is the unn natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror horror to King is the unn natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror horror to King is the unn natural
+a giant spider or being grabbed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant spider or being grabbed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant spider or being grabbed in the
+dark when you thought you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark when you thought you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark when you thought you were
+alone the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the third
+terror is different creepier he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror is different creepier he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror is different creepier he says
+terror is coming home to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror is coming home to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror is coming home to find that
+everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you
+own has been replaced with an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own has been replaced with an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own has been replaced with an exact
+copy terror is feeling something behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy terror is feeling something behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy terror is feeling something behind
+you it's breath on your neck knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's breath on your neck knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's breath on your neck knowing
+that you will be grabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will be grabbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will be grabbed
+but then turning around to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then turning around to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then turning around to find that
+there was never anything there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was never anything there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was never anything there in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+place not a lot of research has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place not a lot of research has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place not a lot of research has been
+done on that feeling the creeps but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on that feeling the creeps but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on that feeling the creeps but many
+theories and ideas involve vagueness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and ideas involve vagueness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and ideas involve vagueness
+ambiguity for instance masks and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity for instance masks and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity for instance masks and why
+clowns are creepy Claude Levy stos wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clowns are creepy Claude Levy stos wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clowns are creepy Claude Levy stos wrote
+that the facial disguise temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the facial disguise temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the facial disguise temporarily
+eliminates from social intercourse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates from social intercourse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates from social intercourse the
+part of the body which reveals personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the body which reveals personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the body which reveals personal
+feelings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and
+attitudes part of the reason even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes part of the reason even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes part of the reason even a
+neutral or happy mask can be creepy may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral or happy mask can be creepy may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral or happy mask can be creepy may
+have to do with ambiguity a mask hides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with ambiguity a mask hides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with ambiguity a mask hides
+the true emotions and intentions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true emotions and intentions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true emotions and intentions of the
+person underneath I don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person underneath I don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person underneath I don't know if the
+person wearing that mask is a threat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wearing that mask is a threat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wearing that mask is a threat or
+not vagueness is creepy when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vagueness is creepy when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vagueness is creepy when it comes to
+the human form this is the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human form this is the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human form this is the famous
+uncanny valley on a chart of humanness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncanny valley on a chart of humanness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncanny valley on a chart of humanness
+there's a Zone where something can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Zone where something can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Zone where something can be
+almost entirely human but off by just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost entirely human but off by just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost entirely human but off by just a
+little not so wrong that it's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little not so wrong that it's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little not so wrong that it's clearly
+fake or funny or so good that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake or funny or so good that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake or funny or so good that it's
+indistinguishable instead it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable instead it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable instead it's just
+troubling the creepiness of The Uncanny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling the creepiness of The Uncanny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling the creepiness of The Uncanny
+Valley is wonderfully demonstrated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley is wonderfully demonstrated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley is wonderfully demonstrated by
+John Bergeron's singing Androids watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Bergeron's singing Androids watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Bergeron's singing Androids watch
+these videos when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alone a similar uneasy feeling comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone a similar uneasy feeling comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone a similar uneasy feeling comes
+from sheay St John a character created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sheay St John a character created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sheay St John a character created
+by Eric fornier funny to some nightmare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Eric fornier funny to some nightmare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Eric fornier funny to some nightmare
+fuel to others uncanny humanoids like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel to others uncanny humanoids like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel to others uncanny humanoids like
+all creepy things straddle a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all creepy things straddle a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all creepy things straddle a line
+between two regions that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two regions that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two regions that we can
+understand and explain with language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and explain with language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and explain with language
+Francis T mcandrew and Sarah Ki descri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis T mcandrew and Sarah Ki descri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis T mcandrew and Sarah Ki descri
+describe being creeped out as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe being creeped out as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe being creeped out as an
+Adaptive human response to the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive human response to the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive human response to the ambiguity
+of threats from others creepy things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threats from others creepy things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threats from others creepy things are
+kind of a threat maybe but they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a threat maybe but they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a threat maybe but they're also
+kind of not so our brains don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of not so our brains don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of not so our brains don't know
+what to do some parts respond with fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do some parts respond with fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do some parts respond with fear
+while other parts don't and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while other parts don't and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while other parts don't and they don't
+know why so instead of achieving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why so instead of achieving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why so instead of achieving a
+typical fear response horror we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical fear response horror we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical fear response horror we simply
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+uneasy Terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneasy Terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneasy Terror
+creeped out between the mountains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creeped out between the mountains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creeped out between the mountains of
+safety and danger there is a valley of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and danger there is a valley of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and danger there is a valley of
+creepiness where the limits of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepiness where the limits of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepiness where the limits of our
+knowledge and trust and security aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and trust and security aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and trust and security aren't
+very clear will looking at this cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear will looking at this cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear will looking at this cause
+you to die one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to die one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to die one week
+later impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later impossible
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+maybe that's the terror of ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the terror of ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the terror of ambiguity
+we don't do well with ambiguity when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do well with ambiguity when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do well with ambiguity when it
+involves our own intentions it can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves our own intentions it can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves our own intentions it can make
+us lie and when it involves danger can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us lie and when it involves danger can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us lie and when it involves danger can I
+stop you guys watching threat it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you guys watching threat it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you guys watching threat it can
+make us think and feel some pretty weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us think and feel some pretty weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us think and feel some pretty weird
+so he goes on and talks more about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he goes on and talks more about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he goes on and talks more about like
+the actual psychology behind this um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual psychology behind this um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual psychology behind this um the
+whole like popup thing is his trademark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole like popup thing is his trademark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole like popup thing is his trademark
+move he does that between all of his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move he does that between all of his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move he does that between all of his um
+all of his transitions it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of his transitions it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of his transitions it's like a
+little kitchy but it works cuz he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kitchy but it works cuz he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kitchy but it works cuz he was
+the first to do it um but what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to do it um but what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to do it um but what did you
+guys think think about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys think think about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys think think about this one
+especially in comparison to ASAP signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in comparison to ASAP signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in comparison to ASAP signs
+very similar format it's the the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar format it's the the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar format it's the the why
+what how but executed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how but executed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how but executed very
+differently or maybe was there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently or maybe was there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently or maybe was there something
+about this video that you liked better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this video that you liked better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this video that you liked better
+than ASAP science or that you disliked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ASAP science or that you disliked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ASAP science or that you disliked
+compared asep science yep I think I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared asep science yep I think I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared asep science yep I think I got
+the point like maybe couple minutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point like maybe couple minutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point like maybe couple minutes in
+but it seemed like the next three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seemed like the next three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seemed like the next three or
+four minutes he was just like expounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minutes he was just like expounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minutes he was just like expounding
+on that point that I already got yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that point that I already got yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that point that I already got yeah so
+it dragged a little bit more right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dragged a little bit more right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dragged a little bit more right it
+never really like answered I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really like answered I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really like answered I mean you
+didn't finish the video but it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish the video but it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish the video but it never
+seemed to answer the question why yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to answer the question why yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to answer the question why yeah I
+mean he does sort of eventually but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he does sort of eventually but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he does sort of eventually but it
+it does take him a little bit longer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does take him a little bit longer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does take him a little bit longer to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+there yes um it still kept my attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yes um it still kept my attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yes um it still kept my attention
+because he was very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was very close to the
+audience was an interesting character um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience was an interesting character um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience was an interesting character um
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+was interested in knowing what he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in knowing what he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in knowing what he would
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+next yeah Michael Stevens definitely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next yeah Michael Stevens definitely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next yeah Michael Stevens definitely is
+a very memorable Persona on screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very memorable Persona on screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very memorable Persona on screen and
+um this is something will'll emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something will'll emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something will'll emphasize
+throughout the course we don't want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course we don't want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course we don't want you
+to feel like you have to exaggerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel like you have to exaggerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel like you have to exaggerate
+yourself or sort of become this Persona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or sort of become this Persona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or sort of become this Persona
+on screen that you're not naturally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen that you're not naturally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen that you're not naturally it's
+not about you trying to adapt into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about you trying to adapt into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about you trying to adapt into a
+Bill Knight personality or into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Knight personality or into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Knight personality or into a
+Michael Stevens personality a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Stevens personality a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Stevens personality a lot of
+people find them super annoying and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find them super annoying and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find them super annoying and I
+don't blame them um it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't blame them um it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't blame them um it's really
+about how to best capture who you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to best capture who you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to best capture who you are in
+real life and just maintain that as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life and just maintain that as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life and just maintain that as much
+as possible in front of a camera um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible in front of a camera um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible in front of a camera um
+because maybe he is is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe he is is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe he is is a little bit
+different in real life but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in real life but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in real life but it doesn't
+seem super unnatural when you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem super unnatural when you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem super unnatural when you watch
+right you're not like this guy is acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not like this guy is acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not like this guy is acting
+just like totally over the top it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like totally over the top it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like totally over the top it's just
+part of part of his brand part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of part of his brand part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of part of his brand part of his
+Persona to get his message across um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persona to get his message across um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persona to get his message across um I
+do think that something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that something that was
+effective about that video is it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective about that video is it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective about that video is it took
+all these Concepts that you learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Concepts that you learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Concepts that you learn in
+cognitive psychology but again instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology but again instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology but again instead
+of doing a video on here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing a video on here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing a video on here's the
+definition of uncanny valley or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uncanny valley or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uncanny valley or things
+like that I mean he tapped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I mean he tapped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I mean he tapped into
+something that res Ates at least it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that res Ates at least it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that res Ates at least it
+resonates a lot with me because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonates a lot with me because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonates a lot with me because I was
+super creeped out by this video but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super creeped out by this video but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super creeped out by this video but it
+it Taps into something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Taps into something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Taps into something that we
+experience every day that it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every day that it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every day that it's a very
+relatable video that it's contextual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatable video that it's contextual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatable video that it's contextual
+that I don't feel like I'm I'm watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't feel like I'm I'm watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't feel like I'm I'm watching
+a lecture necessarily on it I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture necessarily on it I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture necessarily on it I don't feel
+like I'm even watching a con Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm even watching a con Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm even watching a con Academy
+video that I just want to sit there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that I just want to sit there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that I just want to sit there and
+learn more I wanted to learn more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more I wanted to learn more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more I wanted to learn more for
+the first two minutes at least so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two minutes at least so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two minutes at least so I
+don't know if you guys felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you guys felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you guys felt that
+way yes no yeah I feel like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yes no yeah I feel like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yes no yeah I feel like um
+I I got pretty much what after you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I got pretty much what after you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I got pretty much what after you show
+me the graph the thing I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the graph the thing I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the graph the thing I didn't really
+understood the graph but kind of explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the graph but kind of explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the graph but kind of explain
+it with like oh there's a you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with like oh there's a you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with like oh there's a you need to be
+in between two two points be creepy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between two two points be creepy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between two two points be creepy then
+after that um it's all about like trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that um it's all about like trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that um it's all about like trying
+to figure it myself this connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it myself this connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it myself this connect the
+thoughts thing it doesn't really give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts thing it doesn't really give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts thing it doesn't really give
+you the right answers it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the right answers it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the right answers it seems to be
+seing you yeah the payoff happens but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seing you yeah the payoff happens but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seing you yeah the payoff happens but it
+it takes a long time to get there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a long time to get there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a long time to get there and
+and maybe he loses interest along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe he loses interest along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe he loses interest along the
+way and again that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and again that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and again that's something that
+you're going to have to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to figure out how
+to balance you know how much tension Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance you know how much tension Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance you know how much tension Do
+you want to build up for the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build up for the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build up for the audience
+maybe you'll do it too much to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll do it too much to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll do it too much to the point
+where you lose them maybe you do it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you lose them maybe you do it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you lose them maybe you do it to
+just create the the buildup to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create the the buildup to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create the the buildup to the the
+final reveal of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video so in addition to being these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so in addition to being these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so in addition to being these sort
+of digestible listicle type chunks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digestible listicle type chunks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digestible listicle type chunks that
+are sharable and contextual YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sharable and contextual YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sharable and contextual YouTube
+videos are also super searchable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos are also super searchable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos are also super searchable right
+so you can just go on YouTube and search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just go on YouTube and search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just go on YouTube and search
+for literally anything you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for literally anything you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for literally anything you want and
+you'll have suggested videos that pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have suggested videos that pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have suggested videos that pop up
+at the end so there's this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so there's this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so there's this sort of
+inherent um what was the thing I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent um what was the thing I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent um what was the thing I put
+there's an inherent vetting process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an inherent vetting process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an inherent vetting process that
+happens on YouTube that you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on YouTube that you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on YouTube that you have an
+compendium of knowledge and compendium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compendium of knowledge and compendium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compendium of knowledge and compendium
+of resources available to you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources available to you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources available to you and you
+have things like comments and suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like comments and suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like comments and suggested
+views and subscriptions to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views and subscriptions to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views and subscriptions to help you
+decide what to watch and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to watch and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to watch and and
+everything's at your fingertips you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's at your fingertips you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's at your fingertips you can
+get whatever you want whenever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get whatever you want whenever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get whatever you want whenever you want
+it then there's this whole trusted guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then there's this whole trusted guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then there's this whole trusted guide
+element that is really it's just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is really it's just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is really it's just as
+present on YouTube that as it is on TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on YouTube that as it is on TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on YouTube that as it is on TV
+you have people like bauce and Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people like bauce and Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people like bauce and Michael
+Stevens even with ASAP science you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stevens even with ASAP science you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stevens even with ASAP science you don't
+see the guy but it has a really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the guy but it has a really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the guy but it has a really strong
+brand and uh it's one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand and uh it's one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand and uh it's one of those things
+where if you replaced it or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you replaced it or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you replaced it or if you
+replaced the successful YouTube video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced the successful YouTube video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced the successful YouTube video
+with another person or another narrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another person or another narrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another person or another narrator
+a litmus test that I like to think of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a litmus test that I like to think of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a litmus test that I like to think of is
+if you replace it and it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you replace it and it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you replace it and it's just not
+really a noticeable change then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a noticeable change then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a noticeable change then maybe
+there's something with your video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something with your video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something with your video that
+isn't very engaging that if you swapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't very engaging that if you swapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't very engaging that if you swapped
+out any of your classmates for it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any of your classmates for it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any of your classmates for it and it
+still sort of felt like the same video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of felt like the same video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of felt like the same video
+um maybe there's more of your inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe there's more of your inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe there's more of your inherent
+personality that you can highlight more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality that you can highlight more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality that you can highlight more
+in the video and then um with YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the video and then um with YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the video and then um with YouTube
+there's no invisible college right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no invisible college right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no invisible college right
+there's no gatekeeper of knowledge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no gatekeeper of knowledge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no gatekeeper of knowledge you
+don't have to pay $100 to access uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay $100 to access uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay $100 to access uh a a
+lecture course right anybody can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture course right anybody can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture course right anybody can access
+open courseware anybody can go watch a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware anybody can go watch a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware anybody can go watch a a
+Vsauce video anyone can comment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vsauce video anyone can comment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vsauce video anyone can comment so
+theoretically anyone can contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically anyone can contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically anyone can contribute to
+that community and landscape and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that community and landscape and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that community and landscape and those
+products as well um I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products as well um I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products as well um I think we're
+starting to see more of it you see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see more of it you see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see more of it you see more
+female creators you see uh a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female creators you see uh a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female creators you see uh a little bit
+more diversity in the YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more diversity in the YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more diversity in the YouTube
+environment than you do on TV certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment than you do on TV certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment than you do on TV certainly
+but again there's a lot of room to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again there's a lot of room to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again there's a lot of room to grow
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+regard um and then finally for TV TV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard um and then finally for TV TV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard um and then finally for TV TV is
+very different from online video um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from online video um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from online video um
+which is something that I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that I I didn't
+actually realize myself until fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realize myself until fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realize myself until fairly
+recently I I always kind of thought like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I I always kind of thought like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I I always kind of thought like
+if I want to make a good video online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to make a good video online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to make a good video online
+then I should just sort of apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should just sort of apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should just sort of apply the
+best practices of making a good video on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices of making a good video on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices of making a good video on
+TV and just shorten it to a five- minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV and just shorten it to a five- minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV and just shorten it to a five- minute
+online video but that's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online video but that's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online video but that's not necessarily
+the case because the priority of TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because the priority of TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because the priority of TV
+first of all is to hold your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is to hold your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is to hold your attention
+right when you're watching TV there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you're watching TV there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you're watching TV there
+going to be commercials you can flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be commercials you can flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be commercials you can flip the
+channel and I guess you can do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and I guess you can do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and I guess you can do that with
+with online stuff as well but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with online stuff as well but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with online stuff as well but the
+distractions aren't necessarily as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractions aren't necessarily as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractions aren't necessarily as as
+huge right like when you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge right like when you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge right like when you go to a
+commercial you're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you're going to want to
+change the channel so they really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the channel so they really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the channel so they really have
+to hook your attention um and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hook your attention um and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hook your attention um and they do
+that a lot with some of the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot with some of the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot with some of the production
+styles on on TV you'll tend to see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles on on TV you'll tend to see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles on on TV you'll tend to see a lot
+more multi- camera type videos You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more multi- camera type videos You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more multi- camera type videos You'll
+see a lot of Quick Cuts a lot of effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of Quick Cuts a lot of effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of Quick Cuts a lot of effects
+to sort of keep you engaged I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of keep you engaged I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of keep you engaged I noticed
+that about The Hobbit there was like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about The Hobbit there was like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about The Hobbit there was like an
+explosion every other second um and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion every other second um and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion every other second um and they
+do that because uh they have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because uh they have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because uh they have to have
+this really big hold on you for a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really big hold on you for a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really big hold on you for a much
+longer period of time um whereas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer period of time um whereas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer period of time um whereas on
+online videos stuff like smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online videos stuff like smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online videos stuff like smarter
+everyday it's just kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday it's just kind of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday it's just kind of the same
+camera set up on a triod that's shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera set up on a triod that's shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera set up on a triod that's shooting
+you the whole time um and TV is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the whole time um and TV is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the whole time um and TV is very
+much about narrative about telling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about narrative about telling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about narrative about telling a
+story and I think that that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and I think that that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and I think that that is something
+that you should do in an online video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do in an online video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do in an online video
+too but it's not as much of a necessity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but it's not as much of a necessity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but it's not as much of a necessity
+things like um I don't know any viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like um I don't know any viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like um I don't know any viral
+video that's not necessarily science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that's not necessarily science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that's not necessarily science
+related most of them don't really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related most of them don't really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related most of them don't really have a
+story it's more just like here's a naked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's more just like here's a naked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's more just like here's a naked
+celebrity you know there's not I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity you know there's not I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity you know there's not I guess
+you could create a story out of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create a story out of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create a story out of it but
+it's not narrative driven necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not narrative driven necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not narrative driven necessarily
+whereas TV very much is and movies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas TV very much is and movies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas TV very much is and movies are
+as well um so I wanted to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um so I wanted to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um so I wanted to show you
+another video and this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another video and this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another video and this is from
+connections which I had never heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections which I had never heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections which I had never heard of
+until Chris showed us the show in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Chris showed us the show in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Chris showed us the show in his
+class but it's awesome it's like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's awesome it's like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's awesome it's like one of
+the first science TV shows um in the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first science TV shows um in the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first science TV shows um in the UK
+and this is from connections 2 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from connections 2 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from connections 2 and it's
+an a who done it episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I suppose a detective catches a crook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose a detective catches a crook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose a detective catches a crook
+because He follows a trend from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because He follows a trend from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because He follows a trend from one
+uniquely relevant event of a person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely relevant event of a person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely relevant event of a person to
+another until he finds a unique piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another until he finds a unique piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another until he finds a unique piece of
+evidence that points to the only person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that points to the only person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that points to the only person
+in the world could have done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world could have done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world could have done the
+deed and strangely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deed and strangely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deed and strangely
+enough the story I'm about to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the story I'm about to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the story I'm about to tell you
+about why modern detectives are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why modern detectives are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why modern detectives are able to
+do that at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that at all
+follows exactly the same kind of train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows exactly the same kind of train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows exactly the same kind of train
+from one unique character to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one unique character to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one unique character to another
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+history here's my first unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history here's my first unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history here's my first unique
+character Steve Davis one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Steve Davis one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Steve Davis one of the best
+smooker players in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooker players in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooker players in the
+world okay so H don't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so H don't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so H don't look at
+this so that is a show that aired I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that is a show that aired I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that is a show that aired I
+don't know was that like this 70s late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know was that like this 70s late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know was that like this 70s late
+7s and this is connections too so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7s and this is connections too so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7s and this is connections too so maybe
+it's early ' 80s but I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's early ' 80s but I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's early ' 80s but I don't know about
+you I felt like that was so endless it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I felt like that was so endless it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I felt like that was so endless it
+took him two whole minutes to even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him two whole minutes to even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him two whole minutes to even just
+introduce the first character of what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the first character of what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the first character of what he
+was talking about and it's is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about and it's is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about and it's is that
+amazing how the pacing has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how the pacing has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how the pacing has changed
+expectations agonizing almost um and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations agonizing almost um and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations agonizing almost um and I'm
+sure if I watched it on TV and I saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if I watched it on TV and I saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if I watched it on TV and I saw the
+rest of it it would be fine but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it it would be fine but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it it would be fine but I mean
+compare that to ASAP science for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that to ASAP science for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that to ASAP science for
+instance um the priority of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um the priority of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um the priority of of what
+connections producers were doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections producers were doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections producers were doing with
+that video is very different than ASAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video is very different than ASAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video is very different than ASAP
+science and you have a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and you have a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and you have a very different
+effect um and I actually really enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um and I actually really enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um and I actually really enjoyed
+connections I I really like the show too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections I I really like the show too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections I I really like the show too
+so I'm not saying it's a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not saying it's a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not saying it's a bad thing
+necessarily but that's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but that's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but that's sort of what
+happens when you're applying this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you're applying this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you're applying this sort
+of best practices in TV or movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of best practices in TV or movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of best practices in TV or movies and
+you think you can just move it over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can just move it over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can just move it over to
+video on the web and just shorten it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video on the web and just shorten it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video on the web and just shorten it
+down that's not necessarily going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's not necessarily going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's not necessarily going to be
+the best approach because some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best approach because some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best approach because some of the
+best practices aren't going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices aren't going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices aren't going to work
+necessarily um so what I would like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily um so what I would like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily um so what I would like you
+guys to do right now um if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to do right now um if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to do right now um if you can
+access does everyone have a laptop with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access does everyone have a laptop with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access does everyone have a laptop with
+them or can share a laptop with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or can share a laptop with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or can share a laptop with someone
+if you go on to our class site it's MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go on to our class site it's MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go on to our class site it's MIT
+29. tumblr.com you'll see a post that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29. tumblr.com you'll see a post that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29. tumblr.com you'll see a post that I
+just put up earlier today and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put up earlier today and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put up earlier today and it has a
+link to a Google doc that should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to a Google doc that should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to a Google doc that should look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh look like like this um and what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look like like this um and what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look like like this um and what I'd
+like you guys to do for maybe the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys to do for maybe the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys to do for maybe the next
+like 20 25 minutes um and feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 25 minutes um and feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 25 minutes um and feel free to
+get up and stretch during this time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up and stretch during this time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up and stretch during this time if
+you want if you need to use the restroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want if you need to use the restroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want if you need to use the restroom
+feel free to head out can you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to head out can you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to head out can you write the
+UR on the board oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UR on the board oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UR on the board oh yeah
+um can everyone see on this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there should only be one post and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should only be one post and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should only be one post and it'll
+have a link to the class syllabus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a link to the class syllabus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a link to the class syllabus that
+again has all the uh videos that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again has all the uh videos that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again has all the uh videos that we've
+watched today and the assignments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched today and the assignments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched today and the assignments for
+all the days um and then it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the days um and then it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the days um and then it should have
+a link to this Google doc and what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link to this Google doc and what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link to this Google doc and what I'd
+like for you guys to do is to watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you guys to do is to watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you guys to do is to watch the
+videos that I've listed here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that I've listed here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that I've listed here and then
+record the exact time code in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the exact time code in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the exact time code in which you
+want to stop watching the video and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stop watching the video and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stop watching the video and just
+be completely honest and then afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely honest and then afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely honest and then afterwards
+we'll talk about maybe some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about maybe some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about maybe some of the
+reasons why you thought certain videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why you thought certain videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why you thought certain videos
+were more engaging think about um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more engaging think about um why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more engaging think about um why
+you might still think that a video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might still think that a video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might still think that a video is
+good even if you wanted to turn it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good even if you wanted to turn it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good even if you wanted to turn it off
+um and we'll convene at the end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll convene at the end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll convene at the end but
+again feel free if you guys need to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again feel free if you guys need to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again feel free if you guys need to like
+get up and stretch or go to the bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up and stretch or go to the bathroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up and stretch or go to the bathroom
+during this time feel free to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this time feel free to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this time feel free to do that
+too and you guys can talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and you guys can talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and you guys can talk to each other
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's go ahead and talk I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go ahead and talk I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go ahead and talk I know
+you guys are finishing up um just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are finishing up um just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are finishing up um just so you
+know uh every day you'll do blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh every day you'll do blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh every day you'll do blog
+Reflections and if you want to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and if you want to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and if you want to talk a
+little bit more about your thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about your thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about your thoughts on
+these videos in your blog today that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos in your blog today that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos in your blog today that's
+totally fine I know we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine I know we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine I know we're not going to
+get to everything um but did anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to everything um but did anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to everything um but did anyone have
+a favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+yes ver oh Veritas you like that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ver oh Veritas you like that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ver oh Veritas you like that one the
+best yeah actually that one's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best yeah actually that one's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best yeah actually that one's my
+favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+too and ASAP H what about those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and ASAP H what about those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and ASAP H what about those two
+videos did you like or maybe can you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos did you like or maybe can you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos did you like or maybe can you hit
+upon one thing that you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon one thing that you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon one thing that you found
+particularly very tessian very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly very tessian very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly very tessian very
+charismatic post um they kept the pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic post um they kept the pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic post um they kept the pace
+not going so quickly but not going too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going so quickly but not going too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going so quickly but not going too
+slowly um and then for asent science it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly um and then for asent science it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly um and then for asent science it
+was very crisp and convey the point very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very crisp and convey the point very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very crisp and convey the point very
+succinctly and clearly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly and clearly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly and clearly that's
+interesting because I actually thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because I actually thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because I actually thought
+that those were the two videos that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those were the two videos that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those were the two videos that I
+personally watched most of myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally watched most of myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally watched most of myself and
+I'm not necessarily the biggest fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not necessarily the biggest fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not necessarily the biggest fan of
+ASAP science but I did want to watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASAP science but I did want to watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASAP science but I did want to watch the
+whole thing the thing about veritasium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing the thing about veritasium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing the thing about veritasium
+is interesting because he's not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because he's not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because he's not using
+super fancy equipment per se his stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super fancy equipment per se his stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super fancy equipment per se his stuff
+looks a lot better than a lot of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot better than a lot of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot better than a lot of what's
+on YouTube but he's using like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube but he's using like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube but he's using like just
+basic DSLR cameras I think um but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic DSLR cameras I think um but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic DSLR cameras I think um but his
+background he's a physicist that's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background he's a physicist that's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background he's a physicist that's his
+PhD but he does physics education as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD but he does physics education as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD but he does physics education as
+well so he's very cognizant of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so he's very cognizant of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so he's very cognizant of um the
+role of video in education and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of video in education and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of video in education and that's
+going to be one of your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of your reading
+assignments tonight is watching one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments tonight is watching one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments tonight is watching one of
+his videos um but I do think that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his videos um but I do think that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his videos um but I do think that he
+does a very interesting job and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a very interesting job and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a very interesting job and very
+good job of being very natural on screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of being very natural on screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of being very natural on screen
+charismatic like you're saying there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic like you're saying there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic like you're saying there's
+something about his delivery that is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about his delivery that is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about his delivery that is he
+talks the way that you would think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks the way that you would think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks the way that you would think he
+would just talk in real life um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just talk in real life um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just talk in real life um which is
+actually really hard to do on video um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really hard to do on video um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really hard to do on video um
+did anyone else let's see what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone else let's see what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone else let's see what you guys
+thought about the Veritas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the Veritas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the Veritas
+video it looks like a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video it looks like a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video it looks like a lot of people
+actually finished that one um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually finished that one um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually finished that one um and I
+didn't mention this before but maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mention this before but maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mention this before but maybe you
+notice all these videos are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice all these videos are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice all these videos are talking
+about Evolution or U natural selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Evolution or U natural selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Evolution or U natural selection
+in some way or another but they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way or another but they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way or another but they're doing
+it in very different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in very different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in very different ways
+what about anyone else let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about anyone else let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about anyone else let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+um Nathan you finished sa show what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Nathan you finished sa show what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Nathan you finished sa show what was
+it about sa oh jeez about sa show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about sa oh jeez about sa show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about sa oh jeez about sa show that
+you liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you liked
+um i' say like that there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i' say like that there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i' say like that there's a little bit
+humor inserted I think that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor inserted I think that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor inserted I think that's something
+that tends to keep my attention better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to keep my attention better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to keep my attention better
+that sorry that you what uh just when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry that you what uh just when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry that you what uh just when
+you have a little bit of humor in so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little bit of humor in so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little bit of humor in so of
+that keeps my attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps my attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps my attention
+better and H green is a very neurotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and H green is a very neurotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and H green is a very neurotic
+host right like he talks like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host right like he talks like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host right like he talks like this and
+he has Quick Cuts and he's like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has Quick Cuts and he's like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has Quick Cuts and he's like very
+hyper all the time and it works for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper all the time and it works for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper all the time and it works for him
+CU that's just who he is in real life so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU that's just who he is in real life so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU that's just who he is in real life so
+again being Han green doesn't make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again being Han green doesn't make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again being Han green doesn't make you
+successful it's that he's able to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful it's that he's able to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful it's that he's able to just
+be himself on camera that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works did anyone have a least favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works did anyone have a least favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works did anyone have a least favorite
+video or one let's see a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or one let's see a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or one let's see a lot of people
+ended the Ted Ed one or maybe a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended the Ted Ed one or maybe a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended the Ted Ed one or maybe a couple
+people ended that one early and the Con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ended that one early and the Con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ended that one early and the Con
+Academy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy one
+early any thoughts about those what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early any thoughts about those what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early any thoughts about those what is
+it that made you I keep doing that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that made you I keep doing that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that made you I keep doing that what
+is it about those videos that made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about those videos that made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about those videos that made you
+turn them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+Paul you turn that one off at 17 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul you turn that one off at 17 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul you turn that one off at 17 seconds
+that's that's pretty early uh the KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's pretty early uh the KH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's pretty early uh the KH
+academy one oh yeah I I just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy one oh yeah I I just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy one oh yeah I I just thought
+that was a uh a bad way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a uh a bad way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a uh a bad way
+of portraying Evolution like I I usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of portraying Evolution like I I usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of portraying Evolution like I I usually
+use KH Academy like for for math or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use KH Academy like for for math or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use KH Academy like for for math or
+something like that because he you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because he you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because he you know
+was going through all the hand motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going through all the hand motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going through all the hand motions
+had do an equation right but I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had do an equation right but I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had do an equation right but I think uh
+something like Evolution that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Evolution that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Evolution that's kind of
+nebulous to begin with I'd like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebulous to begin with I'd like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebulous to begin with I'd like to see
+pictures not really I don't know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures not really I don't know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures not really I don't know yeah
+that's just my personal op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just my personal op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just my personal op
+well yeah I I I personally agree with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I I I personally agree with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I I I personally agree with it
+as well I mean I also feel like KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I mean I also feel like KH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I mean I also feel like KH
+Academy works for a very certain type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy works for a very certain type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy works for a very certain type of
+video and that tends to be a numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and that tends to be a numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and that tends to be a numbers and
+graph driven one I we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph driven one I we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph driven one I we'll talk about this
+more a little bit but when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a little bit but when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a little bit but when you think
+about why you want to make a video you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why you want to make a video you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why you want to make a video you
+have to consider quite a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider quite a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider quite a bit about the
+visuals that you're going to use and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals that you're going to use and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals that you're going to use and how
+that's going to motivate the story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to motivate the story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to motivate the story that
+you're going to tell or trying to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to tell or trying to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to tell or trying to convey
+the message that you're trying to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message that you're trying to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message that you're trying to convey
+and I know I I wish we could talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I I wish we could talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I I wish we could talk a
+little bit more about this but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about this but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about this but we are
+running a little bit short on time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little bit short on time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little bit short on time and I
+want to leave enough room for Chris so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave enough room for Chris so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave enough room for Chris so
+if you can respond a little bit more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can respond a little bit more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can respond a little bit more in
+your blog reflection tonight about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blog reflection tonight about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blog reflection tonight about some
+of these videos that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these videos that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these videos that'd be
+awesome Okay so we've Hit Upon some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome Okay so we've Hit Upon some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome Okay so we've Hit Upon some
+qualities of what makes a good video a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of what makes a good video a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of what makes a good video a
+good educational video a good YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good educational video a good YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good educational video a good YouTube
+video a good TV video um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video a good TV video um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video a good TV video um but the
+question of what is good right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what is good right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what is good right because
+ultimately we have to figure out out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to figure out out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to figure out out
+what we're going to Define as success in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to Define as success in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to Define as success in
+this class cuz otherwise there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class cuz otherwise there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class cuz otherwise there's going
+to be no impetus to improve it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no impetus to improve it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no impetus to improve it's a
+really hard question um because what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard question um because what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard question um because what is
+good is really intangible it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is really intangible it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is really intangible it's really
+inaccessible at least in the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible at least in the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible at least in the field of
+video or whatever we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or whatever we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or whatever we're going to try to
+do um because what is good is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um because what is good is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um because what is good is very much
+a matter of personal taste right like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of personal taste right like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of personal taste right like I
+personally don't really like the ASAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally don't really like the ASAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally don't really like the ASAP
+science videos but I recognize them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos but I recognize them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos but I recognize them as
+being successful in what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being successful in what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being successful in what they're doing
+they're engaging people they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're engaging people they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're engaging people they're
+spreading stem literacy they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading stem literacy they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading stem literacy they're getting
+people to be curious I'm not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be curious I'm not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be curious I'm not sure how
+much they're opening the door to science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they're opening the door to science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they're opening the door to science
+but I mean they're doing good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean they're doing good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean they're doing good things
+even if I don't personally enjoy them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I don't personally enjoy them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I don't personally enjoy them um
+and a lot of people love Hank Green from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people love Hank Green from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people love Hank Green from
+s show and a lot of people think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s show and a lot of people think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s show and a lot of people think he's
+super annoying so again it's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super annoying so again it's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super annoying so again it's really hard
+to Define what is good um we often try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define what is good um we often try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define what is good um we often try
+to approximate what is good by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate what is good by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate what is good by other
+measures so a lot of times we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures so a lot of times we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures so a lot of times we'll look at
+virality how many views it it has how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virality how many views it it has how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virality how many views it it has how
+many subscribers they have but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subscribers they have but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subscribers they have but again
+virality is something that you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virality is something that you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virality is something that you can sort
+of assess in retrospect but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assess in retrospect but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assess in retrospect but it's not
+necessarily the most predictive measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the most predictive measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the most predictive measure
+because so much of it rests on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so much of it rests on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so much of it rests on
+confounding variables like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding variables like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding variables like what are the
+current events that are happening at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current events that are happening at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current events that are happening at the
+time that the video comes out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the video comes out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the video comes out what's the
+personality like um have you guys ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality like um have you guys ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality like um have you guys ever
+seen the okayo music videos yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the okayo music videos yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the okayo music videos yeah so
+there is this popular alternative band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this popular alternative band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this popular alternative band
+and uh their big breakout video was them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh their big breakout video was them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh their big breakout video was them
+doing this huge choreograph dance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this huge choreograph dance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this huge choreograph dance on
+four treadmills and ever since then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four treadmills and ever since then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four treadmills and ever since then
+they've sort of tried to do this similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of tried to do this similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of tried to do this similar
+thing of a single take shot I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of a single take shot I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of a single take shot I didn't
+actually show any of the videos but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show any of the videos but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show any of the videos but I
+can send you guys the links later they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send you guys the links later they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send you guys the links later they
+do these single cam sort of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these single cam sort of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these single cam sort of continuous
+shots of just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots of just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots of just like
+outrageous dances and I don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous dances and I don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous dances and I don't even know
+how to describe them but the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to describe them but the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to describe them but the first one
+was the one where they struck gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one where they struck gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one where they struck gold and
+they repeated the same thing it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they repeated the same thing it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they repeated the same thing it was the
+same people but their later ones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people but their later ones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people but their later ones which
+are successful aren't nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are successful aren't nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are successful aren't nearly as
+successful as that treadmill went so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful as that treadmill went so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful as that treadmill went so
+it's there are qualities about viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there are qualities about viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there are qualities about viral
+video that are Universal things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that are Universal things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that are Universal things like
+authenticity a naked celebrity is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity a naked celebrity is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity a naked celebrity is always
+going to go viral but it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go viral but it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go viral but it's very hard to
+build a predictive model based off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a predictive model based off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a predictive model based off of a
+a regression that you're looking at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression that you're looking at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression that you're looking at in
+the past um and then you have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past um and then you have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past um and then you have things
+like learning objectives that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like learning objectives that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like learning objectives that you can
+use to qualify something as good you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to qualify something as good you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to qualify something as good you can
+say oh this video Hit Upon all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh this video Hit Upon all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh this video Hit Upon all the the
+standards that seventh graders in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that seventh graders in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that seventh graders in the US
+need to know about biology so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about biology so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about biology so it's a
+good video and maybe that's why Boseman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good video and maybe that's why Boseman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good video and maybe that's why Boseman
+science maybe that's why that he makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science maybe that's why that he makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science maybe that's why that he makes
+good videos but it only tells so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good videos but it only tells so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good videos but it only tells so much of
+the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture
+so what is going to be our definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going to be our definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going to be our definition of
+good and this is a question that I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and this is a question that I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and this is a question that I still
+am struggling with and I am totally open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am struggling with and I am totally open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am struggling with and I am totally open
+to us discussing as the class progresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us discussing as the class progresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us discussing as the class progresses
+but I do think that um there are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do think that um there are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do think that um there are going
+to be certain qualities that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be certain qualities that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be certain qualities that we should
+strive for regardless of if your taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strive for regardless of if your taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strive for regardless of if your taste
+is in really rapid delivery or if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in really rapid delivery or if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in really rapid delivery or if it's
+in um very uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um very uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um very uh sort of
+philosophical grandiose type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical grandiose type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical grandiose type
+videos this is a quote from a reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos this is a quote from a reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos this is a quote from a reading
+that you guys are going to annotate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys are going to annotate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys are going to annotate on
+tonight for your homework uh from Hank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight for your homework uh from Hank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight for your homework uh from Hank
+Green who's the host of sa show but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green who's the host of sa show but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green who's the host of sa show but he
+says people who are new to the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says people who are new to the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says people who are new to the medium
+are starting to think that online video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to think that online video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to think that online video
+is not just a little bit better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a little bit better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a little bit better than
+everything else on YouTube but just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else on YouTube but just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else on YouTube but just a
+little bit worse than everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worse than everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worse than everything that's
+on TV and that perspective is a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV and that perspective is a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV and that perspective is a super
+dangerous road to go down on and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous road to go down on and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous road to go down on and that's
+sort of hitting upon what I was say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hitting upon what I was say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hitting upon what I was say
+saying earlier about you can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier about you can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier about you can't take
+necessarily the best practices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best practices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best practices in the
+Realms that we're trying to combine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realms that we're trying to combine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realms that we're trying to combine and
+transfer them over and expect great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer them over and expect great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer them over and expect great
+results right like you can't try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results right like you can't try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results right like you can't try to make
+a video like you would a TV show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video like you would a TV show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video like you would a TV show
+necessarily so what is good if good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so what is good if good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so what is good if good
+isn't you know the combined practices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't you know the combined practices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't you know the combined practices of
+TV education YouTube what is good going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV education YouTube what is good going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV education YouTube what is good going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be um so this is a viral video Manifesto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um so this is a viral video Manifesto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um so this is a viral video Manifesto
+that's again optional reading uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again optional reading uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again optional reading uh it's
+actually pretty good it's from the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty good it's from the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty good it's from the guys
+who made the The Diet Coke and Mentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who made the The Diet Coke and Mentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who made the The Diet Coke and Mentos
+video have you ever seen it where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video have you ever seen it where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video have you ever seen it where they
+combine Mentos and Diet Coke and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine Mentos and Diet Coke and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine Mentos and Diet Coke and there's
+this huge choreographed explosion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge choreographed explosion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge choreographed explosion um
+they talk about four points be true be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about four points be true be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about four points be true be
+authentic don't waste our time um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic don't waste our time um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic don't waste our time um on
+online video you can't afford to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online video you can't afford to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online video you can't afford to do what
+connections did and take two home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections did and take two home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections did and take two home
+minutes to set up the premise cuz that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to set up the premise cuz that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to set up the premise cuz that's
+sometimes the entirety of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the entirety of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the entirety of a
+video be Unforgettable show us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video be Unforgettable show us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video be Unforgettable show us something
+that we've never never seen before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've never never seen before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've never never seen before and
+that honestly might be the hardest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that honestly might be the hardest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that honestly might be the hardest thing
+for us here um at least it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us here um at least it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us here um at least it was the
+hardest thing for a lot of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing for a lot of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing for a lot of the students
+that we worked with on the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we worked with on the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we worked with on the first two
+seasons of science out loud that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasons of science out loud that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasons of science out loud that it's
+very hard to take yourself out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to take yourself out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to take yourself out of the
+perspective of being an MIT student or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of being an MIT student or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of being an MIT student or
+being a student involved in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a student involved in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a student involved in science and
+engineering and remember that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and remember that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and remember that some of
+the things that you take for granted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you take for granted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you take for granted and
+are part of your everyday life are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of your everyday life are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of your everyday life are
+actually really awesome and really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really awesome and really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really awesome and really cool
+and things that most people don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that most people don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that most people don't see
+every day you may work at the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you may work at the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you may work at the nuclear
+reactor here and think that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor here and think that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor here and think that it's just
+like another everyday thing but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another everyday thing but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another everyday thing but that's
+that's a window that you can create for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a window that you can create for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a window that you can create for
+people who would have never ever had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would have never ever had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would have never ever had um
+access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to
+it and then ultimately it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then ultimately it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then ultimately it's about
+Humanity about the emotional connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity about the emotional connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity about the emotional connection
+a lot of that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that comes from the
+authenticity um that if we can swap you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity um that if we can swap you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity um that if we can swap you
+out with uh you know just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with uh you know just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with uh you know just the the
+computer voice and there's not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer voice and there's not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer voice and there's not that much
+of a difference then really rethink how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference then really rethink how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference then really rethink how
+you're structuring and writing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're structuring and writing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're structuring and writing and
+producing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video so there are going to be four sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so there are going to be four sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so there are going to be four sort
+of course values that'll guide all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course values that'll guide all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course values that'll guide all of
+the assignments and all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments and all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments and all the things that
+we do and the rubric is listed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do and the rubric is listed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do and the rubric is listed in the
+syllabus that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus that's on the
+website we don't really assign Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we don't really assign Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we don't really assign Point
+values to did you do correct lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to did you do correct lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to did you do correct lighting
+did you do this did you you know set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do this did you you know set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do this did you you know set up
+your camera the right way cuz we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your camera the right way cuz we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your camera the right way cuz we don't
+want you guys to get bogged down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys to get bogged down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys to get bogged down in the
+minutia of it instead um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutia of it instead um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutia of it instead um
+there going to be these four overarching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be these four overarching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be these four overarching
+values that'll dictate what is good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that'll dictate what is good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that'll dictate what is good I
+guess um as we move along in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um as we move along in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um as we move along in the class
+the first one is spark um and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is spark um and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is spark um and there's
+this quote and I think it's by felini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quote and I think it's by felini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quote and I think it's by felini
+but something along the lines of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something along the lines of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something along the lines of it's
+not what's inside the camera that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what's inside the camera that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what's inside the camera that
+matters so much as what's in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so much as what's in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so much as what's in front of
+and behind it so are you promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behind it so are you promoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behind it so are you promoting
+curiosity is there a perceived love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity is there a perceived love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity is there a perceived love of
+learning in your product um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in your product um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in your product um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right is there a perceived level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is there a perceived level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is there a perceived level of
+learning in your product um is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in your product um is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in your product um is your
+passion and joy evident in your delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion and joy evident in your delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion and joy evident in your delivery
+this can be seen in your script in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be seen in your script in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be seen in your script in your
+final video this doesn't mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final video this doesn't mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final video this doesn't mean that you
+need to go over the top it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go over the top it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go over the top it doesn't mean
+that you have to pretend to be someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to pretend to be someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to pretend to be someone
+that you're naturally not or you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're naturally not or you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're naturally not or you don't
+feel comfortable being but I'm sure all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable being but I'm sure all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable being but I'm sure all
+of us in this room have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this room have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this room have something that
+they're excited about so can we perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're excited about so can we perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're excited about so can we perceive
+that excitement in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excitement in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excitement in your
+product Clarity so kill all of your dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Clarity so kill all of your dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Clarity so kill all of your dark
+Lings is one of my favorite says and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lings is one of my favorite says and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lings is one of my favorite says and U
+something that dictates a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that dictates a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that dictates a lot of the
+work that I do but this will be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I do but this will be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I do but this will be sort of
+learning how to navigate the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to navigate the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to navigate the material
+you have and getting rid of stuff maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and getting rid of stuff maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and getting rid of stuff maybe
+getting rid of explanations that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of explanations that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of explanations that don't
+need to be there um editing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be there um editing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be there um editing is going to
+be a lot about this in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot about this in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot about this in the last lecture
+is is a lot about this quote um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a lot about this quote um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a lot about this quote um but it's
+also about can you um convey your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about can you um convey your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about can you um convey your
+message in the most clear manner is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message in the most clear manner is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message in the most clear manner is your
+script tightly written is your delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script tightly written is your delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script tightly written is your delivery
+engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging
+um have you realized your vision as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have you realized your vision as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have you realized your vision as
+effectively as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible then we have thoughtfulness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible then we have thoughtfulness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible then we have thoughtfulness
+which is that every decision matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that every decision matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that every decision matters
+whether it's deciding what background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's deciding what background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's deciding what background
+you're going to stand in front of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stand in front of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stand in front of to
+deliver one of your scenes or deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver one of your scenes or deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver one of your scenes or deciding
+what facts to include in your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what facts to include in your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what facts to include in your final
+script every single decision matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script every single decision matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script every single decision matters and
+its thoughtfulness about what you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thoughtfulness about what you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thoughtfulness about what you decide
+to put in front of the camera but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in front of the camera but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in front of the camera but also
+how you decide to talk to your audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you decide to talk to your audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you decide to talk to your audience
+um and again it's outlined more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rubric and then um go big or go home uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric and then um go big or go home uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric and then um go big or go home uh
+this is a a hard one for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a hard one for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a hard one for people
+understandably it's really this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably it's really this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably it's really this probably
+the hardest one for me but learning how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest one for me but learning how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest one for me but learning how
+to step outside your comfort zone um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step outside your comfort zone um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step outside your comfort zone um and
+getting creative we do want to reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting creative we do want to reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting creative we do want to reward
+creative risks so don't feel like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative risks so don't feel like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative risks so don't feel like you
+you can't try something new um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't try something new um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't try something new um again
+hopefully it's it's an educated risk um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's it's an educated risk um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's it's an educated risk um
+but these are all qualities that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are all qualities that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are all qualities that we're
+going to assess not only through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assess not only through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assess not only through your
+final products but through your daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final products but through your daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final products but through your daily
+reflections through um a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections through um a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections through um a lot of the
+iterative processes that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative processes that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative processes that will be
+happening on the way to your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the way to your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the way to your final
+products um and this is where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products um and this is where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products um and this is where we're
+going to integrate things like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate things like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate things like are
+things clearly lit but in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things clearly lit but in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things clearly lit but in the context of
+was this a clear message does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this a clear message does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this a clear message does that make
+sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+everyone okay um so if you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay um so if you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay um so if you want to make
+a video so where do you start uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video so where do you start uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video so where do you start uh the
+first thing is deciding if you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is deciding if you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is deciding if you should
+make a video and I think this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a video and I think this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a video and I think this list of
+questions is one that everyone should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is one that everyone should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is one that everyone should
+ask themselves before they make a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask themselves before they make a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask themselves before they make a video
+why am I making a video in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I making a video in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I making a video in the first
+place versus uh a buzzfeed article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place versus uh a buzzfeed article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place versus uh a buzzfeed article
+versus a radio piece um who is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a radio piece um who is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a radio piece um who is going to
+watch this video this will make a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this video this will make a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this video this will make a very
+big difference in how how you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference in how how you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference in how how you decide to
+write your script how you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your script how you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your script how you decide to
+deliver um for the most part our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver um for the most part our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver um for the most part our
+assignments will be assuming sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments will be assuming sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments will be assuming sort of a
+middle school type Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school type Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school type Science
+Background what visuals will I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Background what visuals will I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Background what visuals will I show
+again this makes a really big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this makes a really big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this makes a really big difference
+as Paul was saying you know the Con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Paul was saying you know the Con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Paul was saying you know the Con
+Academy video didn't really have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy video didn't really have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy video didn't really have the
+visuals that motivated the lesson that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals that motivated the lesson that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals that motivated the lesson that
+he was wanting to learn so thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was wanting to learn so thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was wanting to learn so thinking
+about what visuals you're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what visuals you're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what visuals you're going to show
+are super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super
+important what is the fact or piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what is the fact or piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what is the fact or piece of
+information that the audience is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that the audience is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that the audience is really
+going to remember the most or surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remember the most or surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remember the most or surprise
+them in the smarter everyday video about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the smarter everyday video about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the smarter everyday video about
+the cat flipping you know it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat flipping you know it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat flipping you know it's just that
+whole concept of a cat can seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of a cat can seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of a cat can seemingly
+defy the laws of gravity but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defy the laws of gravity but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defy the laws of gravity but it's really
+just um a modification of you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um a modification of you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um a modification of you know their
+their torque or something that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their torque or something that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their torque or something that actually
+makes them able to flip the way they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them able to flip the way they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them able to flip the way they do
+and the biggest one is what is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the biggest one is what is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the biggest one is what is the point
+of this video now the guys who wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this video now the guys who wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this video now the guys who wrote the
+viral video Manifesto they used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral video Manifesto they used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral video Manifesto they used to be
+circus performers and so in their book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus performers and so in their book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus performers and so in their book
+they talk about how there's a a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about how there's a a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about how there's a a side
+slideshow circus pitch which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slideshow circus pitch which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slideshow circus pitch which is you know
+when you have the ring leader around on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the ring leader around on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the ring leader around on
+the side and he's like step right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side and he's like step right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side and he's like step right up
+step right up you know come see the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right up you know come see the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right up you know come see the this
+world's smallest person next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's smallest person next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's smallest person next to the
+world's giant man or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's giant man or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's giant man or something like that
+right there should be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there should be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there should be some sort of
+circus Sideshow pitch to your video idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus Sideshow pitch to your video idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus Sideshow pitch to your video idea
+so one of the episodes we made was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the episodes we made was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the episodes we made was on
+farts which maybe our motivation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farts which maybe our motivation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farts which maybe our motivation was
+just that we wanted to make a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we wanted to make a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we wanted to make a video
+about farts but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about farts but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about farts but on the other hand
+there's this amazing biochemical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this amazing biochemical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this amazing biochemical process
+that's associated with all of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with all of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with all of that and
+it really reflects just this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really reflects just this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really reflects just this incredible
+diversity of micro microbiomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of micro microbiomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of micro microbiomes that
+exist in your body and so it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in your body and so it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in your body and so it's not just
+step right up step right up come watch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right up step right up come watch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right up step right up come watch a
+video at fart so it's like step right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video at fart so it's like step right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video at fart so it's like step right up
+step right up what's the thing I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um witness your body's countless armies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um witness your body's countless armies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um witness your body's countless armies
+of lowly bacteria squeeze every drop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lowly bacteria squeeze every drop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lowly bacteria squeeze every drop of
+energy from your gut and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from your gut and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from your gut and create
+horrendous sounds and smells right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous sounds and smells right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous sounds and smells right so um
+there should be some sort of circus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some sort of circus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some sort of circus
+Sideshow pitch to your video and Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sideshow pitch to your video and Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sideshow pitch to your video and Chris
+is going to help us realize that in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to help us realize that in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to help us realize that in you
+know in the actual way of how do you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the actual way of how do you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the actual way of how do you I
+actually make that video how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that video how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that video how do I
+actually um create that Vision um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um create that Vision um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um create that Vision um so
+that's what we're going to do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do for the
+last part of class um but be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of class um but be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of class um but be thinking
+about maybe what your circus Sideshow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe what your circus Sideshow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe what your circus Sideshow
+pitch is going to be and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch is going to be and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch is going to be and eventually
+tonight um everyone is going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight um everyone is going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight um everyone is going to need to
+create a very short Maybe 2minute video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a very short Maybe 2minute video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a very short Maybe 2minute video
+one to two minute video of some science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two minute video of some science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two minute video of some science
+technology engineering math topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology engineering math topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology engineering math topic that
+um that you're basically going to pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you're basically going to pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you're basically going to pitch
+through this video it's going to be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this video it's going to be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this video it's going to be sort
+of a trailer for your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trailer for your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trailer for your final
+project all right Chris I will let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project all right Chris I will let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project all right Chris I will let you
+take over
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XT6o4IRTcLk.txt b/XT6o4IRTcLk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59aa3d55c080ded25aee75d1a4859da8bb6738eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XT6o4IRTcLk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the last lecture we introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we introduced the
+class of discreet time systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of discreet time systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of discreet time systems and
+particular imposed the conditions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular imposed the conditions of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular imposed the conditions of of
+linearity first of all and second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity first of all and second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity first of all and second the
+property or constraint of shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property or constraint of shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property or constraint of shift and
+variance and that those constraints led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and that those constraints led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and that those constraints led
+us to the convolution sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the convolution sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the convolution sum
+representation in today's lecture there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in today's lecture there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in today's lecture there
+are several issues that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several issues that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several issues that I'd like to
+focus on the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the first is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the the introduction of two additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the introduction of two additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the introduction of two additional
+constraints that it's sometimes useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that it's sometimes useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that it's sometimes useful
+to impose or at least consider for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose or at least consider for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose or at least consider for
+discrete time systems namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems namely the
+constraints or conditions of causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or conditions of causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or conditions of causality
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+stability second of all I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability second of all I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability second of all I would like to
+talk about a particular class at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a particular class at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a particular class at least
+introduce a particular class of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a particular class of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a particular class of linear
+shift and variance systems namely those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems namely those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems namely those
+representable by linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representable by linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representable by linear constant
+coefficient difference equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equations and
+finally I'd like to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'd like to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'd like to introduce
+a representation of linear shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of linear shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of linear shift and
+variance systems that is an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance systems that is an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance systems that is an alternative
+to the convolution some representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the convolution some representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the convolution some representation
+and in particular that representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular that representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular that representation
+corresponds to the representation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the representation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the representation in
+terms of a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a frequency
+response well let's begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response well let's begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response well let's begin with the
+Notions of stability and causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of stability and causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of stability and causality
+reminding you first of all that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you first of all that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you first of all that as we
+talked about last time we can consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time we can consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time we can consider a
+General system inputs and outputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General system inputs and outputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General system inputs and outputs are
+sequences and in general the system just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and in general the system just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and in general the system just
+simply corresponds to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply corresponds to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply corresponds to some
+transformation from the input sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the input sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the input sequence
+to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+sequence when we impose the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence when we impose the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence when we impose the conditions
+of linearity and shift in variance both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearity and shift in variance both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearity and shift in variance both
+conditions then we can express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions then we can express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions then we can express the
+output sequence in this form where H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output sequence in this form where H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output sequence in this form where H of
+n is the response of the system to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the response of the system to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the response of the system to a
+unit sample and this can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample and this can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample and this can also be
+rearranged in the form that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged in the form that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged in the form that I've
+indicated here essentially interchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here essentially interchanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here essentially interchanging
+the role of the unit sample response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of the unit sample response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of the unit sample response and
+the input the sum expressed in either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the sum expressed in either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the sum expressed in either of
+these two forms we referred to last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two forms we referred to last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two forms we referred to last time
+as the convolution sum so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the convolution sum so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the convolution sum so the
+convolution sum comes out of the or as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum comes out of the or as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum comes out of the or as a
+consequence of linearity and shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of linearity and shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of linearity and shift and
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+two additional conditions are stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two additional conditions are stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two additional conditions are stability
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+causality stability of a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality stability of a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality stability of a system in
+general corresponds to the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general corresponds to the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general corresponds to the statement
+that if the input sequence is bounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the input sequence is bounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the input sequence is bounded in
+other words if x of n essentially if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if x of n essentially if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if x of n essentially if x
+of n is finite for all n including as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is finite for all n including as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is finite for all n including as n
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+Infinity then a system is said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then a system is said to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then a system is said to be
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+if the output sequence y of n is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the output sequence y of n is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the output sequence y of n is also
+bounded in other words the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded in other words the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded in other words the magnitude of
+Y of n is finite for all n if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of n is finite for all n if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of n is finite for all n if that's
+true for any bounded input sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for any bounded input sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for any bounded input sequence that
+the output sequence is bounded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sequence is bounded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sequence is bounded the
+system is said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is said to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is said to be
+stable now that's a statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable now that's a statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable now that's a statement that
+applies to General discrete time systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to General discrete time systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to General discrete time systems
+for the specific class of systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific class of systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific class of systems that
+we'll be dealing with in this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be dealing with in this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be dealing with in this set of
+life lessons namely the class of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lessons namely the class of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lessons namely the class of linear
+shift and variance systems you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems you can show
+that a an equivalent statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a an equivalent statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a an equivalent statement of
+stability or um a necessary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability or um a necessary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability or um a necessary and
+sufficient condition for this to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient condition for this to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient condition for this to be true
+is simply that the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply that the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply that the unit sample response
+of the system be absolutely summable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system be absolutely summable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system be absolutely summable in
+other words that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that the sum of the
+magnitudes of the values in the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the values in the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the values in the unit
+sample response are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response are
+finite for example if if we had a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite for example if if we had a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite for example if if we had a unit
+sample response which was 2 to the n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response which was 2 to the n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response which was 2 to the n *
+the unit Step 2 to the N of course as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Step 2 to the N of course as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Step 2 to the N of course as n
+increases as n goes from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases as n goes from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases as n goes from zero to
+Infinity 2 to the N grows exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity 2 to the N grows exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity 2 to the N grows exponentially
+in fact and so obviously this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact and so obviously this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact and so obviously this is not
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+summable so this is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable so this is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable so this is an example of a
+system that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable whereas as if h of n were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable whereas as if h of n were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable whereas as if h of n were a
+half to the n * U of n so that for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to the n * U of n so that for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to the n * U of n so that for n
+greater than zero for n less than Z of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero for n less than Z of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero for n less than Z of
+course both of these are zero for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course both of these are zero for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course both of these are zero for n
+greater than zero this were decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero this were decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero this were decaying
+exponentially if you sum up these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially if you sum up these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially if you sum up these values
+from zero to Infinity it converges to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to Infinity it converges to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to Infinity it converges to a
+finite number so that this in fact would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number so that this in fact would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number so that this in fact would
+correspond to a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a stable
+system now we have the option of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now we have the option of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now we have the option of course
+of talking about unstable systems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about unstable systems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about unstable systems or
+stable system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable system
+systems generally it is true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems generally it is true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems generally it is true that
+stability is a condition on a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is a condition on a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is a condition on a system
+that it's useful to impose in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's useful to impose in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's useful to impose in other
+words generally we would like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words generally we would like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words generally we would like our
+systems to be stable although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to be stable although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to be stable although there are
+actually some cases where unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some cases where unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some cases where unstable
+systems are useful to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are useful to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are useful to talk
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+second property or condition that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second property or condition that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second property or condition that it is
+useful sometimes consider is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful sometimes consider is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful sometimes consider is the
+condition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of
+causality and causality first of all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and causality first of all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and causality first of all for
+a general system is a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general system is a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general system is a statement
+basically that the system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that the system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that the system doesn't
+respond before you kick it in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond before you kick it in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond before you kick it in other
+words if we have an input X of n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if we have an input X of n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if we have an input X of n the
+output y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of
+n for some value of n let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for some value of n let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for some value of n let's say
+N1 depends only on X of n for previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 depends only on X of n for previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 depends only on X of n for previous
+values of n so for any N1 the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of n so for any N1 the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of n so for any N1 the statement
+is that X of n uh y of n Only depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that X of n uh y of n Only depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that X of n uh y of n Only depends on
+X of n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n for
+previous values of X of n in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous values of X of n in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous values of X of n in other words
+the system can anticipate the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system can anticipate the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system can anticipate the values
+that are going to be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be coming
+in for a linear shift and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for a linear shift and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for a linear shift and variance
+system we can show that a necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we can show that a necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we can show that a necessary
+sufficient condition for causality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient condition for causality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient condition for causality is
+that the unit sample response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unit sample response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unit sample response of the
+system be zero for n less than zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system be zero for n less than zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system be zero for n less than zero in
+other words if the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if the unit sample response
+of the system is zero for n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is zero for n less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is zero for n less than
+zero the system is guaranteed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the system is guaranteed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the system is guaranteed to be
+causal if it's not zero for n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal if it's not zero for n less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal if it's not zero for n less than
+zero then the system is guaranteed not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the system is guaranteed not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the system is guaranteed not
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+causal just for example if we had a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal just for example if we had a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal just for example if we had a unit
+sample response which was 2 to the n U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response which was 2 to the n U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response which was 2 to the n U
+of minus n in other words 0 for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus n in other words 0 for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus n in other words 0 for n
+greater than 0 and 2 to the N for n less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 and 2 to the N for n less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 and 2 to the N for n less
+than 0 this of course would correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 this of course would correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 this of course would correspond
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+noncausal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncausal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncausal
+system since the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system since the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system since the unit sample response
+has nonzero values for negative values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nonzero values for negative values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nonzero values for negative values
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+N and we could also examine stability it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we could also examine stability it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we could also examine stability it
+would turn out that this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn out that this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn out that this corresponds to
+a stable system Al though in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable system Al though in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable system Al though in the
+previous example we had talked about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example we had talked about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example we had talked about 2
+to the N for n positive corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N for n positive corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N for n positive corresponds to
+an unstable system the point is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable system the point is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable system the point is that if
+you look at 2 to the n as the index n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at 2 to the n as the index n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at 2 to the n as the index n
+runs negative then that is as as n runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs negative then that is as as n runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs negative then that is as as n runs
+negative it's an exponential that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's an exponential that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's an exponential that's
+decaying in negative values of n so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying in negative values of n so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying in negative values of n so then
+in fact this is absolutely summable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is absolutely summable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is absolutely summable that
+makes it stable but it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it stable but it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it stable but it's obviously
+non-causal now I want to stress it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal now I want to stress it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal now I want to stress it's
+very very important point to stress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important point to stress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important point to stress that
+causality is of course a useful thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality is of course a useful thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality is of course a useful thing to
+inquire about about a system it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire about about a system it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire about about a system it's useful
+to ask is the system causal or is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is the system causal or is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is the system causal or is it not
+causal but generally it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal but generally it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal but generally it is not
+necessarily true that causality is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily true that causality is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily true that causality is a
+condition that we'll want to impose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we'll want to impose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we'll want to impose on
+the system there are many examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system there are many examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system there are many examples of
+useful non-causal systems and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful non-causal systems and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful non-causal systems and in many
+instances is we'll want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances is we'll want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances is we'll want to talk about
+systems which are non-causal so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which are non-causal so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which are non-causal so again
+it's useful to inquire about whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to inquire about whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to inquire about whether a
+system is causal or not causal but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is causal or not causal but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is causal or not causal but it is
+not generally useful to constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generally useful to constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generally useful to constrain
+ourselves to talk only about causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to talk only about causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to talk only about causal
+systems the the story is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the the story is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the the story is somewhat
+different for stability in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for stability in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for stability in the sense
+that a an unstable system is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a an unstable system is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a an unstable system is somewhat
+less useful than a non-causal system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less useful than a non-causal system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less useful than a non-causal system so
+these are two additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two additional
+conditions or properties that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or properties that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or properties that we'll
+sometimes want to inquire about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes want to inquire about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes want to inquire about when we
+talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a
+system in general for linear shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in general for linear shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in general for linear shift and
+variance systems there is a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance systems there is a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance systems there is a wide
+latitude in terms of the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude in terms of the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude in terms of the description of
+those systems and that is a similar type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems and that is a similar type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems and that is a similar type
+of statement that applies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statement that applies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statement that applies in the
+continuous time case also just as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time case also just as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time case also just as in the
+continuous time case it is useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time case it is useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time case it is useful to
+concentrate in many cases on systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate in many cases on systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate in many cases on systems
+that can be implemented with RS L's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be implemented with RS L's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be implemented with RS L's and
+C's and consequently representable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and consequently representable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and consequently representable by
+linear constant coefficient differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient differential
+equations in the discreete time case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the discreete time case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the discreete time case
+it's often useful to concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often useful to concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often useful to concentrate on
+systems that are describable by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are describable by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are describable by linear
+constant coefficient difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference
+equations so I would like to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I would like to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I would like to just
+briefly introduce the class of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly introduce the class of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly introduce the class of systems
+which are representable by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are representable by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are representable by linear
+constant coefficient difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+and the the discussion in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the discussion in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the discussion in this lecture
+is only a brief introduction and we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a brief introduction and we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a brief introduction and we in
+fact be returning to this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be returning to this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be returning to this class of
+systems several times over this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lessons we refer to an nth order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons we refer to an nth order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons we refer to an nth order linear
+constant coefficient difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference equation
+as being in the form that I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being in the form that I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being in the form that I've indicated
+here and what it consists of is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what it consists of is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what it consists of is a linear
+combination of the delayed output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the delayed output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the delayed output
+sequences equal to a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences equal to a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences equal to a linear combination
+of delayed input sequences a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delayed input sequences a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delayed input sequences a
+differential equation of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of course in
+continuous time involves linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time involves linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time involves linear
+combinations of derivatives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of derivatives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of derivatives the
+corresponding situation in the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding situation in the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding situation in the discrete
+time case is a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time case is a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time case is a linear combination
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+differences so this is then a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so this is then a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so this is then a general
+enth order linear in the sense that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enth order linear in the sense that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enth order linear in the sense that it's
+a linear combination constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination constant
+coefficient meaning that it's these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient meaning that it's these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient meaning that it's these are
+constant numbers as opposed to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant numbers as opposed to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant numbers as opposed to being
+functions of n difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of n difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of n difference equation
+meaning that involves differences of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that involves differences of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that involves differences of the
+input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and output
+sequence I the the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence I the the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence I the the order of the
+difference equation generally is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation generally is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation generally is used to
+refer to the number of delays required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the number of delays required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the number of delays required
+in the output sequence in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output sequence in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output sequence in general the
+number of delays in the in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays in the in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays in the in the input
+sequence M does not have to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence M does not have to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence M does not have to be equal to
+n but is generally convenient to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but is generally convenient to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but is generally convenient to refer
+to the order as corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the order as corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the order as corresponding to the
+number of delays involved in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays involved in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays involved in the output
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+for the zero thorder difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero thorder difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero thorder difference equation
+the solution if it corresponds for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution if it corresponds for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution if it corresponds for a
+representation of a linear shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a linear shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a linear shift and
+variance system the solution is Trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system the solution is Trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system the solution is Trivial
+very straightforward particular let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward particular let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward particular let's
+examine what this difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine what this difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine what this difference equation
+reduces to if n is equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to if n is equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to if n is equal to zero and
+just for convenience we'll choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for convenience we'll choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for convenience we'll choose the
+coefficients to be normalized so that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to be normalized so that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to be normalized so that a
+Sub 0 is equal to one obviously anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub 0 is equal to one obviously anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub 0 is equal to one obviously anything
+I say is straightforwardly generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say is straightforwardly generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say is straightforwardly generalized
+for a z not equal to one but that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a z not equal to one but that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a z not equal to one but that's just
+a a convenient normalization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a convenient normalization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a convenient normalization to
+impose all right if n is equal to Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose all right if n is equal to Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose all right if n is equal to Z and
+a z is equal to one then what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z is equal to one then what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z is equal to one then what this
+equation looks like is just on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation looks like is just on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation looks like is just on the left
+hand side y of N and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side y of N and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side y of N and the right hand side
+as it is so we have y of n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is so we have y of n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is so we have y of n is equal to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sum and that looks suspiciously like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and that looks suspiciously like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and that looks suspiciously like the
+convolution sum it involves a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum it involves a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum it involves a linear
+combination only of the lay input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination only of the lay input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination only of the lay input
+sequences and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and so in
+fact the this is identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the this is identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the this is identical to the
+convolution sum if we thought of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum if we thought of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum if we thought of this
+say is as h of r h of R then is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is as h of r h of R then is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is as h of r h of R then is equal to
+B subr so the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B subr so the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B subr so the unit sample response
+corresponding to the zeroth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the zeroth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the zeroth order
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+equation is just this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just this set of
+coefficients and of course this runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and of course this runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and of course this runs
+only r runs only from 0 to M so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only r runs only from 0 to M so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only r runs only from 0 to M so it's the
+coefficients B subn for n between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients B subn for n between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients B subn for n between 0 and
+M and it's equal to zero otherwise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and it's equal to zero otherwise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and it's equal to zero otherwise so
+that's very straightforward we can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very straightforward we can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very straightforward we can pick
+off the solution essentially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the solution essentially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the solution essentially by
+recognizing this as the convolution sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing this as the convolution sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing this as the convolution sum
+obviously another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously another way
+of of obtaining the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of obtaining the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of obtaining the unit sample response
+corresponding to this system is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this system is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this system is simply
+to plug in a unit sample for X of N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in a unit sample for X of N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in a unit sample for X of N and
+you'll see in fact that what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in fact that what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in fact that what comes
+rolling out are these coefficients b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling out are these coefficients b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling out are these coefficients b
+subr or B subn so if this is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr or B subn so if this is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr or B subn so if this is used to
+describe a linear shift and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a linear shift and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a linear shift and variance
+system the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the unit sample response
+corresponds simply to the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds simply to the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds simply to the coefficients
+in the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the difference
+equation for n not equal to zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for n not equal to zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for n not equal to zero it's
+not quite as straightforward as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as straightforward as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as straightforward as that
+first of all let me point out that for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let me point out that for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let me point out that for n
+not equal to zero the left hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero the left hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero the left hand side of
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+involves y of n y of n minus1 y of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves y of n y of n minus1 y of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves y of n y of n minus1 y of n
+minus 2 Etc up to Y of little n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 Etc up to Y of little n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 Etc up to Y of little n minus
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+N we can take all of the terms except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N we can take all of the terms except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N we can take all of the terms except
+the one involving y of n over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one involving y of n over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one involving y of n over to the
+right hand side of the equation and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the equation and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the equation and end
+up with an equation in which expresses y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an equation in which expresses y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an equation in which expresses y
+of n as linear combination of delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n as linear combination of delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n as linear combination of delayed
+inputs and a linear combination of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and a linear combination of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and a linear combination of past
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+sequences if we rewrite this equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences if we rewrite this equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences if we rewrite this equation in
+this form and again just for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and again just for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and again just for convenience
+we'll choose a0 equal to 1 simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll choose a0 equal to 1 simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll choose a0 equal to 1 simply
+normalizing the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the that
+coefficient then the difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient then the difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient then the difference equation
+that we end up with is in the form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we end up with is in the form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we end up with is in the form that
+I've indicated here y of N is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here y of N is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here y of N is a linear
+combination of delayed input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of delayed input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of delayed input
+sequences minus because we brought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences minus because we brought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences minus because we brought that
+that from the other side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the other side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the other side of the equation
+minus a linear combination of past of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a linear combination of past of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a linear combination of past of
+the previous output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous output
+values what that says is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values what that says is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values what that says is that we
+presumably can iterate this equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably can iterate this equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably can iterate this equation or
+equivalently what it says is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently what it says is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently what it says is that the
+difference equation corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation corresponds to an
+explicit input output relationship for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit input output relationship for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit input output relationship for
+the system because if somehow we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because if somehow we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because if somehow we could
+get the equation going then we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the equation going then we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the equation going then we can solve
+for y of n we can solve for y of n if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y of n we can solve for y of n if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y of n we can solve for y of n if we
+have the right previous values for y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right previous values for y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right previous values for y of
+N and then we can solve for y of n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then we can solve for y of n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then we can solve for y of n plus
+1 y of n plus 2 Etc in other words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y of n plus 2 Etc in other words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y of n plus 2 Etc in other words we
+can continue to iterate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue to iterate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue to iterate the
+equation what's required to do that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's required to do that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's required to do that are
+that we have to know the input and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to know the input and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to know the input and we
+assume of course that we know that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume of course that we know that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume of course that we know that and
+we have to know some previous output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to know some previous output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to know some previous output
+values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and
+and to know the previous output values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to know the previous output values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to know the previous output values
+then means that there's some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then means that there's some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then means that there's some additional
+information that we have to specify and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we have to specify and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we have to specify and
+those will generally refer to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will generally refer to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will generally refer to as the
+boundary conditions or the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions or the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions or the initial
+conditions for example let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for example let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for example let's see how
+this equation would work if we focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation would work if we focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation would work if we focused
+on the first order case so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first order case so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first order case so the first
+order case capital N is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order case capital N is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order case capital N is equal to
+1 we have the equation Y of n minus a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we have the equation Y of n minus a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we have the equation Y of n minus a y
+of n -1 = x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n -1 = x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n -1 = x of
+N and let's find the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and let's find the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and let's find the unit sample
+response for the system in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the system in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the system in other words
+choosing X of n equal to a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing X of n equal to a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing X of n equal to a unit
+sample and for the initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and for the initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and for the initial conditions
+let's assume that for a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that for a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that for a unit sample
+input the output is equal to zero for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the output is equal to zero for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the output is equal to zero for n
+less than zero now when we do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero now when we do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero now when we do that we're
+making a specific assumption about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a specific assumption about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a specific assumption about
+causality we're imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality we're imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality we're imposing
+the boundary conditions that the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions that the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions that the unit
+sample response has to be zero for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response has to be zero for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response has to be zero for n
+less than zero that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero that's exactly the
+necessary and sufficient condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient condition that
+we need for causality so basically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for causality so basically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for causality so basically we're
+saying that we're imposing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we're imposing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we're imposing on the
+solution that we're about to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we're about to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we're about to generate
+the additional condition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional condition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional condition of
+causality all right well now rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality all right well now rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality all right well now rewriting
+this equation by taking this term over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by taking this term over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by taking this term over
+to the right hand side and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right hand side and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right hand side and taking
+account of the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the fact that we're
+considering the input to be a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the input to be a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the input to be a unit
+sample we have the output sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we have the output sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we have the output sequence is
+unit sample plus a * the output sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample plus a * the output sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample plus a * the output sequence
+delayed and now let's run through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed and now let's run through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed and now let's run through an
+iteration of this equation obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of this equation obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of this equation obtaining
+some successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some successive
+values y of n y of minus one we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values y of n y of minus one we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values y of n y of minus one we can get
+simply by referring to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by referring to the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by referring to the initial
+condition we stated that y of n is z for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we stated that y of n is z for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we stated that y of n is z for
+n less than zero and so that means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n less than zero and so that means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n less than zero and so that means of
+course that y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that y of
+-1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 is
+0 y of 0 is equal to Delta of 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 y of 0 is equal to Delta of 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 y of 0 is equal to Delta of 0 but
+that's equal to 1 plus 8 * y of minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to 1 plus 8 * y of minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to 1 plus 8 * y of minus1
+which was 0 so y of 0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 0 so y of 0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 0 so y of 0 is equal to
+1 y of 1 is equal to Delta of 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y of 1 is equal to Delta of 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y of 1 is equal to Delta of 1 which is
+zero the unit sample is only non zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the unit sample is only non zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the unit sample is only non zero at
+n equal 0 so that's 0 + 8 * y of 0 y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal 0 so that's 0 + 8 * y of 0 y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal 0 so that's 0 + 8 * y of 0 y of
+0 is equal to 1 so y of 1 is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to 1 so y of 1 is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to 1 so y of 1 is equal to a
+* 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 or
+a y of 2 if we follow that through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y of 2 if we follow that through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y of 2 if we follow that through is
+equal to a sar and if you run through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a sar and if you run through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a sar and if you run through a
+few more of those you'll see rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more of those you'll see rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more of those you'll see rather
+quickly that what we get for the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that what we get for the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that what we get for the unit
+sample response with this imposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response with this imposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response with this imposing the
+condition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of
+causality is that the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality is that the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality is that the unit sample
+response is a to the N for n greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a to the N for n greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a to the N for n greater
+than Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Z
+of course it's zero for n less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's zero for n less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's zero for n less than zero
+because of our initial condition so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our initial condition so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our initial condition so it's
+a to the N time U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the N time U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the N time U of
+N and it's obviously causal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and it's obviously causal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and it's obviously causal because
+that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we
+imposed it may or may not be stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed it may or may not be stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed it may or may not be stable
+depending on the value of a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the value of a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the value of a in
+particular if the magnitude of a is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the magnitude of a is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the magnitude of a is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+one then this sequence will be decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then this sequence will be decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then this sequence will be decaying
+exponentially as n increases so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as n increases so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as n increases so for the
+magnet magnitude of a less than one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet magnitude of a less than one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet magnitude of a less than one this
+corresponds to a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a stable
+system now this isn't the only initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now this isn't the only initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now this isn't the only initial
+condition that we can impose on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we can impose on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we can impose on the
+system and still have it correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and still have it correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and still have it correspond to a
+linear shift and variance system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance system we
+could alternatively impose a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could alternatively impose a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could alternatively impose a different
+set of initial conditions which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of initial conditions which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of initial conditions which is the
+or boundary conditions really because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or boundary conditions really because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or boundary conditions really because
+they're not for this case initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not for this case initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not for this case initial
+conditions boundary conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions boundary conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions boundary conditions that
+state instead of the statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state instead of the statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state instead of the statement that the
+system is causal the statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is causal the statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is causal the statement that the
+system is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is totally
+non-causal what I mean is let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal what I mean is let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal what I mean is let's take the
+same example the same difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same example the same difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same example the same difference
+equation let's again choose the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's again choose the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's again choose the input to
+be a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a unit
+sample but let's impose another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample but let's impose another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample but let's impose another
+condition on the solution boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the solution boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the solution boundary
+condition namely that the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition namely that the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition namely that the unit sample
+response is zero for n greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is zero for n greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is zero for n greater than zero
+rather than the boundary condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the boundary condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the boundary condition that
+says that it's zero for n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it's zero for n less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it's zero for n less than
+zero in that case it's convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that case it's convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that case it's convenient to
+generate the solution iteratively by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the solution iteratively by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the solution iteratively by
+running the difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the difference equation
+backwards in other words by expressing y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in other words by expressing y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in other words by expressing y
+of n minus one in terms of Y of N and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus one in terms of Y of N and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus one in terms of Y of N and X
+of n this is just simply another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n this is just simply another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n this is just simply another
+rearrangement of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement of the difference
+equation and with this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and with this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and with this initial
+condition if we look at y of 1 of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if we look at y of 1 of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if we look at y of 1 of course
+y of 1 is equal to zero by virtue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 1 is equal to zero by virtue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 1 is equal to zero by virtue of the
+boundary condition that we've imposed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition that we've imposed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition that we've imposed so
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+zero y of0 corresponds to n equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y of0 corresponds to n equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y of0 corresponds to n equal to 1
+in this equation so n equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation so n equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation so n equal to one
+here we have 1 over a Time y of 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have 1 over a Time y of 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have 1 over a Time y of 1 which
+is 0 minus Delta of 1 which is zero so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 minus Delta of 1 which is zero so y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 minus Delta of 1 which is zero so y
+of 0 is again equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is again equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is again equal to
+zero y of minus one corresponds to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y of minus one corresponds to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y of minus one corresponds to n
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+0 so we have 1/ a * y of 0 which was 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we have 1/ a * y of 0 which was 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we have 1/ a * y of 0 which was 0
+minus Delta of 0 which is 1 so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta of 0 which is 1 so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta of 0 which is 1 so we get
+min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aus1 y of -2 we would substitute n =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aus1 y of -2 we would substitute n =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aus1 y of -2 we would substitute n =
+-1 y of minus1 we had is min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 y of minus1 we had is min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 y of minus1 we had is min -
+aus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aus1 and
+Delta of minus1 is zero so we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of minus1 is zero so we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of minus1 is zero so we have here
+minus a to the minus 2 and it continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a to the minus 2 and it continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a to the minus 2 and it continues
+on that way and if you generated some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that way and if you generated some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that way and if you generated some
+more of these what you'd see rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of these what you'd see rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of these what you'd see rather
+quickly is that this is of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly is that this is of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly is that this is of the form
+minus a to the n * U of - nus1 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a to the n * U of - nus1 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a to the n * U of - nus1 in other
+words it is an exponential of the form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it is an exponential of the form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it is an exponential of the form a
+to the n as we found for the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n as we found for the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n as we found for the causal
+solution also but it's zero for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution also but it's zero for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution also but it's zero for n
+greater than zero and it's of the form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and it's of the form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and it's of the form a
+to the N for n less than zero what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N for n less than zero what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N for n less than zero what that
+means in particular is that if we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in particular is that if we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in particular is that if we again
+inquired as to whether it was stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquired as to whether it was stable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquired as to whether it was stable or
+unstable for the magnitude of a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable for the magnitude of a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable for the magnitude of a less
+than one what we would find in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one what we would find in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one what we would find in this case
+is that it's unstable rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's unstable rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's unstable rather than
+stable so what we've seen then is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so what we've seen then is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so what we've seen then is that a
+linear constant coefficient difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+by itself doesn't specify uniquely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself doesn't specify uniquely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself doesn't specify uniquely a
+system it requires a set of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it requires a set of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it requires a set of initial
+conditions and depending on the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and depending on the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and depending on the initial
+conditions or boundary conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or boundary conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or boundary conditions that
+are imposed it may correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imposed it may correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imposed it may correspond to a
+causal system or it may correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system or it may correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system or it may correspond to a
+non-causal system and in some situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal system and in some situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal system and in some situations
+we might want it to correspond to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want it to correspond to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want it to correspond to either
+one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+to something that I haven't stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that I haven't stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that I haven't stated
+explicitly but there is some discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but there is some discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but there is some discussion
+of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in the
+text is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is the fact
+that it is not for every set of boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not for every set of boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not for every set of boundary
+conditions that a linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that a linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that a linear constant
+coefficient difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equation
+corresponds to a linear shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a linear shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a linear shift and
+variance system but it does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system but it does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system but it does in
+particular for the two sets of boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for the two sets of boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for the two sets of boundary
+conditions that I imposed here more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that I imposed here more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that I imposed here more
+generally what's required of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what's required of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what's required of the
+boundary conditions so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so that the
+difference equation correspond responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation correspond responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation correspond responds
+to a linear shift and variance system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a linear shift and variance system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a linear shift and variance system is
+that the boundary conditions have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boundary conditions have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boundary conditions have to be
+consistent with the statement that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the statement that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the statement that if
+the input X of n were zero the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input X of n were zero the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input X of n were zero the output
+would zero for all n that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would zero for all n that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would zero for all n that the output
+would also be zero for all in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be zero for all in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be zero for all in and
+there's some additional discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some additional discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some additional discussion of
+this in the text I uh indicate also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the text I uh indicate also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the text I uh indicate also that
+we'll be returning from time to time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be returning from time to time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be returning from time to time to
+further discussion of linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further discussion of linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further discussion of linear constant
+coefficient difference equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equations and
+discussing in particular other ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in particular other ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in particular other ways of
+solving uh this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh this class of
+equations for the remainder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the remainder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the remainder of the
+lecture I'd like to focus on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'd like to focus on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'd like to focus on an
+alternative representation of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative representation of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative representation of linear
+shift and variance systems alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems alternative
+to the time domain or convolution sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time domain or convolution sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time domain or convolution sum
+representation that we dealt with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that we dealt with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that we dealt with in the
+last lecture in particular the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture in particular the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture in particular the very
+useful alternative is a description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful alternative is a description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful alternative is a description of
+linear shift and variance systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance systems in
+terms of its frequency response in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its frequency response in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its frequency response in other
+words in terms of its response either to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in terms of its response either to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in terms of its response either to
+sinusoidal excitations or to complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal excitations or to complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal excitations or to complex
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+excitations well the basic notion behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations well the basic notion behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations well the basic notion behind
+the frequency response description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response description of
+linear shift and variance systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance systems
+is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact
+that complex exponentials are igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex exponentials are igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex exponentials are igen
+functions of linear shift and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of linear shift and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of linear shift and variant
+systems what I mean by that is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what I mean by that is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what I mean by that is that for
+linear shift and variant systems if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variant systems if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variant systems if you
+put in a complex exponential you get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a complex exponential you get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a complex exponential you get out
+a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex
+exponential and the only change is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the only change is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the only change is in
+the complex amplitude of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex amplitude of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex amplitude of the complex
+exponential the functional form is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential the functional form is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential the functional form is the
+same so complex exponential in gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so complex exponential in gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so complex exponential in gives you
+a complex exponential out we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex exponential out we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex exponential out we can see
+that rather easily by referring to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather easily by referring to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather easily by referring to the
+convolution some description of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution some description of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution some description of linear
+shift and variance systems as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems as I've
+indicated here in particular suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here in particular suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here in particular suppose
+that we choose an input sequence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we choose an input sequence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we choose an input sequence which
+is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complex
+exponential and let's substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and let's substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and let's substitute this
+into this expression so that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this expression so that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this expression so that the output
+is then the sum of H of K e the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the sum of H of K e the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the sum of H of K e the J Omega
+n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+K this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this
+term can be decomposed into a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term can be decomposed into a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term can be decomposed into a product of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+exponentials e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials e to the J Omega
+n and e to the minus J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and e to the minus J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and e to the minus J Omega
+K and since e to the J Omega n doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and since e to the J Omega n doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and since e to the J Omega n doesn't
+depend on the index K we can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the index K we can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the index K we can take that
+piece outside the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece outside the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece outside the sum
+and what we're left with is y of n is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're left with is y of n is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're left with is y of n is e
+to the J Omega n times the sum of H of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega n times the sum of H of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega n times the sum of H of k
+e to minus J Omega K as I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to minus J Omega K as I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to minus J Omega K as I've indicated
+up here so we started with a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so we started with a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so we started with a complex
+exponential sequence going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequence going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequence going into the
+system none of this stuff over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system none of this stuff over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system none of this stuff over here
+depends on N so when we sum all that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on N so when we sum all that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on N so when we sum all that up
+that's just a number it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a number it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a number it's a function of
+Omega it depends on what complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega it depends on what complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega it depends on what complex
+frequency we've put in but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we've put in but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we've put in but it doesn't
+depend on n and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on n and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on n and in fact
+notationally will refer to this as h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notationally will refer to this as h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notationally will refer to this as h of
+e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J
+Omega so consequently the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so consequently the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so consequently the output
+sequence due to a complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence due to a complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence due to a complex exponential
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+is this number or function of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this number or function of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this number or function of Omega
+times e to the J Omega n the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the J Omega n the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the J Omega n the change in
+the comp Lex amplitude then is H of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp Lex amplitude then is H of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp Lex amplitude then is H of e to
+the J Omega but the functional form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Omega but the functional form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Omega but the functional form of
+the output is the same as the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is the same as the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is the same as the functional
+form of the input and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the input and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the input and that's what we
+mean when we say that the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say that the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say that the complex
+exponential is an igen function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is an igen function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is an igen function of a
+linear shift and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variant
+system so finally h of e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so finally h of e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so finally h of e to the J Omega
+is given by this sum I've uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this sum I've uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this sum I've uh just
+diddled the changed the the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diddled the changed the the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diddled the changed the the index of
+summation from what I had up here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation from what I had up here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation from what I had up here but
+obviously that's no important change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's no important change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's no important change
+and we will refer to this or to H of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will refer to this or to H of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will refer to this or to H of to
+the J omega as the frequency response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J omega as the frequency response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J omega as the frequency response of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system one of the reasons why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one of the reasons why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one of the reasons why the
+frequency response is important of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is important of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is important of
+course one of the facts that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one of the facts that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one of the facts that you can see
+right away is that there it's easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away is that there it's easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away is that there it's easily
+obtained directly from the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained directly from the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained directly from the unit sample
+response one of the reasons why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response one of the reasons why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response one of the reasons why the
+frequency response is useful is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is useful is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is useful is because
+it's essentially the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially the frequency response
+that allows us to obtain quite easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to obtain quite easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to obtain quite easily
+the response of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of the system
+to sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sinusoidal
+excitations and as we'll see in some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations and as we'll see in some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations and as we'll see in some in
+later lectures starting actually with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures starting actually with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures starting actually with
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+lecture essentially arbitrary sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture essentially arbitrary sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture essentially arbitrary sequences
+can be represented either as linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented either as linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented either as linear
+combinations of complex exponentials or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of complex exponentials or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of complex exponentials or
+as lar combinations of sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lar combinations of sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lar combinations of sinusoidal
+sequences and so if we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and so if we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and so if we know what the
+response is to a complex exponential or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is to a complex exponential or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is to a complex exponential or
+to sinusoidal sequences we can in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sinusoidal sequences we can in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sinusoidal sequences we can in effect
+describe the response to arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the response to arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the response to arbitrary
+sequences we'll see all of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we'll see all of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we'll see all of that uh
+coming up in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in the next
+lecture but to see how this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but to see how this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but to see how this frequency
+response relates to the sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response relates to the sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response relates to the sinusoidal
+response the relation essentially pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the relation essentially pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the relation essentially pops
+out from the fact that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the fact that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the fact that if we have a
+sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal
+exitation A sinusoidal exitation can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation A sinusoidal exitation can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation A sinusoidal exitation can be
+represented as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as a linear combination of
+two complex exponentials as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex exponentials as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex exponentials as I've
+indicated here so a over 2 j f e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here so a over 2 j f e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here so a over 2 j f e to the
+J Omega 0 n this is one complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega 0 n this is one complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega 0 n this is one complex
+exponential with a complex frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with a complex frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with a complex frequency
+Omega 0 and a complex amplitude a over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 and a complex amplitude a over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 and a complex amplitude a over 2
+e to the J Fe then it's complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Fe then it's complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Fe then it's complex
+conjugate term those two added up give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate term those two added up give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate term those two added up give
+us a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a complex
+exponential we can find the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we can find the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we can find the response to
+each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these simply from the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simply from the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simply from the frequency response
+we know that all that happens to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that all that happens to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that all that happens to a
+complex exponential is that its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential is that its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential is that its complex
+amplitude gets multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude gets multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude gets multiplied by the
+frequency response and so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response and so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response and so this is one
+complex exponential and another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and another one
+we're talking about linear systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about linear systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about linear systems so
+the responses the response to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses the response to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses the response to the sum of
+these two is the sum of the responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two is the sum of the responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two is the sum of the responses
+and so if we express the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we express the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we express the frequency
+response in a polar form as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in a polar form as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in a polar form as I've
+indicated here in terms of magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here in terms of magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here in terms of magnitude and
+phase and if you track through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and if you track through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and if you track through what
+happens when you multiply each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you multiply each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you multiply each of these
+complex exponentials by the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials by the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials by the appropriate
+frequency response this one at a fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response this one at a fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response this one at a fre
+frequency Omega 0 this one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega 0 this one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega 0 this one at a
+frequency minus Omega 0 and add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency minus Omega 0 and add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency minus Omega 0 and add the
+terms back together again the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms back together again the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms back together again the resulting
+output sequence has a change in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output sequence has a change in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output sequence has a change in real
+amplitude given by or dictated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude given by or dictated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude given by or dictated by the
+magnitude of the frequency response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the frequency response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the frequency response and
+a change in Phase dictated by the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in Phase dictated by the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in Phase dictated by the angle
+of the frequency response in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency response in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency response in other words
+by this Theta of Omega so the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this Theta of Omega so the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this Theta of Omega so the frequency
+response when thought of in polar form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when thought of in polar form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when thought of in polar form
+magnitude and angle the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle the magnitude
+represents the change in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the change in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the change in the real
+amplitude of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of a
+sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal
+excitation and the angle or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and the angle or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and the angle or complex
+argument represents the phase shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument represents the phase shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument represents the phase shift and
+that is exactly analogous exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly analogous exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly analogous exactly
+identical to what we're used to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we're used to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we're used to in the
+continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time
+case well let's just look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well let's just look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well let's just look at an example
+of a simple linear shift and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple linear shift and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple linear shift and variance
+system and the resulting frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response let's return to the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response let's return to the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response let's return to the first order
+difference equation that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation that we talked about
+just a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a short time
+ago we saw that there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we saw that there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we saw that there were two
+solutions that we could generate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that we could generate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that we could generate for
+this depending on whether we assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depending on whether we assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depending on whether we assumed
+that it was a causal or non-causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a causal or non-causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a causal or non-causal
+system let's focus on the causal case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's focus on the causal case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's focus on the causal case if
+the system was causal we generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was causal we generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was causal we generated
+essentially iteratively the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially iteratively the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially iteratively the solution
+that the unit sample response is a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unit sample response is a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unit sample response is a to
+the n * U of N and let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n * U of N and let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n * U of N and let's assume that
+we're talking about a stable system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a stable system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a stable system so
+that a is magnitude of a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is magnitude of a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is magnitude of a is less than
+one of course it could be negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of course it could be negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of course it could be negative and
+still be stable between minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be stable between minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be stable between minus one and
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+let's we'll assume I'll assume in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we'll assume I'll assume in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we'll assume I'll assume in the
+pictures that I draw that a is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that I draw that a is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that I draw that a is in fact
+positive and then also less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the expression for the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the expression for the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the expression for the frequency
+response of the system from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system from what we
+derived just above is the sum overall n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived just above is the sum overall n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived just above is the sum overall n
+of H of n * eus J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of n * eus J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of n * eus J Omega
+n because of the unit step in here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because of the unit step in here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because of the unit step in here the
+limits on the sum change from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on the sum change from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on the sum change from zero to
+Infinity in other words all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in other words all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in other words all of this is
+going to be Zero from minus infinity up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Zero from minus infinity up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Zero from minus infinity up
+to zero and because of the unit step for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and because of the unit step for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and because of the unit step for
+n greater than Z we have a to the N time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n greater than Z we have a to the N time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n greater than Z we have a to the N time
+this exponential so we have a to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential so we have a to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential so we have a to the N
+times e to the actually there's a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the actually there's a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the actually there's a minus
+sign there e to the minus J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there e to the minus J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there e to the minus J Omega
+n if we sum this this is just a the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if we sum this this is just a the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if we sum this this is just a the sum
+of a geometric Series in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a geometric Series in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a geometric Series in other words
+it's of the form the sum of alpha to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of the form the sum of alpha to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of the form the sum of alpha to the
+n Alpha equal 0 to Infinity sums of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Alpha equal 0 to Infinity sums of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Alpha equal 0 to Infinity sums of this
+form are equal to 1 over 1-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are equal to 1 over 1-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are equal to 1 over 1-
+Alpha and Alpha in this case is a e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and Alpha in this case is a e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and Alpha in this case is a e to
+minus J Omega so that sum then is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J Omega so that sum then is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J Omega so that sum then is 1 over
+1 - a e to minus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - a e to minus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - a e to minus J
+Omega well as we saw at least for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well as we saw at least for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well as we saw at least for the
+sinusoidal response it's useful to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal response it's useful to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal response it's useful to look
+at the magnitude and phase of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the magnitude and phase of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the magnitude and phase of this in
+other words to look at it in polar form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to look at it in polar form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to look at it in polar form
+so if we want the magnitude of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want the magnitude of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want the magnitude of this
+frequency response we can obtain that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response we can obtain that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response we can obtain that by
+multiplying this by its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this by its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this by its complex
+conjugate consequently the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate consequently the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate consequently the magnitude of
+the frequency response is given by h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response is given by h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response is given by h of
+e to the J Omega the minus sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Omega the minus sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Omega the minus sign is
+conveniently there for us multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently there for us multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently there for us multiplied by
+its complex conjugate which is 1 - a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complex conjugate which is 1 - a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complex conjugate which is 1 - a e
+to the minus uh I'm sorry 1 over 1 - a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus uh I'm sorry 1 over 1 - a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus uh I'm sorry 1 over 1 - a e
+to the plus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus J
+Omega if we multiply these together then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega if we multiply these together then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega if we multiply these together then
+what we obtain is 1/ 1 + a^ 2 - 2 a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we obtain is 1/ 1 + a^ 2 - 2 a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we obtain is 1/ 1 + a^ 2 - 2 a *
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+Omega and the phase angle of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and the phase angle of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and the phase angle of this is
+equal to the arc tangent of if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the arc tangent of if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the arc tangent of if you just
+simply work this out the AR tangent of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply work this out the AR tangent of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply work this out the AR tangent of a
+sin Omega / 1 - A cosine Omega I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega / 1 - A cosine Omega I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega / 1 - A cosine Omega I suspect
+actually that because of that algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that because of that algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that because of that algebraic
+sign error I made the the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign error I made the the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign error I made the the minus sign
+down here uh actually I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here uh actually I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here uh actually I think that this
+comes out with a minus sign but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out with a minus sign but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out with a minus sign but uh I
+won't guarantee that on the spot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't guarantee that on the spot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't guarantee that on the spot right
+now you can simply verify that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can simply verify that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can simply verify that but I
+suspect that that there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that that there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that that there should be a
+minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+well this then represents the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this then represents the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this then represents the phase
+shift that would would be encountered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that would would be encountered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that would would be encountered by
+a sinusoidal input going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoidal input going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoidal input going through the
+linear shift and variance system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance system this
+would represent the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would represent the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would represent the square of the
+magnitude change of a sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude change of a sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude change of a sinusoidal
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+and if we were to sketch this then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to sketch this then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to sketch this then what
+we see is that at Omega equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is that at Omega equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is that at Omega equal to zero
+cosine Omega of course at Omega equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega of course at Omega equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega of course at Omega equal to
+0 is 1 so this is 1 over 1 + a^ 2 - 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is 1 so this is 1 over 1 + a^ 2 - 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is 1 so this is 1 over 1 + a^ 2 - 2 a
+or 1/ 1 - a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1/ 1 - a^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1/ 1 - a^
+squared we're assuming that a is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared we're assuming that a is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared we're assuming that a is between
+0 and 1 and so we're indicated that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 and so we're indicated that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 and so we're indicated that by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+value when Omega is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when Omega is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when Omega is equal to
+Pi cosine Omega is equal to minus1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi cosine Omega is equal to minus1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi cosine Omega is equal to minus1 this
+then comes out to be 1 over 1 + a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes out to be 1 over 1 + a^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes out to be 1 over 1 + a^
+squared which for a between 0 and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which for a between 0 and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which for a between 0 and one is
+less than this value so the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than this value so the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than this value so the frequency
+response then between M between - pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then between M between - pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then between M between - pi and
+plus pi would have the shape that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pi would have the shape that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pi would have the shape that I've
+indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+here now what happens if we continue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what happens if we continue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what happens if we continue on
+in frequency Omega can of course run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency Omega can of course run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency Omega can of course run
+from PI to 2 pi and on past that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from PI to 2 pi and on past that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from PI to 2 pi and on past that you can
+verify in a very straightforward way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify in a very straightforward way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify in a very straightforward way
+from this expression that from PI to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this expression that from PI to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this expression that from PI to 2
+pi the frequency response will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the frequency response will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the frequency response will look
+exactly like it did from minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like it did from minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like it did from minus pi to
+Pi it will then look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it will then look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it will then look like
+that and from minus pi to minus 2 pi it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and from minus pi to minus 2 pi it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and from minus pi to minus 2 pi it
+will look exactly as it did from PI down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look exactly as it did from PI down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look exactly as it did from PI down
+to zero so it will look like this and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so it will look like this and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so it will look like this and in
+fact it's straightforward to verify for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's straightforward to verify for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's straightforward to verify for
+both the magnitude and the phase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the magnitude and the phase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the magnitude and the phase that
+both of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are
+periodic in Omega with a period of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in Omega with a period of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in Omega with a period of 2 pi
+so this is one period say from minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one period say from minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one period say from minus pi
+to pi and then another period would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pi and then another period would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pi and then another period would
+start from PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from PI
+to 3 pi and it would continue on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 pi and it would continue on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 pi and it would continue on like
+that so in fact if we were to sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in fact if we were to sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in fact if we were to sketch
+this out over a wider range of Omega we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out over a wider range of Omega we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out over a wider range of Omega we
+would see this periodically repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see this periodically repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see this periodically repeating
+for this example that's straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example that's straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example that's straightforward
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+so there are then two properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are then two properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are then two properties of the
+frequency response which I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response which I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response which I would like to
+call your attention to in preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call your attention to in preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call your attention to in preparation
+for our discussion next time one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our discussion next time one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our discussion next time one of them
+is the fact very important to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact very important to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact very important to keep in
+mind that the frequency response as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the frequency response as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the frequency response as
+we're talking about it is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about it is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about it is a function of
+a continuous variable Omega Omega I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous variable Omega Omega I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous variable Omega Omega I
+hadn't stressed this point previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't stressed this point previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't stressed this point previously
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+Omega is a variable that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is a variable that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is a variable that changes
+continuously over whatever range we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously over whatever range we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously over whatever range we're
+talking about as opposed to sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about as opposed to sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about as opposed to sequences
+which are functions obviously of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are functions obviously of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are functions obviously of a
+discrete variable here we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete variable here we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete variable here we're talking
+about a function of a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a function of a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a function of a continuous
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+omega as we saw for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega as we saw for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega as we saw for our
+example the frequency response is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the frequency response is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the frequency response is a
+periodic function of Omega and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function of Omega and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function of Omega and the
+period is equal to 2 pi now the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is equal to 2 pi now the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is equal to 2 pi now the reason
+that it's a periodic function of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a periodic function of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a periodic function of Omega
+is in fact somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact somewhat
+obvious suppose that we take a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious suppose that we take a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious suppose that we take a complex
+exponential e to the J Omega n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the J Omega n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the J Omega n and
+inquire as to how the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire as to how the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire as to how the complex
+exponential itself behaves if we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential itself behaves if we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential itself behaves if we change
+Omega over an interval of more than 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over an interval of more than 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over an interval of more than 2 pi
+suppose that we replace Omega by Omega +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we replace Omega by Omega +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we replace Omega by Omega +
+2 pi *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi *
+K and now if we decompose this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and now if we decompose this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and now if we decompose this into a
+product we have e to the J Omega n * e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we have e to the J Omega n * e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we have e to the J Omega n * e
+to j 2i k *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to j 2i k *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to j 2i k *
+n this is an integer multiple this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is an integer multiple this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is an integer multiple this
+exponent is an integer multiple of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is an integer multiple of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is an integer multiple of 2 pi
+and so this is simply equal to Unity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is simply equal to Unity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is simply equal to Unity now
+what that says is that a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says is that a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says is that a complex
+exponential once we varied Omega over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential once we varied Omega over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential once we varied Omega over an
+an interval of 2 pi and we go past that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of 2 pi and we go past that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of 2 pi and we go past that
+there are no more new complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no more new complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no more new complex
+exponentials to see we'll see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials to see we'll see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials to see we'll see the same
+ones over and over and over again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones over and over and over again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones over and over and over again and
+consequently the system response has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the system response has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the system response has to
+be periodic in Omega with Period 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be periodic in Omega with Period 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be periodic in Omega with Period 2 pi
+because we're putting in essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're putting in essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're putting in essentially the
+same inputs over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same inputs over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same inputs over and over and over
+again this is a point that I'll uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a point that I'll uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a point that I'll uh be
+mentioning from time to time and it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning from time to time and it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning from time to time and it's in
+fact somewhat important to uh uh to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact somewhat important to uh uh to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact somewhat important to uh uh to keep
+in mind also it's discussed in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind also it's discussed in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind also it's discussed in some
+detail again in the text so these then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail again in the text so these then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail again in the text so these then
+are some properties of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some properties of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some properties of the frequency
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+there is a generalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a generalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a generalization of the
+frequency response which is in fact very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response which is in fact very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response which is in fact very
+important for describing both signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for describing both signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for describing both signals
+and systems the generalization is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems the generalization is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems the generalization is the
+what we'll refer to is the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll refer to is the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll refer to is the fora
+transform which plays The Identical role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which plays The Identical role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which plays The Identical role
+in the discrete time case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discrete time case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discrete time case that the
+forier transform did in the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform did in the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform did in the continuous
+time case and so in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time case and so in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time case and so in the next lecture
+we'll be going on to a discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be going on to a discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be going on to a discussion of the
+forier transform taking off from the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform taking off from the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform taking off from the set
+of ideas that we've developed here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas that we've developed here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas that we've developed here with
+regard to frequency response thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to frequency response thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to frequency response thank you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XuTosmTlktM.txt b/XuTosmTlktM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..405bb584057e0825f7e7a31efbf231985ca3ea01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XuTosmTlktM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FY was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inions
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+of oh Lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh Lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh Lord
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+fre great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre great
+PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by
+chist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chist
+stre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Living Water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose
+Li shall heal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li shall heal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li shall heal
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+our GL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our GL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our GL
+sh Refuge shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh Refuge shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh Refuge shall
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light from sin and death forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's more like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+congratulations you know something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations you know something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations you know something I
+think we deprived you Stephanie of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we deprived you Stephanie of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we deprived you Stephanie of the
+opportunity to make comments on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to make comments on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to make comments on your
+piece um and I regret that error I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um and I regret that error I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um and I regret that error I'm
+sorry I would love to let you make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I would love to let you make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I would love to let you make some
+comments before we make comments this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments before we make comments this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments before we make comments this
+time just only piece in general yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just only piece in general yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just only piece in general yeah
+just anything you want to say uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just anything you want to say uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just anything you want to say uh about
+its construction about things you wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its construction about things you wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its construction about things you wish
+we had done differently things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had done differently things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had done differently things that you
+liked or um ideas about the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked or um ideas about the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked or um ideas about the text
+anything that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you want to
+sh I mean I think you R it very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh I mean I think you R it very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh I mean I think you R it very very
+well I mean that's I think that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean that's I think that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean that's I think that's what I
+was you know what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know what I was
+thinking I that's great I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I that's great I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I that's great I was
+encouraged um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged um let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged um let
+me I mean they I had I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I mean they I had I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I mean they I had I mean there
+obviously there details here and there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there details here and there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there details here and there I
+said you know I might have wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know I might have wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know I might have wanted
+differently but nothing maj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but nothing maj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but nothing maj
+um we'll be specific about that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll be specific about that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll be specific about that okay
+that's what this is all about here first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is all about here first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is all about here first
+of all that's a very very good attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all that's a very very good attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all that's a very very good attitude
+to cultivate as a composer flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cultivate as a composer flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cultivate as a composer flexibility
+flexibility however in this context I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility however in this context I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility however in this context I'd
+love to hear specifically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to hear specifically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to hear specifically what you
+um I think actually just a small thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think actually just a small thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think actually just a small thing
+in in the in piano in the piano on M 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in piano in the piano on M 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in piano in the piano on M 27
+I didn't Mark Mark it as it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't Mark Mark it as it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't Mark Mark it as it should have
+but the on the downbeat in the right end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the on the downbeat in the right end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the on the downbeat in the right end
+just if if you know if I were if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if if you know if I were if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if if you know if I were if I were
+you if it were to be done again just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it were to be done again just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it were to be done again just to
+play a little May a little quieter quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little May a little quieter quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little May a little quieter quiet
+yeah just kind of sort of really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just kind of sort of really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just kind of sort of really in the
+background maybe that a way to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background maybe that a way to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background maybe that a way to express
+that might be that the dim starts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be that the dim starts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be that the dim starts a
+measure earlier than it's written so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure earlier than it's written so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure earlier than it's written so
+that I have a chance as my right hand's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a chance as my right hand's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a chance as my right hand's
+coming down those thirds okay to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down those thirds okay to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down those thirds okay to bring
+it down for that yeah does that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down for that yeah does that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down for that yeah does that sound
+yes so you arrive at the soft Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you arrive at the soft Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you arrive at the soft Dynamic
+rather than commencing building the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than commencing building the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than commencing building the soft
+dynamic or debuild the S yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic or debuild the S yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic or debuild the S yeah I
+wasn't I iig I figured it would it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't I iig I figured it would it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't I iig I figured it would it would
+be it wouldn't be very clear but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it wouldn't be very clear but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it wouldn't be very clear but I
+wasn't sure how to how to Market so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure how to how to Market so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure how to how to Market so okay
+thanks and see if there's anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and see if there's anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and see if there's anything else
+I had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had in
+mind I know I made a salification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I know I made a salification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I know I made a salification
+mistake in measure 18 I went Waters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in measure 18 I went Waters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in measure 18 I went Waters
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+waters uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters uh that was
+my the thing that jumped out at me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the thing that jumped out at me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the thing that jumped out at me the
+worst thing that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know I don't know if I have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't know if I have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't know if I have much
+else to okay well if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to okay well if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to okay well if you think of
+anything feel free to jump in um Danel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything feel free to jump in um Danel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything feel free to jump in um Danel
+do you want to talk yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to talk yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to talk yes
+um I would like to know and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would like to know and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would like to know and this kind of
+goes back to what we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to what we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to what we were talking about
+with Stephanie's piece and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Stephanie's piece and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Stephanie's piece and the
+articulations um the articulations are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulations um the articulations are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulations um the articulations are a
+way for us to get inside your head again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for us to get inside your head again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for us to get inside your head again
+cuz when I see a piece of music I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz when I see a piece of music I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz when I see a piece of music I'm
+thinking I'm trying to put myself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I'm trying to put myself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I'm trying to put myself in
+your shoes what was he going for maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shoes what was he going for maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shoes what was he going for maybe
+how did he construct this piece what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did he construct this piece what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did he construct this piece what
+sounds what colors and in measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds what colors and in measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds what colors and in measure
+six I'd love to know what relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I'd love to know what relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I'd love to know what relationship
+you desire from these quarter notes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you desire from these quarter notes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you desire from these quarter notes in
+the right hand I I took some Liberties I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand I I took some Liberties I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand I I took some Liberties I
+think in doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little swelling to the to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little swelling to the to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little swelling to the to the to the
+second one and kind of slurring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and kind of slurring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and kind of slurring them
+almost as if there was a slur there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as if there was a slur there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as if there was a slur there but
+you didn't write it and I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't write it and I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't write it and I would just
+encourage you to be specific about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to be specific about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to be specific about the
+relationship of that that gesture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of that that gesture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of that that gesture in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+also uh I didn't make much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh I didn't make much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh I didn't make much of a
+difference between slurred ath notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between slurred ath notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between slurred ath notes and
+not slur eth notes and I think if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not slur eth notes and I think if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not slur eth notes and I think if I was
+really trying to prove a point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could and I don't think that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and I don't think that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and I don't think that's what you
+want but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but you might
+so I guess I'm saying you may need slurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I'm saying you may need slurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I'm saying you may need slurs
+there as well if you want to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well if you want to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well if you want to continue
+the Legato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Legato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Legato
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and yeah I think that was my main main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I think that was my main main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I think that was my main main
+thing was that it was just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was that it was just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was that it was just a little
+difficult sometimes to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult sometimes to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult sometimes to tell the
+relationship you wanted between notes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you wanted between notes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you wanted between notes um
+and that's all I would I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um do did you have anything else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do did you have anything else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do did you have anything else you
+want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um no except the the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no except the the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no except the the very last
+measure you want the SE to be held right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you want the SE to be held right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you want the SE to be held right
+and only the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only the sea
+yes I think it in order for that effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think it in order for that effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think it in order for that effect
+to come across because we're so low in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come across because we're so low in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come across because we're so low in
+the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might need to rearticulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to rearticulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to rearticulate the
+base with it I I'm I'm not sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base with it I I'm I'm not sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base with it I I'm I'm not sure it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+it I wanted to make a little separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wanted to make a little separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wanted to make a little separation
+in the other notes that I could show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other notes that I could show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other notes that I could show
+that the C was holding while the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C was holding while the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C was holding while the others
+weren't you know and it's just I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't you know and it's just I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't you know and it's just I'm just
+not totally clear as to what you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally clear as to what you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally clear as to what you wanted
+there again based on based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again based on based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again based on based on the
+markings on the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings on the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings on the page
+okay you said something that was that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said something that was that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said something that was that's
+so true and again it was something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so true and again it was something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so true and again it was something we
+talking about with Stephan piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about with Stephan piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about with Stephan piece and
+that is that the articulations allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the articulations allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the articulations allow us
+to get inside your head you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get inside your head you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get inside your head you have to
+remember that the way uh I never used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the way uh I never used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the way uh I never used to
+think about until I married a jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about until I married a jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about until I married a jazz
+musician whose whole life is predicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician whose whole life is predicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician whose whole life is predicated
+on improvisation and he used to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on improvisation and he used to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on improvisation and he used to go to
+these rehearsals with newly written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rehearsals with newly written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rehearsals with newly written
+things I'm like when are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm like when are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm like when are you going to
+AAR aren't you nervous what he's like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR aren't you nervous what he's like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR aren't you nervous what he's like no
+we improvise this is what we do we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we improvise this is what we do we read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we improvise this is what we do we read
+down the charts and the performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the charts and the performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the charts and the performance and
+we just go for it we watch each other we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go for it we watch each other we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go for it we watch each other we
+listen oh my God that would kill me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen oh my God that would kill me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen oh my God that would kill me
+because I'm so used to spending my whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm so used to spending my whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm so used to spending my whole
+life thinking about what the composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life thinking about what the composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life thinking about what the composer
+wants we are trained as classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants we are trained as classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants we are trained as classical
+musicians to be interpreters of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians to be interpreters of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians to be interpreters of other
+people's musical ideas the specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's musical ideas the specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's musical ideas the specificity
+is incredibly help for us to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly help for us to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly help for us to give us a
+starting point now it's not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point now it's not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point now it's not to say that
+our oh sorry you going to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our oh sorry you going to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our oh sorry you going to say something
+no oh no you look like you're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh no you look like you're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh no you look like you're about to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+um that's not to say that the like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not to say that the like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not to say that the like on
+our view the best performance is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our view the best performance is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our view the best performance is the one
+that's the most accurate and true to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most accurate and true to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most accurate and true to the
+diic the market it's like not true at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diic the market it's like not true at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diic the market it's like not true at
+all it gives us simply a Point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it gives us simply a Point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it gives us simply a Point of
+Departure it gives us a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departure it gives us a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departure it gives us a sense of
+proportion it gives us a sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion it gives us a sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion it gives us a sense of what
+you feel is important in the text a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel is important in the text a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel is important in the text a
+sense of drama and sweep and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of drama and sweep and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of drama and sweep and what you
+want I mean these little things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I mean these little things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I mean these little things that
+that Daniel mentions or I should say see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Daniel mentions or I should say see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Daniel mentions or I should say see
+little things just remembering to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things just remembering to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things just remembering to put a
+slur in or be specific about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slur in or be specific about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slur in or be specific about what
+something means that can make all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something means that can make all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something means that can make all the
+difference in the world I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the world I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the world I mean you know
+that uh you know little staccato eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know little staccato eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know little staccato eth
+notes in a context like this sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in a context like this sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in a context like this sound like
+something very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very specific
+um one reason that that uh song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one reason that that uh song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one reason that that uh song
+literature of the 19th century is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of the 19th century is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of the 19th century is so
+wonderful for young composers to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for young composers to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for young composers to listen
+to is because it sort of gives you a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is because it sort of gives you a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is because it sort of gives you a the
+rudiments of of tone painting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudiments of of tone painting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudiments of of tone painting you know
+how do you sound like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you sound like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you sound like you know
+a flowing river how do you sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flowing river how do you sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flowing river how do you sound like
+the light falling raindrops how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light falling raindrops how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light falling raindrops how do you
+sound like you know ephemeral wafts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like you know ephemeral wafts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like you know ephemeral wafts of
+vapor Vanishing into the air how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor Vanishing into the air how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor Vanishing into the air how do you
+sound like an army coming over a hill um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like an army coming over a hill um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like an army coming over a hill um
+there the answer is you do it with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the answer is you do it with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the answer is you do it with with
+markings and unless you're that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and unless you're that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and unless you're that specific
+you're not giving us as much as we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not giving us as much as we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not giving us as much as we need
+I had a couple of comments I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a couple of comments I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a couple of comments I wanted to
+make the most important of which has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most important of which has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most important of which has to
+do with your choice of text um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your choice of text um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your choice of text um it's a
+wonderful wonderful poem it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful wonderful poem it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful wonderful poem it's very very
+evocative however it's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocative however it's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocative however it's not really a
+strophic poem each stanza is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strophic poem each stanza is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strophic poem each stanza is
+grammatically dependent upon the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatically dependent upon the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatically dependent upon the one
+before it which makes the very clean clo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it which makes the very clean clo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it which makes the very clean clo
+like harmonic closure at the end of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like harmonic closure at the end of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like harmonic closure at the end of each
+verse trip up our ear as we pick up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse trip up our ear as we pick up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse trip up our ear as we pick up in
+the middle of a sentence with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a sentence with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a sentence with the next
+verse I would argue um and again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse I would argue um and again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse I would argue um and again this is
+I know it's perfectly evil of me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's perfectly evil of me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's perfectly evil of me to
+stand up here and be like I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up here and be like I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up here and be like I think you
+should start from scratch and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start from scratch and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start from scratch and do the
+whole thing over again that's not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing over again that's not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing over again that's not at all
+what I would say but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say but I think
+um in future efforts it's a good idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in future efforts it's a good idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in future efforts it's a good idea to
+bear that kind of thing in mind for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear that kind of thing in mind for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear that kind of thing in mind for my
+money this poem just because of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this poem just because of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this poem just because of the way
+it's structured and it's so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's structured and it's so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's structured and it's so interesting
+it makes such great visual images it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes such great visual images it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes such great visual images it
+would lend itself very well to a through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lend itself very well to a through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lend itself very well to a through
+composed format because it really it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed format because it really it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed format because it really it is
+odd to start in the what in what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd to start in the what in what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd to start in the what in what is
+effectively the middle of a sentence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the middle of a sentence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the middle of a sentence um
+now to talk about you know sort of form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to talk about you know sort of form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to talk about you know sort of form
+and logic and uh beauty of Harmony and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logic and uh beauty of Harmony and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logic and uh beauty of Harmony and
+everything you really have done such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you really have done such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you really have done such a
+magnificent job the vocal line is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent job the vocal line is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent job the vocal line is very
+easy and uh it's imminently singable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and uh it's imminently singable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and uh it's imminently singable
+there's no question about that beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no question about that beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no question about that beautiful
+effect as you're going from measure 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as you're going from measure 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as you're going from measure 18
+to 19 it's wonderfully that's that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 it's wonderfully that's that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 it's wonderfully that's that sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+unexpected uh unexpected harmonic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected uh unexpected harmonic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected uh unexpected harmonic and
+dynamic thing in the middle of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic thing in the middle of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic thing in the middle of the line
+is so delicious and then that beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so delicious and then that beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so delicious and then that beautiful
+little winding up and repetition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little winding up and repetition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little winding up and repetition of the
+text is so sherdian which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is so sherdian which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is so sherdian which is just
+wonderful and that's the kind of gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful and that's the kind of gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful and that's the kind of gesture
+the kind of compositional gesture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of compositional gesture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of compositional gesture that
+provides the kind of symmetry I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the kind of symmetry I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the kind of symmetry I was
+talking about uh earlier albeit a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh earlier albeit a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh earlier albeit a sort
+of a smaller iteration did you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a smaller iteration did you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a smaller iteration did you want to
+no no I don't know that I gu I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no I don't know that I gu I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no I don't know that I gu I guess I
+must look like but you look really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must look like but you look really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must look like but you look really
+enthusiastic at least you're not falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic at least you're not falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic at least you're not falling
+asleep that's true um so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep that's true um so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep that's true um so I really
+applaud you for that that's an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applaud you for that that's an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applaud you for that that's an excellent
+uh approach to have taken it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach to have taken it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach to have taken it really
+gives gives it a very nice sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives gives it a very nice sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives gives it a very nice sense of
+balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and
+Beauty I also like very much the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty I also like very much the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty I also like very much the way you
+took the the end of the third verse in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the the end of the third verse in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the the end of the third verse in a
+very different direction because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different direction because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different direction because I think
+that's what the end of that poem wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the end of that poem wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the end of that poem wants
+um now getting back to the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now getting back to the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now getting back to the subject of
+Dynamics and markings each of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and markings each of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and markings each of these uh
+verses as written to me demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses as written to me demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses as written to me demands
+something completely different of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely different of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely different of the
+singer each time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer each time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer each time and
+because of that I would suggest instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that I would suggest instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that I would suggest instead
+of writing it out in verse format like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing it out in verse format like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing it out in verse format like
+that if you're going to stick exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're going to stick exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're going to stick exactly
+with the song as it is I would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the song as it is I would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the song as it is I would suggest
+writing each verse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing each verse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing each verse
+out you know just write the entire song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know just write the entire song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know just write the entire song
+out from beginning to end without this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from beginning to end without this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from beginning to end without this
+sort of verse format so you can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of verse format so you can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of verse format so you can be more
+specific about where you want breaths or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about where you want breaths or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about where you want breaths or
+moments of articulation from either The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of articulation from either The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of articulation from either The
+Voice or the piano and so you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voice or the piano and so you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voice or the piano and so you can be
+very specific about uh what feeling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific about uh what feeling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific about uh what feeling you
+want the the text to carry the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the the text to carry the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the the text to carry the first
+verse is so or I should say the first s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse is so or I should say the first s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse is so or I should say the first s
+part of the poem is a really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the poem is a really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the poem is a really sort of
+gorgeous very light uh weightless image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous very light uh weightless image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous very light uh weightless image
+and so it does it's sort of odd to me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it does it's sort of odd to me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it does it's sort of odd to me to
+see it Mark medo Forte because the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it Mark medo Forte because the piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it Mark medo Forte because the piano
+part is so distinctly out of the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is so distinctly out of the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is so distinctly out of the way of
+the singer and it's in no danger of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singer and it's in no danger of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singer and it's in no danger of of
+covering the singer's voice the singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the singer's voice the singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the singer's voice the singer
+can therefore get away with using a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can therefore get away with using a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can therefore get away with using a much
+much softer tamber one that is more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much softer tamber one that is more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much softer tamber one that is more in
+keeping with the feeling of the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping with the feeling of the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping with the feeling of the words
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+verse uh I should say each each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse uh I should say each each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse uh I should say each each of the
+three verses I'm just going to Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three verses I'm just going to Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three verses I'm just going to Cal
+verses for the sake of you know Clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses for the sake of you know Clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses for the sake of you know Clarity
+here since this is how they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since this is how they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since this is how they have been
+treated but the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated but the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated but the second
+verse to me could could warm up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse to me could could warm up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse to me could could warm up a little
+bit and be more Legato you could maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and be more Legato you could maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and be more Legato you could maybe
+ask for um more Legato playing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for um more Legato playing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for um more Legato playing from the
+piano or maybe even mark it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano or maybe even mark it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano or maybe even mark it differently
+even if you use the exact same pitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you use the exact same pitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you use the exact same pitches
+in Rhythm the third one of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rhythm the third one of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rhythm the third one of course we're
+talking about sort of a bigger more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of a bigger more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of a bigger more
+Universal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal thing
+and we both sort of organically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we both sort of organically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we both sort of organically
+approached it with sort of a more myoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached it with sort of a more myoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached it with sort of a more myoo
+feeling because we were anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling because we were anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling because we were anticipating
+what was coming up later on so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was coming up later on so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was coming up later on so after
+having looked at it a couple of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having looked at it a couple of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having looked at it a couple of times
+that's the direction in which we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the direction in which we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the direction in which we wanted
+to lean and it seems to me what you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lean and it seems to me what you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lean and it seems to me what you had
+in mind as well because of where we wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind as well because of where we wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind as well because of where we wind
+up on page three you know what I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on page three you know what I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on page three you know what I mean so
+for that reason to write the entire song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reason to write the entire song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reason to write the entire song
+out from beginning to end with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from beginning to end with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from beginning to end with those
+specific markings to bring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific markings to bring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific markings to bring out the
+flavor of each chunk of text I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of each chunk of text I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of each chunk of text I think
+will only serve your song uh more um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only serve your song uh more um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only serve your song uh more um I
+want to talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about the
+bottom of page one this is measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of page one this is measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of page one this is measure
+13 what there was something that kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 what there was something that kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 what there was something that kept
+throwing me off about that and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing me off about that and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing me off about that and that is
+that the cut off of my pitch plows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cut off of my pitch plows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cut off of my pitch plows right
+into a very uh grindy Harmony so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a very uh grindy Harmony so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a very uh grindy Harmony so in
+other words if I hold a nanc longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I hold a nanc longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I hold a nanc longer than
+written we have a very ugly harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written we have a very ugly harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written we have a very ugly harmonic
+just or should say not ugly that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just or should say not ugly that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just or should say not ugly that's very
+judgmental with me uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgmental with me uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgmental with me uh an
+anachronistic uh ju deposition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anachronistic uh ju deposition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anachronistic uh ju deposition which
+kind of uh takes us out of anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh takes us out of anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh takes us out of anything that
+sort of jumps out at us takes us away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of jumps out at us takes us away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of jumps out at us takes us away
+from the music and into the what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the music and into the what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the music and into the what was
+that did she make a mistake that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did she make a mistake that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did she make a mistake that's why
+it's worth going through all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth going through all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth going through all these
+details carefully because the more fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details carefully because the more fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details carefully because the more fluid
+The Experience can be the more we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Experience can be the more we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Experience can be the more we can
+hear music and not think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear music and not think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear music and not think about things
+that hop out as being awkward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hop out as being awkward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hop out as being awkward or
+incomplete my argument would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete my argument would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete my argument would
+be I mean harmonically what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean harmonically what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean harmonically what happens is
+totally organic and makes perfect sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally organic and makes perfect sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally organic and makes perfect sense
+but the proportions are weird cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the proportions are weird cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the proportions are weird cuz
+remember too in any space that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember too in any space that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember too in any space that's more
+resonant than like uh a telephone booth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant than like uh a telephone booth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant than like uh a telephone booth
+you're going to have some decay of pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have some decay of pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have some decay of pitch
+so I may shut up but for a good solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I may shut up but for a good solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I may shut up but for a good solid
+second second and a half we still hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second and a half we still hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second and a half we still hear
+whatever pitch I was singing resonating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever pitch I was singing resonating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever pitch I was singing resonating
+into whatever Harmony is coming up next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whatever Harmony is coming up next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whatever Harmony is coming up next
+so you have to kind of take that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to kind of take that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to kind of take that into
+account I'm not sure the simple answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account I'm not sure the simple answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account I'm not sure the simple answer
+in this case is make my note a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is make my note a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is make my note a quarter
+note because that'll be a little abrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note because that'll be a little abrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note because that'll be a little abrupt
+out this long sort of luxurious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phrase sounds a little bit peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase sounds a little bit peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase sounds a little bit peculiar
+doesn't it um my thought was maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it um my thought was maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it um my thought was maybe
+having this the singer do a half note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this the singer do a half note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this the singer do a half note
+turning the the half note cord in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the the half note cord in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the the half note cord in the
+piano part into a dotted half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano part into a dotted half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano part into a dotted half
+note and turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and turning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and turning the
+last uh I should say beat three in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh I should say beat three in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh I should say beat three in the
+right hand into a quarter note and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand into a quarter note and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand into a quarter note and then
+I don't know maybe turn the F into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know maybe turn the F into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know maybe turn the F into a
+Grace note at the top of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grace note at the top of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grace note at the top of the next
+measure or something like that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or something like that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or something like that it's just
+a suggestion and one that you know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suggestion and one that you know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suggestion and one that you know has
+no basis in uh your ideas of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no basis in uh your ideas of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no basis in uh your ideas of what you
+want the piece to be but it's that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the piece to be but it's that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the piece to be but it's that idea
+of letting something clear out before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letting something clear out before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letting something clear out before
+the next thing is introduced it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is introduced it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is introduced it's all
+part of the the the harmonic language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the the harmonic language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the the harmonic language
+that you're sort of working in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm really crazy about what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm really crazy about what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm really crazy about what you did
+at the top of Page Three I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of Page Three I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of Page Three I think that's
+such a a beautiful uh thing to have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a a beautiful uh thing to have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a a beautiful uh thing to have done
+on those particular words um to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those particular words um to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those particular words um to give us
+the word pain on that a flat it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word pain on that a flat it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word pain on that a flat it's great
+it just sort of gives a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sort of gives a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sort of gives a little
+pointiness that sort of makes it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointiness that sort of makes it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointiness that sort of makes it sound
+painful which is really what you want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful which is really what you want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful which is really what you want I
+mean hopefully not literally painful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hopefully not literally painful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hopefully not literally painful but
+it just it has to have a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it has to have a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it has to have a little bit more
+urgency and a little bit more uh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgency and a little bit more uh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgency and a little bit more uh of a
+plangent tone and that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plangent tone and that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plangent tone and that's exactly what
+the a FL gives which is really wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a FL gives which is really wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a FL gives which is really wonderful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+my impulse throughout um you you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my impulse throughout um you you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my impulse throughout um you you had
+said um Peter that you wanted Daniel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um Peter that you wanted Daniel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um Peter that you wanted Daniel to
+have already come back so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already come back so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already come back so at the
+beginning of 27 he was quite soft that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of 27 he was quite soft that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of 27 he was quite soft that
+was my impulse too was to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my impulse too was to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my impulse too was to come back
+significantly that falling E flat d flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly that falling E flat d flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly that falling E flat d flat
+C really wants to do this for me as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C really wants to do this for me as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C really wants to do this for me as well
+and I think you could be more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you could be more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you could be more specific
+still with that like molto diminuendo or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with that like molto diminuendo or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with that like molto diminuendo or
+uh I used the term before morendo just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I used the term before morendo just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I used the term before morendo just
+like this beautiful tapering away um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this beautiful tapering away um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this beautiful tapering away um I
+really like the effect too that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the effect too that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the effect too that you
+achieve in measures 29 and 30 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in measures 29 and 30 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in measures 29 and 30 there's
+this sort of Stillness that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Stillness that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Stillness that gives the
+singer a lot of leeway in terms of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer a lot of leeway in terms of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer a lot of leeway in terms of where
+those quarter notes are placed um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quarter notes are placed um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quarter notes are placed um I
+think you can be more specific though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can be more specific though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can be more specific though
+with what you want there um if I at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you want there um if I at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you want there um if I at the
+moment there's no um Alando indicated no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's no um Alando indicated no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's no um Alando indicated no
+ no formate or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ no formate or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ no formate or anything like that
+uh in either part to indicate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in either part to indicate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in either part to indicate that that
+should be sort of a moment of hes ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be sort of a moment of hes ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be sort of a moment of hes ation
+before moving on um now as it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before moving on um now as it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before moving on um now as it happens
+this is also a great compositional trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a great compositional trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a great compositional trick
+of keeping the tempo going steady but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping the tempo going steady but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping the tempo going steady but
+making the note values larger so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the note values larger so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the note values larger so we have
+the sense that the tempo is broadening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that the tempo is broadening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that the tempo is broadening
+even if it isn't um and perhaps that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it isn't um and perhaps that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it isn't um and perhaps that's
+precisely what you meant in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what you meant in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what you meant in which case
+you should write non- you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should write non- you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should write non- you know
+what I mean so have in mind specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean so have in mind specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean so have in mind specifically
+what you want and if you don't care one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want and if you don't care one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want and if you don't care one
+way or the other I mean if if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other I mean if if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other I mean if if either
+interpretation is valid to you in Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is valid to you in Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is valid to you in Bob's
+your uncle but I have a feeling that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uncle but I have a feeling that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uncle but I have a feeling that you
+meant something specific because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant something specific because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant something specific because that is
+the only place we have sustained cords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only place we have sustained cords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only place we have sustained cords
+sort of waiting there hovering in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waiting there hovering in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waiting there hovering in space
+waiting for something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for something to
+happen the only other comment I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the only other comment I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the only other comment I would
+make and I'm and it's really kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and I'm and it's really kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and I'm and it's really kind of a
+just a a picky comment only because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a picky comment only because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a picky comment only because the
+rest of the song is is very strong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the song is is very strong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the song is is very strong and
+it's very uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very uh well
+shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um from sin and death forever that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from sin and death forever that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from sin and death forever that's the
+first time we hear that text what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we hear that text what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we hear that text what would
+be really cool is if you repeated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really cool is if you repeated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really cool is if you repeated that
+text again to mirror how you treated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text again to mirror how you treated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text again to mirror how you treated the
+first two stanzas because that was such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two stanzas because that was such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two stanzas because that was such
+a beautiful beautiful thing you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful beautiful thing you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful beautiful thing you did
+repeating of Imperial light Living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating of Imperial light Living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating of Imperial light Living
+Waters those words are so lovely it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters those words are so lovely it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters those words are so lovely it's
+nice to get to linger on them and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to get to linger on them and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to get to linger on them and give
+them utterance again because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them utterance again because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them utterance again because remember
+too when your audience is hearing a song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when your audience is hearing a song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when your audience is hearing a song
+you have to remember um let me rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember um let me rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember um let me rephrase
+that you have to assume they've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to assume they've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to assume they've never
+heard it or the poem before so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it or the poem before so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it or the poem before so you have
+to spoon feed it a little bit now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spoon feed it a little bit now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spoon feed it a little bit now now
+again I I'm cringe internally a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I'm cringe internally a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I'm cringe internally a little
+bit saying that because U I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit saying that because U I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit saying that because U I'm talking
+strictly about this sort of tradition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly about this sort of tradition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly about this sort of tradition of
+songwriting there are certainly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriting there are certainly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriting there are certainly all
+styles of composition out there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles of composition out there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles of composition out there which
+include uh you know deliberately sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh you know deliberately sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh you know deliberately sort of
+throwing everything at you all in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing everything at you all in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing everything at you all in a in a
+bunch and sort of letting you make of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch and sort of letting you make of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch and sort of letting you make of it
+what you will but the more you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will but the more you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will but the more you can sort
+of give it to us slowly hand it to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give it to us slowly hand it to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give it to us slowly hand it to us
+very slowly hand it to us gradually hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly hand it to us gradually hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly hand it to us gradually hand
+it to us deliberately so our ears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to us deliberately so our ears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to us deliberately so our ears and
+Minds can wrap around the textual ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minds can wrap around the textual ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minds can wrap around the textual ideas
+that you thought worthy of focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thought worthy of focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thought worthy of focusing on
+so again for the sake of symmetry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again for the sake of symmetry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again for the sake of symmetry the
+repetition of from sin and death forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of from sin and death forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of from sin and death forever
+might be nice maybe even uh repeating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be nice maybe even uh repeating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be nice maybe even uh repeating it
+maybe uh doubling the note values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh doubling the note values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh doubling the note values or
+something just to sort of give that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something just to sort of give that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something just to sort of give that
+beautiful sort of uh Global finality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful sort of uh Global finality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful sort of uh Global finality to
+it because it's a very it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's a very it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's a very it's a very
+powerful and very strong idea being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and very strong idea being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and very strong idea being
+conveyed by the poem there and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed by the poem there and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed by the poem there and it would
+be nice to sort of give it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice to sort of give it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice to sort of give it a little more
+weight and gravitas by my pulling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and gravitas by my pulling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and gravitas by my pulling out
+the the Rhythm a little bit more um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Rhythm a little bit more um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Rhythm a little bit more um and
+you know you've got this beautiful sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got this beautiful sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got this beautiful sort
+of motif moving towards the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motif moving towards the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motif moving towards the end of the
+piece that could be parsed out very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that could be parsed out very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that could be parsed out very
+successfully um by simply mirroring what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully um by simply mirroring what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully um by simply mirroring what
+you've done in the first verses but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done in the first verses but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done in the first verses but um
+it's a really really beautiful piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really really beautiful piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really really beautiful piece
+nicely written congratulations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZjGjNsmsNBU.txt b/ZjGjNsmsNBU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3393713a94efa177201a7b071cc8aad4e8d38cb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZjGjNsmsNBU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider a kinematics problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a kinematics problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a kinematics problem and
+in this problem we want to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem we want to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem we want to focus on
+special conditions how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special conditions how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special conditions how to think about
+that so what I'm going to consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I'm going to consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I'm going to consider is
+some charge plates and I have a charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some charge plates and I have a charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some charge plates and I have a charged
+particle and it enters into this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and it enters into this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and it enters into this region
+of charge plates and in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge plates and in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge plates and in this problem
+there's two types of forces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of forces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of forces that are
+going to act on this particle there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to act on this particle there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to act on this particle there's a
+gravitational force down and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force down and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force down and we're gonna
+talk about some constant force upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some constant force upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some constant force upwards
+whose magnitude is changing in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose magnitude is changing in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose magnitude is changing in time and
+what I'd like to do is know what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is know what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is know what type of
+how strong does this force have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong does this force have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong does this force have to be
+this B is a constant in order for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this B is a constant in order for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this B is a constant in order for the
+particle to not hit the bottom now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to not hit the bottom now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to not hit the bottom now let's
+think about a little when we get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a little when we get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a little when we get started
+on a problem like this there's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a problem like this there's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a problem like this there's a number
+of different issues that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different issues that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different issues that we have to
+think about the first issue is that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the first issue is that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the first issue is that how
+do we even sketch what we think will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we even sketch what we think will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we even sketch what we think will
+happen here well that particle enters at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here well that particle enters at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here well that particle enters at
+time T equals zero so this force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T equals zero so this force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T equals zero so this force is
+initially zero when the particle enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially zero when the particle enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially zero when the particle enters
+so the particle is experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the particle is experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the particle is experiencing
+gravitational force and we should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force and we should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force and we should expect
+it to move start to accelerate downwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to move start to accelerate downwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to move start to accelerate downwards
+but then this force is increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then this force is increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then this force is increasing in
+time and so in a certain point these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so in a certain point these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so in a certain point these two
+forces will balance and the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces will balance and the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces will balance and the particle
+will have no net force up and gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have no net force up and gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have no net force up and gradually
+this force will increase so the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force will increase so the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force will increase so the particle
+will experience a force up so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will experience a force up so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will experience a force up so we would
+expect some type of motion where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some type of motion where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some type of motion where the
+particle starts to go down but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle starts to go down but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle starts to go down but now it's
+starting to feel that force upwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to feel that force upwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to feel that force upwards and
+it starts to maybe move upwards like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to maybe move upwards like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to maybe move upwards like
+that so what I've done here is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I've done here is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I've done here is I've
+sketched a trajectory of the motion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched a trajectory of the motion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched a trajectory of the motion to
+help me think about the problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_7qq1JYj2kM.txt b/_7qq1JYj2kM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c9a2d750b7b1764c7dc46391887ec6aaabf0b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_7qq1JYj2kM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3771 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue offer
+
+high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I just started
+talking a little bit last time
+
+about viewing L2, namely this
+set of functions that are
+
+square integrable as
+a vector space.
+
+And I want to reveal a
+little bit about why
+
+we want to do that.
+
+Because after spending so long
+worrying about all these
+
+questions of measurability and
+all that, you must wonder, why
+
+do we want to look at it
+a different way now.
+
+Well, a part of it is we want
+to be able to look at
+
+orthogonal expansions
+geometrically.
+
+In other words, we would
+like to be able to
+
+draw pictures of them.
+
+You can draw pictures of a
+function, but you're drawing a
+
+picture of one function.
+
+And you can't draw anything
+about the relationship between
+
+different functions, except
+by drawing the
+
+two different functions.
+
+You get all the detail
+there, and you can't
+
+abstract it at all.
+
+So somehow we want to start
+to abstract some of this
+
+information.
+
+And we want to be able to draw
+pictures which look more like
+
+vector pictures than
+like functions.
+
+And you'll see why that becomes
+important in a while.
+
+The other thing is, when you
+draw a function as a function
+
+of time, the only thing you see
+it how it behaves in time.
+
+When you take the Fourier
+transform and you draw it in
+
+frequency, the only thing
+you see is how
+
+it behaves in frequency.
+
+And, again, you don't see what
+the relationship is between
+
+different functions.
+
+So you lose all of that.
+
+When you take this signal space
+viewpoint, what you're
+
+trying to do there is to not
+stress time or frequency so
+
+much, but more to look
+at the relationship
+
+between different functions.
+
+Why do we want to do that?
+
+Well, because as soon as we
+start looking at noise and
+
+things like that, we want to
+be able to tell something
+
+about how distinguishable
+different functions are from
+
+each other.
+
+So the critical question there
+you want to ask, when you ask
+
+how different functions are,
+is how do you look at two
+
+functions both at
+the same time.
+
+So, again, that's --
+
+all of this is coming back
+to the same thing.
+
+So we want to be able to draw
+pictures of functions which
+
+show how functions are related,
+rather than show all
+
+the individual detail
+of function.
+
+Finally, what we'll see at the
+end of today that it gives us
+
+a lot of capability for
+understanding much, much
+
+better what's going on when
+we look at conversions of
+
+orthogonal series.
+
+This is something we haven't had
+any way to look at before
+
+we talked about the Fourier
+series, the discrete time
+
+Fourier transform, and
+things like this.
+
+But we haven't been able to
+really say something general.
+
+Which, again, is what
+we want to do now.
+
+I'm going to go very quickly
+through these axioms of a
+
+vector space.
+
+Most of you have seen
+them before.
+
+Those of you who haven't seen
+axiomatic treatments of
+
+various things in mathematics
+are going to be
+
+puzzled by it anyway.
+
+And you're going to have to sit
+at home or somewhere on
+
+your own and puzzle this out.
+
+But I just wanted to put them
+up so I could start to say
+
+what it is that we're trying
+to do with these axioms.
+
+What we're trying to do is to
+say everything we know about
+
+n-tuples, which we've been
+using all of our lives.
+
+All of these tricks that we use,
+most of them we can use
+
+to deal with functions also.
+
+The pictures, we can use.
+
+All of the ideas about
+dimension, all of the ideas
+
+about expansions.
+
+All of this stuff becomes
+useful again.
+
+But, there are a lot of things
+that are true about functions
+
+that aren't true
+about vectors.
+
+There are lots of things which
+are true about n-dimensional
+
+vectors that aren't true
+about functions.
+
+And you want to be able to go
+back to these axioms when you
+
+have to, and say, well, is this
+property we're looking at
+
+something which is a consequence
+of the axioms.
+
+Namely, is this an inherent
+property of vector spaces, or
+
+is it in fact something else
+which is just because of the
+
+particular kind of thing
+we're looking at.
+
+So, vector spaces.
+
+Important thing is, there's
+an addition operation.
+
+You can add any two vectors.
+
+You can't multiply
+them, by the way.
+
+You can only add them.
+
+You can multiply by scalars,
+which we'll talk about in the
+
+next slide.
+
+But you can only add the
+vectors themselves.
+
+And the addition is commutative,
+just like
+
+ordinary addition of real
+numbers or complex numbers is.
+
+It's associative, which says
+v, u plus w in parentheses.
+
+Now, you see why we're doing
+this is, we've said by
+
+definition that for any two
+vectors, u and w, there's
+
+another vector, which
+is called u plus w.
+
+In other words, this axiomatic
+system says, whenever you add
+
+two vectors you have
+to get a vector.
+
+There's no way around that.
+
+So u plus w has to
+be a vector.
+
+And that says that v plus u
+plus w has to be a vector.
+
+Associativity says that you
+get the same vector if you
+
+look at it the other way,
+if first adding v and u
+
+and then adding w.
+
+So, anything what you call
+a vector space has
+
+to have this property.
+
+Of course, the real numbers
+have this property.
+
+The complex numbers have
+this property.
+
+All the n-tuples you
+deal with all the
+
+time have this property.
+
+Functions have this property.
+
+Sequences, infinite length
+sequences have this property,
+
+so there's no big
+deal about it.
+
+But that is one of the axioms.
+
+There's a unique vector 0, such
+that when you add 0 to a
+
+vector, you get the
+same vector again.
+
+Now, this is not the 0 in
+the real number system.
+
+It's not the 0 in a complex
+number system.
+
+In terms of vectors, if you're
+thinking of n-tuples, this is
+
+the n-tuple which is all 0's.
+
+In terms of other vectors,
+spaces, it
+
+might be other things.
+
+Like, in terms of functions, 0
+means the function which is 0
+
+everywhere.
+
+And finally, there's the unique
+vector minus v, which
+
+has the property that v plus
+minus v -- in other words, v
+
+minus v -- is equal to 0.
+
+And in a sense that defines
+
+subtraction as well as addition.
+
+So we have addition and
+subtraction, but we don't have
+
+multiplication.
+
+And there's scalar
+multiplication.
+
+Which means you can multiply
+a vector by a scalar.
+
+And the vector spaces we're
+looking at here only have two
+
+kinds of scalars.
+
+One is real scalars and the
+other is complex scalars.
+
+The two are quite different,
+as you know.
+
+And so when we're talking about
+a vector space we have
+
+to say what the scalar field is
+that we're talking about.
+
+So, for every vector.
+
+And also for every scalar,
+there's another vector which
+
+is the scalar times
+the vector.
+
+Which means, you have scalar
+multiplication.
+
+You can multiply vectors by
+scalars in terms of n-tuples.
+
+When you're multiplying a scalar
+by an n-tuple, you just
+
+multiply every component
+by that scalar.
+
+When you take the scalar 1, and
+in a field there's always
+
+an element 1, there's
+always an element 0.
+
+When you take the element 1,
+and you multiply it by a
+
+vector, you got the
+same vector.
+
+Which, of course, is what you
+would expect if you were
+
+looking at functions.
+
+You multiply a function.
+
+For every t you multiply it by
+1, and you get the same thing
+
+back again.
+
+For an n-tuple, you multiply
+every component by 1, you get
+
+the same thing back again.
+
+So that's --
+
+well, it's just another axiom.
+
+Then we have these distributive
+laws.
+
+And I won't read them
+out to you, they're
+
+just what they say.
+
+I want to talk about them in
+a second a little bit.
+
+And as we said, the simplistic
+example of a vector space, and
+
+the one you've been using for
+years, partly because it saves
+
+you a lot of notation.
+
+Incidentally, one of the reasons
+I didn't list for
+
+talking about L2 as a vector
+space is, it saves you a lot
+
+of writing.
+
+Also, just like when you're
+talking about n-tuples it
+
+saves you writing.
+
+It's a nice, convenient
+notational device.
+
+I don't think any part of
+mathematics becomes popular
+
+with everyone, unless it saves
+notation as well as well as
+
+simplifying things.
+
+So we have these n-tuples, which
+is what we mean by r sub
+
+n or c sub n.
+
+In other words, when I talk
+about r sub n, I don't mean
+
+just a vector space
+of dimension n.
+
+I haven't even defined
+dimension yet.
+
+And when you talk in this
+generality, you have to think
+
+a little bit about
+what it means.
+
+So we're just talking about
+n-tuples now. r sub n is
+
+n-tuples of real numbers.
+c sub n is
+
+n-tuples of complex numbers.
+
+Addition and scalar
+multiplication are component
+
+by component, which
+we just said.
+
+In other words, w equals u plus
+v means this, for all i.
+
+Scalar multiplication
+means this.
+
+The unit vector, e sub i, is a
+1 in the i'th position, a 0
+
+everywhere else.
+
+And what that means is that
+any vector v which is an
+
+n-tuple, n rn or n cn, can
+also be expressed as the
+
+equals summation of these
+coefficients,
+
+times these unit factors.
+
+That looks like we're giving up
+the simple notation we have
+
+and going to more complex
+notation.
+
+This is a very useful
+idea here.
+
+That you can take even something
+as simple as
+
+n-tuples and express every
+vector as a sum of these
+
+simple vectors.
+
+And when you start drawing
+pictures, you start to see why
+
+this makes sense.
+
+I'm going to do this
+on the next slide.
+
+So let's do it.
+
+And on the slide here, what I've
+done is to draw a diagram
+
+which is one you've seen
+many times, I'm sure.
+
+Except for the particular
+things on it.
+
+Of two-dimensional space, where
+you take a 2-tuple and
+
+you think of the first element
+in the 2-tuple, v1, a being
+
+the horizontal axis.
+
+The second element, v2, as
+being the vertical axis.
+
+And then you can draw any
+2-tuple by going over v1 and
+
+then up v2, which is what you've
+done all your lives.
+
+The reason I'm drawing this is
+to show you that you can take
+
+any two vectors.
+
+First vector, v. Second
+vector, u.
+
+One thing that --
+
+I'm sure you all traditionally
+do is you view a
+
+vector in two ways.
+
+One, you view it as a point
+in two-dimensional space.
+
+And the other is you view it as
+a line from 0 up to v. And
+
+when you put a little arrow on
+it, it looks like a vector,
+
+and we call it a vector.
+
+So it must be a vector, OK?
+
+So either the point or the
+line represents a vector.
+
+Here's another vector, u.
+
+I can take the difference
+between two vectors, u minus
+
+v, just by drawing a line
+from v up to u.
+
+And thinking of that
+as a vector also.
+
+So this vector really means a
+vector starting here, going
+
+parallel to this, up to this
+point, which is what w is.
+
+But it's very convenient to draw
+it this way, which lets
+
+you know what's going on.
+
+Namely, you represent u as
+the sum of v plus w.
+
+Or you represent w as a
+difference between u and v.
+
+And all of this is trivial.
+
+I just want to say it explicitly
+so you start to see
+
+what the connection is between
+these axioms, which if I don't
+
+talk about them a little bit,
+I'm sure you're just going to
+
+blow them off and decide, eh, I
+know all of that, I can look
+
+at things in two dimensions
+and I don't have to think
+
+about them at all.
+
+And then, in a few days, when
+we're doing the same thing for
+
+functions, you're suddenly going
+to become very confused.
+
+So you ought to think about
+it in these simple terms.
+
+Now, when I take a scalar
+multiple of the vector, in
+
+terms of these diagrams, what
+we're doing is taking
+
+something on this
+same line here.
+
+I can take scalar multiples
+which go all the way up here,
+
+all the way down there.
+
+I can take scalar multiples
+of u which go up here.
+
+And down here.
+
+The interesting thing here is
+when I scale v down by alpha
+
+and I scale u down by alpha, I
+can also scale w down by alpha
+
+and I connect it just like that,
+from alpha v to alpha u.
+
+Which axiom is that?
+
+I mean, this is the
+canonic example of
+
+one of those axioms.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Distributed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Distributed, good.
+
+This is saying that alpha times
+the quantity u minus v
+
+is equal to alpha u minus alpha
+v. That's so trivial
+
+that it's hard to see it, but
+that's what it's saying.
+
+So that the distributive law
+really says the triangles
+
+maintain their shape.
+
+Maybe it's easier to just
+say distributive
+
+law, I don't know.
+
+So, for the space of L2 complex
+functions, we're going
+
+to define u plus v as w,
+where w of t equals u
+
+of t plus v of t.
+
+Now, I've done a bunch of
+things here all at once.
+
+One of them is to say what we
+used to call a function, u of
+
+t, we're now referring to with
+a single letter, boldface u.
+
+What's the advantage of that?
+
+Well, one advantage of it is
+when you talk about a function
+
+as u of t, you're really
+talking about
+
+two different things.
+
+One, you're talking about the
+value of the function at a
+
+particular argument, t.
+
+And the other is,
+you're talking
+
+about the whole function.
+
+I mean, sometimes you
+want to say a
+
+function has some property.
+
+A function is L2.
+
+Well, u of t at a particular
+t is just a number.
+
+It's not a function.
+
+So this gives us a nice way
+of distinguishing between
+
+functions and between the
+value of functions for
+
+particular arguments.
+
+So that's one more notational
+advantage you get by talking
+
+about vectors here.
+
+We're going to define the sum
+of two functions just as the
+
+point y sum.
+
+In other words, these
+two functions are
+
+defined at each t.
+
+w defined at a t is the
+sum of this and that.
+
+The scalar multiplication is
+just defined by, at every t, u
+
+of t is equal to alpha
+times v of t.
+
+Just what you'd expect.
+
+There's nothing strange here.
+
+I just want to be explicit in
+saying how everything follows
+
+from these axioms here.
+
+And I won't say all
+of it because
+
+there's too much of it.
+
+With this addition and scalar
+multiplication, L2, the set of
+
+finite energy measurable
+functions is in fact the
+
+complex vector space.
+
+And it's trivial to go back
+and check through all the
+
+axioms with what we said
+here, and I'm not
+
+going to do it now.
+
+There's only one of those
+axioms which is a bit
+
+questionable.
+
+And that is, when you add up two
+functions which are square
+
+integrable, is the sum going to
+be square integrable also.
+
+Well, you nod and say yes, but
+it's worthwhile proving it
+
+once in your lives.
+
+So the question is, is this
+function here less than
+
+infinity if the integral of u of
+t squared and the integral
+
+of v of t squared are
+both integrable.
+
+Well, it's a useful inequality,
+which looks like a
+
+very weak inequality but it,
+in fact, is not weak.
+
+It says that u of
+t plus v of t.
+
+This is just at a particular
+value of t.
+
+So this is just an inequality
+for real
+
+numbers and complex numbers.
+
+It says that this u of t plus
+v of t, quantity squared,
+
+magnitude squared, is less than
+or equal to 2 times u of
+
+t squared plus 2 times
+v of t squared.
+
+You wonder, at first, what's
+the 2 doing in there.
+
+But then think of making
+v of t equal to u of t.
+
+You have 2 times u of t
+squared, which is 4
+
+times u of t squared.
+
+Well, that's what you need
+here to make this true.
+
+So, in that example
+this inequality is
+
+satisfied with equality.
+
+To verify the inequality
+in general, you just
+
+multiply this out.
+
+It's u of t squared plus v of t
+squared plus two cross-terms
+
+and it all works.
+
+This vector space here is not
+quite the vector space we want
+
+to talk about.
+
+But let's put off that question
+for a while and we'll
+
+come to it later.
+
+We will come up with a vector
+space which is just slightly
+
+different than that.
+
+The main thing you can do with
+vector spaces is talk about
+
+their dimension.
+
+Well, there are a lot of other
+things you can do, but this is
+
+one of the main things
+we can do.
+
+And it's an important thing
+which we have to talk about
+
+before going into inner product
+spaces, which is what
+
+we're really interested in.
+
+So we need a bunch of
+definitions here.
+
+All of this, I'm sure is
+familiar to most of you.
+
+For those of you that it's not
+familiar to, you just have to
+
+spend a little longer with it.
+
+There's not a whole
+lot involved here.
+
+If you have a set of vectors,
+which are in a vector space,
+
+you say that they span the
+vector space if in fact every
+
+vector in this vector
+space is a linear
+
+combination of those vectors.
+
+In other words, any vector, u,
+can be made up as some sum of
+
+alpha i times v sub i.
+
+Now, notice we've gone a long
+way here beyond those axioms.
+
+Because we're talking about
+scalar multiplications.
+
+And then we're talking about
+a sum of a lot of scalar
+
+multiplications.
+
+Each scalar multiplication
+is a vector.
+
+The sum of a bunch of vectors,
+by the associative law is, in
+
+fact, another vector.
+
+So every one of these
+sums is a vector.
+
+And by definition, a set of
+vectors spans a vector space
+
+if every vector can be
+represented as some linear
+
+combination of them.
+
+In
+
+other words, there isn't
+something outside of here
+
+sitting there waiting to
+be discovered later.
+
+You really understand everything
+that's there.
+
+And we say that v is finite
+dimensional if it is spanned
+
+by a finite set of vectors.
+
+So that's another definition.
+
+That's what you mean by
+finite dimensional.
+
+You have to be able to find a
+finite set of vectors such
+
+that linear combinations of
+those vectors gives you
+
+everything.
+
+It doesn't mean you have a
+finite set of vectors.
+
+You have an infinite set of
+vectors because you have an
+
+infinite set of scalars.
+
+In fact, you'd have an
+uncountably infinite set of
+
+vectors because of
+these scalars.
+
+Second definition.
+
+The vector v1 to vn are linearly
+independent -- and
+
+this is a mouthful -- if u
+equals the sum of alpha sub i
+
+v sub i equals 0, only
+for alpha sub i equal
+
+to 0 for each i.
+
+In other words, you can't take
+any linear combination of the
+
+v sub i's and get 0 unless that
+linear combination is
+
+using all 0's.
+
+You can't, in any non-trivial
+way, add up a bunch of
+
+vectors and get 0.
+
+To put it another way, none of
+these basis vectors is a
+
+linear combination
+of the others.
+
+That's usually a more convenient
+way to put it.
+
+Although it takes
+more writing.
+
+Now, we say that a set of
+vectors are a basis for v if
+
+they're both linearly
+independent and if they span
+
+v. When we first talked about
+spanning, we didn't say
+
+anything about these vectors
+being linearly independent, so
+
+we might have had many more
+of them than we needed.
+
+Now, when we're talking about a
+basis, we restrict ourselves
+
+to just the set we need
+to span the space.
+
+And then the theorem, which I'm
+not going to prove, but
+
+it's standard Theorem One of
+any linear algebra book --
+
+well, it's probably Theorem One,
+Two, Three and Four all
+
+put together -- but anyway, if
+it says if v1 and v sub n span
+
+v, then a subset of these
+vectors is the basis of b.
+
+In other words, if you have a
+set of vectors which span a
+
+space, you can find the basis by
+systematically eliminating
+
+vectors which are linear
+combinations of the others,
+
+until you get to a point where
+you can't do that any further.
+
+So this theorem has an algorithm
+tied into it.
+
+Given any set of vectors which
+span a space, you can find the
+
+basis from it by perhaps
+throwing out
+
+some of those vectors.
+
+The next part of it is, if v is
+a finite dimensional space,
+
+then every basis has
+the same size.
+
+This, in fact, is a thing which
+takes a little bit of
+
+work proving it.
+
+And, also, any linearly
+independent set, v1 to v sub
+
+n, is part of the basis.
+
+In other words, here's another
+algorithm you can use.
+
+You have this big, finite
+dimensional space.
+
+You have a few vectors which
+are linearly independent.
+
+You can build a basis starting
+with these, and you just
+
+experiment.
+
+You experiment to find new
+vectors, which are not linear
+
+combinations of that set.
+
+As soon as you find one, you
+add it to the basis.
+
+You keep on going.
+
+And the theorem says, by
+time you get to n of
+
+them, you're done.
+
+So that, in a sense, spanning
+sets are too big.
+
+Linearly independent
+sets are too small.
+
+And what you want to do is add
+the linearly independent sets,
+
+shrink the spanning sets, and
+come up with a bases.
+
+And all bases have the same
+number of vectors.
+
+There many different bases you
+come up with, but they all
+
+have the same number
+of vectors.
+
+Not going to talk at all about
+infinite dimensional spaces
+
+until the last slide today.
+
+Because the only way I know
+to understand infinite
+
+dimensional vector spaces is by
+thinking of them, in some
+
+sort of limiting way, as finite
+dimensional spaces.
+
+And I think that's the only
+way you can do it.
+
+A vector space in itself has
+no sense of distance
+
+or angles in it.
+
+When I drew that picture before
+for you -- let me put
+
+it up again --
+
+it almost looked like
+there was some sense
+
+of distance in here.
+
+Because when we took scalar
+multiples, we scaled these
+
+things down.
+
+When I took these triangles, we
+scaled down the triangle,
+
+and the triangle
+was maintained.
+
+But, in fact, I could do this
+just as well if I took v and
+
+moved it down here almost down
+on this axis, and if I took u
+
+and moved that almost
+down on the axis.
+
+I have the same picture, the
+same kind of distributive law.
+
+And everything else.
+
+You can't --
+
+I mean, one of the troubles with
+n-dimensional space, to
+
+study what a vector space is
+about, is it's very hard to
+
+think of n-tuples without
+thinking of distance.
+
+And without thinking of things
+being orthogonal to each
+
+other, and of all
+of these things.
+
+None of that is talked about at
+all in any of these axioms.
+
+And, in fact, you need some new
+axioms to be able to talk
+
+about ideas of distance, or
+angle, or any of these things.
+
+And that's what we
+want to add here.
+
+So we need some new axioms.
+
+And what we need is a new
+operation on the vector space,
+
+before the only -- the only
+operations we have are
+
+addition and scalar
+multiplication.
+
+So that vector spaces
+are really
+
+incredibly simple animals.
+
+There's very little you
+can do with them.
+
+And this added thing is called
+an inner product.
+
+An inner product is
+a scalar valued
+
+function of two vectors.
+
+And it's represented by
+these little brackets.
+
+And the axioms that these inner
+products have to satisfy
+
+is, if you're dealing with
+a complex vector space.
+
+In other words, where the
+scalars are complex numbers,
+
+then this inner product, when
+you switch it around, you have
+
+Hermitian symmetry.
+
+Which means that this inner
+product is equal to u v
+
+complex conjugate.
+
+We've already seen that
+sort of thing in
+
+taking Fourier series.
+
+And the fact that when you're
+dealing with complex numbers,
+
+symmetry doesn't usually hold,
+and you usually need some kind
+
+of Hermitian symmetry in most
+of the things you do.
+
+The next axiom is something
+called bilinearity.
+
+It says that if you take a
+vector which is alpha times a
+
+vector v, plus beta times a
+vector u, take the inner
+
+product of that with w, it
+splits up as alpha times v w
+
+plus beta times u w.
+
+How about if I do it
+the other way?
+
+See if you understand what I'm
+talking about at all here.
+
+Suppose we take w alpha u plus
+beta v. What's that equal to?
+
+Well, it's equal to alpha
+something w u plus beta w v.
+
+Except that's wrong, It's right
+for real vector spaces,
+
+it's wrong for complex
+vector spaces.
+
+What am I missing here?
+
+I need complex conjugates here
+and complex conjugates here.
+
+I wanted to talk about that,
+because when you're dealing
+
+with inner products, I don't
+know whether you're like me,
+
+but every time I start dealing
+with inner products and I get
+
+in a hurry writing things down,
+I forgot to put those
+
+damn complex conjugates
+in them.
+
+And, just be careful.
+
+Because you need them.
+
+At least go back after you're
+all done and put the complex
+
+conjugates in.
+
+If you're dealing with real
+vectors, of course you don't
+
+need to worry about
+any of that.
+
+And all the pictures you draw
+are always of real vectors.
+
+Think of trying to draw
+this picture.
+
+This is the simplest picture
+you can draw.
+
+Of two-dimensional vectors.
+
+This is really a picture of a
+vector space of dimension two,
+
+for real vectors.
+
+What happens if you try to
+draw a picture of complex
+
+two-dimensional vector space?
+
+Well, it becomes very
+difficult to do.
+
+Because you're really talking
+about the real part of, if
+
+you're dealing with a basis
+which consists of two complex
+
+vectors, then instead of v1, you
+need a real part of v1 and
+
+imaginary part of v1.
+
+Instead of v2, you need
+real part of v2 and
+
+imaginary part of v2.
+
+And you can always draw this
+in four dimensions.
+
+And I even have trouble drawing
+in three dimensions,
+
+because somehow my pen doesn't
+make marks in three
+
+dimensions.
+
+And in four dimensions,
+I'm a blinking 12.
+
+And have no idea
+of what to do.
+
+So you have to remember this.
+
+If you're dealing with rn or cn,
+almost always you define
+
+the inner product of v and u as
+the sum of the components
+
+with the second component
+complex conjugated.
+
+This is just a standard thing
+that we do all the time.
+
+When we do this, and we use
+unit vectors, the inner
+
+product of v with the i'th unit
+vector is just v sub i.
+
+That's what this formula says.
+
+Because e sub i is this vector
+u, in which there's a 1 only
+
+in the i'th position, and
+a 0 everywhere else.
+
+So v e i is always the v i,
+and e i v is always v i
+
+complex conjugate.
+
+Again, this Hermitian nonsense
+that comes up to
+
+plague us all the time.
+
+And from that, if you make v
+equal to e sub j or e sub i,
+
+you get the inner product of two
+of these basis vectors is
+
+equal to 0 for i unequal to j.
+
+In other words, the standard way
+of drawing pictures when
+
+you make it into an inner
+product space, those unit
+
+vectors become orthonormal.
+
+Because that's the way you
+like to draw things.
+
+You like to draw one
+here and one there.
+
+And that's what we mean by
+perpendicular, which the
+
+two-dimensional or
+three-dimensional word for
+
+orthogonal.
+
+So we have a couple
+of definitions.
+
+The inner product of v with
+itself is called inner product
+
+v squared, which is called the
+squared norm of the vector.
+
+The squared norm has to be
+non-negative, by axiom.
+
+It has to be greater than 0,
+unless this vector, v, is in
+
+fact a 0 vector.
+
+And the length is
+just the square
+
+root of the norm squared.
+
+In other words, the length and
+the norm are the same thing.
+
+The norm of a vector is the
+length of the vector.
+
+I've always called it the
+length, but a lot of people
+
+like to call it the norm.
+
+v and u are orthogonal if the
+inner product of v and u is
+
+equal to 0.
+
+How did I get that?
+
+I defined it that why.
+
+Everybody defines it that way.
+
+That's what you mean
+by orthogonality.
+
+Now we have to go back and see
+if it makes any sense in terms
+
+of these nice simple diagrams.
+
+But first I'm going to do
+something called the
+
+one-dimensional projection
+theorem.
+
+Which is something you all know
+but you probably have
+
+never thought about.
+
+And what it says is, if you have
+to vectors, v and u, you
+
+can always break v up
+into two parts.
+
+One of which is on the
+same line with u.
+
+In other words, is
+colinear with u.
+
+I'm drawing a picture here for
+real spaces, but when I say
+
+colinear, when I'm dealing with
+complex spaces, I mean
+
+it's u times some scalar,
+which could be complex.
+
+So it's somewhere
+on this line.
+
+And the other part is
+perpendicular to this line.
+
+And this theorem says in any
+old inner product space at
+
+all, no matter how many
+dimensions you have, infinite
+
+dimensional, finite dimensional,
+anything, if it's
+
+an inner product space on either
+the scalars r or the
+
+scalars c, you can always take
+any old two vectors at all.
+
+And you can break one vector up
+into a part that's colinear
+
+with the other, and another
+part which is orthogonal.
+
+And you can always draw
+a picture of it.
+
+If you don't mind just drawing
+the picture for real vectors
+
+instead of complex vectors.
+
+This is an important idea.
+
+Because what we're going to use
+it for in a while, is to
+
+be able to talk about functions
+which are these
+
+incredibly complicated
+objects.
+
+And we're going to talk about
+two different functions.
+
+And we want to be able to draw
+a picture in which those two
+
+functions are represented
+just as points in a
+
+two-dimensional picture.
+
+And we're going to do that by
+saying, OK, I take one of
+
+those functions.
+
+And I can represent it as partly
+being colinear with
+
+this other function.
+
+And partly being orthogonal
+to the other function.
+
+Which says, you can forget about
+all of these functions
+
+which extend to infinity, in
+time extend to infinity, in
+
+frequency and everything else.
+
+And, so long as you're only
+interested in some small set
+
+of functions, you can just deal
+with them as a finite
+
+dimensional vector space.
+
+You can get rid of all the mess,
+and just think of them
+
+in this very simple sense.
+
+That's really why this vector
+space idea, which is called
+
+signal space, is so popular
+among engineers.
+
+It lets than get rid of all the
+mess and think in terms of
+
+very, very simple things.
+
+So let's see why this
+complicated
+
+theorem is in fact true.
+
+Let me state the
+theorem first.
+
+It says for any inner products
+space, v. And any vectors, u
+
+and v in v, with u
+unequal to 0 --
+
+I hope I said that in the notes
+-- the vector v can be
+
+broken up into a colinear term
+plus an orthogonal term, where
+
+the colinear term is equal
+to a scalar times u.
+
+That's what we mean
+by colinear.
+
+That's just the definition
+of colinear.
+
+And the other vector
+is orthogonal to u.
+
+And alpha is uniquely given by
+the inner product v u divided
+
+by the norm squared of u.
+
+Now, there's one thing
+ugly about this.
+
+You see that norm squared, you
+say, what is that doing there.
+
+It just looks like it's making
+the formula complicated.
+
+Forgot about that for
+the time being.
+
+We will get into it in a minute
+and explain why we have
+
+that problem.
+
+But, for the moment, let's
+just prove this
+
+and see what it says.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+say, well, if I don't look at
+
+what the theorem is saying, what
+I'd like to do is look at
+
+some generic element which is
+a scalar multiple times u.
+
+So I'll say, OK let v parallel
+to u be alpha times u.
+
+I don't know what alpha is yet,
+but alpha's going to be
+
+whatever it has to be.
+
+We're going to choose alpha so
+that this other vector, v
+
+minus v u, is a thing we're
+calling v perp.
+
+So that that, the inner product
+of that and u, is
+
+equal to 0.
+
+So what I'm trying to do
+is to find a vector --
+
+strategy here, is to take any
+old vector along this line and
+
+try to choose the scalar alpha
+in such a way that the
+
+difference between this point
+and this point is orthogonal
+
+to this line.
+
+That's why I started out
+with alpha unknown.
+
+Alpha unknown just
+says we have any
+
+point along this line.
+
+Now I'm going to find out
+what alpha has to be.
+
+I hope I will find out that it
+has to be only one thing, and
+
+it's uniquely chosen.
+
+And that's what we're
+going to find.
+
+So v minus this projection
+term, this is called a
+
+projection of v on u, is equal
+to v u minus a projection
+
+inner product with u.
+
+So it's equal to this
+difference here.
+
+This is equal to the
+inner product.
+
+Since we have chosen this term
+to be alpha times u, we can
+
+bring the alpha out.
+
+So it's alpha times the inner
+product of u with itself.
+
+That's the norm squared
+of alpha.
+
+So this is inner product of v
+and u minus alpha times the
+
+norm squared.
+
+This is 0 if and only if you
+set this equal to 0.
+
+And the only value alpha can
+have to make this 0 is the
+
+inner product of v and u divided
+by the norm squared.
+
+So I would think that if I ask
+you to prove this without
+
+knowing the projection theorem,
+I would hope that if
+
+you weren't afraid of it or
+something, and you just sat
+
+down and tried to do it,
+you would all do it in
+
+about half an hour.
+
+It would probably take most of
+you longer than that, because
+
+everybody gets screwed up in the
+notation when they first
+
+try to do this.
+
+But, in fact, this is not
+a complicated thing.
+
+This is not rocket science.
+
+Now.
+
+What is this norm squared
+doing here?
+
+The thing we have just proven is
+that with any two vectors v
+
+and u, the projection of v on
+u, namely that vector, there
+
+which has the property that v
+minus v u is perpendicular to
+
+u, we showed, is this inner
+product divided by the norm
+
+squared times u.
+
+Now, let me break up
+this norm squared.
+
+Which is just some
+positive number.
+
+It's a positive real number.
+
+Into the length times
+the length.
+
+Namely, the norm u is just
+some real number.
+
+And write it this way, as the
+inner product of v with u
+
+divided by the length of
+u times u divided by
+
+the length of u.
+
+Now, what is the vector u
+divided by the length of u?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the same
+direction of u, but
+
+it has length 1.
+
+In other words, this is the
+normalized form of u.
+
+And I have the normalized
+form of u in here also.
+
+So what this is saying is that
+this projection is also equal
+
+to the projection of v on the
+normalized form of u, times
+
+the normalized form of u.
+
+Which says that it doesn't make
+any difference what the
+
+length of u is.
+
+This projection is a function
+only of the direction of u.
+
+I mean, this is obvious from
+the picture, isn't it?
+
+But again, since we can't draw
+pictures for complex valued
+
+things, it's nice to be able
+to see it analytically.
+
+If I shorten u, or lengthen u,
+this projection is still going
+
+to be exactly the same thing.
+
+And that's what the norm squared
+of u is doing here.
+
+The norm squared of u is simply
+sitting there so it
+
+does this normalization
+function for us.
+
+It makes this projection equal
+to the inner product of v with
+
+the normalized form
+of u, times the
+
+normalized vector for u.
+
+The Pythagorean theorem, which
+doesn't follow from this, it's
+
+something else, but it's simple
+-- in fact, we can do
+
+it right away -- it says if v
+and u are orthogonal, then the
+
+norm squared of u plus
+v is equal to u
+
+squared plus v squared.
+
+I mean, this is something
+you use
+
+geometrically all the time.
+
+And you're familiar with this.
+
+And the argument is, you just
+break this up into the norm
+
+squared of u plus the norm
+squared of v, plus the two
+
+cross-products, the inner
+product of u times the inner
+
+product of u with v, which is 0,
+and the inner product of v
+
+with u, which is 0.
+
+So the two cross-terms
+go away and you're
+
+left with just this.
+
+And for any v and u, the Schwarz
+inequality says that
+
+the inner product, the magnitude
+of the inner product
+
+of v and u, is less than or
+equal to the length of v times
+
+the length of u.
+
+The Schwarz inequality is
+probably -- well, I'm not sure
+
+that it's probably, but it's
+perhaps the most used
+
+inequality in mathematics.
+
+Any time you use vectors, you
+use this all the time.
+
+And it's extremely useful.
+
+I'm not going to prove it here
+because it's in the notes.
+
+It's a two-step proof from
+what we've done.
+
+And the trouble is watching
+two-step proofs in class.
+
+At a certain point you
+saturate on them.
+
+And I have more important things
+I want to do later
+
+today, so I don't want you
+to saturate on this.
+
+You can read this at
+your leisure and
+
+see why this is true.
+
+I did want to say something
+about it, though.
+
+If you divide the left side by
+the right side, you can write
+
+this as the magnitude of the
+inner product of the
+
+normalized form of v with the
+normalized form of u.
+
+If we're talking about real
+vector space, this in fact is
+
+the cosine of the angle
+between v and u.
+
+It's less than or equal to 1.
+
+So for real two-dimensional
+vectors, the fact that the
+
+cosine is less than or equal to
+1 is really equivalent to
+
+the Schwarz inequality.
+
+And this is the appropriate
+generalization for any old
+
+vectors at all.
+
+And the notes would say more
+about that if that went a
+
+little too quickly.
+
+OK, the inner product space of
+interest to us is this thing
+
+we've called signal space.
+
+Namely, it's a space of
+functions which are measurable
+
+n square integrals.
+
+In other words, finite value
+when you take the square and
+
+integrate it.
+
+And we want to be able to talk
+about the set of either real
+
+or complex L2 functions.
+
+So, either one of them, we're
+going to define the inner
+
+product in the same
+way for each.
+
+It really is the only natural
+way to define an
+
+inner product here.
+
+And you'll see this more later
+as we start doing other things
+
+with these inner products.
+
+But just like what when you're
+dealing with n-tuples, there's
+
+only one sensible way to define
+an inner product.
+
+You can define inner products
+in other ways.
+
+But it's just a little
+bizarre to do so.
+
+And here it's a little
+bizarre also.
+
+There's a big technical
+problem here.
+
+And if you look at, it can
+anybody spot what it -- no,
+
+no, of course you can't spot
+what it is unless you've read
+
+the notes and you
+know what it is.
+
+One of the axioms of an inner
+product space is that the only
+
+vector in the space which has an
+inner product with itself,
+
+a squared norm equal to zero
+is the zero vector.
+
+Now, we have all these crazy
+vector we've been talking
+
+about, which are zero, except
+on a set of measures zero.
+
+In other words, vectors'
+functions which have zero
+
+energy but just pop up at
+various isolated points and
+
+have values there.
+
+Which we really can't get rid
+of if we view a function as
+
+something which is defined
+at every value of t.
+
+You have to accept those things
+as part of what you're
+
+dealing with.
+
+As soon as you started
+integrating things, those
+
+things all disappear.
+
+But the trouble is, those
+functions, which are zero
+
+almost everywhere,
+are not zero.
+
+They're only zero almost
+everywhere.
+
+They're zero for all engineering
+purposes.
+
+But they're not zero, they're
+only zero almost everywhere.
+
+Well, if you define the inner
+product in this way and you
+
+want to satisfy the axioms of an
+inner product space, you're
+
+out of luck.
+
+There's no way you can
+do it, because this
+
+axiom just gets violated.
+
+So what do you do?
+
+Well, you do what we've
+been doing all along.
+
+We've been sort of squinting a
+little bit and saying, well,
+
+really, these functions of
+measure 0 are really 0 for all
+
+practical purposes.
+
+Mathematically, what we have
+to say is, we want to talk
+
+about an equivalence
+class of functions.
+
+And two functions are in the
+same equivalence class if
+
+their difference has 0 energy.
+
+Which is equivalent to saying
+their difference is zero
+
+almost everywhere.
+
+It's one of these bizarre
+functions which just jumps up
+
+at isolated points and doesn't
+do anything else.
+
+Not impulses at isolated points,
+just non-zero at
+
+isolated points.
+
+Impulses are not really
+functions at all.
+
+So we're talking about things
+that are functions, but
+
+they're these bizarre functions
+which we talked
+
+about and we've said they're
+unimportant.
+
+So, but they are there.
+
+So the solution is to associate
+vectors with
+
+equivalence classes.
+
+And d of t and u of t are
+equivalent if the v of t minus
+
+u of t is zero almost
+everywhere.
+
+In other words, when we talk
+about a vector, u, what we're
+
+talking about is an
+
+equivalence class of functions.
+
+It's the equivalence class of
+functions for which two
+
+functions are in the same
+equivalence class if they
+
+differ only on a set
+of measure zero.
+
+In other words, these are the
+things that gave us trouble
+
+when we were talking about
+Fourier transforms.
+
+These are the things that gave
+us trouble when we were
+
+talking about Fourier series.
+
+When you take anything in the
+same equivalence class,
+
+time-limited functions, and
+you form a Fourier series,
+
+what happens?
+
+All of the things in the same
+equivalence class have the
+
+same Fourier coefficients.
+
+But when you go back from the
+Fourier series coefficients
+
+back to the function, then you
+might go back in a bunch of
+
+different ways.
+
+So, we started using this limit
+in the mean notation and
+
+all of that stuff.
+
+And what we're doing here now
+is, for these vectors, we're
+
+just saying, let's represent
+a vector as this whole
+
+equivalence class.
+
+While we're talking about
+vectors, we're almost always
+
+interested in orthogonal
+expansions.
+
+And when we're interested in
+orthogonal expansions, the
+
+coefficients in the orthogonal
+expansions are found as
+
+integrals with the function.
+
+And the integrals with different
+functions in the
+
+same equivalence class
+are identical.
+
+In other words, any two
+functions in the same
+
+equivalence class have the
+same coefficients in any
+
+orthogonal expansion.
+
+So if you talk only about the
+orthogonal expansion, and
+
+leave out these detailed notions
+of what the function
+
+is doing at individual times,
+then you don't have to worry
+
+about equivalence classes.
+
+In other words, when you --
+
+I'm going to say this again more
+carefully later, but let
+
+me try to say it now a
+little bit crudely.
+
+One of the things we're
+interested in doing this
+
+taking this class of functions,
+mapping each
+
+function into a set of
+coefficients, where the set of
+
+coefficients are the
+coefficients in some
+
+particular orthogonal expansion
+that we're using.
+
+Namely, that's the whole way
+that we're using to get from
+
+waveforms to sequences.
+
+It's the whole --
+
+it's the entire thing we're
+doing when we start out on a
+
+channel with a sequence of
+binary digits and then a
+
+sequence of symbols.
+
+And we modulate it
+into a waveform.
+
+Again, it's the mapping from
+sequence to waveform.
+
+Now, the important thing here
+about these equivalence
+
+classes is, you can't tell
+any of the members of the
+
+equivalence class apart within
+the sequence that we're
+
+dealing with.
+
+Everything we're interested
+in has to
+
+do with these sequences.
+
+I mean, if we could we'd just
+ignore the waveforms
+
+altogether.
+
+Because all the processing that
+we do is with sequences.
+
+So the only reason we have these
+equivalence classes is
+
+because we need them to really
+define what the functions are.
+
+So, we will come back
+to that later.
+
+Boy, I think I'm going
+to get done today.
+
+That's surprising.
+
+The next idea that
+we want to talk
+
+about is vector subspaces.
+
+Again, that's an idea you've
+probably heard of,
+
+for the most part.
+
+A subspace of a vector space
+is a subset of the vector
+
+space such that that subspace
+is a vector
+
+space in its own right.
+
+An equivalent definition is,
+for all vectors u and v, in
+
+the subspace alpha
+times u plus beta
+
+times v is in s also.
+
+In other words, a subspace is
+something which you can't get
+
+out of by linear combinations.
+
+If I take one of these diagrams
+back here that I keep
+
+looking at --
+
+I'll use this one.
+
+If I want to form a subspace of
+this subspace, if I want to
+
+form a subspace of this
+two-dimensional vector space
+
+here, one of the subspaces
+includes
+
+u, but not v, perhaps.
+
+Now, if I want to make a
+one-dimensional subspace
+
+including u, what is
+that subspace?
+
+It's just all the
+scalars times u.
+
+In other words, it's this line
+that goes through the origin
+
+and through that vector, u.
+
+And a subspace has to include
+the whole line.
+
+That's what we're saying.
+
+It's all scalar multiples
+of u.
+
+If I want a subspace that
+includes u and v, where u and
+
+v are just arbitrary vectors
+I've chosen out of my hat,
+
+then I have this two-dimensional
+subspace,
+
+which is what I've drawn here.
+
+In other words, this
+idea is something
+
+we've been using already.
+
+It's just that we didn't need
+to be explicit about it.
+
+The subspace which includes
+u and v --
+
+well, a subspace which includes
+u and v, is the
+
+subspace of all linear
+combinations of u and v. And
+
+nothing else.
+
+So, it's all vectors
+along here.
+
+It's all vectors along here.
+
+And you fill it all in with
+anything here added to
+
+anything here.
+
+So you get this two-dimensional
+space.
+
+Is 0 always in a subspace?
+
+Of course it is.
+
+I mean, you multiply
+any vector by 0 and
+
+you get the 0 vector.
+
+So you sort of get
+it as a linear --
+
+what more can I say?
+
+If we have a vector space which
+is an inner product
+
+space; in other words, if we
+add this inner product
+
+definition to our vector space,
+and I take a subspace
+
+of it, that can be defined as
+an inner product space also,
+
+with the same definition
+of inner
+
+product that I had before.
+
+Because I can't get out of it
+by linear combinations, and
+
+the inner product is defined for
+every pair of vectors in
+
+that space.
+
+So we still have a nice,
+well-defined vector space,
+
+which is an inner product space,
+and which is a subspace
+
+of the space we started with.
+
+Everything I do from now on, I'm
+going to assume that v is
+
+an inner product space.
+
+And want to look at how
+we normalize vectors.
+
+We've already talked
+about that.
+
+If I have a vector in this
+vector space that's
+
+normalized, if its
+norm equals 1.
+
+We already decided how to
+normalize a vector.
+
+We took an arbitrary vector,
+u, divided by its norm.
+
+And as soon as we divide by
+its norm, that vector, v,
+
+divided by the norm of v, the
+norm of that is just 1.
+
+So the projection, what the
+projection theorem says, and
+
+all I need here is a
+one-dimensional projection
+
+theorem, it says that v, in the
+direction of this vector
+
+phi, is equal to the
+inner product of u
+
+with phi times phi.
+
+That's what we said.
+
+As soon as we normalized these
+vectors, that ugly denominator
+
+here disappears.
+
+Because the norm of
+phi is equal to --
+
+because the norm
+is equal to 1.
+
+So, an orthonormal set of
+vectors is a set such that
+
+each pair of vectors is
+orthogonal to each other, and
+
+where each vector
+is normalized.
+
+In other words, it has norm
+squared equal to 1.
+
+So, the inner product of these
+vectors is just delta sub j k.
+
+If I have an orthogonal set, v
+sub j, say, then phi sub j is
+
+an orthonormal set just by
+taking each of these vectors
+
+and normalizing it.
+
+In other words, it's no big deal
+to take an orthogonal set
+
+of functions and turn
+them into an
+
+orthonormal set of functions.
+
+The Fourier series was natural
+to define that, and most
+
+people define it, in such a way
+that it's not orthonormal.
+
+Because we're defining it over
+some interval of time, t, that
+
+has a norm squared of t and,
+therefore, you have to divide
+
+by square root of t
+to normalize it.
+
+If you want to put everything
+in a common framework, it's
+
+nice to deal with orthonormal
+series.
+
+And therefore, that's what we're
+going to be stressing
+
+from now on.
+
+So I want to go on so the
+real projection theorem.
+
+Actually, there are three
+projection theorems.
+
+There's the one-dimensional
+projection theorem.
+
+There's the n-dimensional
+projection theorem, which is
+
+what this is.
+
+And then there's an
+infinite-dimensional
+
+projection theorem, which is
+not general for all inner
+
+product spaces, but is certainly
+general for L2.
+
+So I'm going to assume that
+phi 1 to phi sub n is an
+
+orthonormal basis for an
+n-dimensional subspace, s,
+
+which is a subspace of v. How
+do I know there is such an
+
+orthonormal basis?
+
+Well, I don't know that yet, and
+I'm going to come back to
+
+that later.
+
+But for the time being, I'm just
+going to assume that as
+
+part of the theorem.
+
+Assume I have some particular
+subspace which has the
+
+property that it has an
+orthonormal basis.
+
+So this is an orthonormal basis
+for this n-dimensional
+
+subspace, s and v. For each
+vector in v, s now is some
+
+small subspace.
+
+v is a big subspace
+out around s.
+
+What I want to do now is, I want
+to take some vector in
+
+the big subspace.
+
+I want to project it
+onto the subspace.
+
+By projecting it onto the
+subspace, what I mean is, I
+
+want to find some vector in
+the subspace such that the
+
+difference between v and that
+point in the subspace is
+
+orthogonal to the
+subspace itself.
+
+In other words, it's the same
+idea as we used before for
+
+this over-used picture.
+
+Which I keep looking at.
+
+Here, the subspace that I'm
+looking at is just the
+
+subspace of vectors
+colinear with u.
+
+And what I'm trying to do here
+is to find, from v I'm trying
+
+to drop a perpendicular to this
+subspace, which is just a
+
+straight line.
+
+In general, what I'm trying
+to do is, I have an
+
+n-dimensional subspace.
+
+We can sort of visualize a
+two-dimensional subspace if
+
+you think of this in
+three dimensions.
+
+And think of replacing u
+with some space, some
+
+two-dimensional space, which
+is going through 0.
+
+And now I have this vector,
+v, which is
+
+outside of that plane.
+
+And what I'm trying to do here
+is to drop a perpendicular
+
+from v onto that subspace.
+
+The projection is where that
+perpendicular lands.
+
+So, in other words, v, minus the
+projection, is this v perp
+
+we're talking about.
+
+And what I want to do is exactly
+the same thing that we
+
+did before with the
+
+one-dimensional projection theorem.
+
+And that's what we're
+going to do.
+
+And it works.
+
+And it isn't really any more
+
+complicated, except for notation.
+
+So the theorem says, assume
+you have this orthonormal
+
+basis for this subspace.
+
+And then you take any old v in
+the entire vector space.
+
+This can be an infinite
+dimensional vector space or
+
+anything else.
+
+And what we really want it to
+be is some element in L2,
+
+which is some
+infinite-dimensional element.
+
+It says there's a unique
+projection in the subspace s.
+
+And it's given by the inner
+product of v with each of
+
+those basis vectors.
+
+That inner product,
+times v sub j.
+
+For the case of a
+one-dimensional vector, you
+
+take the sum out and that
+was exactly the
+
+projection we had before.
+
+Now we just have the
+multi-dimensional projection.
+
+And it has a property that v
+is equal to this projection
+
+plus the orthogonal thing.
+
+And the orthogonal thing, the
+inner product of that with s
+
+equal to 0 for all s
+in the subspace.
+
+In other words, it's just what
+we got in this picture we were
+
+just trying to construct, of
+a two-dimensional plane.
+
+You drop a perpendicular
+two-dimensional plane.
+
+And when I drop a perpendicular
+to a
+
+two-dimensional plane, and I
+take any old vector in this
+
+two-dimensional plane,
+we still have the
+
+perpendicularity.
+
+In other words, you have the
+notion of this vector being
+
+perpendicular to a plane if it's
+perpendicular whichever
+
+way you look at it.
+
+Let me outline the
+proof of this.
+
+Actually, it's pretty much
+a complete proof.
+
+But with a couple small
+details left out.
+
+We're going to start out the
+same way I did before.
+
+Namely, I don't know how
+to choose this vector.
+
+But I know I want to choose
+it to be in this subspace.
+
+And any element in this
+subspace is a linear
+
+combination of these
+p sub i's.
+
+So this is just a generic
+element in s.
+
+And I want to find out what
+element I have to use.
+
+I want to find the conditions
+on these coefficients here
+
+such that v minus the projection
+-- in other words,
+
+this v perp, as we've been
+calling it -- is orthogonal to
+
+each phi sub i.
+
+Now, if it's orthogonal to
+each phi sub i, it's also
+
+orthogonal to each linear
+combination
+
+of the phi sub i's.
+
+So in fact, that solved
+our problem for us.
+
+So what I want to do is, I want
+to set 0 equal to v minus
+
+this projection.
+
+Where I don't yet know how to
+make the projection, because I
+
+don't know what the
+alpha sub i's are.
+
+But I'm trying to choose these
+so that this, minus the
+
+projection, the inner product of
+that with phi j is equal to
+
+0 for every j.
+
+This inner product here is equal
+to the inner product of
+
+v with phi sub j.
+
+I have this difference here,
+so the inner product is the
+
+inner product of v with phi sub
+j minus the inner product
+
+of this with phi sub j.
+
+Let me write that here.
+
+v minus sum alpha i phi sub i
+comma phi sub j is equal to v
+
+phi sub j minus summation
+of i alpha i t sub i.
+
+phi sub j.
+
+Which is equal to this.
+
+All of these terms are 0 except
+where j is equal to i.
+
+Where i is equal to j.
+
+So, alpha sub j has to be equal
+to the inner product of
+
+v with this basis vector here.
+
+And, therefore, this projection
+is equal, which we
+
+said was sum of alpha i phi sub
+i, that's really the sum
+
+of v phi sub j, this inner
+product, times p sub j,
+
+Now, if you really use your
+imagination and you really
+
+think hard about the formula we
+were using for the Fourier
+
+series coefficients, was
+really the same formula
+
+without the normalization
+in it.
+
+It's simplified by being already
+normalized for us.
+
+We don't have that 1 over t in
+here, which we had in the
+
+Fourier series because
+now we've gone
+
+to orthonormal functions.
+
+So, in fact that sort of
+proves the theorem.
+
+If we express v as some linear
+combination of these
+
+orthonormal vectors, then if I
+take the norm squared of v,
+
+this is something we've done
+many times already.
+
+I just express the norm squared,
+just by expanding
+
+this the sum of -- well, here
+I've done it this way, so
+
+let's do it this way again.
+
+When I take the inner product
+of v with all of these terms
+
+here, I get the sum of alpha
+sub j complex conjugated,
+
+times the inner product
+of v with phi sub j.
+
+But the inner product of v with
+phi sub j is just alpha
+
+sub j times 1.
+
+So it's a sum of alpha
+sub j squared.
+
+OK, this is this energy
+relationship we've
+
+been using all along.
+
+We've been using it for
+the Fourier series.
+
+We've been using it for
+everything we've been doing.
+
+It's just a special case of
+this relationship here, in
+
+this n-dimensional projection,
+except that there we were
+
+dealing with infinite dimensions
+and here we're
+
+dealing with finite
+dimensions.
+
+But it's the same formula, and
+you'll see how it generalizes
+
+in a little bit.
+
+We still have the Pythagorean
+theorem, which in this case
+
+says that the norm squared of
+vector v is equal to the norm
+
+squared of a projection, plus
+the norm squared of the
+
+perpendicular part.
+
+In other words, when I start
+to represent this vector
+
+outside of the space by a vector
+inside the space, by
+
+this projection, I wind
+up with two things.
+
+I wind up both with the part
+that's outside of the space
+
+entirely, and is orthogonal to
+the space, plus the part which
+
+is in the space.
+
+And each of those has a certain
+amount of energy.
+
+When I expand this by this
+relationship here --
+
+I'm not doing that yet -- what
+I'm doing here is what's
+
+called a norm bound.
+
+Which says both of these
+terms are non-negative.
+
+This term is non-negative in
+particular, and therefore the
+
+difference between this and this
+is always positive, or
+
+non-negative.
+
+Which says that 0 has to be less
+than or equal to this,
+
+because it's non-negative.
+
+And this has to be less than or
+equal to the norm of v. In
+
+other words, the projection
+always has less energy then
+
+the vector itself.
+
+Which is not very surprising.
+
+So the norm bound
+is no big deal.
+
+When I substitute this for the
+actual value, what I get is
+
+the sum j equals 1 to n of the
+norm of the inner product of
+
+v, with each one of these
+basis vectors, magnitude
+
+squared, that's less than or
+equal to the energy in v. In
+
+other words, if we start to
+expand, as n gets bigger and
+
+bigger, and we look at these
+terms, we take these inner
+
+products, square them.
+
+No matter how many terms I take
+here, the sum is always
+
+less than or equal to the energy
+in v. That's called
+
+Bessel's inequality, and it's a
+nice, straightforward thing.
+
+And finally, the last
+of these things --
+
+well, I'll use the other
+one if I need it.
+
+The last is this thing
+called the mean
+
+square error property.
+
+It says that if you take the
+difference between the vector
+
+and its projection onto this
+space, this is less than or
+
+equal to the difference between
+the vector and the
+
+other s in the space.
+
+Any other --
+
+I can always represent v as
+being equal to this plus the
+
+orthogonal component.
+
+So I wind up with a sum
+here of two terms.
+
+One is the difference between
+-- well, it's the --
+
+it's the length squared
+of the projection.
+
+Write it out.
+
+v minus v s -- let me write this
+term out. v minus s is
+
+equal to v, the projection, plus
+v perpendicular to the
+
+subspace s minus
+this vector s.
+
+This is perpendicular to this
+and this, so -- ah,
+
+to hell with it.
+
+Excuse my language.
+
+I mean, this is proven
+in the notes.
+
+I'm not going to go through it
+now because I want to finish
+
+these other things.
+
+I don't want to play
+around with it.
+
+We left something out of the
+
+n-dimensional projection theorem.
+
+How do you find an orthonormal
+basis to start with?
+
+And there's this neat thing
+called Gram-Schmidt, which I
+
+suspect most of you have
+seen before also.
+
+Which is pretty simple
+now in terms of
+
+the projection theorem.
+
+Gram-Schmidt is really a
+bootstrap operation starting
+
+with the one-dimensional
+projection theorem, working
+
+your way up to larger and
+larger dimensions.
+
+And each case winding up with an
+orthonormal basis for what
+
+you started with.
+
+Let's see how that happens.
+
+I start out with a basis for
+an inner product subspace.
+
+So, s1 up to s sub n
+as a basis for this
+
+inner product space.
+
+First thing I do is, I
+start out with s1.
+
+I find the normalized
+version of s1.
+
+I call that phi 1.
+
+So phi 1 is now an orthonormal
+basis for the subspace whose
+
+basis is just phi 1 itself.
+
+phi 1 is the basis for the
+subspace of all linear
+
+combinations of s1.
+
+So it's just a straight
+line in space.
+
+The next thing I do
+is, I take s2.
+
+I find the projection of
+s2 on this subspace s1.
+
+I can do that.
+
+So I find a part which
+is colinear with s1.
+
+I find the part which
+is orthogonal.
+
+I take the orthogonal
+part, and that's
+
+orthogonal, to phi 1.
+
+And I normalize it.
+
+So I then have two vectors, phi
+1 and phi 2, which span
+
+the space of functions
+of linear
+
+combinations of s1 and s2.
+
+And I call that subspace
+S2, capital S2.
+
+And then I go on.
+
+So, given any orthonormal basis,
+phi 1 up to phi sub k
+
+of the subspace s k generated
+by s1 to s k, I'm going to
+
+project s k plus 1 onto this
+subspace s sub k, and then I'm
+
+going to normalize it.
+
+And by going through this
+procedure, I can in fact find
+
+an orthonormal basis to any set
+of vectors that I want to,
+
+to any subspace that
+I want to.
+
+Why is this important, is this
+something you want to do?
+
+Well, it's something you can
+program a computer to do
+
+almost trivially.
+
+But that's not why
+we want it here.
+
+The thing we want it here is to
+say that there's no reason
+
+to deal with bases other
+than orthonormal bases.
+
+We can generate orthonormal
+bases easily.
+
+The projection theorem now is
+valid for any n-dimensional
+
+space because for any
+n-dimensional space we can
+
+form this basis that we want.
+
+Let me just go on and finish
+this, so we can start dealing
+
+with channels next time.
+
+So far, the projection
+theorem is just for
+
+finite dimensional vectors.
+
+We want to now extend it to
+infinite dimensional vectors.
+
+To accountably infinite
+set of vectors.
+
+So I'm given any orthogonal set
+of functions, status sub
+
+i, we can first generate
+orthonormal functions as phi
+
+sub i, which are normalized.
+
+And that's old stuff.
+
+I can now think of doing the
+same thing that we did before.
+
+Namely, starting out, taking any
+old vector I want to, and
+
+projecting it first on
+to the subspace with
+
+only phi 1 in it.
+
+Then the subspace generated by
+phi 1 and phi 2, then the
+
+subspace generated by phi 1, phi
+2 and phi 3, and so forth.
+
+When I do that successively,
+which is successive
+
+approximations in a Fourier
+expansion, or in any
+
+orthonormal expansion, what I'm
+going to wind up with is
+
+the following theorem that says,
+let phi sub m be a set
+
+of orthonormal functions.
+
+Let v be any L2 vector.
+
+Then there exists an L2 vector,
+u, such that v minus u
+
+is orthogonal to
+each phi sub n.
+
+In other words, this is the
+projection theorem, carried on
+
+as n goes to infinity.
+
+But I can't quite state it
+in the way I did before.
+
+I need a limit in here.
+
+Which says the limit as n goes
+to infinity of u, namely what
+
+is now going to be this
+projection, minus this term
+
+here, which is the term
+in the subspace of
+
+these orthonormal functions.
+
+This difference goes to zero.
+
+What does this say?
+
+It doesn't say that I can take
+any function, v, and expand it
+
+in an orthonormal expansion.
+
+I couldn't say that, because I
+have nothing to know whether
+
+this arbitrary orthonormal
+expansion I started with
+
+actually spans L2 or not.
+
+And without knowing that,
+I can't state a
+
+theorem like this.
+
+But what the theorem does say
+is, you take any orthonormal
+
+expansion you want to.
+
+Like the Fourier series, which
+only spans functions which are
+
+time limited.
+
+I take an arbitrary function.
+
+I expand them in this
+Fourier series.
+
+And, bingo, what I get is a
+function u, which is the part
+
+of v, which is within these time
+limits and what's left
+
+over, which is orthogonal, is
+the stuff outside of those
+
+time limits.
+
+So this is the theorem that says
+that in fact you can --
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's similar
+to Plancherel.
+
+Plancherel is done for the
+Fourier integral, and in
+
+Plancherel you need this limit
+in the mean on both sides.
+
+Here we're just dealing
+with a series.
+
+I mean, we still have a limit in
+the mean sort of thing, but
+
+we have a weaker theorem in
+the sense that we're not
+
+asserting that this orthonormal
+series actually
+
+spans all of L2.
+
+I mean, we found a couple of
+orthonormal expansions
+
+that do span L2.
+
+So it's lacking in that.
+
+OK, going to stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aDIvhuNrWO4.txt b/aDIvhuNrWO4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf62bead041852a9b9a51ad302c037f4792ba5f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aDIvhuNrWO4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and
+this is kind of the introductory slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the introductory slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the introductory slide
+you've heard a lot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard a lot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard a lot from
+zach i think that was last time like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zach i think that was last time like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zach i think that was last time like a
+week ago or two weeks ago about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week ago or two weeks ago about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week ago or two weeks ago about
+microwave technology and i'm sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave technology and i'm sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave technology and i'm sure that
+he gave an ex extremely inspirational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave an ex extremely inspirational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave an ex extremely inspirational
+and the enthusiastic talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the enthusiastic talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the enthusiastic talk about the
+possibilities and scope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and scope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and scope of this
+technology but let me give you just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but let me give you just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but let me give you just a
+little dislike so whenever a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dislike so whenever a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dislike so whenever a new
+technology appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology appears
+or for example microwave technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example microwave technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example microwave technology or
+the genome project of course first there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome project of course first there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome project of course first there
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+general brilliance and optimism that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general brilliance and optimism that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general brilliance and optimism that all
+problems will be solved within a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be solved within a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be solved within a couple
+of years there are lots of reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years there are lots of reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years there are lots of reasons for
+this optimism one is that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this optimism one is that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this optimism one is that you want
+investors in your company and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors in your company and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors in your company and you want
+public funding but of course in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public funding but of course in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public funding but of course in a couple
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+month or years um realistic expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or years um realistic expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or years um realistic expectations
+start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+um appear and then you have to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um appear and then you have to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um appear and then you have to start to
+think about limitations of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about limitations of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about limitations of the actual
+technology and actually that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and actually that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and actually that's the
+reason that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we have
+a talk about this very topic so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk about this very topic so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk about this very topic so when we
+talk about limitations of the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about limitations of the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about limitations of the technology
+and we have to define what you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to define what you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to define what you actually
+want to do in science i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in science i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in science i mean
+of course there are lots of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are lots of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are lots of very
+various definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various definitions of
+science but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but
+in a sense you would like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you would like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you would like to make
+predictions about some sort of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about some sort of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about some sort of a system
+and we are going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to talk about
+limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations
+in those terms how is it going to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those terms how is it going to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those terms how is it going to limit
+your predictive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictive power
+so um when you talk about limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um when you talk about limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um when you talk about limitations
+you can talk about your how accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk about your how accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk about your how accurate
+your measurements there are limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurements there are limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurements there are limitations
+of the accuracy of the measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the accuracy of the measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the accuracy of the measurements
+accuracy and noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and noise
+but there are limitations in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are limitations in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are limitations in terms of
+sensitivity what are you measuring how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity what are you measuring how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity what are you measuring how
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+is your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your measurement
+and of course i'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course i'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course i'm going to be
+very briefly touching on this that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly touching on this that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly touching on this that even
+if you measure everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure everything
+very accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately
+there are inherent limitations in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inherent limitations in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inherent limitations in your
+predictive power you cannot predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power you cannot predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power you cannot predict
+everything i think well think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i think well think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i think well think about
+unpredictability in terms of chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictability in terms of chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictability in terms of chaos
+uh even if you measure everything very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if you measure everything very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if you measure everything very
+precisely there are systems that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely there are systems that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely there are systems that you can
+you simply cannot predict um how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply cannot predict um how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply cannot predict um how it's
+going to behave in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to behave in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to behave in a
+analytic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic way
+so noise first i'd like to define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so noise first i'd like to define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so noise first i'd like to define what
+is noise and what is signal noise is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is noise and what is signal noise is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is noise and what is signal noise is an
+inherent feature of complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent feature of complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent feature of complex systems
+and noise in continuous and discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noise in continuous and discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noise in continuous and discrete
+measurements noises the limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements noises the limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements noises the limitations of
+the technology and of course we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology and of course we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology and of course we need to
+talk about what can be done about noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what can be done about noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what can be done about noise
+that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+statistics was invented for and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics was invented for and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics was invented for and i'm
+going to talk about briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about briefly about
+normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization
+so what is noise there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is noise there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is noise there are different
+different definitions this is i of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions this is i of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions this is i of
+course took from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course took from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course took from
+webster and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webster and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webster and let's
+just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this
+point e which is an irrelevant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point e which is an irrelevant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point e which is an irrelevant or
+meaningless data output occurring along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless data output occurring along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless data output occurring along
+with desired information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with desired information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with desired information
+now you should be aware of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you should be aware of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you should be aware of that that
+noise is not always a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is not always a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is not always a bad thing
+sometimes noise may turn out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes noise may turn out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes noise may turn out to be a
+very important signal so and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important signal so and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important signal so and what is
+your background i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your background i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your background i'm just
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+listen okay uh so this is not probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen okay uh so this is not probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen okay uh so this is not probably
+not the best example for you but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best example for you but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best example for you but there
+were two guys uh two radio astronomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two guys uh two radio astronomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two guys uh two radio astronomers
+many many years ago i think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years ago i think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years ago i think that was
+almost 50 years ago we were looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 50 years ago we were looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 50 years ago we were looking for
+signals and uh they just saw this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and uh they just saw this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and uh they just saw this this
+noise coming from every direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise coming from every direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise coming from every direction in the
+universe as really as turmeric and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe as really as turmeric and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe as really as turmeric and that
+turned out to be the cosmic background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be the cosmic background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be the cosmic background
+radiation which is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which is one of the most
+important discoveries and these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important discoveries and these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important discoveries and these guys are
+actually got the nobel prize a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got the nobel prize a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got the nobel prize a couple of
+years later that was starting with pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later that was starting with pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later that was starting with pure
+noise and they were trying to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and they were trying to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and they were trying to get rid of
+that noise they couldn't and that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise they couldn't and that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise they couldn't and that led to
+discovery of the cosmic background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the cosmic background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the cosmic background
+radiation but if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but if you think about
+medicine then for example the way cis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine then for example the way cis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine then for example the way cis
+platinum was discovered as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum was discovered as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum was discovered as a
+chemotherapeutic agent the what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapeutic agent the what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapeutic agent the what happened
+is actually that the electrodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually that the electrodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually that the electrodes that
+they were using in those experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using in those experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using in those experiments
+contained platinum and they saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained platinum and they saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained platinum and they saw the
+effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually i just wanted to close the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i just wanted to close the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i just wanted to close the door
+because i know that's the voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know that's the voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know that's the voice
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+and then they tried to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tried to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tried to figure out what
+was killing the cells what was slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was killing the cells what was slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was killing the cells what was slowing
+down the growth and then they realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the growth and then they realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the growth and then they realized
+that actually it was uh the platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually it was uh the platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually it was uh the platinum
+containing those electrodes and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing those electrodes and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing those electrodes and this is
+the way they discovered cisplatin so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they discovered cisplatin so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they discovered cisplatin so the
+point is that noise is not always a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that noise is not always a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that noise is not always a bad
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what if you've seen as noise or error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you've seen as noise or error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you've seen as noise or error in
+measurements in biological measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in biological measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in biological measurements
+might be a key component of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a key component of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a key component of biological
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+so um of course mutations in evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um of course mutations in evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um of course mutations in evolution
+are extremely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely important
+and when we will talk about discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we will talk about discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we will talk about discrete
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+one form of that is actually when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of that is actually when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of that is actually when you're
+sequencing you see lots of noise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing you see lots of noise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing you see lots of noise in the
+human or all sorts of genomes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human or all sorts of genomes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human or all sorts of genomes that's
+called junk dna well we do not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called junk dna well we do not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called junk dna well we do not really
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh what this junk dna is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this junk dna is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this junk dna is for
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+no just go ahead i know that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i shouldn't have said go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's still the introduction so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the introduction so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the introduction so um
+we do not know you perceive this junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know you perceive this junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know you perceive this junk
+dna when you're trying to find genes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna when you're trying to find genes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna when you're trying to find genes or
+axons and interns and transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and interns and transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and interns and transcription
+factor binding site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor binding site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor binding site
+but and that is going to be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and that is going to be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and that is going to be extremely
+it's going to bother you very much when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bother you very much when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bother you very much when
+you're trying to find these two signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find these two signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find these two signals
+in a genome we do not really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a genome we do not really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a genome we do not really know what
+junk dna is for but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk dna is for but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk dna is for but
+there might be a good reason it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a good reason it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a good reason it's there
+it might be determining the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be determining the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be determining the spatial
+distance of different genes or whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of different genes or whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of different genes or whatnot
+another type of noise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of noise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of noise is
+which seems to be very important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems to be very important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems to be very important is
+during differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during differentiation
+very often you see an asymmetric cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you see an asymmetric cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you see an asymmetric cell
+division so rna or proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so rna or proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so rna or proteins
+are divided or distributed between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divided or distributed between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divided or distributed between the
+two daughter cells is symmetrically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two daughter cells is symmetrically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two daughter cells is symmetrically and
+that is actually done or that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually done or that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually done or that happens
+more or less by chance and the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less by chance and the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less by chance and the the two
+daughters errors are going to go one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters errors are going to go one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters errors are going to go one way
+or other depending on what sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other depending on what sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other depending on what sort of how
+much rna or or uh protein they got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much rna or or uh protein they got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much rna or or uh protein they got this
+you can perceive as some sort of a noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perceive as some sort of a noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perceive as some sort of a noise
+measurement if you do a single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement if you do a single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement if you do a single cell
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+and stochastic fluctuations may be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stochastic fluctuations may be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stochastic fluctuations may be very
+important for the stability of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the stability of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the stability of complex
+physical chemical systems uh i might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemical systems uh i might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemical systems uh i might be
+talking about stochastic stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stochastic stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stochastic stochastic
+genetic networks and robustness much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic networks and robustness much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic networks and robustness much
+later in april when i may be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in april when i may be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in april when i may be talking
+about modeling and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modeling and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modeling and uh
+less suffice now that stochasticity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less suffice now that stochasticity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less suffice now that stochasticity and
+noise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in
+complex systems might be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems might be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems might be a very
+important feature to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature to maintain the
+stability of that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should be aware of that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of that of course
+that uh genetic networks and and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh genetic networks and and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh genetic networks and and uh in
+general biological system or stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general biological system or stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general biological system or stochastic
+systems because you know that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because you know that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because you know that for
+example uh you have only a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you have only a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you have only a couple of
+hundred copies of a given transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred copies of a given transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred copies of a given transcription
+factor per nucleus or even less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor per nucleus or even less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor per nucleus or even less
+sometimes you have only 50 per nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have only 50 per nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have only 50 per nucleus
+the interstellar environment is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstellar environment is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstellar environment is not a
+free solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free solution
+and the reaction kinetics is often slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reaction kinetics is often slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reaction kinetics is often slow
+and what it means that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means that you have a
+stochastic system in this case that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic system in this case that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic system in this case that if
+you have a completely deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a completely deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a completely deterministic
+system then from any given gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then from any given gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then from any given gene
+expression pair on any given state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression pair on any given state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression pair on any given state you
+can go to honor to to one state to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to honor to to one state to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to honor to to one state to one
+another straight that's a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another straight that's a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another straight that's a deterministic
+system whereas in a stochastic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whereas in a stochastic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whereas in a stochastic system
+from any given state you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any given state you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any given state you can go to
+different states with different with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states with different with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states with different with a
+certain probability so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability so that's what we
+mean by stochastic systems now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by stochastic systems now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by stochastic systems now if you
+have this you have a stochastic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you have a stochastic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you have a stochastic system
+in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology
+then what you when you are measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you when you are measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you when you are measuring
+gene expression levels or protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression levels or protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression levels or protein
+expression levels or any activity of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels or any activity of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels or any activity of any
+biological parameters you will perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological parameters you will perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological parameters you will perceive
+that as a noise in your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a noise in your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a noise in your measurement
+now is it true or is it this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is it true or is it this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is it true or is it this is really
+relevant to biology that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to biology that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to biology that you have
+stochasticity present in the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity present in the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity present in the system and
+this is a paper that came out now almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a paper that came out now almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a paper that came out now almost
+two years ago but actually they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago but actually they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago but actually they wanted
+to measure this this was not in bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure this this was not in bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure this this was not in bacteria
+but uh recently similar studies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh recently similar studies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh recently similar studies were
+published in yeast as well and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in yeast as well and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in yeast as well and what they
+did they took two proteins uh from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they took two proteins uh from e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they took two proteins uh from e
+coli and they put on a green and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli and they put on a green and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli and they put on a green and two
+different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um
+gf two different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf two different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf two different uh
+green fluorescent proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green fluorescent proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green fluorescent proteins
+and so they could measure the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they could measure the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they could measure the expression
+level of two proteins and they set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of two proteins and they set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of two proteins and they set up
+the system in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in a way
+that if it was deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it was deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it was deterministic
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+it was under the very same promoter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was under the very same promoter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was under the very same promoter the
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+both genes were expressed or driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both genes were expressed or driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both genes were expressed or driven by
+the very same promoter and it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same promoter and it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same promoter and it was a very
+carefully setup experiment so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully setup experiment so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully setup experiment so if the
+system was deterministic then what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was deterministic then what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was deterministic then what they
+expected that the expression ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that the expression ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that the expression ratio of
+those two proteins is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two proteins is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two proteins is going to be
+the same in every single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every single cell
+now what they found that despite all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they found that despite all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they found that despite all
+their efforts to set up the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts to set up the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts to set up the experiment
+as perfectly as possible they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as perfectly as possible they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as perfectly as possible they found that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+two different colors that means in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different colors that means in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different colors that means in this
+year it's red and green but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's red and green but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's red and green but of course
+these are only false coloring the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are only false coloring the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are only false coloring the point
+is that you have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have two different
+wavelengths where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths where these
+signals are emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are emitted
+depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+the actual cell you can have very green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual cell you can have very green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual cell you can have very green
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+red and some yellow cells as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and some yellow cells as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and some yellow cells as well
+which means that despite the careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way of this system of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of this system of this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of this system of this experiment
+was set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up
+these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells
+expressed the two proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed the two proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed the two proteins
+at a different ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different ratio
+and that was due to stochasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was due to stochasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was due to stochasticity
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+occur in living organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in living organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in living organisms
+they are trying to understand now pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are trying to understand now pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are trying to understand now pretty
+hard what's the relevance of this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard what's the relevance of this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard what's the relevance of this it
+seems that it has a lot of relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that it has a lot of relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that it has a lot of relevance
+but of course we are not quite sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course we are not quite sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course we are not quite sure what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+implications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are
+you should be aware of that whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of that whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of that whenever you
+do a biological measurement or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a biological measurement or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a biological measurement or what
+especially i mean these days technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially i mean these days technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially i mean these days technology
+might develop you're always measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might develop you're always measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might develop you're always measuring
+population average data so this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population average data so this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population average data so this is again
+is going to add to your noise when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to add to your noise when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to add to your noise when you
+are measuring genetic pressure levels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring genetic pressure levels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring genetic pressure levels or
+pro or do proteomics you of course grind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro or do proteomics you of course grind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro or do proteomics you of course grind
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+millions of cells or tens of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of cells or tens of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of cells or tens of thousands
+of cells and that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells and that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells and that is going to be
+giving you a certain level of noise as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a certain level of noise as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a certain level of noise as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+and this is even true this is true even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even true this is true even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even true this is true even
+if single cells are quantified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if single cells are quantified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if single cells are quantified the
+reason for that is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that if you have a
+stochastic network and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic network and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic network and you
+let's imagine that you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that you can really
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+gene expression levels you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression levels you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression levels you can do this
+for of course individual proteins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for of course individual proteins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for of course individual proteins in
+single cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells
+but whenever you still do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you still do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you still do your
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+you usually interfere with the cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually interfere with the cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually interfere with the cell or
+you kill the cell so you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kill the cell so you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kill the cell so you don't really
+know how would that cell have progressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how would that cell have progressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how would that cell have progressed
+so since you interfere with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since you interfere with the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since you interfere with the system
+and a stochastic system you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stochastic system you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stochastic system you can't really
+figure out what would have happened the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what would have happened the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what would have happened the
+system so you're actually ending you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you're actually ending you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you're actually ending you're
+going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up
+with a population average data again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh there is no measurement without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there is no measurement without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there is no measurement without
+noise as you know um it is usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise as you know um it is usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise as you know um it is usually the
+accuracy sensitivity measurement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy sensitivity measurement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy sensitivity measurement and
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+i'm sure that most of you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that most of you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that most of you would be
+extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+troubled if you did a microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled if you did a microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled if you did a microarray
+measurement or some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement or some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement or some sort of a
+chemical biological measurement and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biological measurement and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biological measurement and in
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+triplicates you would get exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplicates you would get exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplicates you would get exactly the
+very same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same number
+that would mean probably to most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean probably to most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean probably to most of you
+that there is some sort of a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some sort of a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some sort of a systematic
+error in your whatever you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your whatever you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your whatever you're doing your
+photometer or whatnot because you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometer or whatnot because you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometer or whatnot because you would
+expect some sort of a spread of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some sort of a spread of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some sort of a spread of your
+continuous data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous data
+so it is expected for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is expected for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is expected for continuous
+variables to data with a certain spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to data with a certain spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to data with a certain spread
+and you know that that's that's okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that that's that's okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that that's that's okay and
+that's why statistics was invented but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why statistics was invented but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why statistics was invented but
+you know that there is some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there is some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there is some sort of a
+true value of your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true value of your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true value of your measurement
+but due to little um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but due to little um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but due to little um you know
+fluctuations and whatnot you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and whatnot you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and whatnot you will have a
+spread around that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread around that true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread around that true
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+and of course the usually the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the usually the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the usually the question
+is and that's what statistics statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and that's what statistics statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and that's what statistics statistics
+at least frequently statistics is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least frequently statistics is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least frequently statistics is really
+conservative they need a variable change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative they need a variable change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative they need a variable change
+due to agreement treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to agreement treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to agreement treatment
+whenever whenever you have a spread like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever you have a spread like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever you have a spread like
+that so if you have a measurement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you have a measurement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you have a measurement here
+or here or here and this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here or here and this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here or here and this is your
+starting point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point then
+what's the probability that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that you're
+actually your parameter really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your parameter really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your parameter really change
+its value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value
+so what you need to do for this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need to do for this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need to do for this is you
+need to have of course lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have of course lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have of course lots of
+measurements and or a fairly good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and or a fairly good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and or a fairly good idea
+about the nature of the noise that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the noise that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the noise that's
+very important as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important as well
+we are not going to get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to get into this
+now but as you know that for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but as you know that for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but as you know that for example the
+easiest or the most convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest or the most convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest or the most convenient
+assumption is that you have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that you have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that you have a normal
+distribution it's it's good to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's it's good to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's it's good to have that
+because if you have that then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have that then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have that then you can
+actually make very simple calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make very simple calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make very simple calculations
+about the probability that whether your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability that whether your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability that whether your
+mean or whether your parameter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or whether your parameter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or whether your parameter is
+actually changed or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changed or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changed or not
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+statistics was invented a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics was invented a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics was invented a long time ago
+and actually partly it was due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually partly it was due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually partly it was due to
+biological measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological measurement
+and so statistics is concerned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so statistics is concerned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so statistics is concerned in
+biology with many many different issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology with many many different issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology with many many different issues
+one of it is what is the true value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it is what is the true value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it is what is the true value of a
+given parameter if there is one true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given parameter if there is one true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given parameter if there is one true
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+very frequently used analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently used analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently used analysis that
+people or biologists are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or biologists are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or biologists are not really
+aware of which is kind of a bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of which is kind of a bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of which is kind of a bayesian
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+and actually this is the most frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this is the most frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this is the most frequently
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+um statistical analysis in biology this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um statistical analysis in biology this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um statistical analysis in biology this
+is the way all science works i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way all science works i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way all science works i have a
+certain belief about whether something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain belief about whether something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain belief about whether something
+is going to happen or for example an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen or for example an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen or for example an
+oncogene is going to transform a cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogene is going to transform a cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogene is going to transform a cell or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+i make a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make a statement
+and my job is actually to convince you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my job is actually to convince you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my job is actually to convince you
+or other biologists that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other biologists that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other biologists that this is
+actually true now you can what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true now you can what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true now you can what you can
+do what you usually do is actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what you usually do is actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what you usually do is actually you
+repeat the experiment and if you um see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the experiment and if you um see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the experiment and if you um see
+the same phenomenon then you are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phenomenon then you are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phenomenon then you are kind of
+updating your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating your um
+you are going to update your your our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to update your your our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to update your your our
+common belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common belief
+that what i was saying that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i was saying that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i was saying that was actually
+true so sort of bayesian statistics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so sort of bayesian statistics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so sort of bayesian statistics is
+always there in a kind of in a hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there in a kind of in a hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there in a kind of in a hidden
+way in all biological organ we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in all biological organ we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in all biological organ we are
+trying to update each other's um belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to update each other's um belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to update each other's um belief
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+regarding biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding biology
+the third type of statistical analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third type of statistical analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third type of statistical analysis
+is that you don't really believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you don't really believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you don't really believe the
+measurements but you know that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements but you know that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements but you know that there is
+some sort of systematic error there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of systematic error there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of systematic error there
+and then you try to correct for uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you try to correct for uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you try to correct for uh this
+systematic error and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic error and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic error and that's what's
+called normalization and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called normalization and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called normalization and i'm going to
+talk about it in details there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in details there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in details there
+and there is a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a fourth
+issue in statistics when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in statistics when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in statistics when you actually
+producing a lot of lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a lot of lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a lot of lot of a lot of
+measurements so you're not looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so you're not looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so you're not looking for
+certain patterns imagine that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain patterns imagine that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain patterns imagine that you're
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+gene expression changes that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression changes that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression changes that is going to
+cause cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause cancer
+and you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have two
+populations of your samples normal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of your samples normal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of your samples normal and
+cancer and you see that certain type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and you see that certain type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and you see that certain type of
+genes are always downregulated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are always downregulated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are always downregulated or
+upregulated or mutated in cancer now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulated or mutated in cancer now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulated or mutated in cancer now
+this could happen by chance if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could happen by chance if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could happen by chance if you do
+not have a large number of samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a large number of samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a large number of samples
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+and and this change is actually simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this change is actually simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this change is actually simply
+random so in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so in a certain
+cells it's up in other cells is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's up in other cells is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's up in other cells is down
+then if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have
+the wrong number of samples then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong number of samples then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong number of samples then it
+might happen that just by chance with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen that just by chance with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen that just by chance with a
+certain probability in all normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability in all normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability in all normal
+samples that mutation is not present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that mutation is not present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that mutation is not present and
+in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all
+disease samples or cancer samples it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease samples or cancer samples it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease samples or cancer samples it's
+going to be present so what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be present so what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be present so what you need to
+ask is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is that
+can that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that pattern
+that would explain your biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would explain your biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would explain your biology
+be present by chance and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present by chance and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present by chance and this kind of
+there are too many numbers and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many numbers and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many numbers and what you
+can do is actually you can try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is actually you can try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is actually you can try to solve
+analytically that's what combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically that's what combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically that's what combinatorics
+is about or you can do some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about or you can do some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about or you can do some sort of
+permutation and as you'll see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and as you'll see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and as you'll see later
+that's actually a pretty nasty problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a pretty nasty problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a pretty nasty problem
+when you're trying to apply for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to apply for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to apply for real
+life problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life problems
+so biological measurements are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so biological measurements are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so biological measurements are often
+expensive and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and um
+i should probably i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should probably i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should probably i mean
+something i'd like to point out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i'd like to point out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i'd like to point out to you
+that if you follow the literature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you follow the literature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you follow the literature or
+when you will start to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you will start to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you will start to read the
+literature and i'm assuming you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and i'm assuming you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and i'm assuming you will
+because that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's why
+you're taking this course you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking this course you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking this course you will see
+lots of nature science and high profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nature science and high profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nature science and high profile
+papers in which they ran a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in which they ran a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in which they ran a single
+microarray measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement
+on a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a large number of
+different cancer samples and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cancer samples and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cancer samples and then they
+are drying then they're making also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are drying then they're making also so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are drying then they're making also so
+they're drawing all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're drawing all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're drawing all sorts of
+conclusions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about
+which genes are important cancer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes are important cancer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes are important cancer which
+one is not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not and
+these measurements have been still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements have been still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements have been still
+rather expensive and it's not easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather expensive and it's not easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather expensive and it's not easy to
+come by and not easy to obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come by and not easy to obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come by and not easy to obtain the
+samples but you should be aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but you should be aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but you should be aware of that
+you cannot really do any statistics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really do any statistics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really do any statistics on
+that you should do some sort of asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do some sort of asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do some sort of asian
+type of statistics but whatever they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of statistics but whatever they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of statistics but whatever they are
+doing on this is not really statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on this is not really statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on this is not really statistics
+it's going to be bayesian i'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be bayesian i'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be bayesian i'm just going
+to say that i see this change very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that i see this change very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that i see this change very often
+and you either believe it or not but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you either believe it or not but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you either believe it or not but you
+can't really get any hardcore numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really get any hardcore numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really get any hardcore numbers
+out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it
+that you can use for any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for any sort of
+statistical analysis or modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis or modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis or modeling
+so reliable numbers cannot be produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reliable numbers cannot be produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reliable numbers cannot be produced
+without replicas which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without replicas which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without replicas which is kind of
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+so the center problem is that in massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the center problem is that in massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the center problem is that in massive
+parabological measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabological measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabological measurements
+quantitative and quantitative codes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative and quantitative codes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative and quantitative codes are
+supposed to be made on a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be made on a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be made on a large number of
+heterogeneous variables using only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous variables using only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous variables using only a few
+replicants that's what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicants that's what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicants that's what you're going to
+see over and over again if you work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over and over again if you work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over and over again if you work on a
+large scale or massively parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale or massively parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale or massively parallel
+biology and this is one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and this is one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and this is one of the problems
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+technology and the analysis has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the analysis has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the analysis has to
+overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome
+so where is the noise coming from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where is the noise coming from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where is the noise coming from in
+microarray measurement so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement so this is a
+slide i think you saw some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide i think you saw some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide i think you saw some sort of
+variation of this insects thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of this insects thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of this insects thought
+so this is uh how an atheromatic chip's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh how an atheromatic chip's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh how an atheromatic chip's
+a asymmetric dna microachieve works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asymmetric dna microachieve works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asymmetric dna microachieve works
+so you start with tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with tissue
+and you extract rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you extract rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you extract rna
+and what you do is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is you have to
+do an rtr reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an rtr reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an rtr reverse transcriptase
+treatment or step on it that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or step on it that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or step on it that is going to
+translate back the rna into cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate back the rna into cdna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate back the rna into cdna
+and depending on how you do it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how you do it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how you do it you can
+either produce cdna or crna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either produce cdna or crna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either produce cdna or crna
+because during this process when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because during this process when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because during this process when you're
+producing the cdna or the crna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the cdna or the crna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the cdna or the crna
+fluorescence dyes will be incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence dyes will be incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence dyes will be incorporated
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+the polymers and then these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymers and then these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymers and then these are going to
+be hybridized to the specific probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hybridized to the specific probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hybridized to the specific probes
+present on the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on the chip
+now the underlying assumption or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the underlying assumption or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the underlying assumption or
+expectation is that ideally one copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is that ideally one copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is that ideally one copy of
+a given rna will produce one unit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given rna will produce one unit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given rna will produce one unit of a
+specific signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific signal
+if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this
+were true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were true
+then you would have very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have very accurate
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+but now let's see what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's see what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's see what's actually
+happening in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in reality
+when cdn is produced from the rna using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when cdn is produced from the rna using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when cdn is produced from the rna using
+the rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rt
+this is an enzyme that has its own life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an enzyme that has its own life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an enzyme that has its own life
+its own characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own characteristics
+so uh the initiation of the rt step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the initiation of the rt step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the initiation of the rt step is
+stochastic because you know as i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic because you know as i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic because you know as i'm sure
+you're aware of that you need an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're aware of that you need an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're aware of that you need an a
+starting primer that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting primer that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting primer that's going to be
+extended by the reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended by the reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended by the reverse transcriptase
+and very often the reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often the reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often the reverse transcriptase
+the enzyme simply drops off so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme simply drops off so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme simply drops off so that's
+what you see is actually when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is actually when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is actually when you do a
+microarray measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement
+you see usually a much stronger signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see usually a much stronger signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see usually a much stronger signal
+the three coming from the three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three coming from the three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three coming from the three prime
+end of the gene than from the fry prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the gene than from the fry prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the gene than from the fry prime
+and because as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because as you're
+transcribing reverse transcribing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribing reverse transcribing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribing reverse transcribing the
+the message the artist starts to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message the artist starts to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message the artist starts to fall
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+so you always have much stronger signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you always have much stronger signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you always have much stronger signal
+from where the artist started which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where the artist started which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where the artist started which is
+always the rt because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the rt because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the rt because that's where
+what usually uses a poly a you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what usually uses a poly a you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what usually uses a poly a you're using
+the poly tag as your initiator you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly tag as your initiator you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly tag as your initiator you can
+use random primers as well and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use random primers as well and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use random primers as well and actually
+sometimes it's used for zooming bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's used for zooming bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's used for zooming bacteria
+but most of the time you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time you start with
+poliae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poliae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poliae
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+crna which is used for the affymetrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crna which is used for the affymetrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crna which is used for the affymetrix
+chip is produced in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is produced in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is produced in the presence of
+fluorescent dyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dyes
+and it's assumed that the dyeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's assumed that the dyeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's assumed that the dyeing
+cooperation or it was hoped or it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation or it was hoped or it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation or it was hoped or it is
+hoped that the incorporation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped that the incorporation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped that the incorporation is going to
+be linear and it's going to be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear and it's going to be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear and it's going to be it's
+going to be incorporated in equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be incorporated in equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be incorporated in equal
+probability but that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but that's not the case
+scenery production the crne production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery production the crne production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery production the crne production
+is not linear there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear there are
+there are messages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are messages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are messages that are
+transcribed into crna with a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed into crna with a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed into crna with a much higher
+probability much higher efficiency than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability much higher efficiency than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability much higher efficiency than
+others and the die incorporation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and the die incorporation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and the die incorporation is not
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+also um the athletic chips involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um the athletic chips involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um the athletic chips involved
+involves a step and you actually break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a step and you actually break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a step and you actually break
+down your crt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your crt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your crt
+for whatever reason this is the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason this is the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason this is the cheap
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+and breaking down the searing into small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breaking down the searing into small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breaking down the searing into small
+pieces is not going to be the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces is not going to be the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces is not going to be the same for
+all messages either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all messages either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all messages either
+and of course you have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you have all sorts of
+other problems like hybridization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems like hybridization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems like hybridization or
+cross hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross hybridization
+so and one can go on and on and on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and one can go on and on and on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and one can go on and on and on what
+would give you the noise is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you the noise is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you the noise is just a
+couple of samples but the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of samples but the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of samples but the point is that
+your final signal is going to be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final signal is going to be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final signal is going to be the sum
+of all the above for all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the above for all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the above for all these things
+and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+so this is just to give you a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just to give you a feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just to give you a feel for
+how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+issues will arise when you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues will arise when you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues will arise when you're doing a
+microarray measurement of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement of course the
+surface chemistry is very important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface chemistry is very important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface chemistry is very important the
+background subtraction and support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background subtraction and support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background subtraction and support
+so let's see another example this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see another example this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see another example this is the
+two color microarray the previous one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two color microarray the previous one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two color microarray the previous one on
+the affymetrix chip you heard about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affymetrix chip you heard about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affymetrix chip you heard about last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+in which you actually couldn't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you actually couldn't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you actually couldn't get a
+single c or an a per chip and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single c or an a per chip and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single c or an a per chip and there was
+another uh competing technology invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh competing technology invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh competing technology invented
+at the same time when you actually label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time when you actually label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time when you actually label
+cdna of two different samples you mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna of two different samples you mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna of two different samples you mix
+the two samples and you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two samples and you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two samples and you're actually
+measuring the ratio of for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the ratio of for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the ratio of for each
+individual g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual g
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+in this case what you do is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what you do is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what you do is you have
+equal amounts of label cdna samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal amounts of label cdna samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal amounts of label cdna samples and
+what you're hoping for what you're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're hoping for what you're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're hoping for what you're what
+you're trying to achieve is that if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to achieve is that if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to achieve is that if that
+to if a certain message is present at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if a certain message is present at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if a certain message is present at
+the same level in both samples then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level in both samples then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level in both samples then the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+intensity the signals are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the signals are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the signals are going to be
+equal so you're going to have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so you're going to have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so you're going to have like a
+kind of a yellow spot if a gene is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a yellow spot if a gene is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a yellow spot if a gene is over
+expressed or underexpressed you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed or underexpressed you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed or underexpressed you're going
+to have a stronger red or green color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a stronger red or green color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a stronger red or green color
+now the what you are ending up with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the what you are ending up with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the what you are ending up with in
+these measurements is a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements is a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements is a ratio
+and the problem is that actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is that actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is that actually there
+is no truly blacks the blank spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no truly blacks the blank spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no truly blacks the blank spot
+uh do you always have some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you always have some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you always have some sort of a
+a background noise there and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a background noise there and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a background noise there and then you're
+doing you're measuring the ratio then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you're measuring the ratio then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you're measuring the ratio then of
+course that non-blank spot is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that non-blank spot is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that non-blank spot is going to
+give you some sort of a false pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some sort of a false pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some sort of a false pseudo
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+so if you for example if there's a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you for example if there's a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you for example if there's a gene
+that is not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+present at all in a given sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at all in a given sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at all in a given sample and
+it's spreading the other sample then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spreading the other sample then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spreading the other sample then the
+ratio would be of course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio would be of course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio would be of course um
+infinitely high or it would be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely high or it would be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely high or it would be very very
+very high but you never see this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high but you never see this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high but you never see this you
+always have since you have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have since you have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have since you have a certain
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+intensity what you see is some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity what you see is some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity what you see is some sort of
+let's say 100 fold up regulation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 100 fold up regulation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 100 fold up regulation which
+in fact or in true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact or in true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact or in true
+in in in in truth might be a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in truth might be a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in truth might be a complete
+down regulation or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regulation or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regulation or or a
+there's a complete lack of that gene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a complete lack of that gene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a complete lack of that gene in
+one of the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the samples
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+perceived by the experimental as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived by the experimental as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived by the experimental as
+compressing the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the signals
+so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a
+very wide dynamics of the ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide dynamics of the ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide dynamics of the ratios
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+minus infinity to plus infinity but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to plus infinity but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to plus infinity but what
+you actually you see and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you see and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you see and this is where
+usually most of these measurements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually most of these measurements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually most of these measurements are
+the ratios are caught is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios are caught is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios are caught is
+100 fold up or down regulation on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 fold up or down regulation on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 fold up or down regulation on either
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are lots of experimental issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of experimental issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of experimental issues
+uh that can also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that can also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that can also um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know contribute to the exponent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know contribute to the exponent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know contribute to the exponent of
+noise so this is how the f matrix chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so this is how the f matrix chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so this is how the f matrix chip
+is designed you have seen this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed you have seen this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed you have seen this before
+and what you have since these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have since these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have since these are very
+short probes 25 base pair probes the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short probes 25 base pair probes the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short probes 25 base pair probes the way
+athematics tried to overcome this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athematics tried to overcome this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athematics tried to overcome this
+problem is that they designed a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that they designed a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that they designed a set of
+probes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes along
+a given gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given gene
+using some sort of an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some sort of an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some sort of an algorithm
+and what they hoped for that when if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they hoped for that when if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they hoped for that when if you
+have lots and lots of lots of probes 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots and lots of lots of probes 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots and lots of lots of probes 11
+or 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 16
+probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes
+per gene then from this set of probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gene then from this set of probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gene then from this set of probes
+you can somehow estimate the true gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can somehow estimate the true gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can somehow estimate the true gene
+expression level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level
+so this is how they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how they are actually
+designing as you see here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing as you see here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing as you see here this is the
+entire gene and you're kind of tiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire gene and you're kind of tiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire gene and you're kind of tiling
+the gene across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene across
+unique enough sequence regions of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique enough sequence regions of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique enough sequence regions of genes
+now the problem is this is coming from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is this is coming from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is this is coming from a
+real measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real measurement
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+these up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up here
+are the perfect mesh probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the perfect mesh probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the perfect mesh probes
+that are supposed to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to measure
+the same gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gene
+to some extent you'd expect that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent you'd expect that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent you'd expect that all
+these expression levels all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expression levels all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expression levels all these
+intensities would be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities would be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities would be equal
+and very often for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often for most
+genes for most profits this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes for most profits this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes for most profits this is not the
+case you're very bright and very dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're very bright and very dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're very bright and very dark
+probes there are lots of reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes there are lots of reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes there are lots of reasons for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you have crna secondary structure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have crna secondary structure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have crna secondary structure and so
+forth and so forth but the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so forth but the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so forth but the point is that
+when you look a little bit harder deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look a little bit harder deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look a little bit harder deeper
+into what you're actually getting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what you're actually getting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what you're actually getting from
+these measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements
+well you're you're expected to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're you're expected to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're you're expected to estimate
+a true gene expression level from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true gene expression level from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true gene expression level from this
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+intensities that can often vary by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities that can often vary by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities that can often vary by four
+or five orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five orders of magnitude
+so uh that's how reality works these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's how reality works these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's how reality works these
+experiments so this is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so this is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so this is just another
+additional piece of information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional piece of information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional piece of information that
+it's not that easy to design these chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that easy to design these chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that easy to design these chips
+but because one can improve a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because one can improve a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because one can improve a lot and
+the gentleman sitting here could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gentleman sitting here could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gentleman sitting here could tell
+you lots of interesting stories about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lots of interesting stories about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lots of interesting stories about
+how these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things are
+designed or how they are not designed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed or how they are not designed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed or how they are not designed by
+the manufacturer uh but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer uh but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer uh but that's that's
+different story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i was just trying to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was just trying to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was just trying to give you a
+couple of thoughts a couple of pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of thoughts a couple of pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of thoughts a couple of pieces of
+data about where noise is coming from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about where noise is coming from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about where noise is coming from in
+massive repair measurements in in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive repair measurements in in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive repair measurements in in real
+life but even if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but even if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but even if you had
+very good quality measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good quality measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good quality measurements
+you have other sort of conceptual issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have other sort of conceptual issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have other sort of conceptual issues
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+field as well so let's assume that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as well so let's assume that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as well so let's assume that you
+want to use your numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use your numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use your numbers
+to reverse engineer a system or to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse engineer a system or to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse engineer a system or to do
+forward modeling more forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward modeling more forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward modeling more forward
+stimulation large genetic networks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation large genetic networks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation large genetic networks but
+you'd like to have very good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have very good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have very good quality
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that
+when you do these measurements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do these measurements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do these measurements you
+always measure a very heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always measure a very heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always measure a very heterogeneous
+solution a better heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a better heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a better heterogeneous
+population of rna and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of rna and proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of rna and proteins
+now when you started this measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you started this measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you started this measurement
+how are you going to normalize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to normalize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to normalize your
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+so uh how do you express your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how do you express your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how do you express your
+measurements even if your measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements even if your measurement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements even if your measurement is
+your technology is very good per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology is very good per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology is very good per unit
+rna per microgram rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna per microgram rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna per microgram rna
+the problem with this is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this is that if you
+have a decrease in the level of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a decrease in the level of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a decrease in the level of a given
+gene and some g's are very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and some g's are very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and some g's are very highly
+expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the message of other genes unavoidably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message of other genes unavoidably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message of other genes unavoidably
+is the relative increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relative increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relative increase
+of the level of other messages because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the level of other messages because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the level of other messages because
+let's say you have a million copies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a million copies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a million copies or
+let's say 10 million copies for only per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 million copies for only per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 million copies for only per
+single cell so if your highly expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell so if your highly expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell so if your highly expressed
+gene is now regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is now regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is now regulated
+then what you perceive in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you perceive in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you perceive in your
+measurement is unless you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is unless you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is unless you're actually
+trying to normalize for the extra copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to normalize for the extra copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to normalize for the extra copy
+numbers that some other genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that some other genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that some other genes are
+slightly upregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly upregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly upregulated
+so there are conceptual issues as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are conceptual issues as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are conceptual issues as well
+why you will have noise in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you will have noise in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you will have noise in your
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+but as i mentioned the real problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i mentioned the real problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i mentioned the real problem is
+the real issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real issue is
+um the actual technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actual technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actual technology
+now uh what you can do with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what you can do with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what you can do with that is
+when you have a set of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a set of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a set of measurements
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+want to take a good hard look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a good hard look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a good hard look at your
+data to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to see
+whether you have some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have some sort of a
+systematic area measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic area measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic area measurement
+these are a bunch of ethymetrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a bunch of ethymetrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a bunch of ethymetrics
+measurements real life real measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements real life real measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements real life real measurements
+in which what you see is the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which what you see is the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which what you see is the intensity
+distribution of all probe sets so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of all probe sets so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of all probe sets so what
+you have here is the measurement gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here is the measurement gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here is the measurement gene
+expression measurements on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression measurements on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression measurements on about
+10 11 000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 000 different
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+all covered by a different probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all covered by a different probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all covered by a different probe
+and this is what you see as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you see as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you see as a
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what you see here is there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is there is one
+measurement that's very strongly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement that's very strongly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement that's very strongly an
+outlier some other as well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier some other as well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier some other as well these are
+pretty much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same
+and imagine that you're actually running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine that you're actually running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine that you're actually running
+the very same sample let's say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same sample let's say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same sample let's say you have
+a single cell line and you're treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single cell line and you're treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single cell line and you're treated
+with different drugs then what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different drugs then what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different drugs then what you'd
+expect is essentially the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is essentially the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is essentially the very same
+distribution for each of these rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for each of these rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for each of these rna
+samples with a few differences a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples with a few differences a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples with a few differences a few
+variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+and you have this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this guy here
+so what you can assume and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can assume and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can assume and this is
+actually what people usually do and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what people usually do and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what people usually do and the
+f metrics algorithm does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f metrics algorithm does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f metrics algorithm does
+that for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some reason
+during this measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this measurement
+the fluorescent dye incorporation wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescent dye incorporation wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescent dye incorporation wasn't
+as efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as efficient
+or your fluorescent reader was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your fluorescent reader was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your fluorescent reader was
+miscalibrated or something else but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscalibrated or something else but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscalibrated or something else but a
+systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+error occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error occurred
+so what you assume then is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you assume then is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you assume then is that the
+distribution for all these measures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for all these measures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for all these measures is
+actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same
+so what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do
+is you can start to shift your curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can start to shift your curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can start to shift your curves
+because you have a good reason to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a good reason to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a good reason to assume
+that these are actually all very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are actually all very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are actually all very similar
+distributions so what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so what you can do is
+actually you take the mean or the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you take the mean or the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you take the mean or the median
+or all these curves and you shift them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all these curves and you shift them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all these curves and you shift them
+to the very same mean or medium and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very same mean or medium and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very same mean or medium and you
+just you simply decide where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you simply decide where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you simply decide where you're
+going to shift everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift everything else
+and then based on that you re normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based on that you re normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based on that you re normalize
+all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the numbers
+and when you look for differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look for differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look for differential
+express g's you work with those really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express g's you work with those really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express g's you work with those really
+normalized number because if you did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized number because if you did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized number because if you did not
+if you hadn't done this then you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hadn't done this then you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hadn't done this then you'd say
+that well every gene is down regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well every gene is down regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well every gene is down regulated
+which is obviously false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously false
+so that's what normalization is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what normalization is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what normalization is about
+um so normalization in general is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so normalization in general is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so normalization in general is that
+you don't really believe the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really believe the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really believe the numbers
+that come out of your experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of your experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of your experiments and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+hope or do you assume that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope or do you assume that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope or do you assume that you can
+actually improve those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve those numbers
+by assuming that you have a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that you have a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that you have a systematic
+error that you can correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that you can correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that you can correct
+there are two ways of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of doing this
+one is that you assume that most or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you assume that most or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you assume that most or
+certain things do not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things do not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things do not change
+and the second one is that actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is that actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is that actually you
+have an error model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an error model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an error model
+so the first one that you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one that you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one that you assume that
+most certain things do not change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most certain things do not change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most certain things do not change is
+what you saw on the previous slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw on the previous slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw on the previous slide so
+you say most of these distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say most of these distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say most of these distributions
+actually have to be very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to be very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to be very very similar
+and you can ship the means or medians of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ship the means or medians of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ship the means or medians of
+these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+sometimes the shape of the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the shape of the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the shape of the curve is
+going to be different as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different as well
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+well you can have if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can have if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can have if you have this
+non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear
+non-linearity of the dye incorporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity of the dye incorporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity of the dye incorporation
+then you not only assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you not only assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you not only assume that
+you can assume that is the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that is the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that is the curve is
+shifted but the shape of the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted but the shape of the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted but the shape of the curve is
+going to be different as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different as well
+so you can do some sort of cubic spline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do some sort of cubic spline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do some sort of cubic spline
+fade lowest and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fade lowest and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fade lowest and you can
+try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+change the shape of the curves as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the shape of the curves as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the shape of the curves as well
+and shift the means that most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift the means that most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift the means that most of the
+curves all the curves would look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves all the curves would look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves all the curves would look very
+similar and whatever remains as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and whatever remains as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and whatever remains as an
+outlier after always is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier after always is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier after always is done
+is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your
+true outlier or what you perceive as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outlier or what you perceive as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outlier or what you perceive as a
+real outlier and in most cases actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real outlier and in most cases actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real outlier and in most cases actually
+that makes a lot of sense and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a lot of sense and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a lot of sense and it
+provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides
+differential calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential calls
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+can be corroborated by independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be corroborated by independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be corroborated by independent
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+this is the similar problem for cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the similar problem for cdna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the similar problem for cdna
+micro measurements in this case the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro measurements in this case the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro measurements in this case the red
+versus green ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus green ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus green ratios
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+not expected to show any intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expected to show any intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expected to show any intensity
+dependence but in most cases when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but in most cases when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but in most cases when you do
+a two color microarray this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two color microarray this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two color microarray this is what you
+see so these are the intensity and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so these are the intensity and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so these are the intensity and this
+is ratios and you see what you'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ratios and you see what you'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ratios and you see what you'd expect
+is a curve like this and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a curve like this and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a curve like this and that is what
+you see that means that the red and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that means that the red and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that means that the red and the
+green dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green dye
+is not incorporated with the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not incorporated with the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not incorporated with the very same
+efficiency especially depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency especially depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency especially depending on the
+concentration or the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or the uh
+the constellation of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constellation of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constellation of the individual
+gene species so what you see is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene species so what you see is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene species so what you see is that for
+let's say low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say low
+copy number genes red dye is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy number genes red dye is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy number genes red dye is
+incorporated with a higher efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated with a higher efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated with a higher efficiency
+than the green one what you do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the green one what you do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the green one what you do in this
+case is actually kind of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is actually kind of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is actually kind of try to
+straighten it out because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighten it out because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighten it out because you're
+assuming that well for all genes the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that well for all genes the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that well for all genes the red
+and green incorporation should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green incorporation should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green incorporation should be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what you're trying to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're trying to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're trying to do is to
+correct for systematic errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for systematic errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for systematic errors and
+in in the case when you are assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the case when you are assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the case when you are assuming
+that your basic assumptions that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your basic assumptions that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your basic assumptions that most
+things do not change then you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do not change then you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do not change then you can choose
+a set of elements that will be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of elements that will be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of elements that will be used
+that sometimes there is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes there is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes there is a set of
+housekeeping genes which is a very shaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping genes which is a very shaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping genes which is a very shaky
+concept you're assuming that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept you're assuming that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept you're assuming that certain
+genes do not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes do not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes do not change
+let's say metabolism is going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say metabolism is going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say metabolism is going to change
+or structure proteins the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or structure proteins the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or structure proteins the genes
+associated with structural proteins do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with structural proteins do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with structural proteins do
+not change now this is used very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change now this is used very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change now this is used very often
+as i'm sure you've seen in northerners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm sure you've seen in northerners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm sure you've seen in northerners
+that they normalize it for gap the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they normalize it for gap the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they normalize it for gap the age
+or reacting well it's okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reacting well it's okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reacting well it's okay it's just
+very difficult to find a set of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to find a set of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to find a set of genes
+that is really not expected to change or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really not expected to change or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really not expected to change or
+you can choose a set of special control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose a set of special control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose a set of special control
+genes that for some reason you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that for some reason you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that for some reason you know that
+those genes never change in your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes never change in your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes never change in your system
+and of course then the next step is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course then the next step is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course then the next step is you
+need to determine the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to determine the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to determine the normalization
+function which is a global mean or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a global mean or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a global mean or
+median normalization or some sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median normalization or some sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median normalization or some sort of an
+indentation normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indentation normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indentation normalization
+if you want to learn about this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to learn about this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to learn about this more
+then actually there's a whole website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually there's a whole website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually there's a whole website
+and a chat room and whatnot and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a chat room and whatnot and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a chat room and whatnot and it's a
+whole cottage industry just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cottage industry just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cottage industry just trying to
+figure out what's the best way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the best way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the best way of
+mobilizing microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing microarray
+the alternative is that if you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative is that if you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative is that if you come up
+with some with some idea about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some with some idea about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some with some idea about how the
+error is actually generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is actually generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is actually generated
+so this is the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the most popular
+error model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error model which
+it is assumed that at low concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is assumed that at low concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is assumed that at low concentrations
+you have an additive error you have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an additive error you have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an additive error you have just
+simply a normal a white noise around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a normal a white noise around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a normal a white noise around
+your measurement at high concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurement at high concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurement at high concentrations
+you have a multiplicative error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a multiplicative error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a multiplicative error and
+actually for all noise you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for all noise you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for all noise you have the
+combination of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two
+so if you make these assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make these assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make these assumptions that
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+generate very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate very good
+error models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error models
+and the normalization based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the normalization based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the normalization based on that
+actually gives you a very similar result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you a very similar result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you a very similar result
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+with the previous assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the previous assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the previous assumption
+so actually these two uh methods it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually these two uh methods it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually these two uh methods it
+seems these are interchangeable at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems these are interchangeable at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems these are interchangeable at least
+for cbn microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noise will limit the useful information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise will limit the useful information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise will limit the useful information
+content of measurements that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of measurements that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of measurements that's the
+problem that that's the the issue why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that's the the issue why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that's the the issue why
+you need to be aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be aware of that
+so it seems that if you take all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems that if you take all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems that if you take all these
+microarray measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurements
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+a reliable detection of twofold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable detection of twofold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable detection of twofold
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+seems to be the practical limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the practical limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the practical limit
+so this is actually a very optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually a very optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually a very optimistic
+and not cross-platform comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not cross-platform comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not cross-platform comparison
+so if you do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do a lot
+large number of fmetrix measurements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of fmetrix measurements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of fmetrix measurements in
+all sorts of uh or cgna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of uh or cgna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of uh or cgna
+micromeasurements or a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromeasurements or a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromeasurements or a large number of
+very very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different
+cancer samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer samples
+then it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it seems that
+if you take all the information or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take all the information or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take all the information or all
+the useful information you expect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the useful information you expect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the useful information you expect all
+the infusion information from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infusion information from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infusion information from your
+measurements since that two-fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements since that two-fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements since that two-fold
+difference a reliable detection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference a reliable detection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference a reliable detection of
+two-fold difference is pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-fold difference is pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-fold difference is pretty much the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the limit
+it's possible that certain genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that certain genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that certain genes are
+going to be measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measured
+reliably um the higher accuracy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably um the higher accuracy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably um the higher accuracy but
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+all genes probably this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all genes probably this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all genes probably this is the
+experimental limitation and why is it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental limitation and why is it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental limitation and why is it an
+important issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue
+again getting back to the issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again getting back to the issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again getting back to the issue that
+you're trying to predict how your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to predict how your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to predict how your system
+is going to behave let's assume that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to behave let's assume that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to behave let's assume that you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+figure out who is regulating whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who is regulating whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who is regulating whom
+starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with
+time series measurements so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series measurements so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series measurements so you're going
+to measure gene expression changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure gene expression changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure gene expression changes the
+protein changes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein changes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein changes along
+as in within a certain time frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in within a certain time frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in within a certain time frame
+so how would you design your experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would you design your experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would you design your experiments
+there were experiments done on the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were experiments done on the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were experiments done on the cell
+cycle of yeast or or human fiber breasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of yeast or or human fiber breasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of yeast or or human fiber breasts
+but of course you have to you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you have to you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you have to you choose
+your time window correctly so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time window correctly so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time window correctly so if this is
+the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error
+of your measurement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your measurement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your measurement this
+solid line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid line
+then of course you don't want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you don't want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you don't want to take
+measurements more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements more often
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+error of the experiment measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of the experiment measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of the experiment measurement
+allows you to do so if you know how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do so if you know how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do so if you know how fast
+genes are changing and what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are changing and what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are changing and what's your
+experimental error from that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental error from that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental error from that you can
+kind of determine a sensible reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of determine a sensible reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of determine a sensible reliable
+time window which seems to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window which seems to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window which seems to be the case
+that for example in yeast uh there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example in yeast uh there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example in yeast uh there is no
+point of taking more gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of taking more gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of taking more gene expression
+measurements more often than every five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements more often than every five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements more often than every five
+to ten minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten minutes
+and in mammalian cells then more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in mammalian cells then more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in mammalian cells then more often
+than 15 to 30 minutes if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15 to 30 minutes if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15 to 30 minutes if you measure
+more frequently you're just simply going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently you're just simply going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently you're just simply going
+to run into noise and you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run into noise and you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run into noise and you're just
+wasting your money so that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting your money so that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting your money so that's the reason
+why you need to be aware of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you need to be aware of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you need to be aware of the noise
+limitations and when you know how what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and when you know how what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and when you know how what's
+your error or noise of your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your error or noise of your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your error or noise of your measurement
+you can make some sort of a backup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make some sort of a backup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make some sort of a backup of
+the envelope calculations of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope calculations of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope calculations of how much
+information you can actually extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can actually extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can actually extract
+from the measurement and what that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the measurement and what that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the measurement and what that could
+be enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough for
+so moving on to the other issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving on to the other issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving on to the other issue of
+sensitivity and completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and completeness
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you're trying to predict what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to predict what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to predict what's
+going to happen to your system then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to your system then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to your system then it's
+of course the question is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the question is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the question is that
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+trade-off or there is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off or there is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off or there is like this
+issue of how many parameters are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of how many parameters are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of how many parameters are we
+measuring and how many parameters should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring and how many parameters should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring and how many parameters should
+we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure
+if you try to predict whether a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to predict whether a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to predict whether a certain
+cell is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to
+a certain cancer is going to metastasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain cancer is going to metastasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain cancer is going to metastasize
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+how many genes do you need for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many genes do you need for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many genes do you need for that
+if you try want to predict how a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try want to predict how a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try want to predict how a cell
+cycle is going to progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is going to progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is going to progress
+how many genes do you need to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many genes do you need to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many genes do you need to measure
+for that and how many actually are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and how many actually are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and how many actually are we
+measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+so for that we need to have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we need to have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we need to have at least
+some impression of how large are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some impression of how large are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some impression of how large are these
+networks so this is just the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks so this is just the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks so this is just the you know
+showing that it's it's pretty large this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that it's it's pretty large this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that it's it's pretty large this
+is like a graph representation of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a graph representation of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a graph representation of all
+interacting proteins yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting proteins yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting proteins yeast
+so in this case you have about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you have about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you have about five
+thousand proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand proteins
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+proteins genes protein modifications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins genes protein modifications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins genes protein modifications are
+all independent regulated so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent regulated so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent regulated so you can
+call them something something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them something something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them something something like
+bionodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bionodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bionodes
+and the caution estimate would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the caution estimate would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the caution estimate would be that
+for in each cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in each cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in each cell
+the number of bionodes are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bionodes are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bionodes are going to be
+under order of let's see a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under order of let's see a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under order of let's see a couple of
+hundred thousands this is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousands this is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousands this is coming from
+the fact that you have 10 to 20 000 rtgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you have 10 to 20 000 rtgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you have 10 to 20 000 rtgs
+per cell and you have let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell and you have let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell and you have let's say
+less than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10
+post-translational modifications to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translational modifications to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translational modifications to the
+gene per protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene per protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene per protein
+and that would give you roughly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you roughly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you roughly this
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of course that could be much more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that could be much more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that could be much more and
+much less in terms of whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less in terms of whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less in terms of whether you're
+working with spice variants or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with spice variants or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with spice variants or you
+actually need to measure only module the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to measure only module the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to measure only module the
+activity of modules but this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of modules but this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of modules but this is probably
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+on this order to have some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this order to have some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this order to have some sort of a
+complete picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture
+now we certainly don't have this so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we certainly don't have this so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we certainly don't have this so far
+but uh this is the way technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is the way technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is the way technologies
+develops and actually this seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops and actually this seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops and actually this seems to be
+the easiest thing to achieve you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest thing to achieve you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest thing to achieve you just
+simply put more and more and more gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply put more and more and more gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply put more and more and more gene
+especially as you as the genome projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you as the genome projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you as the genome projects
+are being completed and probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being completed and probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being completed and probably the
+coverage of the microarray chips or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of the microarray chips or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of the microarray chips or
+proteomics is going to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteomics is going to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteomics is going to reach the
+complete genome um in the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete genome um in the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete genome um in the next couple of
+years there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there is
+no real reason why it couldn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real reason why it couldn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real reason why it couldn't have been
+achieved all you need to have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved all you need to have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved all you need to have is the
+sequence information and you know set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence information and you know set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence information and you know set up
+the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so the completeness can be achieved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the completeness can be achieved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the completeness can be achieved in
+terms of if you work hard enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of if you work hard enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of if you work hard enough and
+there are tens of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tens of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tens of thousands of
+biochemists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemists and
+biologists working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists working on this
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+sooner or later measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner or later measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner or later measure
+most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+biologically important parameters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically important parameters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically important parameters in the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+at least in principle that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in principle that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in principle that means that
+you can have a probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a probe
+that would measure these but do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would measure these but do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would measure these but do we
+actually see signals coming from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see signals coming from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see signals coming from these
+when you're using microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using microarray
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+and there's a general michael holland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a general michael holland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a general michael holland
+who did these experiments a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did these experiments a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did these experiments a couple of
+years ago when he just simply took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when he just simply took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when he just simply took
+microarray measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurement
+and rt pcr measurements as well on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rt pcr measurements as well on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rt pcr measurements as well on a
+couple of hundred genes yeast and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hundred genes yeast and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hundred genes yeast and what
+he was interested is one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was interested is one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was interested is one thing
+for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+what's the dynamic range of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dynamic range of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dynamic range of gene
+expression changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression changes
+in yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeast
+and what we found is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we found is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we found is that the
+transcriptability is in yeast is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptability is in yeast is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptability is in yeast is over
+six orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six orders of magnitude
+uh what actually this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what actually this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what actually this means is that
+there are lots of genes there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of genes there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of genes there are lots
+of cell the the six other fragrances is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell the the six other fragrances is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell the the six other fragrances is
+very large and you cannot see this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large and you cannot see this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large and you cannot see this in
+every single cell because the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single cell because the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single cell because the lowest
+number means that 0.01 copies per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number means that 0.01 copies per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number means that 0.01 copies per cell
+so what you see that certain genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see that certain genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see that certain genes
+certain cells will express a single copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cells will express a single copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cells will express a single copy
+of a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene
+due to stochastic noise and only every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to stochastic noise and only every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to stochastic noise and only every
+100 cell will express that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cell will express that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cell will express that
+so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the this dynamic range of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this dynamic range of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this dynamic range of gene
+expression changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression changes
+he was also interested in that if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was also interested in that if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was also interested in that if he
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+the gene expression level of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene expression level of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene expression level of these three
+400 genes and he chose important genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 genes and he chose important genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 genes and he chose important genes
+like transcription factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transcription factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transcription factors
+and he compares the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he compares the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he compares the different
+technologies partly pcr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies partly pcr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies partly pcr is
+fairly sensitive although at very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly sensitive although at very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly sensitive although at very very
+low concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations
+you run into stochasticity but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into stochasticity but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into stochasticity but it's
+probably the most sensitive technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most sensitive technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most sensitive technology
+you can use and you compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use and you compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use and you compare it to
+microarray then how sensitive microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray then how sensitive microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray then how sensitive microarray
+relative to rtpcr and that's what he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to rtpcr and that's what he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to rtpcr and that's what he saw
+and what it shows you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it shows you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it shows you that
+this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range
+of gene expression levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene expression levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene expression levels
+is completely this is not seen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely this is not seen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely this is not seen by
+microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+well under the sensitivity of mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under the sensitivity of mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under the sensitivity of mercury
+what you see is that you start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that you start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that you start to see
+some sort of correlation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of correlation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of correlation between the
+micro measurement and the rt pcr at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro measurement and the rt pcr at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro measurement and the rt pcr at two
+copies per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies per cell
+so all these genes are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these genes are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these genes are actually
+expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+and changing and probably are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing and probably are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing and probably are doing
+something important as i said most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important as i said most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important as i said most of
+the genes were actually transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes were actually transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes were actually transcription
+factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+but they are not seen by microarray so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are not seen by microarray so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are not seen by microarray so
+sensitivity is a very important issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is a very important issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is a very important issue
+when you do microarray measurements well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do microarray measurements well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do microarray measurements well
+then depending on your technology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depending on your technology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depending on your technology you
+will have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have lots of
+genes that are going to be under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are going to be under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are going to be under the
+sensitivity of the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the technology
+i'm sure and it's i mean as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure and it's i mean as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure and it's i mean as new
+technologies are coming out right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are coming out right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are coming out right now
+this is going to be improved as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be improved as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be improved as well but
+this is another issue you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another issue you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another issue you should be
+aware of that that even if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that that even if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that that even if you do
+microarray measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray measurements
+and you see lots of blank spots it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see lots of blank spots it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see lots of blank spots it
+doesn't necessarily mean that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean that those
+genes are not changing or they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are not changing or they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are not changing or they are not
+present simply your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present simply your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present simply your
+measurement is not sensitive enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is not sensitive enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is not sensitive enough
+so the utmost goal of the technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utmost goal of the technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utmost goal of the technology is
+going to be of course single measuring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of course single measuring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of course single measuring a
+single copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single copy
+oh sorry uh per single g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry uh per single g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry uh per single g
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+even if you are measuring everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you are measuring everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you are measuring everything
+accurately there might be problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately there might be problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately there might be problems with
+predictions and this is what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and this is what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and this is what i was
+referring to before and just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to before and just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to before and just very
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because your biology so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your biology so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your biology so what
+many years ago actually i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago actually i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago actually i think it
+happened here at mit a gentleman edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here at mit a gentleman edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here at mit a gentleman edward
+lawrence was trying to predict how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence was trying to predict how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence was trying to predict how the
+weather is going to change it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is going to change it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is going to change it was in the
+60s and what he did is he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and what he did is he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and what he did is he took
+a few ordinary differential equations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few ordinary differential equations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few ordinary differential equations a
+completely deterministic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic system
+and he tried to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tried to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tried to predict
+how the outcome of this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the outcome of this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the outcome of this set of
+differential equations is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations is going to
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+and what he was really shocked to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he was really shocked to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he was really shocked to see
+and a little bit later the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit later the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit later the entire
+scientific community was shocked to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community was shocked to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community was shocked to see
+that these three ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these three ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these three ordinary
+differentiations produce the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiations produce the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiations produce the behavior
+very sensitive to the initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to the initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to the initial conditions
+which means that if you just change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that if you just change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that if you just change a
+very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low
+just smidgen of the starting parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just smidgen of the starting parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just smidgen of the starting parameters
+the outcome of the measurements was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the measurements was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the measurements was
+completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different
+and this ended up in scientific history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ended up in scientific history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ended up in scientific history
+as chaos theory you might have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chaos theory you might have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chaos theory you might have heard
+about bifurcations and and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bifurcations and and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bifurcations and and so forth
+the point is that even if you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that even if you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that even if you start with
+a seemingly completely deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seemingly completely deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seemingly completely deterministic
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+you might not be able to predict how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be able to predict how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be able to predict how
+that system is going to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system is going to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system is going to behave
+because of this very fact the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this very fact the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this very fact the small
+changes in the initial conditions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the initial conditions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the initial conditions can
+cause huge changes at later time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause huge changes at later time points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause huge changes at later time points
+now we know that biology is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that biology is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that biology is not like
+that because biology is a robust system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because biology is a robust system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because biology is a robust system
+because we are sitting here when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are sitting here when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are sitting here when we are
+talking so many people think that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking so many people think that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking so many people think that a
+biological system is somewhere on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system is somewhere on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system is somewhere on the on
+the on the edge of the completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the edge of the completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the edge of the completely
+deterministic and chaotic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and chaotic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and chaotic systems
+but the bottom line is that just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is that just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is that just because
+you can measure everything very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure everything very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure everything very
+accurately doesn't necessarily mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately doesn't necessarily mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately doesn't necessarily mean that
+you're going to have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have very high
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+but let me give you a much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me give you a much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me give you a much simpler
+representation or example of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or example of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or example of the very
+same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem
+imagine that you already measured very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you already measured very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you already measured very
+accurately the gene expression level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately the gene expression level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately the gene expression level and
+at very high sensitivity of all genes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high sensitivity of all genes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high sensitivity of all genes or
+many genes in a variety of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many genes in a variety of cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many genes in a variety of cancer
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+and what you're trying to figure out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're trying to figure out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're trying to figure out is
+that what are the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what are the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what are the genes
+that are causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are causing
+cancer and let's assume that you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and let's assume that you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and let's assume that you found
+this subset of cancer samples that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset of cancer samples that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset of cancer samples that are
+these are actually real measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually real measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually real measurements
+from melanoma and this is a let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from melanoma and this is a let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from melanoma and this is a let's say
+this is a subset of samples this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subset of samples this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subset of samples this is
+extremely malignant kills the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely malignant kills the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely malignant kills the patient
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+and you also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also think
+that you found that group of genes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you found that group of genes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you found that group of genes is
+going to be responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be responsible
+for that extremely malignant state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that extremely malignant state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that extremely malignant state but
+you need to ask the question as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to ask the question as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to ask the question as i
+referred to this before can this be due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to this before can this be due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to this before can this be due
+to chance because you have a certain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chance because you have a certain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chance because you have a certain a
+limited number of samples well just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of samples well just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of samples well just by
+chance if you randomly put in sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance if you randomly put in sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance if you randomly put in sorts of
+values you can see something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you can see something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you can see something like this
+sometimes you can find an analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can find an analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can find an analytical
+solution but more often you can you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but more often you can you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but more often you can you need
+to do some sort of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sort of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sort of computational
+solution so you permutate your data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so you permutate your data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so you permutate your data set
+and look for similar patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look for similar patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look for similar patterns
+and if you never find a similar pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you never find a similar pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you never find a similar pattern
+a similar group of genes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar group of genes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar group of genes in the
+permutated gene expression matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutated gene expression matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutated gene expression matrix then
+you say well this is not due to chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well this is not due to chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well this is not due to chance
+but this is not that obvious how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not that obvious how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not that obvious how to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+analytical solutions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical solutions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical solutions can be
+sometimes found so let me just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes found so let me just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes found so let me just give you
+this very simple example so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple example so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple example so um
+this i usually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i usually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i usually um
+poses a little problem that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses a little problem that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses a little problem that you can
+solve at home um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve at home um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve at home um
+we had this problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this problem that
+the dawn of microarray analysis while i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dawn of microarray analysis while i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dawn of microarray analysis while i
+measured gene especially measurements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured gene especially measurements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured gene especially measurements in
+different breast cancer cell lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different breast cancer cell lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different breast cancer cell lines and
+when we reached because it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we reached because it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we reached because it was very
+expensive when we reached six breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive when we reached six breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive when we reached six breast
+cancer cell lines we found 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell lines we found 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell lines we found 13
+consistently misregulated genes up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently misregulated genes up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently misregulated genes up or
+down regulated genes and what we add is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regulated genes and what we add is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regulated genes and what we add is
+can this be due to chains or not so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this be due to chains or not so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this be due to chains or not so this
+was translated into a combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was translated into a combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was translated into a combinatorics
+problem that you have e different cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you have e different cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you have e different cell
+lines and gene microarray so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and gene microarray so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and gene microarray so the number
+of genes misregretted in in the i cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes misregretted in in the i cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes misregretted in in the i cell
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+and the question was that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was that can
+we find k consistently misregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find k consistently misregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find k consistently misregulated
+genes across all these sum lines by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes across all these sum lines by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes across all these sum lines by
+chance so if you like combinatorics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance so if you like combinatorics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance so if you like combinatorics this
+is a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice little
+home exercise if you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home exercise if you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home exercise if you want to solve
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so you can find analytical solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find analytical solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find analytical solution for
+this and this is very simple and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is very simple and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is very simple and you
+know this this could be solved quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this could be solved quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this could be solved quite
+easily and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and you get a
+fairly reliable number of this but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly reliable number of this but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly reliable number of this but what
+if more genes are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if more genes are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if more genes are involved
+and more importantly what if genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly what if genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly what if genes are
+not independently regulated they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independently regulated they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independently regulated they're the
+underlying assumption in combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying assumption in combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying assumption in combinatorics
+is that you're drawing your samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're drawing your samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're drawing your samples
+independ randomly and independently but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independ randomly and independently but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independ randomly and independently but
+in these gdas genes are co-regulated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these gdas genes are co-regulated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these gdas genes are co-regulated if
+the transcription factor is upregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription factor is upregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription factor is upregulated
+where the downstream genes are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the downstream genes are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the downstream genes are going to
+be upregulated as well or some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be upregulated as well or some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be upregulated as well or some of them
+will be upgraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be upgraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be upgraded
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+coming from real samples so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from real samples so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from real samples so what you see
+here is when you do a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is when you do a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is when you do a complete
+permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation
+then this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be the
+distribution of correlation coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of correlation coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of correlation coefficients
+for each gene pair now in real samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each gene pair now in real samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each gene pair now in real samples
+this is what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see
+so there is a high correlation of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a high correlation of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a high correlation of gene
+expression changes up and down which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression changes up and down which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression changes up and down which is
+kind of obvious because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious because this is a
+genetic regulated network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic regulated network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic regulated network
+now the problem is that if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is that if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is that if you need to
+do this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this analysis
+and you ask the question is my pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask the question is my pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask the question is my pattern
+random or not or can this be present due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random or not or can this be present due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random or not or can this be present due
+to chance or not well your if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chance or not well your if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chance or not well your if you use
+permutated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutated
+a randomly permutated gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomly permutated gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomly permutated gene expression
+matrix as your benchmark and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as your benchmark and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as your benchmark and in that
+case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh
+your analysis or your results or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis or your results or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis or your results or your
+statistical analysis could but can be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis could but can be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis could but can be of
+by orders of magnitude but six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by orders of magnitude but six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by orders of magnitude but six seven
+orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude
+relative to an analysis when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to an analysis when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to an analysis when you say
+well i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to
+permit a symbol but retain the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit a symbol but retain the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit a symbol but retain the overall
+dependency of gene expression changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency of gene expression changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency of gene expression changes
+if you do that which is not an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that which is not an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that which is not an obvious
+thing to do and take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and take some
+computational tricks now you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational tricks now you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational tricks now you have a very
+different result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noise and discrete measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and discrete measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and discrete measurements
+okay so what you have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you have is that
+you found the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found the pattern
+that a certain number of genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain number of genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain number of genes are
+causing let's say cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing let's say cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing let's say cancer
+and what people usually do is they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people usually do is they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people usually do is they do a
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+randomization so you just swap everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so you just swap everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so you just swap everybody
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+you look for the same pattern and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look for the same pattern and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look for the same pattern and you
+don't find it you never find the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find it you never find the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find it you never find the five
+genes that would show the same pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that would show the same pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that would show the same pattern
+okay and you are happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you are happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you are happy
+now the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is that
+this has completely destroyed destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has completely destroyed destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has completely destroyed destroy
+this permutation the co-dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this permutation the co-dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this permutation the co-dependence of
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in reality that means that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality that means that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality that means that if you have
+co-dependence imagine that you there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-dependence imagine that you there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-dependence imagine that you there are
+strategies that are very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are very strongly
+co-regulated and other genes are never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-regulated and other genes are never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-regulated and other genes are never
+co-regulated that the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-regulated that the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-regulated that the ones that are
+actually correlated are not actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correlated are not actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correlated are not actually two
+independent genes but you in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent genes but you in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent genes but you in your
+analysis that should be one you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that should be one you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that should be one you could
+replace it by one gene right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by one gene right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by one gene right and this is
+what you should retain of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should retain of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should retain of course you
+don't have complete co-regulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have complete co-regulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have complete co-regulation and
+complete independence but you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete independence but you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete independence but you have a
+distribution of correlation coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of correlation coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of correlation coefficients
+that's what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see here
+so the way one should do this is create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way one should do this is create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way one should do this is create
+a large number of random matrices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of random matrices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of random matrices in
+which the distribution of correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the distribution of correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the distribution of correlation
+coefficients is something like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is something like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is something like this but
+apart from that it's random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from that it's random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from that it's random
+and then as the question is my parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the question is my parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the question is my parent
+present in this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in this as well
+now if you compare the statistical power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you compare the statistical power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you compare the statistical power
+or the statistical confidence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the statistical confidence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the statistical confidence between
+these two matrices you can be off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two matrices you can be off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two matrices you can be off by
+five six orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six orders of magnitude
+so something is significant and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something is significant and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something is significant and this
+is way below significance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is way below significance in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is way below significance in this
+so that's the point it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the point it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the point it's not that
+obvious how to do these things it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how to do these things it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how to do these things it's just
+an important point but sometimes even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important point but sometimes even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important point but sometimes even if
+you have good quality measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have good quality measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have good quality measurements
+biology is going to present you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is going to present you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is going to present you with
+very difficult problems and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult problems and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult problems and this is
+actually present in in sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present in in sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present in in sequence
+measurements i mean the whole blast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements i mean the whole blast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements i mean the whole blast
+issue is about this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is about this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is about this as well
+so moving on to noise in discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving on to noise in discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving on to noise in discrete
+measurements which is the best example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements which is the best example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements which is the best example
+the easiest example is actually dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest example is actually dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest example is actually dna
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+so of course you have measurement error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course you have measurement error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course you have measurement error
+there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well
+you have sequencing errors with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sequencing errors with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sequencing errors with a
+certain probability let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability let's say
+now it's probably down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's probably down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's probably down
+2.1 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 percent
+but used to like between 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but used to like between 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but used to like between 0.1
+of course the solution was a sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the solution was a sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the solution was a sequence a
+lot of course if you see a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of course if you see a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of course if you see a difference in
+your sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequencing
+and it's not done with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not done with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not done with a single
+individual you're not quite sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you're not quite sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you're not quite sure whether
+you're seeing a single nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a single nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a single nucleotide
+polymorphism snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism snip
+or a sequence together but if you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sequence together but if you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sequence together but if you work
+hard enough and sequence enough you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough and sequence enough you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough and sequence enough you will
+have some sort of a feel about the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of a feel about the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of a feel about the true
+sequence of a dna sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of a dna sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of a dna sequence
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you end up with a very very very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a very very very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a very very very long
+stretch of layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of layers
+right in the case of humans it's a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the case of humans it's a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the case of humans it's a three
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+and what you need to achieve or what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you need to achieve or what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you need to achieve or what you
+expected from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected from you
+is to find genes introns exons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find genes introns exons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find genes introns exons
+transcription factor binding site in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding site in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding site in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea of
+four letters now how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four letters now how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four letters now how do you do that
+this is going to be an issue of noise as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an issue of noise as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an issue of noise as
+well if you had only genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you had only genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you had only genes
+like exons and interns or only exons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exons and interns or only exons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exons and interns or only exons and
+transcription factor binding sites it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding sites it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding sites it'll
+be very easy to find the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very easy to find the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very easy to find the problem is that
+you have lots and lots of sort of junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots and lots of sort of junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots and lots of sort of junk
+dna or intergenic regions you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna or intergenic regions you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna or intergenic regions you have no
+idea what they are doing and in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what they are doing and in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what they are doing and in those
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+seemingly intelligible information will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly intelligible information will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly intelligible information will
+show up just by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up just by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up just by chance
+so have can be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have can be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have can be found
+that's why the real way of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the real way of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the real way of building
+genomes is not only dna sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes is not only dna sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes is not only dna sequencing
+because from that it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because from that it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because from that it's very difficult to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+the number of genes actually if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of genes actually if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of genes actually if you look
+hard in the literature about the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard in the literature about the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard in the literature about the number
+of genes usually the number of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes usually the number of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes usually the number of genes
+keeps falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps falling
+with time because actually they see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time because actually they see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time because actually they see that
+there are lots of erroneous predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of erroneous predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of erroneous predictions
+usually these gene prediction algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these gene prediction algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these gene prediction algorithms
+tend to er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to er
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+on the side that would give you on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side that would give you on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side that would give you on a
+more liberal side it tends to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more liberal side it tends to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more liberal side it tends to give you
+more genes than actually it's present so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more genes than actually it's present so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more genes than actually it's present so
+what you're looking for is actually cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're looking for is actually cdna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're looking for is actually cdna
+for example cdna libraries for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example cdna libraries for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example cdna libraries for the same
+organism because those are the truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism because those are the truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism because those are the truly
+expressed genes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed genes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed genes so
+you try to bring together the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to bring together the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to bring together the two
+different databases and if you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different databases and if you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different databases and if you find a
+cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna
+well that cdna can help you to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that cdna can help you to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that cdna can help you to find the
+actual genes now the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual genes now the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual genes now the problem is that
+then cdna has to be expressed and if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cdna has to be expressed and if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cdna has to be expressed and if if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen
+to prepare a cdn library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare a cdn library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare a cdn library
+from the cell line in which that gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell line in which that gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell line in which that gene is
+expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+well then you won't have that gene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you won't have that gene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you won't have that gene in
+your cdn library therefore you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cdn library therefore you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cdn library therefore you cannot
+find it in your genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in your genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in your genome
+so health can be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so health can be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so health can be found
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this the dna sequence information can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the dna sequence information can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the dna sequence information can be
+refined to large extent by all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined to large extent by all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined to large extent by all sorts of
+different databases data sources but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different databases data sources but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different databases data sources but
+there are lots of lots of unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of lots of unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of lots of unexpected
+issues in biology which are truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in biology which are truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in biology which are truly
+amazing they were completely unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing they were completely unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing they were completely unexpected
+and you would have never been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would have never been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would have never been able to
+come up with that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with that idea
+simply based on primary sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply based on primary sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply based on primary sequence
+information and let me just give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and let me just give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and let me just give you two
+really shocking uh pieces of data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shocking uh pieces of data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shocking uh pieces of data that
+are actually pretty recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually pretty recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually pretty recent
+one is the wise predecessor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the wise predecessor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the wise predecessor of
+anti-sense transcription in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-sense transcription in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-sense transcription in the human
+genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+why did they go what did these guys do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did they go what did these guys do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did they go what did these guys do
+why it's it's a it's a long story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's it's a it's a long story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's it's a it's a long story but
+what they found actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found actually that
+they found in the human genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found in the human genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found in the human genome
+about 1600 actually transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1600 actually transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1600 actually transcribed
+antisense transcription units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisense transcription units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisense transcription units
+so you know usually how the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh how the genome is read and described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the genome is read and described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the genome is read and described
+in the sense way maybe just looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense way maybe just looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense way maybe just looking into
+it whether things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether things are
+transcribed in the anti-sense way i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed in the anti-sense way i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed in the anti-sense way i mean
+you learned a lot i mean you heard a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned a lot i mean you heard a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned a lot i mean you heard a lot
+about micro any si rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about micro any si rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about micro any si rna
+regulatory rna so there is good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory rna so there is good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory rna so there is good reason
+why they were looking into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were looking into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were looking into this
+nobody would have expected that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would have expected that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would have expected that there is
+such a high number of actual antisense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a high number of actual antisense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a high number of actual antisense
+transcription units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription units
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+a group checked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group checked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group checked out
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+portion of a giving chromosome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of a giving chromosome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of a giving chromosome is
+actually transcribed they were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transcribed they were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transcribed they were kind of
+surprised to see that it was about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to see that it was about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to see that it was about that
+one order of magnitude more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one order of magnitude more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one order of magnitude more than
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+what people usually do is you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people usually do is you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people usually do is you take a
+chromosome in case they check chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome in case they check chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome in case they check chromosome
+21 and 22 you know where the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and 22 you know where the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and 22 you know where the majority of
+exons or internals are and based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons or internals are and based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons or internals are and based on that
+you expect that most well the exam exons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect that most well the exam exons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect that most well the exam exons
+are going to be transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be transcribed
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+maybe a couple of regulatory rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a couple of regulatory rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a couple of regulatory rnas
+so you you have an expectation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have an expectation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have an expectation that
+let's say a couple of percent of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a couple of percent of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a couple of percent of your
+chromosome of a giving crosstown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome of a giving crosstown is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome of a giving crosstown is
+transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed
+now what they found when they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they found when they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they found when they actually
+covered the entire chromosome by an f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the entire chromosome by an f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the entire chromosome by an f
+matrix chip is actually 10 times as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information was transcribed from the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was transcribed from the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was transcribed from the dna
+than expected based on axons again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than expected based on axons again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than expected based on axons again
+you will having to predict this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will having to predict this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will having to predict this is just
+simply based on primary sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply based on primary sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply based on primary sequence
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+so but what can you do you have this sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what can you do you have this sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what can you do you have this sea
+of information that seems to you noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that seems to you noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that seems to you noise
+so is there a way to deal with this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there a way to deal with this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there a way to deal with this so
+let's assume that you need to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that you need to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that you need to find a
+transcription factor binding site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding site
+there's going to be something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be something like the
+eg act of course you don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eg act of course you don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eg act of course you don't know that
+this is tgg hct and of course it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tgg hct and of course it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tgg hct and of course it's not
+always tgg act it can be pgca ct because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tgg act it can be pgca ct because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tgg act it can be pgca ct because
+transcription factor binding size like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding size like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor binding size like
+to play with sequence and actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with sequence and actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with sequence and actually this
+is the way they can change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way they can change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way they can change their
+affinity to a given or specificity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity to a given or specificity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity to a given or specificity the
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+sequence so then this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so then this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so then this is going to be
+your actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual
+sequence that it can bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that it can bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that it can bind to
+now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+so this is what you're ending up this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you're ending up this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you're ending up this is
+what you're looking for that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're looking for that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're looking for that you don't
+know that this is your binding site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is your binding site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is your binding site and
+you're trying to add constraints so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to add constraints so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to add constraints so this
+is one trick you say transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one trick you say transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one trick you say transcription
+factor binding sites are usually within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor binding sites are usually within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor binding sites are usually within
+500 base prints base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 base prints base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 base prints base pairs
+from the start codon of a given gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start codon of a given gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start codon of a given gene and
+you also know that it tends to cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know that it tends to cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know that it tends to cluster
+in the same region so for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same region so for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same region so for most
+transcription effector binding sites you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription effector binding sites you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription effector binding sites you
+have more than one so what you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one so what you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one so what you might be
+doing is say i'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is say i'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is say i'm looking for
+certain let's say six days per long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain let's say six days per long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain let's say six days per long
+sequences that tend to cluster within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that tend to cluster within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that tend to cluster within
+500 base pair of 80gs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 base pair of 80gs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 base pair of 80gs
+and then you're going to find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to find something
+but still this is going to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still this is going to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still this is going to be very very
+weak you have way more layers way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak you have way more layers way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak you have way more layers way more
+information than uh and way more noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than uh and way more noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than uh and way more noise
+from which than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which than than
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+then the level from which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the level from which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the level from which you could
+expect the important information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the important information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the important information
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+even if you do all this you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do all this you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do all this you will find
+that many obviously transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many obviously transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many obviously transcription
+affected by an excited looking sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by an excited looking sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by an excited looking sequence
+they do not function as such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not function as such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not function as such
+well why we do not quite understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why we do not quite understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why we do not quite understand the
+end due to a higher level of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end due to a higher level of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end due to a higher level of dna
+organization what not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what not
+and of course the problem is that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the problem is that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the problem is that you do
+not know what sequence to start with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what sequence to start with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what sequence to start with so
+what can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do
+you can hope that your statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hope that your statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hope that your statistical
+overrepresentation will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrepresentation will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrepresentation will help
+and one trick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one trick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one trick is
+provided by nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by nature
+which is cross species conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cross species conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cross species conservation
+so you have extremely noisy you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have extremely noisy you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have extremely noisy you call
+them noisy but of course they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them noisy but of course they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them noisy but of course they are not
+noisy extremely noisy genomes human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy extremely noisy genomes human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy extremely noisy genomes human
+chimp mouse red yeast or whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimp mouse red yeast or whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimp mouse red yeast or whatnot
+and you're assuming and this is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're assuming and this is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're assuming and this is which is
+and this assumption is a fair assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this assumption is a fair assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this assumption is a fair assumption
+that you have a cross species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a cross species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a cross species
+uh conservation of important sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conservation of important sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conservation of important sequences
+so what you look for are there sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you look for are there sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you look for are there sequences
+that are conserved across several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are conserved across several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are conserved across several
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+and if you combine all this with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you combine all this with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you combine all this with some
+sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+smart tools like using architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart tools like using architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart tools like using architecture
+intelligence machine learning hmm hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence machine learning hmm hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence machine learning hmm hidden
+marker models were extremely useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker models were extremely useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker models were extremely useful to
+find uh for the prisma gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh for the prisma gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh for the prisma gene
+identification then you might start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification then you might start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification then you might start to
+see some pattern pattern emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some pattern pattern emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some pattern pattern emerging
+and this was done for yeast by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was done for yeast by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was done for yeast by
+alexander's group so let's just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexander's group so let's just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexander's group so let's just give you
+a concrete example that showed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete example that showed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete example that showed that this
+is actually a very efficient way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very efficient way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very efficient way to go
+when they sequenced four yeast species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they sequenced four yeast species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they sequenced four yeast species
+four very closely related sequence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four very closely related sequence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four very closely related sequence uh
+yeast species the image number of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast species the image number of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast species the image number of genes
+in each of them was about 5500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason they did it is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason they did it is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason they did it is because they
+knew that these were very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that these were very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that these were very similar
+species so what they found is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so what they found is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so what they found is actually
+there is a very high level of synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very high level of synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very high level of synthetic
+of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes
+so they found is that this shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they found is that this shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they found is that this shows that
+same gene is present at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene is present at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene is present at the same
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+in in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in all of these
+species the order changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the order changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the order changes
+sometimes the gene is lost gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the gene is lost gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the gene is lost gained
+especially either the chromosomes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially either the chromosomes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially either the chromosomes around
+telomeres or sub-parametric regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telomeres or sub-parametric regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telomeres or sub-parametric regions
+there's a lot of turbulence going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of turbulence going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of turbulence going on
+but for the most of the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the most of the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the most of the chromosomes
+things are or the information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are or the information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are or the information is
+retained to a large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained to a large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained to a large extent
+of course there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there is a
+slow and rapid evolution they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and rapid evolution they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and rapid evolution they found that
+for certain very important genes is 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain very important genes is 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain very important genes is 100
+nucleotide conservation across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide conservation across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide conservation across all
+species for others there is a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species for others there is a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species for others there is a very low
+level of conservation probably that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of conservation probably that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of conservation probably that's
+something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+nature can afford to experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature can afford to experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature can afford to experiment with
+but the bottom line is what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is what they were
+doing is actually they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is actually they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is actually they found that
+important transcription factor binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important transcription factor binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important transcription factor binding
+sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+are going to present the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to present the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to present the very same
+location across all species so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location across all species so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location across all species so what
+you're looking for here is that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for here is that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for here is that actually
+this gal4 binding site and this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gal4 binding site and this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gal4 binding site and this shows
+you the four different species and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the four different species and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the four different species and it
+shows this is at the very same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows this is at the very same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows this is at the very same location
+in all different species this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all different species this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all different species this is the
+total box the gap for binding site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total box the gap for binding site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total box the gap for binding site
+it's another tetherbox which shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another tetherbox which shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another tetherbox which shows that
+you have a very high conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very high conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very high conservation of
+important regulatory information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important regulatory information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important regulatory information
+now what you can do is actually turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you can do is actually turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you can do is actually turn
+this around and look for unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around and look for unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around and look for unknown
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+what you do is what they did is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is what they did is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is what they did is let's
+generate or they generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate or they generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate or they generated
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+random sequences which was x y z that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequences which was x y z that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequences which was x y z that
+means that x y and z stands for any of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that x y and z stands for any of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that x y and z stands for any of a
+t c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t c
+a t c g and abc and there is any number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t c g and abc and there is any number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t c g and abc and there is any number
+of random atc's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random atc's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random atc's
+between them between 0 and 21. you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them between 0 and 21. you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them between 0 and 21. you can
+do this this is in within the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this is in within the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this is in within the realm of
+scientific computation this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computation this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computation this is actually
+not a law so these are any combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a law so these are any combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a law so these are any combination
+and you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look for
+certain statistically significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain statistically significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain statistically significant
+patterns for this one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns for this one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns for this one of them is
+intergenic conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenic conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenic conservation
+are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any
+sequences like this when you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences like this when you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences like this when you go through
+all sequences that tend to be conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sequences that tend to be conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sequences that tend to be conserved
+between genes and intergenic regions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between genes and intergenic regions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between genes and intergenic regions you
+can check for integer versus genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check for integer versus genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check for integer versus genetic
+conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+or you can check for upstream versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can check for upstream versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can check for upstream versus
+downstream conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream conservation
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+all statistical benchmarks they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all statistical benchmarks they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all statistical benchmarks they found
+for non-transcription factor binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non-transcription factor binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non-transcription factor binding
+sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+so what they found that for known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they found that for known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they found that for known
+susceptibility by photobinding sites all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility by photobinding sites all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility by photobinding sites all
+these you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you have
+those are more conserved in intergenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are more conserved in intergenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are more conserved in intergenic
+conservation you have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation you have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation you have a higher
+intergenic versus genetic conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenic versus genetic conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenic versus genetic conservation
+and upstream versus downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upstream versus downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upstream versus downstream
+conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't
+so recall the problem you're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall the problem you're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall the problem you're starting
+with any random sequence you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any random sequence you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any random sequence you're just
+trying to figure out that any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out that any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out that any of these
+random sequences have any biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequences have any biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequences have any biological
+significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance
+now even more importantly what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even more importantly what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even more importantly what they
+found is that if you when you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that if you when you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that if you when you start to
+find statistically significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find statistically significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find statistically significantly
+retained or conserved sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained or conserved sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained or conserved sequences
+then these motives were also reached in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these motives were also reached in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these motives were also reached in
+front of gene is the tended to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of gene is the tended to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of gene is the tended to share
+function which is very important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is very important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is very important because
+you're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assuming that
+there are certain functional modules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain functional modules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain functional modules so
+genes that are tend to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are tend to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are tend to do the same thing
+has to be turned on or off at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be turned on or off at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be turned on or off at the same
+time for the same uh under the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the same uh under the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the same uh under the same
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+so that's when they came up with a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when they came up with a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when they came up with a long
+list of potential transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of potential transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of potential transcription factor
+binding sites in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding sites in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding sites in which
+all these things were kind of pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things were kind of pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things were kind of pulled
+together and they found that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they found that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they found that these are
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+that are tend to be conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tend to be conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tend to be conserved
+in front of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of genes
+that tend to share function and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to share function and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to share function and many of
+these actually were confirmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually were confirmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually were confirmed
+independently by experiments as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by experiments as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by experiments as new
+true transcription effective binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true transcription effective binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true transcription effective binding
+sites so the bottom line is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites so the bottom line is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites so the bottom line is that in
+these measurements either even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements either even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements either even
+even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in
+discrete measurements means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete measurements means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete measurements means
+sequencing you will have to face a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing you will have to face a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing you will have to face a lot
+of sort of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of noise
+biological organisms were built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological organisms were built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological organisms were built
+a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago
+and the blueprints were lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the blueprints were lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the blueprints were lost
+if you knew how it was built then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew how it was built then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew how it was built then if we
+could figure out what's important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out what's important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out what's important and
+what not but everything was experimented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what not but everything was experimented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what not but everything was experimented
+a long time ago now so it seems to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago now so it seems to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago now so it seems to you
+now that right now the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that right now the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that right now the important
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+is is hidden in a sea of irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is hidden in a sea of irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is hidden in a sea of irrelevant
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+and it will be very difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be very difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be very difficult and
+usually it's impossible to find based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's impossible to find based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's impossible to find based on
+solely computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely computational
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you
+look for help from actual biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for help from actual biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for help from actual biology
+in this case cross species conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case cross species conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case cross species conservation
+well then the important things the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the important things the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the important things the gold
+nuggets start to emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuggets start to emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuggets start to emerge
+okay and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's it
+any questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/apbCAHH7Ml4.txt b/apbCAHH7Ml4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ef1273d1f87fccb8fe3a0765bfbfec44c04c49c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apbCAHH7Ml4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hahaha hi guys I made this is Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hahaha hi guys I made this is Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hahaha hi guys I made this is Bill
+Janine and Kyla so our good we wonder do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janine and Kyla so our good we wonder do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janine and Kyla so our good we wonder do
+our meetings and it's kind of like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our meetings and it's kind of like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our meetings and it's kind of like our
+planners to make it more a case now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners to make it more a case now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners to make it more a case now so
+it's like you have levels and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you have levels and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you have levels and you go
+from one game to another because of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one game to another because of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one game to another because of time
+constraint and I'm making like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and I'm making like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and I'm making like four
+separate beings here and you are sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate beings here and you are sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate beings here and you are sure
+the first ones the games are me with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ones the games are me with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ones the games are me with the
+plans of putting into the Kinect but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans of putting into the Kinect but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans of putting into the Kinect but we
+didn't have much chance in the Kinect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have much chance in the Kinect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have much chance in the Kinect so
+they are playable on the keyboard now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are playable on the keyboard now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are playable on the keyboard now
+you have to make it yeah it's alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make it yeah it's alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make it yeah it's alright
+don't be sorry Rick you like that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be sorry Rick you like that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be sorry Rick you like that I know
+and imitating the obstacles like tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imitating the obstacles like tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imitating the obstacles like tables
+and the rotation apiece per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's about this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about this game
+it was RG that had to be the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was RG that had to be the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was RG that had to be the width of
+bringing food to the customer we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing food to the customer we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing food to the customer we didn't
+we couldn't find a waiter so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't find a waiter so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't find a waiter so that's like
+flying chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so our games are surrounding like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so our games are surrounding like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so our games are surrounding like
+grande to be rushed on team so far catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grande to be rushed on team so far catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grande to be rushed on team so far catch
+catch this has no special graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch this has no special graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch this has no special graphics
+because we didn't really have time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't really have time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't really have time and
+this was intended to be like a bug a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was intended to be like a bug a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was intended to be like a bug a
+stacking game and the idea is that XY my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking game and the idea is that XY my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking game and the idea is that XY my
+vagin so the idea is the two players as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagin so the idea is the two players as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagin so the idea is the two players as
+our fight photo okay what happens is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fight photo okay what happens is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fight photo okay what happens is if
+if one player has a higher on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one player has a higher on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one player has a higher on the other
+player has a higher chance to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has a higher chance to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has a higher chance to get the
+burger yes and then this chef - so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger yes and then this chef - so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger yes and then this chef - so this
+is Jeff - you could fold two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Jeff - you could fold two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Jeff - you could fold two different
+chefs one in white and one in black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chefs one in white and one in black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chefs one in white and one in black and
+so you have certain orders on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have certain orders on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have certain orders on the top
+left and you have to fulfill those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and you have to fulfill those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and you have to fulfill those
+through the window so like if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the window so like if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the window so like if I want to
+make pizza I can take the pizza over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make pizza I can take the pizza over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make pizza I can take the pizza over
+here start cooking in the oven but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here start cooking in the oven but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here start cooking in the oven but I
+need to I'll put a plate on the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I'll put a plate on the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I'll put a plate on the window
+and then once the pizzas that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once the pizzas that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once the pizzas that you should
+hear a beep beep beep like that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a beep beep beep like that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a beep beep beep like that and so
+then you can take that out of the oven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can take that out of the oven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can take that out of the oven
+and then put it in the window and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it in the window and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it in the window and it
+removes it from the order you also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes it from the order you also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes it from the order you also get
+tips so so we have steak and pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips so so we have steak and pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips so so we have steak and pizza and
+then also soda the soda you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also soda the soda you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also soda the soda you don't have
+to cook so you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so then there's prospective when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so then there's prospective when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so then there's prospective when
+they're so black for the chef's black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so black for the chef's black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so black for the chef's black
+white for the chef's white and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white for the chef's white and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white for the chef's white and you get
+five tips for soda since you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five tips for soda since you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five tips for soda since you don't have
+to cook it and then the steak and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cook it and then the steak and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cook it and then the steak and the
+pizza you get ten so like that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza you get ten so like that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza you get ten so like that's the
+head that takes things yeah first 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that takes things yeah first 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that takes things yeah first 200
+tips ones you can get really hectic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips ones you can get really hectic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips ones you can get really hectic if
+you if like if you're putting a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if like if you're putting a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if like if you're putting a whole
+bunch of things in and trying to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things in and trying to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things in and trying to get it
+like orders like I was playing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like orders like I was playing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like orders like I was playing this
+earlier and me and my friend both try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and me and my friend both try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and me and my friend both try to
+put in order and at the same time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in order and at the same time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in order and at the same time for
+the same thing like there was one soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing like there was one soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing like there was one soda
+order and I barely put in before him so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and I barely put in before him so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and I barely put in before him so
+like even get the tips and they just sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even get the tips and they just sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even get the tips and they just sat
+there in the window was just fine yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the window was just fine yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the window was just fine yes
+the first one to a hundred tips wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to a hundred tips wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to a hundred tips wins
+yeah yeah it would take a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it would take a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it would take a while to
+finish but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think this game would be really more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this game would be really more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this game would be really more
+fun on the croydon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Desiree the chopping I got a chop idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desiree the chopping I got a chop idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desiree the chopping I got a chop idea
+within the food itself a one-count so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the food itself a one-count so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the food itself a one-count so
+Kadapa this is pro-collagen contractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kadapa this is pro-collagen contractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kadapa this is pro-collagen contractors
+it's actually the warrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the idea of the game so our jury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of the game so our jury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of the game so our jury
+wanted like questioning travel benighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted like questioning travel benighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted like questioning travel benighted
+and you could like do a hoteling out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could like do a hoteling out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could like do a hoteling out at
+the end but yeah for now it's like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but yeah for now it's like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but yeah for now it's like just
+form anything separate any question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/b9Yyj3htBLE.txt b/b9Yyj3htBLE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b49be4ebb5dcedf8f3d54a31490f381f518247a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b9Yyj3htBLE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13826 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I was working in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I was working in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I was working in this
+consulting firm I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting firm I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting firm I got
+bored I wanted to go start a business I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored I wanted to go start a business I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored I wanted to go start a business I
+said it's not like I'm in my dorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's not like I'm in my dorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's not like I'm in my dorm
+room it's not like I haven't done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room it's not like I haven't done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room it's not like I haven't done this
+before so I need to be sensible about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so I need to be sensible about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so I need to be sensible about it
+this time um because I've had startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time um because I've had startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time um because I've had startups
+that succeeded and startups that failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that succeeded and startups that failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that succeeded and startups that failed
+and I like the successes more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like the successes more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like the successes more than I
+like the failures so I interviewed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the failures so I interviewed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the failures so I interviewed a
+bunch of people scientists marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people scientists marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people scientists marketing
+types Etc and came up with about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types Etc and came up with about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types Etc and came up with about 15
+ideas and said that's too many I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and said that's too many I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and said that's too many I need
+some filters the first filter was I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some filters the first filter was I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some filters the first filter was I need
+to solve the right problem because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the right problem because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the right problem because I'm
+good enough at operations that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough at operations that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough at operations that I'm going
+to hit the target but it's embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the target but it's embarrassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the target but it's embarrassing
+if you pick the wrong target so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick the wrong target so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick the wrong target so my
+definition of the right problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the right problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the right problem is that
+you would cheerfully pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would cheerfully pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would cheerfully pay for the
+solution and you will tell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you will tell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you will tell your
+friends so I can lower your cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so I can lower your cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so I can lower your cholesterol
+with a nutritional intervention it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nutritional intervention it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nutritional intervention it's not
+the right Target because you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Target because you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Target because you don't care
+you'll forget to take it your medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll forget to take it your medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll forget to take it your medication
+most of the time and you're never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time and you're never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time and you're never going
+to talk about it with your friends and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it with your friends and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it with your friends and I
+can't afford to educate you because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to educate you because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to educate you because I'm
+a startup if your back hurts o that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup if your back hurts o that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup if your back hurts o that's a
+whole different matter right because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different matter right because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different matter right because if
+I can help you with something that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can help you with something that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can help you with something that makes
+your back stop hurting you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back stop hurting you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back stop hurting you will
+cheerfully pay for it you will tell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerfully pay for it you will tell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerfully pay for it you will tell your
+friends and if furthermore I can set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and if furthermore I can set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and if furthermore I can set it
+up so that when you stop taking my stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that when you stop taking my stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that when you stop taking my stuff
+your back starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back starts
+hurting that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting that's the right
+target second filter I have to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target second filter I have to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target second filter I have to be able
+to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the
+problem so if I had an enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if I had an enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if I had an enzyme that
+metabolized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized
+gluten I would be speaking to you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluten I would be speaking to you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluten I would be speaking to you today
+from my yacht
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my yacht
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my yacht
+so that one's off the table that killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one's off the table that killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one's off the table that killed
+all but about five of the ideas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but about five of the ideas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but about five of the ideas the
+remaining filter was somebody besides me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining filter was somebody besides me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining filter was somebody besides me
+thinks this company is a cool idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks this company is a cool idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks this company is a cool idea and
+we'll buy it if I don't screw it up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll buy it if I don't screw it up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll buy it if I don't screw it up so
+the last thing I did was took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I did was took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I did was took the
+remaining ideas and called some senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ideas and called some senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ideas and called some senior
+execs that I was friendly with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execs that I was friendly with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execs that I was friendly with at
+companies that could well one day by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that could well one day by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that could well one day by the
+business Proctor and Gamble Johnson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Proctor and Gamble Johnson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Proctor and Gamble Johnson and
+Johnson Pepsi Etc and Saidi having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson Pepsi Etc and Saidi having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson Pepsi Etc and Saidi having some
+ideas like to hear your thoughts on I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas like to hear your thoughts on I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas like to hear your thoughts on I'm
+not selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not selling
+anything well I knew you were up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything well I knew you were up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything well I knew you were up to
+something what are you doing and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what are you doing and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what are you doing and when I
+would offer an idea if I would hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would offer an idea if I would hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would offer an idea if I would hear
+crickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crickets
+and okay on to the next idea that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay on to the next idea that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay on to the next idea that's how
+we arrived at sleep there's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrived at sleep there's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrived at sleep there's somewhere
+between 50 and 70 million people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 50 and 70 million people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 50 and 70 million people in the
+US that have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that have trouble
+sleeping and they complain about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping and they complain about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping and they complain about it and
+nobody has to tell them the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has to tell them the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has to tell them the benefits of
+a good night's sleep everybody just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good night's sleep everybody just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good night's sleep everybody just
+feels better and there are nutritional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels better and there are nutritional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels better and there are nutritional
+interventions that will solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions that will solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions that will solve the
+problem and the companies I talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the companies I talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the companies I talked to
+said if you don't screw this up we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you don't screw this up we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you don't screw this up we'd
+like to be first in line to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be first in line to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be first in line to talk to you
+in about two years so with that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about two years so with that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about two years so with that as
+background I had had several businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I had had several businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I had had several businesses
+in the past where we made nutrition bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past where we made nutrition bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past where we made nutrition bars
+and sold them through clinicians so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sold them through clinicians so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sold them through clinicians so my
+business model was Let's Make A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was Let's Make A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was Let's Make A
+nutrition bar and let's sell it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition bar and let's sell it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition bar and let's sell it through
+clinicians but I talked to a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians but I talked to a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians but I talked to a number of
+consumers and said how do you feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and said how do you feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and said how do you feel about
+eating something at 10: or 10:30 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating something at 10: or 10:30 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating something at 10: or 10:30 at
+night that'll have you sleep a half hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that'll have you sleep a half hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that'll have you sleep a half hour
+later and most of them say I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and most of them say I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and most of them say I don't I
+don't feel so good about that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel so good about that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel so good about that I don't
+like the idea of eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of eating
+something okay what would you like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay what would you like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay what would you like well
+you know this little like 5H Hour Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this little like 5H Hour Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this little like 5H Hour Energy
+drink things make me one of those except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink things make me one of those except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink things make me one of those except
+with the opposite effect oops looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the opposite effect oops looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the opposite effect oops looks like
+I'm in the beverage business okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the beverage business okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the beverage business okay well
+so maybe what I can do here is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe what I can do here is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe what I can do here is find the
+clinicians that you are seeing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians that you are seeing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians that you are seeing about the
+fact that you're having trouble sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're having trouble sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're having trouble sleeping
+and I can do what I did before my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do what I did before my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do what I did before my
+business model will be I will call on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model will be I will call on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model will be I will call on
+the clinicians the clinicians will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinicians the clinicians will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinicians the clinicians will say
+this is fabulous I will tell my patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fabulous I will tell my patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fabulous I will tell my patients
+the patients will want to buy it one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients will want to buy it one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients will want to buy it one day
+I will call Walgreens we'll stock it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will call Walgreens we'll stock it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will call Walgreens we'll stock it
+there we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we've done this
+before you may remember uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you may remember uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you may remember uh a little
+while ago I said I had a really bad five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago I said I had a really bad five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago I said I had a really bad five
+or six weeks where everybody told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six weeks where everybody told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six weeks where everybody told me
+no I called doctors nurses physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I called doctors nurses physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I called doctors nurses physical
+therapists dietitians I went to Assisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists dietitians I went to Assisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists dietitians I went to Assisted
+Living fa facilities and retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Living fa facilities and retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Living fa facilities and retirement
+communities and talk to resident care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and talk to resident care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and talk to resident care
+directors and without exception I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and without exception I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and without exception I was
+told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no people don't talk to their doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no people don't talk to their doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no people don't talk to their doctor
+about sleep they talk to their doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sleep they talk to their doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sleep they talk to their doctor
+about their earache if they do talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their earache if they do talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their earache if they do talk to
+their doctor about sleep the doctor runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their doctor about sleep the doctor runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their doctor about sleep the doctor runs
+for cover because he doesn't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cover because he doesn't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cover because he doesn't know how to
+solve the problem and he's been trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem and he's been trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem and he's been trained
+that this is a symptom of something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a symptom of something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a symptom of something else
+you are depressed and you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are depressed and you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are depressed and you need a
+therapist or you're you have sleep apnea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapist or you're you have sleep apnea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapist or you're you have sleep apnea
+and you need one of those Darth Vader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need one of those Darth Vader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need one of those Darth Vader
+devices that blows positive air pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that blows positive air pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that blows positive air pressure
+in and keeps you uh from having apnea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and keeps you uh from having apnea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and keeps you uh from having apnea so
+let's refer you to somebody else next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's refer you to somebody else next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's refer you to somebody else next so
+nobody was willing to talk about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervention this was the point at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention this was the point at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention this was the point at this
+point we had made our minimum viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we had made our minimum viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we had made our minimum viable
+product and we were offering free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and we were offering free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and we were offering free
+samples and they didn't want it even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and they didn't want it even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and they didn't want it even if
+it was free so clearly the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was free so clearly the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was free so clearly the business
+model was flawed we weren't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was flawed we weren't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was flawed we weren't going to be
+able to get it into Walgreens or places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get it into Walgreens or places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get it into Walgreens or places
+like that if we couldn't find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if we couldn't find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if we couldn't find any
+customers and the route I had chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and the route I had chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and the route I had chosen to
+get to the customers was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working nevertheless there were people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working nevertheless there were people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working nevertheless there were people
+who were calling us back and buying our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were calling us back and buying our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were calling us back and buying our
+minimum viable product the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum viable product the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum viable product the one that
+looks bad tastes bad and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks bad tastes bad and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks bad tastes bad and because the
+little manufacturer spilled a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little manufacturer spilled a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little manufacturer spilled a little
+Solution on the threads and it dried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution on the threads and it dried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution on the threads and it dried
+into something like superglue you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something like superglue you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something like superglue you need a
+vice grips to get the cap off people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice grips to get the cap off people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice grips to get the cap off people
+were buying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buying it
+anyway clearly we had something there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway clearly we had something there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway clearly we had something there so
+it was time to address the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was time to address the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was time to address the business
+model of what is it we have and to whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of what is it we have and to whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of what is it we have and to whom
+should we be marketing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be marketing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be marketing it and
+how along the way I ended up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how along the way I ended up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how along the way I ended up in a
+conversation with Whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Whole
+Foods because I when I was running a soy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods because I when I was running a soy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods because I when I was running a soy
+Foods company I sold a lot of tofu to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods company I sold a lot of tofu to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods company I sold a lot of tofu to
+them and I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I knew
+them so I thought oh okay we'll put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I thought oh okay we'll put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I thought oh okay we'll put this
+together we'll sell it through Whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we'll sell it through Whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we'll sell it through Whole
+Foods but who's our customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods but who's our customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods but who's our customer
+we did a lot of work a lot of interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a lot of work a lot of interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a lot of work a lot of interviews
+got told no some more and concluded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got told no some more and concluded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got told no some more and concluded that
+there are a number of Niche markets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of Niche markets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of Niche markets here
+that we could work with but the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could work with but the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could work with but the one
+where we were going to start was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were going to start was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were going to start was working
+moms and not working moms who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms and not working moms who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms and not working moms who have
+infants or toddlers at home they expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants or toddlers at home they expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants or toddlers at home they expect
+to be tired and they want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tired and they want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tired and they want to be able to
+wake up if the baby's not sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up if the baby's not sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up if the baby's not sleeping
+through the night so forget it but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the night so forget it but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the night so forget it but once
+their kids are preschool kindergarten or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids are preschool kindergarten or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids are preschool kindergarten or
+older they've got the hardest job on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older they've got the hardest job on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older they've got the hardest job on
+Earth most of them have husbands who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth most of them have husbands who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth most of them have husbands who
+don't shop don't cook don't pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't shop don't cook don't pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't shop don't cook don't pick up
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+socks so they're hardworking they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socks so they're hardworking they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socks so they're hardworking they're
+daytime professionals they're fussy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime professionals they're fussy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime professionals they're fussy
+about what they buy and what they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they buy and what they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they buy and what they bring
+in the house they do shop at Whole Foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the house they do shop at Whole Foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the house they do shop at Whole Foods
+it looks like the right market for us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the right market for us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the right market for us so
+in my conversation with Whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my conversation with Whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my conversation with Whole
+Foods I was pretty direct with him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods I was pretty direct with him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foods I was pretty direct with him and
+said look I can live a long and happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look I can live a long and happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look I can live a long and happy
+life and never put my product products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and never put my product products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and never put my product products
+on your shelf and more of the point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your shelf and more of the point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your shelf and more of the point I
+don't want to be on your shelf if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be on your shelf if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be on your shelf if it
+doesn't make sense so really the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense so really the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense so really the purpose
+of this meeting in my view is to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this meeting in my view is to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this meeting in my view is to figure
+out will it ever make sense and if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will it ever make sense and if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will it ever make sense and if so
+what's the trigger point and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trigger point and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trigger point and the answer
+to that was when we see enough reorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that was when we see enough reorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that was when we see enough reorders
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+Amazon to show that there's a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon to show that there's a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon to show that there's a there
+there come back and see them keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there come back and see them keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there come back and see them keep them
+posted they remain interested we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted they remain interested we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted they remain interested we are
+after all friends and it's a provocative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all friends and it's a provocative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all friends and it's a provocative
+idea so the Ed business model now having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the Ed business model now having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the Ed business model now having
+gone through this postulate the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through this postulate the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through this postulate the idea
+develop a minimum viable product shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a minimum viable product shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a minimum viable product shake
+it down in the market place identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down in the market place identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down in the market place identify the
+target is we are reaching working moms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target is we are reaching working moms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target is we are reaching working moms
+via mommy bloggers we've identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via mommy bloggers we've identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via mommy bloggers we've identified a
+hundred of them some of whom have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred of them some of whom have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred of them some of whom have as
+many as 100,000 followers there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as 100,000 followers there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as 100,000 followers there's also
+all manner of social media ways to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all manner of social media ways to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all manner of social media ways to reach
+working moms so working moms we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working moms so working moms we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working moms so working moms we're
+reaching them we're selling the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching them we're selling the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching them we're selling the product
+through our website which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our website which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our website which will be
+minuscule percentage and through Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuscule percentage and through Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuscule percentage and through Amazon
+until such Point as we have enough of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until such Point as we have enough of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until such Point as we have enough of a
+reorder stream to make a justifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder stream to make a justifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder stream to make a justifiable
+approach to Whole Foods and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to Whole Foods and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to Whole Foods and other
+retailers shortly after that we hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers shortly after that we hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers shortly after that we hope to
+sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the
+business so rich that's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so rich that's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so rich that's sort of an
+impromptu summary of of how our business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impromptu summary of of how our business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impromptu summary of of how our business
+model morphed and pivoted and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model morphed and pivoted and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model morphed and pivoted and it's a
+work in process so uh if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in process so uh if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in process so uh if you don't have
+anything else to do wish us luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so so the reason I wanted Bob to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so so the reason I wanted Bob to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so so the reason I wanted Bob to
+tell you about that is that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about that is that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about that is that is to
+reemphasize this is not just an academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemphasize this is not just an academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemphasize this is not just an academic
+exercise he he told you about how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise he he told you about how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise he he told you about how he
+succeeded before he told you how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded before he told you how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded before he told you how he
+failed the first time he did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed the first time he did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed the first time he did something
+different the second he took the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the second he took the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the second he took the second
+model into the third Market which turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model into the third Market which turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model into the third Market which turned
+out not to be the right thing for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be the right thing for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be the right thing for that
+market and he's Reinventing it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and he's Reinventing it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and he's Reinventing it and it's
+been an interesting thing so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an interesting thing so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an interesting thing so you know
+what we say up here is it's we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we say up here is it's we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we say up here is it's we're not
+giving you a formula on how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a formula on how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a formula on how to do it
+we're trying to get you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get you to think about
+these kind of issues and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of issues and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of issues and this is an
+example of an inprocess uh thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an inprocess uh thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an inprocess uh thing and
+it's been an interesting uh route Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been an interesting uh route Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been an interesting uh route Bob
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+um other comments or people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other comments or people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other comments or people from the
+audience it's practically a reality TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience it's practically a reality TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience it's practically a reality TV
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+show modifi bus model throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show modifi bus model throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show modifi bus model throughout
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rich is your mic on okay Rich's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich is your mic on okay Rich's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich is your mic on okay Rich's question
+for those of you uh who may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you uh who may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you uh who may not have
+heard it from the back of the room was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it from the back of the room was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it from the back of the room was
+what were some of my learnings so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were some of my learnings so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were some of my learnings so far
+and if I were to relaunch the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I were to relaunch the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I were to relaunch the business
+today what would I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what would I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what would I do
+differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that most entrepreneurs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that most entrepreneurs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that most entrepreneurs are
+stubborn I'm no exception to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you almost never tackle something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you almost never tackle something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you almost never tackle something
+that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+easy and I have a guy on my business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and I have a guy on my business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and I have a guy on my business
+Advisory Board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisory Board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisory Board
+who will give me 10 reasons why every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will give me 10 reasons why every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will give me 10 reasons why every
+idea I have will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I have will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I have will
+fail and why every suggestion I make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and why every suggestion I make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and why every suggestion I make is
+dumb and it's quite useful because eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb and it's quite useful because eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb and it's quite useful because eight
+of the 10 things he'll rattle off I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 10 things he'll rattle off I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 10 things he'll rattle off I've
+thought about and addressed and two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about and addressed and two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about and addressed and two of
+them I think o i better think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think o i better think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think o i better think about that
+but you have to kind of be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to kind of be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to kind of be willing to
+walk through walls because it's hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through walls because it's hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through walls because it's hard and
+most of you will fail I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you will fail I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you will fail I
+did you'll just need to decide that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you'll just need to decide that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you'll just need to decide that as a
+jockey you need a different horse but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jockey you need a different horse but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jockey you need a different horse but I
+found found something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found found something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found found something that
+worked and I went out and proudly talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and I went out and proudly talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and I went out and proudly talked
+about it to the investment community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it to the investment community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it to the investment community and
+then I tried it and I tried it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I tried it and I tried it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I tried it and I tried it and I
+tried it and it didn't work so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried it and it didn't work so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried it and it didn't work so one of
+the things I would have done differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I would have done differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I would have done differently
+were I to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I to do it
+again would have been to test the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would have been to test the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would have been to test the idea
+right from the get-go rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the get-go rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the get-go rather than just
+assuming that because it had worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that because it had worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that because it had worked in
+the past that this market and this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that this market and this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that this market and this group
+of people was like the last market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people was like the last market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people was like the last market and
+the last group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last group of people
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir I don't really know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir I don't really know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir I don't really know how to do that
+what I like is TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like is TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like is TR
+translating science which is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating science which is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating science which is somewhere
+near the Leading Edge into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the Leading Edge into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the Leading Edge into something
+that consumers can buy and I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers can buy and I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers can buy and I don't want
+to get metaphysical with you here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get metaphysical with you here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get metaphysical with you here but I
+think there's some really fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some really fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some really fundamental
+things wrong with our Health Care system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong with our Health Care system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong with our Health Care system
+and we don't often enough provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't often enough provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't often enough provide
+consumers with stuff they can buy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers with stuff they can buy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers with stuff they can buy which
+works without a prescription and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works without a prescription and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works without a prescription and I like
+being in that Arena and I like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in that Arena and I like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in that Arena and I like being
+able to understand what consumers want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand what consumers want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand what consumers want
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+translating some fairly serious science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating some fairly serious science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating some fairly serious science
+I mean there's pretty sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's pretty sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's pretty sophisticated
+biochemistry in our little beverage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry in our little beverage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry in our little beverage for
+Sleep into something that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sleep into something that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sleep into something that we can
+describe without going into all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe without going into all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe without going into all the
+science so I actually don't know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so I actually don't know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so I actually don't know don't
+really have any experience selling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any experience selling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any experience selling the
+one-off stuff so with that as background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-off stuff so with that as background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-off stuff so with that as background
+I'm going to duck your question I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to duck your question I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to duck your question I don't
+know and there was maybe one more yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there was maybe one more yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there was maybe one more yes
+sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had three ingredients in the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had three ingredients in the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had three ingredients in the product
+and there were published papers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were published papers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were published papers on the
+action of each of the three so sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of each of the three so sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of each of the three so sucrose
+gets metabolized here protein gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets metabolized here protein gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets metabolized here protein gets
+metabolized here and gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized here and gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized here and gluconeogenesis
+runs through the liver blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through the liver blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through the liver blah blah blah
+and uncooked cornstarch with its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncooked cornstarch with its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncooked cornstarch with its complex
+double bonds takes a far longer period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds takes a far longer period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds takes a far longer period
+of time to metabolize and so and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to metabolize and so and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to metabolize and so and we
+would show the papers to the clinicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show the papers to the clinicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show the papers to the clinicians
+and they'd say well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd say well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd say well this is a
+no-brainer first of all it's just a food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-brainer first of all it's just a food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-brainer first of all it's just a food
+so it won't hurt you cost a dollar might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't hurt you cost a dollar might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't hurt you cost a dollar might
+help go for it that was all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help go for it that was all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help go for it that was all the
+resistance we found there were maybe 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance we found there were maybe 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance we found there were maybe 3%
+of the doctors out there that we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctors out there that we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctors out there that we called
+on who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who
+said when you got a clinical trial on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when you got a clinical trial on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when you got a clinical trial on it
+call us back and we did in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call us back and we did in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call us back and we did in fact
+eventually do a clinical trial with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually do a clinical trial with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually do a clinical trial with the
+Joslin Diabetes Institute it did what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joslin Diabetes Institute it did what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joslin Diabetes Institute it did what it
+was supposed to do but as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to do but as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to do but as an
+entrepreneur I was unwilling to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur I was unwilling to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur I was unwilling to wait
+let's get in the market my my measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get in the market my my measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get in the market my my measure of
+whether or not it works is do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it works is do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it works is do they
+reorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Bob okay so now segueing from from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob okay so now segueing from from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob okay so now segueing from from what
+Bob told you about he's doing to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob told you about he's doing to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob told you about he's doing to find
+customers and everything the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and everything the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and everything the question
+again is business models and tonight we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is business models and tonight we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is business models and tonight we
+have Rich Kel who's I've known for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Rich Kel who's I've known for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Rich Kel who's I've known for many
+years uh originally a internet it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh originally a internet it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh originally a internet it uh
+technology entrepreneur moved into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology entrepreneur moved into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology entrepreneur moved into uh
+medical uh the medical area and bio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical uh the medical area and bio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical uh the medical area and bio and
+more recently into the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently into the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently into the financial
+technology area so rich kibble his bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology area so rich kibble his bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology area so rich kibble his bio
+is on the website and uh his topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the website and uh his topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the website and uh his topic is
+business models take it away rich thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models take it away rich thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models take it away rich thank
+you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much
+great can everybody hear me okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great can everybody hear me okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great can everybody hear me okay all
+right uh it's great to be back here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's great to be back here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's great to be back here I've
+had the privilege of doing this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the privilege of doing this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the privilege of doing this class
+with Joe for he's invited me back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Joe for he's invited me back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Joe for he's invited me back for
+many years I won't say how many but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years I won't say how many but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years I won't say how many but uh
+many many years so uh it's also great to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years so uh it's also great to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years so uh it's also great to
+be here being the 25th year of it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here being the 25th year of it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here being the 25th year of it has
+anybody here actually attended this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here actually attended this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here actually attended this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+before all right that's good so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all right that's good so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all right that's good so I could
+tell some of the same jokes and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell some of the same jokes and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell some of the same jokes and I will
+actually get laughs at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get laughs at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get laughs at it
+I'm uh so first of all I want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh so first of all I want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh so first of all I want to start
+off because I I love social media and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off because I I love social media and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off because I I love social media and uh
+I'm going to include you in my social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to include you in my social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to include you in my social
+media life a little bit so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media life a little bit so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media life a little bit so everybody
+here uses Twitter yes or most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uses Twitter yes or most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uses Twitter yes or most of you
+that's our hashtag so uh on the count of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our hashtag so uh on the count of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our hashtag so uh on the count of
+three I want you guys all to cheer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I want you guys all to cheer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I want you guys all to cheer and
+yell in a congratulatory way for Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell in a congratulatory way for Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell in a congratulatory way for Joe
+celebrating the 25th year of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating the 25th year of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating the 25th year of this class
+all right one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you
+guys I love it Joe that is live that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I love it Joe that is live that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I love it Joe that is live that was
+outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding
+um so what I what I get to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I what I get to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I what I get to talk about
+today is actually kind of fun it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is actually kind of fun it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is actually kind of fun it's uh
+it's business models and unlike a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's business models and unlike a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's business models and unlike a lot of
+aspects of business business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of business business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of business business models
+themselves they change all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they change all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they change all the time and
+as a matter of fact they become an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact they become an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact they become an
+incredibly intricate and important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly intricate and important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly intricate and important part
+of how a business succeeds or fails um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a business succeeds or fails um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a business succeeds or fails um
+which is something new as as I've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something new as as I've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something new as as I've worked
+around uh MIT for the past 15 or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh MIT for the past 15 or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh MIT for the past 15 or more
+years uh so often the researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh so often the researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh so often the researchers
+scientists engineers that I speak with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists engineers that I speak with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists engineers that I speak with
+are so focused on their product their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so focused on their product their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so focused on their product their
+technology um the intricacies of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um the intricacies of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um the intricacies of a
+particular design that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular design that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular design that they actually
+don't think about the customer and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about the customer and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about the customer and they
+don't think about how it's ever going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about how it's ever going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about how it's ever going to
+get to the market they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the market they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the market they're more
+interested in you know can they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know can they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know can they actually
+get that new particular you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that new particular you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that new particular you know
+engineering uh you know uh physics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh you know uh physics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh you know uh physics you
+know combined technology to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know combined technology to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know combined technology to do something
+they never did before now can they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never did before now can they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never did before now can they get
+that particular molecule to operate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular molecule to operate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular molecule to operate in a
+certain way or can they get that thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way or can they get that thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way or can they get that thin
+film polymer to you know elude a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film polymer to you know elude a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film polymer to you know elude a
+particular drug and that's fantastic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular drug and that's fantastic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular drug and that's fantastic but
+very often we forget about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often we forget about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often we forget about how do we
+actually impact the world with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impact the world with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impact the world with our
+Technologies whether it be internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies whether it be internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies whether it be internet
+Technologies applications Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies applications Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies applications Hardware
+software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+biotechnology uh so business models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology uh so business models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology uh so business models are
+really the foundation of that and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the foundation of that and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the foundation of that and very
+often that's left to business students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's left to business students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's left to business students
+and one of the wonderful things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the wonderful things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the wonderful things about
+MIT is that there's this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is that there's this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is that there's this great
+convergence where business students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence where business students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence where business students
+actually have discussions with engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have discussions with engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have discussions with engineers
+and scientists and researchers and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientists and researchers and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientists and researchers and vice
+versa and that doesn't happen everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and that doesn't happen everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and that doesn't happen everywhere
+uh so we sort of take it for granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we sort of take it for granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we sort of take it for granted
+here so I'm very privileged to to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm very privileged to to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm very privileged to to come
+and talk to you about business models uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to you about business models uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to you about business models uh
+my background as Joe said is you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background as Joe said is you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background as Joe said is you know I
+started really my career in technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started really my career in technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started really my career in technology
+um and then moved very much into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then moved very much into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then moved very much into uh
+bioscience biotechnology bioinformatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioscience biotechnology bioinformatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioscience biotechnology bioinformatics
+Diagnostics um spent about the past 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics um spent about the past 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics um spent about the past 10
+years doing that uh took uh two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years doing that uh took uh two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years doing that uh took uh two years
+off and was focused specifically on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and was focused specifically on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and was focused specifically on the
+financial services industry so worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial services industry so worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial services industry so worked
+for a very long large fund uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long large fund uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long large fund uh in
+Westport Connecticut now back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westport Connecticut now back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westport Connecticut now back in the
+Boston area and now focused again more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area and now focused again more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area and now focused again more
+on not only funding and financing of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not only funding and financing of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not only funding and financing of uh
+early stage development companies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage development companies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage development companies but
+also in identifying great intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in identifying great intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in identifying great intellectual
+property and Technology uh all around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and Technology uh all around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and Technology uh all around uh
+science and research so today's talk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and research so today's talk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and research so today's talk is
+going to be about business models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about business models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about business models and
+and I'm hoping to share some insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm hoping to share some insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm hoping to share some insights
+with you uh essentially this is how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you uh essentially this is how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you uh essentially this is how I
+think of these things you know we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these things you know we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these things you know we start
+off with a whole bunch of disparate data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a whole bunch of disparate data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a whole bunch of disparate data
+points we call that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we call that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we call that information
+hopefully we begin to connect those dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we begin to connect those dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we begin to connect those dots
+you know it's it's almost like uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's almost like uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's almost like uh a
+pointless painting where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless painting where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless painting where you have
+thousands of dots and then slowly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dots and then slowly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dots and then slowly as
+they come together they start to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together they start to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together they start to connect
+and then ultimately out of that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately out of that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately out of that you have
+wisdom you have an image that is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom you have an image that is created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom you have an image that is created
+out of that uh what I hope to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that uh what I hope to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that uh what I hope to do today
+is provide you each of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is provide you each of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is provide you each of those three
+information knowledge and wisdom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information knowledge and wisdom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information knowledge and wisdom so
+let's start off with a simple Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off with a simple Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off with a simple Foundation
+the the foundation is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the foundation is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the foundation is to say
+this many definitions of a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many definitions of a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many definitions of a business
+model exist uh the one that I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model exist uh the one that I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model exist uh the one that I like the
+most is simply this a method by which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most is simply this a method by which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most is simply this a method by which a
+firm uses its resources cash technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm uses its resources cash technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm uses its resources cash technology
+its people to offer its customers better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its people to offer its customers better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its people to offer its customers better
+value than its competitors and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value than its competitors and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value than its competitors and make
+money doing so it tells who pays how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money doing so it tells who pays how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money doing so it tells who pays how
+much and how often do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and how often do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and how often do they
+pay for those of you that are looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for those of you that are looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for those of you that are looking to
+start companies or even begin to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start companies or even begin to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start companies or even begin to work
+for companies especially early stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies especially early stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies especially early stage
+companies the question that the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies the question that the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies the question that the board
+the investors the new employee coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors the new employee coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors the new employee coming in
+the door are going to ask is what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door are going to ask is what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door are going to ask is what do you
+do who do you sell to and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do who do you sell to and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do who do you sell to and how do you
+make money it's pretty simple the how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money it's pretty simple the how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money it's pretty simple the how do
+you make money part is often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money part is often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money part is often the
+challenge for many startups they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for many startups they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for many startups they have
+very cool technology they think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool technology they think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool technology they think they
+knew who's going to buy it but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew who's going to buy it but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew who's going to buy it but they have
+no idea how they're going to get it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea how they're going to get it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea how they're going to get it in
+the hands of those individuals are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of those individuals are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of those individuals are they
+going to create a website they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a website they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a website they going to
+join you know sign on to the App Store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join you know sign on to the App Store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join you know sign on to the App Store
+are they going to go retail are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to go retail are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to go retail are they
+going to use a distribution Channel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a distribution Channel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a distribution Channel or
+partner that's the big Crux of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner that's the big Crux of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner that's the big Crux of it so
+that's the question you have to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question you have to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question you have to continue
+to think about is how do we ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is how do we ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is how do we ultimately
+make money from what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from what we are
+developing so what's changed a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing so what's changed a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing so what's changed a lot in
+the way we operate in this world is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we operate in this world is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we operate in this world is the
+way that companies operate the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that companies operate the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that companies operate the way that
+companies are formed and developed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are formed and developed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are formed and developed and
+this chart is not really meant you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart is not really meant you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart is not really meant you know
+in great detail to be read but overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail to be read but overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail to be read but overall
+what you have here is an example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here is an example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here is an example of how
+over time you have points of History
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you have points of History
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you have points of History
+where as Industries developed changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as Industries developed changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as Industries developed changed
+they went away what you had is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went away what you had is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went away what you had is different
+ways of communicating with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of communicating with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of communicating with the world
+different ways of actually connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of actually connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of actually connecting
+with consumers if you think about back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consumers if you think about back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consumers if you think about back
+in the days of merchants and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the days of merchants and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the days of merchants and and
+mechanics and Industrial businesses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and Industrial businesses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and Industrial businesses the
+way they operated and communicated was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they operated and communicated was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they operated and communicated was
+much different retail stores existed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different retail stores existed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different retail stores existed but
+in a very very very different way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very very very different way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very very very different way they
+were family run stores most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were family run stores most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were family run stores most of the
+products and services we bought from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services we bought from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services we bought from
+were from a few large retailers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were from a few large retailers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were from a few large retailers like
+Sears whether that be your washer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sears whether that be your washer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sears whether that be your washer and
+dryer or your tools or other things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer or your tools or other things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer or your tools or other things as
+technology continued to mature what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology continued to mature what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology continued to mature what you
+saw is the financial service industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is the financial service industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is the financial service industry
+becoming very very sophisticated and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming very very sophisticated and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming very very sophisticated and the
+financial service industry began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial service industry began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial service industry began to
+allow us to see business in a global way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to see business in a global way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to see business in a global way
+out of that came complex advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that came complex advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that came complex advertising
+campaigns Global Marketing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns Global Marketing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns Global Marketing and
+distribution mechanisms and what you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution mechanisms and what you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution mechanisms and what you saw
+is entirely new ways to buy and reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely new ways to buy and reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely new ways to buy and reach
+the end user the products what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end user the products what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end user the products what really
+changed is at this end of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed is at this end of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed is at this end of the world
+where you had technology was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had technology was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had technology was then
+introduced in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in such a way that
+distribution of goods ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of goods ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of goods ultimately the
+ability to connect an individual who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to connect an individual who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to connect an individual who
+wants a product or service to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants a product or service to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants a product or service to that
+product or service the barriers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or service the barriers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or service the barriers of
+distance the barriers of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the barriers of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the barriers of manufacturing
+suddenly went away the United States has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly went away the United States has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly went away the United States has
+probably done this better than almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably done this better than almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably done this better than almost
+any place in the world we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place in the world we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place in the world we can get
+something delivered tomorrow that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something delivered tomorrow that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something delivered tomorrow that we
+ordered this afternoon at 11: a.m. or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered this afternoon at 11: a.m. or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered this afternoon at 11: a.m. or
+1:00 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:00 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:00 in the
+afternoon whether it be a product or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon whether it be a product or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon whether it be a product or a
+service because of financial support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service because of financial support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service because of financial support and
+backing for those type of organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing for those type of organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing for those type of organizations
+whether it be the manufacturers the UPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be the manufacturers the UPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be the manufacturers the UPS
+the FedEx and others the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FedEx and others the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FedEx and others the distribution
+channels have shrunk greatly when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels have shrunk greatly when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels have shrunk greatly when I
+travel to different parts of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel to different parts of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel to different parts of the world
+they find it amazing the selection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find it amazing the selection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find it amazing the selection of
+products and services that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services that we have in
+the United States and when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and when you go
+elsewhere you notice how limited it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere you notice how limited it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere you notice how limited it is
+if you're living in parts of Europe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're living in parts of Europe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're living in parts of Europe if
+you're living in parts of Africa parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're living in parts of Africa parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're living in parts of Africa parts
+of Asia if you're living in most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Asia if you're living in most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Asia if you're living in most of
+Russia the ability to actually order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the ability to actually order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the ability to actually order
+something today and see it arrive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something today and see it arrive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something today and see it arrive in the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+month is very very unlikely and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month is very very unlikely and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month is very very unlikely and the more
+remote you are the less like it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote you are the less like it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote you are the less like it is it's
+ever going to reach you on time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to reach you on time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to reach you on time or
+without being lost in some part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being lost in some part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being lost in some part of the
+distribution channel so I encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution channel so I encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution channel so I encourage you
+to think about as technology has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about as technology has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about as technology has changed
+and distribution channels have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distribution channels have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distribution channels have changed
+it is impact Ed the way that we operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is impact Ed the way that we operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is impact Ed the way that we operate
+and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build
+companies so at MIT when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so at MIT when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so at MIT when we think about
+how do you bring a company from the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you bring a company from the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you bring a company from the idea
+to the market or what is so often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market or what is so often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market or what is so often called
+the lab to the market the way you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab to the market the way you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab to the market the way you think
+about that has to integrate the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that has to integrate the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that has to integrate the business
+model so for those of you here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so for those of you here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so for those of you here that are
+scientists or researchers or Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists or researchers or Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists or researchers or Engineers
+as you're thinking about your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're thinking about your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're thinking about your new
+products your service your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products your service your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products your service your technology
+you have to continually test who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to continually test who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to continually test who is
+going to buy this how am I going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy this how am I going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy this how am I going to get
+it to the consumer how will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the consumer how will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the consumer how will this
+ultimately impact the people that I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately impact the people that I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately impact the people that I care
+about the people that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the people that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the people that are going to
+benefit from my product or my service um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from my product or my service um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from my product or my service um
+just as Bob was sharing with us before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as Bob was sharing with us before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as Bob was sharing with us before
+some of the learnings he had as he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the learnings he had as he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the learnings he had as he was
+developing his new company were those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing his new company were those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing his new company were those
+bumps in the road as they realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps in the road as they realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps in the road as they realized that
+various ideas they had about hey we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ideas they had about hey we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ideas they had about hey we'll
+give it away for free or perhaps we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it away for free or perhaps we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it away for free or perhaps we'll
+go through this particular distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this particular distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this particular distribution
+Channel those things did not work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel those things did not work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel those things did not work you
+learn from those you incorporate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from those you incorporate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from those you incorporate you
+speak to more consumers you speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to more consumers you speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to more consumers you speak to
+more investors that are expert in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more investors that are expert in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more investors that are expert in the
+space and you modify your approach so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you modify your approach so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you modify your approach so as
+all of you think about building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you think about building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you think about building
+companies products and Technology think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies products and Technology think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies products and Technology think
+about how are you getting it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how are you getting it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how are you getting it to the
+consumer I think the mistake that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer I think the mistake that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer I think the mistake that a lot
+of people have is they think that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have is they think that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have is they think that as
+they read the Wall Street Journal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they read the Wall Street Journal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they read the Wall Street Journal or
+Bloomberg or MSNBC is they hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg or MSNBC is they hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg or MSNBC is they hear about
+these stories of these companies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories of these companies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories of these companies and the
+stratospheric growth of these companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratospheric growth of these companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratospheric growth of these companies
+that they think success is this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they think success is this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they think success is this linear
+process when when it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process when when it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process when when it's really not
+success is really messy it's noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success is really messy it's noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success is really messy it's noisy
+there's lots of bumps lots of failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of bumps lots of failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of bumps lots of failures
+and challenges whether it be because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenges whether it be because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenges whether it be because of
+Market acceptance technology failures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market acceptance technology failures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market acceptance technology failures or
+it happens to just simply because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to just simply because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to just simply because the
+market was not ready for what that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market was not ready for what that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market was not ready for what that you
+were for what you were doing the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were for what you were doing the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were for what you were doing the goal is
+for you to figure out throughout those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to figure out throughout those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to figure out throughout those
+bumps and those curves how to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps and those curves how to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps and those curves how to identify
+opportunity and also how to modify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and also how to modify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and also how to modify your
+products and services so that brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services so that brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services so that brings us
+to business models in general there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to business models in general there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to business models in general there's
+lots of different ways to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways to think about a
+business model complexity was famous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model complexity was famous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model complexity was famous for
+years I remember when I was in graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I remember when I was in graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I remember when I was in graduate
+school they would talk about business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school they would talk about business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school they would talk about business
+models sales and marketing distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models sales and marketing distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models sales and marketing distribution
+and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+mindboggling if they passed it out on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindboggling if they passed it out on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindboggling if they passed it out on an
+8 and 1 half by 11 sheet you would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and 1 half by 11 sheet you would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and 1 half by 11 sheet you would need
+a magnifying glass to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnifying glass to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnifying glass to figure out what
+was happening because the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening because the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening because the distribution
+channels were not as sophisticated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels were not as sophisticated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels were not as sophisticated the
+technology was not as sophisticated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was not as sophisticated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was not as sophisticated so
+you had complex models and Within These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had complex models and Within These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had complex models and Within These
+complex models there were lots of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex models there were lots of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex models there were lots of points
+of failure lots of points where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failure lots of points where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failure lots of points where you're
+reseller or your OEM Channel your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reseller or your OEM Channel your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reseller or your OEM Channel your
+original equipment manufacturer or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equipment manufacturer or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equipment manufacturer or your
+distributor was failing lots of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor was failing lots of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor was failing lots of points
+where the manufacturing was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the manufacturing was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the manufacturing was not
+succeeding or the retail environment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding or the retail environment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding or the retail environment was
+struggling so what's happened is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling so what's happened is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling so what's happened is you've
+seen simplification of business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen simplification of business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen simplification of business models
+these ideas that become simplified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas that become simplified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas that become simplified in
+such a way where you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way where you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way where you say to
+yourself I'm building this and I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm building this and I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm building this and I want it
+to be in the hands of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the hands of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the hands of these people
+whether that be a consumer a doctor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that be a consumer a doctor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that be a consumer a doctor a
+lawyer it happens to be a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer it happens to be a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer it happens to be a large
+corporation what's the easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation what's the easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation what's the easiest way to
+get there and leveraging Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and leveraging Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and leveraging Technology
+leveraging all of those things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging all of those things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging all of those things that are
+out there including the good good advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there including the good good advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there including the good good advice
+of experienced people will help simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experienced people will help simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experienced people will help simplify
+this an example might be Zipcar a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an example might be Zipcar a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an example might be Zipcar a
+company we're all very familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company we're all very familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company we're all very familiar with
+this is a relatively simple business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively simple business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively simple business
+model it almost seems so simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it almost seems so simple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it almost seems so simple that
+you'd be amazed if you presented this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be amazed if you presented this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be amazed if you presented this to
+an investor and said this is our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor and said this is our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor and said this is our model
+this is it and we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it and we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it and we're going to build
+basically a company worth a publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a company worth a publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a company worth a publicly
+traded company I don't even know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded company I don't even know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded company I don't even know what
+their market cap is at right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their market cap is at right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their market cap is at right
+now fantastic successful organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fantastic successful organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fantastic successful organization
+operating globally in many cities around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating globally in many cities around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating globally in many cities around
+the world they kept it very simple very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world they kept it very simple very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world they kept it very simple very
+organized business model how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized business model how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized business model how many people
+here use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here use
+dropbox you got two-thirds of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropbox you got two-thirds of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropbox you got two-thirds of the group
+here that use dropbox when's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that use dropbox when's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that use dropbox when's the last
+time you saw a Dropbox advertisement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you saw a Dropbox advertisement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you saw a Dropbox advertisement on
+TV doesn't exist 20 years ago if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV doesn't exist 20 years ago if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV doesn't exist 20 years ago if you
+were looking to build a company you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking to build a company you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking to build a company you'd
+have to have an advertising budget you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an advertising budget you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an advertising budget you
+have to think about how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how we're going to
+wind up getting this into the hands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up getting this into the hands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up getting this into the hands of
+the right people who are the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right people who are the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right people who are the right
+people are we going to sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are we going to sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are we going to sell the
+businesses we going to sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses we going to sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses we going to sell the
+individuals what's dropbox's business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals what's dropbox's business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals what's dropbox's business
+model how come you guys know so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how come you guys know so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how come you guys know so much
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dropbox how was that word of mouth other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox how was that word of mouth other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox how was that word of mouth other
+people told you it's viral so somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people told you it's viral so somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people told you it's viral so somebody
+tells you about this incredible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about this incredible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about this incredible thing
+called Dropbox you can sign up for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Dropbox you can sign up for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Dropbox you can sign up for free
+you can get a certain amount of megabits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a certain amount of megabits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a certain amount of megabits
+of space for free and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space for free and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space for free and all of a sudden
+you start uploading photos or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start uploading photos or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start uploading photos or you're
+sharing PowerPoint presentations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing PowerPoint presentations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing PowerPoint presentations and
+documents and your friend signs on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and your friend signs on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and your friend signs on then
+all of a sudden you tell three other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you tell three other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you tell three other
+friends and they sign on and then all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and they sign on and then all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and they sign on and then all of
+a sudden when that is shown as viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden when that is shown as viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden when that is shown as viable
+before you know it they've got an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know it they've got an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know it they've got an entire
+model here that is making them a fortune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here that is making them a fortune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here that is making them a fortune
+because they have now have businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have now have businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have now have businesses
+and large what they call Pro subscribers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large what they call Pro subscribers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large what they call Pro subscribers
+large users paying large dollars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large users paying large dollars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large users paying large dollars in
+order to access that data it's fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to access that data it's fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to access that data it's fantastic
+does that look like a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like a complicated
+business model no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model no not
+really here's another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really here's another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really here's another example of
+Simplicity rules we have the luxury of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity rules we have the luxury of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity rules we have the luxury of
+leveraging Technology and we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging Technology and we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging Technology and we also have
+different types of mechanisms in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of mechanisms in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of mechanisms in order
+for us to educate consumers viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to educate consumers viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to educate consumers viral
+marketing is certainly one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is certainly one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is certainly one of those
+we'll talk about today so simply put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about today so simply put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about today so simply put
+your business model is not your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business model is not your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business model is not your business
+please remember that the business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please remember that the business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please remember that the business model
+and business model Innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business model Innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business model Innovation is
+critical in developing a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical in developing a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical in developing a quality
+business attacking new markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business attacking new markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business attacking new markets and
+driving profitability just as Bob had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving profitability just as Bob had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving profitability just as Bob had
+shared earlier the ability to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared earlier the ability to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared earlier the ability to modify
+change and and dwarf your your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and and dwarf your your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and and dwarf your your uh
+business model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model is
+critical because just one small change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because just one small change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because just one small change
+can make all of the difference and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make all of the difference and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make all of the difference and we're
+going to talk about some companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some companies have
+made small changes and has made all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made small changes and has made all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made small changes and has made all of
+the difference in their success so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in their success so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in their success so um
+I'll do sort of the academic part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do sort of the academic part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do sort of the academic part of
+this presentation and give you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presentation and give you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presentation and give you sort of
+components of the business model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the business model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the business model and
+then we're going to talk about some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about some good
+examples and then I'm going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then I'm going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then I'm going to leave
+plenty of time for for a Q&A and and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of time for for a Q&A and and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of time for for a Q&A and and end
+on time as I promised Joe uh so from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time as I promised Joe uh so from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time as I promised Joe uh so from a
+business model perspective there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model perspective there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model perspective there's lots
+of components there's aspects of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components there's aspects of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components there's aspects of a
+business model that just should exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model that just should exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model that just should exist
+overall they're pretty simple what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they're pretty simple what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they're pretty simple what is
+the value proposition what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value proposition what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value proposition what are the
+market segments that you're targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market segments that you're targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market segments that you're targeting
+what are the value chain and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the value chain and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the value chain and what is the
+structure of that value chain Who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of that value chain Who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of that value chain Who's
+involved in it what is your position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it what is your position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it what is your position
+within that value Network are you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that value Network are you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that value Network are you at the
+early early stage from a standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early early stage from a standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early early stage from a standpoint of
+manufacturing are you at the end stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing are you at the end stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing are you at the end stage
+from a standpoint of actually delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a standpoint of actually delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a standpoint of actually delivering
+the product or service to the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product or service to the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product or service to the consumer
+or are you somewhere in the middle how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are you somewhere in the middle how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are you somewhere in the middle how
+do you generate revenue and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you generate revenue and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you generate revenue and how do you
+generate margins and those are two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate margins and those are two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate margins and those are two very
+different things there are companies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things there are companies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things there are companies out
+there we all know that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we all know that generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we all know that generate
+tremendous amounts of Revenue and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amounts of Revenue and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amounts of Revenue and their
+margins are are are very tiny 1% half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are are are very tiny 1% half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are are are very tiny 1% half a
+percent or less but they make it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or less but they make it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or less but they make it up
+because the revenue is so extreme you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the revenue is so extreme you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the revenue is so extreme you
+have other companies out there that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other companies out there that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other companies out there that have
+exceptionally High margins tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally High margins tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally High margins tremendously
+High margins not very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High margins not very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High margins not very large
+Revenue think about luxury goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue think about luxury goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue think about luxury goods
+resellers take a look at an average you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resellers take a look at an average you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resellers take a look at an average you
+know consumer that goes out and buys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know consumer that goes out and buys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know consumer that goes out and buys a
+luxury bag or a nice suit or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury bag or a nice suit or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury bag or a nice suit or an
+expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+watch well I can go buy a watch from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch well I can go buy a watch from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch well I can go buy a watch from
+Movado or I can go buy a watch from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movado or I can go buy a watch from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movado or I can go buy a watch from
+Swatch these are beautiful watches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swatch these are beautiful watches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swatch these are beautiful watches
+they're made by large manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made by large manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made by large manufacturing
+groups they're going through a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups they're going through a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups they're going through a very very
+sophisticated distribution Channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated distribution Channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated distribution Channel and
+they're made in the tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made in the tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made in the tens of
+thousands those watches are sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands those watches are sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands those watches are sold
+anywhere between you know $39 $49 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between you know $39 $49 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between you know $39 $49 up to
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+$1,000 and they're sold in the thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and they're sold in the thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and they're sold in the thousands
+through retailers that you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through retailers that you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through retailers that you see in the
+mall through retailers that are online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall through retailers that are online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall through retailers that are online
+and also through big box sellers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also through big box sellers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also through big box sellers like
+Walmart or Costco or others you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart or Costco or others you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart or Costco or others you think
+wow that's interesting someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that's interesting someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that's interesting someone like
+Swatch and also Movado which is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swatch and also Movado which is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swatch and also Movado which is much
+higher end they both sell through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher end they both sell through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher end they both sell through
+similar distribution channels they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar distribution channels they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar distribution channels they do
+tremendous volume so they have very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous volume so they have very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous volume so they have very very
+high revenues but their margins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high revenues but their margins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high revenues but their margins are
+incredibly small the goal is saturate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly small the goal is saturate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly small the goal is saturate
+the market get as many people to buy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market get as many people to buy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market get as many people to buy as
+possible take a look at other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible take a look at other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible take a look at other types of
+products that are similar that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that are similar that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that are similar that are
+called watches very often they're then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called watches very often they're then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called watches very often they're then
+called time pieces where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time pieces where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time pieces where you have
+watches that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watches that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watches that are
+handmade or they're made in a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handmade or they're made in a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handmade or they're made in a very very
+subtle way where it's a lot of onhand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle way where it's a lot of onhand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle way where it's a lot of onhand or
+or craftsman work and Craftsman Design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or craftsman work and Craftsman Design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or craftsman work and Craftsman Design
+very low on the manufacturing side it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low on the manufacturing side it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low on the manufacturing side it
+might take months to make a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take months to make a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take months to make a particular
+watch if not longer and the watch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch if not longer and the watch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch if not longer and the watch is
+sell for tens of thousands or hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for tens of thousands or hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for tens of thousands or hundreds
+of thousands of dollars you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of dollars you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of dollars you think about
+IWC P Philip many of these watches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IWC P Philip many of these watches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IWC P Philip many of these watches
+they'll sell for $100,000 or $50,000 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll sell for $100,000 or $50,000 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll sell for $100,000 or $50,000 for
+a watch totally different business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a watch totally different business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a watch totally different business
+model their margins are very large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model their margins are very large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model their margins are very large but
+their overall revenues are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their overall revenues are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their overall revenues are relatively
+small because they don't sell a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because they don't sell a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because they don't sell a lot of
+pieces right think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right think about
+mercedesbenz and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercedesbenz and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercedesbenz and think about
+Ford if you base success on the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford if you base success on the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford if you base success on the total
+number of vehicles sold Ford kills them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vehicles sold Ford kills them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vehicles sold Ford kills them
+year in and year out if you base it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in and year out if you base it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in and year out if you base it on
+margins well it's a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins well it's a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins well it's a slightly different
+story Ford has some products that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story Ford has some products that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story Ford has some products that are
+incredibly High margins like their SUVs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly High margins like their SUVs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly High margins like their SUVs
+they have other products like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have other products like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have other products like their
+low-end cars that are very low margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-end cars that are very low margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-end cars that are very low margins
+but they're looking to get adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're looking to get adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're looking to get adoption
+within a particular Marketplace Mercedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a particular Marketplace Mercedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a particular Marketplace Mercedes
+much different story very high margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different story very high margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different story very high margins
+on virtually every vehicle they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on virtually every vehicle they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on virtually every vehicle they sell
+much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower
+volume so all of these things have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so all of these things have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so all of these things have to be
+taken into consideration you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into consideration you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into consideration you cannot
+choose your business model because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your business model because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your business model because it
+seemed like it made sense because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like it made sense because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like it made sense because you
+saw a competitor doing it you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a competitor doing it you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a competitor doing it you have to
+figure out where are you within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where are you within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where are you within that
+particular value Network the competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value Network the competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value Network the competitive
+strategy plays into that and what stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy plays into that and what stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy plays into that and what stage
+of development is the company so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development is the company so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development is the company so I'm
+going to flip through a couple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flip through a couple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flip through a couple of these
+slides and we'll dive into some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and we'll dive into some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and we'll dive into some examples
+and and I'm hoping you guys have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm hoping you guys have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm hoping you guys have lots of
+questions at that point so um the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at that point so um the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at that point so um the value
+proposition which is really number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition which is really number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition which is really number one
+here um is really a description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um is really a description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um is really a description of the
+customer problem the solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer problem the solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer problem the solution that
+addresses that problem and the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that problem and the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that problem and the value of
+this solution from the customer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution from the customer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution from the customer's
+perspective the customer's perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the customer's perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the customer's perspective
+is very important here right if I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important here right if I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important here right if I am
+buying let's say an Apple product which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying let's say an Apple product which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying let's say an Apple product which
+I see a lot of here well there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a lot of here well there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a lot of here well there's a lot
+of things there that I as a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things there that I as a consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things there that I as a consumer
+might be attracted to I love the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be attracted to I love the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be attracted to I love the design
+of it the size of it the feel of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the size of it the feel of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the size of it the feel of it the
+way it operates right if for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it operates right if for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it operates right if for example
+you're buying a desktop computer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying a desktop computer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying a desktop computer and you
+chose to pick out a Dell or you chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to pick out a Dell or you chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to pick out a Dell or you chose to
+pick out another type of manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out another type of manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out another type of manufacturer
+not like apple maybe you're buying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like apple maybe you're buying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like apple maybe you're buying it
+for entirely different reasons than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entirely different reasons than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entirely different reasons than that
+Apple user so think about what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple user so think about what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple user so think about what is it
+that the customer perceives as value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the customer perceives as value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the customer perceives as value is
+the customer looking for low cost or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer looking for low cost or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer looking for low cost or are
+they looking for you know speed are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looking for you know speed are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looking for you know speed are they
+looking for something and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something and you need to
+make sure that your value proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your value proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your value proposition
+offers that from a market segmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that from a market segmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that from a market segmentation
+perspective it's choosing your audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's choosing your audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's choosing your audience
+and uh we could talk about this entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we could talk about this entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we could talk about this entirely
+uh throughout this class but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout this class but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout this class but I'm going
+to keep it short you have to know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it short you have to know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it short you have to know who
+that ultimate end user is who is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimate end user is who is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimate end user is who is that
+person that's going to write that check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's going to write that check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's going to write that check
+recognizing that different market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that different market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that different market
+segments have different needs if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments have different needs if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments have different needs if you're
+selling we'll use the example I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling we'll use the example I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling we'll use the example I did a
+moment ago if you're selling to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago if you're selling to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago if you're selling to that
+high-end watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end watch
+buyer who's buying essentially a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer who's buying essentially a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer who's buying essentially a Time
+piece that's going to be passed down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that's going to be passed down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that's going to be passed down for
+Generations that's a different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations that's a different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations that's a different type of
+buyer a different type of a marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer a different type of a marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer a different type of a marketing
+approach than if you're selling a Swatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach than if you're selling a Swatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach than if you're selling a Swatch
+watch which borders on a disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch which borders on a disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch which borders on a disposable
+watch if it last five years it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch if it last five years it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch if it last five years it's
+fantastic by then you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic by then you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic by then you probably have
+bought three or four more watches same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought three or four more watches same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought three or four more watches same
+thing for computers and cars and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for computers and cars and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for computers and cars and many
+other things additionally value chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things additionally value chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things additionally value chain
+structure and position in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and position in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and position in the value
+Network are critical to this and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network are critical to this and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network are critical to this and they're
+part of that initial slide I shared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that initial slide I shared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that initial slide I shared so
+what is the firm's position in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the firm's position in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the firm's position in the value
+chain what are the activities within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain what are the activities within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain what are the activities within the
+value chain and how the firm will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chain and how the firm will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chain and how the firm will
+capture part of the value that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture part of the value that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture part of the value that it
+creates within that chain because where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates within that chain because where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates within that chain because where
+you fit within that chain and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit within that chain and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit within that chain and how much
+of it you own is really really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you own is really really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you own is really really important
+to know if you're Netflix think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if you're Netflix think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if you're Netflix think about
+where are you in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chain excellent so y asked uh if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain excellent so y asked uh if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain excellent so y asked uh if I could
+describe the value chain so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the value chain so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the value chain so think about
+the entire cycle and I'll use Netflix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cycle and I'll use Netflix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cycle and I'll use Netflix as
+an example because I mentioned it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example because I mentioned it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example because I mentioned it so
+what does Netflix do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does Netflix do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does Netflix do
+essentially distri their distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially distri their distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially distri their distribution to
+who user the end user they are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who user the end user they are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who user the end user they are at the
+far end whichever end you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far end whichever end you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far end whichever end you want to call
+the far end they're at the far end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far end they're at the far end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far end they're at the far end of
+the cycle right there's not much after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle right there's not much after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle right there's not much after
+that right they're Distributing a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right they're Distributing a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right they're Distributing a movie
+something entertaining to us if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something entertaining to us if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something entertaining to us if you
+think about that entire value chain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that entire value chain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that entire value chain or
+that entire cycle it goes all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire cycle it goes all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire cycle it goes all the way
+way back way way way way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back way way way way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back way way way way back to
+somebody maybe a year ago or 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody maybe a year ago or 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody maybe a year ago or 20 years
+ago that had an idea for a picture an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that had an idea for a picture an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that had an idea for a picture an
+idea for a movie or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for a movie or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for a movie or a
+film who then as they move through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film who then as they move through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film who then as they move through that
+value chain maybe they found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chain maybe they found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chain maybe they found a
+screenwriter they ultimately perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter they ultimately perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter they ultimately perhaps
+found a studio that studio ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a studio that studio ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a studio that studio ultimately
+made a decision whether they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a decision whether they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a decision whether they were going
+to fund it or not just like a venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fund it or not just like a venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fund it or not just like a venture
+capitalist movies are just like starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist movies are just like starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist movies are just like starting
+companies idea all the way through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies idea all the way through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies idea all the way through to
+the business plan to the funding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business plan to the funding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business plan to the funding that
+venture capitalist or in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist or in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist or in the case of a
+movie it's the studio that says we love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie it's the studio that says we love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie it's the studio that says we love
+it we want it the story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we want it the story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we want it the story is
+outstanding we want to buy this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding we want to buy this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding we want to buy this story
+we're going to put this much against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put this much against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put this much against it
+they then build the team right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then build the team right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then build the team right so they
+find who's going to be the lead who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find who's going to be the lead who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find who's going to be the lead who's
+going to be the second who's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the second who's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the second who's going to be
+the third who's going to be the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third who's going to be the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third who's going to be the action
+character who's going to be the Romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who's going to be the Romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who's going to be the Romantic
+where is it going to be filmed all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it going to be filmed all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it going to be filmed all of
+these aspects are just like a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aspects are just like a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aspects are just like a business
+they got to find the CEO the CFO the CTO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to find the CEO the CFO the CTO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to find the CEO the CFO the CTO
+they have to figure out where we to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to figure out where we to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to figure out where we to
+locate the company where's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the company where's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the company where's the best
+place for it to be and then at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for it to be and then at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for it to be and then at that
+point they start working on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they start working on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they start working on it and
+toiling away and filming it and filming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toiling away and filming it and filming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toiling away and filming it and filming
+could take weeks months or even years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take weeks months or even years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take weeks months or even years
+then ultimately it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately it's
+distributed now it might be distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed now it might be distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed now it might be distributed
+directly into theaters or if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into theaters or if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into theaters or if it doesn't
+get great reviews in the early early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get great reviews in the early early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get great reviews in the early early
+days of distribution it might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of distribution it might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of distribution it might actually
+go directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go directly to
+DVD and that's when Netflix jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD and that's when Netflix jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD and that's when Netflix jumps
+in so if you think about that's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so if you think about that's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so if you think about that's a long
+cycle and I probably skip skipped 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and I probably skip skipped 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and I probably skip skipped 30
+parts so where do you fit within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so where do you fit within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so where do you fit within that
+distribution channel is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution channel is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution channel is absolutely
+critical for you to understand how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for you to understand how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for you to understand how you
+think about that and where you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and where you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and where you actually
+will capitalize and make money Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will capitalize and make money Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will capitalize and make money Netflix
+also had the big challenge where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had the big challenge where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had the big challenge where they
+were facing a major competitor at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were facing a major competitor at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were facing a major competitor at that
+time when they first came to Market does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they first came to Market does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they first came to Market does
+anybody even remember who that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody even remember who that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody even remember who that
+competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor
+was right Blockbuster got their butt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right Blockbuster got their butt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right Blockbuster got their butt
+kicked by Netflix what happened well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked by Netflix what happened well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked by Netflix what happened well
+what happened was two major things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened was two major things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened was two major things
+number number one technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number one technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number one technology
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+DVDs came out VCRs were going away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs came out VCRs were going away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs came out VCRs were going away right
+so videotapes made perfect sense when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so videotapes made perfect sense when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so videotapes made perfect sense when
+you went in a blockbuster it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went in a blockbuster it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went in a blockbuster it was kind of
+big kind of bulky thing didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big kind of bulky thing didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big kind of bulky thing didn't even
+think about shipping it easy to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about shipping it easy to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about shipping it easy to break
+gets crushed doesn't work so well tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets crushed doesn't work so well tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets crushed doesn't work so well tape
+gets pulled out whatever Blockbuster had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pulled out whatever Blockbuster had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pulled out whatever Blockbuster had
+a great model they were at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great model they were at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great model they were at the end of
+the cycle to us the consumer they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle to us the consumer they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle to us the consumer they put
+little stores everywhere and they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stores everywhere and they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stores everywhere and they made
+it easy but all of a sudden the DD world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy but all of a sudden the DD world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy but all of a sudden the DD world
+came out where you were able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out where you were able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out where you were able to get
+super high def quality picture motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high def quality picture motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high def quality picture motion
+pictures on a DVD that is as flat as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures on a DVD that is as flat as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures on a DVD that is as flat as an
+envelope Netflix said hey why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope Netflix said hey why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope Netflix said hey why are we
+building stores for these things people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stores for these things people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stores for these things people
+already know the movie they want or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the movie they want or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the movie they want or they
+could use this new technology called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this new technology called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this new technology called the
+internet and figure out what movie they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and figure out what movie they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and figure out what movie they
+want we'll just mail it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we'll just mail it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we'll just mail it to
+them the other big challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the other big challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the other big challenge that
+Blockbuster had was the whole process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster had was the whole process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster had was the whole process of
+limited supply and demand on that Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited supply and demand on that Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited supply and demand on that Supply
+so they penalized you if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they penalized you if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they penalized you if you didn't
+return the video on time because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the video on time because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the video on time because they
+were losing Revenue if you didn't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were losing Revenue if you didn't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were losing Revenue if you didn't get it
+put it in that little tiny Box by 7:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in that little tiny Box by 7:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in that little tiny Box by 7:00
+a.m. or 10: a.m. the next morning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. or 10: a.m. the next morning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. or 10: a.m. the next morning you
+got charged a fee why because somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got charged a fee why because somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got charged a fee why because somebody
+else wanted their one of three copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else wanted their one of three copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else wanted their one of three copies of
+that movie they couldn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie they couldn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie they couldn't have an
+unlimited Supply whereas the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited Supply whereas the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited Supply whereas the ability to
+reproduce and print DVDs virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce and print DVDs virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce and print DVDs virtually
+unlimited everybody in this room could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited everybody in this room could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited everybody in this room could
+order a DVD today of a hot movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a DVD today of a hot movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a DVD today of a hot movie that
+just came out it could be at your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out it could be at your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out it could be at your house
+tomorrow there's no distribution issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow there's no distribution issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow there's no distribution issue
+the ability to reproduce that DVD drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to reproduce that DVD drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to reproduce that DVD drop
+it in an envelope and mail it to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an envelope and mail it to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an envelope and mail it to you is
+effortless completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effortless completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effortless completely
+automated so what you have here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated so what you have here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated so what you have here is this
+convergence where there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence where there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence where there was an
+opportunity there was technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity there was technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity there was technological
+change whether it be DVDs or Internet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change whether it be DVDs or Internet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change whether it be DVDs or Internet or
+a combination of both that allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of both that allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of both that allowed
+Netflix to completely Crush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix to completely Crush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix to completely Crush
+Blockbuster and then Netflix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster and then Netflix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster and then Netflix then
+changed themselves didn't they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed themselves didn't they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed themselves didn't they they
+recognized that our ability to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that our ability to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that our ability to capture
+more bandwidth the ability for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bandwidth the ability for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bandwidth the ability for us to
+actually download a movie was increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually download a movie was increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually download a movie was increasing
+in many parts of the United States not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many parts of the United States not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many parts of the United States not
+everywhere not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere not
+everywhere but as our ability especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but as our ability especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but as our ability especially
+in large cities increased to download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large cities increased to download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large cities increased to download
+movies now all of a sudden it changed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies now all of a sudden it changed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies now all of a sudden it changed we
+don't even have to ship it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to ship it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to ship it to you
+anymore all you have to do is download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all you have to do is download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all you have to do is download
+it it streams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it streams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it streams to
+you and then they created a whole series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then they created a whole series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then they created a whole series
+of other distribution channels now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other distribution channels now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other distribution channels now you
+can get Netflix on your Roku you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get Netflix on your Roku you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get Netflix on your Roku you can get
+Netflix in all of these other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix in all of these other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix in all of these other areas
+so if you think about it when the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it when the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it when the guy
+that started Netflix started off it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started Netflix started off it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started Netflix started off it was
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+model people like movies and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model people like movies and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model people like movies and they're
+willing to pay for them so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for them so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for them so they could
+watch them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them at
+home DVDs are the new thing and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home DVDs are the new thing and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home DVDs are the new thing and we've
+developed a complex shipping method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a complex shipping method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a complex shipping method and
+mechanism and a model of warehousing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and a model of warehousing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and a model of warehousing
+DVDs that we can get it to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs that we can get it to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs that we can get it to people
+overnight they can keep it for a day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight they can keep it for a day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight they can keep it for a day a
+week we don't really care because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we don't really care because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we don't really care because we're
+just going to keep shipping more it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to keep shipping more it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to keep shipping more it was
+so simple like the business model could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple like the business model could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple like the business model could
+not have been easier but what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been easier but what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been easier but what they did
+is they Contin to change and morph their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they Contin to change and morph their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they Contin to change and morph their
+business model as the technology changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model as the technology changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model as the technology changed
+and they've continued to stay far ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've continued to stay far ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've continued to stay far ahead
+of the curb what is the latest latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curb what is the latest latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curb what is the latest latest
+thing that Netflix is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing they're producing movies how crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they're producing movies how crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they're producing movies how crazy
+is that like can you imagine if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like can you imagine if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like can you imagine if you were
+the CEO of Netflix and you said to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO of Netflix and you said to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO of Netflix and you said to the
+VCS when you went in to talk to them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS when you went in to talk to them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS when you went in to talk to them a
+decade ago well here's the thing I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago well here's the thing I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago well here's the thing I got a
+business idea what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business idea what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business idea what we're going to do is
+we're going to basically kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to basically kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to basically kick
+Blockbusters ass right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbusters ass right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbusters ass right we're going to
+distribute these things on DVDs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute these things on DVDs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute these things on DVDs and then
+we're going to start to do downloadable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start to do downloadable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start to do downloadable
+then by the way we're going to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the way we're going to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the way we're going to become a
+movie production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie production
+Studio their head would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio their head would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio their head would
+explode and they would just say listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode and they would just say listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode and they would just say listen
+you have no idea what you're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what you're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what you're doing and
+you don't understand how complex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand how complex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand how complex the
+market is that's why earlier I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is that's why earlier I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is that's why earlier I said
+Simplicity when you launch your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity when you launch your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity when you launch your business
+keep it simple show that that model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it simple show that that model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it simple show that that model is
+easy to understand and then from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand and then from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand and then from there
+you continue to expand who would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue to expand who would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue to expand who would have
+thought Netflix is now producing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Netflix is now producing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Netflix is now producing some of
+the best shows out there Orange is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best shows out there Orange is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best shows out there Orange is the
+New Black is one of the top shows out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Black is one of the top shows out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Black is one of the top shows out
+there produc produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there produc produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there produc produced by
+Netflix what are some of the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix what are some of the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix what are some of the other ones
+h of cards so you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of cards so you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of cards so you think about like
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+mindboggling what is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindboggling what is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindboggling what is the difference
+between Netflix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Netflix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Netflix and
+Blockbuster leadership the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster leadership the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster leadership the ability to
+change the ability to see around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the ability to see around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the ability to see around the
+next curve and actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next curve and actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next curve and actually change the
+business model of the company in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model of the company in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model of the company in order
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+adapt so I'll finish up this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt so I'll finish up this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt so I'll finish up this area
+Revenue generation margins we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue generation margins we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue generation margins we talked a
+little bit about that earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that earlier
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+strategy how will the company attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy how will the company attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy how will the company attempt to
+develop and sustain their competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and sustain their competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and sustain their competitive
+advantage and I've shared a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and I've shared a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and I've shared a little bit
+about that Netflix is a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that Netflix is a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that Netflix is a great example
+and then one other component of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other component of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other component of this is
+where are you on the field understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you on the field understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you on the field understanding
+where your business is and the Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your business is and the Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your business is and the Netflix
+example is one that's pretty clear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one that's pretty clear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one that's pretty clear you
+know when you're over in this area here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're over in this area here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're over in this area here
+where you're pilot testing and you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're pilot testing and you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're pilot testing and you're in
+the gestation area or you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gestation area or you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gestation area or you're doing the
+roll out or you're in slow growth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out or you're in slow growth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out or you're in slow growth that
+may not be the time to take on two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be the time to take on two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be the time to take on two or
+three new business models or enter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new business models or enter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new business models or enter a
+different part of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part of the distribution
+Channel but as you start to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel but as you start to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel but as you start to that
+terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+velocity that's the time when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's the time when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's the time when you start
+to really look back and say hey now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really look back and say hey now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really look back and say hey now
+let's take a look at our Market in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at our Market in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at our Market in a
+different way we've got the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way we've got the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way we've got the velocity
+whether it be the funding the adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be the funding the adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be the funding the adoption
+within the marketplace and then at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the marketplace and then at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the marketplace and then at that
+point based on the maturity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point based on the maturity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point based on the maturity you can
+start to think of expanding so where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think of expanding so where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think of expanding so where are
+you on the field It's always important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the field It's always important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the field It's always important
+to know that a lot of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that a lot of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that a lot of companies
+Blockbuster is clearly one of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster is clearly one of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster is clearly one of them that
+took their eye off the ball and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took their eye off the ball and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took their eye off the ball and they
+just focused on what they were doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focused on what they were doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focused on what they were doing and
+what they did is just stuff that we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is just stuff that we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is just stuff that we look
+at now we go gosh that was so naive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at now we go gosh that was so naive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at now we go gosh that was so naive I
+mean you thought maybe eliminating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you thought maybe eliminating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you thought maybe eliminating the
+late fees is going to solve your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late fees is going to solve your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late fees is going to solve your problem
+you thought reducing price you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought reducing price you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought reducing price you thought
+more stores is going to S I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stores is going to S I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stores is going to S I mean you
+look at that now you say wow like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that now you say wow like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that now you say wow like that's
+the best that management team could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that management team could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that management team could come
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+with they were not stepping back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they were not stepping back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they were not stepping back and
+saying where are we on the field guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where are we on the field guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where are we on the field guys
+what's happening in the entire space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in the entire space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in the entire space
+that we're playing in and where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're playing in and where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're playing in and where do we
+play great example is Google this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play great example is Google this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play great example is Google this is a
+snapshot of the Google website launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of the Google website launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of the Google website launched
+September 4th 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 4th 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 4th 1998
+isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that
+awesome has it changed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome has it changed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome has it changed very
+much think about it how cool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that is elegant I mean how simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is elegant I mean how simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is elegant I mean how simple
+look at that what it says up there index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that what it says up there index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that what it says up there index
+contains 25 million Pages soon to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains 25 million Pages soon to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains 25 million Pages soon to be
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+bigger how many trillions of pages does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger how many trillions of pages does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger how many trillions of pages does
+gole have currently indexed think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gole have currently indexed think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gole have currently indexed think about
+that but what's also important to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what's also important to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what's also important to think
+about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+this Google could have stayed just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Google could have stayed just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Google could have stayed just like
+this they could have stayed a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they could have stayed a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they could have stayed a simple
+what that's it search engine they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's it search engine they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's it search engine they could
+have been a great search engine they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a great search engine they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a great search engine they
+could have been a better search engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been a better search engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been a better search engine
+than anyone right that that was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anyone right that that was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anyone right that that was sort of
+what they were promoting we will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were promoting we will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were promoting we will find
+you what you're looking for faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you're looking for faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you're looking for faster
+better we prioritize it we have complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we prioritize it we have complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we prioritize it we have complex
+algorithms we have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we have a whole bunch of
+smart people probably from MIT that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people probably from MIT that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people probably from MIT that are
+helping you find that weird you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you find that weird you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you find that weird you're
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+right seriously right you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seriously right you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seriously right you're you're
+looking for you know you you need a pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for you know you you need a pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for you know you you need a pink
+doily that will be eight inches that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doily that will be eight inches that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doily that will be eight inches that is
+under a lamp for your grandmother's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a lamp for your grandmother's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a lamp for your grandmother's
+house or you're looking for a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or you're looking for a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or you're looking for a new
+handheld device for something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld device for something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld device for something else
+they're going to find it for you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to find it for you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to find it for you right
+I'm looking to book a trip to Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking to book a trip to Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking to book a trip to Paris
+they're going to help prioritize it best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to help prioritize it best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to help prioritize it best
+hotels Paris luxury put those in boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels Paris luxury put those in boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels Paris luxury put those in boom
+right Boolean search we all remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Boolean search we all remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Boolean search we all remember you
+know putting all the complex you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting all the complex you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting all the complex you know
+the word plus this or in quotes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word plus this or in quotes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word plus this or in quotes they
+have better algorithms than Yahoo they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better algorithms than Yahoo they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better algorithms than Yahoo they
+have better algorithms and ala Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better algorithms and ala Vista
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better algorithms and ala Vista
+better algorithms than navite the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithms than navite the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithms than navite the list
+goes on they could have stopped there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on they could have stopped there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on they could have stopped there
+and just continued to be the best search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just continued to be the best search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just continued to be the best search
+engine in the world and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in the world and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in the world and you know what
+they're still killing everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still killing everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still killing everybody in
+search killing them people that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search killing them people that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search killing them people that like
+Bing or others probably disagree but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bing or others probably disagree but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bing or others probably disagree but I
+think they kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they kill
+it but what did they do as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what did they do as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what did they do as a
+business I should say what didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I should say what didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I should say what didn't they
+do since 1998 as a business I mean look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do since 1998 as a business I mean look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do since 1998 as a business I mean look
+at what Google is today give me a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what Google is today give me a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what Google is today give me a few
+ideas one word from a bunch of you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas one word from a bunch of you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas one word from a bunch of you just
+what is Google today besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search It's a Brand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what Google Maps most of us live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Google Maps most of us live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Google Maps most of us live on
+Google Maps what else mobile mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Maps what else mobile mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Maps what else mobile mobile
+think about Google is is the mobile app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Google is is the mobile app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Google is is the mobile app
+in so many ways right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many ways right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many ways right what
+else I missed that emails email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y what I haven't heard maybe somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what I haven't heard maybe somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what I haven't heard maybe somebody
+did say is Google is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did say is Google is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did say is Google is
+data what Google is is Google is data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what Google is is Google is data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what Google is is Google is data
+they have figured out ways to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have figured out ways to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have figured out ways to capture
+store analyze everything we do Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store analyze everything we do Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store analyze everything we do Google
+knows more about us than our families do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows more about us than our families do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows more about us than our families do
+and because of that they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that they're able to
+impact the world do you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the world do you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the world do you realize that
+Google Health as an example actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Health as an example actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Health as an example actually
+provides data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides data
+completely um Anonymous data to groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely um Anonymous data to groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely um Anonymous data to groups
+like The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like The
+CDC if there is an increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDC if there is an increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDC if there is an increase in the
+number of people in the Northeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people in the Northeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people in the Northeast
+specifically Maine New Hampshire Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically Maine New Hampshire Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically Maine New Hampshire Vermont
+that are in uh the increase in searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in uh the increase in searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in uh the increase in searches
+around a particular series of symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a particular series of symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a particular series of symptoms
+at a particular time of year that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time of year that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time of year that data
+is actually given to groups like The CDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually given to groups like The CDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually given to groups like The CDC
+to help think about positioning cures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help think about positioning cures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help think about positioning cures
+positioning vaccines and positioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning vaccines and positioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning vaccines and positioning
+hospitals and support think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and support think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and support think about how
+powerful that is if there's all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful that is if there's all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful that is if there's all of a
+sudden thousands of searches because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden thousands of searches because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden thousands of searches because a
+bunch of moms in New Hampshire Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of moms in New Hampshire Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of moms in New Hampshire Vermont
+and Maine start googling you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Maine start googling you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Maine start googling you know uh
+high temperature you know all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature you know all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature you know all of these
+symptoms that might be uh relevant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that might be uh relevant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that might be uh relevant or
+regular cough or these you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular cough or these you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular cough or these you know these
+types of rashes and that's regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of rashes and that's regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of rashes and that's regularly
+Googled all of the sudden Google has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googled all of the sudden Google has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googled all of the sudden Google has a
+data set where they can see Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set where they can see Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set where they can see Trends
+before anyone else can see them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anyone else can see them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anyone else can see them they
+know everything that's happening on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything that's happening on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything that's happening on a
+very very global scale both micro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very global scale both micro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very global scale both micro and
+macro and it really helps make the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro and it really helps make the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro and it really helps make the world
+better now people will get scared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better now people will get scared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better now people will get scared and
+say you know it's about privacy and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know it's about privacy and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know it's about privacy and all
+these other things and I absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things and I absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things and I absolutely
+believe that but there is good that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that but there is good that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that but there is good that can
+be created this is a data company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created this is a data company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created this is a data company that
+is changing the world they know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing the world they know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing the world they know more
+about you because of what you search how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you because of what you search how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you because of what you search how
+long you hover over a particular part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you hover over a particular part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you hover over a particular part of
+a website what you do on a regular basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a website what you do on a regular basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a website what you do on a regular basis
+the time of day that you do it the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of day that you do it the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of day that you do it the type
+of things that you like whether it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you like whether it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you like whether it be
+the type of music the type of concerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of music the type of concerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of music the type of concerts
+the type of places you vacation the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of places you vacation the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of places you vacation the type
+of hotels that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hotels that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hotels that you
+shop all of those things are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop all of those things are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop all of those things are very
+powerful so Google is a data company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so Google is a data company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so Google is a data company
+different than what their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what their original
+business model was or at least appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was or at least appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was or at least appeared
+to be and part of it is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and part of it is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and part of it is because of
+this this is also accidental business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is also accidental business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is also accidental business
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wer I think so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wer I think so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wer I think so yeah
+all I I think you're right I think it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I I think you're right I think it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I I think you're right I think it it
+may have been accidental it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been accidental it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been accidental it might have
+been the genius of Eric Schmidt when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the genius of Eric Schmidt when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the genius of Eric Schmidt when he
+was put in there by the Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put in there by the Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put in there by the Venture
+capitalists um it might have been a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists um it might have been a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists um it might have been a lot
+of very smart board people it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very smart board people it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very smart board people it might have
+been a lot of factors um but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of factors um but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of factors um but they
+harnessed that opportunity that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harnessed that opportunity that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harnessed that opportunity that everyone
+else had any of the other search groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had any of the other search groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had any of the other search groups
+could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done
+this no matter how good the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no matter how good the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no matter how good the Google
+algorithms are they're not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are they're not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are they're not that much
+different I'm sure than some of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I'm sure than some of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I'm sure than some of the best
+search out there right I mean are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search out there right I mean are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search out there right I mean are they
+much different than bang are they much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different than bang are they much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different than bang are they much
+different than the other ones I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the other ones I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the other ones I don't
+know are those companies going to ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are those companies going to ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are those companies going to ever
+become as important on a global basis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become as important on a global basis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become as important on a global basis as
+Google I me think about Google Maps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google I me think about Google Maps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google I me think about Google Maps is
+great what about Google Earth I mean how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what about Google Earth I mean how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what about Google Earth I mean how
+many people here have not use Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people here have not use Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people here have not use Google
+Earth well both of you stand up I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth well both of you stand up I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth well both of you stand up I mean
+everybody's used Google Earth right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's used Google Earth right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's used Google Earth right it's
+the coolest thing if I'm booking a hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest thing if I'm booking a hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest thing if I'm booking a hotel
+and I'm booking a hotel in the north of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm booking a hotel in the north of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm booking a hotel in the north of
+Spain we go every year on vacation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain we go every year on vacation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain we go every year on vacation if
+I'm booking a hotel and I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm booking a hotel and I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm booking a hotel and I've never
+stayed at a hotel before I will look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed at a hotel before I will look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed at a hotel before I will look at
+it on Google Earth because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Google Earth because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Google Earth because I don't
+believe the website that says across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the website that says across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the website that says across the
+street from the beach it might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street from the beach it might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street from the beach it might mean
+across the street from the beach and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street from the beach and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street from the beach and by
+the way the street is also referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the street is also referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the street is also referred to
+as an eight Lan eight Lane highway I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an eight Lan eight Lane highway I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an eight Lan eight Lane highway I'm
+not going to be super happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be super happy with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be super happy with that
+when I show up for vacation so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I show up for vacation so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I show up for vacation so I'll
+Google Earth it I'll see where it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Earth it I'll see where it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Earth it I'll see where it is and
+I'll be able to see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to see what's happening
+it's incredibly powerful these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly powerful these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly powerful these little
+things and they know I'm searching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they know I'm searching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they know I'm searching that
+so it goes back to the data piece and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes back to the data piece and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes back to the data piece and a
+lot of it is driven around this the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it is driven around this the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it is driven around this the fact
+that the change in price for storage has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in price for storage has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in price for storage has
+dropped so dramatically has transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped so dramatically has transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped so dramatically has transformed
+every bit of Technology whether it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit of Technology whether it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit of Technology whether it be
+the ability for Netflix to download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability for Netflix to download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability for Netflix to download
+movies or store them the ability for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies or store them the ability for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies or store them the ability for you
+to get on an airplane right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get on an airplane right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get on an airplane right now and
+while you're on that airplane instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're on that airplane instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're on that airplane instead of
+watching One terribly chosen movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching One terribly chosen movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching One terribly chosen movie
+coming out of a ceiling projector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a ceiling projector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a ceiling projector you
+have a a seat in front of you that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a seat in front of you that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a seat in front of you that has a
+screen in it and you can pick from 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen in it and you can pick from 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen in it and you can pick from 30
+movies that's just storage right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that's just storage right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that's just storage right that
+plane has enough storage that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane has enough storage that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane has enough storage that we can
+pick from 30 different movies at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick from 30 different movies at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick from 30 different movies at each
+seat if you're on JetBlue you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat if you're on JetBlue you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat if you're on JetBlue you can
+actually watch streaming TV as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually watch streaming TV as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually watch streaming TV as well so
+because of this Everything's changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this Everything's changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this Everything's changed the
+rules of the game have changed so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the game have changed so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the game have changed so the
+question always is what business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question always is what business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question always is what business model
+and why and is you think about each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and is you think about each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and is you think about each of
+these different businesses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different businesses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different businesses on the
+surface if you didn't know any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface if you didn't know any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface if you didn't know any better
+you would think they were in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think they were in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think they were in the same
+business Apple sells computers so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Apple sells computers so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Apple sells computers so does
+Dell Bentley Sells Cars so does Cadillac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell Bentley Sells Cars so does Cadillac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell Bentley Sells Cars so does Cadillac
+vertu sells cell phones and so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertu sells cell phones and so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertu sells cell phones and so does
+Nokia but their distribution Channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nokia but their distribution Channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nokia but their distribution Channel and
+models are dramatically different so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are dramatically different so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are dramatically different so I'm
+going to give you a few examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a few examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a few examples of what
+I consider really innovative business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider really innovative business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider really innovative business
+models um some of uh these companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um some of uh these companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um some of uh these companies
+we've touched upon already today I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've touched upon already today I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've touched upon already today I'll
+touch upon a few of them again and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon a few of them again and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon a few of them again and we
+can go into any more detail you want or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into any more detail you want or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into any more detail you want or
+ask questions but I think Amazon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions but I think Amazon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions but I think Amazon is
+probably one of the greatest companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the greatest companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the greatest companies
+out there Jeff Bezos is an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there Jeff Bezos is an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there Jeff Bezos is an absolute
+genius might be why he's worth over $20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius might be why he's worth over $20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius might be why he's worth over $20
+billion he has figured out a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion he has figured out a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion he has figured out a company
+that he started based on the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he started based on the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he started based on the concept of
+selling books online and harnessing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling books online and harnessing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling books online and harnessing what
+was called user groups or essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called user groups or essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called user groups or essentially
+peer toer Communication in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer toer Communication in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer toer Communication in order to
+provide reviews that was the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide reviews that was the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide reviews that was the initial
+concept we're going to sell books online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to sell books online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to sell books online
+and we're going to harness the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to harness the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to harness the power of
+the internet where people provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet where people provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet where people provide
+feedback about the books they purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the books they purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the books they purchased
+were they happy with it was it good was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they happy with it was it good was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they happy with it was it good was
+it Etc right we take all this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Etc right we take all this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Etc right we take all this for
+granted now because since then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted now because since then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted now because since then we have
+we can pick movies that way we can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pick movies that way we can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pick movies that way we can pick
+restaurants that way we can pick hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants that way we can pick hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants that way we can pick hotels
+that way that user experience is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way that user experience is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way that user experience is there
+but Amazon has gone far bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Amazon has gone far bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Amazon has gone far bigger than that
+so I look at the Amazon business model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I look at the Amazon business model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I look at the Amazon business model I
+say basically it's a business model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say basically it's a business model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say basically it's a business model of
+leveraging assets that's the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging assets that's the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging assets that's the business
+model how many of you been following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how many of you been following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how many of you been following
+what Amazon's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Amazon's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Amazon's doing
+lately a couple of big announcements on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately a couple of big announcements on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately a couple of big announcements on
+Amazon in the past I don't know 30 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon in the past I don't know 30 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon in the past I don't know 30 days
+the 60 Minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60 Minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60 Minutes
+special how cool is that right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special how cool is that right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special how cool is that right if
+anything it could just be a project of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it could just be a project of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it could just be a project of
+Bezos but think about just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bezos but think about just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bezos but think about just the
+idea of the Drone concept of delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the Drone concept of delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the Drone concept of delivering
+packages in a way that actually reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages in a way that actually reaches
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages in a way that actually reaches
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+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer essentially the goal being
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer essentially the goal being
+the same day that they order right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day that they order right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day that they order right so
+they've got this drone concept that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got this drone concept that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got this drone concept that is
+going to allow these sort of robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow these sort of robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow these sort of robotic
+drones to provide people packages now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones to provide people packages now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones to provide people packages now we
+all know there's lot a red tape there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know there's lot a red tape there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know there's lot a red tape there
+you've got FC you know you've got F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got FC you know you've got F the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got FC you know you've got F the
+approval of the FAA you've got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval of the FAA you've got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval of the FAA you've got all these
+other governmental issues but the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other governmental issues but the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other governmental issues but the fact
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are thinking that far out of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are thinking that far out of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box think about this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box think about this I'm going to
+use that example before imagine if Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that example before imagine if Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that example before imagine if Jeff
+Bezos walked into his investors and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bezos walked into his investors and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bezos walked into his investors and said
+you dude I need some money I got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dude I need some money I got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dude I need some money I got this
+idea we're going to sell books online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're going to sell books online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're going to sell books online
+and people are going to tell us whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are going to tell us whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are going to tell us whether
+they like the books or not which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like the books or not which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like the books or not which will
+then enforce whether we sell more books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then enforce whether we sell more books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then enforce whether we sell more books
+or not or we clarry that author anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not or we clarry that author anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not or we clarry that author anymore
+and then soon we're going to have drones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then soon we're going to have drones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then soon we're going to have drones
+delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering
+stuff it's crazy what can't you buy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's crazy what can't you buy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's crazy what can't you buy on
+Amazon right now it's amazing I can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon right now it's amazing I can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon right now it's amazing I can buy
+I can buy tools on Amazon I can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can buy tools on Amazon I can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can buy tools on Amazon I can buy
+anything on Amazon the drones is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on Amazon the drones is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on Amazon the drones is one
+thing the latest one that came out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the latest one that came out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the latest one that came out this
+week was fantastic what was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week was fantastic what was the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week was fantastic what was the other
+release that they were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that they were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that they were talking about
+today uh this week regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh this week regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh this week regarding
+Amazon sorry say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+louder exactly did you hear that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder exactly did you hear that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder exactly did you hear that the new
+word that came out for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that came out for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that came out for this is
+definitely going to be one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to be one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to be one of those
+things that's in the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anticipatory so it's the anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory so it's the anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory so it's the anticipatory
+sort of consumer something or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of consumer something or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of consumer something or other
+right so I don't even remember what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't even remember what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't even remember what it
+is I just heard it this week I loved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just heard it this week I loved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just heard it this week I loved it
+this is going to be one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be one of those things
+that next at the end of this year it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next at the end of this year it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next at the end of this year it'll
+be the new word that falls in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the new word that falls in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the new word that falls in you know
+uh to to the uh to the dictionary uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to the uh to the dictionary uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to the uh to the dictionary uh the
+concept that they know so much about us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that they know so much about us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that they know so much about us
+that they can actually begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can actually begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can actually begin to
+anticipate what we might buy very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what we might buy very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what we might buy very
+similar to how Google is a data company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how Google is a data company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how Google is a data company
+they can anticipate what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can anticipate what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can anticipate what we're going to
+click on next right Google could pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on next right Google could pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on next right Google could pretty
+much tell so much about you just on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tell so much about you just on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tell so much about you just on what
+you're clicking on next and the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're clicking on next and the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're clicking on next and the speed of
+which you do it and how long you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do it and how long you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do it and how long you spend
+on a website Amazon does exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a website Amazon does exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a website Amazon does exactly the
+same thing we all go on to Amazon now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we all go on to Amazon now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we all go on to Amazon now
+and it'll say other people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll say other people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll say other people that
+purchased that product also bought these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased that product also bought these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased that product also bought these
+eight or here is your last purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or here is your last purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or here is your last purchases
+here's some recommendations for you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some recommendations for you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some recommendations for you it's
+gotten so good that it's so much I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten so good that it's so much I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten so good that it's so much I don't
+even understand why people do junk mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even understand why people do junk mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even understand why people do junk mail
+anymore blows my mind like who's who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore blows my mind like who's who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore blows my mind like who's who I
+get stuff in junk mail for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff in junk mail for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff in junk mail for you know
+clearly not my demographic right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not my demographic right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not my demographic right I mean
+stuff that might be perfect if I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that might be perfect if I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that might be perfect if I was a
+17-year- old girl or or an 88y or an 88y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17-year- old girl or or an 88y or an 88y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17-year- old girl or or an 88y or an 88y
+old guy I'm like why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old guy I'm like why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old guy I'm like why are they
+advertising that to me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that to me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that to me it's
+amazing it's like even when it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing it's like even when it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing it's like even when it just
+shows up it's in my mail I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up it's in my mail I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up it's in my mail I'm talking
+about inbox right so this stuff comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inbox right so this stuff comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inbox right so this stuff comes in
+you think like what a wacky way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think like what a wacky way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think like what a wacky way to make
+money Amazon's got it down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money Amazon's got it down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money Amazon's got it down they
+recommend things that make sense to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend things that make sense to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend things that make sense to me
+because they take a look I've been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they take a look I've been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they take a look I've been an
+Amazon member for years they can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon member for years they can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon member for years they can say
+listen these are the kind of books this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen these are the kind of books this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen these are the kind of books this
+guy's ordered this is the kind of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's ordered this is the kind of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's ordered this is the kind of music
+he's ordered this is the kind of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's ordered this is the kind of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's ordered this is the kind of other
+stuff hey we have some recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff hey we have some recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff hey we have some recommendations
+they're not recommending to me silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not recommending to me silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not recommending to me silly
+things that just don't make sense so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that just don't make sense so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that just don't make sense so now
+Amazon going to this next approach which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon going to this next approach which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon going to this next approach which
+is absolutely it's so MIT is I loved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely it's so MIT is I loved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely it's so MIT is I loved it
+it is it is algorithmically driven it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is algorithmically driven it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is algorithmically driven it is
+anticipatory shopping that anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory shopping that anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory shopping that anticipatory
+experience where they actually believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where they actually believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where they actually believe
+that they were going to reach a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were going to reach a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were going to reach a point
+where they have such familiarity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have such familiarity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have such familiarity with
+you that they have an idea what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that they have an idea what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that they have an idea what you were
+likely to buy next based on prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to buy next based on prior
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to buy next based on prior
+purchasing habits based on the time of
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+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing habits based on the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing habits based on the time of
+day the time of year you name it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the time of year you name it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the time of year you name it that
+what they're envisioning is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're envisioning is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're envisioning is that they
+will actually begin to ship those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually begin to ship those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually begin to ship those things
+to the closest Warehouse to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the closest Warehouse to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the closest Warehouse to you and
+deliver to them to you that day or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver to them to you that day or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver to them to you that day or the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+day it's mind B all around data Amazon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's mind B all around data Amazon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's mind B all around data Amazon's
+incredible they're leveraging assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible they're leveraging assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible they're leveraging assets
+Apple we could talk about them for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple we could talk about them for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple we could talk about them for years
+has anybody here seen the the uh Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody here seen the the uh Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody here seen the the uh Steve
+Jobs movie I just watched that coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs movie I just watched that coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs movie I just watched that coming
+back from California last week that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from California last week that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from California last week that
+thing what what a fantastic movie and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what what a fantastic movie and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what what a fantastic movie and uh
+Ashton cucher did a fantastic job as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashton cucher did a fantastic job as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashton cucher did a fantastic job as
+Steve Jobs but the genius of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Jobs but the genius of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Jobs but the genius of this guy
+really spoke about why Apple succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spoke about why Apple succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spoke about why Apple succeeded
+and it was a great story about how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a great story about how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a great story about how he
+started and got his got kicked out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and got his got kicked out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and got his got kicked out and
+came back but it's really providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back but it's really providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back but it's really providing
+convenient Solutions apple is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient Solutions apple is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient Solutions apple is about
+quality design and stuff better work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality design and stuff better work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality design and stuff better work the
+first time when you plug plug it in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time when you plug plug it in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time when you plug plug it in it
+better sync when you go to the App Store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sync when you go to the App Store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sync when you go to the App Store
+it better be there it better download if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be there it better download if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be there it better download if
+it doesn't I mean it's incredible how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't I mean it's incredible how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't I mean it's incredible how
+good they are it's all about convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good they are it's all about convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good they are it's all about convenience
+that is a totally different model than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a totally different model than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a totally different model than
+virtually every other computer company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every other computer company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every other computer company
+out there right Dell's a great company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there right Dell's a great company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there right Dell's a great company
+has a different model right we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different model right we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different model right we're going
+to build it custom you tell us what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it custom you tell us what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it custom you tell us what you
+want in it we're going to modify it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in it we're going to modify it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in it we're going to modify it any
+which way you wish and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way you wish and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way you wish and we're going to
+ship it to you it's not the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship it to you it's not the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship it to you it's not the Apple
+model who would have thought years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model who would have thought years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model who would have thought years ago
+actually many of you may not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many of you may not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many of you may not even
+remember but years ago there was no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but years ago there was no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but years ago there was no such
+thing as Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as Apple
+Stores right how do you buy an Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stores right how do you buy an Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stores right how do you buy an Apple
+computer well you bought it primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer well you bought it primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer well you bought it primarily
+online there were very few Distributors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online there were very few Distributors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online there were very few Distributors
+of Apple Computers Apple started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Apple Computers Apple started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Apple Computers Apple started off
+selling to large school systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to large school systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to large school systems and
+others and now the Apple Store is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and now the Apple Store is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and now the Apple Store is as
+common in cities in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in cities in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in cities in the United States
+and towns as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and towns as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and towns as a
+Starbucks what a different model that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks what a different model that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks what a different model that is
+totally mindboggling when most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally mindboggling when most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally mindboggling when most people
+were moving away from retail box stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving away from retail box stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving away from retail box stores
+those those expensive locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those expensive locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those expensive locations and
+moving to everything being internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to everything being internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to everything being internet
+Apple said no no no no we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple said no no no no we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple said no no no no we want to be
+closer to the consumer we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the consumer we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the consumer we want the
+experience to be superb we want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to be superb we want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to be superb we want them to
+be part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of this
+experience they then open stores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience they then open stores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience they then open stores and
+they're making tremendous money doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making tremendous money doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making tremendous money doing
+that who knows Etsy these guys are cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who knows Etsy these guys are cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who knows Etsy these guys are cool
+aren't they what a neat idea sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they what a neat idea sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they what a neat idea sort of
+doing good on a global basis I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing good on a global basis I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing good on a global basis I mean
+something that could never have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could never have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could never have been
+done years ago a business model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done years ago a business model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done years ago a business model where
+they basically figured out ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically figured out ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically figured out ways to
+harness the power of creativity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness the power of creativity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness the power of creativity the
+power of different parts of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of different parts of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of different parts of the world
+people living in small villages building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people living in small villages building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people living in small villages building
+beautiful things that would never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things that would never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things that would never be
+seen outside of probably a 500 mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen outside of probably a 500 mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen outside of probably a 500 mile
+radius of their Village if that are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of their Village if that are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of their Village if that are now
+part of this very special Network where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this very special Network where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this very special Network where
+they can build things you can go online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can build things you can go online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can build things you can go online
+and you can purchase them and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can purchase them and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can purchase them and a very
+small pieces kept by Etsy and most of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces kept by Etsy and most of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces kept by Etsy and most of it
+goes back to the artist to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the artist to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the artist to that
+individual it's it's phenomenal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual it's it's phenomenal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual it's it's phenomenal the
+that somebody sitting in Peru or Uganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody sitting in Peru or Uganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody sitting in Peru or Uganda
+or somebody sitting in a far part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somebody sitting in a far part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somebody sitting in a far part of
+Russia that builds beautiful things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia that builds beautiful things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia that builds beautiful things is
+actually selling them to people sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually selling them to people sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually selling them to people sitting
+in Japan or in Paris or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan or in Paris or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan or in Paris or in
+Boston it's absolutely incredible other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston it's absolutely incredible other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston it's absolutely incredible other
+Innovative models Zara is probably my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative models Zara is probably my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative models Zara is probably my
+favorite everybody here knows Zara at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite everybody here knows Zara at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite everybody here knows Zara at
+this point uh I love Spain and I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point uh I love Spain and I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point uh I love Spain and I love
+Zara they're they're they're in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zara they're they're they're in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zara they're they're they're in an
+absolute mindboggling story who thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute mindboggling story who thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute mindboggling story who thought
+one company could innovate an industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one company could innovate an industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one company could innovate an industry
+that has been is stagnant and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been is stagnant and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been is stagnant and without
+Innovation as the fashion industry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation as the fashion industry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation as the fashion industry the
+fashion industry has operated the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion industry has operated the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion industry has operated the same
+way for about hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for about hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for about hundred
+years they have models they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years they have models they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years they have models they have
+designers they have magazines the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers they have magazines the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers they have magazines the only
+Innovation the only Innovation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation the only Innovation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation the only Innovation that's
+actually hit the fashion industry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hit the fashion industry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hit the fashion industry is
+they sell some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell some stuff
+online they Outsource manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online they Outsource manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online they Outsource manufacturing
+they've been doing that for 75 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been doing that for 75 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been doing that for 75 years
+they have expensive high-paid designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have expensive high-paid designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have expensive high-paid designers
+and they basically have a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically have a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically have a distribution
+Channel Through retail it's been exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel Through retail it's been exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel Through retail it's been exactly
+the same way the challenge is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way the challenge is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way the challenge is that many
+people who want High fashion can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want High fashion can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want High fashion can't
+afford High fashion these guys came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford High fashion these guys came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford High fashion these guys came in
+and revolutionized the market and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revolutionized the market and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revolutionized the market and their
+business model was harnessed and built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was harnessed and built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was harnessed and built
+around time to Market that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around time to Market that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around time to Market that is the
+business model they put people at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model they put people at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model they put people at every
+fashion show that's important they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion show that's important they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion show that's important they're in
+New York Paris Milan everywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Paris Milan everywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Paris Milan everywhere and
+those people are there taking sketches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are there taking sketches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are there taking sketches
+taking digital photos and those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking digital photos and those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking digital photos and those things
+they believe the Zara consumer would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they believe the Zara consumer would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they believe the Zara consumer would
+want those things are imaged sent back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those things are imaged sent back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those things are imaged sent back
+instantly to the factory 50% of all Zara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly to the factory 50% of all Zara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly to the factory 50% of all Zara
+products are made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are made in
+Spain they're sent back they're built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain they're sent back they're built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain they're sent back they're built
+and they're sent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're sent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're sent to the
+stores virtually none of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores virtually none of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores virtually none of the products
+you find in aara last in the store more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in aara last in the store more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in aara last in the store more
+than four weeks and they will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four weeks and they will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four weeks and they will not
+continue to replenish them they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to replenish them they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to replenish them they've
+created this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this concept of
+scarcity this concept that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity this concept that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity this concept that what you're
+buying is high fashion and it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying is high fashion and it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying is high fashion and it's in a
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+Supply that is fantastic compared to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply that is fantastic compared to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply that is fantastic compared to you
+go to Macy's and there's 800 of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Macy's and there's 800 of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Macy's and there's 800 of the same
+sweaters right and there's 8,000 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweaters right and there's 8,000 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweaters right and there's 8,000 of the
+same men's shirts and if I go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same men's shirts and if I go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same men's shirts and if I go to a
+different Macy's it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Macy's it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Macy's it's exactly the same
+there's no sense of scarcity there very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sense of scarcity there very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sense of scarcity there very
+low design very high volume right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low design very high volume right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low design very high volume right
+however I walk into to I walk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I walk into to I walk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I walk into to I walk to the
+Armani shop on Newberry Street or or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armani shop on Newberry Street or or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armani shop on Newberry Street or or you
+know the fend shop and look at the bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the fend shop and look at the bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the fend shop and look at the bags
+there's a scent of scarcity high price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scent of scarcity high price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scent of scarcity high price
+limited resource this is this year's bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited resource this is this year's bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited resource this is this year's bag
+this is this year's jacket Zara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this year's jacket Zara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this year's jacket Zara
+basically turned it on its head and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically turned it on its head and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically turned it on its head and said
+no no no no we're gonna have scarcity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no we're gonna have scarcity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no we're gonna have scarcity
+and volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume and
+price and they nailed it on all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and they nailed it on all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and they nailed it on all of those
+you don't ever see the Zara stuff at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't ever see the Zara stuff at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't ever see the Zara stuff at
+Marshalls and TJ Maxx do you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marshalls and TJ Maxx do you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marshalls and TJ Maxx do you because
+they don't have excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have excess
+inventory the reason you can walk into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory the reason you can walk into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory the reason you can walk into
+Marshalls and TJ Maxx and pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marshalls and TJ Maxx and pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marshalls and TJ Maxx and pick up
+Burberry and Cartier and all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burberry and Cartier and all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burberry and Cartier and all these other
+brands is because blue uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brands is because blue uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brands is because blue uh you know
+Bloomingdales and Macy's and all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomingdales and Macy's and all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomingdales and Macy's and all of them
+overstocked on them the season changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstocked on them the season changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstocked on them the season changed
+they don't know what to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to do with the
+stuff so they slash price you know 60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so they slash price you know 60%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so they slash price you know 60%
+off 70% off 80% off then boom it's off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off 70% off 80% off then boom it's off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off 70% off 80% off then boom it's off
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Marshalls and those companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marshalls and those companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marshalls and those companies have
+created an entirely different business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an entirely different business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an entirely different business
+model of getting high quality Goods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of getting high quality Goods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of getting high quality Goods to
+Consumers and zaro said no no no we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers and zaro said no no no we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers and zaro said no no no we're
+not playing that game let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not playing that game let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not playing that game let me ask you
+this when's the last time you saw Zara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when's the last time you saw Zara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when's the last time you saw Zara
+advertisement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement on
+TV doesn't exist when's the the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV doesn't exist when's the the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV doesn't exist when's the the last
+time you saw a Macy's one day sale on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you saw a Macy's one day sale on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you saw a Macy's one day sale on
+TV once a day entirely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV once a day entirely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV once a day entirely different
+business model same industry Zara is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model same industry Zara is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model same industry Zara is
+amazing I'm going to finish off these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing I'm going to finish off these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing I'm going to finish off these
+with uh Gillette who's absolutely just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Gillette who's absolutely just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Gillette who's absolutely just
+fantastic um Gillette right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic um Gillette right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic um Gillette right here in
+Massachusetts you see him on your way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts you see him on your way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts you see him on your way to
+the airport this is the company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport this is the company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport this is the company that
+created the concept they created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the concept they created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the concept they created the
+first ever disposable razor which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ever disposable razor which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ever disposable razor which is a
+fantastic concept back in the 20s they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic concept back in the 20s they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic concept back in the 20s they
+then decided that they were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decided that they were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decided that they were going to
+stay at the cutting enter technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at the cutting enter technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at the cutting enter technology
+Gillette has over a thousand patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette has over a thousand patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette has over a thousand patents
+just around the Mach 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just around the Mach 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just around the Mach 3
+razor they have thousands of patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor they have thousands of patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor they have thousands of patents
+within in their entire portfolio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within in their entire portfolio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within in their entire portfolio and
+they will not start creating a new razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not start creating a new razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not start creating a new razor
+until almost a patent life has expired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until almost a patent life has expired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until almost a patent life has expired
+on the existing razors on the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the existing razors on the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the existing razors on the market
+they do not want to compete against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not want to compete against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not want to compete against
+themselves they've created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they've created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they've created this
+mechanism it's absolutely mindboggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism it's absolutely mindboggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism it's absolutely mindboggling
+we get the mock free razor as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the mock free razor as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the mock free razor as it
+basically comes off the assembly line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically comes off the assembly line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically comes off the assembly line in
+the United States if you go to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States if you go to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States if you go to other
+countries especially developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries especially developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries especially developing
+countries they're getting the razor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they're getting the razor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they're getting the razor that
+was hot here 5 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hot here 5 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hot here 5 years
+ago because they realize that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago because they realize that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago because they realize that they can
+sell it for a third of the price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it for a third of the price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it for a third of the price in
+large quantities those countries can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large quantities those countries can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large quantities those countries can't
+afford the Mach 3 but they can afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford the Mach 3 but they can afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford the Mach 3 but they can afford
+the one that was five years ago eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that was five years ago eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that was five years ago eight
+years ago and they're buying them by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and they're buying them by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and they're buying them by the
+millions and in addition to that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and in addition to that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and in addition to that they
+created that concept of the razor blade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that concept of the razor blade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that concept of the razor blade
+concept right it's essentially you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right it's essentially you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right it's essentially you got
+the Razor all you have to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Razor all you have to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Razor all you have to do is just
+keep buying the blades buying the blades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep buying the blades buying the blades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep buying the blades buying the blades
+and they can charge whatever they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can charge whatever they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can charge whatever they want
+for the blades or you have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blades or you have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blades or you have to start
+fresh with like shik or somebody else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh with like shik or somebody else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh with like shik or somebody else so
+it's a fantastic concept of high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fantastic concept of high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fantastic concept of high quality
+patents there in order to maintain their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents there in order to maintain their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents there in order to maintain their
+position within the marketplace and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position within the marketplace and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position within the marketplace and also
+customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+stickiness we gave them this pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickiness we gave them this pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickiness we gave them this pretty
+razor it's beautiful it's got metal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor it's beautiful it's got metal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor it's beautiful it's got metal on
+it it's got nice colors they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's got nice colors they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's got nice colors they're just
+going to keep buying the blades buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep buying the blades buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep buying the blades buying
+the blades and buying the blades so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blades and buying the blades so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blades and buying the blades so it's
+fantastic series of different business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic series of different business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic series of different business
+models within one other ones were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models within one other ones were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models within one other ones were all
+familiar with with or you know great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with with or you know great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with with or you know great
+groups like Kickstarter PayPal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups like Kickstarter PayPal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups like Kickstarter PayPal are
+really leveraging the whole P2P uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leveraging the whole P2P uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leveraging the whole P2P uh
+Revolution uh it's absolutely amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution uh it's absolutely amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution uh it's absolutely amazing
+when you see Craigslist is a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see Craigslist is a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see Craigslist is a fantastic
+example of that their website is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that their website is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that their website is about
+as sexy as the Google page there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sexy as the Google page there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sexy as the Google page there's
+really nothing attractive about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nothing attractive about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nothing attractive about it but
+it's an incredibly successful business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an incredibly successful business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an incredibly successful business
+we talked about Dell they built their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Dell they built their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Dell they built their
+entire success around the Justin Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire success around the Justin Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire success around the Justin Time
+concept we're going to build a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to build a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to build a computer
+exactly the way you want it um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the way you want it um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the way you want it um in
+addition to that you've got sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that you've got sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that you've got sort of the
+the one day one deal business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one day one deal business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one day one deal business model
+we're all familiar with our inbox it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with our inbox it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with our inbox it's
+full of living uh social and Groupon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of living uh social and Groupon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of living uh social and Groupon and
+all of these other groups in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other groups in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other groups in addition to
+that you've got other groups like price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got other groups like price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got other groups like price
+line which I think is a phenomenal model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which I think is a phenomenal model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which I think is a phenomenal model
+and really unique advertising too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really unique advertising too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really unique advertising too
+they've taken an approach unlike a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken an approach unlike a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken an approach unlike a lot
+of these groups here who you never see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these groups here who you never see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these groups here who you never see
+on TV price line is taking the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV price line is taking the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV price line is taking the approach
+of using somebody like Shatner or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using somebody like Shatner or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using somebody like Shatner or other
+people that basically get them excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that basically get them excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that basically get them excited
+about you set your price you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you set your price you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you set your price you're in
+control and some of us love that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and some of us love that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and some of us love that right
+some people love Price Line I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people love Price Line I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people love Price Line I have
+friends that use Price Line all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends that use Price Line all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends that use Price Line all of the
+time some of us just jump on and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some of us just jump on and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some of us just jump on and we just
+go to expedia.com we book our hotel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to expedia.com we book our hotel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to expedia.com we book our hotel or
+we go to the new one hotel tonight which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the new one hotel tonight which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the new one hotel tonight which
+is my favorite app especially when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite app especially when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite app especially when I'm
+going to different cities you jump on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to different cities you jump on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to different cities you jump on a
+hotel tonight entirely different model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel tonight entirely different model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel tonight entirely different model
+they only list hotels after 12:00 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only list hotels after 12:00 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only list hotels after 12:00 in the
+afternoon they cut these special deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon they cut these special deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon they cut these special deals
+with the hotels for that night so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hotels for that night so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hotels for that night so you
+wind up staying at Fantastic places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up staying at Fantastic places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up staying at Fantastic places
+because they knew at 11:55 they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they knew at 11:55 they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they knew at 11:55 they had
+availability they released the rooms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability they released the rooms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability they released the rooms to
+Hotel Tonight hotel tonight kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel Tonight hotel tonight kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel Tonight hotel tonight kills
+hotels.com and other ones that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels.com and other ones that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels.com and other ones that day
+might not be the way to book a 7-Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be the way to book a 7-Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be the way to book a 7-Day
+vacation but if you're looking for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation but if you're looking for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation but if you're looking for two
+nights in New York City it's phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights in New York City it's phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights in New York City it's phenomenal
+it's all on your app not on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on your app not on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on your app not on the website
+you can't even do it on the website Uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even do it on the website Uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even do it on the website Uber
+is another fantastic example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another fantastic example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another fantastic example of that
+instant gratification car service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant gratification car service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant gratification car service
+quality not a taxi cab all web based all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality not a taxi cab all web based all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality not a taxi cab all web based all
+app based so to summarize value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app based so to summarize value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app based so to summarize value
+proposition Market segment value chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition Market segment value chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition Market segment value chain
+are really understandings that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really understandings that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really understandings that you have
+to have in this uh area of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in this uh area of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in this uh area of developing
+and business model where do you sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business model where do you sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business model where do you sit in
+the network exactly where are you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network exactly where are you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network exactly where are you on the
+field and revenue generation and margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and revenue generation and margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and revenue generation and margins
+those are two different things you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different things you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different things you have
+to think about what's important to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what's important to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what's important to you
+are you going to be a high margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to be a high margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to be a high margin
+business low volume or you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business low volume or you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business low volume or you're going to
+be a high Revenue business and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a high Revenue business and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a high Revenue business and low
+margin or you're going to try to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin or you're going to try to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin or you're going to try to do what
+Apple does which is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple does which is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple does which is a combination of
+both where do you fit within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both where do you fit within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both where do you fit within the
+competitive landscape and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive landscape and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive landscape and of course the
+stage of development of your company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development of your company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development of your company is
+critical where are you within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical where are you within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical where are you within that
+particular growth cycle and uh always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular growth cycle and uh always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular growth cycle and uh always
+remember that success consists from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that success consists from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that success consists from
+going from failure to failure without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from failure to failure without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from failure to failure without a
+awesome enthusiasm and I'll close there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome enthusiasm and I'll close there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome enthusiasm and I'll close there
+thank you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c3qNBNl1h8g.txt b/c3qNBNl1h8g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fde6b9d1339d6314b084d9c3ce808004db9a489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c3qNBNl1h8g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're ready to put together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're ready to put together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're ready to put together the
+facts that the gcd is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that the gcd is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that the gcd is a linear
+combination to prove two cool results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to prove two cool results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to prove two cool results
+one fun and the other important and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fun and the other important and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fun and the other important and and
+serious let's begin with the Die Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious let's begin with the Die Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious let's begin with the Die Hard
+example so we looked at the Die Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we looked at the Die Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we looked at the Die Hard
+State machine and we figured out uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State machine and we figured out uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State machine and we figured out uh the
+behavior of it with uh jugs of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of it with uh jugs of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of it with uh jugs of size
+three and 5 Gall and also with jugs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and 5 Gall and also with jugs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and 5 Gall and also with jugs of
+size three and six Gall let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size three and six Gall let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size three and six Gall let's look at
+the general case now now suppose that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case now now suppose that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case now now suppose that I
+have jugs of uh a gallons and B gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have jugs of uh a gallons and B gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have jugs of uh a gallons and B gallons
+where A and B are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where A and B are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where A and B are positive
+integers um now when we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers um now when we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers um now when we looked at the
+state machine we figured out that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine we figured out that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine we figured out that under
+the DI hard rules the number of gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DI hard rules the number of gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DI hard rules the number of gallons
+in each bucket at any stage is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each bucket at any stage is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each bucket at any stage is a linear
+combination of the bucket sizes so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the bucket sizes so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the bucket sizes so at
+any point that in after any sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point that in after any sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point that in after any sequence of
+moves of Die Hard moves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves of Die Hard moves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves of Die Hard moves uh
+in each bucket there will be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each bucket there will be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each bucket there will be a linear
+combination of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+B now the point is that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now the point is that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now the point is that linear
+combinations of A and B are the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and B are the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and B are the same as
+multiples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of the
+gcd the reason is that um uh the gcd is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd the reason is that um uh the gcd is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd the reason is that um uh the gcd is
+a divisor of A and B of course it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divisor of A and B of course it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divisor of A and B of course it's a
+common divisor and therefore it divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor and therefore it divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor and therefore it divides
+any linear combination of A and B so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination of A and B so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination of A and B so any
+linear combination of A and B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of A and B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of A and B is a
+multiple of the GC G CD and the gcd is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the GC G CD and the gcd is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the GC G CD and the gcd is
+itself a linear combination so linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a linear combination so linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a linear combination so linear
+combinations of A and B are the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and B are the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and B are the same as
+multiples of gcd so that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of gcd so that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of gcd so that gives us a
+pretty good understanding of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding of what the
+amounts that we can get in the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts that we can get in the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts that we can get in the various
+buckets are um we can only get multiples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets are um we can only get multiples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets are um we can only get multiples
+of gcds but in fact you can get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gcds but in fact you can get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gcds but in fact you can get any
+multiple of the gcd of A and B into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the gcd of A and B into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the gcd of A and B into a
+bucket providing it'll fit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket providing it'll fit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket providing it'll fit in the
+bucket that's the same as saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket that's the same as saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket that's the same as saying that
+you can get any linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get any linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get any linear combination
+amount of A and B into a bucket if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of A and B into a bucket if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of A and B into a bucket if
+there's room for it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's room for it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's room for it in the
+bucket so let's see how to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket so let's see how to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket so let's see how to do that so
+suppose that I have a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I have a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I have a linear combination
+of A and B sa plus TB that will fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B sa plus TB that will fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B sa plus TB that will fit in
+bucket B meaning it's greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket B meaning it's greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket B meaning it's greater than or
+equal to zero and it's less than b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and it's less than b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and it's less than b so
+it's it's a number of gallons that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a number of gallons that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a number of gallons that could
+fit into bucket B how do I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into bucket B how do I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into bucket B how do I get that
+amount into bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount into bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount into bucket
+B and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and here's
+how um we can assume that s is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um we can assume that s is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um we can assume that s is positive
+we've already seen uh that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen uh that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen uh that we can
+arrange that to be the case and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that to be the case and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that to be the case and so what
+I want what we're going to do is repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want what we're going to do is repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want what we're going to do is repeat
+the following procedure s times I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following procedure s times I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following procedure s times I'm
+going to fill up bucket a and pour it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fill up bucket a and pour it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fill up bucket a and pour it
+into bucket B whenever b gets full fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bucket B whenever b gets full fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bucket B whenever b gets full fill
+filled up I'll just dump it so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled up I'll just dump it so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled up I'll just dump it so that it's
+empty and I can keep uh filling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and I can keep uh filling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and I can keep uh filling up
+bucket a and pouring it into bucket B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket a and pouring it into bucket B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket a and pouring it into bucket B
+and I repeat that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I repeat that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I repeat that s
+times now when I do that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now when I do that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now when I do that the total
+number of times that I filled bucket uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that I filled bucket uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that I filled bucket uh
+uh a is s time so the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a is s time so the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a is s time so the total amount of
+water that I have uh taken from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that I have uh taken from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that I have uh taken from the
+faucet or from the fountain is s x a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faucet or from the fountain is s x a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faucet or from the fountain is s x a and
+uh I've poured it into B and then dumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've poured it into B and then dumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've poured it into B and then dumped
+it leaving only some amount that's in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leaving only some amount that's in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leaving only some amount that's in B
+that's less than b so the amount that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than b so the amount that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than b so the amount that's
+left after pouring in sa gallons uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after pouring in sa gallons uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after pouring in sa gallons uh and
+dumping out what won't fit I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping out what won't fit I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping out what won't fit I'm left with
+some amount that's non- negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount that's non- negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount that's non- negative and
+less than b in bucket B okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than b in bucket B okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than b in bucket B okay now the
+point is that the number of emptying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that the number of emptying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that the number of emptying of
+bucket B must be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket B must be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket B must be exactly
+T which is why the amount of of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is why the amount of of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is why the amount of of water
+that's left in bucket B is sa minus TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left in bucket B is sa minus TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left in bucket B is sa minus TB
+and the reason why it has to be minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why it has to be minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why it has to be minus t
+is that um if I've got sa there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um if I've got sa there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um if I've got sa there if
+I had uh more than T emptying I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had uh more than T emptying I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had uh more than T emptying I would
+have had bucket bego negative there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had bucket bego negative there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had bucket bego negative there just
+isn't enough room for it and if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough room for it and if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough room for it and if I had
+fewer than t uh emptying then the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than t uh emptying then the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than t uh emptying then the bucket
+would have an amount larger than b in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an amount larger than b in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an amount larger than b in it
+so the only possible uh number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possible uh number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possible uh number of
+emptying of B is minus t remember T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emptying of B is minus t remember T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emptying of B is minus t remember T is
+negative so minus t is a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so minus t is a positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so minus t is a positive number
+and that means that I've put in sa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that I've put in sa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that I've put in sa and
+taken out t B and I'm left with exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out t B and I'm left with exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out t B and I'm left with exactly
+the linear combination sa minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TB so in fact there's no need to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB so in fact there's no need to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB so in fact there's no need to count
+because uh you don't need to need need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you don't need to need need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you don't need to need need
+to know what sa and t uh what s& T are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what sa and t uh what s& T are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what sa and t uh what s& T are
+because you can just knowing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just knowing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just knowing that you
+can get any desired amount that's a li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get any desired amount that's a li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get any desired amount that's a li
+that's a multiple of the gcd into bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a multiple of the gcd into bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a multiple of the gcd into bucket
+B you just keep doing this process until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you just keep doing this process until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you just keep doing this process until
+you get the amount that you want so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the amount that you want so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the amount that you want so you
+fill bucket a you pour it into B when B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill bucket a you pour it into B when B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill bucket a you pour it into B when B
+fills you empty it you just keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills you empty it you just keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills you empty it you just keep track
+of how much how many gallons there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much how many gallons there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much how many gallons there are
+in bucket B and you keep going until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bucket B and you keep going until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bucket B and you keep going until you
+get the amount that you want and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the amount that you want and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the amount that you want and then
+you're done
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cAFh3oWw6Vc.txt b/cAFh3oWw6Vc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fe9130d596ce12b2245ed9422e608201dc82617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cAFh3oWw6Vc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's look at where we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at where we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at where we are in the
+class so this is the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so this is the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so this is the class
+calendar so you can see today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar so you can see today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar so you can see today is
+virtually kind of the midpoint of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually kind of the midpoint of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually kind of the midpoint of the
+semester now the other thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester now the other thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester now the other thing is the
+reading list so today again contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading list so today again contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading list so today again contract
+theory mechanism design there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory mechanism design there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory mechanism design there's only one
+starred reading it's rentals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starred reading it's rentals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starred reading it's rentals with
+unobserved outputs this chapter five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved outputs this chapter five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved outputs this chapter five of
+medville there is a not starred reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medville there is a not starred reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medville there is a not starred reading
+and I have material on that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have material on that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have material on that in the
+lecture today it's this distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today it's this distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today it's this distributed
+Ledger MIT book this chapter although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger MIT book this chapter although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger MIT book this chapter although
+I've learned a little bit more since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned a little bit more since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned a little bit more since I
+wrote the book which was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the book which was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the book which was published
+yesterday and uh I'll share with you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and uh I'll share with you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and uh I'll share with you a
+little bit of that in the lecture anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that in the lecture anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that in the lecture anyway
+this is all optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all optional
+not quite sure how many of you have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sure how many of you have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sure how many of you have been
+following Bitcoin and so on but as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following Bitcoin and so on but as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following Bitcoin and so on but as I
+keep saying every time an economic topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep saying every time an economic topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep saying every time an economic topic
+comes up that relates to bitcoin as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that relates to bitcoin as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that relates to bitcoin as it
+did with the ledgers last time then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the ledgers last time then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the ledgers last time then I
+weave that into the lecture so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave that into the lecture so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave that into the lecture so this is
+going to be about today the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about today the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about today the second half
+of the lecture is about smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture is about smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture is about smart
+contracts and then for the study guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then for the study guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then for the study guide
+today I can call on a few of you or get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I can call on a few of you or get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I can call on a few of you or get
+volunteers uh someone Define for me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers uh someone Define for me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers uh someone Define for me the
+concept of a household balance sheet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a household balance sheet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a household balance sheet and
+also the income statement just say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the income statement just say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the income statement just say a few
+words about uh what's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about uh what's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about uh what's on
+those financial statements Armando do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those financial statements Armando do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those financial statements Armando do
+you want to take a crack at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh yeah sure so uh um the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh yeah sure so uh um the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh yeah sure so uh um the balance
+sheet is where you keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet is where you keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet is where you keep track of the
+everything that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that um
+um so I'm I'm actually not sure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm I'm actually not sure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm I'm actually not sure which is
+which but I know one of them is involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which but I know one of them is involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which but I know one of them is involves
+that you keep track of your assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you keep track of your assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you keep track of your assets and
+and your liabilities I believe yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your liabilities I believe yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your liabilities I believe yeah
+that's the balance sheet yes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the balance sheet yes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the balance sheet yes the the
+statement of income is like U all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of income is like U all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of income is like U all the
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+in as well as all the money that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as well as all the money that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as well as all the money that goes
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+expenditures that's right good okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures that's right good okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures that's right good okay yeah
+the balance sheet has uh assets on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet has uh assets on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet has uh assets on one
+side liabilities on the other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side liabilities on the other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side liabilities on the other they
+necessarily balance hopefully the assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily balance hopefully the assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily balance hopefully the assets
+are greater than the liabilities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than the liabilities and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than the liabilities and the
+difference is equity so the liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is equity so the liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is equity so the liability
+side of the balance sheet also has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the balance sheet also has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the balance sheet also has an
+equity component which is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity component which is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity component which is how much
+wealth you own that you do do not own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth you own that you do do not own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth you own that you do do not own
+owe to other people through debt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe to other people through debt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe to other people through debt the
+income statement you you stated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement you you stated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement you you stated it
+properly yes you have revenues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly yes you have revenues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly yes you have revenues and
+expenses now if you take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses now if you take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses now if you take the difference
+you'll have profits or net income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have profits or net income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have profits or net income and
+then a couple of other lines on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a couple of other lines on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a couple of other lines on that
+income statement were how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement were how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement were how you
+dispose of your net income in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispose of your net income in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispose of your net income in terms of
+either consuming it or saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either consuming it or saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either consuming it or saving
+it but your answer was great thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but your answer was great thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but your answer was great thank
+you then we talked about in class life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then we talked about in class life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then we talked about in class life
+cycle planning can someone tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle planning can someone tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle planning can someone tell me what
+it is exactly when what we mean by life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is exactly when what we mean by life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is exactly when what we mean by life
+cycle planning and can I take a shot did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle planning and can I take a shot did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle planning and can I take a shot did
+yeah sure uh so it's like you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure uh so it's like you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure uh so it's like you're sort of
+planning what your actually like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning what your actually like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning what your actually like what
+choices you're going to make like over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you're going to make like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you're going to make like over
+your entire entire life so like what s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire entire life so like what s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire entire life so like what s
+like you're sort of like making like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're sort of like making like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're sort of like making like
+planning ahead for like how much you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning ahead for like how much you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning ahead for like how much you're
+going to spend like get based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend like get based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend like get based on your
+information about what you expect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what you expect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what you expect your
+income is going to be and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is going to be and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is going to be and stuff like
+that yeah that's good yeah it's like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's good yeah it's like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's good yeah it's like now
+to when you die or when you uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when you die or when you uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when you die or when you uh give
+requests to your kids or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to your kids or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to your kids or something and
+typically it's year by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's year by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's year by
+year uh and it it's kind of I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh and it it's kind of I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh and it it's kind of I guess I
+would say the point I didn't ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the point I didn't ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the point I didn't ask this
+but the point of life cycle planning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point of life cycle planning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point of life cycle planning is
+to manage your assets in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage your assets in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage your assets in such a way that
+your consumption would be as smooth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumption would be as smooth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumption would be as smooth as
+possible over the years of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible over the years of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible over the years of your life
+uh and sometimes you can't achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes you can't achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes you can't achieve that
+exactly the other thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the other thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the other thing that people
+associate with the life cycle planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the life cycle planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the life cycle planning
+is an outcome of that process namely you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outcome of that process namely you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outcome of that process namely you
+have a peak where you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a peak where you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a peak where you're you're
+accumulating assets early on as a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating assets early on as a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating assets early on as a young
+saber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saber
+um with consumption less than income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with consumption less than income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with consumption less than income and
+and then you start spending down those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you start spending down those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you start spending down those
+assets when your income sources diminish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets when your income sources diminish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets when your income sources diminish
+especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+retire okay and then we applied it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire okay and then we applied it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire okay and then we applied it to
+Thailand I'm not sure exactly what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand I'm not sure exactly what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand I'm not sure exactly what to
+ask about can well maybe if one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about can well maybe if one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about can well maybe if one of you
+could tell me a special feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell me a special feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell me a special feature
+of the economic life of Thai villagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economic life of Thai villagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economic life of Thai villagers
+that somehow we incorporated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow we incorporated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow we incorporated into the
+life cycle planner that you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle planner that you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle planner that you would not
+typically see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+US gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US gift
+giving say it again the gift giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving say it again the gift giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving say it again the gift giving
+which sort of like evens out the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of like evens out the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of like evens out the income
+excellent that's what I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent that's what I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent that's what I was looking
+for yeah so it looks like an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah so it looks like an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah so it looks like an individual
+operating in isolation or at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in isolation or at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in isolation or at least you
+know most borrowing or lending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most borrowing or lending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most borrowing or lending and
+acquiring Financial assets but In tha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring Financial assets but In tha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring Financial assets but In tha
+Villages those households interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages those households interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages those households interact with
+one another by giving gifts and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another by giving gifts and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another by giving gifts and so on so
+the way it was in the equation was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was in the equation was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was in the equation was that
+it smoothed out the downfalls in income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it smoothed out the downfalls in income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it smoothed out the downfalls in income
+because the gifts would be coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gifts would be coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gifts would be coming in and
+likewise you know smooth over the Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you know smooth over the Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you know smooth over the Peaks
+because you give those those Peaks away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you give those those Peaks away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you give those those Peaks away
+in terms of gifts to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of gifts to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of gifts to other
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can someone tell me what is the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me what is the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me what is the concept
+of a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ledger is it basically just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger is it basically just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger is it basically just like a
+publicly recorded like where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly recorded like where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly recorded like where you can
+have Financial transactions be recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Financial transactions be recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Financial transactions be recorded
+and like available to other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like available to other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like available to other people to
+see yeah so it's a ledger as in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah so it's a ledger as in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah so it's a ledger as in an
+accounting Ledger it's uh it includes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting Ledger it's uh it includes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting Ledger it's uh it includes a
+list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+transactions but but in addition to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions but but in addition to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions but but in addition to that
+applying to a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to a given
+individual it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual it's
+Consolidated so that it includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated so that it includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated so that it includes the
+transactions in and out as if it were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in and out as if it were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in and out as if it were on
+a common Ledger a ledger that will apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common Ledger a ledger that will apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common Ledger a ledger that will apply
+to to all the households that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to all the households that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to all the households that are
+participating the twist in that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating the twist in that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating the twist in that is the
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+distributed so although it's common it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so although it's common it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so although it's common it's
+not supposed to be held by one Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to be held by one Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to be held by one Central
+party everyone's supposed to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party everyone's supposed to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party everyone's supposed to have an
+identical copy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ledger and in class I complained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and in class I complained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and in class I complained a
+little bit about uh when we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about uh when we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about uh when we tried to
+create one for the tie data it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one for the tie data it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one for the tie data it didn't
+quite work does someone remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why dexon want to take a stab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh I'm actually not really sure why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I'm actually not really sure why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I'm actually not really sure why
+it didn't work okay that's fine anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else what'll be fair was only on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what'll be fair was only on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what'll be fair was only on one
+slide and there was a lot of material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and there was a lot of material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and there was a lot of material so
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight
+uh we didn't have the distributed Ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we didn't have the distributed Ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we didn't have the distributed Ledger
+running when I collected the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running when I collected the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running when I collected the data
+instead we took the answers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we took the answers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we took the answers the
+households gave us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households gave us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households gave us to the
+questionnaires and created Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires and created Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires and created Financial
+accounts out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts out of the
+answers income statement balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers income statement balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers income statement balance sheet
+and statement of cash flow so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statement of cash flow so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statement of cash flow so we have
+the financial accounts for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial accounts for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial accounts for all the
+households but we didn't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households but we didn't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households but we didn't try to
+reconcile them to see if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile them to see if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile them to see if they were
+consistent with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with one
+another so in fact when they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so in fact when they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so in fact when they buy
+something for cash they tell us who it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for cash they tell us who it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for cash they tell us who it
+was potentially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was potentially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was potentially in the
+village I buy something from Jay Jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village I buy something from Jay Jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village I buy something from Jay Jay
+should show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show
+up with a the same transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a the same transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a the same transaction
+where Jay is selling and getting cash in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Jay is selling and getting cash in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Jay is selling and getting cash in
+return so it's one common transaction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so it's one common transaction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so it's one common transaction it
+should show up on distributed Ledger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up on distributed Ledger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up on distributed Ledger but
+because the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data
+didn't try to reconcile all the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't try to reconcile all the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't try to reconcile all the entries
+as they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were
+reported it was not unusual for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported it was not unusual for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported it was not unusual for one
+household to report a transaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household to report a transaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household to report a transaction with
+another household that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another household that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another household that the other
+household did not in turn report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household did not in turn report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household did not in turn report
+back the point being being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the point being being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the point being being that
+distributed ledgers are an excellent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers are an excellent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers are an excellent way
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+reconciling transactions live in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling transactions live in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling transactions live in real
+time so that they become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accurate okay and then we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay and then we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay and then we went to
+Thailand and talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand and talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand and talked about
+currency and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency and there was
+this the whole lecture was about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the whole lecture was about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the whole lecture was about you
+know solving planning problems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solving planning problems can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solving planning problems can
+someone tell me in words a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tell me in words a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tell me in words a bit about
+this Miller or model of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Miller or model of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Miller or model of cash
+management um so in the Miller or model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management um so in the Miller or model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management um so in the Miller or model
+like the net expenditures are the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the net expenditures are the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the net expenditures are the sum of
+like smaller recurrent expenditures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like smaller recurrent expenditures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like smaller recurrent expenditures and
+like infrequent larger ones that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like infrequent larger ones that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like infrequent larger ones that have
+like a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lower
+probability um and so like the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um and so like the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um and so like the goal of
+the household would be to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household would be to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household would be to minimize the
+cost um and I remember there was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um and I remember there was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um and I remember there was like a
+Bellman equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bellman equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bellman equation for
+that that's good you remember the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's good you remember the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's good you remember the two
+components of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the cost
+um there was the flow opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was the flow opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was the flow opportunity
+CA um and also adjustment cause yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA um and also adjustment cause yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA um and also adjustment cause yeah
+yeah so the flow opportunity cost is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the flow opportunity cost is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the flow opportunity cost is the
+foregone interest from holding cash if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foregone interest from holding cash if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foregone interest from holding cash if
+you have currency in the house it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have currency in the house it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have currency in the house it's not
+at the bank it's not earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bank it's not earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bank it's not earning
+interest so that's kind of the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so that's kind of the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so that's kind of the flow
+opportunity cost and then every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost and then every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost and then every time you
+go to a bank either deposit or withdraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a bank either deposit or withdraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a bank either deposit or withdraw
+the currency there's a trans a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currency there's a trans a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currency there's a trans a real
+transactions cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so finally we get to Kenya and imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so finally we get to Kenya and imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so finally we get to Kenya and imp
+PESA can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PESA can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PESA can
+someone describe for me uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone describe for me uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone describe for me uh let's see
+who's online here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's online here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's online here
+um what exactly is imp PESA and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what exactly is imp PESA and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what exactly is imp PESA and how it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+works I'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volunteer I think it's a a mobile like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer I think it's a a mobile like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer I think it's a a mobile like
+phone based money transfer service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone based money transfer service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone based money transfer service and
+you like pay a small fee and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like pay a small fee and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like pay a small fee and then you
+can transfer money to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transfer money to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transfer money to someone
+else um and it requires trust in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um and it requires trust in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um and it requires trust in in the
+service I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service I
+guess what are they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what are they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what are they actually
+transferring around electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is it not just like I guess like e e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it not just like I guess like e e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it not just like I guess like e e
+money it's e money it's it's minut isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's e money it's it's minut isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's e money it's it's minut isn't
+it it's a sell account yes that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a sell account yes that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a sell account yes that's right
+it's it's actually credits like you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually credits like you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually credits like you buy
+credits for phone usage in advance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits for phone usage in advance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits for phone usage in advance from
+safaricom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safaricom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safaricom
+so it's just like you would pay a bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just like you would pay a bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just like you would pay a bill
+at the end of the month they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the month they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the month they're kind of
+like paying a bill at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like paying a bill at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like paying a bill at the beginning of
+the month they're buying cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month they're buying cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month they're buying cell phone
+credits but they don't intend to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits but they don't intend to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits but they don't intend to use it
+on their cell phone not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their cell phone not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their cell phone not
+necessarily instead they transfer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily instead they transfer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily instead they transfer it
+around buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around buy
+things and people cash out they reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and people cash out they reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and people cash out they reverse
+the transaction so it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can uh it's like you know mileage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh it's like you know mileage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh it's like you know mileage that
+you get on an airplane for for but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on an airplane for for but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on an airplane for for but you
+but then you can sell your miles so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you can sell your miles so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you can sell your miles so they
+can cash out by selling their e credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cash out by selling their e credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cash out by selling their e credit
+back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+company so in some respects it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so in some respects it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so in some respects it's not so
+novel it's just it's just an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel it's just it's just an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel it's just it's just an electronic
+account in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in this case
+denominated in terms of credits on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominated in terms of credits on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominated in terms of credits on your
+cell phone but what what is novel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone but what what is novel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone but what what is novel about
+it is that it can be transferred around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that it can be transferred around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that it can be transferred around
+at very low cost and you can cash in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low cost and you can cash in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low cost and you can cash in and
+cash out so it kind of looks like money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash out so it kind of looks like money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash out so it kind of looks like money
+because you can use it on your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can use it on your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can use it on your phone
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+money course then you start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money course then you start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money course then you start to think
+about it what is money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what is money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what is money
+really it it doesn't have to be Fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it it doesn't have to be Fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it it doesn't have to be Fiat
+money the paper stuff like you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the paper stuff like you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the paper stuff like you can have
+a checking account in a commercial Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a checking account in a commercial Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a checking account in a commercial Bank
+in the US and pay bills online out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and pay bills online out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and pay bills online out of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+account it's not Central Bank reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account it's not Central Bank reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account it's not Central Bank reserves
+or Fiat money but it is money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Fiat money but it is money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Fiat money but it is money in the
+sense that it's used widely in exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's used widely in exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's used widely in exchange
+and has a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity okay the trust thing was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay the trust thing was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay the trust thing was a good
+comment because we're going to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment because we're going to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment because we're going to come to
+that today in the lecture in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today in the lecture in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today in the lecture in terms of
+uh in this case people trust safaricom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case people trust safaricom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case people trust safaricom
+to enter the transactions properly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the transactions properly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the transactions properly and
+to not cheat after the fact not to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not cheat after the fact not to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not cheat after the fact not to steal
+the money and to allow them to cash it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money and to allow them to cash it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money and to allow them to cash it
+out uh but a lot of people are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh but a lot of people are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh but a lot of people are more
+paranoid about third party providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoid about third party providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoid about third party providers
+depending on the context so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the context so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the context so we'll get
+to how to solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how to solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how to solve that problem
+today okay so this lecture comes in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so this lecture comes in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so this lecture comes in two
+halves contract theory and mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves contract theory and mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves contract theory and mechanism
+design is all of it the first half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is all of it the first half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is all of it the first half is
+going to feature an application in back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feature an application in back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feature an application in back
+to our favorite stomping ground the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our favorite stomping ground the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our favorite stomping ground the
+medieval village economy and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval village economy and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval village economy and then as
+I've already anticipated the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already anticipated the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already anticipated the second half
+is going to focus on generalizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to focus on generalizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to focus on generalizing the
+concepts and talking about smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and talking about smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and talking about smart
+contracts and validation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and validation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and validation and
+Trust okay so if you looked at this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust okay so if you looked at this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust okay so if you looked at this map
+in this case it's not England it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's not England it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's not England it's
+France you would see these solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France you would see these solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France you would see these solid
+filled-in circles the little Cheerios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled-in circles the little Cheerios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled-in circles the little Cheerios
+and the empty circles which and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the empty circles which and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the empty circles which and small
+dependent settlements so these stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent settlements so these stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent settlements so these stand for
+villas with only domain so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villas with only domain so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villas with only domain so to speak
+which means everyone worked for the Lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means everyone worked for the Lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means everyone worked for the Lord
+and didn't own their own land there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't own their own land there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't own their own land there are
+mixed Villages that have domain but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed Villages that have domain but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed Villages that have domain but the
+households own some of their own land as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households own some of their own land as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households own some of their own land as
+well and then Villages where the Lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then Villages where the Lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then Villages where the Lord
+like the bishop of Winchester in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the bishop of Winchester in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the bishop of Winchester in England
+doesn't own any of the land at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't own any of the land at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't own any of the land at all and
+these are just scattered little hamlets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just scattered little hamlets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just scattered little hamlets
+so you know you can start to spot some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can start to spot some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can start to spot some
+patterns here this is kind of the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns here this is kind of the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns here this is kind of the chief
+of state of the Lord the Lord of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state of the Lord the Lord of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state of the Lord the Lord of this
+area these little Cheerios surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area these little Cheerios surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area these little Cheerios surrounding
+are halfway filled in with some land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are halfway filled in with some land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are halfway filled in with some land
+directly farmed for the Lord and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly farmed for the Lord and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly farmed for the Lord and then a
+little further out you get these Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further out you get these Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further out you get these Open
+Circles where the Lord does not directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circles where the Lord does not directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circles where the Lord does not directly
+have a claim on the land although there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a claim on the land although there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a claim on the land although there
+may be taxes due okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be taxes due okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be taxes due okay so that's
+summarized in this first slide under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized in this first slide under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized in this first slide under
+Alternative forms of organization when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternative forms of organization when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternative forms of organization when
+it's held in domain only then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's held in domain only then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's held in domain only then
+essentially The Peasant population are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially The Peasant population are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially The Peasant population are
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+slaves and others there was no land like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves and others there was no land like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves and others there was no land like
+that instead there were not labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead there were not labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead there were not labor
+obligations but H but households were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations but H but households were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations but H but households were
+obliged to pay rent to the Lord a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to pay rent to the Lord a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to pay rent to the Lord a
+certain amount of grain that was due and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of grain that was due and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of grain that was due and
+we'll come back to what that contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to what that contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to what that contract
+might have looked like and those empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have looked like and those empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have looked like and those empty
+Open Circles were really far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Circles were really far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Circles were really far away from
+the central Monastery so we got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central Monastery so we got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central Monastery so we got three
+different kinds of organization here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of organization here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of organization here and
+where theory that we're about to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where theory that we're about to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where theory that we're about to write
+down is going to say well maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is going to say well maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is going to say well maybe these
+forms of organization varied from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of organization varied from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of organization varied from one
+Village to the next depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village to the next depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village to the next depending on how
+close they they were to The Manor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close they they were to The Manor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close they they were to The Manor in
+particular because there's private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because there's private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because there's private
+information and if you're very close up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and if you're very close up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and if you're very close up
+then essentially the Lord sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially the Lord sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially the Lord sees
+everything and if you're very far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and if you're very far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and if you're very far away
+it's extremely costly and difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely costly and difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely costly and difficult for
+the Lord to see everything and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lord to see everything and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lord to see everything and so those
+exchanges have to be incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges have to be incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges have to be incentive
+compatible and induced Concepts we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and induced Concepts we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and induced Concepts we're
+going to Define today or you may see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define today or you may see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define today or you may see
+nothing except with a cost where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing except with a cost where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing except with a cost where there's
+an audit like a tax Authority going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audit like a tax Authority going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audit like a tax Authority going in
+to actually take a close look but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually take a close look but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually take a close look but at
+some cost so here's the model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost so here's the model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost so here's the model for
+Simplicity just imagine there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity just imagine there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity just imagine there are two
+agents only one Lord named agent two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents only one Lord named agent two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents only one Lord named agent two and
+one agent named agent one that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one agent named agent one that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one agent named agent one that's a
+standin for the entire Villa population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standin for the entire Villa population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standin for the entire Villa population
+so agent one here is seeing his or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so agent one here is seeing his or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so agent one here is seeing his or her
+endowment one stands for the household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment one stands for the household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment one stands for the household
+number Epsilon for the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Epsilon for the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Epsilon for the fact that the
+endowments are the yields of crops grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments are the yields of crops grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments are the yields of crops grown
+on the land farmed by agent one and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the land farmed by agent one and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the land farmed by agent one and are
+random and furthermore at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and furthermore at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and furthermore at least
+initially only seen by agent one The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially only seen by agent one The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially only seen by agent one The
+Villa we can simplify this notation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villa we can simplify this notation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villa we can simplify this notation was
+here deliberately to try to remind you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here deliberately to try to remind you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here deliberately to try to remind you a
+bit of things that we've done earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of things that we've done earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of things that we've done earlier in
+other lectures where Epsilon was a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lectures where Epsilon was a shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lectures where Epsilon was a shock
+we talked about portfolios of land there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about portfolios of land there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about portfolios of land there
+a function of shocks and so on but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of shocks and so on but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of shocks and so on but in
+fact this whole object can be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this whole object can be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this whole object can be just
+summarized by Theta a value lying in sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized by Theta a value lying in sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized by Theta a value lying in sub
+some set Capital Theta occurring with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set Capital Theta occurring with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set Capital Theta occurring with
+realizations P of theta agent two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations P of theta agent two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations P of theta agent two the
+lower Bo we're going to simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Bo we're going to simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Bo we're going to simplify the
+endowment is public there's no private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is public there's no private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is public there's no private
+information there agent 2 is again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there agent 2 is again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there agent 2 is again the
+central Monastery both these endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Monastery both these endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Monastery both these endowments
+the E1 of Epsilon or Theta on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E1 of Epsilon or Theta on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E1 of Epsilon or Theta on the one
+hand and W on the other can be more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and W on the other can be more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and W on the other can be more than
+one crop it can be multiple crops so K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one crop it can be multiple crops so K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one crop it can be multiple crops so K
+is the dimension of the vector but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dimension of the vector but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dimension of the vector but what
+do these guys do the two agents agree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these guys do the two agents agree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these guys do the two agents agree to
+a plan a resource allocation rule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan a resource allocation rule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan a resource allocation rule which
+allows agent one the guy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows agent one the guy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows agent one the guy with the
+private information to be sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private information to be sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private information to be sending
+messages to uh agent 2 and uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to uh agent 2 and uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to uh agent 2 and uh as a
+result of the message some tax is paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the message some tax is paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the message some tax is paid
+from agent one to agent two so little m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from agent one to agent two so little m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from agent one to agent two so little m
+is a particular message Big M here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular message Big M here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular message Big M here is
+the set of all possible messages or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all possible messages or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all possible messages or the
+message space this is quite an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message space this is quite an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message space this is quite an abstract
+concept it could be something like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept it could be something like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept it could be something like it
+rained today or how's the weather over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rained today or how's the weather over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rained today or how's the weather over
+there or you know I lost my plow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or you know I lost my plow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or you know I lost my plow this
+abstract message space but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract message space but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract message space but we're going
+to give it some meaning the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it some meaning the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it some meaning the meaning
+happens through this allocation rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens through this allocation rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens through this allocation rule
+namely if Theta is the true endowment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if Theta is the true endowment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if Theta is the true endowment of
+agent one how much is the tax f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one how much is the tax f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one how much is the tax f is a
+function of what is said M and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what is said M and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what is said M and they all
+agree to this abstract message space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to this abstract message space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to this abstract message space and
+to this allocation rule F so agent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this allocation rule F so agent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this allocation rule F so agent one
+can map what he says into his overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can map what he says into his overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can map what he says into his overall
+outcome so let's suppose the agent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so let's suppose the agent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so let's suppose the agent one
+knows exactly what he or she wants to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows exactly what he or she wants to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows exactly what he or she wants to do
+namely when his or her endowment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely when his or her endowment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely when his or her endowment is
+Theta the best possible message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the best possible message that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the best possible message that
+could be sent in that abstract space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be sent in that abstract space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be sent in that abstract space is
+will put a star on an M star of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put a star on an M star of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put a star on an M star of theta
+this is the maximizing message sent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximizing message sent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximizing message sent by
+agent one to agent two when his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one to agent two when his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one to agent two when his his
+endowment is actually Theta this is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is actually Theta this is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is actually Theta this is way
+to write the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the fact that it's
+maximizing namely the overall outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing namely the overall outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing namely the overall outcome
+for agent one and ter terms of agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for agent one and ter terms of agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for agent one and ter terms of agent
+one's utility is as high as it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's utility is as high as it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's utility is as high as it can
+possibly be relative to any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be relative to any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be relative to any other
+possible message that could be sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible message that could be sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible message that could be sent
+there may be ties but at least mstar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be ties but at least mstar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be ties but at least mstar is
+maximal the inequality doesn't go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal the inequality doesn't go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal the inequality doesn't go the
+other way if it went the other way less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way if it went the other way less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way if it went the other way less
+than or equal to there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to there would be a
+message M that did better than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M that did better than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M that did better than what we
+said is the maximum and that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the maximum and that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the maximum and that would be a
+contradiction so 83 is just a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so 83 is just a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so 83 is just a statement
+of maximization now this holds for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximization now this holds for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximization now this holds for any
+other Poss possible message Little M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Poss possible message Little M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Poss possible message Little M and
+in particular if the reality had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if the reality had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if the reality had been
+something else say Theta Tilda and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else say Theta Tilda and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else say Theta Tilda and not
+Theta M Star would still denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta M Star would still denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta M Star would still denote the
+maximizing message but it would maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing message but it would maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing message but it would maximize
+that Theta Tilda the role that it plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta Tilda the role that it plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta Tilda the role that it plays
+here is that is a particular message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that is a particular message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that is a particular message
+like m a particular counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like m a particular counterfactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like m a particular counterfactual
+message but because it's a valid message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message but because it's a valid message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message but because it's a valid message
+although it would have been sent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it would have been sent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it would have been sent in
+different circumstances we just can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances we just can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances we just can
+substitute M star of theta Tilda up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute M star of theta Tilda up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute M star of theta Tilda up on
+the right hand side as a particular M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side as a particular M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side as a particular M
+since 83 holds for all possible M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 83 holds for all possible M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 83 holds for all possible M and
+that gives us this expression 84 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us this expression 84 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us this expression 84 so the
+the way to read this is that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to read this is that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to read this is that when the
+agents true endowment is Theta C Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents true endowment is Theta C Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents true endowment is Theta C Theta
+on both sides and mstar Theta is maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides and mstar Theta is maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides and mstar Theta is maximal
+that weakly dominates saying what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weakly dominates saying what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weakly dominates saying what the
+that actual dominates what the agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actual dominates what the agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actual dominates what the agent
+would have said in the counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said in the counterfactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said in the counterfactual
+situation where though his endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where though his endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where though his endowment
+were Theta he could said mstar of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Theta he could said mstar of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Theta he could said mstar of theta
+Tilla you with me so far so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilla you with me so far so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilla you with me so far so these are
+just simple statements of maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple statements of maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple statements of maximization
+and notation now we're going to make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notation now we're going to make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notation now we're going to make a a
+bigger move here although it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger move here although it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger move here although it seems
+rather innocuous we're going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather innocuous we're going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather innocuous we're going to change
+the message space and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message space and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message space and we're going to
+change the allocation rule the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the allocation rule the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the allocation rule the way we're
+going to specialize the message space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to specialize the message space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to specialize the message space is
+to require that the agent announce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require that the agent announce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require that the agent announce
+values of theta they're still not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta they're still not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta they're still not seen
+by the monastery agent 2 but the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the monastery agent 2 but the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the monastery agent 2 but the message
+space is my output was high this year my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is my output was high this year my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is my output was high this year my
+output was low etc for as many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output was low etc for as many possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output was low etc for as many possible
+values of endowment as there might be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of endowment as there might be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of endowment as there might be so
+we change the message space the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the message space the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the message space the next
+thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we
+do is change the transfer rule well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is change the transfer rule well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is change the transfer rule well for
+one thing we have to define the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we have to define the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we have to define the transfer
+rule over messages about Theta so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule over messages about Theta so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule over messages about Theta so we
+denote that g of theta but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that g of theta but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that g of theta but actually
+we're not going to quote unquote change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to quote unquote change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to quote unquote change
+the rule we're going to Define G G to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule we're going to Define G G to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule we're going to Define G G to be
+the same function f but F used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function f but F used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function f but F used to
+operate on abstract messages where G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on abstract messages where G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on abstract messages where G
+operates on messages about the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on messages about the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on messages about the actual
+endowment so the right hand side here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment so the right hand side here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment so the right hand side here is
+a composite function right you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a composite function right you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a composite function right you you have
+Theta Tilda you send message M star of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Tilda you send message M star of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Tilda you send message M star of
+theta Tilda F acts on that so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta Tilda F acts on that so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta Tilda F acts on that so it's a
+composition of F and M whereas G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of F and M whereas G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of F and M whereas G
+operates directly on messages about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates directly on messages about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates directly on messages about
+output there is another way to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output there is another way to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output there is another way to see this
+which is where we're KN in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we're KN in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we're KN in terms of the
+result the agent knows the maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the agent knows the maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the agent knows the maximizing
+action for every possible Theta so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for every possible Theta so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for every possible Theta so he
+could program the computer to do what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could program the computer to do what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could program the computer to do what he
+wants it to do in terms of sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants it to do in terms of sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants it to do in terms of sending a
+message up to whatever key gets pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message up to whatever key gets pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message up to whatever key gets pushed
+so effectively he starts pushing keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively he starts pushing keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively he starts pushing keys
+that denote the Theta in this case Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that denote the Theta in this case Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that denote the Theta in this case Theta
+Tilda instead of actually sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda instead of actually sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda instead of actually sending a
+message the computer sends the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message the computer sends the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message the computer sends the message
+on behalf of the agent of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of the agent of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of the agent of course the
+agent has a one has coded all up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent has a one has coded all up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent has a one has coded all up so the
+the computer functions properly in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer functions properly in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer functions properly in on
+behalf of the agent's best interest all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of the agent's best interest all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of the agent's best interest all
+right so now we've changed two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we've changed two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we've changed two things
+the message space and the allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message space and the allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message space and the allocation
+rule and now we go back to previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and now we go back to previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and now we go back to previously
+derived equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived equation
+84 just said this thing but start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 just said this thing but start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 just said this thing but start
+substituting mstar of theta Tilda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting mstar of theta Tilda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting mstar of theta Tilda is
+composed with f will be G of theta Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with f will be G of theta Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with f will be G of theta Tilda
+on the left hand side F composed with M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side F composed with M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side F composed with M
+star of theta will be G of theta just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of theta will be G of theta just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of theta will be G of theta just by
+the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of
+g so we get this we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so we get this we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so we get this we get
+85 that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85 that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85 that's just
+substitution but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution but it's
+powerful okay so now we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful okay so now we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful okay so now we can start
+calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it
+misleadingly a truth-telling constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleadingly a truth-telling constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleadingly a truth-telling constraint
+now no one's choking this guy to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now no one's choking this guy to death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now no one's choking this guy to death
+he doesn't he he gets to say whatever he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't he he gets to say whatever he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't he he gets to say whatever he
+wants but under this new message space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants but under this new message space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants but under this new message space
+with the G allocation rule when Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the G allocation rule when Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the G allocation rule when Theta
+actually happens he wants to say it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens he wants to say it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens he wants to say it did
+as opposed to when Theta actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to when Theta actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to when Theta actually
+happens lying and saying that it's Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens lying and saying that it's Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens lying and saying that it's Theta
+Tila so this constraint 85 which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tila so this constraint 85 which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tila so this constraint 85 which was
+actually derived just from a principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derived just from a principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derived just from a principle
+of maximization actually starts looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximization actually starts looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximization actually starts looking
+like a truth telling constraint where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a truth telling constraint where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a truth telling constraint where
+the space of messages is the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of messages is the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of messages is the space of
+possible outputs and now miraculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outputs and now miraculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outputs and now miraculously
+the agent going to tell the monastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent going to tell the monastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent going to tell the monastery
+the truth about it the bill is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth about it the bill is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth about it the bill is going to
+tell the monastery the truth about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the monastery the truth about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the monastery the truth about it
+but we're not kind of insisting on Truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not kind of insisting on Truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not kind of insisting on Truth
+telling 85 is derived as a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling 85 is derived as a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling 85 is derived as a first
+principle they're called incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they're called incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they're called incentive
+compatibility constraints anyway so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility constraints anyway so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility constraints anyway so once
+this mechanism is in place whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanism is in place whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanism is in place whenever
+Theta happens the agent will say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta happens the agent will say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta happens the agent will say so
+affecting G the G is actually would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting G the G is actually would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting G the G is actually would have
+what would have happened under the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened under the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened under the old
+mechanism when Theta happens and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism when Theta happens and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism when Theta happens and the
+agent announced M Star of theta in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent announced M Star of theta in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent announced M Star of theta in the
+abstract space so it this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract space so it this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract space so it this is now
+achieving exactly the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving exactly the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving exactly the same set of
+allocations in fact we could call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations in fact we could call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations in fact we could call them
+shock contingent allocations if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock contingent allocations if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock contingent allocations if you go
+back you know to the very early notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know to the very early notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know to the very early notation
+with the shock in there it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the shock in there it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the shock in there it looks like
+the agent is announcing what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent is announcing what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent is announcing what those
+shocks are and under this allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks are and under this allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks are and under this allocation
+rule we'll be telling the truth about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we'll be telling the truth about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we'll be telling the truth about
+them as long as 85 is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as long as 85 is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as long as 85 is part of the
+system so just like before when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so just like before when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so just like before when we had
+states of the world we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the world we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the world we talked about
+State contingent allocations like gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State contingent allocations like gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State contingent allocations like gift
+giving the RIS sharing rules and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the RIS sharing rules and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the RIS sharing rules and so on
+here again we're enumerating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again we're enumerating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again we're enumerating these
+states Epsilon in this case we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states Epsilon in this case we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states Epsilon in this case we talk
+about State contingent allocations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about State contingent allocations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about State contingent allocations so
+the method is exactly the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method is exactly the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method is exactly the same as before
+as long as we append onto the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we append onto the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we append onto the system
+constraints like 85 another way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints like 85 another way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints like 85 another way to say
+of that is all of the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is all of the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is all of the consequences of
+private information are captured by 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private information are captured by 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private information are captured by 85
+so we can go and do thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can go and do thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can go and do thing with the
+programming problems maximizing Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problems maximizing Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problems maximizing Lambda
+weighted sums of utilities subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sums of utilities subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sums of utilities subject to
+Resource constraints and so on H just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resource constraints and so on H just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resource constraints and so on H just
+append on these extra so-called truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append on these extra so-called truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append on these extra so-called truth
+telling constraints so we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling constraints so we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling constraints so we don't have to
+search over abstract message spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search over abstract message spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search over abstract message spaces
+because what's the limit of that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the limit of that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the limit of that anybody
+can come up with a message space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with a message space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with a message space it's
+too abstract and not very specific we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too abstract and not very specific we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too abstract and not very specific we
+restrict the message space but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the message space but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the message space but without
+loss of generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of generality
+and anything we could have done in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything we could have done in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything we could have done in an
+abstract way with M andf we can now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract way with M andf we can now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract way with M andf we can now do
+with Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Theta and
+G so here in fact would be a programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so here in fact would be a programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so here in fact would be a programming
+problem we're going to maximize a Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to maximize a Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to maximize a Lambda
+weighted sums of utilities little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sums of utilities little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sums of utilities little bit of
+new notation I guess if I forgot to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new notation I guess if I forgot to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new notation I guess if I forgot to say
+it earlier Theta occurs with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it earlier Theta occurs with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it earlier Theta occurs with probability
+P of theta so summing over Theta makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of theta so summing over Theta makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of theta so summing over Theta makes
+this an expected utility representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an expected utility representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an expected utility representation
+on the left hand side note that what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side note that what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side note that what the
+agent gives up minus G is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent gives up minus G is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent gives up minus G is what the
+monastery gets plus G there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery gets plus G there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery gets plus G there is an
+expected utility term for the monastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility term for the monastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility term for the monastery
+to this is a two-party contract they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is a two-party contract they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is a two-party contract they're
+going to maximize this thing we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize this thing we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize this thing we are
+going to maximize it for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize it for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize it for them to
+determine par optimal allocations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine par optimal allocations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine par optimal allocations and
+make a prediction about what they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prediction about what they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prediction about what they would
+be doing subject to this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing subject to this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing subject to this extra
+constraint 87 the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint 87 the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint 87 the so-called
+truth-telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth-telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth-telling
+constraint now you you may say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint now you you may say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint now you you may say well
+where's the resource constraint well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the resource constraint well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the resource constraint well it
+kind of got substituted in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got substituted in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got substituted in to the
+objective function because what agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function because what agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function because what agent
+one gives up is what agent two gets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gives up is what agent two gets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gives up is what agent two gets so
+there's no reason to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to talk about
+consumption of agent one and consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of agent one and consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of agent one and consumption
+of agent two and make sure that it adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of agent two and make sure that it adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of agent two and make sure that it adds
+up to the total that's just a handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the total that's just a handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the total that's just a handy
+convenience in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience in this
+setup okay so more ways to implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup okay so more ways to implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup okay so more ways to implement it
+the Villa just at the end of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Villa just at the end of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Villa just at the end of the year
+and so far this is a static problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far this is a static problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far this is a static problem the
+agent just hands over Goods to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent just hands over Goods to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent just hands over Goods to the
+monastery could be a lot could be little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery could be a lot could be little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery could be a lot could be little
+whatever it is it's totally accepted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it's totally accepted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it's totally accepted as
+a solution to this problem instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to this problem instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to this problem instead of
+saying you know oh I'm announcing Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know oh I'm announcing Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know oh I'm announcing Theta
+and I'm going to give you g of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to give you g of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to give you g of theta
+they just hand it over it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just hand it over it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just hand it over it's the same
+thing just simpler now the key is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just simpler now the key is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just simpler now the key is again
+this incentive constraint which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incentive constraint which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incentive constraint which makes
+sure that that agent one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that agent one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that agent one has the
+incentive to hand over the right amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to hand over the right amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to hand over the right amount
+the right amount being the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right amount being the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right amount being the solution to
+this programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this programming
+problem second consequence suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem second consequence suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem second consequence suppose
+there's only one good wheat you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one good wheat you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one good wheat you look at
+87 it's going to simplify to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 it's going to simplify to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 it's going to simplify to something
+trivial namely no trade why is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial namely no trade why is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial namely no trade why is that this
+says utility on the left weekly exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says utility on the left weekly exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says utility on the left weekly exceeds
+utility on the right and G of theta on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility on the right and G of theta on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility on the right and G of theta on
+the left must be less than or equal to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left must be less than or equal to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left must be less than or equal to G
+of theta Tilda on the right because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta Tilda on the right because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta Tilda on the right because it's
+the same function U and Theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function U and Theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function U and Theta is the
+same argument otherwise but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument otherwise but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument otherwise but you can
+reverse the logic and put Theta Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the logic and put Theta Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the logic and put Theta Tilda
+for the actual situation and Theta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the actual situation and Theta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the actual situation and Theta for
+the counterfactual situation you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterfactual situation you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterfactual situation you'll get
+another inequality because this holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another inequality because this holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another inequality because this holds
+for all Theta and Theta Tilda and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Theta and Theta Tilda and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Theta and Theta Tilda and then
+you're going to have the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have the consequence
+that g of theta Tilda on the left must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g of theta Tilda on the left must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g of theta Tilda on the left must
+be less than or equal to G of theta on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than or equal to G of theta on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than or equal to G of theta on
+the right now we got two inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right now we got two inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right now we got two inequalities
+less than or equal to greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to greater than or
+equal to it must be equal to so G is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to it must be equal to so G is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to it must be equal to so G is the
+same regardless of theta so at most The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same regardless of theta so at most The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same regardless of theta so at most The
+Villa is paying over to the monastery a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villa is paying over to the monastery a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villa is paying over to the monastery a
+con Conant tax but it's and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con Conant tax but it's and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con Conant tax but it's and it's not
+State contingent and it could be zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State contingent and it could be zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State contingent and it could be zero if
+we wanted to make them both better all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to make them both better all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to make them both better all
+so that degeneration does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that degeneration does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that degeneration does not
+necessarily happen if there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily happen if there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily happen if there's more than
+one good and it could be another good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good and it could be another good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good and it could be another good is
+like labor not just wheat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like labor not just wheat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like labor not just wheat and the
+specification is you know you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification is you know you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification is you know you've got to
+go here's the transfer of Wheat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here's the transfer of Wheat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here's the transfer of Wheat and
+otherwise I'm going to go work for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to go work for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to go work for your
+for you and on the land in my Village or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and on the land in my Village or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and on the land in my Village or
+chuggle off to the to the monastery to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuggle off to the to the monastery to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuggle off to the to the monastery to
+work there so there could be a wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there so there could be a wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there so there could be a wheat
+labor tradeoff as an example of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor tradeoff as an example of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor tradeoff as an example of more
+than one good and then this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one good and then this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one good and then this is not
+trivial and some trade is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and some trade is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and some trade is possible
+another special case if agent won is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another special case if agent won is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another special case if agent won is
+risk ofers in a certain way then we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk ofers in a certain way then we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk ofers in a certain way then we may
+be able to get some trade even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get some trade even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get some trade even if
+there's only one good so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one good so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one good so this is just
+going to exploit the possibility that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exploit the possibility that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exploit the possibility that if
+agent one has a strictly concave utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one has a strictly concave utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one has a strictly concave utility
+function then the degree of it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then the degree of it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then the degree of it will
+determine his or her adversity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine his or her adversity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine his or her adversity to
+lotteries so for example you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries so for example you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries so for example you might say
+I'm high today I would pay a big tax but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm high today I would pay a big tax but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm high today I would pay a big tax but
+I'm going to pretend that I'm low so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pretend that I'm low so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pretend that I'm low so
+that I pay less of a tax but that claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pay less of a tax but that claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pay less of a tax but that claim
+of having a low value may make the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having a low value may make the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having a low value may make the tax
+very random and if he's really high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very random and if he's really high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very random and if he's really high and
+that being a high value makes the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being a high value makes the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being a high value makes the guy
+very risk averse for odd reasons then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very risk averse for odd reasons then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very risk averse for odd reasons then he
+may not want to claim low because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not want to claim low because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not want to claim low because he
+prefers to avoid the the randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to avoid the the randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to avoid the the randomness
+associated with the lotteries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the lotteries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the lotteries so
+lotteries in general are going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries in general are going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries in general are going to help
+sustain trade because they exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain trade because they exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain trade because they exploit
+differential risk aversion so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential risk aversion so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential risk aversion so you know
+with that said we can now write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that said we can now write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that said we can now write this
+program up here in lotteries let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program up here in lotteries let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program up here in lotteries let's call
+Pi of to given Theta the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of to given Theta the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of to given Theta the probability of
+a transfer from agent one to agent two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer from agent one to agent two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer from agent one to agent two
+of magnitude to conditioned on the agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude to conditioned on the agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude to conditioned on the agent
+saying Theta and then this program over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Theta and then this program over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Theta and then this program over
+here becomes seven where we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes seven where we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes seven where we're still
+maximizing a weighted sum of utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing a weighted sum of utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing a weighted sum of utilities
+subject to an implicit resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to an implicit resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to an implicit resource
+constraint but one guy gives up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint but one guy gives up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint but one guy gives up the
+other guy gets in the towel but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy gets in the towel but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy gets in the towel but also
+this now revised incentive constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now revised incentive constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now revised incentive constraint
+and let me read it for you when Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me read it for you when Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me read it for you when Theta
+comes up that's the actual yield agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that's the actual yield agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that's the actual yield agent
+one says yep that's my Theta that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one says yep that's my Theta that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one says yep that's my Theta that's the
+message tells the truth about it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message tells the truth about it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message tells the truth about it that
+implements a lottery with probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements a lottery with probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements a lottery with probabilities
+Pi of tow so that summing over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of tow so that summing over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of tow so that summing over all the
+tow gives the expected utility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow gives the expected utility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow gives the expected utility of the
+agent for having Theta and telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent for having Theta and telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent for having Theta and telling the
+truth about it and on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth about it and on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth about it and on the right hand
+side is the counterfactual that although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the counterfactual that although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the counterfactual that although
+Theta came up he lies and says nope I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta came up he lies and says nope I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta came up he lies and says nope I'm
+a Theta Tilda but that comes with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Theta Tilda but that comes with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Theta Tilda but that comes with this
+potential Randomness and the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Randomness and the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Randomness and the expected
+utility on the right hand side is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility on the right hand side is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility on the right hand side is not
+greater than it is on the left so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than it is on the left so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than it is on the left so so
+that's the same kind of truth-telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same kind of truth-telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same kind of truth-telling
+incentive compatibility constraint as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive compatibility constraint as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive compatibility constraint as
+before with the simple addition that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with the simple addition that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with the simple addition that we
+have those lotteries in there you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those lotteries in there you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those lotteries in there you will
+recognize because we've done this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize because we've done this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize because we've done this before
+that with the lotteries things turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the lotteries things turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the lotteries things turn into
+linear programs so when you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programs so when you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programs so when you look at this
+the control variables are these Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variables are these Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variables are these Pi of
+TOs and in the objective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOs and in the objective function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOs and in the objective function
+they're multiplied by these leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're multiplied by these leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're multiplied by these leading
+coefficients and in the constraint set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and in the constraint set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and in the constraint set
+the control variables are again the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variables are again the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variables are again the pi
+of TOS weighted by certain coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TOS weighted by certain coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TOS weighted by certain coefficients
+so I won't repeat what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't repeat what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't repeat what we talked about
+that day when we introduced this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day when we introduced this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day when we introduced this concept
+I'm really just trying to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really just trying to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really just trying to remind you
+that we've already seen things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already seen things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already seen things like this
+except that here we have added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that here we have added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that here we have added the
+addition of these so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of these so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of these so-called
+truth-telling or incentive compatibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth-telling or incentive compatibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth-telling or incentive compatibility
+constraints also written down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints also written down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints also written down in
+lotteries and because it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries and because it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries and because it's a linear
+programming problem we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problem we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problem we can compute
+solutions to it which you've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to it which you've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to it which you've been doing
+on some of your homework problems not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of your homework problems not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of your homework problems not
+with the lotteries per se but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lotteries per se but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lotteries per se but
+Computing now there is another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing now there is another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing now there is another sort of
+twist here in terms of incentives if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist here in terms of incentives if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist here in terms of incentives if
+it's true say that high Theta guys might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true say that high Theta guys might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true say that high Theta guys might
+want to claim to be low because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to claim to be low because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to claim to be low because they
+would pay less of a tax I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay less of a tax I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay less of a tax I should say
+where is that intuition coming from if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that intuition coming from if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that intuition coming from if
+agent one is risk averse and agent two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one is risk averse and agent two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one is risk averse and agent two
+is risk-neutral then agent agent two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risk-neutral then agent agent two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risk-neutral then agent agent two
+should Bear all the risk in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Bear all the risk in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Bear all the risk in which case
+when agent one has a high value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when agent one has a high value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when agent one has a high value of theta
+he would transfer stuff to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would transfer stuff to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would transfer stuff to two and
+likewise if agent one has a low value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if agent one has a low value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if agent one has a low value of
+theta he would receive stuff from Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta he would receive stuff from Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta he would receive stuff from Two
+and consumption would be constant if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumption would be constant if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumption would be constant if it
+weren't for these incentive constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't for these incentive constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't for these incentive constraints
+but agent two doesn't have to be risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but agent two doesn't have to be risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but agent two doesn't have to be risk
+neutral they could both be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral they could both be strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral they could both be strictly
+concave people we still know that apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave people we still know that apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave people we still know that apart
+from 94 there is this monotonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 94 there is this monotonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 94 there is this monotonicity
+condition right that consumptions should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right that consumptions should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right that consumptions should
+Cove together so when Theta is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cove together so when Theta is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cove together so when Theta is high
+agent one's consumption could go up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one's consumption could go up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one's consumption could go up but
+so also should agent two meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also should agent two meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also should agent two meaning that
+some of that high value is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that high value is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that high value is being
+transferred to agent two so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to agent two so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to agent two so it's the
+same WEA or not two is risk neutral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same WEA or not two is risk neutral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same WEA or not two is risk neutral or
+not now with that intuition when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now with that intuition when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now with that intuition when the
+endowment is high agent one could claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is high agent one could claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment is high agent one could claim
+that it is low in order to avoid paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is low in order to avoid paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is low in order to avoid paying
+this transfer but there is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer but there is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer but there is a way to
+preventing from doing that it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing from doing that it's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing from doing that it's like I
+don't know I'm not a gambler myself like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I'm not a gambler myself like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I'm not a gambler myself like
+when they call you they put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they call you they put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they call you they put it on the
+table and say let me see your hand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and say let me see your hand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and say let me see your hand so
+they say okay you're claiming your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay you're claiming your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay you're claiming your your
+low actually let me apologize this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low actually let me apologize this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low actually let me apologize this goes
+the other way you only need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way you only need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way you only need to worry
+about High guys claiming to be low low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about High guys claiming to be low low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about High guys claiming to be low low
+guys cannot claim to be high why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys cannot claim to be high why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys cannot claim to be high why because
+if they claim to be high without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they claim to be high without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they claim to be high without
+necessarily taking it away they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily taking it away they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily taking it away they have to
+to display their wealth and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to display their wealth and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to display their wealth and then it
+would be clear if they can't do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be clear if they can't do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be clear if they can't do it that
+they were lying so we kind of have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were lying so we kind of have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were lying so we kind of have a
+one-way incentive constraint going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way incentive constraint going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way incentive constraint going on
+here okay that's not terribly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's not terribly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's not terribly important
+but the show and tell is uh a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the show and tell is uh a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the show and tell is uh a device
+that can be used and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used and we'll come back to
+it later all right so now let's get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later all right so now let's get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later all right so now let's get into
+multiple periods be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple periods be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple periods be a little bit more
+realistic about this just slightly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic about this just slightly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic about this just slightly two
+periods rather than one same actors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods rather than one same actors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods rather than one same actors a
+agent one having these random endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one having these random endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one having these random endowments
+in both periods agent two having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both periods agent two having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both periods agent two having a
+potential time varying endowment W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential time varying endowment W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential time varying endowment W and
+then these probabilities of shocks Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these probabilities of shocks Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these probabilities of shocks Theta
+2 to agent one in the second period are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to agent one in the second period are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to agent one in the second period are
+basically potentially not independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically potentially not independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically potentially not independent
+they could be termined by the shock that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be termined by the shock that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be termined by the shock that
+agent one incurs at date one so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one incurs at date one so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one incurs at date one so if
+you're in statistics you could call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in statistics you could call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in statistics you could call this
+a markof process and be fancy about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a markof process and be fancy about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a markof process and be fancy about it
+but all you really need to know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all you really need to know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all you really need to know is the
+state dependent notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dependent notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dependent notation
+okay so I want to know what's an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to know what's an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to know what's an optimal
+arrangement in this world so we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement in this world so we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement in this world so we write
+down a maximization problem which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a maximization problem which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a maximization problem which is a
+Lambda weighted sum of expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weighted sum of expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda weighted sum of expected
+utilities obviously taking into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities obviously taking into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities obviously taking into account
+both periods subject to Resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both periods subject to Resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both periods subject to Resource
+constraints and to incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and to incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and to incentive
+compatibility constraints so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility constraints so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility constraints so there's a
+lot of lines here unfortunately but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines here unfortunately but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines here unfortunately but it's
+not so bad this is Lambda 1 weight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad this is Lambda 1 weight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad this is Lambda 1 weight for
+agent one Lambda 2 weight for agent 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one Lambda 2 weight for agent 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent one Lambda 2 weight for agent 2
+otherwise this is the first period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this is the first period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this is the first period
+expected utility when the agent is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility when the agent is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility when the agent is Theta
+1 and says so affecting the transfer tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and says so affecting the transfer tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and says so affecting the transfer tow
+this new term here is beta discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new term here is beta discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new term here is beta discount rate
+times the expected utility in Period two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the expected utility in Period two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the expected utility in Period two
+period two agent one has Theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period two agent one has Theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period two agent one has Theta 2
+actually says so and then you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says so and then you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says so and then you integrate
+up over all possible thetas and discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over all possible thetas and discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over all possible thetas and discount
+it by beta one little subtlety I'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by beta one little subtlety I'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by beta one little subtlety I'm about
+the feature is the transfers at day two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature is the transfers at day two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature is the transfers at day two
+Can Depend not only on what is said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can Depend not only on what is said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can Depend not only on what is said
+about Theta 2 but what was said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theta 2 but what was said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theta 2 but what was said about
+Theta 1 the history as it were in date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 the history as it were in date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 the history as it were in date
+one date one is the first date nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one date one is the first date nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one date one is the first date nothing's
+happened there's no history but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there's no history but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there's no history but there is
+a history to potentially use at day two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history to potentially use at day two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history to potentially use at day two
+so this is the objective function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the objective function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the objective function and
+again the resource constraints are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the resource constraints are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the resource constraints are
+loaded in here because what agent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in here because what agent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in here because what agent one
+gives up agent two is getting so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives up agent two is getting so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives up agent two is getting so we
+don't need to worry about that for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about that for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about that for both
+dates and whatever the outcome of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates and whatever the outcome of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates and whatever the outcome of the
+lottery now let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery now let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery now let's think about the
+incentive constraints working backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive constraints working backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive constraints working backwards
+as in dynamic programming from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in dynamic programming from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in dynamic programming from the last
+period so say some Theta one were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so say some Theta one were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so say some Theta one were
+already announced and that's history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already announced and that's history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already announced and that's history
+they arrive at date two agent two has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arrive at date two agent two has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arrive at date two agent two has a
+choice about saying the actual value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice about saying the actual value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice about saying the actual value of
+theta Theta sub two telling the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta Theta sub two telling the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta Theta sub two telling the truth
+and or lying about it and saying Theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or lying about it and saying Theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or lying about it and saying Theta 2
+Tilda so what do that incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda so what do that incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda so what do that incentive
+constraint looks like like we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint looks like like we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint looks like like we're already
+in the last dat so there's one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last dat so there's one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last dat so there's one period
+left it's period two and this is got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it's period two and this is got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it's period two and this is got
+Theta 2 say so versus got Theta 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 2 say so versus got Theta 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 2 say so versus got Theta 2 and
+lie about it saying Theta Tilda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie about it saying Theta Tilda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie about it saying Theta Tilda this
+history Theta one is the past in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history Theta one is the past in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history Theta one is the past in the
+archives so it's in both sides because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives so it's in both sides because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives so it's in both sides because
+that's already public record not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already public record not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already public record not what
+Theta one was per se but that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta one was per se but that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta one was per se but that it was
+announced L till the one now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced L till the one now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced L till the one now the
+incentive constraint at date one working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive constraint at date one working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive constraint at date one working
+back Wards from day two looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Wards from day two looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Wards from day two looks a little
+bit more complicated but it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated but it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated but it's just going
+to use what we already know from 96 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what we already know from 96 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what we already know from 96 that
+they will tell the truth in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will tell the truth in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will tell the truth in the second
+date regardless of whatever history was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date regardless of whatever history was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date regardless of whatever history was
+announced in the first date so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced in the first date so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced in the first date so these
+branches here with the beta in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches here with the beta in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches here with the beta in front of
+it on both sides are here have Theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on both sides are here have Theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on both sides are here have Theta 2
+say Theta 2 truthfully versus have Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Theta 2 truthfully versus have Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Theta 2 truthfully versus have Theta
+2 and say Theta 2 truthfully so on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and say Theta 2 truthfully so on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and say Theta 2 truthfully so on both
+the left and the right hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the right hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the right hand side the
+second period is not in doubt the agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period is not in doubt the agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period is not in doubt the agent
+is going to be telling the truth because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be telling the truth because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be telling the truth because
+of 96 the real action has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 96 the real action has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 96 the real action has to do with the
+first term of the first date namely have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term of the first date namely have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term of the first date namely have
+Theta 1 and say so versus have Theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 and say so versus have Theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 and say so versus have Theta 1
+and lie about it and say Theta one Tilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lie about it and say Theta one Tilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lie about it and say Theta one Tilla
+and this inequality constraint means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inequality constraint means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inequality constraint means
+that a weekly dominant strategy is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weekly dominant strategy is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weekly dominant strategy is to
+tell the truth have Theta one say so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the truth have Theta one say so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the truth have Theta one say so now
+note again the inter interesting way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note again the inter interesting way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note again the inter interesting way in
+which this history evolves if they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this history evolves if they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this history evolves if they say
+Theta 1 it will be part of the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 it will be part of the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 it will be part of the history
+at day two they could say they won't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at day two they could say they won't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at day two they could say they won't but
+they could have said they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have said they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have said they don't want
+Tilda and lied about it and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and lied about it and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and lied about it and that would
+also be recorded on the books say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be recorded on the books say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be recorded on the books say
+history so the thing that's varying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so the thing that's varying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so the thing that's varying at
+the second date is this announcement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second date is this announcement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second date is this announcement in
+the first date as we consider logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first date as we consider logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first date as we consider logically
+what the agent will want to say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the agent will want to say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the agent will want to say in the
+first date so this is another incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date so this is another incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date so this is another incentive
+constraint and again there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and again there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and again there's more than
+one of them this is for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them this is for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them this is for every possible
+actual Theta 1 and any potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Theta 1 and any potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Theta 1 and any potential
+counterfactual announcement Theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual announcement Theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual announcement Theta 1
+Tilda constraint like this holds so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda constraint like this holds so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda constraint like this holds so I
+should have caught myself earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have caught myself earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have caught myself earlier on
+this be I talked about the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be I talked about the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be I talked about the incentive
+constraint or the truth telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint or the truth telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint or the truth telling
+constraint as if there were only one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint as if there were only one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint as if there were only one but
+in practice there are many because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice there are many because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice there are many because we
+have many possible realizations of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many possible realizations of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many possible realizations of theta
+so what we've done today so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've done today so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've done today so far is
+called the Revelation principle meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Revelation principle meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Revelation principle meaning
+that those truth telling constraints can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those truth telling constraints can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those truth telling constraints can
+be imposed without any loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be imposed without any loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be imposed without any loss of
+generality in the search for private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality in the search for private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality in the search for private
+information constrained Optimum now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information constrained Optimum now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information constrained Optimum now
+there's an an issue of language here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an an issue of language here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an an issue of language here
+instead of talking about a Paro optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of talking about a Paro optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of talking about a Paro optimal
+allocation we should be talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation we should be talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation we should be talking about a
+an inform information constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inform information constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inform information constrained
+optimal allocation some people I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation some people I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation some people I don't
+love it talk about predo optimality as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it talk about predo optimality as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it talk about predo optimality as
+first best and this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first best and this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first best and this notion of
+constrained optimality as second best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimality as second best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimality as second best
+with the good intention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the good intention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the good intention of
+distinguishing those two cases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing those two cases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing those two cases it's
+second best but unavoidable because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best but unavoidable because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best but unavoidable because you
+cannot get around these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get around these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get around these kinds of
+incentive constraints they may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive constraints they may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive constraints they may or may
+not be binding but you definitely should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be binding but you definitely should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be binding but you definitely should
+be writing them down and when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing them down and when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing them down and when they're
+binding they constrain the solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding they constrain the solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding they constrain the solution and
+hence the terminology constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the terminology constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the terminology constrained
+optimally question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay so what do we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so what do we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so what do we know about the
+solution one thing I've already hinted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one thing I've already hinted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one thing I've already hinted
+at if there were full information then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if there were full information then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if there were full information then
+if we go back this is a version of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back this is a version of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back this is a version of what
+you've seen before it's written out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before it's written out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before it's written out as
+two periods but remember the way we solv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods but remember the way we solv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods but remember the way we solv
+these things in sort of De Brew decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in sort of De Brew decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in sort of De Brew decision
+tree we said for any date and for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we said for any date and for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we said for any date and for any
+history of States leading up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of States leading up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of States leading up to that
+we'll have a r sharing rule a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a r sharing rule a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a r sharing rule a transfer
+rule which is a function only of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which is a function only of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which is a function only of the
+current aggregate endowment and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current aggregate endowment and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current aggregate endowment and nothing
+else so the full risk sharing problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the full risk sharing problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the full risk sharing problem
+without the truth telling constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the truth telling constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the truth telling constraints
+will devolve into a series of static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will devolve into a series of static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will devolve into a series of static
+problems which means the transfer rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which means the transfer rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which means the transfer rule
+at date one would be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date one would be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date one would be the same as the
+transfer rule at date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rule at date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rule at date
+two but in fact when we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but in fact when we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but in fact when we have this
+information constraint efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information constraint efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information constraint efficient
+Arrangement it's almost surely the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement it's almost surely the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement it's almost surely the case
+that we're not going to be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to be able to get
+to the full RIS sharing and a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the full RIS sharing and a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the full RIS sharing and a way to get
+some re and likewise if you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some re and likewise if you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some re and likewise if you're already
+at the second date you're kind of doomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second date you're kind of doomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second date you're kind of doomed
+especially with one good no lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with one good no lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with one good no lotteries
+you can't have a Theta 2 contingent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have a Theta 2 contingent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have a Theta 2 contingent
+transfer at the second date but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer at the second date but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer at the second date but
+possibilities remain at the first date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities remain at the first date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities remain at the first date
+why precisely because you can tie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why precisely because you can tie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why precisely because you can tie the
+allocation rule in this Lottery at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation rule in this Lottery at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation rule in this Lottery at the
+second date to what is announced at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second date to what is announced at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second date to what is announced at the
+first date so this history of messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date so this history of messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date so this history of messages
+starts to matter or another way to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to matter or another way to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to matter or another way to put
+that when it's necessary to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it's necessary to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it's necessary to have that
+what happens the second date is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens the second date is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens the second date is no
+longer a static problem you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a static problem you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a static problem you have to
+utilize what also happened at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize what also happened at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize what also happened at the first
+date which you could call a tie in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date which you could call a tie in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date which you could call a tie in of
+sort intertemporal cross period ties in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort intertemporal cross period ties in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort intertemporal cross period ties in
+of the second date to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second date to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second date to the first
+date it also reminded me of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date it also reminded me of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date it also reminded me of what the
+historians are talking about they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians are talking about they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians are talking about they said
+oh these manners are terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these manners are terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these manners are terribly
+inefficient Bound by tradition you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient Bound by tradition you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient Bound by tradition you know
+they can't break away from the past well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't break away from the past well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't break away from the past well
+the theory we're going over says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory we're going over says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory we're going over says that
+there's a very good reason why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very good reason why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very good reason why they
+would like to be bound by the past for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be bound by the past for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be bound by the past for
+incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive
+purposes so one example of that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so one example of that is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so one example of that is like
+borrowing and lending I mean suppose The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending I mean suppose The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending I mean suppose The
+Villa has a low output and they say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villa has a low output and they say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villa has a low output and they say look
+I promise you know let me pay less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promise you know let me pay less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promise you know let me pay less or
+borrow and I'll repay the loan Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow and I'll repay the loan Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow and I'll repay the loan Next
+Period and there's a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period and there's a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period and there's a commitment device
+to make sure that the loan will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the loan will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the loan will be
+repaid so would the Villa want to claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaid so would the Villa want to claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaid so would the Villa want to claim
+to be a borrower um sorry be a lender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a borrower um sorry be a lender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a borrower um sorry be a lender
+when the income is low no they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the income is low no they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the income is low no they would
+want to be a borrower and conversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a borrower and conversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a borrower and conversely
+when the income is high they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the income is high they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the income is high they're going to
+want to be a lender as long as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a lender as long as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a lender as long as they're
+guaranteed of getting stuff back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed of getting stuff back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed of getting stuff back so
+what's going on here you're tying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here you're tying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here you're tying what
+happens at the second period to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the second period to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the second period to what
+happens at the first period those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the first period those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the first period those
+so-called intertemporal connections it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called intertemporal connections it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called intertemporal connections it's
+not like you say a Theta and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you say a Theta and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you say a Theta and then you
+get you pay higher low today you say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you pay higher low today you say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you pay higher low today you say a
+Theta you may get pay high or low today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you may get pay high or low today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you may get pay high or low today
+but there are consequences for tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are consequences for tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are consequences for tomorrow
+so you choose what you're saying to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you choose what you're saying to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you choose what you're saying to give
+you the maximal possible utility and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the maximal possible utility and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the maximal possible utility and you
+have an incentive to smooth consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to smooth consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to smooth consumption
+so when you're low you want to say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're low you want to say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're low you want to say so
+why because that better for you uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because that better for you uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because that better for you uh in
+terms of getting money today where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of getting money today where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of getting money today where you
+value it more than tomorrow where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it more than tomorrow where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it more than tomorrow where you're
+likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+higher okay that was a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay that was a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay that was a bit of a
+digression it also comes up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression it also comes up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression it also comes up at the
+bottom of the slide so the P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide so the P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide so the P the
+borrowing and lending scheme is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending scheme is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending scheme is an
+example of the past mattering in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the past mattering in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the past mattering in a very
+trivial way with the borrowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial way with the borrowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial way with the borrowing and
+lending what you got to pay today is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending what you got to pay today is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending what you got to pay today is a
+function of whether you were a borrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of whether you were a borrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of whether you were a borrower
+or lender last time it's not time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lender last time it's not time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lender last time it's not time
+consistent by the time you roll around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent by the time you roll around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent by the time you roll around
+to day two and ask these guys whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day two and ask these guys whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day two and ask these guys whether
+they would like to start over they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to start over they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to start over they're
+like yeah sure we can both be better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah sure we can both be better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah sure we can both be better off
+the in incentive constraint is imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in incentive constraint is imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in incentive constraint is imposed
+to get them to behave properly as best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to behave properly as best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to behave properly as best
+they can at date one once date one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can at date one once date one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can at date one once date one has
+happened and we move to date two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and we move to date two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and we move to date two there
+is no longer a need for that constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer a need for that constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer a need for that constraint
+and if we were to resolve the problem at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to resolve the problem at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to resolve the problem at
+day two they would likely do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two they would likely do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two they would likely do something
+different so called time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so called time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so called time
+inconsistent the arrangement is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent the arrangement is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent the arrangement is not
+going to be consistently carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consistently carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consistently carried out
+over time voluntarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time voluntarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time voluntarily
+they're going to be bound by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be bound by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be bound by these
+rules okay so then the thing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay so then the thing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay so then the thing at the
+bottom of the slide claim one borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide claim one borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide claim one borrowing
+and lending is not optimal so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending is not optimal so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending is not optimal so let's go
+back to this say the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this say the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this say the solution to this
+program 8 is the borrowing and lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program 8 is the borrowing and lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program 8 is the borrowing and lending
+solution when Theta is low agent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when Theta is low agent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when Theta is low agent one
+borrows when Theta one is high the agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrows when Theta one is high the agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrows when Theta one is high the agent
+lends and repays back with the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lends and repays back with the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lends and repays back with the payment
+going in the reverse Direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the reverse Direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the reverse Direction in the
+second period I claim that's not optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period I claim that's not optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period I claim that's not optimal
+probably still mysterious when the agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still mysterious when the agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still mysterious when the agent
+is low he strictly prefers to say he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low he strictly prefers to say he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low he strictly prefers to say he's
+low rather than saying that he's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rather than saying that he's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rather than saying that he's high
+that makes this inequality constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this inequality constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this inequality constraint
+strict likewise when the agent is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict likewise when the agent is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict likewise when the agent is high
+he strictly prefers to say he's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he strictly prefers to say he's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he strictly prefers to say he's high
+rather than saying he's low that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than saying he's low that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than saying he's low that makes
+this inequality strict well if both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality strict well if both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality strict well if both
+inequalities are strict neither one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities are strict neither one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities are strict neither one can
+be binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be binding
+we might as well solve the programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well solve the programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well solve the programming
+problem as if they weren't there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as if they weren't there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as if they weren't there in the
+first place because now we know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place because now we know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place because now we know they're
+not binding and what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not binding and what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not binding and what happens if you
+solve this program without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this program without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this program without the
+constraints that's the full risk sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that's the full risk sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that's the full risk sharing
+problem and it can't be optimal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it can't be optimal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it can't be optimal because
+they'll lie their head off about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll lie their head off about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll lie their head off about their
+income because there's no consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income because there's no consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income because there's no consequences
+so that's the way to Think Through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the way to Think Through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the way to Think Through the
+bottom of this slide full insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this slide full insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this slide full insurance
+isn't feasible not implementable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't feasible not implementable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't feasible not implementable because
+it's going to violate the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to violate the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to violate the incentive
+constraints and borrowing lending is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and borrowing lending is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and borrowing lending is not
+optimal either which means well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal either which means well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal either which means well what is
+optimal what is the actual solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal what is the actual solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal what is the actual solution to
+that program well actually it's a hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program well actually it's a hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program well actually it's a hybrid
+scheme that is a bit like RIS sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that is a bit like RIS sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that is a bit like RIS sharing
+and borrowing and lending when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and borrowing and lending when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and borrowing and lending when you're
+low you say you're low you borrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you say you're low you borrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you say you're low you borrow but
+you actually get even more money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get even more money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get even more money but
+less money than you would if it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money than you would if it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money than you would if it had been
+full risk sharing and vice versa for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full risk sharing and vice versa for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full risk sharing and vice versa for
+when you're high so it's a it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're high so it's a it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're high so it's a it's a a
+hybrid contract that is mixing up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid contract that is mixing up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid contract that is mixing up the
+two aspects which makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aspects which makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aspects which makes sense because
+neither extreme is a good thing so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither extreme is a good thing so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither extreme is a good thing so you
+end up in the middle all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the middle all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the middle all right so this
+slide is about the other option I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is about the other option I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is about the other option I
+alluded to at the beginning let's revert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to at the beginning let's revert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to at the beginning let's revert
+back to a static problem there's a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a static problem there's a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a static problem there's a cost
+K use of resources which the agent 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K use of resources which the agent 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K use of resources which the agent 2 the
+monastery can incur in order to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery can incur in order to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery can incur in order to go and
+take a look at agent one's actual output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at agent one's actual output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at agent one's actual output
+so instead of claims about it which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of claims about it which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of claims about it which will
+also happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happen
+there's kind of like this possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of like this possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of like this possibility of
+an audit it's as if in the US you file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audit it's as if in the US you file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audit it's as if in the US you file
+your income tax returns making claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income tax returns making claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income tax returns making claims
+about stuff but with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stuff but with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stuff but with a certain
+probability the IRS will audit you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the IRS will audit you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the IRS will audit you and
+find out the truth of the matter and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the truth of the matter and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the truth of the matter and if
+you're caught lying you go to jail okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're caught lying you go to jail okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're caught lying you go to jail okay
+that's how they got Al Capone actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got Al Capone actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got Al Capone actually
+so not for all the crimes but because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not for all the crimes but because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not for all the crimes but because he
+misreported his income so K is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misreported his income so K is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misreported his income so K is this
+audit cost and we can introduce another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit cost and we can introduce another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit cost and we can introduce another
+variable called D where D is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called D where D is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called D where D is the uh
+dummy D equal 1 for audit or D equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy D equal 1 for audit or D equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy D equal 1 for audit or D equal Z
+not audit and then we could enhance our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not audit and then we could enhance our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not audit and then we could enhance our
+transfers or the lotteries of transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers or the lotteries of transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers or the lotteries of transfers
+to depend on whether or not there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on whether or not there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on whether or not there's an
+audit D equal one for an audit to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit D equal one for an audit to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit D equal one for an audit to equal
+Z not when there's no audit they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z not when there's no audit they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z not when there's no audit they have to
+rely on the filing of the return or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on the filing of the return or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on the filing of the return or the
+message that was sent when there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that was sent when there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that was sent when there is an
+audit they get to compare the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit they get to compare the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit they get to compare the message
+that was sent with the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sent with the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sent with the actual
+Theta and as you could imagine going you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and as you could imagine going you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and as you could imagine going you
+could kill the guy you know going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kill the guy you know going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kill the guy you know going to
+jail or whatever so I'll spare you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail or whatever so I'll spare you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail or whatever so I'll spare you this
+slide except that that in the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide except that that in the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide except that that in the incentive
+constraint will now take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint will now take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint will now take advantage of
+the fact that lying is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that lying is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that lying is a pretty
+treacherous thing because with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treacherous thing because with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treacherous thing because with a certain
+positive probability you'll get caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability you'll get caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability you'll get caught
+in the lie and you can make the guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lie and you can make the guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lie and you can make the guy's
+utility really low later after class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility really low later after class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility really low later after class you
+can look at this inequality constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at this inequality constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at this inequality constraint
+you know it's this line here that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's this line here that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's this line here that you
+can make a very low number because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a very low number because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a very low number because you
+would penalize the guy if he said he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would penalize the guy if he said he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would penalize the guy if he said he was
+Theta till and it was actually revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta till and it was actually revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta till and it was actually revealed
+to be Theta and this is on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Theta and this is on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Theta and this is on the right
+hand side of the incentive constraint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the incentive constraint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the incentive constraint so
+the lower you can make this number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower you can make this number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower you can make this number the
+easier it is to satisfy the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it is to satisfy the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it is to satisfy the incentive
+constraint and the more you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and the more you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and the more you're going to
+move back toward the full information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back toward the full information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back toward the full information
+solution but it comes at a cost because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but it comes at a cost because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but it comes at a cost because
+this K is a cost a real cost that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K is a cost a real cost that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K is a cost a real cost that has to
+get subtracted off from resources so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get subtracted off from resources so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get subtracted off from resources so
+when at Cost K is very very high you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when at Cost K is very very high you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when at Cost K is very very high you
+will not be auditing very much the audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be auditing very much the audit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be auditing very much the audit
+will be random and only rarely will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be random and only rarely will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be random and only rarely will you
+actually carry it out in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carry it out in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carry it out in order to
+conserve on resources so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve on resources so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve on resources so at the
+beginning I mentioned the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I mentioned the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I mentioned the institutional
+configuration is it true that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is it true that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is it true that those
+outline villas with doing on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline villas with doing on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline villas with doing on their own
+farming were audited or audited less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming were audited or audited less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming were audited or audited less
+rarely than the ones close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely than the ones close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely than the ones close to the
+monastery and this Theory we just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery and this Theory we just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery and this Theory we just went
+through allows one to think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through allows one to think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through allows one to think about those
+as maybe what happened in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as maybe what happened in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as maybe what happened in practice
+consistent with the institutional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the institutional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the institutional data
+okay so I want to turn to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to turn to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to turn to the second
+part of the lecture which has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture which has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture which has to do with
+mechanism design that we just did but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism design that we just did but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism design that we just did but
+splice that into smart contracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice that into smart contracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice that into smart contracts the
+shorthand for this is think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for this is think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for this is think about a
+contract as a smart contract implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract as a smart contract implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract as a smart contract implemented
+with today's modern technology we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with today's modern technology we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with today's modern technology we just
+talked about mechanism design as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about mechanism design as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about mechanism design as
+delivering contracts between Villa and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering contracts between Villa and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering contracts between Villa and a
+monastery as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastery as an
+example and along the way we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and along the way we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and along the way we'll talk
+about encryption and hashes and database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about encryption and hashes and database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about encryption and hashes and database
+management and these protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and these protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and these protocols
+encryption we we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption we we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption we we've talked about
+distributed ledgers encryption is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers encryption is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers encryption is like
+the third part of it we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part of it we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part of it we talked about
+ledgers as transferring value as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers as transferring value as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers as transferring value as in
+impesa or other situations we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impesa or other situations we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impesa or other situations we talked
+about ledgers as contracts to reconcile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ledgers as contracts to reconcile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ledgers as contracts to reconcile
+trades this third thing is keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades this third thing is keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades this third thing is keeping
+secrets through encryption which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets through encryption which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets through encryption which is
+logic IC to have here because we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic IC to have here because we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic IC to have here because we just
+got done talking about private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got done talking about private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got done talking about private
+information is it new no not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is it new no not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is it new no not at all
+encryption is ancient like literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is ancient like literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is ancient like literally
+thousands of years old if you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years old if you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years old if you go back to
+Mesopotamia they would be shipping Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mesopotamia they would be shipping Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mesopotamia they would be shipping Goods
+around they had created little tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they had created little tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they had created little tokens
+with the they put in clay sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the they put in clay sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the they put in clay sealed
+envelopes if the seal was broken you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelopes if the seal was broken you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelopes if the seal was broken you'd
+know there was some tampering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was some tampering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was some tampering and
+otherwise when the goods arrive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise when the goods arrive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise when the goods arrive the
+receiver of the goods can reconcile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver of the goods can reconcile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver of the goods can reconcile the
+goods in the shipment with this invoice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the shipment with this invoice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the shipment with this invoice
+after breaking the seal so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after breaking the seal so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after breaking the seal so those are
+clay Mesopotamia and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay Mesopotamia and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay Mesopotamia and that's where
+Mesopotamian writing came from actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mesopotamian writing came from actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mesopotamian writing came from actually
+is from these tokens or in medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from these tokens or in medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from these tokens or in medieval
+England they had what they call tally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England they had what they call tally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England they had what they call tally
+sticks which were just wood Willow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks which were just wood Willow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks which were just wood Willow
+sticks the borrower and the lender would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks the borrower and the lender would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks the borrower and the lender would
+make an agreement the borrower would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an agreement the borrower would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an agreement the borrower would
+would promise to repay they would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would promise to repay they would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would promise to repay they would write
+these things on wood wooden ledgers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things on wood wooden ledgers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things on wood wooden ledgers and
+split it in half and so the in investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it in half and so the in investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it in half and so the in investor
+lender would have half of the stick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender would have half of the stick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender would have half of the stick and
+carry it around could present it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it around could present it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it around could present it to the
+borrower but for payment but could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower but for payment but could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower but for payment but could also
+sell it to third parties and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to third parties and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to third parties and so those
+Willow sticks circulated around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willow sticks circulated around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willow sticks circulated around like
+money as a means of payment the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as a means of payment the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as a means of payment the point of
+the willow it had unique grain so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willow it had unique grain so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willow it had unique grain so you
+could match the stock with the check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could match the stock with the check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could match the stock with the check and
+if it didn't match you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it didn't match you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it didn't match you know that the
+person presenting it is trying to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person presenting it is trying to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person presenting it is trying to commit
+some fraud so it's another early example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraud so it's another early example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraud so it's another early example
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+encryption encryption today intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption encryption today intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption encryption today intuitively
+this isn't quite right can be thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quite right can be thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quite right can be thought of
+factoring so as you may know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring so as you may know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring so as you may know if you're
+MIT students trained in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students trained in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students trained in computer science
+and algebra and so on when you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algebra and so on when you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algebra and so on when you multiply
+two prime numbers together you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two prime numbers together you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two prime numbers together you get
+another number you know 3 * 7even but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another number you know 3 * 7even but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another number you know 3 * 7even but on
+the when then you know 21 and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when then you know 21 and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when then you know 21 and you know
+how to factor it but when those primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to factor it but when those primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to factor it but when those primes
+get big and are multiplied it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get big and are multiplied it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get big and are multiplied it's
+virtually impossible to know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible to know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible to know what are
+the two numbers that were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two numbers that were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two numbers that were being
+multiplied get together so the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied get together so the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied get together so the output
+looks like an encrypted message you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an encrypted message you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an encrypted message you can
+try to solve it but you have to try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve it but you have to try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve it but you have to try all
+possible combinations and it gets to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible combinations and it gets to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible combinations and it gets to be
+really hard to do that another way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do that another way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do that another way you
+can use factors though is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use factors though is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use factors though is to give
+someone part of the solution like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone part of the solution like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone part of the solution like here's
+the product encrypted multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product encrypted multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product encrypted multiplied
+together but I actually know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but I actually know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but I actually know the answer
+I'll give you one of the factors you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you one of the factors you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you one of the factors you can
+easily figure out the other factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily figure out the other factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily figure out the other factors and
+so um you know that's like hashes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know that's like hashes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know that's like hashes the
+hash itself means nothing but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash itself means nothing but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash itself means nothing but it is
+evidence of something if someone comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of something if someone comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of something if someone comes
+along and gives you one of both factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and gives you one of both factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and gives you one of both factors
+because then you can rehash the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can rehash the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can rehash the message
+and verify that the underlying message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify that the underlying message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify that the underlying message
+was the one that generated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that generated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that generated the
+hash and finally we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and finally we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and finally we come to
+cryptographic puzzles which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic puzzles which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic puzzles which means the
+factors are big but not too big so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are big but not too big so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are big but not too big so then
+you could imagine spinning the wheels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine spinning the wheels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine spinning the wheels of
+a combination of a safe to try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of a safe to try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of a safe to try to figure
+out which two factors generated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which two factors generated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which two factors generated the
+number it's solvable but it takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's solvable but it takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's solvable but it takes time
+that's what Bitcoin uses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Bitcoin uses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Bitcoin uses these
+cryptographic puzzles among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic puzzles among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic puzzles among other things
+so the three objects three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three objects three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three objects three types of
+things are encryption for ways which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are encryption for ways which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are encryption for ways which is
+done now with private and public keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now with private and public keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now with private and public keys
+and I'm happy to tell you more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm happy to tell you more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm happy to tell you more about
+that I even have a primer that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I even have a primer that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I even have a primer that I wrote
+with a Nicholas a CS student here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Nicholas a CS student here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Nicholas a CS student here at MIT
+to took me quite a while as an economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to took me quite a while as an economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to took me quite a while as an economist
+to understand this stuff you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this stuff you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this stuff you've probably
+heard though about public and private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard though about public and private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard though about public and private
+Keys the public key is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys the public key is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys the public key is used for
+encryption the private key is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption the private key is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption the private key is used to
+decrypt the message hashing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt the message hashing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt the message hashing I've
+mentioned already like multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already like multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already like multiplying
+factors together cryptographic puzzles I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors together cryptographic puzzles I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors together cryptographic puzzles I
+guess I mentioned again the thing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I mentioned again the thing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I mentioned again the thing is to
+solve the puzzle you don't spin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the puzzle you don't spin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the puzzle you don't spin the
+wheels of the safe you actually run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels of the safe you actually run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels of the safe you actually run a
+computer and that's where Bitcoin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that's where Bitcoin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that's where Bitcoin is
+chewing up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing up all the
+electricity as all these many miners are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity as all these many miners are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity as all these many miners are
+trying to find solutions to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find solutions to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find solutions to find the
+actual factors okay so Bitcoin uses all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual factors okay so Bitcoin uses all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual factors okay so Bitcoin uses all
+three it's actually pretty amazing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's actually pretty amazing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's actually pretty amazing and
+pretty complicated it's using signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated it's using signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated it's using signature
+schemes cryptographic puzzles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes cryptographic puzzles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes cryptographic puzzles and
+something else I haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I haven't talked about
+hashes with Merle trees but the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes with Merle trees but the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes with Merle trees but the entire
+history of the transactions on The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the transactions on The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the transactions on The
+Ledger is hashed together with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger is hashed together with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger is hashed together with an
+identifier allowing what's called Merkel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier allowing what's called Merkel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier allowing what's called Merkel
+trees as an economic way of storing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees as an economic way of storing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees as an economic way of storing all
+that data Bitcoin uses proof of work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data Bitcoin uses proof of work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data Bitcoin uses proof of work as
+I said you need the equipment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you need the equipment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you need the equipment and the
+electricity to try to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity to try to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity to try to solve the
+cryptographic puzzle the premise here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic puzzle the premise here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic puzzle the premise here is
+that it's kind of random who solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of random who solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of random who solves the
+puzzle and the premise is most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and the premise is most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and the premise is most of the
+miners are honest we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners are honest we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners are honest we'll come back to
+that momentarily so since the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that momentarily so since the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that momentarily so since the larger
+number are honest and the person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number are honest and the person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number are honest and the person that
+solves the puzzle is chosen at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the puzzle is chosen at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the puzzle is chosen at random
+the guy solving the puzzle is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy solving the puzzle is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy solving the puzzle is likely to
+be honest hence they validate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest hence they validate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest hence they validate the
+message another two objects here homom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message another two objects here homom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message another two objects here homom
+homomorphic encryption allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphic encryption allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphic encryption allows
+computation on top of Cipher text for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on top of Cipher text for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on top of Cipher text for
+individual agents and multi-party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual agents and multi-party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual agents and multi-party
+computation is a version of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is a version of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is a version of that that
+applies to multiple agents it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to multiple agents it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to multiple agents it's easier
+to show you a little bit of the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little bit of the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little bit of the notation
+so m is the message oh yeah M like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is the message oh yeah M like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is the message oh yeah M like
+message like we just did okay but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message like we just did okay but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message like we just did okay but the
+message is supposed to be private on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is supposed to be private on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is supposed to be private on the
+right hand side you have this allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you have this allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you have this allocation
+rule or function f that seems to require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or function f that seems to require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or function f that seems to require
+the actual message which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual message which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual message which means the
+message if it's going to a third party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message if it's going to a third party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message if it's going to a third party
+is revealed whether it's safaricom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is revealed whether it's safaricom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is revealed whether it's safaricom or
+something else but on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but on the right hand
+side there's an left hand side there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's an left hand side there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's an left hand side there's
+another way to do this which is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do this which is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do this which is as
+amazing as it is simple you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing as it is simple you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing as it is simple you take the
+message M and you encrypt it then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M and you encrypt it then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M and you encrypt it then you
+take the function f which doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the function f which doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the function f which doesn't know
+what it's doing it's operating on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing it's operating on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing it's operating on the
+encrypted message and if you decrypt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted message and if you decrypt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted message and if you decrypt the
+whole thing at the outcome at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing at the outcome at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing at the outcome at the end of
+the day you get the right answer you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you get the right answer you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you get the right answer you get
+the the stuff on the right hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stuff on the right hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stuff on the right hand side the
+encrypted space looks like junk it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted space looks like junk it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted space looks like junk it's
+just all a bunch of bits zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all a bunch of bits zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all a bunch of bits zeros and ones
+with hashes and dollar signs or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hashes and dollar signs or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hashes and dollar signs or whatever
+you want there no one could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want there no one could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want there no one could possibly
+read it that's what state-of-the-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it that's what state-of-the-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it that's what state-of-the-art
+encryption is all about you take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is all about you take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is all about you take one
+thing and do something else you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and do something else you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and do something else you can add
+them together you can do rank ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together you can do rank ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together you can do rank ordering
+it's like junk compared to junk but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like junk compared to junk but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like junk compared to junk but it
+turns out that that all those operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that all those operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that all those operations
+have meaning when done on the encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaning when done on the encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaning when done on the encrypted
+space so homomorphic means isomorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so homomorphic means isomorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so homomorphic means isomorphic
+those underlying true message spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those underlying true message spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those underlying true message spaces and
+the encrypted spaces are equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encrypted spaces are equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encrypted spaces are equivalent to
+each other it's on to one to one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other it's on to one to one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other it's on to one to one and so
+on multi-party computation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on multi-party computation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on multi-party computation is very
+similar except there are multiple agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar except there are multiple agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar except there are multiple agents
+so this means that what you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that what you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that what you wanted to do
+is take inputs from the different agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take inputs from the different agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take inputs from the different agents
+like their their wealth they want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their their wealth they want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their their wealth they want to see
+who is the richest guy and they apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the richest guy and they apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the richest guy and they apply a
+function f which is like a rank ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f which is like a rank ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f which is like a rank ordering
+and get an outcome but no these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an outcome but no these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an outcome but no these guys
+don't want to reveal their wealth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to reveal their wealth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to reveal their wealth they
+just want to know who's the richest guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know who's the richest guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know who's the richest guy
+so another way to do this is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to do this is take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to do this is take the
+different inputs from the agents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inputs from the agents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inputs from the agents and
+encrypt it now nobody knows anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it now nobody knows anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it now nobody knows anything
+about what the other people are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the other people are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the other people are saying
+you apply F to that to those encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply F to that to those encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply F to that to those encrypted
+messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+fine in the encrypted space no harm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine in the encrypted space no harm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine in the encrypted space no harm done
+and then you decipher the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you decipher the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you decipher the whole thing
+allowing say summaries like a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing say summaries like a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing say summaries like a rank
+ordering without them ever knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering without them ever knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering without them ever knowing what
+the amount of wealth actually was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of wealth actually was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of wealth actually was just
+who is the wealthiest got so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the wealthiest got so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the wealthiest got so that's
+called multiparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called multiparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called multiparty
+computation Okay now what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation Okay now what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation Okay now what's going on
+with these algorithms we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these algorithms we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these algorithms we already talked
+about proof of work proof of work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about proof of work proof of work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about proof of work proof of work is
+Bitcoin they're using electricity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin they're using electricity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin they're using electricity for
+the valid valtion among the miners proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valid valtion among the miners proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valid valtion among the miners proof
+of stake is another one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stake is another one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stake is another one where the
+validation happens but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation happens but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation happens but instead of
+chewing up electricity they get to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing up electricity they get to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing up electricity they get to vote
+and they get their vote counts more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get their vote counts more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get their vote counts more if
+they hold more coins Byzantine fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold more coins Byzantine fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold more coins Byzantine fall
+tolerance another algorithm this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance another algorithm this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance another algorithm this one
+especially the Practical one is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the Practical one is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the Practical one is what I
+was alluding to before if there are F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluding to before if there are F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluding to before if there are F
+failing nodes that are either faulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing nodes that are either faulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing nodes that are either faulty
+computers or malicious actors like haors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers or malicious actors like haors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers or malicious actors like haors
+you just just need three F 3 times F +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just just need three F 3 times F +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just just need three F 3 times F +
+one replicas in order to be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one replicas in order to be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one replicas in order to be sure that
+you've got a safe algorithm because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a safe algorithm because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a safe algorithm because you
+you can compare across enough of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare across enough of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare across enough of the
+entities who are safe to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities who are safe to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities who are safe to be able to
+figure out who was faulty Federated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who was faulty Federated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who was faulty Federated
+Byzantine agents decide not to rely on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine agents decide not to rely on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine agents decide not to rely on a
+third party to do the validation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party to do the validation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party to do the validation they
+don't trust each other but they can name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust each other but they can name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust each other but they can name
+the people they trust the most and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people they trust the most and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people they trust the most and you
+have overlapping Circles of trust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overlapping Circles of trust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overlapping Circles of trust and
+Stellar is a version of that FBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar is a version of that FBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar is a version of that FBA
+protocol okay now what else about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay now what else about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay now what else about
+protocols you know Nakamoto was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols you know Nakamoto was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols you know Nakamoto was very
+clever in giving Bitcoin miners an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever in giving Bitcoin miners an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever in giving Bitcoin miners an
+incentive to mine properly and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to mine properly and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to mine properly and not
+conceal outcomes to be running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceal outcomes to be running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceal outcomes to be running the
+machines and so on but it turns out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and so on but it turns out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and so on but it turns out it
+is subject to some problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to some problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to some problems like
+collusion so the economists have jumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion so the economists have jumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion so the economists have jumped
+in and have become very critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and have become very critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and have become very critical
+although evidently collusion has never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although evidently collusion has never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although evidently collusion has never
+actually happened even though the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened even though the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened even though the number
+of minors is very small Steve Morris my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors is very small Steve Morris my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors is very small Steve Morris my
+colleague in aun Shin now at the bis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague in aun Shin now at the bis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague in aun Shin now at the bis
+looked at a classic problem in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a classic problem in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a classic problem in computer
+science called the Byzantine generals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science called the Byzantine generals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science called the Byzantine generals
+problem and it has the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it has the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it has the property that
+it's not incentive compatible even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not incentive compatible even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not incentive compatible even
+though generals have an incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though generals have an incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though generals have an incentive to
+truthfully announce messages and send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthfully announce messages and send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthfully announce messages and send
+them to each other it turns out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to each other it turns out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to each other it turns out if you
+put it in the context of what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the context of what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the context of what we just
+did a multi-agent mechanism design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a multi-agent mechanism design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a multi-agent mechanism design
+problem they will not follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they will not follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they will not follow the
+prescribed protocol it's not in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed protocol it's not in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed protocol it's not in their
+self-interest when they start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest when they start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest when they start doing
+basian analysis trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basian analysis trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basian analysis trying to figure out
+what the other General knows so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other General knows so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other General knows so you can
+just impose the algorithm and hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just impose the algorithm and hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just impose the algorithm and hope
+people follow it but from what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people follow it but from what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people follow it but from what we did
+today that's a bit treacherous you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's a bit treacherous you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's a bit treacherous you
+really want to look at the incentive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to look at the incentive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to look at the incentive of
+the validators to follow the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the validators to follow the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the validators to follow the protocol
+and that's where we come to mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we come to mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we come to mechanism
+design in fact with mechanism design we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in fact with mechanism design we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in fact with mechanism design we
+don't even need to worry about agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to worry about agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to worry about agents
+telling the truth we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth we don't need to
+monitor or valid their messages the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor or valid their messages the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor or valid their messages the
+Revelation principle tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revelation principle tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revelation principle tells us that
+agents will tell the truth if we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents will tell the truth if we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents will tell the truth if we set up
+the contract properly and not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract properly and not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract properly and not only that
+we can record P messages the way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can record P messages the way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can record P messages the way we did
+in that multi-agent problem past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that multi-agent problem past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that multi-agent problem past
+messages get put on The Ledger because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages get put on The Ledger because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages get put on The Ledger because
+of the signature schemes we can be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signature schemes we can be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signature schemes we can be sure
+that they are valid they haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are valid they haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are valid they haven't been
+tampered with over time and so on so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with over time and so on so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with over time and so on so so
+where we're going is to implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going is to implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going is to implement the
+mechanism design problem as a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism design problem as a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism design problem as a smart
+contract with the code meaning you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract with the code meaning you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract with the code meaning you know
+like dynamic programming you just map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dynamic programming you just map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dynamic programming you just map
+states into outcomes with contingencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states into outcomes with contingencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states into outcomes with contingencies
+so you've already seen this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've already seen this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've already seen this in the
+dynamic programs that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programs that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programs that we've
+solved and you can separate out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and you can separate out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and you can separate out that
+Contracting part from the ledgers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting part from the ledgers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting part from the ledgers you
+just have people agree to the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have people agree to the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have people agree to the code
+experiment with it make sure it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with it make sure it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with it make sure it works
+you know set up your encryption scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know set up your encryption scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know set up your encryption scheme
+and then it's like having an auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like having an auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like having an auction
+without an auctioneer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an auctioneer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an auctioneer
+or implementing that hybrid borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or implementing that hybrid borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or implementing that hybrid borrowing
+lending scheme without having a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending scheme without having a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending scheme without having a third
+party it's just done by the parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party it's just done by the parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party it's just done by the parties
+themselves and encryption NPC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and encryption NPC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and encryption NPC and
+homomorphic encryption make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphic encryption make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphic encryption make sure that
+all the messages are private and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages are private and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages are private and and
+nobody gets to see see those values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody gets to see see those values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody gets to see see those values and
+then at the end of the day you can kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end of the day you can kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end of the day you can kick
+in the borrowing and lending scheme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the borrowing and lending scheme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the borrowing and lending scheme so
+that for example if it's a loan it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example if it's a loan it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example if it's a loan it it's
+going to be repaid because the loan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be repaid because the loan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be repaid because the loan is
+backed by collateral so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by collateral so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by collateral so that would
+evolve the transfer on the ledgers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve the transfer on the ledgers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve the transfer on the ledgers so
+I'm not against the distributed ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not against the distributed ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not against the distributed ledgers
+as I said I just wrote a whole book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said I just wrote a whole book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said I just wrote a whole book
+about it but I just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but I just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but I just want to point out
+what we did today with the privacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did today with the privacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did today with the privacy and
+the messages and all of that can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages and all of that can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages and all of that can be done
+with encryption and allows smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with encryption and allows smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with encryption and allows smart
+contracts to be executed on the ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to be executed on the ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to be executed on the ledgers
+all right well I went over by a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well I went over by a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well I went over by a minute
+and I was rushing a bit at the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was rushing a bit at the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was rushing a bit at the end so
+take a look at these slides especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at these slides especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at these slides especially
+toward the end and uh see if you can map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end and uh see if you can map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end and uh see if you can map
+this encryption back into the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encryption back into the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encryption back into the earlier
+part of the lecture that that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture that that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture that that's really
+the main point and I will let you go
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dBhMcn7UDs0.txt b/dBhMcn7UDs0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77e5444301e3d491ec33fe3092b0369841454c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dBhMcn7UDs0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3649 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good morning, everybody.
+
+Welcome to lecture 12 of A286.
+
+I can't think of any
+announcements for today,
+
+but let me begin
+by asking if there
+
+are any questions either about
+logistics or about physics.
+
+OK.
+
+In that case, let's get started.
+
+I want to begin by having a
+rapid run through of the things
+
+we talked about last time
+just to firm everything
+
+up in our minds and
+get us ready to go on.
+
+So, last time we were talking
+about non-euclidean geometry
+
+in a serious way.
+
+We began by considering the
+surface of a sphere, just
+
+a two-dimensional
+sphere embedded
+
+in a three-dimensional
+space, described
+
+by the simple equation x squared
+plus y squared plus z squared
+
+equals R squared.
+
+We said that if we wanted to
+talk about the surface itself,
+
+we'd want to have
+coordinates for the surface
+
+and not just speak of things
+in terms of x, y, and z.
+
+So we introduced the
+standard polar coordinates--
+
+theta and phi, which
+are related to x, y,
+
+and z by these fairly
+well-known equations.
+
+Then we wanted to
+know the metric
+
+in terms of our new
+variables theta and phi,
+
+which is the main goal--
+to figure out the metric.
+
+So we first considered
+varying the two variables one
+
+at a time.
+
+By varying theta, we see
+that the point described
+
+by theta phi would sweep out
+a circle whose radius is R,
+
+and the angle
+subtended is d theta.
+
+So the arc length is
+just R times d theta.
+
+So for varying
+theta, the arc length
+
+is given by that
+simple equation.
+
+Similarly, we went
+on to ask ourselves
+
+what happens when we vary phi.
+
+As we vary phi, the
+point described by theta
+
+comma phi again
+sweeps out a circle,
+
+but this time it's a circle
+in the horizontal plane whose
+
+radius is not R but whose
+radius has this projection
+
+factor that's R
+times sine theta.
+
+So the angle is
+again-- excuse me,
+
+the arc length is again d phi,
+the angles, times the radius,
+
+but the radius is R sine theta.
+
+So ds, the total arc length,
+is R times sine theta d phi.
+
+Then, to put them
+together, we notice
+
+that these two variations are
+orthogonal to each other, which
+
+you could see pretty
+directly from the diagram.
+
+So if we do both of
+them at the same time
+
+and ask what's the total
+length of the displacement,
+
+it's just a simple application
+of the Pythagorean theorem.
+
+And we get the sum
+of the squares.
+
+So, varying theta
+gives us Rd theta.
+
+Varying phi gives us
+R sine theta d phi.
+
+And putting them
+together, we just
+
+get ds squared is the sum of
+the squares of those, which
+
+is R squared times d theta
+squared plus sine squared
+
+theta d phi squared.
+
+And that's the standard
+metric for the service
+
+of a sphere in
+polar coordinates.
+
+So that was a warm up.
+
+What we really want to do is to
+elevate that problem one more
+
+dimension, and then we have
+a model for the universe.
+
+We can use the same
+method to construct
+
+a three-dimensional space, which
+is a three-dimensional surface
+
+of a sphere embedded in
+four euclidean dimensions,
+
+and that becomes a perfectly
+viable homogeneous,
+
+isotropic, non-euclidean metric
+that can describe a universe
+
+and, in particular,
+describes the type
+
+of universe called
+a closed universe.
+
+So to do that, we
+introduce one more axis, w.
+
+And we consider the sphere
+described by x squared plus y
+
+squared plus z squared plus
+w squared equals R squared.
+
+So it's a
+three-dimensional surface
+
+of a sphere in four dimensions.
+
+We then need to introduce
+one more variable
+
+to describe points
+on the surface,
+
+and we introduce this in
+the form of a new angle.
+
+The new angle I
+chose to call psi.
+
+And we measure that angle from
+the new axis, from the w-axis.
+
+So the new angle psi
+is simply the angle
+
+from the w-axis, which
+means that the projection
+
+of our vector from the origin
+to the point in the w direction
+
+is just the R cosine psi and
+the projection into the x, y, z
+
+subspace is R times sine psi.
+
+And the four equations that
+describe x, y, z, and w
+
+are shown there.
+
+And all we did is we set the
+w-coordinate equal to R times
+
+cosine psi, which is
+just the statement
+
+that psi measures the
+angle from the w-axis.
+
+Nothing more.
+
+And then we multiplied x, y,
+and z by a factor of sine psi,
+
+so that now we still have
+maintained the condition that x
+
+squared plus y squared plus
+z squared plus w squared
+
+is equal to R squared,
+which you can prove directly
+
+by manipulating this using
+the famous identity sine
+
+squared plus cosine
+squared equals 1.
+
+Nothing more profound than that.
+
+So, we're now ready to go
+ahead and find the new metric,
+
+and this time it'll really be
+something nontrivial, something
+
+you didn't already
+know from high school.
+
+The new displacement
+is to vary psi.
+
+If we vary psi, it's
+really the same story
+
+as we've seen before except
+in a different plane.
+
+ds is just equal
+to R times d psi.
+
+I guess, as we
+vary psi, the point
+
+described by these coordinates
+makes a full circle of radius
+
+R.
+
+OK, now what we want to do
+is put all this together.
+
+If we vary psi, we know that ds
+is equal to R times deep psi.
+
+If we just vary
+theta or phi, it's
+
+the same thing we had before.
+
+We don't need to rethink it.
+
+All we need to do
+is remember there's
+
+an extra factor of sine psi
+in front of all [INAUDIBLE]
+
+in the XYZ subspace.
+
+So if you vary theta
+or phi, ds squared
+
+is just equal to what we
+had before for the metric
+
+multiplied by the extra
+factor of sine squared of psi.
+
+Then to put them together,
+if we assume for the moment
+
+that they are orthogonal
+to each other,
+
+then we just add the
+sum of the squares.
+
+And that is the right answer.
+
+But I'll justify it in a minute.
+
+But jumping ahead and
+making the assumption
+
+that these separate
+displacements are always
+
+orthogonal to each
+other, ds squared
+
+is then just the
+sum of the squares,
+
+and we get this matrix to
+describe our closed universe
+
+in terms of the variables
+psi, theta, and phi.
+
+To prove this
+orthogonality, which
+
+is crucial for
+believing that result,
+
+I gave an argument
+last time, and I'll
+
+outline again on
+the slides here.
+
+We can consider the two
+displacement vectors
+
+that we're trying to
+show to be orthogonal.
+
+dR sub psi is a
+four-dimensional vector,
+
+which represents the
+displacement of the point being
+
+described by these coordinates
+when psi is changed
+
+to psi plus deep psi,
+infinitesimal change in the psi
+
+coordinate.
+
+Similarly, I'm going
+to let dR sub theta be
+
+the displacement vector
+that the point described
+
+by these coordinates
+undergoes when theta is varied
+
+by an infinitesimal
+amount, d theta.
+
+And what we're trying to
+show is that these two
+
+are orthogonal to each other.
+
+So if we do them both, the
+magnitude of the change
+
+is just the sum of
+squares, the square root
+
+of the sum of squares.
+
+So, first looking
+at dR sub theta,
+
+we notice that dR sub
+theta has no w-component.
+
+And to make that clear,
+we should go back a couple
+
+slides and look at
+how w is defined.
+
+w is defined as R
+times cosine psi.
+
+So if we vary theta,
+w doesn't change.
+
+It doesn't depend on theta.
+
+So if dR sub theta
+has no w-component,
+
+it means that when we take
+the dot product of dR psi
+
+with the dR theta,
+we want to show
+
+that this is 0 to show
+that they're orthogonal.
+
+The w-components won't
+enter, because one of the two
+
+w-components is 0,
+and the dot product
+
+is a sum of the product
+of the x-components
+
+plus the product
+of the y-components
+
+plus the product
+of the z-components
+
+plus the product of
+the w-components.
+
+So w-compontents only
+enter as a product
+
+of the two w-components.
+
+So as long as one of them is 0,
+there's no contribution there.
+
+So the four-dimensional
+dot product
+
+reduces to a
+three-dimensional dot product.
+
+And here I'm introducing
+a peculiar notation
+
+when I put a subscript--
+a superscript, rather-- 3
+
+in a vector.
+
+I just mean take the
+first three components
+
+and ignore the fourth and
+think of it as a 3 vector.
+
+So the dot product that
+we're trying to calculate now
+
+is just the dot product
+of two 3 vectors--
+
+the one that we get when
+we vary psi and the one
+
+that we get when we vary theta.
+
+Next thing to notice
+is that we can
+
+look at the properties
+of these two vectors.
+
+And dR psi, the vector we
+get when we vary psi, I claim
+
+is in the radial direction
+in this three-dimensional
+
+subspace.
+
+And we can see that
+by looking again
+
+at these formulas
+that relate the angles
+
+to the Cartesian coordinates.
+
+When we vary psi,
+sine psi changes,
+
+but sine psi multiplies x, y,
+and z all by the same amount.
+
+So sine psi changes.
+
+It changes x, y, and
+z proportionally.
+
+And if you change x, y,
+and z proportionally,
+
+it means you're moving
+in the radial direction
+
+in this three-dimensional
+subspace.
+
+On the other hand, dR theta is
+what we get when we vary theta.
+
+And from the
+beginning, theta was
+
+defined in a way that
+parametrized the sphere.
+
+So varying theta only
+moves you along the sphere.
+
+It does not change your
+distance from the origin.
+
+So varying theta is
+purely tangential.
+
+So we have a dot product
+between a radial vector
+
+and a tangential vector,
+and those are always
+
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+So we get a dot product
+of 0, as claimed.
+
+So the two original
+four vectors are
+
+orthogonal to each other, which
+is what we're trying to prove.
+
+OK, everybody happy with that?
+
+It is a crucial step.
+
+You haven't really
+gotten the results
+
+unless you know these
+vectors are orthogonal.
+
+OK, almost done now.
+
+We then later in lecture
+talked about the implications
+
+of general relativity,
+and here we
+
+didn't prove what
+we were claiming.
+
+We just admitted that
+there are some things
+
+in general relativity that we're
+just going to have to assume,
+
+and this really is
+almost the only one.
+
+General relativity tells us how
+matter causes space to curve.
+
+And it does that in the
+form of what are called
+
+the Einstein field equations.
+
+And we're not going to learn
+the Einstein field equations.
+
+That's the subject of a
+general relativity course.
+
+So we're just going
+to have to assume
+
+what general relativity tells
+us about how space curves,
+
+and in particular in this
+instance, what it tells
+
+us is that the radius of
+curvature R-- this R that we've
+
+introduced into our metric--
+is the radius of curvature
+
+of the space, is related to the
+matter and motion by R squared
+
+being equal to a squared
+of t divided by k.
+
+And we did argue last time
+that, that k in the denominator
+
+really is necessary just to
+make the units turn out right.
+
+So we really know by
+dimensional analysis
+
+that this formula has to
+hold up to some factor.
+
+The fact that the
+factor is 1 is a fact
+
+about general relativity,
+which we're not
+
+showing at this point.
+
+When one puts this
+back into the metric
+
+to express the metric
+in terms of a of t,
+
+we find finally
+that the metric can
+
+be written as shown
+in the box here,
+
+and this is the
+last equation, where
+
+I've made a substitution
+of variables.
+
+I replaced the angle psi by
+a radial coordinate little r,
+
+which is defined
+to be sine of psi
+
+divided by the square root of k.
+
+And this form of
+the metric is what's
+
+called the
+Robertson-Walker metric.
+
+And it's a famous
+form of the metric.
+
+This is what people
+normally use.
+
+So that finishes everything
+we said last time, I think.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is the motivation
+for saying that the-- where
+
+you can describe space as
+a three-dimensional sphere
+
+in a four space.
+
+Is it because it's only
+real geometry that,
+
+where there's
+isotropian [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, that's right.
+
+I was going to be saying
+that shortly, but yes.
+
+This metric and its open
+universe counterpart
+
+and flat space together
+make up the most general
+
+possible metric, which is
+homogeneous and isotropic.
+
+At this stage, I'm
+really not going
+
+to claim that anyway,
+but at this stage,
+
+what we do know is
+that this metric is
+
+homogeneous and isotropic.
+
+And certainly what we're
+trying to construct
+
+is metrics, which are
+homogeneous and isotropic.
+
+But this also is actually
+the only possibility
+
+within that small class.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+In that case, we will
+continue on the blackboard.
+
+So what we have
+derived so far is
+
+the metric for a
+closed universe.
+
+Maybe I'll start by
+getting on the blackboard
+
+the same formula
+that's up there, just
+
+so I can see it better.
+
+Even though you can probably
+see equally well either way.
+
+A closed universe is
+described by ds squared
+
+is equal to a squared of t
+times dr squared over 1 minus kr
+
+squared plus r squared d theta
+squared plus sine squared theta
+
+d phi squared.
+
+And to relate this variable r
+to our previous definitions,
+
+little r is equal
+to the sine of psi
+
+divided by the square root of k.
+
+OK.
+
+Question back there?
+
+AUDIENCE: Psi is-- sorry this
+is just [INAUDIBLE] think.
+
+Psi is which angle?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the question
+is psi is which angle.
+
+Psi is the angle
+we introduced when
+
+we went from two-dimension
+sphere embedded in three
+
+dimensions to one
+dimension higher.
+
+Psi is the angle
+from the new axis.
+
+The angle from the w axis.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So, we've covered a
+lot of ground here.
+
+We have our first
+non-euclidean metric
+
+that's visibly important.
+
+But we know from our work on the
+Newtonian model of the universe
+
+that this little k doesn't
+have to be positive.
+
+It can be positive,
+negative, or 0.
+
+If k is 0, the
+metric is actually
+
+just the metric of a flat space.
+
+But when k is
+negative, it's a case
+
+that we haven't
+talked about yet.
+
+So we want to know, what
+will we write for a metric
+
+if k were negative?
+
+And the answer to that turns
+out to be perfectly simple.
+
+This formula has a k in it.
+
+Lots of times in
+our experience--
+
+I'm sure we all know-- when
+we write an equation for one
+
+sine of a variable, we
+find that the same equation
+
+works even if the variable
+has the other sine.
+
+So if you're buying and selling
+stocks, if the stocks go up
+
+and the stocks go down, you
+can use the same equations.
+
+The price today is the price
+yesterday plus the increment,
+
+and the increment could
+be positive or negative.
+
+But that equation-- price
+today equals price yesterday
+
+plus income-- it still works.
+
+And same thing here.
+
+If k it happens to
+be negative, there's
+
+nothing wrong with this formula.
+
+It, in fact, describes an
+open universe just as well
+
+as it describes a
+closed universe.
+
+Now notice, however, that
+things are a little bit tricky.
+
+If you look at the equation that
+I wrote immediately below here,
+
+if k is negative, we
+have the square root
+
+of a negative number here,
+so the denominator would
+
+be imaginary, and what would
+that say about r and psi?
+
+It would obviously confuse us.
+
+So you really have to write
+the metric and the correct form
+
+before you can just
+change the sign of k.
+
+If we had written the
+metric in terms of psi
+
+and not made the substitution,
+we could just as well
+
+have written the metric
+for a closed universe
+
+as a squared of t divided
+by k times d psi squared
+
+plus sine squared psi d theta
+squared plus sine squared
+
+theta d phi squared.
+
+This is an alternative metric
+for the closed universe.
+
+It's, in fact, where we started.
+
+We then made a substitution,
+replacing sine psi by little r.
+
+If we had the metric in
+this form and we said,
+
+well, let k be negative
+instead of positive,
+
+then notice that a squared
+is certainly positive,
+
+so we'd have a negative number
+out here times things which
+
+are also manifestly positive.
+
+We would have a
+negative definite metric
+
+instead of a positive
+definite metric.
+
+So we could not change the sign
+of little k in this formula
+
+and get what we want.
+
+So you have to careful.
+
+It doesn't always work.
+
+But it does work when you
+write the metric in this form.
+
+Now since it
+doesn't always work,
+
+and since we haven't really
+made any sound arguments yet,
+
+I'd like to spend a
+little time describing--
+
+I'm not going to do the
+calculation because it's
+
+too messy, but I'd
+like spend little time
+
+describing how you would
+show that this metric works
+
+for an open universe.
+
+So first thing to
+recognize is-- what
+
+do we actually mean
+when we say it "works"?
+
+Can somebody tell me what I
+probably mean when I say that?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It doesn't have
+any glaring contradictions?
+
+PROFESSOR: Doesn't have
+any glaring contradictions.
+
+Yeah, that's good, but we can
+be more specific, especially
+
+since I'm going to try to
+describe how we would actually
+
+show it, and it's a little hard
+to show that something doesn't
+
+have glaring contradictions.
+
+What do we actually care about
+in constructing these metrics?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does the goal
+that they hold well
+
+in limits, i.e.,
+the flat universes?
+
+PROFESSOR: That the physics will
+hold well in certain limits,
+
+like they should approach
+the flat universe and limit.
+
+We certainly do
+want that to happen,
+
+but there is
+something else that we
+
+want that doesn't
+involve taking limits,
+
+because you have
+different things which
+
+all approach the same
+limit, of course.
+
+Making sure an answer approaches
+the right limits is a good way
+
+to test the answer, because
+most wrong answers will not
+
+have the right limits.
+
+But merely knowing you
+have the right limits
+
+does not prove that you
+have the right answer.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: It could also reflect
+an isotropic and homogeneous
+
+non-euclidean?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Exactly.
+
+What we're looking for is
+a homogeneous and isotropic
+
+non-euclidean space,
+because that's
+
+what we know about our universe.
+
+It's homogeneous and
+isotropic, and we're
+
+trying to build a mathematical
+model of those facts.
+
+So we want homogeneity
+and isotropy.
+
+If we limit isotropy to
+isotropy about the origin, which
+
+is enough if we're going to
+later prove homogeneity, which
+
+will prove that all
+points are equivalent,
+
+isotropy about the
+origin is obvious here,
+
+because the angular part
+is just exactly what we
+
+had for a sphere in three
+euclidean dimensions.
+
+So it behaves on angles exactly
+like a euclidean problem,
+
+so we know that it's isotropic.
+
+If you point out
+that algebraically
+
+as you look at it, it's not
+obvious that it's isotropic.
+
+We just know where that
+expression came from.
+
+It came from the sphere.
+
+In terms of theta and phi,
+it's not manifestly isotropic.
+
+And that's because in
+choosing theta and phi,
+
+we chose a special
+point, the North Pole,
+
+to measure our angle theta from.
+
+And the choice of that special
+point for our coordinate system
+
+broke the isotropy.
+
+But we know that deep
+down it is isotropic.
+
+And that idea, that you can have
+such isotropy without having
+
+manifest isotropy is
+also crucial to how
+
+homogeneity plays
+out in this metric.
+
+I claim, and we know
+really, that this metric
+
+is homogeneous.
+
+At least we know
+where it came from.
+
+It came, again, from
+the surface of a sphere
+
+one dimension higher than
+just the angular part.
+
+And then spherical picture--it's
+obviously homogeneous.
+
+But nonetheless, in building
+our coordinate system,
+
+we had to break the homogeneity.
+
+We chose a special
+point-- again,
+
+what we might call
+the North Pole--
+
+in this case, the point
+where w has its maximum value
+
+and made that point special.
+
+The point where w had its
+maximum value in the x, y, z, w
+
+space is the point
+which is now the origin
+
+of this coordinate system.
+
+So, if we wanted to prove
+that this metric really
+
+is homogeneous, we
+would like to prove it
+
+for the k equals minus 1 case.
+
+But let's first,
+imaging, what would we
+
+do if we wanted to prove
+that it was homogeneous
+
+for the k equals plus 1
+case or k positive case?
+
+The case that we really
+think we do understand.
+
+The closed universe.
+
+For the closed universe, this
+does not look homogeneous.
+
+It looks like the
+origin is special.
+
+r equals 0 is special.
+
+But we know that it
+came from the sphere,
+
+and if somebody asked us to
+prove that, that metric was
+
+homogeneous-- more
+particularly, somebody
+
+might, for example,
+challenge us to construct
+
+a coordinate transformation,
+which would preserve the metric
+
+and map some arbitrary point r
+0 theta 0 phi 0 to the origin.
+
+We might undertake
+that challenge.
+
+It's a lot of work.
+
+We're not going
+to actually do it.
+
+And I promise I'll
+never ask you to do it.
+
+But I want to talk a little
+bit about how we would do it,
+
+because we do have a method,
+which we know will work.
+
+And knowing that we
+have a method that works
+
+is all we really need to know.
+
+So suppose we wanted a
+coordinate transformation
+
+that preserves the
+form of the metric
+
+and maps some arbitrary
+point, and I'll
+
+give the coordinates to
+this arbitrary point a name.
+
+I'll call it r 0,
+theta 0, and phi 0.
+
+These are coordinates
+of a point.
+
+So we're going to map this
+arbitrary point to the origin.
+
+Notice that this is a concrete
+statement about homogeneity.
+
+If we can map an arbitrary
+point to the origin
+
+while preserving
+the metric, we're
+
+really proving that
+an arbitrary point
+
+is equivalent to the origin.
+
+And if an arbitrary point
+is equivalent to the origin,
+
+then all points are
+equivalent to the origin
+
+and equivalent to each other.
+
+We're done.
+
+That proves homogeneity.
+
+So, suppose we
+wanted to do this.
+
+How would we do it?
+
+The point is that knowing how we
+got this metric from the sphere
+
+allows us to go back to
+sphere and rotate the sphere
+
+and rotate back and derive
+the coordinate transformation
+
+that we want.
+
+And I'll just describe that
+in slightly more detail.
+
+What we would first
+do is-- I claim
+
+we can do it in three
+steps, each of which
+
+we know how to do
+although they're messy.
+
+I guess I'll start over here.
+
+So step one is to find
+the x, y, z, w-coordinates
+
+that go with this point.
+
+Because once we have the
+x, y, z, w-coordinates,
+
+we're in our
+four-dimensional space
+
+where we know how
+to do rotations.
+
+So the first thing
+we do is we just find
+
+the corresponding x, y, z,
+w-coordinates where x0 is just
+
+the x-coordinate that goes
+with r0, theta0, and phi0.
+
+And y0 is the y-coordinate that
+goes with r0, theta0, and phi0.
+
+And z0 is the z-coordinate,
+and w0 is the w-coordinate.
+
+And these are just
+points we had before.
+
+I'm writing them
+symbolically, but we
+
+know how to express the
+Cartesian coordinates
+
+in terms of the angles.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we
+have a psi0 as well?
+
+PROFESSOR: r0 replaced psi0.
+
+r0 is the sine of psi
+divided by root k.
+
+So we only need
+three coordinates.
+
+We could have different
+choices of what we call them.
+
+We could've used psi here.
+
+The reason I'm using little r is
+that I want to, when I'm done,
+
+describe what we would
+do if k were a negative.
+
+And if k were a
+negative, we already
+
+said that psi does
+not actually work.
+
+We have to use different
+coordinates in order
+
+to smoothly write an open
+universe coordinate system.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: How is that
+not like cheating?
+
+Because, I mean, you did
+define r with the root k,
+
+and now we're just
+kind of ignoring them.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well that's
+exactly-- the question
+
+is why is this not cheating?
+
+And the reason it's
+not cheating is
+
+because of what I'm
+about to show you.
+
+What I'm saying really is
+that just setting k negative
+
+is something you might
+expect to probably work.
+
+I think you have good grounds
+to expect it to probably work.
+
+Now what we're
+talking about is how
+
+to actually show that it works.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor,
+what's the necessity
+
+of defining w as opposed
+to, I don't know, t?
+
+The traditional, like, t--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The question is why did I call
+the fourth variable w and not
+
+t.
+
+The answer is that the variable
+we're talking about here
+
+is not time.
+
+It's another spatial coordinate.
+
+So, for that reason
+I think it's better
+
+to call it w than to call it t.
+
+Of course, needless to
+say, the name of a variable
+
+doesn't have any
+actual significance.
+
+So I certainly could have
+called it t equally well,
+
+but I think that would have
+caused some confusion by people
+
+thinking it was
+time, which it's not.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So, what I'm
+outlining is the steps
+
+that you would use to prove
+that this is homogeneous.
+
+I'm doing it for
+the closed case.
+
+Now the point is that if we
+can do it for the open case,
+
+we'll prove that
+the open metric is
+
+what we want it to be--
+homogeneous and isotropic.
+
+And that's the only
+criteria that we
+
+have for goodness of a metric.
+
+So, continuing with
+the closed case
+
+in mind, the first step
+of doing this mapping,
+
+to map some arbitrary
+point to the origin,
+
+is to first find its
+x, y, z, w-coordinates,
+
+its Cartesian coordinates.
+
+Once we have the
+Cartesian coordinates,
+
+we know that in the
+four-dimensional space
+
+we can perform ordinary
+euclidean rotations.
+
+Rotations in four
+dimensions [INAUDIBLE],
+
+not three dimensions.
+
+And even rotations
+in three dimensions
+
+are not all that simple, but
+nonetheless in principle,
+
+we know how to do rotations
+in four dimensions.
+
+And we know what
+we're trying to do
+
+in the four-dimensional picture.
+
+We're trying to
+rotate this point
+
+to the origin of our
+coordinate system.
+
+And the origin of our
+coordinate system-- the way
+
+we've done this mapping-- is
+to make w equals capital R,
+
+w equal to its maximum
+value, the center
+
+of our coordinate system.
+
+That's where psi was
+equal to 0, and now
+
+where our new variable
+little r is equal to 0.
+
+So we'd like to map this point,
+whatever it is, to the point
+
+where w has a maximum value,
+and the other coordinates all
+
+vanish.
+
+So we can do that.
+
+We can find a rotation
+that does that.
+
+It's not even unique,
+because you can always
+
+rotate about the final axis.
+
+But in any case, we imagine
+that we can do that.
+
+And that's step two-- is
+to find the right rotation.
+
+And a general rotation is
+a linear transformation,
+
+so you can write it as x prime,
+y prime, z prime, w prime,
+
+as a four vector,
+is equal to some 4
+
+by 4 rotation matrix times
+the original four coordinates.
+
+So an equation of
+this form would
+
+describe a
+four-dimensional rotation.
+
+And we in particular want the
+four-dimensional rotation which
+
+maps-- maybe I'll write it as a
+similar matrix equation-- what
+
+we want is that the matrix,
+when it operates on x0, y0, z0,
+
+and w0, which remember are
+just the four coordinates
+
+that correspond to
+our original point,
+
+r0, theta0, phi0, we want
+this to map into 0, 0, 0,
+
+r, which is the four-dimensional
+description of the origin
+
+of our new coordinate system.
+
+And then finally, step
+three is the obvious one.
+
+Once we've found the
+transformation that
+
+maps to the origin,
+now we just go back
+
+to our original
+angular coordinates.
+
+So, now we set r prime
+equal to the radius function
+
+of x prime, y prime,
+z prime, and w prime.
+
+And this just means
+the r-coordinate--
+
+that corresponds to
+those four euclidean
+
+coordinates and similarly
+for the other variables.
+
+Theta prime is
+the theta function
+
+of x prime, y prime,
+z prime, and w prime.
+
+And phi prime is equal
+to the phi function.
+
+All these are
+functions that we know.
+
+I just don't want to
+write them out explicitly,
+
+because that's a lot of work.
+
+So it's phi of x prime, y
+prime, z prime, w prime.
+
+So now with the three
+steps, we have our mapping.
+
+We could start with an arbitrary
+point, perform the rotation,
+
+and then calculate the
+angular variables again.
+
+Ok, do people understand
+what I'm talking about here?
+
+Oh good.
+
+OK.
+
+And the good things is I
+promise I won't make you do it.
+
+And I've never done it
+either, to be honest.
+
+But it's obvious
+that we can do it.
+
+And if we can do this, this
+would prove and especially
+
+demonstrate homogeneity.
+
+It would be a mapping that
+would map an arbitrary
+
+point to the origin, proving
+that, that arbitrary point was
+
+equivalent to the origin as
+far as the metric is concerned.
+
+And now my claim, I
+mean, I'm not really
+
+going to prove this
+either, but it's
+
+a claim that could be verified
+by going through things.
+
+And it also seems
+highly plausible--
+
+that if you looked at
+each of these steps--
+
+these are all just
+algebra steps,
+
+these are all just
+algebraic equations--
+
+that they would work just
+as well for negative k
+
+as they will for positive k.
+
+And by doing these same
+series of manipulations
+
+for negative k, you
+would prove that
+
+the Robertson-Walker
+metric for negative k
+
+is homogeneous,
+which is our goal.
+
+We already know it's isotropic.
+
+If we can prove it's
+homogeneous, we're home free.
+
+It's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yes?
+
+PROFESSOR: Does the necessity
+of placing the origin at r,
+
+like big R, on w is that
+just because that thing is
+
+expanding?
+
+Or-- I'm kind of having
+trouble understanding
+
+why it wouldn't be
+just straight 0s.
+
+Like, why there's that
+[INAUDIBLE] value [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the question
+is why does the origin look
+
+like this as opposed
+to just being all 0s.
+
+The answer is that all 0s
+is not even in our space.
+
+Because, remember the
+space we're interested in
+
+is the surface of the sphere.
+
+And the surface of
+the sphere obeys
+
+x squared plus y squared
+plus z squared plus w squared
+
+equals r squared.
+
+So if all the
+coordinates were 0,
+
+it's not part of
+our space at all.
+
+So we're using this
+four-dimensional space,
+
+the embedding space,
+to make things simple.
+
+But in the end,
+we're only interested
+
+in the three-dimensional
+surface.
+
+So the origin of our
+coordinate system
+
+for that
+three-dimensional surface
+
+had better be in the
+three-dimensional surface.
+
+So of course, other choices
+we could have made--
+
+we could have put it anywhere
+we want on the surface.
+
+Choosing to put it where
+w has its maximum value
+
+is just an arbitrary convention.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you were saying
+that most metrics are not
+
+homogeneous?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh yeah.
+
+Sure.
+
+Most metrics are
+not homogeneous.
+
+Most objects are not around.
+
+AUDIENCE: When we're
+doing this math
+
+to show that the
+Robertson-Walker was
+
+homogeneous, it
+didn't seem that we
+
+use the exact form of the
+Robertson-Walker metric
+
+at all in it.
+
+We just said, it is
+possible to do these--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, no.
+
+We did use the form when
+we made this rotation.
+
+We used the form that, in
+the euclidean formulation,
+
+we knew that it was
+rotationally invariant.
+
+And the rotational invariance
+in the euclidean formulation
+
+is homogeneity and
+guarantees homogeneity,
+
+but it's a special property.
+
+If it was ellipsoidal
+shaped instead of spherical,
+
+when you rotated it, it
+would not be invariant.
+
+If it had any bumps or
+lumps when you rotated it,
+
+it would not be invariant.
+
+Yes, Aviv.
+
+AUDIENCE: I feel like there
+should be a fourth step where
+
+you show that the metric doesn't
+change forms [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+We do need to know the
+metric does not change form,
+
+but I think we do
+have a guaranteed--
+
+maybe we should've
+said some words.
+
+I don't think it's really
+a fourth step in the sense
+
+that I don't think it
+requires anymore algebra.
+
+But the point is that we know
+that the metric is invariant,
+
+that the four-dimensional
+metric is
+
+invariant under this
+rotation, which was really
+
+the only non-trivial step.
+
+And otherwise, besides
+the rotation, all we did
+
+is we went from the
+r theta phi variables
+
+to the utility
+euclidean variables,
+
+and then we went back from
+the euclidean variables
+
+to the r theta phi variables.
+
+But we already know how to
+go from euclidean variables
+
+to r theta phi variables, and
+it results in that metric.
+
+And it will still result
+in that metric when,
+
+if a prime is on all
+of the coordinates.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you don't
+have to say, like,
+
+suppose we have a
+[INAUDIBLE] byproduct.
+
+And do the mapping,
+figure out what
+
+the ds squared is in
+terms of r theta phi
+
+to show that it's the same?
+
+Do we have to do
+that [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the
+question is do we
+
+have to explicitly
+show that ds squared is
+
+the same for the
+new variables as it
+
+was for the old variables.
+
+We certainly want to be
+convinced that that's true,
+
+and we certainly want to have
+an argument which convinces us.
+
+But I would claim
+that if you think
+
+about what underlies
+these steps,
+
+I only gave a schematic
+description of them.
+
+If you think about what
+underlies these steps,
+
+I think it's implicit that
+the form of the metric
+
+is what we had.
+
+The form of the metric that
+we had was completely dictated
+
+by the transformation,
+which expressed
+
+r theta and phi in
+terms of x, y, z, and w.
+
+And as long as you know
+the metric in x, y, z,
+
+and w, and that's the
+euclidean metric both before
+
+and after our
+rotation, then when you
+
+use the same equations
+to go from x, y, z,
+
+w to r, theta, and phi, you'll
+always get the same metric.
+
+So I think we are
+guaranteed by this process
+
+to get a metric for
+our new variables, r
+
+prime, theta prime,
+and phi prime,
+
+which has exactly the same
+form as the original metric.
+
+Because it's the same
+calculation again.
+
+The only difference is that
+this time the variables
+
+all have primes on them.
+
+And the crucial step, the
+step that was nontrivial,
+
+is the fact that this rotation
+did not change the metric.
+
+That's where the
+homogeneity was built in,
+
+that we started with
+a sphere that we
+
+knew was rotationally invariant.
+
+And this whole calculation
+just extracts that homogeneity
+
+that we built in
+from the beginning.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: For k negative,
+it's r squared over k,
+
+so is r negative?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+r is still positive
+when expressed
+
+in terms of x, y, z, and w.
+
+Let me think if I can show that.
+
+I'll show that next time.
+
+It's a little involved,
+but it will be positive.
+
+I might add that if we
+look at this formula
+
+and ask what's going
+on, what's going on--
+
+we don't necessarily need to
+know this-- but what's going on
+
+is that in going from the
+closed case to the open case,
+
+k goes from positive to negative
+and therefore square root of k
+
+becomes imaginary.
+
+But psi also becomes imaginary.
+
+To describe the relationship
+between the closed metric
+
+and the open metric,
+if you're using psi,
+
+you have to say that
+for the closed metric,
+
+you'll use real values of
+psi, and for the open metric,
+
+you'll use imaginary
+values of psi.
+
+And that makes r real and
+makes this formula work.
+
+And you could also then
+see how this formula works.
+
+If psi is assigned
+imaginary values,
+
+then deep psi
+squared is negative,
+
+so this negative sign
+cancels that negative sign,
+
+and you again get a
+positive definite metric.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So how can we choose
+the imaginary [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of sine and psi.
+
+Is that just to reflect or
+is that a choice that we're
+
+making for our model?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+The question is why
+do we choose to use
+
+the imaginary value of psi.
+
+And the answer is
+perhaps that I failed
+
+to state all the conditions
+we're interested in when I said
+
+what properties we want
+this metric to have.
+
+We want the metric
+that we're seeking
+
+to be homogeneous and
+isotropic, as we said.
+
+What we didn't say,
+but what I kind of
+
+had in the back of my
+mind as an assumption,
+
+is that the metric should
+also be positive definite.
+
+You can construct
+other metrics which
+
+are homogeneous and isotropic
+but not positive definite.
+
+In fact, you would
+if you let psi
+
+be real and let k be negative.
+
+You'd have a negative definite
+metric, which would still
+
+be homogeneous and isotropic.
+
+So to enforce all
+three properties,
+
+you have to use
+some imagination.
+
+And the easiest way to do
+it is to write the metric
+
+in the magical form where you
+can just let k go to minus k,
+
+and that's the
+Robertson-Walker form here.
+
+And if you write it this way,
+when you let k go to minus k,
+
+it becomes negative
+definite, and you
+
+have to scratch your head.
+
+And if you really clever,
+you might say, well,
+
+if I assign
+negative-- excuse me,
+
+if I assign imaginary
+values to psi,
+
+it'll become positive
+definite again.
+
+That works, but it's
+less straightforward.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we want it
+to be positive definite
+
+so that it's visible?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+We want it to be positive
+definite so it's visible.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any way we
+can have a negative definite
+
+for a multidimensional
+space that's reflects
+
+a 3D positive definite space?
+
+PROFESSOR: Is there anyway
+in higher dimensional space
+
+or something that we can have
+it maybe have mixed signs
+
+or be negative.
+
+Well in fact, we
+will see shortly,
+
+because we're going
+to add in time,
+
+time will occur with
+the opposite sign,
+
+and it will not be
+positive definite anymore.
+
+But that will nonetheless
+correspond to real physics.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+So why do we have to force
+that ds squared into spaces?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because now we
+are talking only about space,
+
+and certainly for our
+universe, space is positive.
+
+Now, I might add since
+you brought this up,
+
+that in relativity, there's no
+clear distinction between space
+
+and time, so you might
+wonder why should I
+
+be saying that space is
+positive and time is negative.
+
+And perhaps I'm
+oversimplifying a bit when
+
+I say that space is positive
+and time is negative.
+
+But what is a requirement
+for general relativity
+
+to match our universe, and
+therefore a requirement that we
+
+impose on the general
+relativity theory,
+
+is that the metric have three
+positive eigenvalues and one
+
+negative eigenvalue.
+
+And that's how it's
+described, and that's
+
+called the signature of
+the metric-- the number
+
+of positive eigenvalues and the
+number of negative eigenvalues.
+
+And reality clearly has--
+well, I shouldn't say clearly.
+
+String theory is
+more dimensions--
+
+but to describe our
+macroscopic world, clearly,
+
+we have quantities
+that we intuitively
+
+identify as three space
+dimensions in one time
+
+dimension.
+
+And the metric
+that describes that
+
+is a metric whose signature
+is three positive eigenvalues
+
+and one negative eigenvalue.
+
+Although, some people
+reverse the sign conventions
+
+and say it's three
+negative and 1 positive,
+
+which works just as well.
+
+You can define the
+metric with either sign.
+
+But this is the one
+that we're using,
+
+the one that corresponds
+to space being positive.
+
+OK, any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+In that case, let's move onward.
+
+What did I want to
+talk about next?
+
+OK.
+
+I wanted to write
+on the blackboard
+
+a statement which came about
+earlier due to questioning
+
+but hasn't been written on
+the blackboard yet, which
+
+is that there's a
+theorem which says
+
+that the most general possible
+three-dimensional metric, which
+
+is homogeneous and
+isotropic, is this space.
+
+So any three-dimensional,
+homogeneous, and isotropic
+
+space can be described by
+the Robertson-Walker metric.
+
+We are not going to prove
+this, but it is a theorem.
+
+If you want to see a proof,
+there's a proof, for example,
+
+in Steve Weinberg's gravitation
+and cosmology textbook.
+
+And in a lot of other
+books, I'm sure.
+
+But we'll take it for granted.
+
+These are certainly the only
+homogeneous and isotopic spaces
+
+that we know how to construct.
+
+And in fact, it's the
+only ones that exist.
+
+Now, I emphasize
+that if the space is
+
+homogeneous and
+isotropic, obviously
+
+the metric does not
+have to look exactly
+
+like that, because you can
+choose different coordinates.
+
+We could take these coordinates
+and make some arbitrary
+
+transformation and make the
+metric look incredibly ugly.
+
+It would still be a homogeneous
+and isotropic space.
+
+But the claim is that any
+homogeneous and isotropic space
+
+can be written in metric
+that looks exactly
+
+like this with a proper
+choice of coordinates.
+
+OK.
+
+Next thing I want to discuss
+is the size of these universes.
+
+Size in the generalized
+sense of, actually
+
+the question of
+whether it's positive--
+
+whether it's infinite or finite.
+
+Notice that our
+closed universe, one
+
+can see from the embedding
+in four euclidean dimensions,
+
+is finite.
+
+The surface of a
+sphere is finite.
+
+And one can also see it
+from the form of the metric,
+
+although one has to think a
+little bit about how exactly
+
+it works.
+
+If we start at the origin
+and let r get bigger,
+
+clearly something
+funny's going to happen
+
+when r is equal to 1 over
+the square root of k.
+
+That is, when kr
+squared is equal to 1,
+
+this metric will
+become singular.
+
+If one goes back to the angular
+description in terms of psi,
+
+it's clearer what's
+going on there.
+
+When kr squared is 1, that's
+exactly where sine psi is one.
+
+And that just means
+you've reached
+
+the equator of your sphere.
+
+Quick picture.
+
+Size measured from the w-axis.
+
+The equator corresponds
+to sine psi equals 1.
+
+And then if you continue,
+psi gets bigger up to pi,
+
+but r starts getting
+smaller again.
+
+So r is double
+valued in the sense
+
+that there are two latitudes
+at which r has the same value--
+
+one of the northern
+hemisphere and one
+
+in the southern hemisphere.
+
+But in any case, r starts from
+0, goes to some maximum value,
+
+and then goes back to 0.
+
+Everything is finite.
+
+And one could integrate
+and find the total volume,
+
+and it's finite.
+
+And I think it was or will
+be a homework problem where
+
+you do exactly that integral
+at the volume of a closed
+
+universe.
+
+On the other hand, if k--
+let's first set it equal to 0.
+
+If k is 0, we have here just
+the euclidean metric and polar
+
+coordinates
+describing flat space.
+
+And there's no limit on r. r
+can become as large as you want.
+
+You can hypothesize
+that space somehow ends,
+
+but we don't believe-- we
+don't know of any end to space.
+
+And there are-- in any case, a
+precise way you could describe
+
+what it would mean for space
+to end in general relativity
+
+and the usual postulates of
+general relativity is that ,
+
+that doesn't happen-- that space
+doesn't just have an arbitrary
+
+end.
+
+So the flat case is an infinite
+space when k is equal to 0.
+
+It's just an infinite
+euclidean space.
+
+Similarly, if k is
+negative, then nothing funny
+
+happens as r increases.
+
+So there's no reason not to
+let r increase to infinity.
+
+Anything else would just
+be putting in an arbitrary
+
+wall into space
+without any motivation
+
+for believing that
+such a wall is there.
+
+And one has to remember that
+r is not physical distance.
+
+So the fact that r
+can go to infinity
+
+doesn't necessarily
+make the space infinite,
+
+but you can calculate
+physical distance.
+
+We can calculate the
+physical distance
+
+from the origin to the
+radius r, and we get that
+
+just by integrating the metric.
+
+The metric tells us what
+the actual physical length
+
+is for an infinitesimal segment.
+
+That's what the metric
+meant in the first place.
+
+So the integral that we'd be
+doing of an a of t out front,
+
+and then we'll be integrating
+dr prime over the square root
+
+of 1 minus kr prime
+squared from 0 up to r.
+
+Remember k is negative.
+
+So this is a positive quantity
+under the square root.
+
+It's not going to cause any
+problems by vanishing on us.
+
+And this is an integral,
+which is in fact, doable.
+
+And it's just equal
+to, still the a
+
+of t in front, which I think
+I left out in the notes,
+
+times an inverse hyperbolic
+cinch of the square root
+
+of minus kr over
+square root of minus k.
+
+Remember k is negative.
+
+See these are all square
+roots of positive numbers.
+
+And that cinch function,
+the inverse cinch
+
+can get to be as
+large as one wants
+
+by letting r be as
+large as one wants.
+
+It grows without bound.
+
+And that means the physical
+distance grows without bound
+
+as r grows to infinity.
+
+And it grows faster
+than linear, I think.
+
+I take that back.
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess
+I'm still confused
+
+because r is sine of psi
+over square root of k,
+
+so sine psi is bounded
+by 1 and negative 1,
+
+so if we're letting r
+go to infinity, how--
+
+PROFESSOR: That formula only
+works for the closed case.
+
+r equals sine psi over root k.
+
+We can apply it to the open case
+if we let psi become imaginary.
+
+But then the bounds that
+you said no longer apply.
+
+The sine of an
+imaginary variable
+
+is, in fact, the cinch
+of a real variable.
+
+OK?
+
+Next thing I want
+to point out is
+
+that the
+Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevski
+
+geometry that you did a
+homework problem about or it
+
+was an extra credit problem,
+so some of you did not.
+
+But we talked about the
+Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevski
+
+geometry.
+
+That really is just an
+open Robertson-Walker, RW
+
+Robertson-Walker metric,
+but in two space dimensions.
+
+But it's completely analogous
+to the Robertson-Walker metric
+
+in three space dimensions
+that we're talking about here.
+
+So you might recall that
+Felix Klein construction
+
+looked very complicated.
+
+That's because of the
+coordinates that he used.
+
+Those coordinates might be
+simple from some point of view,
+
+but from the point of view
+of illustrating homogeneity,
+
+they're very
+complicated coordinates.
+
+And anyway, to physicists,
+the Robertson-Walker open
+
+coordinate system is familiar,
+and the Felix Klein coordinate
+
+system is not.
+
+OK.
+
+If there are no
+further questions
+
+about these spatial metrics, the
+next thing I want to talk about
+
+is adding time to the picture.
+
+Because in the end,
+we're going to be
+
+interested in a
+spacetime metric,
+
+because that's what
+general relativity is
+
+all about-- spacetime metrics.
+
+OK.
+
+Everything is going to
+hinge on an important fact
+
+from special relativity, which
+we are going to assume but not
+
+prove, because most
+you have had courses
+
+about special
+relativity elsewhere.
+
+And for those you who
+have not, you can either,
+
+if you wish, read an
+appendix to lecture
+
+notes five, in which the fact
+that I'm about to show you
+
+is derived, or you
+could just assume it.
+
+Whichever you prefer, depending
+on how much time you have.
+
+This is not a course
+about special relativity.
+
+You're not required
+to learn how to derive
+
+the fact that I'm
+about to write.
+
+And what I'm about
+to write starts
+
+with a definition
+given any two events.
+
+An event is a
+point in spacetime.
+
+Snapping my finger-- this
+clearly speaking event.
+
+It happens at a certain
+place in a certain time.
+
+And every real events occupies
+some small volume of spacetime.
+
+An ideal event is a
+point in spacetime.
+
+And we'll be talking
+about ideal events.
+
+Which, our model, as I said,
+has points in spacetime.
+
+So given any two
+events, one can talk
+
+about a separation
+between those events.
+
+And they will be separated
+in both space and time,
+
+although either one
+of those could be 0.
+
+But they're not both 0,
+or it's the same event.
+
+And it's possible to define
+an interesting quantity, which
+
+is the difference between
+the x-coordinates of the two
+
+events.
+
+This will be the separation
+between two events, which I'll
+
+call a and b, and xa and
+xb are the x-coordinates
+
+of those two events.
+
+And probably you all
+have enough imagination
+
+to guess that ya and yb are
+the y-coordinates of those two
+
+events.
+
+And za and zb are the
+z-coordinates of those events.
+
+And now here's a surprising one,
+if you haven't already seen it.
+
+We're going to have
+minus c squared
+
+times ta minus tb squared.
+
+Now, this is all in
+special relativity.
+
+I maybe should clarify.
+
+We haven't gotten to general
+relativity or cosmology yet.
+
+But we need to
+understand something
+
+from special relativity first.
+
+So in special relativity,
+it's natural to define
+
+that interval
+between two events.
+
+And the magical
+property, which is
+
+why we define this integral
+in the first place,
+
+is that if we had two
+different inertial observers,
+
+we could calculate
+how the coordinates
+
+as seen by one
+observer are related
+
+to the coordinates as seen
+by the other observer.
+
+And that's called the
+Lorentz transformation.
+
+And one finds that this
+particular quantity
+
+will have exactly the same
+value to both observers always.
+
+The two observers will, in
+general, find different values
+
+for every one of the
+four quantities here.
+
+But when the four quantities
+are added up with a minus sign
+
+in front of the time
+term, the calculations
+
+would show that you get the same
+value for inertial observers.
+
+So this quantity is
+called Lorentz invariant,
+
+meaning it's invariant under
+Lorentz transformations.
+
+And it makes it a
+very important thing
+
+to talk about
+because in the end,
+
+physical things have to
+be essentially Lorentz
+
+invariant because the laws of
+physics are Lorentz invariant.
+
+The laws of physics are the
+same in all Lorentz frames,
+
+so ultimately they have to
+involve quantities, which
+
+have some simple
+relationship from one Lorentz
+
+frame to another.
+
+OK now, we'd still like to
+have a clearer notion, I think,
+
+of what this quantity means.
+
+It's defined by that
+equation and principle,
+
+but it would be nice if we
+had some understanding of what
+
+it means.
+
+And I think the
+easiest way to describe
+
+what it means is to
+look at special frames,
+
+even though the important
+feature of this quantity
+
+is that it has the same
+numerical value in all frames.
+
+So the numerical value is
+the same in all frames,
+
+but some frames make it
+easier to interpret it.
+
+That's what I'm claiming.
+
+So, what that frame is depends
+on the value of s squared,
+
+or at least the sine of it.
+
+For sab squared
+greater than 0, which
+
+means it's dominated
+by the spatial terms
+
+there, because those
+are the positive ones.
+
+And therefore, the separation
+is called spacelike.
+
+Some books put a hyphen between
+space and like and some don't.
+
+I don't.
+
+And there's a theorem that
+says that if the separation
+
+between two events is
+spacelike, there always
+
+exists a Lorentz frame, an
+inertial frame, in which
+
+the two events happen
+simultaneously.
+
+Backwards E is a
+There Exists symbol.
+
+Then there exists
+an inertial frame
+
+in which a and b
+are simultaneous.
+
+In that frame, we
+could look at what
+
+that formula tells
+us sab squared is.
+
+Since they're
+simultaneous, ta equals tb,
+
+and therefore the last
+term does not contribute.
+
+So in that frame, s squared
+is just xa minus xb squared
+
+plus ya minus yb squared
+plus za minus zb squared.
+
+And we know what that is.
+
+That's just the euclidean
+length, the euclidean distance
+
+between the two points.
+
+So, in this frame,
+sab squared is
+
+just equal to the distance
+between events squared.
+
+Or you take the square
+root because they're
+
+positive numbers.
+
+You could say sab is equal to
+the distance between the two
+
+events.
+
+So when sab squared
+is positive, sab
+
+is just the distance
+between the two events
+
+in the frame in which
+they're simultaneous.
+
+If sab squared is not positive,
+it could be negative or 0.
+
+Let me go to the
+negative case first.
+
+For sab squared less than
+0, for it to be less than 0,
+
+it means that this expression
+is dominated by the time term
+
+because that's
+the negative term.
+
+And therefore the separation
+is called timelike.
+
+And again, there's a theorem.
+
+The theorem says that if the
+separation between two events
+
+is timelike, there exists
+a frame in which it
+
+happened in the same location.
+
+If they're at the
+same location, we
+
+could again look at
+that equation that
+
+defines sab squared
+and ask what form
+
+does it take in
+this special frame
+
+where the two events
+are the same location.
+
+That means the first
+three terms are all 0
+
+because-- same location.
+
+It means in that frame,
+sab squared is negative,
+
+and it's just minus c
+squared times the time
+
+separation squared.
+
+So in that frame, sab
+squared is equal to minus
+
+c squared tau ab
+squared, where tau ab
+
+is just equal to
+the time separation.
+
+So when sab squared is
+negative, its meaning
+
+is as minus c squared times the
+square of the time separation
+
+in the frame where the
+two events happened
+
+at the same place.
+
+Now, this notion of the
+two events happening
+
+at the same place has a
+particularly simple intuition
+
+if the two events that
+we're talking about happen
+
+on the same object, like two
+flashes of the same strobe
+
+if that strobe is moving
+at a constant velocity.
+
+Otherwise, all bets are off.
+
+But if that strobe is moving
+at a constant velocity
+
+so that the frame of the
+strobe is an inertial frame,
+
+then the frame of the
+strobe is, in fact,
+
+the frame in which
+the two events
+
+happened at the same place.
+
+They both happened at the bulb
+of the strobe light, which
+
+in the frame of the
+strobe is just one point.
+
+So this time interval, which
+the sab squared measures,
+
+is simply the time interval as
+measured by the object itself,
+
+is measured by an observer
+following the strobe.
+
+And if we place the strobe by
+a person with a wristwatch,
+
+this notion of time, which
+is called proper time,
+
+is simply the time measured
+by the person's wristwatch.
+
+A clock that follows the
+object so that anything that
+
+happened to that object
+happens at the same location.
+
+So if events happen
+to the same object,
+
+ta ab is just the time interval
+measured by that object.
+
+And as you give these things
+names for the spacelike case,
+
+sab is often called the proper
+distance between the events,
+
+and ta ab is the proper time
+interval between the events.
+
+OK.
+
+One more case to do,
+which is, if it's not
+
+positive or negative,
+there's only one remaining
+
+choice, which is
+it's got to be 0.
+
+If sab squared is 0,
+then again looking back
+
+at the original definition, it
+means that the spatial piece
+
+is equal to minus c squared
+times the time piece
+
+so that they all cancel.
+
+If you think about it, that's
+precisely the statement
+
+that these two
+events are located
+
+in just the right situation so
+the light beam that leaves one
+
+will just arrive at the other.
+
+Because it says that some
+of the first three terms,
+
+which is the
+distance squared, is
+
+equal to c squared times
+the time interval squared.
+
+And that just says
+that something
+
+travels at the speed of light.
+
+It could travel that distance
+in that time and go from point a
+
+to point b or vice versa.
+
+Only one or the other, not both.
+
+But it's always
+one or the other.
+
+So, for that reason, the
+interval is called lightlike.
+
+And it means that a light
+pulse can travel from a to b,
+
+or I could have
+interchanged a or b.
+
+Everything is squared.
+
+It doesn't matter
+which is which.
+
+Now, there's a
+peculiar thing here.
+
+You would think that if a light
+pulse can travel from a to b,
+
+there would still be
+some relevant measure
+
+to how far apart a and b are.
+
+However, what we're
+basically seeing here
+
+is that if a and b are
+lightlike separated,
+
+in any given reference frame you
+could talk about what the time
+
+interval is and that will be
+equal to the space interval
+
+up to a factor of c.
+
+But if we imagine
+looking at this
+
+at different frames,
+different inertial frames,
+
+these two points
+can get arbitrarily
+
+close together or
+arbitrarily far apart,
+
+depending on what frame
+we look at them in.
+
+There is no Lorentz
+invariant measure
+
+of how far apart they look.
+
+The Lorentz invariant-- the
+only Lorentz invariant measure
+
+simply tells us that
+they're lightlike
+
+related to each other.
+
+And this leads to some
+very peculiar issues
+
+when you try to prove rigorous
+theorems about relativity.
+
+You can't really say whether
+two lightlike points, two
+
+lightlike separated
+points are close or far.
+
+Because there's no real meaning
+for them to be close or far.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me just say one more fact
+about special relativity,
+
+and then we'll quit for today
+and come back on Thursday
+
+and then talk about
+how to extend this
+
+into general relativity.
+
+OK, there's a question.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just really quick.
+
+For the Lorentz
+invariant to equal to 0,
+
+does that mean that
+the objects should
+
+be moving at the speed of
+light relative to each other?
+
+Is it like that?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The question is, if the
+separation is lightlike,
+
+s squared is 0.
+
+Does that mean that
+these two objects
+
+are moving at the speed of
+light relative to each other
+
+or something like that?
+
+No, it does not.
+
+It only talks about
+their positions.
+
+It doesn't say anything about
+the motion of these objects.
+
+It's only a statement about
+their x and t-coordinates
+
+at some instant.
+
+OK, let me still write
+one more equation
+
+on the blackboard to kind of
+finish the special relativity
+
+part of the discussion.
+
+In the end, we are
+interested in the metric.
+
+And what makes a
+metric a little bit
+
+different from a
+distance function
+
+is that metrics refer to
+infinitesimal distances.
+
+So we're going to want to know
+the infinitesimal form of that.
+
+And it's obvious,
+so it's nothing
+
+to make a big deal about.
+
+But I think it's worth
+writing on the blackboard.
+
+The infinitesimal
+form of that equation
+
+is that ds squared is equal
+to dx squared plus dy squared
+
+plus dz squared minus c squared
+dt squared where dxdy, dz
+
+and dt are the
+infinitesimal coordinate
+
+differences between two events.
+
+And it's in that form that we'll
+be beginning from and taking
+
+off into the world
+of general relativity
+
+and the metric of general
+relativistic spacetimes.
+
+So we'll continue
+with this on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/db1xAyO4YgM.txt b/db1xAyO4YgM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfb3dbd9e9f4da989ad58278e2a488dbed44d569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db1xAyO4YgM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's start so H first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start so H first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start so H first of all
+wow thank you all for coming back I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow thank you all for coming back I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow thank you all for coming back I'm
+happy I didn't H you know uh push you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I didn't H you know uh push you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I didn't H you know uh push you
+away uh so before we start with today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh so before we start with today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh so before we start with today's
+lectures just a few Logistics so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures just a few Logistics so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures just a few Logistics so for
+some reasons you guys are taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons you guys are taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons you guys are taking a
+holiday next week unfortunately so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday next week unfortunately so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday next week unfortunately so we
+won't have class A the week after on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have class A the week after on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have class A the week after on the
+29th unfortunately I'm away that week at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29th unfortunately I'm away that week at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29th unfortunately I'm away that week at
+Germany but we're gonna have our amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany but we're gonna have our amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany but we're gonna have our amazing
+Rachel in the back uh give a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel in the back uh give a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel in the back uh give a fantastic
+lecture so you know uh you'll enjoy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so you know uh you'll enjoy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so you know uh you'll enjoy that
+uh and then the week after which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the week after which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the week after which I
+believe is October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is October
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is October
+6th I would have loved to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th I would have loved to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th I would have loved to give you a
+great lecture and I'm here however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lecture and I'm here however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lecture and I'm here however
+you're going to get something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get something even
+better because there is a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because there is a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because there is a really really
+amazing work uh new work by ODed RV who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing work uh new work by ODed RV who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing work uh new work by ODed RV who
+gave who does a new constructs a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave who does a new constructs a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave who does a new constructs a new
+factoring algorithm uh uh Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring algorithm uh uh Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring algorithm uh uh Quantum
+factoring algorithm uh so kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring algorithm uh so kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring algorithm uh so kind of
+improves Show's algorithms in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves Show's algorithms in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves Show's algorithms in some way
+uh it's a really really exciting piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a really really exciting piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a really really exciting piece
+of work uh odet is in Paris but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work uh odet is in Paris but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work uh odet is in Paris but that's
+the one day he was able to come here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one day he was able to come here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one day he was able to come here and
+present his work and it's exactly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present his work and it's exactly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present his work and it's exactly on
+this class so so I think what we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so so I think what we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so so I think what we should
+do we should all this class will move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we should all this class will move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we should all this class will move on
+October 6 and we'll all go to od's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 6 and we'll all go to od's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 6 and we'll all go to od's talk
+it's going to be this class it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be this class it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be this class it's going
+to be a colloquium and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a colloquium and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a colloquium and it's going to be
+a theory reading group it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory reading group it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory reading group it's going to be
+kind of allinone it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of allinone it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of allinone it's going to have a
+very nice format where the first hour or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice format where the first hour or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice format where the first hour or
+so is going to be kind of a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is going to be kind of a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is going to be kind of a very general
+theory audience talk and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory audience talk and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory audience talk and then we're
+going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the
+next two or less hours depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two or less hours depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two or less hours depending on how
+much he'll have the energy to speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much he'll have the energy to speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much he'll have the energy to speak to
+us uh we're going to talk about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh we're going to talk about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh we're going to talk about kind of
+more details about his algorithm and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details about his algorithm and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details about his algorithm and his
+work so that's October 6th and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that's October 6th and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that's October 6th and then I'm
+going to be back so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be back so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be back so you're going to have
+a bit of a break for me now uh which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a break for me now uh which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a break for me now uh which I'm
+kind of sad about but you may be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sad about but you may be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sad about but you may be happy
+uh okay so let's first kind of recap uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so let's first kind of recap uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so let's first kind of recap uh
+where where we were and and continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we were and and continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we were and and continue
+from there uh so last time we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there uh so last time we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there uh so last time we defined
+kind of this new class of proofs kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this new class of proofs kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this new class of proofs kind of
+going away from the classical proofs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from the classical proofs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from the classical proofs to
+the regime of interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime of interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime of interactive
+proofs we showed the power of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs we showed the power of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs we showed the power of these
+interactive proofs by showing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proofs by showing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proofs by showing one
+protocol in particular the sum protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in particular the sum protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in particular the sum protocol
+I wrote the sum protocol kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote the sum protocol kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote the sum protocol kind of very
+Loosely in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely in that uh
+board because we're going to refer to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because we're going to refer to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because we're going to refer to it
+today again so the some protocol just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today again so the some protocol just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today again so the some protocol just a
+recap it's a way to prove that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap it's a way to prove that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap it's a way to prove that the sum
+of a multivariate polinomial over let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a multivariate polinomial over let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a multivariate polinomial over let's
+say a small set H you can think of H as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a small set H you can think of H as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a small set H you can think of H as
+01 as an example over like a Boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 as an example over like a Boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 as an example over like a Boolean
+Cube or just a bigger Cube the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube or just a bigger Cube the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube or just a bigger Cube the sum is
+some value over some finite field and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value over some finite field and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value over some finite field and of
+course to compute this sum takes a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to compute this sum takes a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to compute this sum takes a very
+long time it's like H to the m you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time it's like H to the m you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time it's like H to the m you need
+to just sum everything up but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sum everything up but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sum everything up but it turns
+out that you can verify it using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you can verify it using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you can verify it using an
+interactive proof very very efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof very very efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof very very efficiently
+assuming you have Oracle access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you have Oracle access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you have Oracle access to this
+function you can compute it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can compute it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can compute it kind of
+efficiently on any random element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently on any random element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently on any random element in the
+group in the field so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the field so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the field so this is what we
+covered last time the sum protocol as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered last time the sum protocol as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered last time the sum protocol as I
+told you this some protocol is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you this some protocol is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you this some protocol is really
+the bread and butter of proof systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread and butter of proof systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread and butter of proof systems
+almost every proof system uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every proof system uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every proof system uses this
+protocol it's a beautiful protocol in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol it's a beautiful protocol in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol it's a beautiful protocol in my
+opinion uh and we'll see we'll use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion uh and we'll see we'll use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion uh and we'll see we'll use it
+throughout kind of this course so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout kind of this course so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout kind of this course so if
+anyone has any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has any questions about the
+subject protocol please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protocol please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protocol please
+ask okay and if it doesn't sit with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask okay and if it doesn't sit with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask okay and if it doesn't sit with you
+yet I really encourage you to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I really encourage you to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I really encourage you to review the
+notes and kind of uh you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and kind of uh you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and kind of uh you know in the
+website there's also notes to uh Justin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website there's also notes to uh Justin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website there's also notes to uh Justin
+Taylor's um a a survey which contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor's um a a survey which contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor's um a a survey which contains a
+very nice Exposition and also we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice Exposition and also we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice Exposition and also we have
+now scribe for that so you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scribe for that so you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scribe for that so you know you have
+various uh resources to to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh resources to to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh resources to to look at the
+protocol okay and then we start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay and then we start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay and then we start to look
+at kind of applications for the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kind of applications for the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kind of applications for the protocol
+the first application we got is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first application we got is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first application we got is to show
+uh interactive proof for Sharp Set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interactive proof for Sharp Set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interactive proof for Sharp Set uh
+and we showed this interactive the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed this interactive the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed this interactive the idea
+was to it was via this technique of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to it was via this technique of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to it was via this technique of
+arithmetization converting kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization converting kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization converting kind of a
+Boolean circuit into a arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean circuit into a arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean circuit into a arithmetic
+circuit we'll use this technique today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit we'll use this technique today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit we'll use this technique today
+as well and then we Departed and talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then we Departed and talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then we Departed and talked
+about this idea of a doubly efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this idea of a doubly efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this idea of a doubly efficient
+interactive proofs where in doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proofs where in doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proofs where in doubly
+efficient interactive proofs we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive proofs we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive proofs we really
+care about the runtime of the prover in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the runtime of the prover in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the runtime of the prover in
+addition to the runtime of the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the runtime of the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the runtime of the verifier
+so in the classical interactive proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the classical interactive proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the classical interactive proof
+setting all the focus was on efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting all the focus was on efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting all the focus was on efficient
+verification nobody cared about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification nobody cared about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification nobody cared about the
+runtime of the prover okay he was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of the prover okay he was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of the prover okay he was for
+like for all practical purpose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for all practical purpose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for all practical purpose we
+thought of of him as like an all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of of him as like an all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of of him as like an all
+powerful but doubling efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but doubling efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but doubling efficient
+interactive proof now there's a yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof now there's a yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof now there's a yeah the
+pro of course is more powerful otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro of course is more powerful otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro of course is more powerful otherwise
+the verifier would do the work on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier would do the work on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier would do the work on his
+own but uh he's not he's not we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but uh he's not he's not we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but uh he's not he's not we don't
+have all powerful things in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all powerful things in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all powerful things in this world
+unfortunately so we also care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so we also care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so we also care about the
+efficiency of the prover so he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the prover so he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the prover so he's just
+more efficient but not we don't want his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient but not we don't want his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient but not we don't want his
+uh to you know his work to be crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to you know his work to be crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to you know his work to be crazy
+expensive okay so that was the doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive okay so that was the doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive okay so that was the doubly
+efficient attactive proofs and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient attactive proofs and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient attactive proofs and we just
+started and we'll continue today to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and we'll continue today to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and we'll continue today to show
+how we get a doubly efficient Tractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get a doubly efficient Tractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get a doubly efficient Tractive
+proofs for counting triangles and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs for counting triangles and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs for counting triangles and there
+was VI uh uh for count counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was VI uh uh for count counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was VI uh uh for count counting
+triangles in a graph and it was via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles in a graph and it was via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles in a graph and it was via
+technique called the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called the low degree
+extension okay so now the plan for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay so now the plan for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay so now the plan for this
+class today is to look at the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today is to look at the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today is to look at the low degree
+extension okay again this low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay again this low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay again this low degree
+extension it's a theorem it's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension it's a theorem it's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension it's a theorem it's written
+here uh I'll explain it uh it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I'll explain it uh it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I'll explain it uh it's again
+the bread and butter that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread and butter that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread and butter that's actually
+this low deegree extension theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low deegree extension theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low deegree extension theorem in
+some sense is what makes the Su check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense is what makes the Su check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense is what makes the Su check
+protocol so popular so kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so popular so kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so popular so kind of uh
+important okay what this the is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay what this the is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay what this the is what
+gives the subject protocol its power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the subject protocol its power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the subject protocol its power in
+a sense so really together the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense so really together the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense so really together the low
+degree extension the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension the low degree
+extension theorem together with the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension theorem together with the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension theorem together with the sum
+check is like everything follows from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is like everything follows from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is like everything follows from it
+like via cories almost okay so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like via cories almost okay so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like via cories almost okay so we'll
+we'll kind of that's what we'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kind of that's what we'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kind of that's what we'll see this
+lecture in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the next
+lecture okay so what is the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay so what is the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay so what is the low degree
+extension theorem what it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension theorem what it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension theorem what it says is that
+take any function from H to the M to 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any function from H to the M to 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any function from H to the M to 01
+H is just any set it can be 01 to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is just any set it can be 01 to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is just any set it can be 01 to the m
+it can be Boolean hyper Cube but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be Boolean hyper Cube but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be Boolean hyper Cube but it can
+be a bigger hyper Cube okay if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bigger hyper Cube okay if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bigger hyper Cube okay if you're
+more comfortable if it's easier for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable if it's easier for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable if it's easier for you
+to think of H as 01 just think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of H as 01 just think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of H as 01 just think of it as
+01 okay so take any function from H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 okay so take any function from H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 okay so take any function from H to
+them to 01 so when I say any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to 01 so when I say any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to 01 so when I say any function
+set of Pol it's just a set of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Pol it's just a set of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Pol it's just a set of elements
+so when I say any function from h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say any function from h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say any function from h of
+them to 01 you should think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to 01 you should think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to 01 you should think of it as
+just an AR arbitrary sequence of H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an AR arbitrary sequence of H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an AR arbitrary sequence of H to
+the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m
+bits okay and I just ordered them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay and I just ordered them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay and I just ordered them like
+in a hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hyper
+Cube okay so I have this sequence of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay so I have this sequence of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay so I have this sequence of H
+to the m bits defined by this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m bits defined by this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m bits defined by this function
+and the theorem says that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the theorem says that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the theorem says that if you take
+any finite field that contains this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any finite field that contains this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any finite field that contains this set
+H so if H let's say is Boolean 01 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so if H let's say is Boolean 01 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so if H let's say is Boolean 01 you
+can take any finite field every finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any finite field every finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any finite field every finite
+field contains 01 okay but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field contains 01 okay but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field contains 01 okay but more
+generally any finite field there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally any finite field there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally any finite field there exists
+a unique polinomial so now we move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique polinomial so now we move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique polinomial so now we move from
+an arbitrary set of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary set of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary set of bits
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+polinomial f from F Tilda so we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial f from F Tilda so we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial f from F Tilda so we call it
+this is the extension so we call it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the extension so we call it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the extension so we call it from
+F to F Tilda from F to the m not H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to F Tilda from F to the m not H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to F Tilda from F to the m not H to
+the m but F to them M so I extended it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m but F to them M so I extended it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m but F to them M so I extended it
+to F to the m to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F to the m to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F to the m to
+F such that if you look at the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F such that if you look at the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F such that if you look at the extended
+polinomial and the small hyper Cube H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the small hyper Cube H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the small hyper Cube H to
+the m it really is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m it really is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m it really is exactly
+F and this flda has small degrees so its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and this flda has small degrees so its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and this flda has small degrees so its
+degree in each variable is H the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in each variable is H the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in each variable is H the size of
+H minus one okay so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus one okay so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus one okay so if you want to
+visualize it here's what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it here's what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it here's what you should
+think I have a bunch of like uh bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have a bunch of like uh bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have a bunch of like uh bits
+sitting on some hyper Cube it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on some hyper Cube it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on some hyper Cube it can be
+Boolean or it can be like more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean or it can be like more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean or it can be like more you know
+elements here but I have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here but I have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here but I have arbitrary
+sequence of bits sitting here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bits sitting here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bits sitting here in this
+hyper Cube and the theorem says you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper Cube and the theorem says you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper Cube and the theorem says you can
+extend this to like a function over a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this to like a function over a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this to like a function over a b
+field so over F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so over F to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so over F to the
+m in a unique way I know if I specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in a unique way I know if I specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in a unique way I know if I specify
+it's a unique way in a way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unique way in a way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unique way in a way that it
+extend so on the values here are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend so on the values here are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend so on the values here are exactly
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+before and the degree of this polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the degree of this polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the degree of this polinomial
+in each variable is exactly H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay this is the theorem by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay this is the theorem by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay this is the theorem by the way
+in the case where H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where H is
+01 then the degree in each variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then the degree in each variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then the degree in each variable is
+one because H minus uh H is 0 one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because H minus uh H is 0 one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because H minus uh H is 0 one so the
+size of it is two degree one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of it is two degree one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of it is two degree one this is
+often called multi-linear extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called multi-linear extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called multi-linear extension
+because theg the resulting flda is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because theg the resulting flda is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because theg the resulting flda is of
+degree one in each variable then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one in each variable then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one in each variable then in
+which case it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case it's called
+multilinear okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilinear okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilinear okay any questions about
+what this theorem says the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this theorem says the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this theorem says the meaning of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+theorem okay so we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so we're going to prove
+this theorem next but and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem next but and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem next but and then we're
+going to go back to this counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to this counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to this counting
+triangles which was just kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles which was just kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles which was just kind of a
+motivating example but the what the FOC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating example but the what the FOC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating example but the what the FOC
+this is really this theorem and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really this theorem and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really this theorem and and uh
+before I go into the proof I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go into the proof I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go into the proof I want to say
+why this thing is so powerful is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this thing is so powerful is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this thing is so powerful is that it
+allows you to go from an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go from an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go from an arbitrary
+sequence of bits to kind of a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bits to kind of a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bits to kind of a polinomial
+and which is of low degree and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is of low degree and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is of low degree and a
+polinomial of low degree has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of low degree has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of low degree has a lot of
+structure and that kind of really helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that kind of really helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that kind of really helps
+us for example once you have polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us for example once you have polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us for example once you have polinomial
+of low degree with structure of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low degree with structure of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low degree with structure of low
+degree we can apply subject protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree we can apply subject protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree we can apply subject protocols
+okay so that's kind of the way will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of the way will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of the way will
+offer new subject protocol we're first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer new subject protocol we're first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer new subject protocol we're first
+going to go to L we have an amatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to L we have an amatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to L we have an amatory
+sequence we're going to take the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we're going to take the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we're going to take the low
+degree extension and now we can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension and now we can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension and now we can kind of
+argue uh you know using use to use we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue uh you know using use to use we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue uh you know using use to use we
+can then use the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then use the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then use the sum
+protocol okay uh any questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay uh any questions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay uh any questions before
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+take ariti arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what you're saying is good what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're saying is good what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're saying is good what
+uh let me just repeat what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just repeat what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just repeat what you're saying
+uh what you're saying is if F has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you're saying is if F has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you're saying is if F has
+already is not arbitrary but actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is not arbitrary but actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is not arbitrary but actually is
+kind of a circuit an arithmetic circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a circuit an arithmetic circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a circuit an arithmetic circuit
+with and and or with addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and or with addition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and or with addition and
+multiplication and it's very low depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and it's very low depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and it's very low depth
+like log depth let's say or let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log depth let's say or let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log depth let's say or let me call
+depth D then just kind of think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth D then just kind of think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth D then just kind of think of it as
+over a Big Field especially if it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a Big Field especially if it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a Big Field especially if it's if
+it's Z1 you can think of a big field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Z1 you can think of a big field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Z1 you can think of a big field and
+then the degree of this thing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the degree of this thing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the degree of this thing will be
+like two to the depth you're right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two to the depth you're right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two to the depth you're right but
+two to the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the depth
+eh so you're right and so actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eh so you're right and so actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eh so you're right and so actually for
+for Sharp set that's what we did how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sharp set that's what we did how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sharp set that's what we did how did
+we use the Su check that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the Su check that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the Su check that's exactly what
+we did but then you need to assume a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did but then you need to assume a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did but then you need to assume a lot
+of things you need to assume that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you need to assume that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you need to assume that at
+that so you're right if you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you're right if you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you're right if you start with
+an F that has structure that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F that has structure that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F that has structure that it's very
+very low depth or like the degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low depth or like the degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low depth or like the degree is
+very small then you're done you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small then you're done you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small then you're done you already
+have it but what this is saying for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it but what this is saying for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it but what this is saying for any
+sequence so any sequence of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so any sequence of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so any sequence of number of
+bits can be arbitrary you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits can be arbitrary you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits can be arbitrary you can kind of
+put it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so so what you're saying for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so so what you're saying for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so so what you're saying for the
+the the functions that are that are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the functions that are that are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the functions that are that are kind
+of natively small degree you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natively small degree you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natively small degree you can
+immediately get an extension but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get an extension but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get an extension but the
+degree will not be the minimal minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree will not be the minimal minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree will not be the minimal minimal
+degree so to get the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree so to get the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree so to get the minimal
+degree that's how you do it yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that's how you do it yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that's how you do it yeah good
+thanks any any other questions okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks any any other questions okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks any any other questions okay I
+just want to remind you questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind you questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind you questions are
+great I hope you just witness it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I hope you just witness it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I hope you just witness it because
+it's good good for people you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good good for people you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good good for people you know for
+all of you so please ask questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you so please ask questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you so please ask questions and
+okay should we dive in okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should we dive in okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should we dive in okay so the first
+thing to notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is
+actually you should be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you should be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you should be familiar with
+this theorem for the case where m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem for the case where m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem for the case where m equals
+1 so first just notice for M equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so first just notice for M equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so first just notice for M equals
+1 this theorem is simply known as the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this theorem is simply known as the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this theorem is simply known as the um
+the L interpolation theorem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L interpolation theorem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L interpolation theorem this is
+really just l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what isolation theorem says just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what isolation theorem says just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what isolation theorem says just a
+recap it says that if you have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap it says that if you have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap it says that if you have arbitrary
+if you have an F exactly the same I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an F exactly the same I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an F exactly the same I'll
+just write it from H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it from H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it from H to
+01 then there is a unique way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then there is a unique way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then there is a unique way of
+extending it to F to be of degree H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it to F to be of degree H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it to F to be of degree H
+minus one okay so there's a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flda from F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda from F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda from F to
+F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+degree H minus one and moreover I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one and moreover I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one and moreover I'll
+tell you what it is let me just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is let me just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is let me just tell you
+what this flda is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flda is simply sum over all the H's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda is simply sum over all the H's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda is simply sum over all the H's in
+h uh oh sorry uh f F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h uh oh sorry uh f F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h uh oh sorry uh f F of
+H times some polinomial Kai h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H times some polinomial Kai h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H times some polinomial Kai h of
+X where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X where this
+polinomial is zero on all the H elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is zero on all the H elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is zero on all the H elements
+except for on the specific one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for on the specific one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for on the specific one okay so
+this polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the F where Kai h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the F where Kai h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the F where Kai h of x
+is what is one where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for every a h Prime in h it's one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for every a h Prime in h it's one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for every a h Prime in h it's one if
+H Prime is equal to H and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Prime is equal to H and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Prime is equal to H and zero
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+yes shouldn't it be the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want the output to be yeah so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the output to be yeah so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the output to be yeah so okay
+let's see what I want that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what I want that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what I want that if I'm
+somewhere in h so I want to say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in h so I want to say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in h so I want to say that if
+I'm somewhere in h Prime I want to get F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm somewhere in h Prime I want to get F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm somewhere in h Prime I want to get F
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+H I want F Tilda of of uh of so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I want F Tilda of of uh of so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I want F Tilda of of uh of so for any
+H star I want F Tilda of H star to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H star I want F Tilda of H star to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H star I want F Tilda of H star to be uh
+to be F of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be F of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be F of H
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+Z which is either zero or one yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is either zero or one yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is either zero or one yeah yeah
+so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+can what do you mean f of H should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can what do you mean f of H should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can what do you mean f of H should be
+the inverse I'm not sure you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I'm not sure you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I'm not sure you're saying
+here I should have inverse yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should have inverse yeah why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should have inverse yeah why
+so H will you something that's zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H will you something that's zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H will you something that's zero okay
+so let me try to argue maybe I'm let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to argue maybe I'm let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to argue maybe I'm let's
+try to do this together so if I have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do this together so if I have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do this together so if I have if
+this is Kai so I first defined Kai of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Kai so I first defined Kai of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Kai so I first defined Kai of H
+okay that I'm going to Define it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that I'm going to Define it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that I'm going to Define it in a
+second actually I didn't finish defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second actually I didn't finish defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second actually I didn't finish defining
+it but what's important to me that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what's important to me that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what's important to me that on
+every H Prime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h it's one if H Prime is equal to H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h it's one if H Prime is equal to H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h it's one if H Prime is equal to H and
+zero otherwise suppose I defined it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise suppose I defined it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise suppose I defined it now
+let's see what I get here I have flda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what I get here I have flda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what I get here I have flda of
+H star is Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FH Pi h of H star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FH Pi h of H star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FH Pi h of H star
+but this is always zero except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is always zero except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is always zero except it's
+one when H equals H star so it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when H equals H star so it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when H equals H star so it's always
+zero except for when H equals H star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero except for when H equals H star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero except for when H equals H star and
+when H oh you're saying when H equals H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when H oh you're saying when H equals H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when H oh you're saying when H equals H
+star then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F of
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star so it this does extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so it this does extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so it this does extend
+yeah so we're good okay great okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're good okay great okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're good okay great okay but
+let me just mention what is I said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention what is I said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention what is I said this
+is the kai but let me actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kai but let me actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kai but let me actually be
+explicit so let me erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit so let me erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit so let me erase
+this the Kai in the in the Lan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the Kai in the in the Lan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the Kai in the in the Lan
+interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation
+theorem it satisfies this but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it satisfies this but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it satisfies this but let me
+actually tell you exactly what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell you exactly what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell you exactly what it is
+it's pretty simple it's just sum over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple it's just sum over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple it's just sum over H
+Prime in H and then it's uh I think H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in H and then it's uh I think H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in H and then it's uh I think H
+Prime -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime -
+x / H oh sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x / H oh sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x / H oh sorry um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication H Prime in h minus except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication H Prime in h minus except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication H Prime in h minus except
+for H and it's h Prime minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H and it's h Prime minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H and it's h Prime minus
+H okay so first note this is of degree H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay so first note this is of degree H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay so first note this is of degree H
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one and when you look at it for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element oh uh yeah for any element H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime it's going to be you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's going to be you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's going to be you're going to
+it's this is going to cancel out unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is going to cancel out unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is going to cancel out unless
+you had you happen to be H oh wait did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had you happen to be H oh wait did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had you happen to be H oh wait did I
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong unless you're H and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong unless you're H and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong unless you're H and then you're
+one good okay so this is just a recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good okay so this is just a recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good okay so this is just a recap
+for L interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L interpolation
+okay now let me tell you here in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me tell you here in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me tell you here in the in
+so this theorem says the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem says the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem says the same thing but
+for M bits for m m variables okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M bits for m m variables okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M bits for m m variables okay and it
+turns out you know how this was flda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you know how this was flda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you know how this was flda
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda of
+z z now is in F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z z now is in F to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z z now is in F to the
+m is very similar it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum F of H1 up to hm so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this
+Kai H1 hm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai H1 hm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai H1 hm of
+Z and what is this this is one if Z okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and what is this this is one if Z okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and what is this this is one if Z okay
+and the small hyper hyper Cube this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the small hyper hyper Cube this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the small hyper hyper Cube this is
+one if the Z is H1 of the HM and is Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the Z is H1 of the HM and is Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the Z is H1 of the HM and is Zer
+otherwise and it extends so but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and it extends so but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and it extends so but actually
+let me be more specific it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me be more specific it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me be more specific it's really
+where Kai H1 up to hm of let me call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Kai H1 up to hm of let me call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Kai H1 up to hm of let me call it
+I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know
+uh X1 up to XM is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X1 up to XM is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X1 up to XM is just the
+multiplication of k h i x i i goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of k h i x i i goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of k h i x i i goes from
+one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+n okay so let me move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so let me move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so let me move this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board okay don't let me erase this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay don't let me erase this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay don't let me erase this board
+okay we'll need it okay so again what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll need it okay so again what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll need it okay so again what is
+the low degree extension flda it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension flda it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension flda it's
+similar to the uh univariate case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the uh univariate case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the uh univariate case you
+sum over the entire H per Cube and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the entire H per Cube and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the entire H per Cube and you
+multiply by a unique by the degree H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a unique by the degree H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a unique by the degree H
+minus one in each variable it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one in each variable it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one in each variable it's just a
+multiplication of all these all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of all these all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of all these all of these
+kaiis that were defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaiis that were defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaiis that were defined
+here okay okay so let's see if if uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay okay so let's see if if uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay okay so let's see if if uh let
+me try to you know to prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to you know to prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to you know to prove that this
+works and that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Unique okay so first what do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique okay so first what do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique okay so first what do we need to
+argue we need to so we have this F telda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue we need to so we have this F telda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue we need to so we have this F telda
+now I need to argue that it extends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to argue that it extends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to argue that it extends so
+the fact so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact so okay so
+proof so let's first see that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so let's first see that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so let's first see that for every
+H1 star up to hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 star up to hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 star up to hm
+star in h to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in h to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in h to the m
+let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+flda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda of
+H hm what is it it's just sum h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H hm what is it it's just sum h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H hm what is it it's just sum h
+f of H1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of H1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of H1 up to
+hm times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of so let's look at flda flda on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so let's look at flda flda on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so let's look at flda flda on any
+point in the per Cube I Define it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the per Cube I Define it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the per Cube I Define it by
+star because it's a specific point and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star because it's a specific point and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star because it's a specific point and I
+just substituted you know I I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substituted you know I I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substituted you know I I defined
+this F I just substitute Z because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F I just substitute Z because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F I just substitute Z because this
+is my Z point and now what do I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Z point and now what do I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Z point and now what do I have I
+know that this is equal to one if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is equal to one if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is equal to one if and
+only if h i star is equal to hi I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if h i star is equal to hi I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if h i star is equal to hi I for
+every I because this is how the kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I because this is how the kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I because this is how the kai
+defined this is just a multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this is just a multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this is just a multiplication of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+K okay so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so therefore
+that's it this is just F of H1 star up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it this is just F of H1 star up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it this is just F of H1 star up
+to hm star because the rest of the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hm star because the rest of the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hm star because the rest of the terms
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+done yeah so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah so it
+extends how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree what's the degree of flda it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree what's the degree of flda it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree what's the degree of flda it's
+just the degree of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the degree of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the degree of these
+kinds so let's look at degree I of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds so let's look at degree I of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds so let's look at degree I of like
+of a variable I it's the degree I of Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a variable I it's the degree I of Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a variable I it's the degree I of Kai
+of H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H1
+hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and which is what it's just the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is what it's just the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is what it's just the degree
+of a single kaihi on x i because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single kaihi on x i because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single kaihi on x i because this
+just uh you can it uh factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to multiplication kaii and XI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to multiplication kaii and XI so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to multiplication kaii and XI so
+that's just the degree of this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the degree of this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the degree of this which is
+by what we saw there simply H minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we saw there simply H minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we saw there simply H minus one
+done okay so it is indeed it extends F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so it is indeed it extends F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so it is indeed it extends F
+it's the degree is correct H minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the degree is correct H minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the degree is correct H minus one
+in each variable the only thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each variable the only thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each variable the only thing that I
+need to argue is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so the uniqueness will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the uniqueness will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the uniqueness will
+follow from the uniqueness in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from the uniqueness in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from the uniqueness in the
+univariate case okay so we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate case okay so we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate case okay so we already know
+from Lan interpolation theorem that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lan interpolation theorem that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lan interpolation theorem that in
+the univariate case f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the univariate case f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the univariate case f is
+unique now we're going to rely on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique now we're going to rely on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique now we're going to rely on that
+to argue that in the multivariate case f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that in the multivariate case f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that in the multivariate case f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+questions okay so let's do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniqueness so suppose for contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness so suppose for contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness so suppose for contradiction
+that it's not unique okay so suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contradiction that it's n unique so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction that it's n unique so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction that it's n unique so
+there exists two ways to extend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists two ways to extend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists two ways to extend that
+agree on the hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the hyper
+Cube this means that if you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube this means that if you subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube this means that if you subtract
+these two you'll get a degree H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two you'll get a degree H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two you'll get a degree H minus
+one polinomial in each variable then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one polinomial in each variable then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one polinomial in each variable then in
+the hyper cube is zero but it's not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper cube is zero but it's not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper cube is zero but it's not zero
+because they're two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're two different
+different pooms so it means so so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pooms so it means so so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pooms so it means so so uh uh
+suppose for contradiction let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for contradiction let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for contradiction let me just
+erase this because it's in my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this because it's in my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this because it's in my way
+suppose for contradiction that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for contradiction that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for contradiction that there
+exists like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists like a
+G from F to the m to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G from F to the m to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G from F to the m to
+F non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero but G and the hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but G and the hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but G and the hyper
+cube is zero that's the contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is zero that's the contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is zero that's the contradiction
+and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree H minus one in each variable yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one in each variable yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one in each variable yes
+that's a contradiction say Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a contradiction say Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a contradiction say Suppose there
+this two polinomial that agree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two polinomial that agree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two polinomial that agree on the
+hyper cube of this degree we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper cube of this degree we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper cube of this degree we're going to
+subtract them we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them we're going to get a
+single polinomial that's just zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single polinomial that's just zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single polinomial that's just zero on
+the hyper Cube because the two agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper Cube because the two agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper Cube because the two agreed
+but it's not zero because they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not zero because they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not zero because they were not
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+polinomial okay what does it mean non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay what does it mean non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay what does it mean non
+zero okay exist okay what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay exist okay what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay exist okay what does this mean
+of degree and one in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable okay the fact that it's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay the fact that it's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay the fact that it's non
+zero means that there exist some T1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means that there exist some T1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means that there exist some T1 up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+TM in F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM in F to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM in F to the
+m such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m such that
+G and T1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and T1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and T1 up to
+TM is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM is not
+zero yeah so we're starting with saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah so we're starting with saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah so we're starting with saying
+suppose we have G it's not zero but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have G it's not zero but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have G it's not zero but it's
+zero on the hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on the hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on the hyper
+Cube and going to argue no it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube and going to argue no it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube and going to argue no it can't be
+I'm going to find an element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find an element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find an element in the
+hyper Cube for which it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay how do I do that what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay how do I do that what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay how do I do that what I'm
+going to do I'm going to kind of go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do I'm going to kind of go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do I'm going to kind of go into
+the hyper Cube coordinate by coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper Cube coordinate by coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper Cube coordinate by coordinate
+kind of by induction okay and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by induction okay and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by induction okay and here's
+what I'm going to do I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do I'm going to say
+okay let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+empty T2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TM this is non zero because on T1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM this is non zero because on T1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM this is non zero because on T1 it's
+not zero so this is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero so this is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero so this is non
+zero uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree hus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree hus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree hus
+one but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but from
+the langage interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the langage interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the langage interpolation
+theorem it says that if it's that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it says that if it's that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it says that if it's that if
+it's not zero there must exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not zero there must exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not zero there must exists
+H in small H in h for which it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H in small H in h for which it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H in small H in h for which it's not
+zero because if it was Zero on all H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if it was Zero on all H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if it was Zero on all H
+there's a unique we extent the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a unique we extent the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a unique we extent the zero
+polinomial so because the uniqueness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so because the uniqueness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so because the uniqueness of
+the L it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so from L gr theorem this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from L gr theorem this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from L gr theorem this is just
+univariate it means that there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate it means that there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate it means that there must
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+H1 such that g of H1 T2 up to TM is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 such that g of H1 T2 up to TM is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 such that g of H1 T2 up to TM is non
+zero again why if so the t's are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again why if so the t's are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again why if so the t's are fixed
+this is a univ polinomial if it was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a univ polinomial if it was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a univ polinomial if it was zero
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+H then you could extend it to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H then you could extend it to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H then you could extend it to all
+zeros but there's another way to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but there's another way to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but there's another way to extend
+because uh you know uh the G is not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you know uh the G is not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you know uh the G is not all
+zeros that would be a contradiction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that would be a contradiction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that would be a contradiction so
+therefore there must exist H1 such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there must exist H1 such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there must exist H1 such that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+zero and now we're going to slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we're going to slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we're going to slowly
+continue in this manner okay now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this manner okay now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this manner okay now let's
+look at g h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at g h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at g h
+H1 T3 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TM okay so H1 is fixed in in the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM okay so H1 is fixed in in the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM okay so H1 is fixed in in the small
+cube these are fixed in F it's not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube these are fixed in F it's not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube these are fixed in F it's not zero
+because on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on
+T2 it's not zero that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 it's not zero that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 it's not zero that's what we
+established so this is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so this is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so this is non
+zero of degree H minus one and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of degree H minus one and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of degree H minus one and therefore
+somewhere on the small H hyper Cube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the small H hyper Cube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the small H hyper Cube and
+somewhere on H sorry it should be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on H sorry it should be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on H sorry it should be non
+zero from L interpolation theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero from L interpolation theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero from L interpolation theorem so
+therefore from L interpolation theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore from L interpolation theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore from L interpolation theorem
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+H2 such that g H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H2 T3 up to TM is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 T3 up to TM is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 T3 up to TM is non
+zero and you just continue one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you just continue one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you just continue one by one
+until you get that there exists G H1 H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get that there exists G H1 H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get that there exists G H1 H2
+of to hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to hm
+that's not zero and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not zero and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not zero and that's a
+contradiction because we assumed it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because we assumed it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because we assumed it is
+zero everywhere and the small hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero everywhere and the small hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero everywhere and the small hyper
+hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper
+CU yeah okay so in the notes I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU yeah okay so in the notes I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU yeah okay so in the notes I I have
+like the reduction I I can there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the reduction I I can there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the reduction I I can there's a
+proof that kind of by induction very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that kind of by induction very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that kind of by induction very
+formal but I think this is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal but I think this is good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal but I think this is good enough
+for for for class otherwise it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for class otherwise it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for class otherwise it's going
+to be a bit boring questions yes can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit boring questions yes can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit boring questions yes can you
+also just a Ching argument like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just a Ching argument like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just a Ching argument like you can
+just count how many po of degre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count how many po of degre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count how many po of degre
+raise it up until like all the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it up until like all the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it up until like all the term
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+number okay good good good so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay good good good so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay good good good so you're
+saying maybe you can also prove it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying maybe you can also prove it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying maybe you can also prove it using
+just counting angre me say if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counting angre me say if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counting angre me say if there's
+too many then like you'll have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many then like you'll have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many then like you'll have too many
+pooms and that's a contradiction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms and that's a contradiction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms and that's a contradiction because
+the number of polinomial like the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of polinomial like the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of polinomial like the number
+of coefficients probably you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coefficients probably you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coefficients probably you can do
+something like that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah yeah can I try to make thee for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah can I try to make thee for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah can I try to make thee for
+the ared yes please good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ared yes please good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ared yes please good good
+good the aration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good at the good very good okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the good very good okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the good very good okay so what
+you're saying is you're saying look once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is you're saying look once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is you're saying look once
+you force me once you don't you're I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you force me once you don't you're I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you force me once you don't you're I I
+said I'm look at me I don't assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'm look at me I don't assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'm look at me I don't assume
+anything about F you assume no degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about F you assume no degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about F you assume no degree
+look at me I assume nothing and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at me I assume nothing and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at me I assume nothing and look
+what I get now you're saying well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get now you're saying well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get now you're saying well you
+assume nothing but you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume nothing but you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume nothing but you know you don't
+get that much either because this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that much either because this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that much either because this F
+Tilda is so inefficient note to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda is so inefficient note to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda is so inefficient note to compute
+this F Tilda where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F Tilda where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F Tilda where is
+it it takes time H to them you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it takes time H to them you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it takes time H to them you need to
+sum over all the hyper Cube so Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the hyper Cube so Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the hyper Cube so Computing
+flda is really inefficient whereas your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda is really inefficient whereas your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda is really inefficient whereas your
+FTI is so efficient in ice 100% yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTI is so efficient in ice 100% yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTI is so efficient in ice 100% yes
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+right I'll give it to you V not yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll give it to you V not yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll give it to you V not yeah no
+but this will be useful in settings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will be useful in settings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will be useful in settings that
+the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetization
+but but that's a good point thanks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's a good point thanks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's a good point thanks is
+like easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+that many okay so if okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many okay so if okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many okay so if okay so the
+question is can we bound essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can we bound essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can we bound essentially
+asking well can we make this after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking well can we make this after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking well can we make this after a
+little more efficient maybe kind of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more efficient maybe kind of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more efficient maybe kind of so
+in general we cannot because in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we cannot because in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we cannot because in general
+it depends what you want to assume about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends what you want to assume about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends what you want to assume about
+the F so I'm saying I don't want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F so I'm saying I don't want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F so I'm saying I don't want to make
+any assumptions about the and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any assumptions about the and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any assumptions about the and as you
+will see it's not just because I'm kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it's not just because I'm kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it's not just because I'm kind
+of I want to just be as general as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I want to just be as general as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I want to just be as general as
+general as possible for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as possible for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as possible for the sake of
+generality actually in the way we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality actually in the way we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality actually in the way we use it
+it's really has no structure uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really has no structure uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really has no structure uh the the
+F we use is kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F we use is kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F we use is kind of very
+arbitrary uh so we can't assume that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh so we can't assume that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh so we can't assume that it
+comes from a low degree whatever nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a low degree whatever nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a low degree whatever nothing
+uh and in that case if you want to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in that case if you want to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in that case if you want to allow
+any NF then you have to have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any NF then you have to have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any NF then you have to have all the
+monomials because there's just by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials because there's just by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials because there's just by a
+counting argument if you the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting argument if you the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting argument if you the number of
+FS is like you know all the uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS is like you know all the uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS is like you know all the uh all the
+possible H to the n Bits so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible H to the n Bits so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible H to the n Bits so you have to
+have that many monomials otherwise where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many monomials otherwise where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many monomials otherwise where
+would you store that information so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you store that information so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you store that information so in
+general you can't do with L monomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can't do with L monomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can't do with L monomials
+however in many cases you can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in many cases you can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in many cases you can do and
+actually even will use it the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even will use it the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even will use it the fact that
+in some cases you can do with L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you can do with L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you can do with L
+monomials so we'll see that but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials so we'll see that but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials so we'll see that but that
+that's that's great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's great great
+Point any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point any any other
+questions so let me just tell you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let me just tell you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let me just tell you this
+is a very good to stop and ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good to stop and ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good to stop and ask questions
+because it's really will'll get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really will'll get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really will'll get back to
+this so much and even if not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so much and even if not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so much and even if not in this
+class you'll see it and it will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you'll see it and it will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you'll see it and it will come
+come at you uh it's a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come at you uh it's a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come at you uh it's a really really
+important and uh fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem okay so I guess next I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so I guess next I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so I guess next I'm going
+to try to convince you why it is such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to convince you why it is such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to convince you why it is such an
+important fundamental theorem and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fundamental theorem and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fundamental theorem and I'm
+going to start with a uh just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a uh just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a uh just kind of
+looking back at the example of doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at the example of doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at the example of doubly
+efficient interactive proofs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive proofs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive proofs for
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+triangles just as a motivating example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles just as a motivating example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles just as a motivating example
+uh we'll do it quick and then we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll do it quick and then we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll do it quick and then we'll go
+into kind of I think the um more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into kind of I think the um more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into kind of I think the um more kind of
+interesting and general way of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and general way of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and general way of using
+this low degree extension together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low degree extension together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low degree extension together with
+a sum check to get doubly efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum check to get doubly efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum check to get doubly efficient
+proofs for any low depth computation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs for any low depth computation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs for any low depth computation so
+kind of arbitrary computations so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of arbitrary computations so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of arbitrary computations so we'll
+see that next but let's first kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that next but let's first kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that next but let's first kind of as
+a warmup look at uh the example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warmup look at uh the example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warmup look at uh the example for
+counting triangles why is this low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting triangles why is this low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting triangles why is this low
+degree extension with some check how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension with some check how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension with some check how can
+we use these together to count triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use these together to count triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use these together to count triangles
+in a graph so now note what's the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph so now note what's the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph so now note what's the goal
+we have a graph I want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a graph I want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a graph I want to know how many
+triangles there are in the graph now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles there are in the graph now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles there are in the graph now
+it's not that hard it takes time n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard it takes time n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard it takes time n to
+the third I go over every three pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third I go over every three pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third I go over every three pair of
+vertices and check if there's a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and check if there's a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and check if there's a triangle
+so I have an end to the N cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have an end to the N cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have an end to the N cubed
+algorithm but let's say the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but let's say the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but let's say the verifier
+can't run in time n Cub the poor guy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run in time n Cub the poor guy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run in time n Cub the poor guy he
+gets the graph so size n squar all he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the graph so size n squar all he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the graph so size n squar all he
+can do is run time n squ essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is run time n squ essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is run time n squ essentially a
+polylog with some polog overhead but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog with some polog overhead but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog with some polog overhead but
+only N squared so he can't count so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only N squared so he can't count so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only N squared so he can't count so now
+what is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he
+do he needs help okay now I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he needs help okay now I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he needs help okay now I'll show you
+how the pr can help him in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the pr can help him in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the pr can help him in a way that
+now yes he only needs to run in time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yes he only needs to run in time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yes he only needs to run in time n
+squ or o till of n squ okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ or o till of n squ okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ or o till of n squ okay so let's
+look at that example um so let me erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that example um so let me erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that example um so let me erase
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's an example where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph and the goal we want a protocol a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the goal we want a protocol a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the goal we want a protocol a
+proof where the Prov will convince to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof where the Prov will convince to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof where the Prov will convince to
+the verifier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier that the
+number of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in G is let's say some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G is let's say some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G is let's say some number
+beta I want to prove for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta I want to prove for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta I want to prove for this
+fact how will I Pro how so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact how will I Pro how so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact how will I Pro how so I'm going to
+prove to you you guys are time o of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to you you guys are time o of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to you you guys are time o of n
+squ you can only read the graph I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ you can only read the graph I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ you can only read the graph I'm
+going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help
+you prove to you that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove to you that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove to you that the number of
+triangles exactly beta while uh you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles exactly beta while uh you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles exactly beta while uh you uh
+just uh run time n s how do I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh run time n s how do I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh run time n s how do I do that
+I'm going to let's look at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let's look at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let's look at the function
+f from so suppose V is n okay so I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from so suppose V is n okay so I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from so suppose V is n okay so I look
+at the function from 01 2 log n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the function from 01 2 log n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the function from 01 2 log n to
+01 and this just tells me whether so 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and this just tells me whether so 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and this just tells me whether so 01
+so it's like 0 one to the log it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like 0 one to the log it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like 0 one to the log it's you
+can think of this as being kind of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as being kind of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as being kind of n
+byn so it takes log n Bits that describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn so it takes log n Bits that describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn so it takes log n Bits that describe
+one VAR one vertex log and bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one VAR one vertex log and bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one VAR one vertex log and bit to
+describe another vertex and it outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe another vertex and it outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe another vertex and it outputs
+one if and only if there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if and only if there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if and only if there's an edge
+okay so you can think of each so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F takes two vertices I and J and outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F takes two vertices I and J and outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F takes two vertices I and J and outputs
+one if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge and zero otherwise so f is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and zero otherwise so f is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and zero otherwise so f is just the
+adjacency Matrix the adjacent Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix the adjacent Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix the adjacent Matrix is
+you know n squ Bits this is unquit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know n squ Bits this is unquit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know n squ Bits this is unquit I
+just put it and Define it this way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it and Define it this way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it and Define it this way okay
+so again F takes two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again F takes two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again F takes two vertices
+it outputs one if there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it outputs one if there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it outputs one if there's an edge
+between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these
+vertices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we okay so what do we need so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we okay so what do we need so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we okay so what do we need so okay
+now what do we know we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we know we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we know we know that this
+F has a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extension so this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree essentially this is multi linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree essentially this is multi linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree essentially this is multi linear
+CU I started with 0 one so this is so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU I started with 0 one so this is so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU I started with 0 one so this is so f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+multilinear so degree one in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilinear so degree one in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilinear so degree one in each
+variable now why do I want why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now why do I want why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now why do I want why am I
+looking at these ad adjacency Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these ad adjacency Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these ad adjacency Matrix
+what do I want what do I want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want what do I want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want what do I want to prove
+how does this relate to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this relate to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this relate to the number of
+triangles so the number of triangles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so the number of triangles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so the number of triangles we
+started discussing this last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started discussing this last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started discussing this last time is
+just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+sum over all kind of triangles I J K oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all kind of triangles I J K oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all kind of triangles I J K oh
+sorry all kind of three nodes i j k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all kind of three nodes i j k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all kind of three nodes i j k and
+V and it's a triangle if what if f i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and it's a triangle if what if f i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and it's a triangle if what if f i j
+is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and
+f j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f j
+k is one and f i k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is one and f i k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is one and f i k is
+one so I want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I want to know how many
+triplets is this thing one if an edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets is this thing one if an edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets is this thing one if an edge is
+missing in one of them then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in one of them then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in one of them then this is
+going to be zero because I multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero because I multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero because I multiplied
+so I want to know how many of them do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know how many of them do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know how many of them do I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+one okay and that's almost the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and that's almost the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and that's almost the number of
+triangle except that I need to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle except that I need to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle except that I need to divide by
+six because I counted each triangle each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because I counted each triangle each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because I counted each triangle each
+three vertices all the permutations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices all the permutations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices all the permutations so
+so that's what the Prov wants to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the Prov wants to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the Prov wants to prove
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+verifier okay so let me I said V but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier okay so let me I said V but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier okay so let me I said V but let
+me call it 01 to the N to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call it 01 to the N to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call it 01 to the N to the log
+n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the
+same now I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same now I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same now I'm done
+why am I done cuz I'm saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I done cuz I'm saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I done cuz I'm saying you know
+what so how do I prove this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so how do I prove this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so how do I prove this I'm going to
+use the Su check but you're saying wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Su check but you're saying wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the Su check but you're saying wait
+but this is not a polinomial no worries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not a polinomial no worries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not a polinomial no worries
+here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you
+go now it's a polinomial now I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now it's a polinomial now I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now it's a polinomial now I didn't
+change anything because it's only over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything because it's only over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything because it's only over
+the small cube so the fact that I extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small cube so the fact that I extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small cube so the fact that I extend
+it doesn't change that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't change that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't change that doesn't change
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum okay because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum okay because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum okay because of the
+extension so the prover needs to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so the prover needs to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so the prover needs to prove
+that the sum of this polinomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of this polinomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of this polinomial so
+before it was multilinear now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was multilinear now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was multilinear now it's
+degree two because you know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two because you know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two because you know each
+variable we multiply three pooms each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we multiply three pooms each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we multiply three pooms each
+one appears in Two Fine degree two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one appears in Two Fine degree two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one appears in Two Fine degree two in
+each variable and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable and we need to
+prove that the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the sum is
+beta this is exactly what some is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this is exactly what some is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this is exactly what some is for
+precisely okay and note what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely okay and note what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely okay and note what does the
+prover so now so what are we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover so now so what are we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover so now so what are we're going to
+do we're going to do subject protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to do subject protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to do subject protocol
+what is the runtime of the verifier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the runtime of the verifier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the runtime of the verifier and
+the protocol so they interact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol so they interact you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol so they interact you know
+we do every time you get rid of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do every time you get rid of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do every time you get rid of one
+variable one by one by one at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one by one by one at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one by one by one at the end
+the verifier needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier needs to
+compute F these kind of this Pol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute F these kind of this Pol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute F these kind of this Pol the
+final polinomial which in our case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final polinomial which in our case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final polinomial which in our case is
+this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire
+polinomial and a single point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and a single point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and a single point in the
+extension namely he needs to compute F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension namely he needs to compute F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension namely he needs to compute F
+Tilda on a random point in F in I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda on a random point in F in I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda on a random point in F in I guess
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+squ three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ three
+times but that he can do do very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but that he can do do very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but that he can do do very very
+easily or what I mean in time N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily or what I mean in time N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily or what I mean in time N squared
+because what is f Tilda F Tilda I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what is f Tilda F Tilda I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what is f Tilda F Tilda I mean
+as as VOD said enumerate over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as VOD said enumerate over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as VOD said enumerate over all the
+small cube lot but here the small cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cube lot but here the small cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cube lot but here the small cube
+is n squ so really takes time n squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n squ so really takes time n squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n squ so really takes time n squ
+three so order of n can do this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so order of n can do this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so order of n can do this three
+times he needs to compute this this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times he needs to compute this this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times he needs to compute this this but
+this is poly log so by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is poly log so by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is poly log so by the way
+throughout this I mentioned it last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this I mentioned it last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this I mentioned it last time
+but I'll mention again throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll mention again throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll mention again throughout this
+course I the polog factors I'm not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I the polog factors I'm not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I the polog factors I'm not even
+you know these are all like you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are all like you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are all like you can put
+things like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in
+tildas I'm kind of eating I I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tildas I'm kind of eating I I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tildas I'm kind of eating I I don't want
+to pay attention too much the polylog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention too much the polylog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention too much the polylog
+factors okay so really what he work what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors okay so really what he work what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors okay so really what he work what
+the runtime of the verifier is just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime of the verifier is just n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime of the verifier is just n
+squ the the communication complexity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ the the communication complexity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ the the communication complexity is
+nothing M number of variables is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing M number of variables is order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing M number of variables is order
+log n d the dep the degree is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n d the dep the degree is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n d the dep the degree is constant
+uh log F well don't take F to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log F well don't take F to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log F well don't take F to be too
+long too big take F you know so that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long too big take F you know so that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long too big take F you know so that log
+f is not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is not is
+small and and note even the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and and note even the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and and note even the prover
+doesn't run in too long what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't run in too long what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't run in too long what's the
+runtime of the prover it's in the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of the prover it's in the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of the prover it's in the sum
+check protocol it's m the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check protocol it's m the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check protocol it's m the number of
+variables log n uh times H to the N now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables log n uh times H to the N now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables log n uh times H to the N now
+H to the N seems big but again it's n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the N seems big but again it's n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the N seems big but again it's n s
+times the time it takes to compute F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the time it takes to compute F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the time it takes to compute F1
+which is again uh n squ so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again uh n squ so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again uh n squ so he's
+polinomial and now the verifier runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and now the verifier runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and now the verifier runs in
+time uh squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's just kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+illustrate yeah to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate yeah to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate yeah to
+be yeah he he right and he is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah he he right and he is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah he he right and he is he's
+actually n he's n to the fourth in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually n he's n to the fourth in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually n he's n to the fourth in this
+example because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because he
+runs he needs to compute this okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs he needs to compute this okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs he needs to compute this okay let's
+see he's more actually he needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he's more actually he needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he's more actually he needs to
+compute this thing so he needs to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing so he needs to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing so he needs to do it
+for every I JK in right so and it's wor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every I JK in right so and it's wor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every I JK in right so and it's wor
+yeah he need to not just a compute to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he need to not just a compute to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he need to not just a compute to do
+the entire sum check so in the sum check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire sum check so in the sum check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire sum check so in the sum check
+it's he needs to kind of H to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's he needs to kind of H to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's he needs to kind of H to the m
+which is M here is going to be 3 log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is M here is going to be 3 log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is M here is going to be 3 log n
+so uh in this so it's like uh already n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in this so it's like uh already n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in this so it's like uh already n
+cubed and then he needs to compute T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and then he needs to compute T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and then he needs to compute T of
+f like the polinomial which is n s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f like the polinomial which is n s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f like the polinomial which is n s so
+he's n the 5ifth because Computing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's n the 5ifth because Computing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's n the 5ifth because Computing this
+once is n squ without the sum but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once is n squ without the sum but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once is n squ without the sum but he
+also needs to do run over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also needs to do run over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also needs to do run over all the
+sum and then also log factors yeah he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and then also log factors yeah he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and then also log factors yeah he's
+he's he's he's running more but po it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's running more but po it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's running more but po it's
+it's considered still doubly efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's considered still doubly efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's considered still doubly efficient
+because he still polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he still polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he still polinomial
+overhead yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no yeah even in Cube you're saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah even in Cube you're saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah even in Cube you're saying you
+for yeah currently it's a good so okay n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah currently it's a good so okay n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah currently it's a good so okay n
+Cub you can get it uh using a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub you can get it uh using a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub you can get it uh using a recent
+kind of really nice Works uh you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of really nice Works uh you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of really nice Works uh you with
+just optimizing a little bit uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just optimizing a little bit uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just optimizing a little bit uh that's
+the work of uh Dan song and friends they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of uh Dan song and friends they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of uh Dan song and friends they
+get a linear time so they can get an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a linear time so they can get an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a linear time so they can get an N
+cubed I don't know how to it's but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed I don't know how to it's but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed I don't know how to it's but it
+may be that for this specific protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that for this specific protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that for this specific protocol
+it's possible actually I don't know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible actually I don't know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible actually I don't know it's
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+question but let me actually before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but let me actually before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but let me actually before you
+get too excited about it so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the number of rounds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+login great great question have a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login great great question have a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login great great question have a two
+message so when I finished where's Gabe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so when I finished where's Gabe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so when I finished where's Gabe
+oh hi so you came to me last time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh hi so you came to me last time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh hi so you came to me last time right
+so uh when I started talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when I started talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when I started talking about this
+last lecture gab came to me rightly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture gab came to me rightly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture gab came to me rightly so
+and said well uh we just started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well uh we just started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well uh we just started talking
+about it right he's like well okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right he's like well okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right he's like well okay but
+uh you can do it so much easier and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do it so much easier and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do it so much easier and it's
+true I this was kind of to as a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I this was kind of to as a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I this was kind of to as a an
+example to you know to show but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to you know to show but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to you know to show but actually
+going since you asked the question also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going since you asked the question also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going since you asked the question also
+actually there's a very much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a very much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a very much simpler
+protocol that gave notice so let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that gave notice so let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that gave notice so let me let
+me just write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is that the prover will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the prover will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the prover will only
+send two matrices over so it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send two matrices over so it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send two matrices over so it's it's a
+big communication complexity here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big communication complexity here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big communication complexity here the
+communication complexity is po long but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity is po long but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity is po long but
+if we just care about verifier runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just care about verifier runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just care about verifier runtime
+and we don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't care about the
+communication complexity then the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity then the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity then the prover
+can just send the verifier the m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just send the verifier the m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just send the verifier the m so
+think of let let a be the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of let let a be the adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of let let a be the adjacency
+Matrix let me now instead of f write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let me now instead of f write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let me now instead of f write it
+in the more classical notation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more classical notation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more classical notation of a
+matrix a The adjacency Matrix where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a The adjacency Matrix where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a The adjacency Matrix where
+there's an edge if there's a one if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge if there's a one if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge if there's a one if if
+and only if there's an edge and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there's an edge and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there's an edge and zero
+otherwise the pr will send the Matrix A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the pr will send the Matrix A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the pr will send the Matrix A2
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+squ a he can also send a but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ a he can also send a but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ a he can also send a but the
+verifier knows a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier knows a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier knows a and
+A3 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 which is a
+cubed now the N now the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed now the N now the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed now the N now the number of
+triangles is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles is just the
+trace of a cubed so it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a cubed so it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a cubed so it's very easy to
+compute you just compute now how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute you just compute now how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute you just compute now how do you
+know that that this is a squar and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that this is a squar and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that this is a squar and this
+is a cubed well we saw last time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cubed well we saw last time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cubed well we saw last time a
+protocol a randomized protocol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol a randomized protocol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol a randomized protocol for
+checking equality between matrices via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking equality between matrices via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking equality between matrices via
+kind of this uh re Solomon kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this uh re Solomon kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this uh re Solomon kind of
+decoding idea so you do that so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding idea so you do that so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding idea so you do that so there
+you go that's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go that's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go that's really really
+nice well but then blame blame Gabe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice well but then blame blame Gabe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice well but then blame blame Gabe of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+exactly you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you're right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I need to so you you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need to so you you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need to so you you know there's a
+really beautiful work of rrr uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful work of rrr uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful work of rrr uh and they
+get conent round complexity uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get conent round complexity uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get conent round complexity uh and so
+using their paral probably you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their paral probably you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their paral probably you can get
+very good but I need to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good but I need to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good but I need to think about the
+parameters I think you can get in con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I think you can get in con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I think you can get in con
+around like probably like really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like probably like really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like probably like really good
+parameters but I'm I need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but I'm I need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but I'm I need to think about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+yeah okay H so so this was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay H so so this was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay H so so this was just a
+motivating example to show you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating example to show you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating example to show you that you
+can take something also with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take something also with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take something also with no
+structure whatsoever like adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure whatsoever like adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure whatsoever like adjacency
+matrix it's no structure it's arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's no structure it's arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's no structure it's arbitrary
+but using the technique of a low deegree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using the technique of a low deegree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using the technique of a low deegree
+extension you can kind of add structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension you can kind of add structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension you can kind of add structure
+to it and then you can use the sum check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um more generally I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um more generally I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um more generally I want to say
+I think what's really the power of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what's really the power of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what's really the power of this
+is you know in eror correcting codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know in eror correcting codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know in eror correcting codes
+what's nice about err correcting codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about err correcting codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about err correcting codes
+is if you cheat you kind of need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you cheat you kind of need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you cheat you kind of need to
+cheat everywhere in a sense things kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat everywhere in a sense things kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat everywhere in a sense things kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+percolate in proof system this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolate in proof system this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolate in proof system this kind of
+thing is very very useful because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is very very useful because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is very very useful because we
+want to proof system is about catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to proof system is about catching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to proof system is about catching
+cheaters you want to C when we construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaters you want to C when we construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaters you want to C when we construct
+like interactive proof our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interactive proof our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interactive proof our goal is to
+catch aover uh a cheating prover and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch aover uh a cheating prover and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch aover uh a cheating prover and so
+you want some encoding kind of you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some encoding kind of you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some encoding kind of you want
+to say if he cheat somewhere he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if he cheat somewhere he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if he cheat somewhere he has to
+cheat everywhere kind of that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat everywhere kind of that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat everywhere kind of that so this
+idea of kind of having in some sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of kind of having in some sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of kind of having in some sense you
+want kind of a if you want the proof to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want kind of a if you want the proof to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want kind of a if you want the proof to
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+um it's very natural that kind of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very natural that kind of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very natural that kind of some
+encoding comes into proof systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding comes into proof systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding comes into proof systems and
+we'll see that next when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that next when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that next when we look at the
+gkr protocol for uh low depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol for uh low depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol for uh low depth
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+okay so that's coming next now before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's coming next now before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's coming next now before I
+start this protocol I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this protocol I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this protocol I have a question
+for you so last time this is a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so last time this is a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so last time this is a long
+class this a three-hour class it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this a three-hour class it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this a three-hour class it's
+tiring so uh and it's technical which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiring so uh and it's technical which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiring so uh and it's technical which is
+even more tiring so now I want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more tiring so now I want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more tiring so now I want to ask
+you two options option one we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two options option one we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two options option one we'll take
+two breaks one after one hour one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two breaks one after one hour one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two breaks one after one hour one after
+the second hour it will give you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second hour it will give you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second hour it will give you kind of
+or we take one in the middle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we take one in the middle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we take one in the middle which is
+maybe a little longer any H how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little longer any H how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little longer any H how many
+people are for like two kind of short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are for like two kind of short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are for like two kind of short
+breaks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks to
+decompose let's take a break now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose let's take a break now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose let's take a break now for
+five minutes and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gkr okay so so so far when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr okay so so so far when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr okay so so so far when the
+applications we saw a for the G for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we saw a for the G for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we saw a for the G for the
+sum check and even if you want the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check and even if you want the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check and even if you want the low
+degree extension were both kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension were both kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension were both kind of
+counting you know we said okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you know we said okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you know we said okay let's
+count uh the sharp set let's let's count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count uh the sharp set let's let's count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count uh the sharp set let's let's count
+the number of triangles so you may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of triangles so you may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of triangles so you may think
+okay well some check is about counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well some check is about counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well some check is about counting
+so yeah I can see how you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I can see how you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I can see how you can do
+counting Problems by either they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Problems by either they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Problems by either they're
+already kind of low degree and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already kind of low degree and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already kind of low degree and you just
+apply some check automatically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some check automatically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some check automatically or
+they're not low degree and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not low degree and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not low degree and then you do
+low degree extension and now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension and now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension and now you have
+the Su check okay so maybe you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Su check okay so maybe you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Su check okay so maybe you can do
+kind of counting things but that's it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of counting things but that's it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of counting things but that's it so
+now the what I want to show you next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the what I want to show you next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the what I want to show you next is
+that no actually you can do a ton with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no actually you can do a ton with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no actually you can do a ton with
+that so just the low degree extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just the low degree extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just the low degree extension
+and some together that's all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some together that's all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some together that's all you need
+and what I'm going to show you now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to show you now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to show you now is
+how to do an a doubly efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do an a doubly efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do an a doubly efficient
+interactive proof for all low depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof for all low depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof for all low depth
+circuits so let me explain uh so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits so let me explain uh so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits so let me explain uh so suppose
+you have here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here some
+circuit C it's really really big uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit C it's really really big uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit C it's really really big uh but
+it's shallow okay so think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shallow okay so think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shallow okay so think of this
+circuit size s which is really big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit size s which is really big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit size s which is really big the
+depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is D which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D which is very
+small okay now what I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay now what I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay now what I'm going to show
+you is a doubly efficient interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a doubly efficient interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a doubly efficient interactive
+proof where the verifier runs in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof where the verifier runs in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof where the verifier runs in time
+only D or linear in D or D and poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only D or linear in D or D and poly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only D or linear in D or D and poly log
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+s and and the prover of course he needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and and the prover of course he needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and and the prover of course he needs
+to compute the circuit he runs in Time s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the circuit he runs in Time s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the circuit he runs in Time s
+he has to run the computation and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to run the computation and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to run the computation and only
+poly overhead so poly ofs okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly overhead so poly ofs okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly overhead so poly ofs okay so I'm
+going to show you w efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you w efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you w efficient
+interactive proof for any bounded depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof for any bounded depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof for any bounded depth
+yes can just clarify here circuit size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can just clarify here circuit size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can just clarify here circuit size
+is just number of gates good the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just number of gates good the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just number of gates good the circuit
+size just number of gates yeah yeah now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size just number of gates yeah yeah now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size just number of gates yeah yeah now
+note I I'm this already seems like weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I I'm this already seems like weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I I'm this already seems like weird
+because okay so the pro I said the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay so the pro I said the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay so the pro I said the goal
+is the prover is going to convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the prover is going to convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the prover is going to convince the
+verifier that let's say so the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that let's say so the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that let's say so the goal is
+to convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verifier that c of x equals let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that c of x equals let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that c of x equals let's say
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think of is any any Boolean Circuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is any any Boolean Circuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is any any Boolean Circuit of
+small depth so now but but and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small depth so now but but and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small depth so now but but and the
+verifier should be very efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier should be very efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier should be very efficient but
+now you're saying just reading C is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're saying just reading C is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're saying just reading C is not
+efficient if you have an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if you have an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if you have an arbitrary
+circuit just reading the circuit is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit just reading the circuit is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit just reading the circuit is not
+efficient you're right so for this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you're right so for this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you're right so for this to be
+meaningful C needs to have a succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful C needs to have a succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful C needs to have a succinct
+representation so it needs to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so it needs to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so it needs to be kind of
+a uniform circuit that you can specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform circuit that you can specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform circuit that you can specified
+succinctly and indeed we will assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly and indeed we will assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly and indeed we will assume
+that c is what's called log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform which essentially means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform which essentially means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform which essentially means that
+there's a log space machine a log s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a log space machine a log s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a log space machine a log s
+space machine that uh um a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space machine that uh um a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space machine that uh um a uniform
+turing machine that generates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine that generates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine that generates this
+circuit but actually for now don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit but actually for now don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit but actually for now don't think
+about just suppose it's it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just suppose it's it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just suppose it's it's it's just
+kind of there's some uniform condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's some uniform condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's some uniform condition
+okay so the verifier has sucing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the verifier has sucing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the verifier has sucing
+representation of the C because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the C because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the C because it will
+only come much much later when you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only come much much later when you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only come much much later when you'll
+see this kind of you'll need to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this kind of you'll need to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this kind of you'll need to deal
+with this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this issue
+okay so so the goal is for the prover to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the goal is for the prover to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the goal is for the prover to
+prove to the verifier that C ofx equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to the verifier that C ofx equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to the verifier that C ofx equals
+1 and the idea the way we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the idea the way we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the idea the way we're going to do
+this essentially is the high level idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially is the high level idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially is the high level idea
+is we're GNA kind of so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're GNA kind of so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're GNA kind of so the
+PO so I I want to prove I want to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO so I I want to prove I want to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO so I I want to prove I want to kind
+of catch the pro if he's cheating how am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catch the pro if he's cheating how am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catch the pro if he's cheating how am
+I going to catch him I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to catch him I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to catch him I want to make sure
+he's correct so the per comes to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's correct so the per comes to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's correct so the per comes to me and
+says look see x equal 1 the value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look see x equal 1 the value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look see x equal 1 the value here
+is one I want to reduce the claim on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I want to reduce the claim on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I want to reduce the claim on the
+output value to a claim about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output value to a claim about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output value to a claim about something
+in one layer below and then by like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one layer below and then by like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one layer below and then by like the
+small sub protocol and then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sub protocol and then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sub protocol and then I want to
+reduce the claim about something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the claim about something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the claim about something about
+kind of layer below layer below and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of layer below layer below and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of layer below layer below and
+layer below and layer below and layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below and layer below and layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below and layer below and layer
+below and so on until I get a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and so on until I get a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and so on until I get a claim
+about the input which the verifier can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the input which the verifier can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the input which the verifier can
+compute on its own that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute on its own that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute on its own that's kind of the
+idea so for this the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so for this the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so for this the first thing we
+assume and this is without lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and this is without lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and this is without lots of
+generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layered what do I mean by layered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered what do I mean by layered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered what do I mean by layered
+there's an output gate there's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an output gate there's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an output gate there's kind of
+that's let's call it layer zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's let's call it layer zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's let's call it layer zero and then
+you go to gate and then it there's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to gate and then it there's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to gate and then it there's kind
+of a wires to one layer below we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wires to one layer below we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wires to one layer below we'll call
+it layer one and then their gates to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it layer one and then their gates to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it layer one and then their gates to one
+layer below we'll call the layer two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below we'll call the layer two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below we'll call the layer two so
+it's not there's no kind of Long Gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there's no kind of Long Gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there's no kind of Long Gate
+that go from the input straight to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go from the input straight to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go from the input straight to kind
+of it's really layer by layer okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's really layer by layer okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's really layer by layer okay so
+that's the first assumption so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first assumption so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first assumption so we can
+talk about layer so that what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about layer so that what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about layer so that what it means
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+gate in layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to
+Gates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer uh I + one where we think of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh I + one where we think of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh I + one where we think of I
+equals z is output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I D is input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer okay so this is just for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay so this is just for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay so this is just for the sake
+of Simplicity you can always kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Simplicity you can always kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Simplicity you can always kind of uh
+add dummy gates to make sure uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add dummy gates to make sure uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add dummy gates to make sure uh that
+each gate is only connected to one layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate is only connected to one layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate is only connected to one layer
+below if before was connected to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if before was connected to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if before was connected to someone
+closer to the input you just add dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the input you just add dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the input you just add dummy
+gates to kind of go up up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates to kind of go up up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates to kind of go up up up
+okay so again let me just make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again let me just make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again let me just make sure
+everyone's on board but by layer when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's on board but by layer when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's on board but by layer when I
+say gate is in layer I essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gate is in layer I essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gate is in layer I essentially what
+I mean the depth from there to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the depth from there to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the depth from there to the input
+the number the path the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number the path the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number the path the length of the
+path is I so any gate that is kind of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is I so any gate that is kind of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is I so any gate that is kind of I
+away from the input it's connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the input it's connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the input it's connected to
+Gates that are only I minus one away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates that are only I minus one away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates that are only I minus one away
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+input okay so we assum that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so we assum that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so we assum that's an
+assumption I'm going to make and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption I'm going to make and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption I'm going to make and the way
+I can get I can realize it is by just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get I can realize it is by just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get I can realize it is by just if
+this original circuit was not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original circuit was not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original circuit was not in this
+way I'm just going to add dummy gates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm just going to add dummy gates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm just going to add dummy gates in
+the middle so if a circuit at layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so if a circuit at layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so if a circuit at layer
+three was connected immediately to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was connected immediately to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was connected immediately to the
+input I'm going to just copy the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input I'm going to just copy the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input I'm going to just copy the input
+in one two and then I'm going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one two and then I'm going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one two and then I'm going to kind of
+ATT uh connect it so things are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATT uh connect it so things are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATT uh connect it so things are going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+layered questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered questions about this
+assumption okay so now the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay so now the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay so now the the uh
+circuit is layered and now what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is layered and now what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is layered and now what I want
+to do I want to reduce so now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I want to reduce so now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I want to reduce so now I'm going
+to have an interactive protocol so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an interactive protocol so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an interactive protocol so the
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in G is to have uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol that consists of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subprotocol and each subprotocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprotocol and each subprotocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprotocol and each subprotocol
+essentially reduces a claim about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reduces a claim about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reduces a claim about some
+layer I to a claim about layer i+ one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer I to a claim about layer i+ one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer I to a claim about layer i+ one so
+a claim about the layer that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a claim about the layer that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a claim about the layer that's one
+closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+input okay so these are kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so these are kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so these are kind of how
+these sub protocols uh will go I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sub protocols uh will go I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sub protocols uh will go I'm going
+to explain I'm going to explain the GK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain I'm going to explain the GK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain I'm going to explain the GK
+protocol formally but this is just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol formally but this is just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol formally but this is just uh
+intuition uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh and
+uh okay so uh let me take this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing is
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+so here is here is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is here is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is here is kind of the
+idea so again I'm this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so again I'm this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so again I'm this is not the
+protocol this is I'm kind of giving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol this is I'm kind of giving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol this is I'm kind of giving an
+intuition of kind of what helping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of kind of what helping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of kind of what helping you
+kind of understand where I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand where I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand where I'm going to go
+so we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to prove
+a cheating prover suppose he's cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheating prover suppose he's cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheating prover suppose he's cheating
+he's trying to argue that t ofx equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to argue that t ofx equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to argue that t ofx equals
+one but think of it it's not we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but think of it it's not we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but think of it it's not we want to
+catch him how do we catch him if it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch him how do we catch him if it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch him how do we catch him if it's if
+he's cheating how do we catch him so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's cheating how do we catch him so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's cheating how do we catch him so one
+idea is to say well if he's cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to say well if he's cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to say well if he's cheating
+here he must so let's say this is an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he must so let's say this is an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he must so let's say this is an and
+gate suppose it's zero but he's claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate suppose it's zero but he's claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate suppose it's zero but he's claiming
+it's one so it means that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one so it means that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one so it means that I'm going to
+ask him you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him you know
+what it can't be if I tell him give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can't be if I tell him give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can't be if I tell him give me
+both of these he also must be cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these he also must be cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these he also must be cheating
+so I'm going tell him you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going tell him you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going tell him you know what
+really this is one so in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is one so in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is one so in that case you
+claim that both of these are one he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that both of these are one he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that both of these are one he's
+like yeah or if it was an or I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah or if it was an or I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah or if it was an or I'm saying
+oh this one so you come that one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this one so you come that one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this one so you come that one of them
+is in a right he's like yeah so but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a right he's like yeah so but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a right he's like yeah so but but
+in reality they're both zero so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality they're both zero so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality they're both zero so now what
+I can say you know what okay fine I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say you know what okay fine I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say you know what okay fine I'm
+going to choose one of them at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose one of them at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose one of them at random
+really okay told me that this is a a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay told me that this is a a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay told me that this is a a one
+so I'm going to he he's by by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to he he's by by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to he he's by by by
+cheating one of them one of these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating one of them one of these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating one of them one of these have
+to be a cheat so I'm going to Pro really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cheat so I'm going to Pro really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cheat so I'm going to Pro really
+so show me you know show me this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so show me you know show me this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so show me you know show me this and
+then I'll go down show me show me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll go down show me show me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll go down show me show me show
+me show me and at the end he's stuck cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show me and at the end he's stuck cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show me and at the end he's stuck cuz
+it's an input so this is a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an input so this is a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an input so this is a very easy
+approach the problem with this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the problem with this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the problem with this approach
+I lose probility half in each layer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lose probility half in each layer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lose probility half in each layer okay
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+suppose uh if it's an and let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh if it's an and let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh if it's an and let's say it's
+a zero then he tells me oh uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero then he tells me oh uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero then he tells me oh uh one of
+them is zeros but in reality I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is zeros but in reality I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is zeros but in reality I know
+they're both one so I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both one so I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both one so I'm going to tell
+them oh really both of them are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh really both of them are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh really both of them are zero
+fine I'll choose one of them okay show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'll choose one of them okay show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'll choose one of them okay show
+me this is zero but maybe this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is zero but maybe this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is zero but maybe this really
+was the zero one and then he'll of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the zero one and then he'll of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the zero one and then he'll of
+course cheat so I'm my finger cross this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course cheat so I'm my finger cross this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course cheat so I'm my finger cross this
+was actually a one but only was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a one but only was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a one but only was
+probability half and then every so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability half and then every so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability half and then every so okay
+so that idea works very well it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that idea works very well it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that idea works very well it's just
+the sound this is one over two to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound this is one over two to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound this is one over two to the D
+so that's not good because one over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not good because one over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not good because one over two
+to the D is like the size of the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D is like the size of the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D is like the size of the circuit
+I need to that sucks okay no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to that sucks okay no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to that sucks okay no
+good so what do we do so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so what do we do so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so what do we do so here's the
+basic idea the idea say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea the idea say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea the idea say you know what
+don't ask pergate per gate that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask pergate per gate that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask pergate per gate that's not a
+good idea let's ask something about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea let's ask something about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea let's ask something about kind
+of an encoding of the entire layer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an encoding of the entire layer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an encoding of the entire layer so
+instead I'm going to have to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I'm going to have to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I'm going to have to give me
+something kind of about the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of about the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of about the low degree
+extension of this uh layer so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of this uh layer so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of this uh layer so I'm not
+going to ask reducer tell me this tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask reducer tell me this tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask reducer tell me this tell
+me this no tell me something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this no tell me something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this no tell me something about
+this and then I'm going to argue if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I'm going to argue if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I'm going to argue if he
+cheated here he must also cheat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated here he must also cheat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated here he must also cheat here
+with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high
+probability and now and then and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and now and then and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and now and then and and
+again if he cheat here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if he cheat here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if he cheat here I'm going to
+argue that he must cheat here with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that he must cheat here with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that he must cheat here with very
+high probability and so on so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability and so on so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability and so on so forth but
+now that that's kind of the high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that's kind of the high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that's kind of the high level
+idea but now you can say whoa this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but now you can say whoa this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but now you can say whoa this is a
+bit confusing before when I said oh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit confusing before when I said oh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit confusing before when I said oh if
+he cheated here I'm going to ask him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cheated here I'm going to ask him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cheated here I'm going to ask him
+open like cheat on one of these it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open like cheat on one of these it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open like cheat on one of these it's
+very easy for me to check if you say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for me to check if you say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for me to check if you say is
+this is zero and it's an end you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero and it's an end you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero and it's an end you're
+claiming that one of this is zero but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that one of this is zero but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that one of this is zero but I
+know one this is one so it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one this is one so it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one this is one so it's very easy
+to argue how do I go so I I can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue how do I go so I I can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue how do I go so I I can just say
+Okay prove to me that you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay prove to me that you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay prove to me that you know this is a
+zero or Pro that's easy how do I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or Pro that's easy how do I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or Pro that's easy how do I go from
+arguing about the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about the low degree
+extension of an element of of of a layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of an element of of of a layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of an element of of of a layer
+to low degree extension of another layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low degree extension of another layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low degree extension of another layer
+what do I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I ask you
+even and it turns out that what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and it turns out that what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and it turns out that what I do
+here is really low deegree extension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really low deegree extension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really low deegree extension and
+some check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check
+so I go from here to here it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I go from here to here it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I go from here to here it's just a
+sum check so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check so that's what we're going to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+okay that's kind of the high level idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's kind of the high level idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's kind of the high level idea
+any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any
+questions let me just make sure I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me just make sure I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me just make sure I didn't
+forget to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something okay good what's theal for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay good what's theal for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay good what's theal for the
+ver good okay what we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver good okay what we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver good okay what we're going to get
+okay goal as efficient as possible what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay goal as efficient as possible what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay goal as efficient as possible what
+we get is the verifier runtime and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is the verifier runtime and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is the verifier runtime and the
+communication complexity will be like d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity will be like d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity will be like d
+the depth times polylog the circuit size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth times polylog the circuit size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth times polylog the circuit size
+and the reason we we PID this depth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we we PID this depth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we we PID this depth is
+because in the protocol we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the protocol we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the protocol we're going to
+run D subprotocols we're going to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run D subprotocols we're going to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run D subprotocols we're going to kind
+of go from a claim on layer I to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go from a claim on layer I to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go from a claim on layer I to another
+claim of layer I and each kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of layer I and each kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of layer I and each kind of
+reduction uh in in the in in the layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh in in the in in the layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh in in the in in the layers
+is going to be kind of a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be kind of a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be kind of a subject
+protocol which which will consist of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which which will consist of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which which will consist of log
+s rounds or log s it's uh the the M the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s rounds or log s it's uh the the M the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s rounds or log s it's uh the the M the
+a uh the variable is going to be log s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh the variable is going to be log s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh the variable is going to be log s
+So eventually the runtime of the pro of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually the runtime of the pro of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually the runtime of the pro of
+the verifier will be something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier will be something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier will be something like the
+depth Times log the circuit size and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth Times log the circuit size and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth Times log the circuit size and the
+ver the pro is going to run time poly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver the pro is going to run time poly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver the pro is going to run time poly in
+the circuit size but we we'll we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit size but we we'll we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit size but we we'll we'll go
+over all these parameters uh once we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all these parameters uh once we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all these parameters uh once we see
+the protocol but that's what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol but that's what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol but that's what you should
+that that's kind of the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's kind of the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's kind of the theorem that
+we'll write when we get there great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write when we get there great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write when we get there great
+thanks any any other questions yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks any any other questions yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks any any other questions yes so
+the verifier isn't able to see the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier isn't able to see the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier isn't able to see the whole
+circuit right like how did the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right like how did the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right like how did the verifier
+get good good good good good so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good good good good good so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good good good good good so the
+verify as I said he doesn't even he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify as I said he doesn't even he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify as I said he doesn't even he
+can't even see the entire circuit all he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even see the entire circuit all he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even see the entire circuit all he
+has is like some uniform TR machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is like some uniform TR machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is like some uniform TR machine that
+generates the circuit so that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the circuit so that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the circuit so that's a very
+good question how does how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question how does how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question how does how does
+he we'll see it's actually it's compli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he we'll see it's actually it's compli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he we'll see it's actually it's compli
+the answer is it's complicated but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it's complicated but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it's complicated but we'll
+see we'll see as as we go along a he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we'll see as as we go along a he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we'll see as as we go along a he'll
+use his kind of uniform access to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his kind of uniform access to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his kind of uniform access to to to
+help him out it's really unclear how at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him out it's really unclear how at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him out it's really unclear how at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point great okay so what do we do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point great okay so what do we do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point great okay so what do we do so
+first thing is uh so step one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is uh so step one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is uh so step one this is
+just again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again for
+Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arithmetization so ariti all I mean here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization so ariti all I mean here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization so ariti all I mean here
+is convert an or to kind of convert an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convert an or to kind of convert an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convert an or to kind of convert an
+an to multiplication convert or into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an to multiplication convert or into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an to multiplication convert or into the
+sum minus multiplication just convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum minus multiplication just convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum minus multiplication just convert
+the the the or and an or Gates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the or and an or Gates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the or and an or Gates into
+addition and multiplication gate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication gate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication gate okay so
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add and Mt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gates now you're right at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates now you're right at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates now you're right at this point the
+verifier doesn't even know he so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier doesn't even know he so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier doesn't even know he so we'll
+talk about how the verifier has access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how the verifier has access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how the verifier has access
+to these things later okay but like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these things later okay but like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these things later okay but like the
+prover what he does at least okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what he does at least okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what he does at least okay the
+prover first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arithmetization Gates and and Gat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization Gates and and Gat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization Gates and and Gat and
+and addition Gates good now what he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addition Gates good now what he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addition Gates good now what he does
+so he wants to I want to convince you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he wants to I want to convince you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he wants to I want to convince you
+that c of X we said one so I'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c of X we said one so I'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c of X we said one so I'll make it
+one what do I do I I'm the prover I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what do I do I I'm the prover I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what do I do I I'm the prover I take
+my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input
+x i compute the values of all the gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i compute the values of all the gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i compute the values of all the gates
+in the circuit okay so what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circuit okay so what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circuit okay so what does the
+prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values of all the gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+C okay so now the prover computed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so now the prover computed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so now the prover computed all
+these uh bits which are the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh bits which are the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh bits which are the values of
+the gates note this is this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gates note this is this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gates note this is this is still
+over just it's Boolean it's over kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just it's Boolean it's over kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just it's Boolean it's over kind of
+gf2 yeah it's a everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 yeah it's a everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 yeah it's a everything is
+zero1 okay next thing uh I do is I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero1 okay next thing uh I do is I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero1 okay next thing uh I do is I um
+the prover does he computes the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover does he computes the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover does he computes the low
+degree extension of each layer okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of each layer okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of each layer okay what
+how so what are the parameters what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so what are the parameters what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so what are the parameters what how
+do we do it there's many ways to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do it there's many ways to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do it there's many ways to do it
+the one so so let's think of let me add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one so so let's think of let me add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one so so let's think of let me add
+actually another assumption just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another assumption just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another assumption just for
+Simplicity let's assume that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity let's assume that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity let's assume that the number
+of gates in each layer is exactly s like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gates in each layer is exactly s like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gates in each layer is exactly s like
+the size of the circuit I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the circuit I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the circuit I'm just
+assuming that so I don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that so I don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that so I don't need to know
+have different SES it's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different SES it's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different SES it's just going to be
+annoying why can I assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying why can I assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying why can I assume that the
+number of gates in each layer is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gates in each layer is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gates in each layer is exactly
+s just add them get are just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s just add them get are just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s just add them get are just zero
+nobody's going to look at them okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to look at them okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to look at them okay I'm
+just kind of want it'll just make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of want it'll just make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of want it'll just make my
+notations easy okay so now if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations easy okay so now if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations easy okay so now if there's
+less just add zeros z z z zero so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less just add zeros z z z zero so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less just add zeros z z z zero so now
+it's like this kind of circuit by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this kind of circuit by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this kind of circuit by just
+adding zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding zeros
+everywhere okay good now what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere okay good now what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere okay good now what does the
+prover do he thinks so now each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+values that's the Assumption it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that's the Assumption it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that's the Assumption it's that
+we added demig Gates so now we have S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added demig Gates so now we have S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added demig Gates so now we have S
+values per layer okay many of them can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values per layer okay many of them can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values per layer okay many of them can
+be zero if the G if the layer was short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero if the G if the layer was short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero if the G if the layer was short
+but there's s uh values so let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's s uh values so let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's s uh values so let's write
+these Val so let's write these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Val so let's write these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Val so let's write these values
+for this is for layer I let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is for layer I let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is for layer I let's write
+these values in a hyper Cube okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values in a hyper Cube okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values in a hyper Cube okay so
+let's write these values as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write these values as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write these values as kind of a
+function from h to the m to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from h to the m to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from h to the m to
+01 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H to the m is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the m is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the m is exactly
+s so we said each layer has s elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so we said each layer has s elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so we said each layer has s elements
+write them in some H hyper Cube where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them in some H hyper Cube where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them in some H hyper Cube where
+the size of the hyper cube is exactly s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the hyper cube is exactly s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the hyper cube is exactly s
+so you can write all these elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write all these elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write all these elements in
+the hyper cube in some order that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper cube in some order that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper cube in some order that makes
+sense to you okay so if H if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to you okay so if H if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to you okay so if H if you want a
+to take H to be 01 just take the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take H to be 01 just take the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take H to be 01 just take the binary
+representation of like each gate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of like each gate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of like each gate the
+gates are numbered uh and VI of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates are numbered uh and VI of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates are numbered uh and VI of this
+number is the value of this gate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is the value of this gate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is the value of this gate in
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+I okay so each gate in layer I uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so each gate in layer I uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so each gate in layer I uh has
+kind of a number which is a number in h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a number which is a number in h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a number which is a number in h
+to the m and this is the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m and this is the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m and this is the value of the
+gate okay now what is h and what is M I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate okay now what is h and what is M I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate okay now what is h and what is M I
+said you know it needs to be of size H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know it needs to be of size H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know it needs to be of size H
+to the m b s needs H to the m needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m b s needs H to the m needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m b s needs H to the m needs to
+be S so I have place to write all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be S so I have place to write all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be S so I have place to write all the
+the a the values of the layers but which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a the values of the layers but which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a the values of the layers but which
+H and which M do I choose and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and which M do I choose and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and which M do I choose and now
+actually there's Freedom so in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's Freedom so in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's Freedom so in many
+times it's easier to think like uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's easier to think like uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's easier to think like uh we're
+used to Binary because we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to Binary because we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to Binary because we're kind of
+computers uh so it's comfortable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers uh so it's comfortable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers uh so it's comfortable to
+think of H as being 01 and M to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of H as being 01 and M to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of H as being 01 and M to be
+logus you can think of it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logus you can think of it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logus you can think of it this way
+that's fine however later like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine however later like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine however later like uh
+probably uh uh Rachel will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh uh Rachel will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh uh Rachel will tell you
+about it a it'll be convenient actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a it'll be convenient actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a it'll be convenient actually
+actually R is like oh no what did I sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually R is like oh no what did I sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually R is like oh no what did I sign
+up for it's like I'm not going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for it's like I'm not going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for it's like I'm not going to tell
+you a it'll be convenient actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a it'll be convenient actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a it'll be convenient actually to
+take the parameters which are H being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the parameters which are H being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the parameters which are H being
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and
+M being log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M being log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M being log
+s ah okay fine tried to put the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s ah okay fine tried to put the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s ah okay fine tried to put the same
+didn't work M being log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work M being log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work M being log
+s over log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so it be convenient to think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so it be convenient to think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so it be convenient to think of these
+parameters so first just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so first just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so first just
+note that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that log
+s to the power of M which is log s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the power of M which is log s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the power of M which is log s over
+log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log
+s is just log s is just 2 to the log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing these two cancels and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing these two cancels and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing these two cancels and therefore
+you get in DS so I'm just saying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in DS so I'm just saying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in DS so I'm just saying these
+parameters indeed if you take H to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters indeed if you take H to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters indeed if you take H to the
+power of M you get S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of M you get S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of M you get S
+back okay because H log s to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay because H log s to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay because H log s to the power
+of M log s over log log s log s is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M log s over log log s log s is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M log s over log log s log s is like
+2 to the log log s and then the two log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the log log s and then the two log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the log log s and then the two log
+log s cancel and you get two to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s cancel and you get two to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s cancel and you get two to the log
+s which is s so it that this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is s so it that this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is s so it that this is good
+okay you get what you want why why what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get what you want why why what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get what you want why why what
+so but you can be like why why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you can be like why why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you can be like why why am I
+taking this setting of parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this setting of parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this setting of parameters and
+you also may be kind of annoyed like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also may be kind of annoyed like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also may be kind of annoyed like why
+am I why are we talking so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I why are we talking so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I why are we talking so much about
+parameters this is kind of boring and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this is kind of boring and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this is kind of boring and I
+agree however this is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree however this is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree however this is important because
+these parameters are used a lot and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters are used a lot and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters are used a lot and for
+a good reason so let me tell you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason so let me tell you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason so let me tell you why
+these parameters why am I spending your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters why am I spending your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters why am I spending your
+time on these parameters uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on these parameters uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on these parameters uh this
+specific choice and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific choice and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific choice and the reason is that
+later when we'll take extension remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we'll take extension remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we'll take extension remember
+we have we take extension over a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we take extension over a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we take extension over a field
+we'll take a big field now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a big field now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a big field now the
+field if you remember the the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if you remember the the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if you remember the the subject
+protocol the soundness you get is like M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the soundness you get is like M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the soundness you get is like M
+* D the number of variables times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* D the number of variables times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* D the number of variables times the
+degree over F so F needs to be of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree over F so F needs to be of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree over F so F needs to be of size
+at least n * D okay so it will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least n * D okay so it will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least n * D okay so it will need to
+be at least like this m which is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least like this m which is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least like this m which is if you
+take like binary like 01 it'll be need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like binary like 01 it'll be need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like binary like 01 it'll be need
+to be at least log s which is the m or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at least log s which is the m or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at least log s which is the m or
+here you know the number of variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know the number of variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know the number of variables is
+not constant usually and it need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant usually and it need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant usually and it need to be
+bigger than the number of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the number of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the number of variables
+and now the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the problem
+is if you take H so okay if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you take H so okay if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you take H so okay if you take a
+so what we what's very desirable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we what's very desirable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we what's very desirable in
+later applications in particular for PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later applications in particular for PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later applications in particular for PCP
+applications which we'll talk about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications which we'll talk about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications which we'll talk about it's
+really beautiful for those who haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful for those who haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful for those who haven't
+heard of what pcps are we'll learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of what pcps are we'll learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of what pcps are we'll learn about
+it it's really really nice but for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really really nice but for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really really nice but for these
+applications what you want is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications what you want is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications what you want is that
+F the size of the extension you take is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the size of the extension you take is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the size of the extension you take is
+poly in H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now if you take H to be 01 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you take H to be 01 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you take H to be 01 which is
+what like binary which is what we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like binary which is what we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like binary which is what we all
+like then the field becomes constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then the field becomes constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then the field becomes constant
+signs because it needs to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs because it needs to be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs because it needs to be for
+applications like to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications like to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications like to get the
+PCP you need F if f is bigger you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP you need F if f is bigger you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP you need F if f is bigger you'll get
+like a super polinomial object so to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a super polinomial object so to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a super polinomial object so to get
+kind of a for later applications it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a for later applications it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a for later applications it's
+important that the field is not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the field is not too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the field is not too much
+bigger than H that it's polom related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than H that it's polom related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than H that it's polom related to
+H and then if you take H to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and then if you take H to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and then if you take H to be small
+like constant like 01 then f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like constant like 01 then f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like constant like 01 then f is a
+constant and then you don't get T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then you don't get T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then you don't get T
+because m is not a constant to get T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m is not a constant to get T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m is not a constant to get T
+bigger than one you got nothing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one you got nothing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one you got nothing so this
+is if you didn't follow it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you didn't follow it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you didn't follow it doesn't
+matter you will see it when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you will see it when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you will see it when we talk
+about PCP but this is just to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PCP but this is just to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PCP but this is just to tell you
+why I'm choosing these weird parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm choosing these weird parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm choosing these weird parameters
+as opposed to 01 the point is that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to 01 the point is that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to 01 the point is that later
+we'll need these parameters when we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need these parameters when we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need these parameters when we'll
+talk about PCP and so that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about PCP and so that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about PCP and so that's why we're
+using them now you GK itself GK itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them now you GK itself GK itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them now you GK itself GK itself
+you don't need writing down the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need writing down the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need writing down the entire
+exactly because so I exactly because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because so I exactly because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because so I exactly because in
+GK it's interactive you're never writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK it's interactive you're never writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK it's interactive you're never writing
+down the entire thing for gkr itself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the entire thing for gkr itself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the entire thing for gkr itself you
+can take H to be 01 and you can take F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take H to be 01 and you can take F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take H to be 01 and you can take F
+to be big and like the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be big and like the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be big and like the kind of
+parameters you want I was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you want I was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you want I was actually
+debating if to teach it was Z1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating if to teach it was Z1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating if to teach it was Z1 and then
+to change all the parameters or and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change all the parameters or and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change all the parameters or and many
+like if you look at Justin Taylor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you look at Justin Taylor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you look at Justin Taylor's
+notes that are in the website I gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that are in the website I gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that are in the website I gave the
+exact chapter then he use a 01 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact chapter then he use a 01 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact chapter then he use a 01 because
+it's easier and you know uh but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier and you know uh but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier and you know uh but since
+we're I'm going to change the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'm going to change the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'm going to change the parameters
+anyway I thought I'll just start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I thought I'll just start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I thought I'll just start with
+them and I think it's good to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I think it's good to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I think it's good to get
+accustomed to these type of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to these type of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to these type of parameters
+because they show up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they show up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they show up a
+lot okay so this is just kind of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay so this is just kind of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay so this is just kind of if you
+didn't follow exact Choice don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't follow exact Choice don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't follow exact Choice don't worry
+about it it turns out this is the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it turns out this is the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it turns out this is the choice
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+want and why you learn about it when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and why you learn about it when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and why you learn about it when we
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+pcps but if you don't if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcps but if you don't if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcps but if you don't if you want to
+think about H is 01 and M is log s you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about H is 01 and M is log s you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about H is 01 and M is log s you
+can do so all the lecture everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so all the lecture everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so all the lecture everything I
+say makes sense in that parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say makes sense in that parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say makes sense in that parameters and
+you know you understand everything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you understand everything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you understand everything with
+these uh parameters as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh parameters as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh parameters as well for
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+okay so good so now so now what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good so now so now what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good so now so now what does the
+prover what will the prover do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what will the prover do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what will the prover do the
+prover will so he has for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every for every layer he has the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every for every layer he has the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every for every layer he has the values
+of the gates he computes the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gates he computes the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gates he computes the values of
+the gates of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gates of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gates of that
+layer which is you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer which is you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer which is you can think about
+it as for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer I the prover computes VI which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer I the prover computes VI which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer I the prover computes VI which is
+the value of all the gates in layer I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of all the gates in layer I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of all the gates in layer I so
+we can think of the gates is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of the gates is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of the gates is kind of
+going from H to the m to 01 each gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from H to the m to 01 each gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from H to the m to 01 each gate
+has a label in h to the m because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a label in h to the m because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a label in h to the m because it's
+kind of the same as a morphic to S so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same as a morphic to S so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same as a morphic to S so
+each gate has a label here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate has a label here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate has a label here and this is
+just the why the value of the gate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the why the value of the gate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the why the value of the gate on
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+X okay so the this is the pro I there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so the this is the pro I there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so the this is the pro I there's
+no protocol yet I'm just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no protocol yet I'm just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no protocol yet I'm just talking about
+the pro or compus before the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro or compus before the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro or compus before the protocol
+begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins
+okay and now the prover can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now the prover can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now the prover can compute the
+low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree
+extension okay so this let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay so this let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay so this let me actually
+be careful with room so I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is nothing but the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is nothing but the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is nothing but the low degree
+EXT ion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VI okay now we're in business once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI okay now we're in business once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI okay now we're in business once the
+prover computed this then we're in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover computed this then we're in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover computed this then we're in good
+shape so now what now let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so now what now let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so now what now let's go back to
+the protocol what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol what do they
+do so as we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so as we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so as we said the
+goal is to reduce so remember the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to reduce so remember the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to reduce so remember the first
+thing the prover gave the verifier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the prover gave the verifier you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the prover gave the verifier you
+can think of the protocol started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the protocol started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the protocol started with
+v0 which is the output layer and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 which is the output layer and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 which is the output layer and one
+element let me call it z0 because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element let me call it z0 because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element let me call it z0 because we're
+going to call them Z and z0 in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them Z and z0 in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them Z and z0 in you know
+H to the m in this time which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the m in this time which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the m in this time which is kind of
+actually the output layer has just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the output layer has just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the output layer has just one
+gate right it's zero or one we we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate right it's zero or one we we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate right it's zero or one we we added
+a bunch of zeros to it because we dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of zeros to it because we dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of zeros to it because we dummy
+gates to assume that it's kind of a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates to assume that it's kind of a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates to assume that it's kind of a size
+s but there's one gate this is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but there's one gate this is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but there's one gate this is let's
+call this gate z0 and he's arguing on z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this gate z0 and he's arguing on z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this gate z0 and he's arguing on z0
+there's a certain value v0 in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain value v0 in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain value v0 in our case
+we said it's one so he comes with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said it's one so he comes with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said it's one so he comes with an
+argument right he tells a look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right he tells a look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right he tells a look if you
+look at the output layer this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the output layer this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the output layer this is the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer if you look at the output layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer if you look at the output layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer if you look at the output layer
+and the relevant gate and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevant gate and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevant gate and the actual
+single not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single not
+gate I claim the output is v0 namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate I claim the output is v0 namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate I claim the output is v0 namely
+let's say one now I say why would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one now I say why would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one now I say why would I
+trust you and he said okay let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust you and he said okay let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust you and he said okay let let me
+help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I can always add till the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can always add till the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can always add till the you know
+okay so now let's see what is v0 Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's see what is v0 Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's see what is v0 Tilda
+on any element Z what is this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any element Z what is this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any element Z what is this value
+remember this is the output yeah so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the output yeah so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the output yeah so it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what and what I'm saying here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what I'm saying here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what I'm saying here is
+actually General even let's think of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually General even let's think of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually General even let's think of I
+like layer I okay you can think of layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like layer I okay you can think of layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like layer I okay you can think of layer
+zero if you want but any layer take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you want but any layer take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you want but any layer take any
+layer and take any Z even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and take any Z even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and take any Z even in the
+extension in F to the N here it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension in F to the N here it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension in F to the N here it happened
+to be that the z0 was actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that the z0 was actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that the z0 was actually kind of
+in the extension even because we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the extension even because we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the extension even because we started
+with a certain gate but let's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain gate but let's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain gate but let's kind of
+think of it more broadly because later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it more broadly because later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it more broadly because later
+we'll go to we'll be in the extension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to we'll be in the extension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to we'll be in the extension so
+I have the the prover claims that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the the prover claims that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the the prover claims that this
+is VI we start with i equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VI we start with i equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VI we start with i equals
+zero I don't know if that's true I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I don't know if that's true I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I don't know if that's true I want
+to reduce it to a claim about layer i+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce it to a claim about layer i+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce it to a claim about layer i+
+one one layer down how do I do that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one layer down how do I do that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one layer down how do I do that what
+is VI Tilda and Z zi in general is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VI Tilda and Z zi in general is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VI Tilda and Z zi in general is in
+the extension in in this case it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extension in in this case it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extension in in this case it's not
+but in general it's in an extension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general it's in an extension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general it's in an extension so
+first thing let me move the I not to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing let me move the I not to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing let me move the I not to the
+extension so what let's let's remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so what let's let's remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so what let's let's remember
+what is VI Tilda VI Tilda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some a VI that kind of the original VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a VI that kind of the original VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a VI that kind of the original VI
+and H let me make sure I'm consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H let me make sure I'm consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H let me make sure I'm consistent
+with my notation so I won't confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my notation so I won't confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my notation so I won't confuse
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and point p in H to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and point p in H to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and point p in H to the
+m times this Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m times this Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m times this Kai
+P of Z I just I just kind of uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Z I just I just kind of uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Z I just I just kind of uh right so
+what is the low degree extension of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the low degree extension of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the low degree extension of V
+it's the vi on every Point not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vi on every Point not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vi on every Point not in the
+extension in the cube in h to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension in the cube in h to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension in the cube in h to the m
+times this kind of Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this kind of Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this kind of Kai
+function you know which was this oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know which was this oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know which was this oh I
+erased it but it's the oh yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased it but it's the oh yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased it but it's the oh yeah this
+multiplication each one of them was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication each one of them was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication each one of them was this
+degree hus one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree hus one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree hus one function
+okay but what is a what is vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is a what is vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is a what is vi
+vi you can e we can e relate it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi you can e we can e relate it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi you can e we can e relate it to the
+layer one below VI is either an ad gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one below VI is either an ad gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one below VI is either an ad gate
+or multiplication gate if it's an ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiplication gate if it's an ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiplication gate if it's an ad
+gate it's an add of two elements below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate it's an add of two elements below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate it's an add of two elements below
+and if it's a mul a multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a mul a multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a mul a multiplication of
+two elements below so now to to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements below so now to to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements below so now to to connect
+it to the layer below and this is goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the layer below and this is goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the layer below and this is goes
+to the question of what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question of what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question of what does the
+verifier know it doesn't know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier know it doesn't know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier know it doesn't know what I'm
+going to use is the circuit has so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is the circuit has so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is the circuit has so the
+circuit is associated for every I with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is associated for every I with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is associated for every I with
+an add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an add
+function and a multiplication function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and a multiplication function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and a multiplication function
+and this function goes from 01 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this function goes from 01 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this function goes from 01 to
+the I guess 3 log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess 3 log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess 3 log
+s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to
+01 and it just says whether there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and it just says whether there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and it just says whether there's you
+take a gate in layer I in two gates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a gate in layer I in two gates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a gate in layer I in two gates in
+layer I + one and it checks whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer I + one and it checks whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer I + one and it checks whether
+there's an add there okay so it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an add there okay so it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an add there okay so it takes
+kind of i j and k and it says one if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of i j and k and it says one if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of i j and k and it says one if and
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+if gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gate
+I oh sorry I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh sorry I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh sorry I is
+taken what notation did I use a okay H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken what notation did I use a okay H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken what notation did I use a okay H
+sorry it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it takes
+a gate P W1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gate P W1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gate P W1 and
+W2 in in in s you know one of the gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 in in in s you know one of the gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 in in in s you know one of the gates
+and it outputs one if and only if gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it outputs one if and only if gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it outputs one if and only if gate
+p in layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is a
+add of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add of
+gates W1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates W1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates W1 and
+W2 in layer I +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 in layer I +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 in layer I +
+1 and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise uh I I start with zero and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh I I start with zero and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh I I start with zero and I
+go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to
+D yeah and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise okay so just check if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay so just check if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay so just check if there's
+an and there if there's an add there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and there if there's an add there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and there if there's an add there and
+mult is exactly the same Mal checks if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult is exactly the same Mal checks if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult is exactly the same Mal checks if
+there's a multiplication gate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a multiplication gate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a multiplication gate okay so
+malt also takes p a point p in layer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt also takes p a point p in layer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt also takes p a point p in layer I
+two points in layer I plus one and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points in layer I plus one and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points in layer I plus one and it
+outputs one if and only if this gate p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs one if and only if this gate p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs one if and only if this gate p
+in layer I is actually a mult gate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in layer I is actually a mult gate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in layer I is actually a mult gate a
+multiplication gate and it connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication gate and it connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication gate and it connects to
+Gates W1 W2 in layer I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates W1 W2 in layer I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates W1 W2 in layer I I
++1 okay okay so what is this now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 okay okay so what is this now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 okay okay so what is this now we can
+say this is nothing but sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is nothing but sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is nothing but sum of
+P let's sum over all the possible W1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P let's sum over all the possible W1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P let's sum over all the possible W1 and
+W2 all the gates in the layer below and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 all the gates in the layer below and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 all the gates in the layer below and
+see maybe it adds so let's if it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe it adds so let's if it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe it adds so let's if it's if
+there's add if add i p W1 W2 if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's add if add i p W1 W2 if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's add if add i p W1 W2 if that's
+one then you have v i then VP is just VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you have v i then VP is just VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you have v i then VP is just VI
+W1 plus VI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W2 if again if p is an is a is an ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 if again if p is an is a is an ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 if again if p is an is a is an ad
+gate if it's not ad gate you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate if it's not ad gate you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate if it's not ad gate you'll get a
+zero so you're not adding anything if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you're not adding anything if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you're not adding anything if it
+happens to be an ad gate then what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be an ad gate then what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be an ad gate then what the
+value of this gate is just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this gate is just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this gate is just the sum of
+the values of the gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the gates
+below if VP if p is not an add gate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if VP if p is not an add gate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if VP if p is not an add gate all
+this is zero I didn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero I didn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero I didn't do anything
+because I multiply by add which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I multiply by add which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I multiply by add which is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+plus some plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some plus
+uh let me just open plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just open plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just open plus m
+i p W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i p W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i p W1
+W2 if it's a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 if it's a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 if it's a multiplication
+gate and let's say it's connected to W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and let's say it's connected to W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and let's say it's connected to W1
+W2 I'm still in the sum then what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I'm still in the sum then what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I'm still in the sum then what do I
+do then what's the value of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then what's the value of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then what's the value of of
+VIP I mean VI in point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P exactly VI on point W1 times because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P exactly VI on point W1 times because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P exactly VI on point W1 times because
+it's a multiplication gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multiplication gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multiplication gate
+VI in W2 ah sorry plus one thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI in W2 ah sorry plus one thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI in W2 ah sorry plus one thank you
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you yes great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good and all of this times this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and all of this times this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and all of this times this uh
+polinomial k p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now where are we we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now where are we we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now where are we we want to
+prove something about layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove something about layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove something about layer
+I right we but we managed to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right we but we managed to write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right we but we managed to write it as
+sum of elements in layer I + one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of elements in layer I + one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of elements in layer I + one that's
+great that's really what we wanted we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's really what we wanted we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's really what we wanted we
+went one layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went one layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went one layer
+down okay but so okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay but so okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay but so okay and
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note this is really similar to a su Che
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this is really similar to a su Che
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this is really similar to a su Che
+what do we have here we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here we want to prove
+that VI so I want to tell the the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that VI so I want to tell the the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that VI so I want to tell the the prover
+prove to me that instead of he claims VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to me that instead of he claims VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to me that instead of he claims VI
+is this value I'm like I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this value I'm like I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this value I'm like I don't know what
+this value is prove to me that VI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value is prove to me that VI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value is prove to me that VI is
+equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum so prove to me that VI is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so prove to me that VI is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so prove to me that VI is equal to
+something about the layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the layer
+below how does they prove that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below how does they prove that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below how does they prove that something
+is equal to the sum sum check right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum sum check right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum sum check right
+okay so do the subject protocol and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do the subject protocol and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do the subject protocol and now
+you're saying wait but where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying wait but where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying wait but where's the
+polinomial ah no problem everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial ah no problem everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial ah no problem everything's
+over H ofm look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extensions this is already polinomial we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions this is already polinomial we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions this is already polinomial we
+don't care about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good look at the
+extensions okay we have a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions okay we have a low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions okay we have a low degree
+extension up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension up
+here any polinomial can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here any polinomial can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here any polinomial can be
+extended look at the extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended look at the extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended look at the extension
+okay so now we want to argue that VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to argue that VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to argue that VI
+equals the sum this entire thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the sum this entire thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the sum this entire thing this
+entire thing I argue is a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing I argue is a low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing I argue is a low degree
+polinomial why is this a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial why is this a low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial why is this a low degree
+polinomial let's see first of all it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial let's see first of all it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial let's see first of all it's a
+polinomial over H to the 3M because M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial over H to the 3M because M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial over H to the 3M because M
+here and two W's here so we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and two W's here so we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and two W's here so we're talking
+about three M variables but m is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three M variables but m is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three M variables but m is small
+this is good m is s over log log s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good m is s over log log s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good m is s over log log s so
+that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+good what about here what are so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what about here what are so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what about here what are so let's
+first look at the degree the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the degree the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the degree the degree of
+these things it's the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's the low degree
+extension it's h minus one of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension it's h minus one of each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension it's h minus one of each one
+okay because I'm really taking each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I'm really taking each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I'm really taking each one
+is H each add everything is kind of oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H each add everything is kind of oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H each add everything is kind of oh
+add is even better because we did zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add is even better because we did zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add is even better because we did zero
+one so add is even better uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so add is even better uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so add is even better uh you could
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oh sorry
+uh now can I take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back I also want to do add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h everything is in I I made a mistake I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h everything is in I I made a mistake I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h everything is in I I made a mistake I
+put0 one but I need to be consistent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put0 one but I need to be consistent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put0 one but I need to be consistent if
+I'm an H I'm an H so H to the everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an H I'm an H so H to the everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an H I'm an H so H to the everything
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H so everything here is degree H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so everything here is degree H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so everything here is degree H minus
+one so good so so it's more than hus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so good so so it's more than hus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so good so so it's more than hus one
+because I have your multiplication dou 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have your multiplication dou 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have your multiplication dou 1
+appears here W1 appears here uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears here W1 appears here uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears here W1 appears here uh so it's
+going to be degree 2 hus1 fine but hus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be degree 2 hus1 fine but hus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be degree 2 hus1 fine but hus
+one is small it's like log so two logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is small it's like log so two logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is small it's like log so two logs
+so the degree is small the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the degree is small the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the degree is small the number of
+variables small perfect just do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables small perfect just do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables small perfect just do some
+check so now you're asking what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so now you're asking what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so now you're asking what is the
+gkr protocol sum check that's it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol sum check that's it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol sum check that's it okay
+you start with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with with
+v0 you tell them do su check convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 you tell them do su check convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 you tell them do su check convert it
+to a a uh convert this claim about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a a uh convert this claim about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a a uh convert this claim about the
+output which the verifier has no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output which the verifier has no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output which the verifier has no idea
+it's so far away from him he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so far away from him he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so far away from him he doesn't
+know what said give me let's do the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what said give me let's do the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what said give me let's do the sum
+Che protocol to reduce this claim to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che protocol to reduce this claim to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che protocol to reduce this claim to a
+claim about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim about some
+about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing
+essentially but now this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially but now this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially but now this is very
+confusing because what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because what happens when we
+do the sum Che protocol when we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the sum Che protocol when we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the sum Che protocol when we do the
+sum Che protocol we reduce if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum Che protocol we reduce if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum Che protocol we reduce if you
+remember let's look for a second at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember let's look for a second at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember let's look for a second at the
+sum check here we want to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check here we want to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check here we want to prove that the
+sum of of something there it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of of something there it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of of something there it's a huge
+thing add V plus malt multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing add V plus malt multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing add V plus malt multiplication of
+V all this craziness whatever low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V all this craziness whatever low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V all this craziness whatever low degree
+is equal to Beta is equal to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Beta is equal to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Beta is equal to something
+in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case
+v0 we run the subject protocol at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 we run the subject protocol at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 we run the subject protocol at the
+end the verifier needs to compute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the verifier needs to compute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the verifier needs to compute to
+check in the subject protocol we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in the subject protocol we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in the subject protocol we assume
+that the verifier has Oracle access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier has Oracle access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier has Oracle access to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+polinomial okay but essentially he needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay but essentially he needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay but essentially he needs
+to compute this function the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this function the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this function the polinomial
+on some point now maybe has Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some point now maybe has Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some point now maybe has Oracle
+access at that point great but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access at that point great but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access at that point great but maybe
+okay but there's no Oracles in our in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's no Oracles in our in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's no Oracles in our in in
+this in in gkr so what do we do now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in gkr so what do we do now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in gkr so what do we do now but
+here's an important observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an important observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an important observation that
+we'll use note yes the Prov needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use note yes the Prov needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use note yes the Prov needs the
+sorry the verifier need when he verifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the verifier need when he verifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the verifier need when he verifies
+the sum check he needs to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum check he needs to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum check he needs to compute the
+polom on a single point but this point T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom on a single point but this point T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom on a single point but this point T
+T1 of the TM is a random Point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 of the TM is a random Point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 of the TM is a random Point that's
+chosen by the verifier okay when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by the verifier okay when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by the verifier okay when you
+look what is the subject protocol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what is the subject protocol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what is the subject protocol the
+verifier chooses a random T1 he get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier chooses a random T1 he get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier chooses a random T1 he get the
+polinomial then to a random T2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial then to a random T2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial then to a random T2 and so on
+so forth at the end he needs to Value F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth at the end he needs to Value F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth at the end he needs to Value F
+and T1 up to TM that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T1 up to TM that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T1 up to TM that he
+chose okay we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose okay we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose okay we will use
+this okay so now let's see what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now let's see what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now let's see what happened
+here after we did the sum check the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after we did the sum check the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after we did the sum check the poor
+verifier needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier needs to
+compute let me again make sure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute let me again make sure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute let me again make sure I'm
+consistent with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with my
+notation good the verifier now need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation good the verifier now need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation good the verifier now need so
+he does the sum check let's denote kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does the sum check let's denote kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does the sum check let's denote kind
+of the the a Randomness that he used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the a Randomness that he used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the a Randomness that he used in
+the sum check by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum check by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum check by
+a so we started with with I let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we started with with I let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we started with with I let's say
+that when we reached here let's say he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we reached here let's say he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we reached here let's say he
+needs to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add Tilda on z i + one because we moveed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Tilda on z i + one because we moveed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Tilda on z i + one because we moveed
+to layer I +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to layer I +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to layer I +
+one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+0 z i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 z i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 z i +
+1 1 z i + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 z i + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 z i + 1
+2 times VI I + 1 and another end so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times VI I + 1 and another end so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times VI I + 1 and another end so that
+was one so Z ah I don't like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one so Z ah I don't like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one so Z ah I don't like this
+notation sorry let me change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's more cumbersome on the board than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more cumbersome on the board than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more cumbersome on the board than
+in the okay let me call z0 Z1 Z2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the okay let me call z0 Z1 Z2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the okay let me call z0 Z1 Z2 so
+suppose they do a subject protocol in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they do a subject protocol in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they do a subject protocol in
+the subject it's on three M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject it's on three M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject it's on three M
+variables so let's to not the randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's to not the randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's to not the randomness
+used by the verifier and the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the verifier and the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the verifier and the subject
+protocol by z0 Z1 Z2 each of them is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol by z0 Z1 Z2 each of them is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol by z0 Z1 Z2 each of them is in
+F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m so now the verifier needs to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so now the verifier needs to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so now the verifier needs to compute
+this function on the point Z 0 Z1 Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function on the point Z 0 Z1 Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function on the point Z 0 Z1 Z2
+what is this function on this point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this function on this point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this function on this point it's
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+time VI +1 Tilda on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time VI +1 Tilda on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time VI +1 Tilda on
+Z1 plus VI + one Tilda on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malt z0 Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt z0 Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt z0 Z1
+Z2 times VI +1 Z1 Tilda times VI I + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 times VI +1 Z1 Tilda times VI I + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 times VI +1 Z1 Tilda times VI I + 1
+Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2
+Tilda and then all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times this uh ah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this uh ah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this uh ah this
+Sky I'll put it here Kai P of Z of uh Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sky I'll put it here Kai P of Z of uh Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sky I'll put it here Kai P of Z of uh Z
+of oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops sorry I missed this notation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops sorry I missed this notation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops sorry I missed this notation uh
+this is the zi H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay sorry okay zi is the Original Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry okay zi is the Original Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry okay zi is the Original Point
+yeah that we started with we started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that we started with we started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that we started with we started a
+claim about VI equals VI T of z z is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim about VI equals VI T of z z is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim about VI equals VI T of z z is a
+fixed point that we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point that we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point that we started
+with the randomness of the verifier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the randomness of the verifier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the randomness of the verifier in
+the subject protocol I denoted by z0 Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject protocol I denoted by z0 Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject protocol I denoted by z0 Z1
+Z2 these are chosen by the verifier yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b yeah but yeah exactly but I'm in layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b yeah but yeah exactly but I'm in layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b yeah but yeah exactly but I'm in layer
+I you're right in layer zero it's just Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you're right in layer zero it's just Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you're right in layer zero it's just Z
+zero no no no the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replaced yes oh H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesing yes yes yes yes yes the rename
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesing yes yes yes yes yes the rename
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesing yes yes yes yes yes the rename
+you're right yes yes z uh uh z0 yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right yes yes z uh uh z0 yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right yes yes z uh uh z0 yes yes
+you're right you're right you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right you're right you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right you're right you're right
+and this is still load degree polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is still load degree polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is still load degree polinomial
+in z z good point it's sitting H yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in z z good point it's sitting H yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in z z good point it's sitting H yeah
+maybe I erased it but this no but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I erased it but this no but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I erased it but this no but I
+didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this below
+here no but I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no but I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no but I need to
+write it's like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it's like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it's like this is
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+X IUS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think yes so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yes so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yes so it's
+uh a oh maybe I need to take extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a oh maybe I need to take extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a oh maybe I need to take extension
+of this sorry one second this is hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sorry one second this is hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sorry one second this is hold
+on sorry maybe I missed this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sorry maybe I missed this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sorry maybe I missed this let me
+think because I missing the the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because I missing the the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because I missing the the in the
+notes so hold on so here the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so hold on so here the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so hold on so here the point is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+is eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I need to take extension of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I need to take extension of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I need to take extension of this
+too because the the the point here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because the the the point here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because the the the point here a
+this is not a polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ag okay so let's let's do that carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag okay so let's let's do that carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag okay so let's let's do that carefully
+sorry I missed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I missed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I missed that
+so Kai is a low degree polinomial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kai is a low degree polinomial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kai is a low degree polinomial but
+it's a low polom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a low polom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a low polom in
+X it's not a l po this H okay H here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's not a l po this H okay H here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's not a l po this H okay H here is
+like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the
+in in in the denominator so it's not a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the denominator so it's not a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the denominator so it's not a l
+degree pomal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree pomal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree pomal in
+h sadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h sadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h sadly
+but but you can extend so it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you can extend so it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you can extend so it's okay
+don't worry so it's not low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry so it's not low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry so it's not low degree
+polinomial however it is in you can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial however it is in you can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial however it is in you can all
+we care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about is
+um a if we think of it as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a if we think of it as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a if we think of it as a function of
+z0 of of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah of P then we just extend EXT we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can I just want to make sure that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just want to make sure that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just want to make sure that I'm
+not missing something so hold on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+yeah mhm okay yeah so you the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah mhm okay yeah so you the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah mhm okay yeah so you the way to
+think about this sorry about that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this sorry about that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this sorry about that the
+way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it
+is to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think of
+this as Kai of p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as Kai of p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as Kai of p and
+Z it's low degree in this it's not low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z it's low degree in this it's not low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z it's low degree in this it's not low
+degree in this but you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in this but you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in this but you can think about
+it it's in 01 you can think of Kai as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's in 01 you can think of Kai as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's in 01 you can think of Kai as
+like zero it's in sorry you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero it's in sorry you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero it's in sorry you can think of
+Kai as being in h to the m time F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai as being in h to the m time F to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai as being in h to the m time F to the
+m to whatever to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to whatever to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to whatever to a
+a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm not sure how to because maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure how to because maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure how to because maybe but
+I'm not sure but I mean there is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but I mean there is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but I mean there is there
+is actually I'm going to the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I'm going to the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I'm going to the low degree
+polinomial is is one of them so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is is one of them so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is is one of them so the
+answer is yes there is it's the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes there is it's the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes there is it's the low
+degree ex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree ex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree ex the
+uh yeah so it's defined only an H you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so it's defined only an H you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so it's defined only an H you
+can think of it as defined only this Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as defined only this Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as defined only this Kai
+is an extension this Kai in its own is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an extension this Kai in its own is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an extension this Kai in its own is
+extension what is this Kai this Kai is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension what is this Kai this Kai is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension what is this Kai this Kai is a
+function you can okay sorry let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can okay sorry let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can okay sorry let me write
+let me write it differently okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it differently okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it differently okay let me
+fix this sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this sorry about
+that instead of this think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of this think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of this think of
+Kai I'm just changing the rotation H1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai I'm just changing the rotation H1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai I'm just changing the rotation H1 up
+to hm and Z which is Z1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hm and Z which is Z1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hm and Z which is Z1 up to
+ZM okay I don't want to put it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZM okay I don't want to put it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZM okay I don't want to put it down
+there they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're both
+here and now actually I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now actually I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now actually I I
+don't uh okay so what are we saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh okay so what are we saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh okay so what are we saying
+we're saying so this is the extension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying so this is the extension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying so this is the extension so
+you're saying what is Kai I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying what is Kai I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying what is Kai I'll tell you
+what Kai is Kai is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Kai is Kai is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Kai is Kai is the
+extension a okay let me rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kai Kai and H and sorry H1 up to hm Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai Kai and H and sorry H1 up to hm Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai Kai and H and sorry H1 up to hm Z1
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ZM is just multiplication of kaih Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZM is just multiplication of kaih Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZM is just multiplication of kaih Z so
+it's exactly the same thing I just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same thing I just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same thing I just don't
+want to put hi on the bottom like I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put hi on the bottom like I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put hi on the bottom like I did
+before so let me put it as a variable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so let me put it as a variable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so let me put it as a variable I
+didn't change anything and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change anything and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change anything and now this
+origin what is this this is the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin what is this this is the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin what is this this is the low
+degree extension of the function let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of the function let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of the function let me
+first Define Kai and H to the 2m so Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Define Kai and H to the 2m so Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Define Kai and H to the 2m so Kai
+is such that an H to the 2m so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that an H to the 2m so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that an H to the 2m so for every
+hi I or for every H and z in h to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I or for every H and z in h to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I or for every H and z in h to the
+m Kai HZ is equal to one if in only if H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Kai HZ is equal to one if in only if H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Kai HZ is equal to one if in only if H
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+Z I only Define an H of them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I only Define an H of them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I only Define an H of them now
+extended that's how I Define Kai okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended that's how I Define Kai okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended that's how I Define Kai okay
+the unique low degree extension what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique low degree extension what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique low degree extension what is
+exactly the extension yeah it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the extension yeah it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the extension yeah it's like
+this multiplication blah blah blah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication blah blah blah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication blah blah blah I
+don't want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into
+it okay but it's just a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extension okay so now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and and the reason the reason there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and the reason the reason there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and the reason the reason there
+is a unique I actually I should say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique I actually I should say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique I actually I should say this
+is a this is kind of kai1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason there is a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason there is a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason there is a unique
+extension this is kind of H1 hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z and the reason there is a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the reason there is a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the reason there is a unique
+exception is from the legi interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception is from the legi interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception is from the legi interpolation
+theorem okay so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so it's just a
+multiplication of the unique kind of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of the unique kind of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of the unique kind of L
+interpolation extensions so all I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation extensions so all I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation extensions so all I did
+here so sorry about this but all I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so sorry about this but all I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so sorry about this but all I did
+here is I changed the notation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I changed the notation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I changed the notation from the
+h kind of as a subscript to H as input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h kind of as a subscript to H as input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h kind of as a subscript to H as input
+and now I'm doing kind of I'm treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm doing kind of I'm treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm doing kind of I'm treating
+them both symmetrically which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both symmetrically which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both symmetrically which was
+important because otherwise so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because otherwise so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because otherwise so thank you
+wow you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you guys are
+great so now okay so now let's fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so now okay so now let's fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so now okay so now let's fix the
+mistake here so this is Kai of p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake here so this is Kai of p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake here so this is Kai of p and
+Z right p is we're summing over P but Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right p is we're summing over P but Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right p is we're summing over P but Z
+is an input that's kind of the input we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an input that's kind of the input we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an input that's kind of the input we
+started with like that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with like that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with like that's the
+claim good and now but for me Kai is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim good and now but for me Kai is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim good and now but for me Kai is a
+low degree polinomial already so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree polinomial already so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree polinomial already so this is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+Kai of z0 and X I thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai of z0 and X I thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai of z0 and X I thank
+you yeah I guess what I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah I guess what I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah I guess what I don't understand
+not po the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not po the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not po the first
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why okay so let's look at the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so let's look at the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so let's look at the definition
+of Kai right the definition of Kai and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kai right the definition of Kai and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kai right the definition of Kai and M
+variables is just so the Kai takes two M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is just so the Kai takes two M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is just so the Kai takes two M
+variables the definition two M variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the definition two M variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the definition two M variables
+is just the multiplication I goes from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the multiplication I goes from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the multiplication I goes from 1
+to M of like a Kai one on hi and Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M of like a Kai one on hi and Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M of like a Kai one on hi and Z so
+now I need to Define what is Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to Define what is Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to Define what is Kai
+one oh you're saying it's a it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh you're saying it's a it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh you're saying it's a it's two
+variables it's not you're saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's not you're saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's not you're saying it's
+not one variable oh or rather more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one variable oh or rather more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one variable oh or rather more like
+in K1 like isn't it not a pol in hi it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K1 like isn't it not a pol in hi it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K1 like isn't it not a pol in hi it's
+a polinomial no I want to think of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial no I want to think of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial no I want to think of it's
+a polinomial in hi and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial in hi and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial in hi and z
+okay Kai sorry okay maybe I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Kai sorry okay maybe I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Kai sorry okay maybe I didn't
+understand your question kai1 is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your question kai1 is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your question kai1 is a two
+variable polinomial it has two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable polinomial it has two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable polinomial it has two variables
+so you're right it doesn't it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're right it doesn't it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're right it doesn't it's a it's
+it's two variables not one because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two variables not one because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two variables not one because I
+said it reduces to lrange you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it reduces to lrange you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it reduces to lrange you're saying
+no lrange is one I'm thinking of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lrange is one I'm thinking of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lrange is one I'm thinking of it's
+two that that's what you said right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that that's what you said right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that that's what you said right or
+maybe I I guess my question is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I I guess my question is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I I guess my question is more
+emphasizing like when you write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing like when you write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing like when you write out the
+definition for K1 AR we going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for K1 AR we going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for K1 AR we going to get
+that it's not a pol in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a pol in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a pol in
+hi no it is it is so I I want to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi no it is it is so I I want to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi no it is it is so I I want to is
+going to be a ratio of pols no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a ratio of pols no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a ratio of pols no no no no
+no no no no no no so okay you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no no no so okay you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no no no so okay you can ask
+what is exactly kaii how do or kai1 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is exactly kaii how do or kai1 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is exactly kaii how do or kai1 how
+do it okay Kai Kai is well defined it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it okay Kai Kai is well defined it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it okay Kai Kai is well defined it's
+just a product of Kai On's okay now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a product of Kai On's okay now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a product of Kai On's okay now you
+can ask what is kai1 if you if I if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask what is kai1 if you if I if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask what is kai1 if you if I if you
+understand what kai1 is then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what kai1 is then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what kai1 is then you
+understand what Kai is because Kai is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what Kai is because Kai is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what Kai is because Kai is
+just multiplication what is kai1 kai1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplication what is kai1 kai1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplication what is kai1 kai1 is
+a byari polinomial it's defined over F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a byari polinomial it's defined over F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a byari polinomial it's defined over F
+to M to F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M to F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M to F and
+and how so now you're asking how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how so now you're asking how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how so now you're asking how is it
+defined let me tell you how it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined let me tell you how it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined let me tell you how it's defined
+an H first so if both of them it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H first so if both of them it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H first so if both of them it's a
+first of all it's it's a polinomial it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's it's a polinomial it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's it's a polinomial it's
+a two VAR polinomial so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two VAR polinomial so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two VAR polinomial so it's a
+polinomial and two variables and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and two variables and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and two variables and both
+its degree H minus one okay now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its degree H minus one okay now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its degree H minus one okay now you can
+say how is it defined on H on H I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how is it defined on H on H I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how is it defined on H on H I'll
+tell you it's one if and only if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you it's one if and only if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you it's one if and only if they're
+equal that's how it's Define zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that's how it's Define zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that's how it's Define zero
+otherwise so I defined it on H now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so I defined it on H now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so I defined it on H now you
+can ask how do I Define it on F so on F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask how do I Define it on F so on F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask how do I Define it on F so on F
+I'm going to Define it in the unique way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Define it in the unique way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Define it in the unique way
+that extends it on on H that's how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extends it on on H that's how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extends it on on H that's how it's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined okay that's kind of that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined okay that's kind of that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined okay that's kind of that that's
+so it's Kai is a low degree Pol normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's Kai is a low degree Pol normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's Kai is a low degree Pol normal
+in each and every variable that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each and every variable that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each and every variable that's how
+before I wrote it like only n z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I wrote it like only n z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I wrote it like only n z but
+that's that wasn't good because I I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that wasn't good because I I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that wasn't good because I I need
+it also to be low degree on AG so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also to be low degree on AG so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also to be low degree on AG so yes
+VOD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly okay okay so I I write it I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay okay so I I write it I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay okay so I I write it I I
+what's important to me is that K1 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important to me is that K1 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important to me is that K1 is a
+polinomial it's a two Vari polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial it's a two Vari polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial it's a two Vari polinomial
+both of them are degree H minus one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are degree H minus one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are degree H minus one okay
+so with that if we believe if yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that if we believe if yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that if we believe if yeah um
+they not equal is it zero yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not equal is it zero yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not equal is it zero yeah yeah yeah
+yeah yeah so if H and z are equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so if H and z are equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so if H and z are equals one
+if they're not equal zero yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not equal zero yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not equal zero yes
+great thank you thank you guys you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you thank you guys you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you thank you guys you're
+great a fantastic so now we reduced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a fantastic so now we reduced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a fantastic so now we reduced this
+big sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sum to
+this because we sum over the P so the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we sum over the P so the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we sum over the P so the P
+becomes uh Z zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh Z zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh Z zero this
+okay wow what's going on here what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wow what's going on here what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wow what's going on here what is
+the proof what is the verifier supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof what is the verifier supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof what is the verifier supposed
+to do so before he had one he need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so before he had one he need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so before he had one he need to
+verify one little kind of one point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify one little kind of one point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify one little kind of one point in
+VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI
+Tilda and now we needs to verify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mess okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess okay so
+let's let's let's uh yeah deconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's uh yeah deconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's uh yeah deconstruct
+yes sorry is the argument you like K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry is the argument you like K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry is the argument you like K
+like z z Z1 or z i uh this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like z z Z1 or z i uh this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like z z Z1 or z i uh this is a good
+sorry this is z this is the claim we ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is z this is the claim we ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is z this is the claim we ah
+this is the claim we started with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the claim we started with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the claim we started with we
+started with a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a claim
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and layer I right you can think of I as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and layer I right you can think of I as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and layer I right you can think of I as
+zero in the beginning but we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the beginning but we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the beginning but we start with
+the claim that VI is equal you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that VI is equal you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that VI is equal you know the
+low degree extension of layer I in point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension of layer I in point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension of layer I in point
+Z this is the Z here because why why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is the Z here because why why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is the Z here because why why is
+it the Z let's see what did we say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the Z let's see what did we say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the Z let's see what did we say we
+said that VI we need to argue that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that VI we need to argue that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that VI we need to argue that it's
+this but this is just some that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is just some that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is just some that's the
+definition of low degree extension some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of low degree extension some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of low degree extension some
+the points times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points times
+this ah let me change this to p z the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ah let me change this to p z the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ah let me change this to p z the Z
+is fixed this is fixed this is uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed this is fixed this is uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed this is fixed this is uh from
+the claim good now we say let's sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim good now we say let's sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim good now we say let's sum over
+the P so we sum over the P the p is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P so we sum over the P the p is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P so we sum over the P the p is not
+fixed it's summed over and now we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's summed over and now we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's summed over and now we say
+let's instead of this like some over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's instead of this like some over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's instead of this like some over the
+two W's with are which are the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two W's with are which are the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two W's with are which are the possible
+kids all the possible pair of kids oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids all the possible pair of kids oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids all the possible pair of kids oh I
+think I didn't say I assume that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I didn't say I assume that c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I didn't say I assume that c is
+fan fan in two that each gate has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan fan in two that each gate has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan fan in two that each gate has only
+two children and that's again without L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children and that's again without L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children and that's again without L
+of generality you just increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generality you just increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generality you just increase the
+depth by log Factor uh so I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth by log Factor uh so I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth by log Factor uh so I'm assuming
+uh fan fan in two so it's only two each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fan fan in two so it's only two each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fan fan in two so it's only two each
+uh gate has either it's either an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gate has either it's either an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gate has either it's either an and
+addition of two or multiplication of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of two or multiplication of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of two or multiplication of two
+now what okay so this is what we get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what okay so this is what we get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what okay so this is what we get and
+now when we do the sum check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we do the sum check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we do the sum check
+protocol the p and the dou so we sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the p and the dou so we sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the p and the dou so we sum
+over P W1 and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P W1 and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P W1 and w
+two at the end of the day we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at the end of the day we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at the end of the day we need to
+compute this Pol the ver need to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this Pol the ver need to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this Pol the ver need to compute
+this polinomial instead of over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial instead of over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial instead of over some
+fixed P W1 W2 it's over some I called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed P W1 W2 it's over some I called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed P W1 W2 it's over some I called it
+Z1 z0 Z1 Z2 chosen by the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 z0 Z1 Z2 chosen by the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 z0 Z1 Z2 chosen by the verifier
+that's kind of the randomness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the randomness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the randomness of the
+verifier so P becomes z0 W1 becomes Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier so P becomes z0 W1 becomes Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier so P becomes z0 W1 becomes Z1
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+Z2 okay that's kind of the F there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 okay that's kind of the F there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 okay that's kind of the F there yeah
+this very confused because then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very confused because then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very confused because then if I
+isal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal to one
+you're also using I know I know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also using I know I know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also using I know I know so
+that's the different Z yeah I know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the different Z yeah I know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the different Z yeah I know I'm
+so this these are stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these are stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these are stars
+okay it's a constant it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a constant it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a constant it's a constant
+yeah I know that sorry that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I know that sorry that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I know that sorry that's a bad
+annotation on my end uh yeah uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation on my end uh yeah uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation on my end uh yeah uh yeah
+this is yeah this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yeah this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yeah this is a very very
+different Z it's like a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Z it's like a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Z it's like a totally
+different animal uh uh these are random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animal uh uh these are random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animal uh uh these are random
+Z's chosen by the verifier this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's chosen by the verifier this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's chosen by the verifier this is kind
+of a you know I don't know a zar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a you know I don't know a zar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a you know I don't know a zar that
+was fixed ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fixed ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fixed ahead of
+time okay so okay so now the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so okay so now the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so okay so now the verifier
+needs to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to verify
+this yeah since fixed can't you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah since fixed can't you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah since fixed can't you just use
+the same Kai before and put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Kai before and put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Kai before and put it in the
+subscript of the kai so then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript of the kai so then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript of the kai so then you don't
+need the extension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever ER the thing is that before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ER the thing is that before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ER the thing is that before I
+assumed that the the kai when I fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the the kai when I fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the the kai when I fixed
+the H it was an H to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H it was an H to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H it was an H to the
+m this is in the extension it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this is in the extension it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this is in the extension it's not
+going to be an H to the m so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an H to the m so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an H to the m so I don't
+think I think we should keep the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think we should keep the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think we should keep the two
+yeah but that's a good good uh uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that's a good good uh uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that's a good good uh uh good
+idea okay so what does the so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so what does the so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so what does the so it seems
+like we had something that looked really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had something that looked really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had something that looked really
+kind of reasonable and we ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reasonable and we ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reasonable and we ended up with
+something that's horrifying so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's horrifying so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's horrifying so how do we
+what does the verifier do now he now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the verifier do now he now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the verifier do now he now now
+the verifier is like oh I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier is like oh I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier is like oh I just need to
+verify that this equals some some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that this equals some some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that this equals some some value
+that we got out of the Su protocol so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got out of the Su protocol so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got out of the Su protocol so we
+did the Su protocol we got some value uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the Su protocol we got some value uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the Su protocol we got some value uh
+whatever I don't know what to denote I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I don't know what to denote I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I don't know what to denote I'm
+now scared to denote anything so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scared to denote anything so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scared to denote anything so this
+equals something now what is he supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something now what is he supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something now what is he supposed
+to he's supposed to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to he's supposed to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to he's supposed to verify
+that what what do you do so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what do you do so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what do you do so here's the
+idea and then we'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then we'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then we'll take a
+break okay so he needs to verify a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so he needs to verify a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so he needs to verify a lot
+of things first he needs to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things first he needs to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things first he needs to compute this
+at Tilda and mult Tilda this goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Tilda and mult Tilda this goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Tilda and mult Tilda this goes back
+to your question now at these are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question now at these are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question now at these are a
+function of of the circuit he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of the circuit he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of the circuit he doesn't
+have the circuit how does he compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the circuit how does he compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the circuit how does he compute
+these attia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attia and
+multia okay turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multia okay turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multia okay turns out
+actually this is sad news he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is sad news he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is sad news he actually
+can't compute we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compute we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compute we don't know how to
+compute he doesn't know how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute he doesn't know how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute he doesn't know how to compute
+at Tilda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Tilda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Tilda and
+multia okay he gets this even if he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multia okay he gets this even if he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multia okay he gets this even if he gets
+this kind of uh uh uniform description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh uh uniform description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh uh uniform description
+of the of the TR machine that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the TR machine that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the TR machine that generates
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+circuit he can't compute them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit he can't compute them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit he can't compute them okay
+let's deal with that later suppose he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's deal with that later suppose he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's deal with that later suppose he
+has Oracle access suppose someone he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Oracle access suppose someone he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Oracle access suppose someone he can
+kind of there's a trusted Oracle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's a trusted Oracle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's a trusted Oracle that
+lets him compute these values for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets him compute these values for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets him compute these values for now
+okay in the in the paper it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the in the paper it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the in the paper it's called
+like the barebones protocol so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the barebones protocol so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the barebones protocol so suppose
+somehow magically he has a trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow magically he has a trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow magically he has a trusted
+Oracle but only to compute ad Tilda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle but only to compute ad Tilda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle but only to compute ad Tilda and
+mul Tilda note these are only functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mul Tilda note these are only functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mul Tilda note these are only functions
+of the circuit they have nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit they have nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit they have nothing to do
+with the claim of the Prov okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the claim of the Prov okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the claim of the Prov okay it's
+just information about the circuit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just information about the circuit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just information about the circuit it's
+WEA kind of uh you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WEA kind of uh you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WEA kind of uh you know uh
+I mean not in the extension it's whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not in the extension it's whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not in the extension it's whether
+you know this gate is connected by an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this gate is connected by an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this gate is connected by an an
+to these two gates yes or no or by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two gates yes or no or by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two gates yes or no or by a
+multiplication to these two gates yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication to these two gates yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication to these two gates yes or
+no so it's not enough for him to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so it's not enough for him to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so it's not enough for him to compute
+that he needs to compute kind of the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he needs to compute kind of the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he needs to compute kind of the low
+degree extension of that but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of that but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of that but this is
+nothing to do with the approver this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the approver this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the approver this is
+just a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function of the
+circuit so suppose first so first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so suppose first so first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so suppose first so first we're
+going to assume this is not without L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume this is not without L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume this is not without L of
+jity but just for Simplicity we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jity but just for Simplicity we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jity but just for Simplicity we're going
+to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume
+that V can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute fosy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fosy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fosy
+can actually what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually what we're going to do
+today is we're going to show the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is we're going to show the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is we're going to show the entire
+GK protocol assuming you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK protocol assuming you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK protocol assuming you can compute
+this and then only next time we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then only next time we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then only next time we're going
+to show how to compute this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how to compute this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how to compute this thing and
+actually there's okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's okay we're going to
+show that next time how can how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that next time how can how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that next time how can how can we
+help him compute it or how can he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him compute it or how can he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him compute it or how can he
+compute in a different how do we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute in a different how do we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute in a different how do we deal
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+issue okay but for now let's say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay but for now let's say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay but for now let's say can
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+this then are are we so okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then are are we so okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then are are we so okay so the
+verif is like okay let's see this I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verif is like okay let's see this I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verif is like okay let's see this I can
+definitely compute that's easy okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely compute that's easy okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely compute that's easy okay so
+the verifier the verifier can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier the verifier can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier the verifier can compute
+this he can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he can compute
+this he can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he can compute
+this and what does he's left he's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what does he's left he's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what does he's left he's left
+with two things he can't compute V i+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two things he can't compute V i+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two things he can't compute V i+
+one uh a V2 line plus one and point Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh a V2 line plus one and point Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh a V2 line plus one and point Z1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Z2 okay so now how do we continue what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 okay so now how do we continue what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 okay so now how do we continue what
+we're going to say is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say is the following
+suppose in this sum he was cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose in this sum he was cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose in this sum he was cheated
+namely the vi value Vi Star is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the vi value Vi Star is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the vi value Vi Star is not
+correct by the sum Che protocol it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct by the sum Che protocol it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct by the sum Che protocol it means
+that this entire value is also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this entire value is also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this entire value is also not
+correct with very high probability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct with very high probability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct with very high probability okay
+I mean the probity depends on F you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the probity depends on F you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the probity depends on F you'll
+take F large enough that you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take F large enough that you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take F large enough that you know it's
+going to be with very high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be with very high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be with very high probability
+so you're left with a a false claim now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're left with a a false claim now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're left with a a false claim now
+what the verifier is going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the verifier is going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the verifier is going to do the
+verifier is going to tell the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to tell the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to tell the approver
+you know what tell me what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what tell me what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what tell me what these
+two I you gave me something I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I you gave me something I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I you gave me something I don't know
+what to do with it tell me the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with it tell me the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with it tell me the values
+you tell me the values of of VI + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me the values of of VI + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me the values of of VI + one
+Tilda and Z1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and Z1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and Z1 and
+Z2 so the verify the Prov comes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 so the verify the Prov comes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 so the verify the Prov comes okay
+sure vlda and I +1 and Z1 is v i + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure vlda and I +1 and Z1 is v i + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure vlda and I +1 and Z1 is v i + 1
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and
+vlda on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlda on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlda on
+Z2 sorry I + 1 is V Star I + 1 2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 sorry I + 1 is V Star I + 1 2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 sorry I + 1 is V Star I + 1 2 here
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+values now I'm the verifier oh sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now I'm the verifier oh sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now I'm the verifier oh sorry I'm
+the verifier what do I do I check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier what do I do I check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier what do I do I check I
+check that this uh that you know add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this uh that you know add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this uh that you know add
+times the sum of these two value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sum of these two value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sum of these two value you
+gave me plus Mal times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me plus Mal times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me plus Mal times the
+multiplication of these two vales you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of these two vales you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of these two vales you
+gave me there is equal what we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me there is equal what we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me there is equal what we got
+now by the soundness of the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the soundness of the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the soundness of the subject
+protocol we know what we got is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol we know what we got is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol we know what we got is false
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+true so the only way if you give me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so the only way if you give me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so the only way if you give me if
+the prover gives the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover gives the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover gives the correct
+thing then then he he will fail if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then then he he will fail if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then then he he will fail if you
+give the correct thing I'll catch him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the correct thing I'll catch him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the correct thing I'll catch him
+because if it gives me the correct thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it gives me the correct thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it gives me the correct thing
+I get the True
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the True
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the True
+Value but he but but I'm going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value but he but but I'm going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value but he but but I'm going to check
+him against the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him against the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him against the false
+value okay again what do we know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay again what do we know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay again what do we know he
+started with a false Vi Star we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a false Vi Star we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a false Vi Star we did some
+S Check we're left with a false we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Check we're left with a false we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Check we're left with a false we said
+that this is something false because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is something false because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is something false because the
+soundness of the sub check protocol says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness of the sub check protocol says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness of the sub check protocol says
+if you started with a some that's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you started with a some that's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you started with a some that's false
+you'll get a false claim about the F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a false claim about the F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a false claim about the F so
+now I get that this thing is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I get that this thing is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I get that this thing is equal to
+some beta but this beta is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beta but this beta is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beta but this beta is not
+true so now I tell them okay I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so now I tell them okay I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so now I tell them okay I don't
+know how to compute this thing tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute this thing tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute this thing tell me
+what the V the two values in the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the V the two values in the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the V the two values in the low
+degree extensions are if you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extensions are if you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extensions are if you tell me
+this assuming I compute this atld and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assuming I compute this atld and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assuming I compute this atld and
+mlda for now then I compute this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mlda for now then I compute this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mlda for now then I compute this thing
+now the important thing to note that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing to note that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing to note that he
+if this value was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this value was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this value was
+false he must if he gives me the True
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false he must if he gives me the True
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false he must if he gives me the True
+Values I'm going to reject them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Values I'm going to reject them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Values I'm going to reject them because
+I'm going to compute this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute this thing and
+check if it's what he claimed it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if it's what he claimed it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if it's what he claimed it is
+after the Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Su
+protocol and because he claimed a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and because he claimed a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and because he claimed a false
+value if you give me the TR thing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you give me the TR thing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you give me the TR thing things
+I'm going to reject him so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reject him so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reject him so the only
+thing he can do if he doesn't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he can do if he doesn't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he can do if he doesn't want to be
+rejected off the bat is to give me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected off the bat is to give me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected off the bat is to give me one
+of them false or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+false two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false two
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+exactly okay so where are we what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so where are we what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so where are we what did we
+do after a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after a lot of
+sweat we started with the claim on layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweat we started with the claim on layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweat we started with the claim on layer
+ey we did manage to get down to layer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey we did manage to get down to layer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey we did manage to get down to layer I
+plus one as I promised you guys here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one as I promised you guys here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one as I promised you guys here's
+the price first miraculously we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price first miraculously we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price first miraculously we assume
+he can compute ad Tilda and mlda on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can compute ad Tilda and mlda on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can compute ad Tilda and mlda on its
+own assume why whatever second we got we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own assume why whatever second we got we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own assume why whatever second we got we
+went from one Claim about layer I to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from one Claim about layer I to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from one Claim about layer I to two
+claims about layer I plus one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims about layer I plus one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims about layer I plus one that
+doesn't sound very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring
+exactly it's where we started like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's where we started like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's where we started like
+okay this is a great time for a break
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ddt1KuSdoOg.txt b/ddt1KuSdoOg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c8bc26bc4558f0a8344b476d2cccb7daa839caf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ddt1KuSdoOg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look now at storyboard 25 panels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look now at storyboard 25 panels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look now at storyboard 25 panels a
+and B most of the pathways we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B most of the pathways we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B most of the pathways we have
+studied so far in 507 have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied so far in 507 have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied so far in 507 have been
+catabolic that is the breakdown of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolic that is the breakdown of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolic that is the breakdown of
+molecules usually with the objective or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules usually with the objective or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules usually with the objective or
+producing energy rich molecules such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing energy rich molecules such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing energy rich molecules such as
+ATP or reducing equivalents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP or reducing equivalents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP or reducing equivalents that
+ultimately could be used for reductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately could be used for reductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately could be used for reductive
+biosynthesis now we're going to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis now we're going to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis now we're going to turn to
+anabolism or biosynthesis biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism or biosynthesis biosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism or biosynthesis biosynthetic
+pathways are going to require energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are going to require energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are going to require energy
+input as well as reducing equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input as well as reducing equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input as well as reducing equivalents
+overall biosynthesis is an endergonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall biosynthesis is an endergonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall biosynthesis is an endergonic
+process looking at panel B you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process looking at panel B you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process looking at panel B you can see
+that we're going to start with fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to start with fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to start with fatty
+acid and lipid biosynthesis fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and lipid biosynthesis fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and lipid biosynthesis fatty acids
+are made in the cytoplasm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made in the cytoplasm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made in the cytoplasm the
+mitochondrion is going to play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion is going to play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion is going to play an
+important role however we'll see just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role however we'll see just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role however we'll see just
+how in a couple of minutes let me say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in a couple of minutes let me say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in a couple of minutes let me say a
+couple of things about the mitochondrion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things about the mitochondrion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things about the mitochondrion
+first asset Eelco a oxaloacetate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first asset Eelco a oxaloacetate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first asset Eelco a oxaloacetate and the
+nadp+ NADPH pair as we've described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadp+ NADPH pair as we've described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadp+ NADPH pair as we've described
+above cannot pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above cannot pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above cannot pass through the
+mitochondrial membrane however malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane however malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane however malate
+and citrate can in fact they can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and citrate can in fact they can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and citrate can in fact they can go in
+either direction keep these points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direction keep these points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direction keep these points in
+mind as we move ahead now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as we move ahead now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as we move ahead now let's look at
+panel C we're going to break down fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel C we're going to break down fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel C we're going to break down fatty
+acid biosynthesis into five steps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid biosynthesis into five steps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid biosynthesis into five steps the
+first step involves getting a Setia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step involves getting a Setia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step involves getting a Setia
+coenzyme a into the cytoplasm as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a into the cytoplasm as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a into the cytoplasm as I just
+said Asset Eelco a cannot directly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Asset Eelco a cannot directly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Asset Eelco a cannot directly go
+past the mitochondrial membrane to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the mitochondrial membrane to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the mitochondrial membrane to
+overcome this problem nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome this problem nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome this problem nature
+quote-unquote packages acetyl co a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote packages acetyl co a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote packages acetyl co a is
+citrate which can easily traverse did by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate which can easily traverse did by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate which can easily traverse did by
+the chondral membrane hence we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chondral membrane hence we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chondral membrane hence we put
+acetyl co a into a molecule of citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a into a molecule of citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a into a molecule of citrate
+bring citrate out into the cytoplasm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring citrate out into the cytoplasm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring citrate out into the cytoplasm and
+then split off the acetyl co a once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then split off the acetyl co a once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then split off the acetyl co a once
+again the second step involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the second step involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the second step involves
+maintaining oxaloacetate balance we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining oxaloacetate balance we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining oxaloacetate balance we just
+transported a molecule of citrate out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported a molecule of citrate out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported a molecule of citrate out of
+the mitochondrial matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial matrix
+thus depleting the TCA cycle of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus depleting the TCA cycle of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus depleting the TCA cycle of one of
+its important intermediates the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its important intermediates the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its important intermediates the levels
+of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+TCA cycle intermediates are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle intermediates are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle intermediates are going to
+drop including oxaloacetate now think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop including oxaloacetate now think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop including oxaloacetate now think
+about what's happened to the citrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happened to the citrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happened to the citrate in
+the cytoplasm it was split into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm it was split into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm it was split into
+oxaloacetate and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and as
+if we could send that oxaloacetate back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could send that oxaloacetate back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could send that oxaloacetate back
+into the mitochondrion the TCA cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondrion the TCA cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondrion the TCA cycle
+would be replenished once again step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replenished once again step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replenished once again step two
+will show how oxaloacetate finds its way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show how oxaloacetate finds its way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show how oxaloacetate finds its way
+back into the mitochondrial matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the mitochondrial matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the mitochondrial matrix the
+third step in fatty acid biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third step in fatty acid biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third step in fatty acid biosynthesis
+involves the synthesis of malonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the synthesis of malonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the synthesis of malonyl
+coenzyme a this molecule is made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a this molecule is made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a this molecule is made by
+putting a carbon dioxide molecule onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a carbon dioxide molecule onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a carbon dioxide molecule onto
+the methyl carbon of acetyl co a using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl carbon of acetyl co a using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl carbon of acetyl co a using
+acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase an enzyme
+we looked at earlier in the carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at earlier in the carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at earlier in the carboxylase
+module of 507 malonyl coenzyme a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module of 507 malonyl coenzyme a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module of 507 malonyl coenzyme a is the
+actual precursor to all but two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual precursor to all but two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual precursor to all but two of the
+carbons in the fat in the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in the fat in the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in the fat in the fatty acid
+chain the fourth step in fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain the fourth step in fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain the fourth step in fatty acid
+biosynthesis involves putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis involves putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis involves putting the
+Millenial coenzyme a onto a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millenial coenzyme a onto a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millenial coenzyme a onto a very large
+protein on the fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein on the fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein on the fatty acid synthase
+complex this large protein is called AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this large protein is called AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this large protein is called AC
+P or acyl carrier protein the fifth step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or acyl carrier protein the fifth step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or acyl carrier protein the fifth step
+involves the actual reactions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the actual reactions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the actual reactions of the
+fatty acid synthase sometimes called FAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase sometimes called FAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase sometimes called FAS
+this is a large multi protein complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a large multi protein complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a large multi protein complex
+these are the enzymes by which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the enzymes by which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the enzymes by which we're
+going to see the stepwise addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the stepwise addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the stepwise addition of
+two carbon units up until we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units up until we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units up until we get to the
+formation of a 16 carbon long fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a 16 carbon long fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a 16 carbon long fatty acid
+called palmitic acid palma de casa de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called palmitic acid palma de casa de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called palmitic acid palma de casa de
+brie v8 'add 16 colon zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brie v8 'add 16 colon zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brie v8 'add 16 colon zero is the
+default fatty acid length made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default fatty acid length made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default fatty acid length made by the
+fatty acid synthase complex let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase complex let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid synthase complex let's look
+at panel D after the five step synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel D after the five step synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel D after the five step synthesis
+of palmitic acid this C 16 fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of palmitic acid this C 16 fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of palmitic acid this C 16 fatty acid
+can be elongated it can have double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be elongated it can have double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be elongated it can have double
+bonds put into it and it can be branched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds put into it and it can be branched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds put into it and it can be branched
+we are not going to be looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to be looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to be looking into
+those reactions but we shall be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactions but we shall be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactions but we shall be looking
+into the way that either 2 or 3 fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the way that either 2 or 3 fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the way that either 2 or 3 fatty
+acids will be placed onto a glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids will be placed onto a glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids will be placed onto a glycerol
+backbone in order to make either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone in order to make either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone in order to make either a
+membrane lipid that is a diacylglycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane lipid that is a diacylglycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane lipid that is a diacylglycerol
+phosphate or try a so glycerides tri so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate or try a so glycerides tri so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate or try a so glycerides tri so
+glycerides are our primary storage form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerides are our primary storage form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerides are our primary storage form
+of energy we're not going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy we're not going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy we're not going to be looking
+into those reactions but we shall be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those reactions but we shall be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those reactions but we shall be
+looking at the way that either 2 or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the way that either 2 or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the way that either 2 or 3
+fatty acids can be placed onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids can be placed onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids can be placed onto a
+glycerol backbone in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone in order to make
+either a membrane lipid that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a membrane lipid that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a membrane lipid that is a
+diacylglycerol phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diacylglycerol phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diacylglycerol phosphate
+a try acyl glycerides trials acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a try acyl glycerides trials acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a try acyl glycerides trials acyl
+glycerides our primary swords forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerides our primary swords forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerides our primary swords forms of
+energy I'm not going to be going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I'm not going to be going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I'm not going to be going over
+another type of fatty acid biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of fatty acid biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of fatty acid biosynthesis
+called poly key tag biosynthesis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called poly key tag biosynthesis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called poly key tag biosynthesis but
+I'll encourage you to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll encourage you to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll encourage you to take a look at
+this pathway in the book polyketide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway in the book polyketide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway in the book polyketide
+biosynthesis is a very important source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis is a very important source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis is a very important source
+of a host of biologically active lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a host of biologically active lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a host of biologically active lipids
+let's look at panel II before we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel II before we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel II before we look at
+a schematic of lipid biosynthesis I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic of lipid biosynthesis I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic of lipid biosynthesis I'd
+like to introduce NADPH NADPH is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce NADPH NADPH is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce NADPH NADPH is going
+to be the source of electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the source of electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the source of electrons that are
+used for reductive biosynthesis NADPH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for reductive biosynthesis NADPH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for reductive biosynthesis NADPH is
+identical to NADH with the exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to NADH with the exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to NADH with the exception of
+the phosphate at the lower right of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate at the lower right of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate at the lower right of the
+molecule as drawn in panel II this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule as drawn in panel II this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule as drawn in panel II this
+phosphate is a molecular decoration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is a molecular decoration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is a molecular decoration
+that's recognized by biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's recognized by biosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's recognized by biosynthetic
+enzymes that is enzymes that are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that is enzymes that are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that is enzymes that are looking
+for a source of reducing equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a source of reducing equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a source of reducing equivalents
+NADPH is the cofactor that provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH is the cofactor that provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH is the cofactor that provides
+those reducing equivalents the hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reducing equivalents the hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reducing equivalents the hydride
+shown in the blue ellipse at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the blue ellipse at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the blue ellipse at the top of
+the molecule represents the reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule represents the reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule represents the reducing
+equivalents that we're going to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents that we're going to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents that we're going to be used
+in biosynthesis the two main pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biosynthesis the two main pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biosynthesis the two main pathways
+that result in the production of NADPH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result in the production of NADPH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result in the production of NADPH
+for biosynthesis are the pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biosynthesis are the pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biosynthesis are the pentose
+phosphate pathway which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway which I'm going to
+deal with in a separate lecture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with in a separate lecture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with in a separate lecture and the
+Mallik enzyme which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mallik enzyme which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mallik enzyme which I'm going to
+introduce in a few minutes now turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in a few minutes now turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in a few minutes now turn to
+panel F this schematic shows a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel F this schematic shows a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel F this schematic shows a high
+level view of fatty acid biosynthesis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level view of fatty acid biosynthesis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level view of fatty acid biosynthesis I
+think it's useful to put fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's useful to put fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's useful to put fatty acid
+biosynthesis in the context of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis in the context of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis in the context of one of
+our physiological scenarios the scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physiological scenarios the scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physiological scenarios the scenario
+is eat sugar get fat put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eat sugar get fat put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eat sugar get fat put more
+scientifically this scenario is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically this scenario is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically this scenario is going to
+show how the sugar we eat can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how the sugar we eat can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how the sugar we eat can end up
+being converted very efficiently into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being converted very efficiently into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being converted very efficiently into
+fat I think that probably most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat I think that probably most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat I think that probably most of us
+want to avoid getting fat but keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid getting fat but keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid getting fat but keep in
+mind that converting sugar to fat is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that converting sugar to fat is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that converting sugar to fat is one
+way of converting energy into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of converting energy into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of converting energy into a very
+compact and mobile form let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact and mobile form let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact and mobile form let's start with
+the glucose molecule over on the left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose molecule over on the left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose molecule over on the left of
+the panel starting with step one follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel starting with step one follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel starting with step one follow
+the horizontal hatched line to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal hatched line to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal hatched line to the right
+the glucose passes through glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose passes through glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose passes through glycolysis
+produces pyruvate pyruvate goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces pyruvate pyruvate goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces pyruvate pyruvate goes into the
+mitochondrion and is converted to acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and is converted to acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and is converted to acetyl
+co a once again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a once again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a once again the
+following the hatched line asset ilka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the hatched line asset ilka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the hatched line asset ilka
+way condenses with oxaloacetate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way condenses with oxaloacetate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way condenses with oxaloacetate this is
+the citrate synthase reaction to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citrate synthase reaction to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citrate synthase reaction to form
+citrate rather than progressing further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate rather than progressing further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate rather than progressing further
+into the TCA cycle where it would lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the TCA cycle where it would lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the TCA cycle where it would lose
+its carbons as carbon dioxide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its carbons as carbon dioxide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its carbons as carbon dioxide the
+citrate at step 2 is exported by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate at step 2 is exported by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate at step 2 is exported by a
+transporter out into the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporter out into the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporter out into the cytoplasm
+step 3 is catalyzed by an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 3 is catalyzed by an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 3 is catalyzed by an enzyme called
+ATP citrate lyase this enzyme splits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP citrate lyase this enzyme splits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP citrate lyase this enzyme splits the
+citrate into acetyl co a which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate into acetyl co a which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate into acetyl co a which is what
+we want and leaves a residue a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and leaves a residue a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and leaves a residue a molecule
+of oxaloacetate I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxaloacetate I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxaloacetate I'm not going to go
+through the mechanism of this enzyme but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanism of this enzyme but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanism of this enzyme but
+I think it's worthwhile to look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's worthwhile to look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's worthwhile to look back at
+storyboard 7 look at the citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard 7 look at the citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard 7 look at the citrate
+synthase reaction and then imagine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase reaction and then imagine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase reaction and then imagine it
+running backwards now it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running backwards now it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running backwards now it's not going to
+be exactly the reverse reaction as drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the reverse reaction as drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the reverse reaction as drawn
+but at this point in 507 you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point in 507 you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point in 507 you should be
+able to look at the co substrates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at the co substrates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at the co substrates for
+the reaction and be able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction and be able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction and be able to figure out
+how ATP citrate lyase liberate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how ATP citrate lyase liberate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how ATP citrate lyase liberate the
+oxaloacetate residue I'm going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate residue I'm going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate residue I'm going to come
+back to the oxaloacetate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the oxaloacetate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the oxaloacetate which is
+labeled by a star in a few minutes keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by a star in a few minutes keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by a star in a few minutes keep
+in mind that we have to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that we have to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that we have to find a way to
+return oxaloacetate to the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return oxaloacetate to the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return oxaloacetate to the mitochondrial
+matrix or else we won't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or else we won't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or else we won't have enough
+oxaloacetate to enable the next molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to enable the next molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to enable the next molecule
+of citrate to be formed from an incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of citrate to be formed from an incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of citrate to be formed from an incoming
+acetyl coenzyme a at Step five we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a at Step five we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a at Step five we have
+acetyl coenzyme a in the cytoplasm where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a in the cytoplasm where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a in the cytoplasm where
+we want it for a fatty acid biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it for a fatty acid biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it for a fatty acid biosynthesis
+but we can also do other things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also do other things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also do other things with
+this molecule in the last lecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule in the last lecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule in the last lecture for
+example I talked about ketone body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I talked about ketone body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I talked about ketone body
+formation so look at the vertical arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so look at the vertical arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so look at the vertical arrow
+that is the one going up you can see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one going up you can see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one going up you can see we
+can produce hmg-coa hydroxymethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce hmg-coa hydroxymethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce hmg-coa hydroxymethyl
+gluteal coenzyme a which as I said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluteal coenzyme a which as I said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluteal coenzyme a which as I said in
+the last lecture is a biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture is a biosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture is a biosynthetic
+precursor to for example cholesterol as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to for example cholesterol as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to for example cholesterol as
+well as ketone bodies then follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as ketone bodies then follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as ketone bodies then follow the
+arrows through step 5 a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows through step 5 a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows through step 5 a to the
+deposition of cholesterol into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition of cholesterol into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition of cholesterol into the
+plasma membrane keep in mind cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane keep in mind cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane keep in mind cholesterol
+is a plasticizer of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plasticizer of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plasticizer of the membrane
+therefore it's an essential molecule now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's an essential molecule now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's an essential molecule now
+let's go back and pick up the acetyl co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and pick up the acetyl co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and pick up the acetyl co
+a as it progresses through the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as it progresses through the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as it progresses through the fatty
+acid synthase or if FAS reactions of 5b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase or if FAS reactions of 5b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase or if FAS reactions of 5b
+acetic away is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic away is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic away is
+built up in eight steps to form the 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up in eight steps to form the 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up in eight steps to form the 16
+carbon fatty acid palmitate following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fatty acid palmitate following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fatty acid palmitate following
+the upward arrow palmitate can go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upward arrow palmitate can go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upward arrow palmitate can go on to
+form a phospholipid which will become an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a phospholipid which will become an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a phospholipid which will become an
+integral part of the membrane or it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral part of the membrane or it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral part of the membrane or it can
+go horizontally to the left to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go horizontally to the left to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go horizontally to the left to form a
+triglyceride which will become embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triglyceride which will become embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triglyceride which will become embedded
+in a lipid globule where can serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lipid globule where can serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lipid globule where can serve as a
+storage depot for energy so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage depot for energy so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage depot for energy so at this
+point through the series of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point through the series of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point through the series of reactions
+numbered 5a and 5b we've made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered 5a and 5b we've made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered 5a and 5b we've made the
+membrane plasticizer cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane plasticizer cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane plasticizer cholesterol
+phospholipids which are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids which are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids which are the main
+structural elements of a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural elements of a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural elements of a biological
+membrane and a tri atlas ride which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and a tri atlas ride which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and a tri atlas ride which is
+our principal energy storage molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our principal energy storage molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our principal energy storage molecule
+now let's go back to the asterisk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to the asterisk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to the asterisk
+oxaloacetate at step 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate at step 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate at step 3
+this orphaned molecule of oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orphaned molecule of oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orphaned molecule of oxaloacetate
+has to be able to get back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be able to get back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be able to get back into the
+mitochondrion there are two pathways by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion there are two pathways by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion there are two pathways by
+which this can happen for a and for B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this can happen for a and for B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this can happen for a and for B
+oxaloacetate is a ketone it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is a ketone it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is a ketone it can be
+reduced by NADH to form the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by NADH to form the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by NADH to form the alcohol
+malate this is the reverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate this is the reverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate this is the reverse of the
+reaction that we're used to seeing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we're used to seeing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we're used to seeing in
+the TCA cycle nevertheless this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle nevertheless this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle nevertheless this is
+indeed the thermodynamically favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the thermodynamically favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the thermodynamically favorable
+direction for this reaction the malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for this reaction the malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for this reaction the malate
+dehydrogenase enzyme used here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase enzyme used here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase enzyme used here is
+closely related to the one that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to the one that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to the one that's in the
+mitochondrial matrix keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix keep in mind
+however that this is the cytoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that this is the cytoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that this is the cytoplasmic
+version of the enzyme I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the enzyme I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the enzyme I mentioned
+earlier that malate can go in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that malate can go in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that malate can go in either
+direction across the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction across the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction across the mitochondrial
+membrane in this case path for a malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in this case path for a malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in this case path for a malate
+goes into the mitochondria becomes part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the mitochondria becomes part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the mitochondria becomes part
+of the mitochondrial malate pool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mitochondrial malate pool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mitochondrial malate pool and
+then the mitochondrial malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mitochondrial malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mitochondrial malate
+dehydrogenase will convert it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase will convert it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase will convert it to
+oxaloacetate and thus we have restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and thus we have restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and thus we have restored
+the molecule of oxaloacetate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule of oxaloacetate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule of oxaloacetate that we
+borrowed from the mitochondrial matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from the mitochondrial matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from the mitochondrial matrix
+path for B represents an alternative way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for B represents an alternative way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for B represents an alternative way
+to return the oxaloacetate molecule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return the oxaloacetate molecule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return the oxaloacetate molecule to
+the mitochondrial matrix for B involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial matrix for B involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial matrix for B involves
+the Mallik enzyme M II which uses nadp+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mallik enzyme M II which uses nadp+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mallik enzyme M II which uses nadp+
+to oxidize malate back to oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize malate back to oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize malate back to oxaloacetate
+in the process nadp+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process nadp+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process nadp+
+is reduced to NADPH the biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reduced to NADPH the biosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reduced to NADPH the biosynthetic
+precursor this is one of the two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor this is one of the two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor this is one of the two major
+ways that a cell produces the NADPH the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that a cell produces the NADPH the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that a cell produces the NADPH the
+NEADS for biosynthesis the other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NEADS for biosynthesis the other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NEADS for biosynthesis the other way to
+and make NADPH is the pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make NADPH is the pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make NADPH is the pentose phosphate
+pathway it may seem kind of useless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it may seem kind of useless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it may seem kind of useless to
+have taken an oxaloacetate and then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken an oxaloacetate and then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken an oxaloacetate and then by
+using malate dehydrogenase convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using malate dehydrogenase convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using malate dehydrogenase convert that
+oxaloacetate to malate and then convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to malate and then convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to malate and then convert
+the malate back to oxaloacetate but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malate back to oxaloacetate but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malate back to oxaloacetate but by
+doing this series of reactions you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this series of reactions you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this series of reactions you are
+effectively converting an NADH to an nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively converting an NADH to an nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively converting an NADH to an nad
+pH nad NADPH is desperately needed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH nad NADPH is desperately needed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH nad NADPH is desperately needed for
+biosynthesis as we'll see lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis as we'll see lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis as we'll see lipid
+biosynthesis is very NADPH intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis is very NADPH intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis is very NADPH intensive
+let's look at a couple of more details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a couple of more details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a couple of more details
+deafs aloe acetate shown in brackets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deafs aloe acetate shown in brackets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deafs aloe acetate shown in brackets in
+step four B exists on the Mallik enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step four B exists on the Mallik enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step four B exists on the Mallik enzyme
+the enzyme facilitates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme facilitates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme facilitates the
+decarboxylation of that molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation of that molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation of that molecule
+remember oxaloacetate is a beta keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember oxaloacetate is a beta keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember oxaloacetate is a beta keto
+acid decarboxylation by Malak enzyme at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid decarboxylation by Malak enzyme at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid decarboxylation by Malak enzyme at
+step four B produces pyruvate now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step four B produces pyruvate now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step four B produces pyruvate now we can
+follow the pyruvate via the continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the pyruvate via the continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the pyruvate via the continuation
+of step four B into the mitochondrion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of step four B into the mitochondrion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of step four B into the mitochondrion
+the pyruvate becomes a substrate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate becomes a substrate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate becomes a substrate for
+pyruvate carboxylase which we've looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase which we've looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase which we've looked
+at before pyruvate carboxylase we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before pyruvate carboxylase we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before pyruvate carboxylase we'll put
+a co2 back into pyruvate and convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 back into pyruvate and convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 back into pyruvate and convert it
+into oxaloacetate pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxaloacetate pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxaloacetate pyruvate carboxylase
+is an ATP requiring enzyme hence path 4b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ATP requiring enzyme hence path 4b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ATP requiring enzyme hence path 4b
+has a finite energy requirement it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a finite energy requirement it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a finite energy requirement it would
+seem as though this might be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem as though this might be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem as though this might be a problem
+nevertheless when a cell is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless when a cell is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless when a cell is doing
+biosynthesis it usually has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis it usually has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis it usually has a lot of
+energy around in the form of ATP so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy around in the form of ATP so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy around in the form of ATP so this
+small investment is a good one in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small investment is a good one in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small investment is a good one in order
+to first of all restore the oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first of all restore the oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first of all restore the oxaloacetate
+balance of the mitochondrion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of the mitochondrion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of the mitochondrion and
+secondly keep in mind that 4b also gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly keep in mind that 4b also gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly keep in mind that 4b also gives
+you an NADPH which you need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an NADPH which you need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an NADPH which you need for
+biosynthesis anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis anyway
+let's summarize this figure at the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's summarize this figure at the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's summarize this figure at the upper
+left we start with glucose and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left we start with glucose and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left we start with glucose and by the
+hatched lines that glucose is converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched lines that glucose is converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched lines that glucose is converted
+to citrate in the cytoplasm citrate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to citrate in the cytoplasm citrate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to citrate in the cytoplasm citrate then
+yields an acetyl co a molecule that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields an acetyl co a molecule that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields an acetyl co a molecule that is
+the precursor to fatty acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precursor to fatty acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precursor to fatty acids and
+cholesterol step 2 dealt with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol step 2 dealt with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol step 2 dealt with the
+problem of getting oxaloacetate back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of getting oxaloacetate back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of getting oxaloacetate back
+into the mitochondrion remember fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondrion remember fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondrion remember fatty
+acid biosynthesis happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid biosynthesis happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid biosynthesis happens in the
+cytoplasm we borrowed in oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm we borrowed in oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm we borrowed in oxaloacetate
+from the mitochondrion hence we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mitochondrion hence we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mitochondrion hence we have two
+reget it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reget it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reget it back to
+it belongs in the mitochondrial matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs in the mitochondrial matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs in the mitochondrial matrix
+past 4a and 4b represent alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 4a and 4b represent alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 4a and 4b represent alternative
+pathways for getting the oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways for getting the oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways for getting the oxaloacetate
+backward belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward belongs
+once the oxaloacetate is back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the oxaloacetate is back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the oxaloacetate is back in the
+mitochondrion then the next molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion then the next molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion then the next molecule of
+acetyl co a can come in get converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a can come in get converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a can come in get converted to
+citrate and follow the hatched line path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate and follow the hatched line path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate and follow the hatched line path
+ultimately resulting in synthesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately resulting in synthesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately resulting in synthesis of
+lipids let's turn now to storyboard 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids let's turn now to storyboard 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids let's turn now to storyboard 26
+panel a at this point we have a pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a at this point we have a pool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a at this point we have a pool of
+acid Co coenzyme a in the cytoplasm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid Co coenzyme a in the cytoplasm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid Co coenzyme a in the cytoplasm it's
+now ready to start making a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready to start making a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready to start making a fatty acid
+in the carboxylase module I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the carboxylase module I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the carboxylase module I talked about
+how asset ile Co a carboxylase is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how asset ile Co a carboxylase is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how asset ile Co a carboxylase is one of
+the carboxyl aces took an active form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxyl aces took an active form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxyl aces took an active form of
+co2 and placed it onto the methyl carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and placed it onto the methyl carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and placed it onto the methyl carbon
+at the end of the acetyl coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the acetyl coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the acetyl coenzyme a
+molecule the product of the carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the product of the carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the product of the carboxylase
+reaction is malonyl coenzyme a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is malonyl coenzyme a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is malonyl coenzyme a this
+carboxylase is a biotin containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase is a biotin containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase is a biotin containing
+enzyme and requires ATP as I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and requires ATP as I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and requires ATP as I've said
+earlier Melanie Cohen that make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Melanie Cohen that make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Melanie Cohen that make up the
+fatty acid the initial fatty acid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid the initial fatty acid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid the initial fatty acid that
+we're going to make is the C 16 fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make is the C 16 fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make is the C 16 fatty
+acid palmitate palmitate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid palmitate palmitate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid palmitate palmitate will be
+synthesized entirely on the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized entirely on the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized entirely on the fatty acid
+synthase let's look at panel B fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase let's look at panel B fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase let's look at panel B fatty
+acid synthesis in bacteria is carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthesis in bacteria is carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthesis in bacteria is carried
+out by a series of enzymes that work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by a series of enzymes that work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by a series of enzymes that work as
+discrete or independent units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete or independent units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete or independent units
+collectively this ensemble of enzymes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively this ensemble of enzymes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively this ensemble of enzymes is
+called the fatty acid synthase complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fatty acid synthase complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fatty acid synthase complex
+in mammalian cells all of the enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammalian cells all of the enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammalian cells all of the enzymatic
+activities the same enzymatic activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities the same enzymatic activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities the same enzymatic activities
+are present in a single very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in a single very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in a single very long
+peptide at this point I want to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide at this point I want to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide at this point I want to go over
+the chemistry behind each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry behind each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry behind each of the
+activities in the fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities in the fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities in the fatty acid synthase
+complex one of the peptides that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex one of the peptides that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex one of the peptides that I
+introduced briefly above is called a CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced briefly above is called a CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced briefly above is called a CP
+or a CL carrier protein it contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a CL carrier protein it contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a CL carrier protein it contains a
+cysteine sulfide role residue that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine sulfide role residue that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine sulfide role residue that will
+attack the carbonyl group of Millenial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the carbonyl group of Millenial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the carbonyl group of Millenial
+co a forming a millennial ACP addict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a forming a millennial ACP addict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a forming a millennial ACP addict
+keep in mind that the product is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the product is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the product is still a
+thio ester with all of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thio ester with all of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thio ester with all of the chemical
+properties you would find in gas OTO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you would find in gas OTO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you would find in gas OTO
+coenzyme a the enzymatic subunit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a the enzymatic subunit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a the enzymatic subunit that
+does this chemistry is called ma T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this chemistry is called ma T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this chemistry is called ma T or
+mat from a lineal acetyl transferase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat from a lineal acetyl transferase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat from a lineal acetyl transferase
+another domain shown at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another domain shown at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another domain shown at the bottom of
+the fatty acid synthase has a cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase has a cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase has a cysteine
+residue that attacks the carbonyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue that attacks the carbonyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue that attacks the carbonyl group
+of acetyl co a this reaction is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetyl co a this reaction is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetyl co a this reaction is also
+catalyzed by Mat hence in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by Mat hence in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by Mat hence in this case the
+mat subunit forms an asset Ile thio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat subunit forms an asset Ile thio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat subunit forms an asset Ile thio
+ester with the fatty acid synthase at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester with the fatty acid synthase at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester with the fatty acid synthase at
+this point we have a male an eel group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we have a male an eel group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we have a male an eel group
+at that let's call it northern domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that let's call it northern domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that let's call it northern domain of
+the fatty acid synthase as I've drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase as I've drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase as I've drawn it
+and an asset eel group at what I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an asset eel group at what I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an asset eel group at what I'll call
+the southern domain let's look at panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southern domain let's look at panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southern domain let's look at panel
+C at this point the fatty acid synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C at this point the fatty acid synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C at this point the fatty acid synthase
+is fully primed that is it is loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fully primed that is it is loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fully primed that is it is loaded
+with a malonyl group and an acetyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a malonyl group and an acetyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a malonyl group and an acetyl group
+now we can start doing some chemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can start doing some chemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can start doing some chemistry to
+join these two groups together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join these two groups together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join these two groups together the
+Millenial group has a beta keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millenial group has a beta keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millenial group has a beta keto acid
+functionality so can easily lose co2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality so can easily lose co2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality so can easily lose co2 and
+generate a nucleophile that will then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a nucleophile that will then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a nucleophile that will then go
+down and attack the carbonyl group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and attack the carbonyl group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and attack the carbonyl group of
+the acetyl residue that is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetyl residue that is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetyl residue that is on the
+southern domain of the enzyme this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern domain of the enzyme this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern domain of the enzyme this
+reaction results in the acetyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction results in the acetyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction results in the acetyl group
+from the southern domain replacing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the southern domain replacing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the southern domain replacing the
+co2 moiety on the northern domain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 moiety on the northern domain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 moiety on the northern domain that
+is the carbonyl group from the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the carbonyl group from the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the carbonyl group from the southern
+domain ends up covalently attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain ends up covalently attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain ends up covalently attached to
+the ch2 group with the box over it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ch2 group with the box over it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ch2 group with the box over it in
+the northern domain the keto Asil since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern domain the keto Asil since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern domain the keto Asil since
+synthase that is KS domain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase that is KS domain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase that is KS domain of the
+protein does this reaction the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein does this reaction the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein does this reaction the product
+of the reaction shows a beta keto a CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction shows a beta keto a CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction shows a beta keto a CL
+group attached to the northern domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group attached to the northern domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group attached to the northern domain
+keep in mind that the beta keto acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the beta keto acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the beta keto acyl
+group is attached specifically to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is attached specifically to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is attached specifically to the
+ACL carrier protein the next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACL carrier protein the next step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACL carrier protein the next step is
+catalyzed by the keto ACL acp reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the keto ACL acp reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the keto ACL acp reductase
+or KR in this case NADPH will reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or KR in this case NADPH will reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or KR in this case NADPH will reduce the
+keto group that is next to the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto group that is next to the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto group that is next to the terminal
+carbon forming an alcohol specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon forming an alcohol specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon forming an alcohol specifically
+beta hydroxy ACL a CL carrier protein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hydroxy ACL a CL carrier protein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hydroxy ACL a CL carrier protein or
+ACP this beta hydroxyl four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACP this beta hydroxyl four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACP this beta hydroxyl four carbon
+compound is now primed for dehydration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is now primed for dehydration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is now primed for dehydration
+by a dehydratase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a dehydratase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a dehydratase
+which removes water to form the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which removes water to form the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which removes water to form the trans
+Delta to ena wheel acp this molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to ena wheel acp this molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to ena wheel acp this molecule is
+an alkene with a double bond between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alkene with a double bond between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alkene with a double bond between the
+second and third carbons from the thio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third carbons from the thio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third carbons from the thio
+ester let's turn now to storyboard 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester let's turn now to storyboard 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester let's turn now to storyboard 27
+the reaction continues with inna Weil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction continues with inna Weil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction continues with inna Weil
+reductase er which uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase er which uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase er which uses a
+second molecule of NADPH in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second molecule of NADPH in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second molecule of NADPH in order to
+saturate the double bond of the ena we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate the double bond of the ena we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate the double bond of the ena we
+lay CP the product is a beauty real ACP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay CP the product is a beauty real ACP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay CP the product is a beauty real ACP
+at this point it should be clear as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point it should be clear as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point it should be clear as to
+what we've done we've taken 2 SOT Alcoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done we've taken 2 SOT Alcoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done we've taken 2 SOT Alcoa
+molecules and fuse them together in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and fuse them together in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and fuse them together in the
+process we've done a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we've done a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we've done a number of
+reductions in the product is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in the product is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in the product is a pure
+hydrocarbon in this case the four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon in this case the four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon in this case the four carbon
+beuter real coenzyme a in order for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beuter real coenzyme a in order for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beuter real coenzyme a in order for the
+cycle to repeat itself we have to vacate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to repeat itself we have to vacate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to repeat itself we have to vacate
+the ACP or northern site on fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACP or northern site on fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACP or northern site on fatty acid
+synthase in order to make it available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase in order to make it available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase in order to make it available
+for the next molecule of millennial Co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next molecule of millennial Co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next molecule of millennial Co a
+to come in that's done by the enzyme or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in that's done by the enzyme or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in that's done by the enzyme or
+subunit called translocase which simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit called translocase which simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit called translocase which simply
+moves the butyl group from the northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the butyl group from the northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the butyl group from the northern
+site down to the southern site the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site down to the southern site the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site down to the southern site the
+northern self hydral on acp of the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern self hydral on acp of the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern self hydral on acp of the fatty
+acid synthase is now available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase is now available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase is now available to
+connect with the next incoming molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with the next incoming molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with the next incoming molecule
+of malonyl coenzyme a the biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of malonyl coenzyme a the biosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of malonyl coenzyme a the biosynthetic
+cycle will now repeat itself six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle will now repeat itself six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle will now repeat itself six times
+in order to form the sixteen carbon long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to form the sixteen carbon long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to form the sixteen carbon long
+hydrocarbon palmitate in the figure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon palmitate in the figure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon palmitate in the figure it's
+shown to attach to the northern site of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to attach to the northern site of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to attach to the northern site of
+the fatty acid synthase let's look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase let's look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase let's look back
+at the overall synthesis scheme what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall synthesis scheme what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall synthesis scheme what
+you'll see is that the terminal two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is that the terminal two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is that the terminal two
+carbons that is the two carbons furthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons that is the two carbons furthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons that is the two carbons furthest
+to the right in the molecule came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right in the molecule came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right in the molecule came from
+acetyl co a but all the other carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a but all the other carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a but all the other carbons
+originally came from a lineal coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally came from a lineal coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally came from a lineal coenzyme a
+the last step in the overall reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step in the overall reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step in the overall reaction
+scheme involves a thio esterase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme involves a thio esterase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme involves a thio esterase
+transferring the thio ester bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring the thio ester bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring the thio ester bound
+palmitate to a water molecule forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitate to a water molecule forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitate to a water molecule forming
+palmitic acid which is released now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitic acid which is released now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitic acid which is released now
+let's turn to storyboard 28 as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to storyboard 28 as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to storyboard 28 as I
+mentioned earlier the default length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier the default length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier the default length of
+a fatty acid is 16 carbons that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fatty acid is 16 carbons that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fatty acid is 16 carbons that is
+palmitic acid you could look in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitic acid you could look in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitic acid you could look in the book
+for pathways leading to elongation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pathways leading to elongation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pathways leading to elongation
+desaturation and branching of the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desaturation and branching of the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desaturation and branching of the parent
+fatty acid chain I'd like to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid chain I'd like to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid chain I'd like to give you
+however a little bit of detail on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a little bit of detail on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a little bit of detail on how
+membrane lipids are formed as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane lipids are formed as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane lipids are formed as well as
+triacylglycerols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerols
+let's look at panel a to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel a to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel a to make these
+higher-order lipids fatty acids will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order lipids fatty acids will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order lipids fatty acids will
+become connected to a three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become connected to a three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become connected to a three carbon
+glycerol backbone the glycerol backbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone the glycerol backbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone the glycerol backbone
+is made from dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made from dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made from dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+which is one of the intermediates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the intermediates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the intermediates in the
+glycolytic pathway to make the lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolytic pathway to make the lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolytic pathway to make the lipid
+backbone dihydroxyacetone phosphate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone dihydroxyacetone phosphate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone dihydroxyacetone phosphate is
+reduced by glycerol 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by glycerol 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by glycerol 3-phosphate
+dehydrogenase using na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase using na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase using na
+eh as the cofactor the product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eh as the cofactor the product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eh as the cofactor the product of this
+reaction is glycerol 3-phosphate NaCl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is glycerol 3-phosphate NaCl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is glycerol 3-phosphate NaCl
+transferase will then take a fatty acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase will then take a fatty acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase will then take a fatty acyl
+coenzyme a and place it on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and place it on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and place it on one of the
+hydroxyl groups of the glycerol backbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl groups of the glycerol backbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl groups of the glycerol backbone
+to form a mono acyl glyceride phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a mono acyl glyceride phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a mono acyl glyceride phosphate
+then as shown in panel B a second fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as shown in panel B a second fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as shown in panel B a second fatty
+acid group will be placed on the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid group will be placed on the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid group will be placed on the only
+available hydroxyl to form a die acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available hydroxyl to form a die acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available hydroxyl to form a die acyl
+glyceride phosphate this is otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceride phosphate this is otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceride phosphate this is otherwise
+known as a membrane phospholipid if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a membrane phospholipid if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a membrane phospholipid if the
+biosynthetic objective is to make a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic objective is to make a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic objective is to make a try
+a solicit which is of course our major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solicit which is of course our major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solicit which is of course our major
+storage form of energy then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage form of energy then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage form of energy then a
+phosphatase will come in and hydrolyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase will come in and hydrolyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase will come in and hydrolyze
+off the phosphate from the 3 carbon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phosphate from the 3 carbon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phosphate from the 3 carbon of
+the diacylglycerol phosphate to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diacylglycerol phosphate to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diacylglycerol phosphate to form
+what's called a diet acyl glycerol then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a diet acyl glycerol then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a diet acyl glycerol then
+an acyl transferase as above will place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acyl transferase as above will place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acyl transferase as above will place
+a third fatty acid onto the glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third fatty acid onto the glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third fatty acid onto the glycerol
+backbone to form a try a solicitor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone to form a try a solicitor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone to form a try a solicitor I
+door ta G as I said above this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door ta G as I said above this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door ta G as I said above this is our
+principle storage form of energy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f-EN4QySwAs.txt b/f-EN4QySwAs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f98dd36c13288f82df259f665c8a06d13e3efe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f-EN4QySwAs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture who introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture who introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture who introduce
+linearregression a simple but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearregression a simple but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearregression a simple but very
+powerful method to analyze data and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method to analyze data and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method to analyze data and make
+predictions and apply it in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and apply it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and apply it in a very
+unexpected context predicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected context predicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected context predicting the
+quality of wines Bordeaux is a region in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of wines Bordeaux is a region in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of wines Bordeaux is a region in
+France popular for producing wine while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France popular for producing wine while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France popular for producing wine while
+this one has been produced in much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has been produced in much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has been produced in much the
+same way for hundreds of years there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way for hundreds of years there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way for hundreds of years there are
+differences in price and quality from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in price and quality from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in price and quality from
+here to here but are sometimes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here but are sometimes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here but are sometimes very
+significant Bordeaux wines are widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Bordeaux wines are widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Bordeaux wines are widely
+believed to taste better when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to taste better when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to taste better when they are
+older so there is an incentive to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older so there is an incentive to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older so there is an incentive to store
+young wines until they are mature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young wines until they are mature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young wines until they are mature the
+main problem is that it is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main problem is that it is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main problem is that it is hard to
+determine the quality of the wine when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the quality of the wine when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the quality of the wine when
+it is so young just by tasting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so young just by tasting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so young just by tasting it
+since the taste will change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the taste will change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the taste will change so
+significantly by the time it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly by the time it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly by the time it will
+actually be consumed this is why wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be consumed this is why wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be consumed this is why wine
+tasters and experts are helpful they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasters and experts are helpful they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasters and experts are helpful they
+taste the wines and then predict which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste the wines and then predict which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste the wines and then predict which
+ones will be best wines later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones will be best wines later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones will be best wines later the
+question will address in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will address in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will address in this lecture
+can analytics model this process better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can analytics model this process better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can analytics model this process better
+and make stronger predictions on March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make stronger predictions on March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make stronger predictions on March
+4th 1990 the New York Times announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th 1990 the New York Times announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th 1990 the New York Times announced
+that Princeton economics professor only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Princeton economics professor only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Princeton economics professor only
+as an filter can predict the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an filter can predict the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an filter can predict the quality of
+Bordeaux wine without tasting a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bordeaux wine without tasting a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bordeaux wine without tasting a single
+drop as an filters predictions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop as an filters predictions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop as an filters predictions have
+nothing to do with assessing the aroma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with assessing the aroma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with assessing the aroma
+of the wine looking at their legs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wine looking at their legs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wine looking at their legs or
+declaring that the wine tastes citrusy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring that the wine tastes citrusy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring that the wine tastes citrusy
+oaky or naughty there are the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oaky or naughty there are the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oaky or naughty there are the results of
+a mathematical model awesome filter use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical model awesome filter use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical model awesome filter use
+a method called linear regression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method called linear regression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method called linear regression the
+method predicts an outcome variable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method predicts an outcome variable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method predicts an outcome variable or
+dependent variable and in doing so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable and in doing so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable and in doing so it
+uses a set of what is called independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a set of what is called independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a set of what is called independent
+variables the dependent variable as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the dependent variable as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the dependent variable as an
+filter for the dependent variable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter for the dependent variable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter for the dependent variable as
+inferred that shows a typical price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred that shows a typical price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred that shows a typical price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 wine Bordeaux wine in an auction this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 wine Bordeaux wine in an auction this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 wine Bordeaux wine in an auction this
+approximates quality as independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates quality as independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates quality as independent
+variables he use age of the wine so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables he use age of the wine so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables he use age of the wine so the
+older wines are more expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older wines are more expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older wines are more expensive and
+weather-related information specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather-related information specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather-related information specifically
+the average growing season temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average growing season temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average growing season temperature
+the harvest rain and winter rain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harvest rain and winter rain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harvest rain and winter rain in
+these figures we depict the data during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figures we depict the data during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figures we depict the data during
+the period from 1952 to 1978 there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period from 1952 to 1978 there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period from 1952 to 1978 there are
+four independent variables the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four independent variables the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four independent variables the age of
+the wine the average growing season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine the average growing season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine the average growing season
+temperature the harvest rain and winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the harvest rain and winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the harvest rain and winter
+rain and and you end on the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain and and you end on the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain and and you end on the vertical
+axis you observe the logarithm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you observe the logarithm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you observe the logarithm of the
+price the realization in an auction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the realization in an auction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the realization in an auction so
+these are the primitive data that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the primitive data that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the primitive data that as
+inventor used so as an filter believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor used so as an filter believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor used so as an filter believed
+that his predictions are more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his predictions are more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his predictions are more accurate
+than those of the world's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those of the world's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those of the world's most
+influential one critic namely his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential one critic namely his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential one critic namely his name
+is Robert Parker in response Parker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Robert Parker in response Parker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Robert Parker in response Parker
+called as an filter to be an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called as an filter to be an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called as an filter to be an absolute
+total sum and he adds that rather rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum and he adds that rather rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum and he adds that rather rather
+like a movie critic who never goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a movie critic who never goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a movie critic who never goes to
+see the movie but tells you how good it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the movie but tells you how good it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the movie but tells you how good it
+is based on the actors and the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f8AdthNxozo.txt b/f8AdthNxozo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..307544f0536b72b12958c145585fc392f69cd973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f8AdthNxozo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16016 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+all right let me remind you where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me remind you where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me remind you where we
+stand and what we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and what we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and what we're going to be doing
+from now on where i think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on where i think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on where i think we're going to
+spend we're going to be spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend we're going to be spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend we're going to be spending
+increasing amounts of time looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amounts of time looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amounts of time looking at
+extended passages from selected programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended passages from selected programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended passages from selected programs
+and we're going to sort of jointly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to sort of jointly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to sort of jointly
+analyze them both from a cultural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them both from a cultural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them both from a cultural and
+what we might call a literary or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call a literary or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call a literary or an
+aesthetic perspective in order and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic perspective in order and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic perspective in order and again
+we're going to jump back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to jump back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to jump back and forth
+between those two perspectives as we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two perspectives as we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two perspectives as we as
+we continue one of the things that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue one of the things that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue one of the things that i
+think you're going to begin to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to begin to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to begin to recognize
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and i'm even thinking about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm even thinking about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm even thinking about making
+at least one question on the final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one question on the final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one question on the final exam
+like this although i haven't decided for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this although i haven't decided for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this although i haven't decided for
+sure whether i'll do it is i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether i'll do it is i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether i'll do it is i think
+you're going to be able to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to get to the
+point where when you look at a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where when you look at a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where when you look at a program
+you're going to be able to tell by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to tell by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to tell by its
+visual style and by its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual style and by its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual style and by its uh
+audio visual atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio visual atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio visual atmosphere
+what era it's from and that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what era it's from and that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what era it's from and that will be a
+mark that you've learned a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark that you've learned a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark that you've learned a lot in the
+course that will be a mark that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that will be a mark that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that will be a mark that you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that you that in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that you that in a certain
+sense you control a way of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you control a way of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you control a way of understanding
+what's happened to american television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened to american television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened to american television
+over its 50-year history i'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over its 50-year history i'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over its 50-year history i'm sure you
+already have begun to do this and i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have begun to do this and i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have begun to do this and i hope
+you're testing your skills in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're testing your skills in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're testing your skills in this way
+on television broadcasts themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television broadcasts themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television broadcasts themselves
+one one thank you one neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thank you one neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thank you one neat
+one neat way to do this one neat way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one neat way to do this one neat way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one neat way to do this one neat way to
+do this is to uh tune into one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is to uh tune into one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is to uh tune into one of the
+cable channels that specialize in older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable channels that specialize in older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable channels that specialize in older
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+and without looking in your brooks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without looking in your brooks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without looking in your brooks and
+marsh watch the program and ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsh watch the program and ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsh watch the program and ask yourself
+gee what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee what
+what what decade was this in how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what decade was this in how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what decade was this in how close
+can i can i gauge when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i can i gauge when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i can i gauge when this
+when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this
+program first appeared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program first appeared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program first appeared and
+i i don't of course imply that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't of course imply that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't of course imply that this is
+merely a technical question because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely a technical question because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely a technical question because what
+makes this an interesting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this an interesting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this an interesting kind of
+problem is that very often the substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that very often the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that very often the substance
+of the program the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program the content of the
+program will also be revealing although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will also be revealing although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will also be revealing although
+learning how to distinguish those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to distinguish those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to distinguish those things
+is a bit more complicated but i hope by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit more complicated but i hope by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit more complicated but i hope by
+now you've begun to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've begun to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've begun to do that
+at some point fairly soon we'll post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point fairly soon we'll post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point fairly soon we'll post
+i think you can actually find this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you can actually find this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you can actually find this on
+the course website already but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course website already but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course website already but we'll
+post a systematic list of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a systematic list of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a systematic list of all the
+viewing that you've done on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing that you've done on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing that you've done on wednesday
+nights and one thing you ever every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights and one thing you ever every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights and one thing you ever every one
+of you should plan to do is go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you should plan to do is go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you should plan to do is go through
+that list think through that list if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list think through that list if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list think through that list if
+you've missed some of the viewings try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've missed some of the viewings try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've missed some of the viewings try
+to make it up by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it up by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it up by by
+making arrangements with nikki dupree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arrangements with nikki dupree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arrangements with nikki dupree to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those programs it's
+and and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course
+read the brooks and marsh entries on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the brooks and marsh entries on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the brooks and marsh entries on
+each of those programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those programs
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you'll find is that a good many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you'll find is that a good many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the requ of the essays i've required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the requ of the essays i've required
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reading in the course deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reading in the course deal with the
+programs that we've been showing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that we've been showing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that we've been showing on
+wednesday nights in our viewing time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday nights in our viewing time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday nights in our viewing time you
+should re-read those essays or read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should re-read those essays or read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should re-read those essays or read them
+for the first time if you've neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time if you've neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time if you've neglected
+to read them yet in order to deepen your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read them yet in order to deepen your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read them yet in order to deepen your
+sense of those programs if you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of those programs if you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of those programs if you connect
+your viewing of those programs with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your viewing of those programs with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your viewing of those programs with the
+argument of the course i think you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of the course i think you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of the course i think you'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll you'll be much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll be much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll be much closer to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastering this kind of i i this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastering this kind of i i this these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strategies of reading these forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strategies of reading these forms
+of attentiveness that can help you date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attentiveness that can help you date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attentiveness that can help you date
+a program that can help you uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program that can help you uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program that can help you uh and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're able to do that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're able to do that what you're
+also of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course uh
+showing yourself is that you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing yourself is that you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing yourself is that you have that
+you have an historical understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an historical understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an historical understanding of
+the way the medium developed so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the medium developed so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the medium developed so the
+themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes
+so the so the fundamental theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the fundamental theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the fundamental theoretical
+premises of the course have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises of the course have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises of the course have been
+established already and if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established already and if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established already and if you're in
+doubt about some of them go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt about some of them go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt about some of them go back and
+re-read look at the essays that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-read look at the essays that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-read look at the essays that have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+assigned for the course it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for the course it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for the course it's a
+by now a very tiny selection of the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now a very tiny selection of the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now a very tiny selection of the vast
+body of material that's been written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of material that's been written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of material that's been written
+about television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about television
+but it gives you a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gives you a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gives you a reasonable
+cross-section it's uh the reading is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's uh the reading is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's uh the reading is the
+reading is distorted in one sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is distorted in one sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is distorted in one sense
+because it's distorted toward my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's distorted toward my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's distorted toward my
+perspective which i'll call a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective which i'll call a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective which i'll call a kind of
+aesthetic or cultural perspective there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic or cultural perspective there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic or cultural perspective there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+powerful ideological or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ideological or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ideological or
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh political perspectives but i that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh political perspectives but i that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh political perspectives but i that
+that are probably one might actually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are probably one might actually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are probably one might actually say
+that those perspectives have dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those perspectives have dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those perspectives have dominated
+the emerging television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emerging television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emerging television
+scholarship up to now but i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship up to now but i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship up to now but i think that's
+beginning somewhat to change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning somewhat to change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning somewhat to change uh
+and in any case i've given you in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any case i've given you in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any case i've given you in some
+of the readings a sampling of the of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings a sampling of the of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings a sampling of the of of
+that kind of discourse as well uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of discourse as well uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of discourse as well uh so
+it's not as if i've excluded that but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as if i've excluded that but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as if i've excluded that but i
+have emphasized what i think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have emphasized what i think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have emphasized what i think of as a
+kind of literary and cultural approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literary and cultural approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literary and cultural approach
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the medium because i think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the medium because i think it's the
+most appropriate and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most appropriate and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most appropriate and the most
+encompassing as i define a literary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompassing as i define a literary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompassing as i define a literary and
+cultural approach it does not exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural approach it does not exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural approach it does not exclude
+political or ideological questions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political or ideological questions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political or ideological questions at
+all it simply does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it simply does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it simply does not
+obsessively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessively
+focus on the on those elements to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the on those elements to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the on those elements to the
+exclusion of everything else and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion of everything else and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion of everything else and there
+was a there there has been i think in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a there there has been i think in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a there there has been i think in in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+literary scholarship in anthropology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary scholarship in anthropology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary scholarship in anthropology and
+of course in this emerging territory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in this emerging territory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in this emerging territory of
+media study especially a television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media study especially a television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media study especially a television
+study a profoundly ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study a profoundly ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study a profoundly ex
+deeply excessive emphasis on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply excessive emphasis on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply excessive emphasis on the
+ideological and the political and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological and the political and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological and the political and there
+are a lot of explanations for that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of explanations for that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of explanations for that which
+we need to go into now but i'll be glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to go into now but i'll be glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to go into now but i'll be glad
+to discuss with you at some future point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss with you at some future point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss with you at some future point
+not in class because i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in class because i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in class because i don't want to
+interrupt the momentum of our discourse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt the momentum of our discourse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt the momentum of our discourse
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the basic theoretical and historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic theoretical and historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic theoretical and historical
+parameters of our understanding have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of our understanding have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of our understanding have
+already been established and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been established and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been established and in this
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+what is it about a month and a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it about a month and a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it about a month and a half of
+our course what i want to do is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course what i want to do is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course what i want to do is look at
+continual kind of chronological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual kind of chronological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual kind of chronological
+sequencing of the material that we that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing of the material that we that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing of the material that we that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to sort of in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to sort of in a certain sense
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to sort of in a certain sense
+focus on specific moments specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on specific moments specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on specific moments specific
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages in individual texts and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages in individual texts and see if
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+communal project we can
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+ align:start position:0%
+communal project we can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal project we can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+join in a kind of uh interpretation of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+join in a kind of uh interpretation of
+these of these materials that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these materials that will help
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these materials that will help
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+to deepen and and complicate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deepen and and complicate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deepen and and complicate our
+understanding of the historical and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the historical and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the historical and and
+thematic development of american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic development of american
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic development of american
+television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so i want to begin then today by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i want to begin then today by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i want to begin then today by by
+uh uh taking a step back and showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh taking a step back and showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh taking a step back and showing you
+a passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a passage
+that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remissing not having shown earlier there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remissing not having shown earlier there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remissing not having shown earlier there
+was a moment in two or three classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a moment in two or three classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a moment in two or three classes
+back when i brought this tape with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when i brought this tape with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when i brought this tape with me
+intended to show something happened i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to show something happened i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to show something happened i
+think i think i i think i i took longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i think i i think i i took longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i think i i think i i took longer
+on one on one aspect of my discourse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one on one aspect of my discourse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one on one aspect of my discourse
+than i expected and i had to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i expected and i had to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i expected and i had to eliminate
+it so i'm stepping backwards and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so i'm stepping backwards and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so i'm stepping backwards and the
+reason i'm doing it is i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason i'm doing it is i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason i'm doing it is i don't
+i i want i want partly to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i want i want partly to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i want i want partly to kind of
+complicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+even the paradigms that i've offered you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the paradigms that i've offered you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the paradigms that i've offered you
+i think they're sufficiently complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they're sufficiently complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they're sufficiently complicated
+and there and if you understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and if you understand them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and if you understand them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly they don't oversimplify but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly they don't oversimplify but
+it's possible to understand them in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to understand them in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to understand them in an
+oversimplified way for instance our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplified way for instance our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplified way for instance our
+basic model of understanding the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic model of understanding the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic model of understanding the history
+of television is one in which uh a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of television is one in which uh a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of television is one in which uh a kind
+of simplicity and imitative novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simplicity and imitative novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simplicity and imitative novelty
+gives way to a technical complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives way to a technical complexity and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+then to a complexity that joins
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to a complexity that joins
+technical and structural complexities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and structural complexities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and structural complexities to
+a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater
+attention to serious substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to serious substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to serious substance
+and i think that that pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that that pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that that pattern is
+accurate but it's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but it's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but it's very important to
+recognize that all cultural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that all cultural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that all cultural and
+historical generalizations are just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical generalizations are just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical generalizations are just that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations and there are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations and there are always
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always
+kind there is always some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind there is always some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind there is always some amount of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory evidence that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory evidence that someone
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cite and i want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cite and i want to show you a
+piece of that contradictory evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of that contradictory evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of that contradictory evidence
+from one of the great what i think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the great what i think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the great what i think of as
+one of the most important programs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important programs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important programs of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s
+as a way of indicating to you that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of indicating to you that even
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of indicating to you that even
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in the relatively early
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in the relatively early
+in this relatively early phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this relatively early phase of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this relatively early phase of
+television uh the early 60s there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television uh the early 60s there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television uh the early 60s there were
+certain programs that could mobilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain programs that could mobilize
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain programs that could mobilize
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated subject matter that could
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated subject matter that could
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could uh that could uh uh project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could uh that could uh uh project
+uh notions about the society that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notions about the society that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notions about the society that were
+less than simple-mindedly reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than simple-mindedly reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than simple-mindedly reassuring
+remember our basic idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our basic idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our basic idea is that
+again remember the consent the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember the consent the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember the consent the notion of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus medium does not imply that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus medium does not imply that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the consensus medium does is project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the consensus medium does is project
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple kind of propaganda and if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple kind of propaganda and if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it the propaganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it the propaganda
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes much subtler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes much subtler
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's able to acknowledge dissonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's able to acknowledge dissonance
+and contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contradiction
+if it's very easy to be reassured about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's very easy to be reassured about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's very easy to be reassured about
+the basic uh social order and about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic uh social order and about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic uh social order and about the
+beneficent uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficent uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficent uh uh
+perspective the social order wants you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the social order wants you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the social order wants you
+to have on let's say govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on let's say govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on let's say govern
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the national government or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the national government or on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structures of the society it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structures of the society it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy
+to project such to offer such propaganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to project such to offer such propaganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to project such to offer such propaganda
+if the propaganda never acknowledges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the propaganda never acknowledges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the propaganda never acknowledges
+problems but if the propaganda actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but if the propaganda actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but if the propaganda actually
+acknowledge there is racial turmoil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge there is racial turmoil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge there is racial turmoil in
+the society nonetheless let me reassure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society nonetheless let me reassure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society nonetheless let me reassure
+you overall we have a we have a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you overall we have a we have a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you overall we have a we have a society
+that can that can uh adjust wrongs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can that can uh adjust wrongs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can that can uh adjust wrongs and
+and write in justice so that uh one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write in justice so that uh one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write in justice so that uh one way
+of understanding this the point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding this the point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding this the point of a
+consensus medium is not to suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus medium is not to suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus medium is not to suggest that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus medium is never capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus medium is never capable
+of acknowledging defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acknowledging defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acknowledging defects and
+difficulties in the society quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in the society quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in the society quite the
+contrary and at its most complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary and at its most complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary and at its most complex
+usually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh
+in moments when the society itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moments when the society itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moments when the society itself is
+under some kind of pressure or attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some kind of pressure or attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some kind of pressure or attention
+the consensus medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus medium
+of a society i think plays a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a society i think plays a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a society i think plays a crucial
+role a crucial social or political role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role a crucial social or political role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role a crucial social or political role
+in in holding the center together i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in holding the center together i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in holding the center together i
+think that's the role that american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the role that american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the role that american
+television played in the late 60s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television played in the late 60s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television played in the late 60s and
+early 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s
+especially if you compare what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you compare what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you compare what was
+happening in the novel or in the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the novel or in the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the novel or in the movies
+to what was happening on american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what was happening on american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what was happening on american
+television you can see what i mean about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television you can see what i mean about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television you can see what i mean about
+a consensus medium that is nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus medium that is nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus medium that is nonetheless
+capable of acknowledging something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of acknowledging something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of acknowledging something of
+the complexity and turbulence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity and turbulence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity and turbulence of the
+outer society and we've begun to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer society and we've begun to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer society and we've begun to talk
+about this matter and looked at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matter and looked at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matter and looked at uh
+talked about some of the progress before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some of the progress before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some of the progress before
+we're through with our with our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through with our with our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through with our with our class
+discussions we will look at fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions we will look at fragments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions we will look at fragments of
+programs from that era and later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs from that era and later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs from that era and later in
+order to see it to see these principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see it to see these principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see it to see these principles
+in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+tech this uh fragment i want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech this uh fragment i want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech this uh fragment i want to show you
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is a fragment from a a television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fragment from a a television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fragment from a a television
+program from the early 60s that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from the early 60s that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from the early 60s that we've
+mentioned a number of times in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a number of times in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a number of times in the
+course and uh you've already seen one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh you've already seen one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh you've already seen one
+what i think is probably the best single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think is probably the best single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think is probably the best single
+episode of this of of this program you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode of this of of this program you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode of this of of this program you
+know in your wednesday night viewings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your wednesday night viewings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your wednesday night viewings
+it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a
+passage from the fugitive from david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage from the fugitive from david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage from the fugitive from david
+jansen's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen's uh
+the fugitive and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon me while i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me while i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me while i
+struggle with the technology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again i'm showing it to you as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i'm showing it to you as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i'm showing it to you as a way
+of indicating that there was even at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indicating that there was even at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indicating that there was even at
+this relatively early moment shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively early moment shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively early moment shortly
+after the triumph of movie assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the triumph of movie assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the triumph of movie assumptions
+about fiction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fiction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fiction right
+if we think of the late 50s as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of the late 50s as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of the late 50s as the
+period in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which
+in which the hollywood model came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the hollywood model came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the hollywood model came to
+dominate how we thought about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate how we thought about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate how we thought about what
+television fiction would be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television fiction would be like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television fiction would be like this
+relatively early 60s show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively early 60s show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively early 60s show
+shows how fully those principles had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how fully those principles had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how fully those principles had
+been absorbed uh it's a quin martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been absorbed uh it's a quin martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been absorbed uh it's a quin martin
+program and martin was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and martin was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and martin was one of the first
+to realize that if he could deliver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that if he could deliver to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that if he could deliver to
+to the american household the illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the american household the illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the american household the illusion
+that they were sitting in their living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were sitting in their living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were sitting in their living
+room and watching movies over the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and watching movies over the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and watching movies over the small
+box they were getting something great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box they were getting something great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box they were getting something great
+and he he refined these principles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he refined these principles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he refined these principles in
+many programs that appear in the 60s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many programs that appear in the 60s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many programs that appear in the 60s and
+in the early 70s but but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 70s but but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 70s but but in terms of
+substance in terms of intellectual power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance in terms of intellectual power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance in terms of intellectual power
+in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+creating a genuinely powerful fable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a genuinely powerful fable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a genuinely powerful fable of
+american experience i think there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american experience i think there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american experience i think there's no
+question that the fugitive is far and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that the fugitive is far and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that the fugitive is far and
+away quinn martin's most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away quinn martin's most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away quinn martin's most important
+program it wasn't his most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it wasn't his most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it wasn't his most successful
+program in terms of ratings and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in terms of ratings and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in terms of ratings and it
+wasn't the most successful qm program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the most successful qm program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the most successful qm program in
+terms of longevity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of longevity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of longevity
+but i think it was the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it was the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it was the most important
+program in terms of substance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in terms of substance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in terms of substance and the
+episode the fragment of an episode i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode the fragment of an episode i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode the fragment of an episode i'm
+about to show you is a scene that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to show you is a scene that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to show you is a scene that occurs
+in the episode that was shown as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the episode that was shown as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the episode that was shown as the
+first episode in the series it was not i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first episode in the series it was not i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first episode in the series it was not i
+think intended originally as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intended originally as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intended originally as the first
+episode but for a variety of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode but for a variety of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode but for a variety of reasons
+they broadcast it as the first episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they broadcast it as the first episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they broadcast it as the first episode
+and it's a scene that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a scene that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a scene that uh
+comes about halfway through the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about halfway through the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about halfway through the program
+let me set the context for you before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me set the context for you before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me set the context for you before i
+show it uh it's the usual basic pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it uh it's the usual basic pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it uh it's the usual basic pattern
+of that of that program the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that program the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that program the the
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+fugitive is on the run he's in this he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive is on the run he's in this he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive is on the run he's in this he's
+an escaped convicted murderer and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an escaped convicted murderer and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an escaped convicted murderer and if
+he's caught he's going to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's caught he's going to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's caught he's going to go to the
+electric chair so his so his so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric chair so his so his so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric chair so his so his so his
+flight is a is a survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is a is a survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is a is a survival
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+adventure uh and but but of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure uh and but but of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure uh and but but of course uh
+and again this is another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is another way of
+recognizing the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the relative
+still the relatively early uh stage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the relatively early uh stage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the relatively early uh stage this
+program appears in there is something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program appears in there is something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program appears in there is something uh
+un implausibly noble about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un implausibly noble about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un implausibly noble about the the
+character that david jensen plays uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character that david jensen plays uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character that david jensen plays uh and
+what this sets up is a is a a drama in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this sets up is a is a a drama in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this sets up is a is a a drama in
+all almost every single week the drama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all almost every single week the drama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all almost every single week the drama
+the program mobilized was a drama in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program mobilized was a drama in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program mobilized was a drama in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+jansen's conscience as a decent human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen's conscience as a decent human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen's conscience as a decent human
+being as a moral person and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as a moral person and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as a moral person and sometimes
+often especially his his conscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often especially his his conscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often especially his his conscience
+as a pediatrician as a doctor because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pediatrician as a doctor because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pediatrician as a doctor because uh
+uh would be it would be would be put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be it would be would be put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be it would be would be put in
+conflict with his need to survive he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with his need to survive he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with his need to survive he
+would come across some injured person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come across some injured person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come across some injured person
+and if he actually showed that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he actually showed that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he actually showed that he had
+medical knowledge and could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical knowledge and could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical knowledge and could
+fix this person up he was risking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this person up he was risking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this person up he was risking
+exposure and almost every episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and almost every episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and almost every episode
+confronts jansen with some such kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronts jansen with some such kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronts jansen with some such kind of
+crisis in this first episode uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in this first episode uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in this first episode uh first
+broadcast episode of the program that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast episode of the program that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast episode of the program that's
+the problem that's set up it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that's set up it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that's set up it's not a
+distinctly it's not it's not an exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly it's not it's not an exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly it's not it's not an exactly
+a medical prop problem he he jansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical prop problem he he jansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical prop problem he he jansen
+takes a a job in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a a job in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a a job in a
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+a western city the title of the episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a western city the title of the episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a western city the title of the episode
+is fear in a desert city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fear in a desert city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fear in a desert city
+and he takes a he takes a job as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he takes a he takes a job as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he takes a he takes a job as a
+bartender and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bartender and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bartender and by
+by the usual accidents that come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the usual accidents that come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the usual accidents that come to
+define this series he befriends a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this series he befriends a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this series he befriends a woman
+who works in the bar who it turns out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who works in the bar who it turns out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who works in the bar who it turns out is
+separated from a violent and brutal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from a violent and brutal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from a violent and brutal
+husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband
+and she has a child and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has a child and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has a child and the fact that
+she has a son who's you know i don't i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a son who's you know i don't i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a son who's you know i don't i
+forgot his age he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot his age he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot his age he's
+10 or 11 uh but he's not an infant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 11 uh but he's not an infant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 11 uh but he's not an infant but
+he's not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not yet
+an adolescent either he's just about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adolescent either he's just about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adolescent either he's just about to
+enter adolescence and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter adolescence and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter adolescence and one of the things
+that jensen has drawn to it comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jensen has drawn to it comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jensen has drawn to it comes out of
+his pediatrician's interest in children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his pediatrician's interest in children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his pediatrician's interest in children
+is the fact that the boy is in need of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that the boy is in need of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that the boy is in need of a
+father and the boy is in need of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and the boy is in need of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and the boy is in need of a more
+stable home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable home
+and and and that's part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and that's part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and that's part of his
+motivation in in befriending this woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation in in befriending this woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation in in befriending this woman
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and it's and he does he's very reluctant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and he does he's very reluctant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and he does he's very reluctant
+as as is often the case in the fugitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as is often the case in the fugitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as is often the case in the fugitive
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+jensen's heroism uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen's heroism uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen's heroism uh
+is almost never a physical heroism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost never a physical heroism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost never a physical heroism and
+that's another reason why it's such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another reason why it's such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another reason why it's such an
+interesting program it's a moral heroism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting program it's a moral heroism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting program it's a moral heroism
+in which he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he he
+over and over again will risk exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again will risk exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again will risk exposure
+in order to protect himself and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to protect himself and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to protect himself and in fact
+in the episode you saw one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the episode you saw one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the episode you saw one of the
+reasons that's such an interesting show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that's such an interesting show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that's such an interesting show
+is that what we see him risking himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what we see him risking himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what we see him risking himself
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+dramatically uh uh because he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically uh uh because he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically uh uh because he wants to
+help the very man who has been pursuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the very man who has been pursuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the very man who has been pursuing
+him so relentlessly for for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so relentlessly for for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so relentlessly for for all these
+years and it even ext and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and it even ext and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and it even ext and there are
+other episodes like that this one is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other episodes like that this one is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other episodes like that this one is my
+favorite in which lieutenant gerard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite in which lieutenant gerard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite in which lieutenant gerard
+who's been who's been tracking him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been who's been tracking him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been who's been tracking him
+forever uh is thrown into contact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh is thrown into contact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh is thrown into contact with
+janssen and jensen is forced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janssen and jensen is forced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janssen and jensen is forced by the
+necessities of the plot to intervene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities of the plot to intervene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities of the plot to intervene in
+some sense on behalf of the man who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense on behalf of the man who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense on behalf of the man who is
+his deepest nemesis there's a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his deepest nemesis there's a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his deepest nemesis there's a sense in
+the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program
+that if gerard disappeared jensen would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if gerard disappeared jensen would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if gerard disappeared jensen would
+be home free because nobody else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be home free because nobody else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be home free because nobody else in the
+universe cares about this not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe cares about this not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe cares about this not being
+around except for except for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around except for except for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around except for except for this
+obsessed man and as some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed man and as some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed man and as some of you may
+realize the program is based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the program is based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the program is based on a
+famous novel by victor hugo broadly les
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous novel by victor hugo broadly les
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous novel by victor hugo broadly les
+miserables and then it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserables and then it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserables and then it's also
+another thing that grants it a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that grants it a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that grants it a special
+kind of complexity it's also based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complexity it's also based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complexity it's also based on a
+famous real murder case uh in which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous real murder case uh in which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous real murder case uh in which a
+doctor was alleged to have murdered his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor was alleged to have murdered his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor was alleged to have murdered his
+wife uh and it was a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife uh and it was a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife uh and it was a you know
+front page news all over the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page news all over the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page news all over the united
+states for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for
+an extended period uh and i think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extended period uh and i think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extended period uh and i think in
+fact that the that i'm not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the that i'm not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the that i'm not positive
+about this but i think one of the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but i think one of the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but i think one of the one of
+one of the country's most famous lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the country's most famous lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the country's most famous lawyers
+lee bailey was involved in the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lee bailey was involved in the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lee bailey was involved in the case in
+some degree it was so is a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree it was so is a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree it was so is a very famous
+case and the and the show the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the and the show the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the and the show the the
+program the fugitive is partly based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the fugitive is partly based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the fugitive is partly based on
+that it takes takes advantage or eludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes takes advantage or eludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes takes advantage or eludes
+in a way to that to that uh public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way to that to that uh public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way to that to that uh public
+memory of that of that famous event so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of that of that famous event so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of that of that famous event so
+in this in this fragment i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this fragment i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this fragment i'm going to
+show you the woman has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the woman has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the woman has already
+befriended jansen and he very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+befriended jansen and he very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+befriended jansen and he very
+reluctantly as a as he always is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctantly as a as he always is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctantly as a as he always is he's
+reluctant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to
+to uh uh intervene in in in in helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh intervene in in in in helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh intervene in in in in helpful
+ways in the lives of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in the lives of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in the lives of other people
+because he's on the run and he knows he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's on the run and he knows he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's on the run and he knows he
+doesn't want to risk exposure but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to risk exposure but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to risk exposure but he's
+reluctantly drawn into it because his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctantly drawn into it because his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctantly drawn into it because his
+decency and his conscience require it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decency and his conscience require it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decency and his conscience require it
+and and in the sequence you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in the sequence you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in the sequence you're going to
+see he's uh jensen is uh escorting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he's uh jensen is uh escorting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he's uh jensen is uh escorting the
+woman i'm calling him jansen it's dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman i'm calling him jansen it's dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman i'm calling him jansen it's dr
+richard kimball is escorting the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard kimball is escorting the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard kimball is escorting the woman
+who has asked for his help to a taxi cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has asked for his help to a taxi cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has asked for his help to a taxi cab
+and he's actually about to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's actually about to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's actually about to get into the
+cab with her when the police show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab with her when the police show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab with her when the police show up
+and the police have been sick on it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the police have been sick on it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the police have been sick on it we
+don't i don't know that you learned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i don't know that you learned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i don't know that you learned this
+from this episode from this from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this episode from this from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this episode from this from this
+segment but the police have been have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment but the police have been have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment but the police have been have
+been alerted to jansen's presence still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been alerted to jansen's presence still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been alerted to jansen's presence still
+they don't realize that he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't realize that he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't realize that he's the
+fugitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive
+by the by the estranged husband who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the estranged husband who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the estranged husband who was
+jealous of the conversations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous of the conversations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous of the conversations that
+his wife has been having with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh detective fairfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where are you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rockford illinois
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockford illinois
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockford illinois
+you ever see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever see it
+no no thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could you tell me what this is about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you tell me what this is about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you tell me what this is about is
+this your first visit to tucson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it
+i don't see much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see much
+what you've liked what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've liked what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've liked what you have
+how do you like your job lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you like your job lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you like your job lincoln
+well he hasn't seen much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he hasn't seen much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he hasn't seen much of it
+but he likes what he has correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny
+something funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something funny
+well i guess i mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess i mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess i mean uh
+strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange
+an average man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average man
+if there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is one
+he's walking home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's walking home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's walking home
+and the police pick him up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the police pick him up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the police pick him up for
+questioning what's your name where'd you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning what's your name where'd you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning what's your name where'd you
+come from etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know he's scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's scared
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+well i never knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i never knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i never knew that
+did you know that fairfield now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know that fairfield now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know that fairfield now why
+would the average man be scared of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the average man be scared of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the average man be scared of a
+blaze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guilt i guess there isn't a man in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt i guess there isn't a man in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt i guess there isn't a man in the
+world who doesn't have something he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who doesn't have something he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who doesn't have something he
+wants to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to hide
+even you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you two
+now that remark was not calculated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that remark was not calculated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that remark was not calculated to
+gain favor with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain favor with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain favor with me
+i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+sorry guess these questions are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry guess these questions are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry guess these questions are just
+getting me a little nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know since you are pushing me around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since you are pushing me around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since you are pushing me around
+gently but pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently but pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently but pushing
+put yourself in my place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put yourself in my place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put yourself in my place
+stranger in town no one to vouch for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranger in town no one to vouch for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranger in town no one to vouch for me
+no friend who's a lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no friend who's a lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no friend who's a lawyer
+i can't demand a thing i just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't demand a thing i just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't demand a thing i just have to
+sit here and take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here and take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here and take it
+i wish i could argue with you but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish i could argue with you but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish i could argue with you but you
+know you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're right
+i wouldn't want you to think i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't want you to think i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't want you to think i was
+sadistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it goes on like this but we'll stop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes on like this but we'll stop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes on like this but we'll stop it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+talk to me about what you've seen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about what you've seen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about what you've seen here
+make some observations about it start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some observations about it start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some observations about it start
+any place what's interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place what's interesting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place what's interesting here
+i think in fact that one thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in fact that one thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in fact that one thing about
+this episode this fragment is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode this fragment is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode this fragment is that it
+might you might be misled by it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might be misled by it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might be misled by it because
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i think if i watched it cold and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if i watched it cold and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if i watched it cold and had
+never seen it knew nothing about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen it knew nothing about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen it knew nothing about what it
+was i might date it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i might date it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i might date it later
+i might i might put it later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might i might put it later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might i might put it later in the
+history of television i mean and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of television i mean and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of television i mean and that's
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+talk to me about what you see susannah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about what you see susannah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about what you see susannah
+well i thought it was very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i thought it was very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i thought it was very interesting
+it surprised me a lot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it surprised me a lot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it surprised me a lot because
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+it's questioning the character dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's questioning the character dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's questioning the character dynamics
+the sort of genre assumptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of genre assumptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of genre assumptions of
+police interrogations i mean that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police interrogations i mean that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police interrogations i mean that that
+last line i wouldn't want you to think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last line i wouldn't want you to think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last line i wouldn't want you to think i
+was statistical you know that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was statistical you know that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was statistical you know that's exactly
+what i was thinking of course because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was thinking of course because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was thinking of course because
+that's the assumption i make about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the assumption i make about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the assumption i make about the
+bad police villain who pulls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad police villain who pulls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad police villain who pulls the
+innocent man into his car it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent man into his car it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent man into his car it's um
+and the calmness of his response is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the calmness of his response is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the calmness of his response is that
+wasn't calculated to gain favor with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't calculated to gain favor with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't calculated to gain favor with me
+it seemed interesting it seemed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed interesting it seemed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed interesting it seemed to have
+a sort of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of of um
+middle level questioning of the genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle level questioning of the genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle level questioning of the genre
+going on which intrigued me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on which intrigued me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on which intrigued me
+maybe i think i think there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i think i think there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i think i think there's something
+to that but but but i think i i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but but but i think i i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but but but i think i i mean i
+think you're right uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right uh but
+look i think the crucial matter isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i think the crucial matter isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i think the crucial matter isn't
+its relation to the genre because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its relation to the genre because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its relation to the genre because
+remember the fugitive is a is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the fugitive is a is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the fugitive is a is a kind of
+is a skew genre anyway it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a skew genre anyway it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a skew genre anyway it's not it's not
+a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect
+genre text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre text
+because it's not really a cop show it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not really a cop show it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not really a cop show it's
+not really in other words it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really in other words it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really in other words it doesn't
+really exactly belong to the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exactly belong to the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exactly belong to the traditional
+uh generic arrangements we know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generic arrangements we know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generic arrangements we know from the
+movies and from television although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and from television although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and from television although
+there are stories about people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stories about people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stories about people on the
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+but but i think you're right of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i think you're right of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i think you're right of course
+it does raise certain kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does raise certain kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does raise certain kinds of questions
+about the legitimacy of authority wally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the legitimacy of authority wally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the legitimacy of authority wally
+we'll start with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with you
+well it's it's down like this then max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's down like this then max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's down like this then max
+then kevin it played it it has there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kevin it played it it has there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kevin it played it it has there's
+the dialogue itself is delivered very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue itself is delivered very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue itself is delivered very
+slowly like i mean kimball kimball's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly like i mean kimball kimball's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly like i mean kimball kimball's
+lines were actually were aggravating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines were actually were aggravating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines were actually were aggravating to
+me because i was waiting for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because i was waiting for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because i was waiting for the next
+words to come out and they wouldn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to come out and they wouldn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to come out and they wouldn't and
+it's and the the characters are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and the the characters are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and the the characters are the
+characters are speaking slowly but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are speaking slowly but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are speaking slowly but it's
+cutting very quickly between them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting very quickly between them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting very quickly between them it's
+cutting between a reaction shot from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting between a reaction shot from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting between a reaction shot from the
+guy and the guy in the front is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and the guy in the front is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and the guy in the front is kind of
+sitting there you have no idea what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there you have no idea what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there you have no idea what his
+deal is uh he just gets these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal is uh he just gets these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal is uh he just gets these sort of
+creepy little reaction shots watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy little reaction shots watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy little reaction shots watching
+them in the back it's cutting between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the back it's cutting between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the back it's cutting between
+the sort of the two shot with kim in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the two shot with kim in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the two shot with kim in the
+foreground and switching back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground and switching back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground and switching back and forth
+and at the same time there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time there's there's
+music underneath with no with no pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music underneath with no with no pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music underneath with no with no pulse
+and with no theme that's sort of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with no theme that's sort of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with no theme that's sort of that's
+just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of
+meandering and providing a mood so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meandering and providing a mood so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meandering and providing a mood so it's
+building tension without actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building tension without actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building tension without actually doing
+nothing's going on and yet you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's going on and yet you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's going on and yet you're
+constantly sort of the tension's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly sort of the tension's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly sort of the tension's being
+ratcheted up by sort of juxtaposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratcheted up by sort of juxtaposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratcheted up by sort of juxtaposing the
+the sort of the scared movement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the scared movement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the scared movement of the
+camera in a sense with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in a sense with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in a sense with the
+with the unnatural no slowness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the unnatural no slowness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the unnatural no slowness of the
+way that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they're
+okay i mean but you say nothing's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean but you say nothing's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean but you say nothing's going
+on but in fact why is it a scene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but in fact why is it a scene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but in fact why is it a scene of
+tremendous tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right i mean when i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean when i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean when i mean
+there's sometimes in the episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sometimes in the episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sometimes in the episode
+sometimes in the fugitive you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in the fugitive you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in the fugitive you have the
+fugitive being forced to walk into let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive being forced to walk into let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive being forced to walk into let's
+say bus stations and sometimes even uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bus stations and sometimes even uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bus stations and sometimes even uh
+you know courthouses and very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know courthouses and very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know courthouses and very often
+he'll walk past bulletin boards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll walk past bulletin boards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll walk past bulletin boards that
+will have a wanted sign on it that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a wanted sign on it that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a wanted sign on it that will
+that will show dr richard kimball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show dr richard kimball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show dr richard kimball
+so but when he's brought into and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but when he's brought into and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but when he's brought into and of
+course and of course one of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and of course one of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and of course one of the series
+favorite devices for creating tension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite devices for creating tension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite devices for creating tension is
+a version of what we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of what we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of what we see here
+jansen in disguise in in his in his in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen in disguise in in his in his in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen in disguise in in his in his in
+his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in his fake identity whatever it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his fake identity whatever it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his fake identity whatever it happens
+to be for that week is put in contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for that week is put in contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for that week is put in contact
+with cops who if they knew who he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cops who if they knew who he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cops who if they knew who he was
+would immediately arrest him and i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would immediately arrest him and i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would immediately arrest him and i mean
+you know he's in a certain sense he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's in a certain sense he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's in a certain sense he's
+caught here and i think that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught here and i think that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught here and i think that's one of
+the reasons that that the camera uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that that the camera uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that that the camera uh
+behaves as it does and i i think i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as it does and i i think i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as it does and i i think i think
+you're calling attention to crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling attention to crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling attention to crucial
+elements of the scene but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the scene but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the scene but i think
+there's more we might want to draw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more we might want to draw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more we might want to draw out
+some some of some of the implications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of some of the implications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of some of the implications in
+terms of substance of what from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of substance of what from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of substance of what from what you
+said max what what did you have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said max what what did you have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said max what what did you have to say
+about this uh i was very impressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh i was very impressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh i was very impressed by
+the realism um of of it um also by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realism um of of it um also by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realism um of of it um also by the
+intelligence of the uh kimball character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence of the uh kimball character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence of the uh kimball character
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+he's trying to maintain a facade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to maintain a facade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to maintain a facade of
+being someone different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being someone different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being someone different
+not being a fugitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a fugitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a fugitive
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he's put in a very compromising position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's put in a very compromising position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's put in a very compromising position
+and i think the dialogue is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think the dialogue is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think the dialogue is very
+intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+in revealing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in revealing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in revealing how
+kimball is aware of how he can maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimball is aware of how he can maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimball is aware of how he can maintain
+that facade he he's scared i mean who he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that facade he he's scared i mean who he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that facade he he's scared i mean who he
+he needs to kind of explain why he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to kind of explain why he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to kind of explain why he's
+scared why would he be scared if he if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared why would he be scared if he if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared why would he be scared if he if
+he doesn't have something to hide and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have something to hide and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have something to hide and uh
+i think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that um
+it's it's very aware
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's believable that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kimbell character would say what
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely believable and and there's
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point about that that i think is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+of dialogue is it's generalizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dialogue is it's generalizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dialogue is it's generalizing the
+program is what is it saying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is what is it saying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is what is it saying about the
+relation between ordinary people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between ordinary people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between ordinary people and
+authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+there's a even even even people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a even even even people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a even even even people who are
+not guilty feel guilty are frightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guilty feel guilty are frightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guilty feel guilty are frightened
+and and and this might not seem a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and this might not seem a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and this might not seem a very
+uh shocking or disturbing thing to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shocking or disturbing thing to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shocking or disturbing thing to say
+over american television in 1975 or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over american television in 1975 or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over american television in 1975 or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 1963 this is a very shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 1963 this is a very shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 1963 this is a very shocking
+thing to be for the for this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be for the for this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be for the for this new
+consensus medium to be saying uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus medium to be saying uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus medium to be saying uh and in
+that sense it's a very subversive scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense it's a very subversive scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense it's a very subversive scene
+it's it's it's before it's time in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's before it's time in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's before it's time in a way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it it it reveals a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it it it reveals a more
+complicated and in many respects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and in many respects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and in many respects
+subversive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive or
+skeptical attitude toward established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical attitude toward established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical attitude toward established
+authority and especially toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and especially toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and especially toward the
+police then is common on television in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police then is common on television in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police then is common on television in
+this era it's not a reassuring treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this era it's not a reassuring treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this era it's not a reassuring treatment
+of the cops at all is it and when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cops at all is it and when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cops at all is it and when he
+says do you think i'm sadistic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do you think i'm sadistic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do you think i'm sadistic it's
+almost as if he's made it too explicit i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as if he's made it too explicit i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as if he's made it too explicit i
+might complain about that line susanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might complain about that line susanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might complain about that line susanna
+in part because it make it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it make it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it make it because it
+makes him say what in fact we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes him say what in fact we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes him say what in fact we've seen
+and one of the things about the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things about the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things about the scene
+that i find so impressive is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i find so impressive is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i find so impressive is that it is
+an exercise in sadism but it's but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise in sadism but it's but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise in sadism but it's but it's
+not physical at all it's psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical at all it's psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical at all it's psychological
+right that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that cut
+that actor is a wonderful character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actor is a wonderful character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actor is a wonderful character
+actor who had many many roles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who had many many roles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who had many many roles on
+television anyone know his name harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television anyone know his name harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television anyone know his name harry
+towns is his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns is his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns is his name
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i
+in in one of my trips to hollywood uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in one of my trips to hollywood uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in one of my trips to hollywood uh
+when i went to see quinn martin uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i went to see quinn martin uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i went to see quinn martin uh i
+interviewed he was very flattered that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed he was very flattered that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed he was very flattered that a
+yale professor was interested in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yale professor was interested in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yale professor was interested in his
+programs he was a very vain man so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs he was a very vain man so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs he was a very vain man so i
+played it up you know i i sent him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played it up you know i i sent him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played it up you know i i sent him a
+note on yale stationery and i i left him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on yale stationery and i i left him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on yale stationery and i i left him
+a message so he had to call yale back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message so he had to call yale back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message so he had to call yale back so
+that when i went out there he thought he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i went out there he thought he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i went out there he thought he
+was talking to yale he didn't know i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking to yale he didn't know i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking to yale he didn't know i was
+leaving for mit the next month but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving for mit the next month but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving for mit the next month but we'll
+leave that aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that aside
+and he might not have been as impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he might not have been as impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he might not have been as impressed
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+in any case when i when i went out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case when i when i went out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case when i when i went out there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i spent the whole afternoon from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i spent the whole afternoon from about
+about five hours at the qm studios and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five hours at the qm studios and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five hours at the qm studios and
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+two thirds of that time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds of that time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds of that time with
+martin himself and he had arranged so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin himself and he had arranged so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin himself and he had arranged so he
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+
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+gave me an interview a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me an interview a very long
+elaborate interview which i asked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate interview which i asked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate interview which i asked him
+various questions about what he was up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various questions about what he was up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various questions about what he was up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and i was i was impressed by his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and i was i was impressed by his
+understanding of the technical nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the technical nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the technical nature of
+what he was up to and not that impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was up to and not that impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was up to and not that impressed
+by his awareness of the substance of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by his awareness of the substance of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by his awareness of the substance of his
+programs he seemed he seemed in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs he seemed he seemed in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs he seemed he seemed in many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways less interested in the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways less interested in the substance
+than in the than the visual flash and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the than the visual flash and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the than the visual flash and it
+was revealing that that was true we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was revealing that that was true we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was revealing that that was true we're
+at that moment in in television history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that moment in in television history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that moment in in television history
+when the visual flash is important where
+
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+when the visual flash is important where
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+
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+when the visual flash is important where
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium has become a film medium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium has become a film medium the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the fiction television has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the fiction television has become
+essentially a film medium and martin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a film medium and martin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a film medium and martin's
+one of the people who's figuring out how
+
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+one of the people who's figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people who's figuring out how
+to make it so for the reduced visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so for the reduced visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so for the reduced visual
+scale of television good and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of television good and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of television good and you know
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+but one of the most interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the most interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the most interesting things
+that happened was when i he had arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened was when i he had arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened was when i he had arranged
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to he had arranged for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to he had arranged for a
+screening of an episode for me and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening of an episode for me and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening of an episode for me and this
+was an era of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an era of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an era of course
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+uh the advent even of the video cassette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the advent even of the video cassette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the advent even of the video cassette
+recorder uh and so it was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder uh and so it was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder uh and so it was actually a
+much more complicated matter when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated matter when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated matter when i
+first began to teach television at yale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first began to teach television at yale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first began to teach television at yale
+i talked for i i used to tape some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked for i i used to tape some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked for i i used to tape some
+things off the air using reel-to-reel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things off the air using reel-to-reel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things off the air using reel-to-reel
+tapes and i would bring these elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes and i would bring these elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes and i would bring these elaborate
+big reel-to-reel tapes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reel-to-reel tapes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reel-to-reel tapes and then
+and and show them to my classes and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and show them to my classes and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and show them to my classes and it
+was at a very relatively early stage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at a very relatively early stage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at a very relatively early stage it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard to get hold of material so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard to get hold of material so so
+uh uh he he arranged for a screening i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh he he arranged for a screening i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh he he arranged for a screening i
+was really also most important of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really also most important of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really also most important of course
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no market for video cassettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no market for video cassettes
+in the in the there were no video stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the there were no video stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the there were no video stores
+so it was hard to get hold of things i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was hard to get hold of things i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was hard to get hold of things i
+mean once this program had been shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean once this program had been shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean once this program had been shown
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end of it unless you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end of it unless you could
+see it in reruns so i was grateful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in reruns so i was grateful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in reruns so i was grateful for
+the chance and he showed me this episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance and he showed me this episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance and he showed me this episode
+the one the one i whose fragment i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one the one i whose fragment i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one the one i whose fragment i've
+just shown you but in but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown you but in but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown you but in but instead of
+leaving me alone as i expected he sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving me alone as i expected he sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving me alone as i expected he sat
+there with me as we were watching it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with me as we were watching it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with me as we were watching it and
+he made commentary as we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made commentary as we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made commentary as we were going
+through it and one of the things he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and one of the things he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and one of the things he
+talked to me about was casting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to me about was casting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to me about was casting
+and how he had cast particular actors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how he had cast particular actors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how he had cast particular actors to
+play the to play the role of these cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the to play the role of these cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the to play the role of these cops
+who seemed physically unimposing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seemed physically unimposing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seemed physically unimposing but
+were capable of projecting a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were capable of projecting a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were capable of projecting a kind of
+menace in their attitude and he even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menace in their attitude and he even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menace in their attitude and he even
+thought so he was aware of this uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so he was aware of this uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so he was aware of this uh and
+and fully aware of the extent to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fully aware of the extent to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fully aware of the extent to which
+the conflict the confrontation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict the confrontation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict the confrontation between
+the conversation between harry townes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation between harry townes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation between harry townes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+david jensen was a kind of was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david jensen was a kind of was a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+david jensen was a kind of was a
+profoundly unequal conversation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly unequal conversation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly unequal conversation in which
+what increased its power was the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what increased its power was the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what increased its power was the fact
+that towns is physically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that towns is physically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that towns is physically so
+unprepossessing he doesn't look like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprepossessing he doesn't look like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprepossessing he doesn't look like a a
+muscle man he doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle man he doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle man he doesn't look like a
+violent person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent person
+uh but towns i think brilliantly played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but towns i think brilliantly played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but towns i think brilliantly played
+the role brilliantly because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role brilliantly because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role brilliantly because you could
+see that he was enjoying the power he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that he was enjoying the power he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that he was enjoying the power he
+had over this fellow uh that he was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had over this fellow uh that he was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had over this fellow uh that he was in a
+certain sense uh reveling in the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense uh reveling in the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense uh reveling in the fact
+that he could that he could make him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could that he could make him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could that he could make him
+uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+he was abusing his power as a cop it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was abusing his power as a cop it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was abusing his power as a cop it was
+an element of psychological sadism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of psychological sadism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of psychological sadism in
+that scene and i think it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene and i think it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene and i think it's very very
+powerful very very persuasive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful very very persuasive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful very very persuasive uh
+uh and i think what max says about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think what max says about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think what max says about the
+jansen characters exactly right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen characters exactly right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen characters exactly right that
+we're aware it shows that how how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aware it shows that how how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aware it shows that how how how
+even from the very beginning of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from the very beginning of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from the very beginning of the of
+the series the program that this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series the program that this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series the program that this series
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+the principles of its appeal understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of its appeal understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of its appeal understood
+the ground the grounds of its of its of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground the grounds of its of its of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground the grounds of its of its of
+its um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its um
+of its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its uh
+difference from other programs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from other programs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from other programs on
+television and and dramatized those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and and dramatized those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and and dramatized those
+meanings very early but what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings very early but what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings very early but what it
+establishes then is a situation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes then is a situation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes then is a situation in which
+in every subsequent episode every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every subsequent episode every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every subsequent episode every time
+jensen comes near to having some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen comes near to having some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen comes near to having some kind of
+relationship or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship or
+or encounter with authority there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or encounter with authority there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or encounter with authority there's the
+possibility that authority will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that authority will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that authority will
+misbehave that authority will be unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misbehave that authority will be unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misbehave that authority will be unfair
+that a thought even if even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a thought even if even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a thought even if even if the
+social order were totally noble and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social order were totally noble and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social order were totally noble and all
+cops were fair and and honorable jensen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops were fair and and honorable jensen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops were fair and and honorable jensen
+would be in trouble because he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in trouble because he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in trouble because he's a
+convicted murderer even though we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convicted murderer even though we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convicted murderer even though we're
+assured that he's innocent in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that he's innocent in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that he's innocent in the very
+beginning of the program uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the program uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the program uh
+in the in the in the title sequence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the title sequence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the title sequence uh
+so we'd be we'd be confident of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd be we'd be confident of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd be we'd be confident of that in
+any case uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case uh uh
+that that that that even even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that even even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that even even if the
+cops were all decent swords jensen would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops were all decent swords jensen would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops were all decent swords jensen would
+have problems but the possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems but the possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems but the possibility that
+the cops are not such decent sorts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cops are not such decent sorts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cops are not such decent sorts and
+that the folks in authority in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the folks in authority in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the folks in authority in general
+and especially the police authority in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the police authority in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the police authority in
+the society might have sadists in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society might have sadists in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society might have sadists in them
+might have people who are not very not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have people who are not very not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have people who are not very not
+very responsive to sort of ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very responsive to sort of ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very responsive to sort of ordinary
+strangers who come into town is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers who come into town is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers who come into town is a
+powerful statement to be making and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful statement to be making and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful statement to be making and
+again and again the program dramatizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again the program dramatizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again the program dramatizes
+how tough it is to be a stranger in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tough it is to be a stranger in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tough it is to be a stranger in a in
+an american environment how how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an american environment how how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an american environment how how much
+different it is uh how how how insular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it is uh how how how insular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it is uh how how how insular
+american communities are again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american communities are again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american communities are again and again
+in the in the series jensen finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the series jensen finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the series jensen finds
+himself forced into a relatively insular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself forced into a relatively insular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself forced into a relatively insular
+community a community let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community a community let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community a community let's say
+sometimes the communities are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the communities are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the communities are of
+particular kinds of workers right steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kinds of workers right steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kinds of workers right steam
+fitters or miners or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitters or miners or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitters or miners or or
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in in some in some episodes in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in some in some episodes in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in some in some episodes in some
+episodes uh jensen gets jobs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes uh jensen gets jobs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes uh jensen gets jobs that are
+somewhat connected to his medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat connected to his medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat connected to his medical
+expertise but indirectly so so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise but indirectly so so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise but indirectly so so for
+example there's one early episode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's one early episode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's one early episode in
+which he is a a trainer for a boxer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he is a a trainer for a boxer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he is a a trainer for a boxer a
+cut man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut man
+uh uh and so there's a community of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and so there's a community of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and so there's a community of the
+community of boxing as a and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of boxing as a and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of boxing as a and and
+almost every episode involves some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every episode involves some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every episode involves some
+exploration of these communities almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of these communities almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of these communities almost
+always almost always uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always almost always uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always almost always uh these
+communities are insular places reluctant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are insular places reluctant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are insular places reluctant
+to accept uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept uh
+strangers and and part of jensen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers and and part of jensen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers and and part of jensen's
+problem is finding a way to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is finding a way to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is finding a way to gain
+acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+gaining acceptance in that community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining acceptance in that community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining acceptance in that community is
+doubly hard because if the authorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly hard because if the authorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly hard because if the authorities
+are called in in any way or are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called in in any way or are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called in in any way or are involved
+in any way jensen is vulnerable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any way jensen is vulnerable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any way jensen is vulnerable and
+in trouble so there there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble so there there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble so there there's a there's a
+kind of tension built into the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tension built into the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tension built into the situation
+and an implicit critique of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an implicit critique of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an implicit critique of the social
+order built into the subject matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order built into the subject matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order built into the subject matter but
+let's continue kevin you had some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue kevin you had some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue kevin you had some things
+to say i was just going to say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say i was just going to say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say i was just going to say that this
+segment more than one more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment more than one more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment more than one more than the
+episode that we saw in class remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode that we saw in class remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode that we saw in class remind me
+of uh sort of the the film noir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sort of the the film noir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sort of the the film noir
+tradition uh perhaps the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition uh perhaps the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition uh perhaps the the sort of the
+lone the common man against the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone the common man against the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone the common man against the uh the
+perhaps corrupt authority figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps corrupt authority figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps corrupt authority figure
+sort of harkens back to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of harkens back to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of harkens back to like the
+chinatown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinatown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinatown
+uh sort of the move the heart comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the move the heart comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the move the heart comes
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+and it's much later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's much later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's much later
+against forward to 1917. ten years down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against forward to 1917. ten years down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against forward to 1917. ten years down
+the street yeah correct into chinatown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street yeah correct into chinatown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street yeah correct into chinatown
+uh sort of uh the the mood the music the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of uh the the mood the music the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of uh the the mood the music the
+dialogue very uh subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue very uh subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue very uh subtle
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+unlike some of the others and in fact i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike some of the others and in fact i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike some of the others and in fact i
+mean i think you picked up on an even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i think you picked up on an even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i think you picked up on an even an
+atmospheric quality that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric quality that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric quality that was
+characteristic of many of the episodes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of many of the episodes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of many of the episodes a
+lot of them were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them were not
+a lot of the episodes were not primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the episodes were not primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the episodes were not primarily
+shot in daylight uh and the shadows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in daylight uh and the shadows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in daylight uh and the shadows the
+the noire shadows that are natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noire shadows that are natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noire shadows that are natural to
+nighttime are reinforced the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime are reinforced the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime are reinforced the sense that
+jensen is a is a man is a is a furtive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen is a is a man is a is a furtive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen is a is a man is a is a furtive
+frightened fellow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened fellow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened fellow uh
+wally's comments earlier about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wally's comments earlier about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wally's comments earlier about the way
+jansen was speaking might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen was speaking might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen was speaking might have
+implied this and we might want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied this and we might want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied this and we might want to make
+it explicit that jensen is a magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explicit that jensen is a magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explicit that jensen is a magnificent
+mumbler uh and the reason is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mumbler uh and the reason is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mumbler uh and the reason is it's
+obvious why he speaks that way that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why he speaks that way that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why he speaks that way that's a
+psychological it's a it's a it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological it's a it's a it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological it's a it's a it's part of
+how layered his character is even from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how layered his character is even from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how layered his character is even from
+the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning
+and max's comments about the reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and max's comments about the reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and max's comments about the reasons for
+why jensen is having problems talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why jensen is having problems talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why jensen is having problems talking
+but has to come up with some reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has to come up with some reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has to come up with some reason to
+explain his nervousness and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain his nervousness and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain his nervousness and then of
+course comes up with this with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course comes up with this with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course comes up with this with the with
+the most persuasive and plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most persuasive and plausible
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most persuasive and plausible
+explanation of all a true explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of all a true explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of all a true explanation
+which is all of us are nervous when cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all of us are nervous when cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all of us are nervous when cops
+come up to us and say hey what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to us and say hey what are you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to us and say hey what are you
+doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what this suggests is that even from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this suggests is that even from the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this suggests is that even from the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the show had a kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological complexity at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+that was unusual for its era but again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was unusual for its era but again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was unusual for its era but again i
+don't want to exaggerate i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to exaggerate i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to exaggerate i don't want to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this too far because
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+it is not the case that every episode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not the case that every episode of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not the case that every episode of
+the fugitive was an astonishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fugitive was an astonishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+complex rich work of art very often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex rich work of art very often the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+plots were implausible very often there
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+scenes of violence or or unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes of violence or or unnecessary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes of violence or or unnecessary
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+energetic adventure action-adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic adventure action-adventure
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic adventure action-adventure
+kinds of kinds of scenes and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kinds of scenes and sometimes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kinds of scenes and sometimes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielded to certain other kinds of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielded to certain other kinds of common
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural fears but at its best it
+mobilized the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized the kinds of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized the kinds of
+ambivalent complex feelings toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalent complex feelings toward
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalent complex feelings toward
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+human interactions that the sequence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+human interactions that the sequence
+we've just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just looked at
+um does and there's more to be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+about it though even especially in a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it though even especially in a
+technical sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical sense
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical sense
+first sergeant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sergeant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+what i think the truly wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think the truly wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think the truly wonderful thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that it seems to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that it seems to me the
+refreshing thing with kimball is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing thing with kimball is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing thing with kimball is he's
+such a modest character um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for characters to have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that manifested aggressively in some way
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+ align:start position:0%
+that manifested aggressively in some way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifested aggressively in some way
+and kimball when you look at him talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kimball when you look at him talking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kimball when you look at him talking
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+ align:start position:0%
+he's just kind of trying to reason his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+way out of the situation
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out of the situation
+and there's very few characters even on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's very few characters even on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's very few characters even on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime time right now i can think who
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+ align:start position:0%
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+have that quality it's jim rockford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that quality it's jim rockford and
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+have that quality it's jim rockford and
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+bill cosby have that quality but very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+think that's a very interesting comment
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+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a very interesting comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a very interesting comment
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there are other examples but i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there are other examples but i
+think you're right that there's a
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+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right that there's a
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+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right that there's a
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+ align:start position:0%
+there's a vulnerability and a a
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+ align:start position:0%
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+non-violent quality to the to jensen and
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+ align:start position:0%
+non-violent quality to the to jensen and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-violent quality to the to jensen and
+in fact he carried these qualities over
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+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he carried these qualities over
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he carried these qualities over
+into the wonderful detective series that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wonderful detective series that
+he appeared in in the early 70s harry oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he appeared in in the early 70s harry oh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he appeared in in the early 70s harry oh
+where he played he played a detective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he played he played a detective
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he played he played a detective
+who was profoundly non-violent uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was profoundly non-violent uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was profoundly non-violent uh and
+who like rockford got his way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like rockford got his way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like rockford got his way by
+wheedling and by and by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheedling and by and by uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh personal interactions rather than by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh personal interactions rather than by
+rather rather than by physical uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather rather than by physical uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather rather than by physical uh uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength by beating people over the head
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength by beating people over the head
+and so forth and and i think it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and and i think it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and and i think it is a
+quality that's characteristic of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality that's characteristic of of of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+this actor that he that and we do feel
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strongly i think in this fragment yes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strongly i think in this fragment yes
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+ align:start position:0%
+in the back
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back
+um i don't really think that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't really think that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't really think that being
+non-violent or being modest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-violent or being modest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-violent or being modest is
+something that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um
+necessarily adds to the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily adds to the you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily adds to the you know
+artistic nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic nature
+of the character or the series i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the character or the series i think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the character or the series i think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know there are a lot of works that
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+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are a lot of works that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are a lot of works that
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+ align:start position:0%
+are very ultra violent that are just as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very ultra violent that are just as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't think the implication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think the implication of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think the implication of
+sergeant's comment i certainly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sergeant's comment i certainly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sergeant's comment i certainly no
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention of my comment to say that that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+there were there was some reason to
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+believe that uh that uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+that that characters like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+jansen or or the characters or the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen or or the characters or the
+character played by jim rockford were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character played by jim rockford were uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+character played by jim rockford were uh
+inevitably superior to the to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably superior to the to the more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably superior to the to the more
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+ align:start position:0%
+to the more active characters but i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more active characters but i
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+something to be said for the idea that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be said for the idea that
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+macho tradition of action adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macho tradition of action adventure
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+macho tradition of action adventure
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to create a situation in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to create a situation in which the
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+ align:start position:0%
+hero is valued for his ability to smash
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero is valued for his ability to smash
+people's faces in instead right uh and
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+ align:start position:0%
+people's faces in instead right uh and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's faces in instead right uh and
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+ align:start position:0%
+one could see it in the movies very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could see it in the movies very
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+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully uh uh in the sort of the sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully uh uh in the sort of the sort
+of the sort of rambo type hero i think
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+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of rambo type hero i think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of rambo type hero i think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could mount a very strenuous
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could mount a very strenuous
+argument for the idea that the rambo
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+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the idea that the rambo
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the idea that the rambo
+type hero is is a contemptible kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type hero is is a contemptible kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type hero is is a contemptible kind of
+kind of uh ideal to hold up uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh ideal to hold up uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh ideal to hold up uh as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be uh admired or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be uh admired or or or
+or imitated you solve problems by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imitated you solve problems by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imitated you solve problems by
+violence you uh you're profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence you uh you're profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence you uh you're profoundly
+inarticulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inarticulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inarticulate
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+years ago i uh there was an article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago i uh there was an article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago i uh there was an article in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new york times about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new york times about the
+this is a comic parenthesis that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a comic parenthesis that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a comic parenthesis that some of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be amused by there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be amused by there was an
+article in the new york times about the
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+ align:start position:0%
+article in the new york times about the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in the new york times about the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh importance of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh importance of
+the rambo type uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+the rambo type uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rambo type uh
+movies and especially about what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and especially about what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and especially about what's the
+name of the star who plays rambo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the star who plays rambo
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the star who plays rambo
+sylvester stallone and and it was partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvester stallone and and it was partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvester stallone and and it was partly
+about stallone and the author of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stallone and the author of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stallone and the author of the
+article called a number of film and
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+ align:start position:0%
+article called a number of film and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+article called a number of film and
+media scholars around the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media scholars around the country and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+media scholars around the country and
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+asked for their input and
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+kind of
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+action-adventure
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+ align:start position:0%
+program very powerfully but i was called
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+as one of the media experts and i mainly
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+said i would i thought that rambo was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i would i thought that rambo was a
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+ align:start position:0%
+contemptible ideal and that in fact
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemptible ideal and that in fact
+there was a deep sense in which he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a deep sense in which he was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a deep sense in which he was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-intellectual figure because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-intellectual figure because he
+he was hostile to our he was hustled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was hostile to our he was hustled to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was hostile to our he was hustled to
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+ align:start position:0%
+words he was his inarticulateness went
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+to the point of even seeming to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point of even seeming to
+celebrate a form of unthinkingness after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate a form of unthinkingness after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate a form of unthinkingness after
+the article appeared so i attacked him i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article appeared so i attacked him i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article appeared so i attacked him i
+was almost the only uh there must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost the only uh there must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost the only uh there must have
+been a half a dozen media scholars who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a half a dozen media scholars who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a half a dozen media scholars who
+were quoted it was a very long article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quoted it was a very long article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quoted it was a very long article
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i about about three weeks after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i about about three weeks after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i about about three weeks after the
+article appeared i received a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article appeared i received a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article appeared i received a letter
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+sylvester stallone in which he said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvester stallone in which he said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvester stallone in which he said in
+which he said i want to thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he said i want to thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he said i want to thank you for
+understanding me so deeply it's so nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding me so deeply it's so nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding me so deeply it's so nice
+when a literary critic understands my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a literary critic understands my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a literary critic understands my
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i thought that was a confirmation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that was a confirmation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that was a confirmation of the
+fact that he couldn't read or that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he couldn't read or that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he couldn't read or that his
+agent had made a mistake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent had made a mistake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent had made a mistake and
+misaddressed the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaddressed the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaddressed the letter
+because this might have been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this might have been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this might have been an
+appropriate response to one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate response to one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate response to one of the other
+people who had commented on him but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had commented on him but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had commented on him but i
+was very negative about what he stood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very negative about what he stood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very negative about what he stood
+for but go ahead come back well i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but go ahead come back well i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but go ahead come back well i just
+think that you know that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know that the the
+position that you take has been pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that you take has been pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that you take has been pretty
+popular over the past couple years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular over the past couple years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular over the past couple years that
+you know that this sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this sort of you know
+super strong um embodiment of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super strong um embodiment of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super strong um embodiment of physical
+bravery is and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery is and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery is and sort of
+anti-intellectualism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-intellectualism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-intellectualism
+that this is sort of contemptible but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is sort of contemptible but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is sort of contemptible but i
+don't think i don't think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think i don't think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think i don't think that that's
+really true and i don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true and i don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true and i don't think that
+even now that we're seeing that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now that we're seeing that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now that we're seeing that that is
+a valid point of view especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid point of view especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid point of view especially in
+light of september 11th when you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of september 11th when you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of september 11th when you didn't
+have yale professors running down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yale professors running down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yale professors running down to the
+world trade center you had physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world trade center you had physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world trade center you had physical
+bravery like inarticulate stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery like inarticulate stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery like inarticulate stupid
+firefighters and policemen running down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighters and policemen running down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighters and policemen running down
+there and being not contemptible valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and being not contemptible valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and being not contemptible valid
+heroes well i don't why are you calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes well i don't why are you calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes well i don't why are you calling
+firemen inarticulate and stupid i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firemen inarticulate and stupid i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firemen inarticulate and stupid i mean
+do you have evidence for that i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have evidence for that i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have evidence for that i mean
+the firemen and cops i know are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firemen and cops i know are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firemen and cops i know are not
+always inarticulate and stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always inarticulate and stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always inarticulate and stupid
+the issue is not whether physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is not whether physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is not whether physical
+bravery is admirable right and i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery is admirable right and i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery is admirable right and i mean
+you're misunderstanding me if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're misunderstanding me if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're misunderstanding me if you think
+i'm suggesting that physical bravery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm suggesting that physical bravery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm suggesting that physical bravery is
+itself something contemptible but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself something contemptible but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself something contemptible but have
+you ever seen a rambo film that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever seen a rambo film that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever seen a rambo film that's not
+about physical bravery that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physical bravery that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physical bravery that's about
+that's about insane absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about insane absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about insane absolutely
+inconceivable survival against machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable survival against machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable survival against machine
+guns and bombs he's not a he's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns and bombs he's not a he's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns and bombs he's not a he's not a
+real he's not he's not even a remotely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real he's not he's not even a remotely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real he's not he's not even a remotely
+plausible character i mean i mean he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible character i mean i mean he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible character i mean i mean he
+survived he survives uh a nuclear he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived he survives uh a nuclear he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived he survives uh a nuclear he
+could survive a nuclear explosion given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could survive a nuclear explosion given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could survive a nuclear explosion given
+you know what what that what and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what that what and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what that what and of
+course it what it what what the rambo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it what it what what the rambo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it what it what what the rambo
+films and films like them celebrate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and films like them celebrate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and films like them celebrate is
+not physical bravery exactly though what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical bravery exactly though what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical bravery exactly though what
+they what they what they what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they what they what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they what they what they
+celebrate is the is is solving problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate is the is is solving problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate is the is is solving problems
+through force uh and and uh they create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through force uh and and uh they create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through force uh and and uh they create
+they they create a notion of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they create a notion of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they create a notion of a kind of
+superhuman power to survive uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superhuman power to survive uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superhuman power to survive uh uh you
+know machine guns and other and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know machine guns and other and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know machine guns and other and and and
+other kinds of uh violent attacks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of uh violent attacks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of uh violent attacks that
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+actually vulnerable real human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vulnerable real human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vulnerable real human being
+could survive it's no part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could survive it's no part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could survive it's no part of the
+argument that i've been making and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that i've been making and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that i've been making and it
+was not implied in anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not implied in anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not implied in anything that
+sergeant said that to value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intelligence and to value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and to value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and to value
+gentleness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleness
+is to denigrate physical courage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to denigrate physical courage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to denigrate physical courage that
+doesn't follow and so i mean i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't follow and so i mean i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't follow and so i mean i don't
+think you're being fair i mean and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're being fair i mean and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're being fair i mean and i
+agree with you that physical courage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you that physical courage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you that physical courage is
+something to admire and is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to admire and is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to admire and is something
+valuable in fact in this series the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable in fact in this series the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable in fact in this series the
+jansen character shows physical courage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen character shows physical courage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen character shows physical courage
+many times but he never shows an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times but he never shows an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times but he never shows an impulse
+to sort of beat up on people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of beat up on people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of beat up on people because
+it's fun to beat up on them and he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun to beat up on them and he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun to beat up on them and he never
+shows an impulse to sort of uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows an impulse to sort of uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows an impulse to sort of uh use
+physical force when there are other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical force when there are other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical force when there are other ways
+of dealing with a problem he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with a problem he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with a problem he's
+incredibly reluctant to use physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly reluctant to use physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly reluctant to use physical
+force uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force uh
+that seems to me a much more admirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to me a much more admirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to me a much more admirable
+and heroic position than the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heroic position than the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heroic position than the position
+that says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay
+when in doubt throw a punch when in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt throw a punch when in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt throw a punch when in
+doubt pull your machine gun out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt pull your machine gun out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt pull your machine gun out right
+and that's what we're quarreling against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're quarreling against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're quarreling against
+i mean i think you're right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i think you're right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i think you're right about
+physical courage and if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical courage and if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical courage and if you remember
+my man romano said something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my man romano said something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my man romano said something about that
+when he was here talking about what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was here talking about what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was here talking about what he
+thinks has happened after september 11th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks has happened after september 11th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks has happened after september 11th
+talking about how the values of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how the values of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how the values of physical
+courage seem to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage seem to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage seem to be uh
+you know more available to us more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more available to us more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more available to us more more
+obvious more obviously worth thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious more obviously worth thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious more obviously worth thinking
+about but the only place with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but the only place with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but the only place with
+where i would disagree with him is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i would disagree with him is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i would disagree with him is to
+suggest that it has never been the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that it has never been the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that it has never been the case
+that american popular entertainment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that american popular entertainment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that american popular entertainment has
+been short on violence or short on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been short on violence or short on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been short on violence or short on
+physical courage where it has fallen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical courage where it has fallen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical courage where it has fallen
+short is in dramatizing forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short is in dramatizing forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short is in dramatizing forms of
+gentleness forms of especially in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleness forms of especially in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleness forms of especially in the in
+the mail genres in the action-adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mail genres in the action-adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mail genres in the action-adventure
+genres so it's reasonable to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres so it's reasonable to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres so it's reasonable to recognize
+this as a significant quality in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a significant quality in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a significant quality in in the
+janssen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janssen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janssen
+in the in the gents and performance yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the gents and performance yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the gents and performance yes
+robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robin
+what's your microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your microphone
+it represents a complexity of character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a complexity of character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a complexity of character
+that you don't see in a character that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't see in a character that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't see in a character that
+may only emphasize one one side be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may only emphasize one one side be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may only emphasize one one side be its
+strength or you know it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength or you know it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength or you know it's like the
+vulnerability offers a chance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability offers a chance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability offers a chance for
+elimination you know within the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you know within the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you know within the dialogue
+that you wouldn't get from a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't get from a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't get from a character
+who who represents only only one side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who represents only only one side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who represents only only one side of
+of that spectrum from strength to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that spectrum from strength to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that spectrum from strength to kind
+of gentleness so i think that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gentleness so i think that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gentleness so i think that you know
+sanji's examples of rockford and crosby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanji's examples of rockford and crosby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanji's examples of rockford and crosby
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and jensen in this case they all offer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jensen in this case they all offer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jensen in this case they all offer a
+rich complexity of character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich complexity of character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich complexity of character
+right that i think that lends itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that i think that lends itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that i think that lends itself to
+the narrative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative that
+guides the narrative really right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides the narrative really right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides the narrative really right right
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+i was just sort of wondering how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just sort of wondering how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just sort of wondering how
+this conversation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation is
+is um is is sort of complicated by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is is sort of complicated by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is is sort of complicated by um
+characters like sipowitz on nypd blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters like sipowitz on nypd blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters like sipowitz on nypd blue
+and shows like the sopranos which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows like the sopranos which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows like the sopranos which had
+which which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which uh
+which seems i don't know if they rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems i don't know if they rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems i don't know if they rely
+heavily on violence but they have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily on violence but they have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily on violence but they have but
+they definitely include and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they definitely include and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they definitely include and they do
+realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+they haven't heard of the show but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't heard of the show but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't heard of the show but are
+also very complex and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very complex and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very complex and very
+very that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's true
+and i i look i think you're pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i look i think you're pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i look i think you're pointing
+you're pointing to something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pointing to something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pointing to something very
+important which is that the treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which is that the treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which is that the treatment of
+violence itself how violence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence itself how violence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence itself how violence is
+understood and dramatized is the crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and dramatized is the crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and dramatized is the crucial
+question it's not as if violence per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's not as if violence per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's not as if violence per se
+is something one would never want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something one would never want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something one would never want to see
+in popular entertainment but how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in popular entertainment but how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in popular entertainment but how the
+violence is dealt with how violence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence is dealt with how violence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence is dealt with how violence is
+understood uh is the crucial question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh is the crucial question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh is the crucial question
+and you're mentioning sipowicz for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're mentioning sipowicz for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're mentioning sipowicz for the
+hero of what television program still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero of what television program still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero of what television program still
+running nypd blue one which in its early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running nypd blue one which in its early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running nypd blue one which in its early
+days it's it's been running for a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it's it's been running for a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it's it's been running for a number
+of years now when it first appeared i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years now when it first appeared i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years now when it first appeared i
+think was one of the subtlest and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was one of the subtlest and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was one of the subtlest and most
+powerful shows on television and it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful shows on television and it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful shows on television and it and
+in some of its early episodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of its early episodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of its early episodes
+among its most interesting subjects was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among its most interesting subjects was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among its most interesting subjects was
+exactly the question of the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the question of the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the question of the relationship
+between of the cops responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of the cops responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of the cops responsibility
+toward the question of violence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the question of violence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the question of violence and
+there were actually some very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were actually some very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were actually some very powerful
+episodes in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes in which
+the the protagonists of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the protagonists of the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the protagonists of the program
+would as they put it tune up a witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would as they put it tune up a witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would as they put it tune up a witness
+let's say they take the win and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they take the win and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they take the win and they
+they threaten him with violence they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they threaten him with violence they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they threaten him with violence they
+they might even knock him around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might even knock him around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might even knock him around a
+little bit but they certainly threaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but they certainly threaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but they certainly threaten
+him with horrendous violence to force a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him with horrendous violence to force a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him with horrendous violence to force a
+confession from him and there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confession from him and there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confession from him and there in the
+early episodes in the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early episodes in the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early episodes in the first couple of
+seasons when this happened there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasons when this happened there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasons when this happened there was
+actually a kind of discussion of it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a kind of discussion of it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a kind of discussion of it a
+debate about it and and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about it and and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about it and and uh uh the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the cops who did it the police who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cops who did it the police who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cops who did it the police who did
+it obviously were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it obviously were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it obviously were
+were aware of the extent to which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aware of the extent to which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aware of the extent to which they
+were transgressing certain boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were transgressing certain boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were transgressing certain boundaries
+that were inappropriate to transgress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were inappropriate to transgress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were inappropriate to transgress
+and they felt and they said well i do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they felt and they said well i do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they felt and they said well i do it
+very but they acknowledge that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very but they acknowledge that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very but they acknowledge that they did
+it but they said i'll do it very rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but they said i'll do it very rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but they said i'll do it very rarely
+i hate to do it i know i'm violating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate to do it i know i'm violating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate to do it i know i'm violating the
+constitution one of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitution one of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitution one of the interesting
+things that's happened to american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's happened to american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's happened to american
+television to violence in the cop shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television to violence in the cop shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television to violence in the cop shows
+on american television in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on american television in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on american television in the last
+five or six years and certainly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six years and certainly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six years and certainly in the
+last couple of years has been this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of years has been this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of years has been this kind
+of violence has become much more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of violence has become much more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of violence has become much more common
+and the cops haven't apologized for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cops haven't apologized for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cops haven't apologized for it
+uh and in fact uh this has happened on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact uh this has happened on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact uh this has happened on
+nypd blue where where it is now a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nypd blue where where it is now a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nypd blue where where it is now a kind
+of co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of co
+in the in the in a recent episode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in a recent episode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in a recent episode of
+nypd blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nypd blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nypd blue
+which was broadcast after the september
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was broadcast after the september
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was broadcast after the september
+11th catastrophe they have one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th catastrophe they have one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th catastrophe they have one of the
+cops lean over a witness and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops lean over a witness and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops lean over a witness and say
+a lot's happened recently it was clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot's happened recently it was clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot's happened recently it was clearly
+an allusion to september 11th and i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allusion to september 11th and i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allusion to september 11th and i got
+no more patience we're busy we got other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more patience we're busy we got other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more patience we're busy we got other
+things on our mind you better confess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on our mind you better confess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on our mind you better confess
+and the guy doesn't want to confess him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guy doesn't want to confess him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guy doesn't want to confess him
+this man was twice as big as the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man was twice as big as the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man was twice as big as the witness
+grabs him by the throat and seems as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs him by the throat and seems as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs him by the throat and seems as if
+he's about to choke him to death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's about to choke him to death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's about to choke him to death and
+forces a confession out of him but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces a confession out of him but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces a confession out of him but in
+that episode there's no apology for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that episode there's no apology for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that episode there's no apology for it
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+i'm not sure how we would read that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure how we would read that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure how we would read that i
+mean we might read it simply as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we might read it simply as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we might read it simply as a
+revelation of the way in which certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation of the way in which certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation of the way in which certain
+police behave and not act as if maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police behave and not act as if maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police behave and not act as if maybe
+well maybe the program is not endorsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe the program is not endorsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe the program is not endorsing
+such behavior but i think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such behavior but i think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such behavior but i think that's a
+stretch i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch i think
+and i think one of the issues that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think one of the issues that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think one of the issues that has
+always been implicit in in american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been implicit in in american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been implicit in in american
+forms of popular entertainment not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of popular entertainment not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of popular entertainment not just
+television but the movies as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television but the movies as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television but the movies as well
+with regard to violence has been the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to violence has been the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to violence has been the way
+in which violence committed by figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which violence committed by figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which violence committed by figures
+of authority is taken to be legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authority is taken to be legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authority is taken to be legitimate
+or valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or valid
+and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that
+distinguished the early episodes of nypd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished the early episodes of nypd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished the early episodes of nypd
+blue was the way it probably it put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue was the way it probably it put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue was the way it probably it put that
+into question it problematized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into question it problematized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into question it problematized that
+issue it dramatized that question uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it dramatized that question uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it dramatized that question uh it
+was a wonderful early episode in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a wonderful early episode in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a wonderful early episode in which
+the uh uh the one of the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh the one of the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh the one of the lead
+protagonists uh david caruso who left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists uh david caruso who left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists uh david caruso who left
+the show after a couple of years has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show after a couple of years has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show after a couple of years has a
+has a a young cop a kind of neophyte cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a young cop a kind of neophyte cop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a young cop a kind of neophyte cop
+who's his partner who's just learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's his partner who's just learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's his partner who's just learning
+the ropes and the young cop is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ropes and the young cop is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ropes and the young cop is full of
+idealism and he sees the caruso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism and he sees the caruso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism and he sees the caruso
+character tune up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character tune up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character tune up
+a a suspect and they get into a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a suspect and they get into a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a suspect and they get into a kind of
+argument about it and the caruso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about it and the caruso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about it and the caruso
+character then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character then
+expresses essentially the ambivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses essentially the ambivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses essentially the ambivalence
+i've described earlier that seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've described earlier that seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've described earlier that seems to me
+a much richer and more honorable way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much richer and more honorable way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much richer and more honorable way to
+deal with that question than simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that question than simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that question than simply to
+act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+to dramatize scenes in which you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dramatize scenes in which you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dramatize scenes in which you see the
+police threatening witnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police threatening witnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police threatening witnesses
+until they confess and it's a recurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they confess and it's a recurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they confess and it's a recurring
+issue on nypd blue as well as certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue on nypd blue as well as certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue on nypd blue as well as certain
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh cop shows as well the so the the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cop shows as well the so the the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cop shows as well the so the the and
+so therefore to sort of try to put at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore to sort of try to put at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore to sort of try to put at
+least a momentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a momentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a momentary
+conclus closure on this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclus closure on this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclus closure on this question
+although it's something i hope we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's something i hope we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's something i hope we'll
+come back to uh before our semester is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to uh before our semester is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to uh before our semester is
+over the the question of violence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the question of violence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the question of violence in
+general and specifically the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and specifically the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and specifically the question of
+violent activity uh not necessarily gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent activity uh not necessarily gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent activity uh not necessarily gun
+fighting but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting but but
+especially physical violence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand-to-hand combat kinds of violence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-to-hand combat kinds of violence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-to-hand combat kinds of violence on
+american police shows is a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american police shows is a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american police shows is a critical
+question and you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and you can actually see
+alterations in the pro in the attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alterations in the pro in the attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alterations in the pro in the attitude
+of programs toward this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs toward this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs toward this question
+roughly calibrated roughly correlated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly calibrated roughly correlated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly calibrated roughly correlated to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+larger society's attitude toward these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger society's attitude toward these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger society's attitude toward these
+kinds of questions so in eras when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions so in eras when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions so in eras when the
+society is very impatient with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is very impatient with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is very impatient with
+with with uh dvd what it imagines to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with uh dvd what it imagines to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with uh dvd what it imagines to be
+deviant behavior or when it feels under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant behavior or when it feels under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant behavior or when it feels under
+under attack as we do now there often is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack as we do now there often is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack as we do now there often is
+a spate of of of programs that begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spate of of of programs that begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spate of of of programs that begin to
+celebrate forms of violence by authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate forms of violence by authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate forms of violence by authority
+and i i predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i predict
+that you're going to see that now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see that now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see that now that
+that the cop shows and the spy shows on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cop shows and the spy shows on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cop shows and the spy shows on
+television are going to increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television are going to increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television are going to increasingly
+show a kind of righteous violence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a kind of righteous violence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a kind of righteous violence
+against malefactors which will express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against malefactors which will express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against malefactors which will express
+presumably psychologically somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably psychologically somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably psychologically somehow
+america's resentment and anger over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america's resentment and anger over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america's resentment and anger over over
+the attack against it uh but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attack against it uh but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attack against it uh but but
+such behavior by uh by the popular media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such behavior by uh by the popular media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such behavior by uh by the popular media
+of a country is part of of a much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a country is part of of a much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a country is part of of a much larger
+cultural process that i hope our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural process that i hope our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural process that i hope our
+discussion in this course has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in this course has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in this course has at least
+helped to begin to illuminate look let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to begin to illuminate look let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to begin to illuminate look let's
+come back one more thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back one more thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back one more thing about this
+that this fragment of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this fragment of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this fragment of of uh
+the fugitive that you've not mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fugitive that you've not mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fugitive that you've not mentioned
+although it's been implicit in what some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's been implicit in what some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's been implicit in what some
+of you have said what about the space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have said what about the space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have said what about the space in
+which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the
+film is the film in which the drama is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is the film in which the drama is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is the film in which the drama is
+enacted now to me that's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enacted now to me that's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enacted now to me that's one of the most
+significant sort of television facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant sort of television facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant sort of television facts
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+in other words remember one way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words remember one way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words remember one way if
+you're trying to evaluate a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to evaluate a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to evaluate a pro
+if you're trying to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to evaluate
+a narrative text of any sort whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narrative text of any sort whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narrative text of any sort whether
+you're looking in the print medium or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking in the print medium or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking in the print medium or in
+the or in a audio visual medium or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or in a audio visual medium or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or in a audio visual medium or or
+you're talking about an oral narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an oral narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an oral narrative
+if you're trying to evaluate a narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to evaluate a narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to evaluate a narrative
+text there are at least two basic large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text there are at least two basic large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text there are at least two basic large
+territories you need to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories you need to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories you need to pay attention to
+large problems or questions one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large problems or questions one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large problems or questions one is
+substantive has to do with the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantive has to do with the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantive has to do with the content
+how complex how rich how honorable how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how complex how rich how honorable how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how complex how rich how honorable how
+how careful how plausible how serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how careful how plausible how serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how careful how plausible how serious
+the content is right in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content is right in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content is right in other words the
+kind the substance what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind the substance what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind the substance what the what the
+story is about you measure that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is about you measure that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is about you measure that in some
+degree against your sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree against your sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree against your sense of the
+complexity of the world and you say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the world and you say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the world and you say look
+if the text is a complete reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the text is a complete reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the text is a complete reduction of
+everything we know about reality it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we know about reality it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we know about reality it's
+limited in certain ways but if in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in certain ways but if in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in certain ways but if in some
+ways the text reflects something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the text reflects something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the text reflects something of
+reality is complexity something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is complexity something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is complexity something of
+reality is reality then we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is reality then we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is reality then we say well
+that's that's a virtue that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a virtue that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a virtue that's a good
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so there's a substantive dimension like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a substantive dimension like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a substantive dimension like
+what we might think of in a narrow sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might think of in a narrow sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might think of in a narrow sense
+as the content right then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the content right then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the content right then there's a
+technical or structural or formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical or structural or formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical or structural or formal
+dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+and on the best texts of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the best texts of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the best texts of course they
+always have something to do with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have something to do with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have something to do with each
+other and the formal decisions reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the formal decisions reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the formal decisions reinforce
+and strengthen the content and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strengthen the content and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strengthen the content and when you
+discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that
+you're discovering one of the marks of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discovering one of the marks of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discovering one of the marks of a
+work of art a work of art is an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art a work of art is an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art a work of art is an act of
+intelligence and active intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and active intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and active intelligence
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+intelligence would would dictate that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence would would dictate that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence would would dictate that if
+you're working in a particular medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in a particular medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in a particular medium
+you should know how the medium functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know how the medium functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know how the medium functions
+and you should exploit the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should exploit the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should exploit the particular
+natures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natures of the
+particular nature of the medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nature of the medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nature of the medium and
+avoid doing things that the medium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid doing things that the medium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid doing things that the medium is
+not so good at right so that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good at right so that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good at right so that if you're
+making a television program you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a television program you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a television program you don't
+really try to do the sinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to do the sinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to do the sinking of the
+titanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanic
+right which they did in the era of live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which they did in the era of live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which they did in the era of live
+television because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television because
+for obvious reasons not just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for obvious reasons not just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for obvious reasons not just that the
+television screen is small and down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television screen is small and down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television screen is small and down but
+for all kinds of technical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all kinds of technical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all kinds of technical reasons
+having to do with the nature of the sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the nature of the sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the nature of the sets
+on which the television program had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which the television program had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which the television program had to
+be filmed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be filmed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be filmed and
+uh had to be broadcast the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had to be broadcast the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had to be broadcast the fact that it
+was live so you couldn't correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was live so you couldn't correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was live so you couldn't correct
+glitches and if it was live on a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches and if it was live on a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches and if it was live on a sound
+stage how could you actually recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage how could you actually recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage how could you actually recreate
+anything like the complexity compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like the complexity compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like the complexity compare
+that singing of the titanic television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that singing of the titanic television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that singing of the titanic television
+program if you could ever see it i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if you could ever see it i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if you could ever see it i don't
+even know know if kinescopes of it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know know if kinescopes of it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know know if kinescopes of it are
+available i don't think they exist i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available i don't think they exist i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available i don't think they exist i
+think the show is gone but there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the show is gone but there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the show is gone but there are a
+lot of descriptions of it remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of descriptions of it remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of descriptions of it remember i
+mentioned to you that it was broadcast a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you that it was broadcast a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you that it was broadcast a
+second time was such a success that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time was such a success that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time was such a success that was
+broadcast the second time two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the second time two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the second time two weeks
+later compare that to the recent titanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later compare that to the recent titanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later compare that to the recent titanic
+movie and you can get some silly as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and you can get some silly as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and you can get some silly as that
+movie was it was extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was it was extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was it was extraordinarily
+plausible as a as a visual experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible as a as a visual experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible as a as a visual experience
+wasn't it and that that had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it and that that had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it and that that had to do with
+that the movies are made for that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the movies are made for that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the movies are made for that sort
+of large-scale epic expansiveness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large-scale epic expansiveness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large-scale epic expansiveness right
+so from that technical standpoint what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that technical standpoint what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that technical standpoint what
+observations could we make about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations could we make about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations could we make about the
+epis about this fragment of the episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epis about this fragment of the episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epis about this fragment of the episode
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+i was thinking about what wally said how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking about what wally said how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking about what wally said how
+it was building tension between going um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was building tension between going um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was building tension between going um
+between uh the characters pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the characters pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the characters pretty quickly
+um and i was thinking about how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i was thinking about how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i was thinking about how they're
+using close-up um very effectively yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using close-up um very effectively yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using close-up um very effectively yes
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+jansen character you can um you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jansen character you can um you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+isn't it i didn't say that though
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+taxi cabs or hospital rooms or small but
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+
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+i also do not want to deny the fact that
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+
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+the dominant genres that have developed
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+
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+the dominant genres that have developed
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+
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+on television are interior genres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television are interior genres
+they're hospital stories and situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hospital stories and situation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hospital stories and situation
+comedies they take place in domestic
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+ align:start position:0%
+comedies they take place in domestic
+ 
+
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+comedies they take place in domestic
+spaces they're they're urban crime
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+spaces they're they're urban crime
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+
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+spaces they're they're urban crime
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+
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+narrowing tunneling spaces of of our
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+
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+narrowing tunneling spaces of of our
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+urban lives of urban life are more
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+photographed for the television screen
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+
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+than elsewhere so i think there is a
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+
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+than elsewhere so i think there is a
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+connection between the kinds of spaces
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+
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+connection between the kinds of spaces
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+
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+spaces that don't but i certainly
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+
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+spaces that don't but i certainly
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+wouldn't want to claim that every that
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+wouldn't want to claim that every that
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+a priori that we couldn't have a good
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priori that we couldn't have a good
+western i try to talk about some of
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+ align:start position:0%
+western i try to talk about some of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+western i try to talk about some of
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+ align:start position:0%
+those questions in the essay that i've
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+given you about lonesome dove where i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you about lonesome dove where i
+think there's a lot of dove is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot of dove is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot of dove is a
+remarkable in many ways very very nice
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+remarkable in many ways very very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable in many ways very very nice
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+ align:start position:0%
+film although it's imperfect it has many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+film although it's imperfect it has many
+wonderful things in it so so i i i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things in it so so i i i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things in it so so i i i don't
+mean to to to to uh articulate a kind of
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+ align:start position:0%
+mean to to to to uh articulate a kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to to to to uh articulate a kind of
+um
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+exclusionary aesthetic which says that
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+certain kinds of possibilities are
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+absolutely ruled out of course not and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely ruled out of course not and
+if that's your point i certainly agree i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's your point i certainly agree i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's your point i certainly agree i
+think it's an important corrective i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's an important corrective i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's an important corrective i
+could certainly imagine uh a television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly imagine uh a television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly imagine uh a television
+program on the reduced visual scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on the reduced visual scale of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+television that even dealt with aspects
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that even dealt with aspects
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+of expansiveness and largeness in a
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+
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+certain way although it would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way although it would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way although it would require
+great intelligence and tact and delicacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great intelligence and tact and delicacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great intelligence and tact and delicacy
+on the part of the director and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part of the director and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part of the director and the
+writer to make it work but i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer to make it work but i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer to make it work but i think it
+could certainly could happen and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly could happen and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly could happen and there
+are examples of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of it
+um uh especially it especially has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh especially it especially has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh especially it especially has to do
+with something we've mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something we've mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something we've mentioned before
+and i think you mentioned in an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you mentioned in an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you mentioned in an earlier
+class was anna which is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was anna which is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was anna which is that you can
+create a sense of expensiveness if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sense of expensiveness if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sense of expensiveness if you
+photograph in depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph in depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph in depth
+if you go back and forth what you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back and forth what you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back and forth what you can't
+do is try to create a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is try to create a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is try to create a primary
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+an exterior an external an outdoor drama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exterior an external an outdoor drama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exterior an external an outdoor drama
+that runs horizontally across the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs horizontally across the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs horizontally across the screen
+because the space is too small for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the space is too small for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the space is too small for that
+and you have a sense of how arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a sense of how arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a sense of how arbitrarily
+constricted it is in comparison to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constricted it is in comparison to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constricted it is in comparison to what
+happens when you watch the movies and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you watch the movies and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you watch the movies and so
+of course there are ways to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are ways to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are ways to do it and
+another thing that's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's involved
+which comes out in the jansen episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes out in the jansen episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes out in the jansen episode
+that we just looked at uh the fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just looked at uh the fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just looked at uh the fragment
+of the episode is that camera placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the episode is that camera placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the episode is that camera placement
+is very important not simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important not simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important not simply the
+physical environment but the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical environment but the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical environment but the way the
+camera is placed in relation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is placed in relation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is placed in relation to the
+action can often be a critical factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action can often be a critical factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action can often be a critical factor
+one last comment and we'll shift over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last comment and we'll shift over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last comment and we'll shift over to
+another clip yes um when you ask where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another clip yes um when you ask where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another clip yes um when you ask where
+does the you ask the question where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the you ask the question where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the you ask the question where does
+the action take place and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action take place and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action take place and the the
+response i want to give actually was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response i want to give actually was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response i want to give actually was on
+david jansen's face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david jansen's face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david jansen's face
+um in that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that what
+part of what's interesting about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's interesting about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's interesting about the
+scene is that because the camera spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene is that because the camera spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene is that because the camera spent
+so much time dwelling on kimball's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time dwelling on kimball's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time dwelling on kimball's
+facial expressions every little twitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial expressions every little twitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial expressions every little twitch
+that he has and every every sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has and every every sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has and every every sort of
+every fidget every like the decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every fidget every like the decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every fidget every like the decision to
+look between the two cops actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look between the two cops actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look between the two cops actually has
+some meaning yes and and the creepy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaning yes and and the creepy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaning yes and and the creepy
+thing is that the guy right next to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the guy right next to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the guy right next to him
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the
+i forgot what what his name right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forgot what what his name right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forgot what what his name right you
+mentioned him yeah he is he just all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned him yeah he is he just all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned him yeah he is he just all of
+his expressions seem to just sort of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his expressions seem to just sort of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his expressions seem to just sort of his
+face seems to melt into one expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face seems to melt into one expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face seems to melt into one expression
+and then seems to melt into the next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then seems to melt into the next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then seems to melt into the next and
+there's this kind of they their faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this kind of they their faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this kind of they their faces
+react so very differently uh and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react so very differently uh and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react so very differently uh and the one
+the one looks kind of unnatural and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one looks kind of unnatural and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one looks kind of unnatural and a
+sort of stagey effect whereas david i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stagey effect whereas david i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stagey effect whereas david i
+mean this kind of acting just wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this kind of acting just wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this kind of acting just wouldn't
+it wouldn't go over in a theater unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't go over in a theater unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't go over in a theater unless
+the theater were six people sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater were six people sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater were six people sitting in
+front of the stage um and it wouldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the stage um and it wouldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the stage um and it wouldn't it
+would work it would work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work it would work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work it would work very
+differently on a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently on a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently on a film
+for instance and so in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and so in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and so in this in this
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+every every nuance of his facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every nuance of his facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every nuance of his facial
+expression he has to be doing the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression he has to be doing the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression he has to be doing the kind
+of acting that had never been called for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acting that had never been called for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acting that had never been called for
+before but also i mean they they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but also i mean they they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but also i mean they they know
+how to take advantage of that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take advantage of that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take advantage of that and and
+this this drama one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this drama one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this drama one of the things we
+might say is that one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say is that one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say is that one of the things
+we're that wally's pointing attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're that wally's pointing attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're that wally's pointing attention to
+is what we might i don't know if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we might i don't know if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we might i don't know if i
+should actually use the word genre to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually use the word genre to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually use the word genre to
+describe what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what i want to
+point to because it's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to because it's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to because it's not in the
+narrowest in the narrow sense truly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowest in the narrow sense truly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowest in the narrow sense truly a
+genre but one of the things that wally's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre but one of the things that wally's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre but one of the things that wally's
+comments remind us of is the extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments remind us of is the extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments remind us of is the extent to
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+virtually all television programs create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all television programs create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all television programs create
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+gravitate toward a drama of the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitate toward a drama of the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitate toward a drama of the face
+a drama of the close-up so whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drama of the close-up so whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drama of the close-up so whether we're
+talking about all in the family or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all in the family or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all in the family or the
+fugitive or nypd blue what we find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive or nypd blue what we find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive or nypd blue what we find is
+that the moments of the moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moments of the moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moments of the moments of
+crisis and complexity on these programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and complexity on these programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and complexity on these programs
+are not universally not always but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not universally not always but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not universally not always but are
+very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often
+moments that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relative close-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative close-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative close-ups
+in which facial expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which facial expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which facial expression
+uh changes in facial expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+almost impossible to describe ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to describe ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to describe ways in
+which one's eyes can register meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's eyes can register meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's eyes can register meaning
+are exploited and explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exploited and explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exploited and explored
+and i mean one of the problems that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean one of the problems that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean one of the problems that this
+presents to someone trying to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents to someone trying to comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents to someone trying to comment on
+the medium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium is
+the area of criticism that is least well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of criticism that is least well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of criticism that is least well
+developed is is the area of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed is is the area of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed is is the area of performance
+criticism how you describe and evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism how you describe and evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism how you describe and evaluate
+an actor and what what what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor and what what what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor and what what what a
+performance involves and how you name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance involves and how you name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance involves and how you name
+the different parts of a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts of a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts of a performance
+remains a relatively underdeveloped area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a relatively underdeveloped area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a relatively underdeveloped area
+for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+critical discourse for obvious reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical discourse for obvious reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical discourse for obvious reasons
+uh but but it's but it's a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but it's but it's a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but it's but it's a crucial
+matter for understanding television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for understanding television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for understanding television
+there's a certain kind of performance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain kind of performance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain kind of performance a
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+a kind of nuanced and uh uh unphysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of nuanced and uh uh unphysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of nuanced and uh uh unphysical
+forms of performance that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of performance that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of performance that have to do
+with voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with voice and
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+the shape of one's eyebrows and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of one's eyebrows and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of one's eyebrows and the way
+and the expression on in one's eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expression on in one's eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expression on in one's eyes and
+so forth becomes a seminal sub-genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth becomes a seminal sub-genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth becomes a seminal sub-genre
+right the drama of the face on american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the drama of the face on american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the drama of the face on american
+on american television but let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on american television but let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on american television but let me uh
+so so part of the reason that i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so part of the reason that i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so part of the reason that i showed
+you this then was to remind you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this then was to remind you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this then was to remind you of the
+fact that there is significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there is significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there is significant
+um complexity even relatively early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um complexity even relatively early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um complexity even relatively early in
+the in the mediums history and one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the mediums history and one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the mediums history and one could
+go back into the 50s and and find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back into the 50s and and find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back into the 50s and and find some
+examples of this as well we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this as well we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this as well we don't want
+the historical model i'm offering you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical model i'm offering you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical model i'm offering you to
+be so oversimplified that we fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so oversimplified that we fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so oversimplified that we fall into
+the delusion of imagining that it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delusion of imagining that it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delusion of imagining that it's only
+after 1970 that good television appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 1970 that good television appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 1970 that good television appears
+not quite that we're not saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite that we're not saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite that we're not saying that
+we're saying something much uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying something much uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying something much uh less
+reductive than that that on balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive than that that on balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive than that that on balance
+right that the vast majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that the vast majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that the vast majority of the
+programs get better that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs get better that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs get better that
+that the range of subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the range of subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the range of subject matter
+enlarges that the programs become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarges that the programs become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarges that the programs become
+technically better in general over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically better in general over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically better in general over over
+this over this evolution but not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over this evolution but not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over this evolution but not that
+there can't be even in the very earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be even in the very earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be even in the very earliest
+moments remarkable and memorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments remarkable and memorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments remarkable and memorable
+achievements which is one reason i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements which is one reason i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements which is one reason i
+wanted to emphasize the honeymooners at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to emphasize the honeymooners at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to emphasize the honeymooners at
+an earlier part of the program because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier part of the program because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier part of the program because i
+think if we made a list of you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if we made a list of you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if we made a list of you know a
+hall of fame of television programs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall of fame of television programs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall of fame of television programs the
+honeymooners would be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeymooners would be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeymooners would be one of the
+first nominees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first nominees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first nominees
+okay so now let me show you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me show you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me show you something
+else uh to to dramatize now we'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh to to dramatize now we'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh to to dramatize now we'll move
+back to what where we chronologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what where we chronologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what where we chronologically
+have reached in our in our argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached in our in our argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached in our in our argument to
+the to the seventies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the seventies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the seventies um
+um and i'd like to show you a fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i'd like to show you a fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i'd like to show you a fragment
+of a program i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program i i
+i may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'd like to show you a fragment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to show you a fragment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to show you a fragment of a
+program and i may have to i may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and i may have to i may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and i may have to i may have to
+back it up slightly so bear with me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it up slightly so bear with me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it up slightly so bear with me uh
+and i want you to see if you can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to see if you can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to see if you can tell me
+hopefully you won't be able to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you won't be able to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you won't be able to see this
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come on machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but it wasn't a mistake it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but it wasn't a mistake it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but it wasn't a mistake it's
+i think this is what i want no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is what i want no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is what i want no that's
+not gene hackman that's a character who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gene hackman that's a character who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gene hackman that's a character who
+looks a little like him all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little like him all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little like him all right this
+is the this is where the scene begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+come on baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on baby
+let's get you to bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get you to bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get you to bed
+i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you awake enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a father and a daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marshall there isn't going to be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshall there isn't going to be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshall there isn't going to be enough
+money to send you to costa rica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an anthropology fellowship that she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anthropology fellowship that she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anthropology fellowship that she was
+hoping for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping for
+what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+revoked permission of my outside job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoked permission of my outside job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoked permission of my outside job
+because of a conflict of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a conflict of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a conflict of interest
+i could have had a full-time job with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have had a full-time job with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have had a full-time job with
+jerry pearl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerry pearl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerry pearl
+and quit the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he tried to hang on to both jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i gambled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i shot crap with your future and i lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't put yourself down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put yourself down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put yourself down
+i'm not it's what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not it's what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not it's what is
+when's the last time you bought yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's the last time you bought yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's the last time you bought yourself
+a new suit the hell does that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new suit the hell does that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new suit the hell does that have to do
+with anything has to do with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything has to do with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything has to do with the fact
+that there's no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no money
+and you have the right to live the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the right to live the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the right to live the kind
+of life you want to live you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life you want to live you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life you want to live you have the
+right to do what kind of work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to do what kind of work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to do what kind of work that's
+meaningful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you
+i know what it's like i know what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what it's like i know what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what it's like i know what it's
+like for you when the case starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you when the case starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you when the case starts to
+come together you get quiet and i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together you get quiet and i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together you get quiet and i can
+hear you buzzing inside it's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you grew up into a real perceptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you grew up into a real perceptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you grew up into a real perceptive
+humidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that makes me happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me happier
+i can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i'm disappointed in myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe i'm just a sucker for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'm just a sucker for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'm just a sucker for
+father-daughter scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father-daughter scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father-daughter scenes
+she reminds me a little of my daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she reminds me a little of my daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she reminds me a little of my daughter
+although my daughter's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although my daughter's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although my daughter's much more
+beautiful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful uh
+let me ask you a question about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you a question about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you a question about that
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+what kind of a what genre does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a what genre does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a what genre does this
+scene come from what what what if i if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene come from what what what if i if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene come from what what what if i if
+you had to guess could you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to guess could you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to guess could you tell
+i mean i don't think you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i don't think you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i don't think you can actually
+tell about where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about where do you
+what what what sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what sort of a
+this is from a television series of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a television series of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a television series of the
+70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+susanna knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no i was going to give the the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i was going to give the the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i was going to give the the answer
+which you're trying to elicit which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're trying to elicit which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're trying to elicit which is
+you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better
+if you wanted to classify this one hene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to classify this one hene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to classify this one hene
+into a genre it would be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a genre it would be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a genre it would be something like
+family drama or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family drama or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family drama or
+melodrama though i think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama though i think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama though i think it would be
+well yes some kind of domestic some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes some kind of domestic some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes some kind of domestic some kind
+of domestic melodrama right uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of domestic melodrama right uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of domestic melodrama right uh and and
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+i don't know if you'll actually be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you'll actually be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you'll actually be able
+to tell from the end unless you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell from the end unless you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell from the end unless you remember
+the program which had a very distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program which had a very distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program which had a very distinctive
+ending i'll let it play to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+eleven six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no water warrant roger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no water warrant roger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no water warrant roger
+388 388 see the woman a 4 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right it's a cop show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's the michael man who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the michael man who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the michael man who's the
+director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh michael mann was very this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh michael mann was very this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh michael mann was very this this
+program was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was called
+what was the precursor of the great cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the precursor of the great cop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the precursor of the great cop
+shows of the sev of of the later period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows of the sev of of the later period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows of the sev of of the later period
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of the 80s and beyond uh it was a show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 80s and beyond uh it was a show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 80s and beyond uh it was a show
+called police story and what i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called police story and what i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called police story and what i mean i
+think it's a very moving um human scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a very moving um human scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a very moving um human scene
+between a father and a daughter but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a father and a daughter but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a father and a daughter but i'm
+tr and you're right of course susanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr and you're right of course susanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr and you're right of course susanna
+that i was trying to elicit such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i was trying to elicit such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i was trying to elicit such a
+response what i was trying to dramatize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what i was trying to dramatize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what i was trying to dramatize
+was exactly the point that i had made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly the point that i had made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly the point that i had made it
+earlier about the way in which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about the way in which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about the way in which one
+tendency of television is to uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of television is to uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of television is to uh because
+of the nature of the medium uh in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature of the medium uh in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature of the medium uh in part
+uh is to move toward a kind of almost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is to move toward a kind of almost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is to move toward a kind of almost uh
+trans-generic treatment of intima of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-generic treatment of intima of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-generic treatment of intima of
+intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate
+scenery of intimate scenes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery of intimate scenes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery of intimate scenes of of
+dramatic interactions between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic interactions between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic interactions between a
+relatively small number of characters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small number of characters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small number of characters a
+reliance on close-ups uh and and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliance on close-ups uh and and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliance on close-ups uh and and most of
+all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+our reliance on what we might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reliance on what we might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reliance on what we might think of
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a drama of the emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drama of the emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drama of the emotions
+a melodramatic kind of a melodrama kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a melodramatic kind of a melodrama kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a melodramatic kind of a melodrama kind
+of kind of tendency uh and the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of tendency uh and the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of tendency uh and the the the
+fact is that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that that this
+cop show police story dealt with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop show police story dealt with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop show police story dealt with the
+ordinary kinds of subjects that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary kinds of subjects that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary kinds of subjects that that
+police dramas on television have always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police dramas on television have always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police dramas on television have always
+done with urban crime and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with urban crime and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with urban crime and with
+variations on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on on
+the problem of of keeping order in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of of keeping order in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of of keeping order in a
+complex city i think police story was i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex city i think police story was i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex city i think police story was i
+think set in los angeles uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think set in los angeles uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think set in los angeles uh
+uh it didn't have recurring characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it didn't have recurring characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it didn't have recurring characters
+however and it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however and it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however and it had
+it had something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had something of the
+of the psychological and audio-visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the psychological and audio-visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the psychological and audio-visual
+complexity of programs that came as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of programs that came as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of programs that came as much
+as a decade later the point about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a decade later the point about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a decade later the point about this
+scene however is that it might very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene however is that it might very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene however is that it might very well
+have been taken from a domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been taken from a domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been taken from a domestic
+melodrama from a medical show you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama from a medical show you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama from a medical show you really
+can't tell what genre it belongs to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell what genre it belongs to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell what genre it belongs to and
+it's a particularly dramatic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece of evidence for the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of evidence for the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of evidence for the notion that
+the drama of the face and the drama of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drama of the face and the drama of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drama of the face and the drama of
+human interaction is at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human interaction is at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human interaction is at the heart of
+what television fiction does regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what television fiction does regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what television fiction does regardless
+of what drama it's in not that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what drama it's in not that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what drama it's in not that there
+aren't variations among the genres but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't variations among the genres but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't variations among the genres but
+that but that the tendency of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that the tendency of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that the tendency of the of the
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+broader category that with the broadest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader category that with the broadest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader category that with the broadest
+category we might call television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we might call television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we might call television
+fiction is to move towards scenes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction is to move towards scenes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction is to move towards scenes of
+this sort because it's what the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort because it's what the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort because it's what the medium
+is capable of doing best it's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capable of doing best it's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capable of doing best it's what the
+medium is most powerful at at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium is most powerful at at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium is most powerful at at uh
+dramatizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizing
+uh you might did any of you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might did any of you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might did any of you recognize
+the actor i mean he's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actor i mean he's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actor i mean he's an interesting
+link between the movies and television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the movies and television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the movies and television
+his his he had a distinguished career as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his he had a distinguished career as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his he had a distinguished career as
+a child actor in the movies his name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child actor in the movies his name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child actor in the movies his name is
+jackie cooper he was a very famous child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackie cooper he was a very famous child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackie cooper he was a very famous child
+actor then had a minor career as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor then had a minor career as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor then had a minor career as an
+adult actor and then when television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult actor and then when television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult actor and then when television
+came around became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came around became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came around became a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+relatively successful director and actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively successful director and actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively successful director and actor
+on american television i think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on american television i think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on american television i think this is
+his greatest role on american television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his greatest role on american television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his greatest role on american television
+this sing this episode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sing this episode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sing this episode of
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+police story well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police story well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police story well
+let me remind you where we where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you where we where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you where we where we
+where we stand now uh we're sort of into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we stand now uh we're sort of into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we stand now uh we're sort of into
+the uh mature period of american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh mature period of american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh mature period of american
+television uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television uh
+i i i fell one episode short of one clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i i fell one episode short of one clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i i fell one episode short of one clip
+short of what i wanted to do for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of what i wanted to do for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of what i wanted to do for today
+so i'll pick up with that clip next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll pick up with that clip next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll pick up with that clip next time
+and what we're going to do now is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do now is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do now is is
+begin to explore in a more systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to explore in a more systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to explore in a more systematic
+way certain aspects of specific genres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way certain aspects of specific genres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way certain aspects of specific genres
+that we haven't had a chance to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't had a chance to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't had a chance to talk
+about we'll begin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll begin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll begin uh
+we'll begin by by saying some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin by by saying some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin by by saying some things
+about situation comedy and i'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about situation comedy and i'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about situation comedy and i'll show you
+a fragment of a situation comedy to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fragment of a situation comedy to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fragment of a situation comedy to sort
+of start the disc a fragment of the mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start the disc a fragment of the mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start the disc a fragment of the mary
+tyler moore show to start the discourse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyler moore show to start the discourse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyler moore show to start the discourse
+and then so so start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so so start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so so start thinking about
+situation comedy in a systematic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy in a systematic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy in a systematic way
+your experience of older and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience of older and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience of older and
+contemporary situation comedy in our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary situation comedy in our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary situation comedy in our our
+class on next tuesday when i hope we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on next tuesday when i hope we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on next tuesday when i hope we
+will finally have all your papers ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will finally have all your papers ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will finally have all your papers ready
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+will be devoted to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fRWCYq5qxL4.txt b/fRWCYq5qxL4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bcd3d48067fb59d6665359f2e474c7bc856cac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fRWCYq5qxL4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we always tell our student to trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always tell our student to trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always tell our student to trust
+their ears not their eyes that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ears not their eyes that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ears not their eyes that basically
+means that we want them to work more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we want them to work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we want them to work more
+with the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the audio
+files so interact with the audio files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files so interact with the audio files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files so interact with the audio files
+or DVDs you know work with them work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or DVDs you know work with them work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or DVDs you know work with them work
+with the sounds and I always ask my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sounds and I always ask my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sounds and I always ask my
+students when you interact with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students when you interact with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students when you interact with people
+what are you dealing with you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you dealing with you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you dealing with you deal with
+sounds not text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds not text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds not text
+so that's what what we mean by trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what what we mean by trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what what we mean by trust
+your ears not your eyes because students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears not your eyes because students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears not your eyes because students
+when they are out of time the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are out of time the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are out of time the first
+thing they do for Preparation is to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they do for Preparation is to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they do for Preparation is to read
+the dialogue is reading they read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue is reading they read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue is reading they read the
+dialogue and thought that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and thought that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and thought that they
+know however they're not familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know however they're not familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know however they're not familiar with
+the sounds so and in class what we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds so and in class what we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds so and in class what we do a
+lot in class is interactions by speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in class is interactions by speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in class is interactions by speaking
+and listening so they will feel totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listening so they will feel totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listening so they will feel totally
+disoriented if they just focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disoriented if they just focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disoriented if they just focus on
+reading we're talking about the test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading we're talking about the test or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading we're talking about the test or
+romanization of language so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romanization of language so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romanization of language so that's
+always the first first challenge for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the first first challenge for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the first first challenge for our
+students how to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students how to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students how to give up
+yourself to your years and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to your years and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to your years and we know that
+this also this also increase students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also this also increase students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also this also increase students
+anxieties from time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties from time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties from time to time
+but but this this is always a good this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this this is always a good this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this this is always a good this
+is always a reminder we have to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a reminder we have to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a reminder we have to our
+students every day that work more when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students every day that work more when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students every day that work more when
+you have time work with the audio files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have time work with the audio files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have time work with the audio files
+not just reading the romanizations if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just reading the romanizations if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just reading the romanizations if
+your preparation Li smoothly in reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preparation Li smoothly in reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preparation Li smoothly in reading
+that will not get you too far in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not get you too far in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not get you too far in your
+training studies
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fuHgW6Z4nW0.txt b/fuHgW6Z4nW0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..671e0ba8b9b4103ee1f2af69fca5ef64b43341e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fuHgW6Z4nW0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think that one of the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that one of the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that one of the hardest
+things about Junior lab is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Junior lab is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Junior lab is that you're
+asking students to do something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking students to do something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking students to do something that
+they really have not done before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really have not done before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really have not done before they
+have not for the most part there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not for the most part there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not for the most part there are a
+few that will have actually worked um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that will have actually worked um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that will have actually worked um as
+what we call europs um undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call europs um undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call europs um undergraduate
+research researchers but uh for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research researchers but uh for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research researchers but uh for the most
+part most of them have not been on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part most of them have not been on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part most of them have not been on their
+own independently working in a lab where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own independently working in a lab where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own independently working in a lab where
+they have to figure out what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to figure out what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to figure out what are their
+goals they have to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals they have to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals they have to figure out what is
+the um uh outcome that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh outcome that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh outcome that is going to be
+good enough and so forth uh so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and so forth uh so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and so forth uh so there's
+there's a couple of things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of things that they
+learn over the Arc of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn over the Arc of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn over the Arc of the of the
+semester so one of them is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so one of them is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so one of them is how to
+actually budget your time so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually budget your time so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually budget your time so that you
+can actually get a paper out papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a paper out papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a paper out papers
+don't actually end uh they just stop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually end uh they just stop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually end uh they just stop you
+know it reaches a point where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it reaches a point where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it reaches a point where you're
+just like okay I'm done and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like okay I'm done and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like okay I'm done and I'm going to
+stop and learning how to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and learning how to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and learning how to do that is
+something that just takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just takes a lot of
+practice uh so there there's that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh so there there's that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh so there there's that uh
+then they're actually also learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're actually also learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're actually also learning a
+set of practical skills that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of practical skills that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of practical skills that I
+definitely see Evolution on over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see Evolution on over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see Evolution on over the
+semester so especially with error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so especially with error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so especially with error
+analysis they really improve after lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they really improve after lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they really improve after lab
+one so they will have done the lab zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so they will have done the lab zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so they will have done the lab zero
+which is the set of three and those they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set of three and those they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set of three and those they
+you know are walked through rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are walked through rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are walked through rather
+rather closely then they're on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather closely then they're on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather closely then they're on their own
+on lab one and the errors analysis is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on lab one and the errors analysis is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on lab one and the errors analysis is is
+always really interesting and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always really interesting and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always really interesting and then we
+work on that a little bit and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that a little bit and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that a little bit and you find
+that they get much more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get much more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get much more sophisticated
+about error analysis and the very best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about error analysis and the very best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about error analysis and the very best
+one start learning all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one start learning all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one start learning all kinds of things
+about error analysis that are not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about error analysis that are not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about error analysis that are not just
+the standard things um you know I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard things um you know I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard things um you know I had a
+a student this semester who was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student this semester who was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student this semester who was very
+excited about learning What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about learning What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about learning What's called the
+Delta Ki squared method which is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Ki squared method which is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Ki squared method which is where
+uh you have a model and you change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a model and you change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a model and you change your
+model so it introduces some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it introduces some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it introduces some extra
+parameters and you look at how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and you look at how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and you look at how the
+change how much of a change of Ki squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how much of a change of Ki squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how much of a change of Ki squar
+get given the change of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get given the change of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get given the change of degrees of
+freedom that youve just introduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that youve just introduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that youve just introduced to
+see if that model is a better model than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that model is a better model than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that model is a better model than
+the one you had before and uh so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you had before and uh so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you had before and uh so they
+become much more sophisticated in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much more sophisticated in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much more sophisticated in that
+kind of thing they also become much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing they also become much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing they also become much more
+relaxed with the equipment uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed with the equipment uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed with the equipment uh they
+understand how the Equipment Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the Equipment Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the Equipment Works
+usually by a lab 2 somebody's broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by a lab 2 somebody's broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by a lab 2 somebody's broken
+something and discovered that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and discovered that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and discovered that it it
+didn't really mean the world ended it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really mean the world ended it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really mean the world ended it
+was okay and so they're more willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay and so they're more willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay and so they're more willing to
+actually be more adventurous just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be more adventurous just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be more adventurous just come
+in and set things up and so forth and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and set things up and so forth and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and set things up and so forth and uh
+and also they will have gotten into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they will have gotten into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they will have gotten into a
+Groove with their lab partner uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groove with their lab partner uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groove with their lab partner uh and
+that's an important point also uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important point also uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important point also uh most
+of the time they don't seem to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time they don't seem to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time they don't seem to know
+their lab partner before they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lab partner before they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lab partner before they get
+started and uh so figuring out what each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and uh so figuring out what each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and uh so figuring out what each
+other's better skills are and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's better skills are and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's better skills are and how you
+play them to Advantage is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play them to Advantage is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play them to Advantage is an important
+thing for them to do and it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for them to do and it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for them to do and it's important
+in real life too you know most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life too you know most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life too you know most most
+physicists work in small collaborations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists work in small collaborations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists work in small collaborations
+or even big collaborations so uh being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even big collaborations so uh being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even big collaborations so uh being
+able to work with somebody and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work with somebody and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work with somebody and figure
+out how to bring the best out of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to bring the best out of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to bring the best out of them is
+a very important thing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gYME3EbIqV4.txt b/gYME3EbIqV4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c00f29f8a4b2a594c0ee941db515b5b1f5e61aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gYME3EbIqV4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so
+um let's see you probably guessed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see you probably guessed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see you probably guessed on
+that ex quiz problem three it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ex quiz problem three it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ex quiz problem three it wasn't
+what I meant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I meant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I meant uh
+I get a zero for that problem uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a zero for that problem uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a zero for that problem uh but
+you'll get probably good numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get probably good numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get probably good numbers so
+that's a election gift if uh if it if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a election gift if uh if it if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a election gift if uh if it if it
+comes out that way so they're all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out that way so they're all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out that way so they're all in the
+hands of the Tas uh to be graded we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands of the Tas uh to be graded we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands of the Tas uh to be graded we have
+a holiday Monday I think we come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a holiday Monday I think we come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a holiday Monday I think we come back to
+Fier this now so we just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier this now so we just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier this now so we just have a
+concentrated shot at Fier just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated shot at Fier just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated shot at Fier just about
+eight or nine lectures in nov mber um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or nine lectures in nov mber um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or nine lectures in nov mber um so
+stay with it for and that'll be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with it for and that'll be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with it for and that'll be of
+course the subject of the third uh quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the subject of the third uh quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the subject of the third uh quiz
+which will have no mistakes it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will have no mistakes it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will have no mistakes it'll be
+solved by the Tas in advance and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by the Tas in advance and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by the Tas in advance and we'll
+uh spot things so uh and if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spot things so uh and if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spot things so uh and if we have the
+quizzes to return to you by Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes to return to you by Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes to return to you by Wednesday
+that will be great I I hope so but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be great I I hope so but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be great I I hope so but they
+have a big job okay um so oh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big job okay um so oh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big job okay um so oh a little
+bit looking far ahead at the end of Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit looking far ahead at the end of Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit looking far ahead at the end of Fier
+the quiz is December 4th I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz is December 4th I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz is December 4th I think that's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+Thursday and that's the sort of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and that's the sort of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and that's the sort of the end
+of the course um so December 3rd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course um so December 3rd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course um so December 3rd so
+we'll be ending the course a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be ending the course a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be ending the course a little bit
+early um uh because I'll be in Hong Kong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early um uh because I'll be in Hong Kong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early um uh because I'll be in Hong Kong
+to tell the truth and uh uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the truth and uh uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the truth and uh uh and and
+we've done a lot and with the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a lot and with the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a lot and with the review
+sessions we're really doing well so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions we're really doing well so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions we're really doing well so uh
+uh that's the that's the future uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the that's the future uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the that's the future uh
+forier today is important day too finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier today is important day too finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier today is important day too finite
+elements in 2D uh that's a major part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in 2D uh that's a major part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in 2D uh that's a major part of
+uh uh computational science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh computational science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh computational science and
+engineering uh the finite element idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh the finite element idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh the finite element idea
+the idea of using polinomial you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of using polinomial you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of using polinomial you can
+find in some early papers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in some early papers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in some early papers by
+kurant uh mathematician in New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kurant uh mathematician in New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kurant uh mathematician in New York and
+by guy in China uh neat guy named fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by guy in China uh neat guy named fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by guy in China uh neat guy named fun
+Kong uh but those those papers were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong uh but those those papers were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong uh but those those papers were sort
+of you could do it this way if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you could do it this way if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you could do it this way if you if
+you wanted it was really the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted it was really the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted it was really the structural
+engineers uh B and Burkley and elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers uh B and Burkley and elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers uh B and Burkley and elsewhere
+who made it happen uh 10 years later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who made it happen uh 10 years later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who made it happen uh 10 years later and
+uh this the whole idea is just blost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this the whole idea is just blost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this the whole idea is just blost and
+continues to grow so I have I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to grow so I have I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to grow so I have I had an
+early book uh in the 7s actually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early book uh in the 7s actually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early book uh in the 7s actually about
+the math uh sort of the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math uh sort of the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math uh sort of the mathematical
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+underpinnings the math basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings the math basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings the math basis for the
+finite element method and uh many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method and uh many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method and uh many other
+finite element books have come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element books have come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element books have come and
+Professor Bata you know teaches a a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Bata you know teaches a a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Bata you know teaches a a full
+course on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on that
+but I think we can get the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we can get the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we can get the idea of
+finite elements here we we did them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements here we we did them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements here we we did them in
+1D and now there's a mat lab Pro problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D and now there's a mat lab Pro problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D and now there's a mat lab Pro problem
+and I'd like to just describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to just describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to just describe that
+particular problem if I can as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem if I can as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem if I can as an
+example and of course you would use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and of course you would use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and of course you would use the
+code that's printed in the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's printed in the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's printed in the book and
+that's uh available on the website just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh available on the website just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh available on the website just
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+download uh but the problem is not on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download uh but the problem is not on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download uh but the problem is not on a
+square domain uh it's on a starts on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square domain uh it's on a starts on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square domain uh it's on a starts on a
+circle so that the first lines of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so that the first lines of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so that the first lines of the
+code the calling the mat lab uh command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the calling the mat lab uh command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the calling the mat lab uh command
+Square grid uh are not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square grid uh are not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square grid uh are not uh
+applicable you will create so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable you will create so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable you will create so you have
+to create then a mesh well I I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create then a mesh well I I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create then a mesh well I I have a
+suggested mesh so I'll draw that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested mesh so I'll draw that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested mesh so I'll draw that and
+then you from that you want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you from that you want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you from that you want to make a
+list of uh all the node points a list P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of uh all the node points a list P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of uh all the node points a list P
+of all so so what the code needs is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all so so what the code needs is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all so so what the code needs is a
+list uh is two lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well let me draw a picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let me draw a picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let me draw a picture of what
+the the uh region well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh region well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh region well it's a
+circle and I'm going to be solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and I'm going to be solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and I'm going to be solving
+poon's equation uh the equation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poon's equation uh the equation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poon's equation uh the equation will be
+minus uxx minus uy y equal 4 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uxx minus uy y equal 4 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uxx minus uy y equal 4 in the
+circle so it's Plus on but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so it's Plus on but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so it's Plus on but with a
+constant right hand side that will mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right hand side that will mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right hand side that will mean
+that all the integrals of f time V all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the integrals of f time V all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the integrals of f time V all
+the the right hand side of our discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right hand side of our discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right hand side of our discrete
+equation will be the integrals are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be the integrals are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be the integrals are all
+easy because uh uh we just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because uh uh we just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because uh uh we just have a
+constant there times the trial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there times the trial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there times the trial function
+okay and then on the boundary is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then on the boundary is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then on the boundary is going
+to be U equals z on the boundary so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be U equals z on the boundary so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be U equals z on the boundary so it's
+a classic problem and we can say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic problem and we can say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic problem and we can say what
+the solution is so it's a one with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is so it's a one with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is so it's a one with a
+known solution I think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known solution I think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known solution I think it would be
+X2 no I guess one 1 - x^2 - y^2 th this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 no I guess one 1 - x^2 - y^2 th this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 no I guess one 1 - x^2 - y^2 th this
+should all be on the 086 site I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be on the 086 site I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be on the 086 site I just
+didn't have a chance to look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a chance to look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a chance to look this
+morning to be sure it got up but so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to be sure it got up but so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to be sure it got up but so you
+can watch here so that's that I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch here so that's that I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch here so that's that I hope
+does solve the problem 2x derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does solve the problem 2x derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does solve the problem 2x derivatives
+give us a two two y derivatives another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a two two y derivatives another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a two two y derivatives another
+two so we get four so we know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we get four so we know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we get four so we know the answer
+the question is and I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is and I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is and I'm interested in
+this question for for uh uh research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question for for uh uh research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question for for uh uh research
+reasons too is how what's the error when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons too is how what's the error when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons too is how what's the error when
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+a polygon you go to you you go to a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polygon you go to you you go to a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polygon you go to you you go to a uh
+you these curved boundaries don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these curved boundaries don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these curved boundaries don't get
+correctly saved you approximate them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly saved you approximate them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly saved you approximate them by
+uh straight lines that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh straight lines that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh straight lines that would be the
+first idea and let's with this all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea and let's with this all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea and let's with this all this
+symmetry let's keep the problem nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry let's keep the problem nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry let's keep the problem nice and
+use a regular polygon so maybe I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a regular polygon so maybe I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a regular polygon so maybe I'll try
+to draw one with about eight sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw one with about eight sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw one with about eight sides
+but okay so we impose U equals z at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so we impose U equals z at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so we impose U equals z at
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes so U is zero at those nodes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so U is zero at those nodes and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so U is zero at those nodes and uh
+and then we have a mesh so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a mesh so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a mesh so we want to
+create a mesh okay so uh with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a mesh okay so uh with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a mesh okay so uh with all the
+Symmetry here uh the natural idea would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry here uh the natural idea would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry here uh the natural idea would
+be to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to take
+uh take start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take start
+with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eight
+pieces or M pieces if I have this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces or M pieces if I have this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces or M pieces if I have this is a
+regular m m sides let's say and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular m m sides let's say and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular m m sides let's say and I'll
+take M to be8 in this picture and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take M to be8 in this picture and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take M to be8 in this picture and if we
+I think we can work on just one triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we can work on just one triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we can work on just one triangle
+by by rotational symmetry all all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by rotational symmetry all all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by rotational symmetry all all those
+triangles are going to be the same so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are going to be the same so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are going to be the same so I
+think our domain is really this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think our domain is really this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think our domain is really this one
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+here that's where we're working and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's where we're working and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's where we're working and in
+that triangle I think we have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triangle I think we have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triangle I think we have zero
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and we have
+uh across this Edge I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across this Edge I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across this Edge I think we have
+natural boundary conditions slope zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural boundary conditions slope zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural boundary conditions slope zero
+if I if I see the picture correctly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I see the picture correctly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I see the picture correctly the
+rotational symmetry would mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry would mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry would mean that
+things are not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not changing
+uh that every triangle is the same so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that every triangle is the same so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that every triangle is the same so I
+think on these boundaries it's the Nyon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on these boundaries it's the Nyon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on these boundaries it's the Nyon
+condition D udn equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition D udn equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition D udn equals
+zero okay and I'm frankly not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and I'm frankly not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and I'm frankly not sure what
+to do at the origin so I maybe try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do at the origin so I maybe try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do at the origin so I maybe try it
+both ways and see okay so there's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways and see okay so there's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways and see okay so there's a real
+problem it's of course it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's of course it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's of course it's uh
+artificial in the sense that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial in the sense that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial in the sense that we know the
+answer but it's a real open question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but it's a real open question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but it's a real open question of
+how how accurate what what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how accurate what what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how accurate what what does the
+error look like from uh doing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error look like from uh doing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error look like from uh doing that so
+that's the goal and and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal and and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal and and let me just
+say the the problem I'll ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the problem I'll ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the problem I'll ask you to do
+and it probably is quite enough for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it probably is quite enough for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it probably is quite enough for next
+to be ready for next Friday is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ready for next Friday is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ready for next Friday is to use
+linear piecewise linear Elements which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear piecewise linear Elements which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear piecewise linear Elements which
+is what I'm going to uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm going to uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm going to uh what
+every discussion of finite elements will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every discussion of finite elements will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every discussion of finite elements will
+be with linear elements those pyramids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with linear elements those pyramids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with linear elements those pyramids
+that I that I spoke about at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I spoke about at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I spoke about at the
+beginning at the end of last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at the end of last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at the end of last time so
+that's what I hope but actually I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I hope but actually I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I hope but actually I would
+be highly interested if anybody got got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be highly interested if anybody got got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be highly interested if anybody got got
+into the problem to try quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the problem to try quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the problem to try quadratic
+elements so so uh I'll just say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so so uh I'll just say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so so uh I'll just say here
+quadratic qu quad so second degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic qu quad so second degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic qu quad so second degree
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+pols quadratic polinomial would be would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols quadratic polinomial would be would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols quadratic polinomial would be would
+be would be would be more accurate would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be would be more accurate would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be would be more accurate would
+be more accurate so in other words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more accurate so in other words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more accurate so in other words this
+gives me this is a first type of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me this is a first type of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me this is a first type of finite
+element called P1 for pols of degree one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element called P1 for pols of degree one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element called P1 for pols of degree one
+these guys I would call P2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys I would call P2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys I would call P2 for
+polinomial of degree 2 and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of degree 2 and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of degree 2 and I've
+mentioned here the possibility of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here the possibility of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here the possibility of using
+quads if if my if I instead of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads if if my if I instead of triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads if if my if I instead of triangles
+if I had squares for example uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had squares for example uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had squares for example uh uh the
+simplest element would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest element would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest element would be a
+q1 so these These are if I manage today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 so these These are if I manage today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 so these These are if I manage today
+to tell you about how to use P1 and P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about how to use P1 and P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about how to use P1 and P2
+and q1 you you're on your way and uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q1 you you're on your way and uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q1 you you're on your way and uh for
+this for the requirements of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the requirements of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the requirements of this course
+P1 is U is the first point to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is U is the first point to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is U is the first point to understand
+okay while I'm speaking about codes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay while I'm speaking about codes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay while I'm speaking about codes and
+meshes let me draw my the mesh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes let me draw my the mesh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes let me draw my the mesh I
+proposed in that uh in in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in that uh in in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in that uh in in the homework
+problem so I I thought okay we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I I thought okay we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I I thought okay we just have
+to have a simple mesh here so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a simple mesh here so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a simple mesh here so let me
+draw that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that line
+in see I know all these points right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in see I know all these points right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in see I know all these points right
+this would be this is z 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be this is z 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be this is z 0
+here and this point is so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this point is so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this point is so that that
+Point's on the circle so that and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point's on the circle so that and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point's on the circle so that and and so
+is this this must that point must be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this must that point must be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this must that point must be so
+what's the angle there uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the angle there uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the angle there uh that
+angle is probably pi over 8 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is probably pi over 8 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is probably pi over 8 that's the
+whole angle would be 2 pi over8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole angle would be 2 pi over8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole angle would be 2 pi over8 and
+eight of them would give me go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of them would give me go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of them would give me go all the
+way around so I think that angle is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around so I think that angle is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around so I think that angle is pi
+over 8 and so this point would be cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8 and so this point would be cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8 and so this point would be cosine
+of pi over 8 sin pi over 8 we know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi over 8 sin pi over 8 we know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi over 8 sin pi over 8 we know where
+we know where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that's going to be what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's going to be what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's going to be what we have to
+list we have to list where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we have to list where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we have to list where the
+coordinates of all the mesh points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of all the mesh points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of all the mesh points so
+let me describe the rest of the mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe the rest of the mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe the rest of the mesh
+points and then uh see what that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then uh see what that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then uh see what that list
+would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look
+like and and once you've created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and and once you've created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and and once you've created the
+list uh the code will take over so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh the code will take over so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh the code will take over so uh I
+don't see it and then you plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it and then you plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it and then you plot the
+results and and and see what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and and and see what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and and and see what what's
+going on so let me suggest a mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so let me suggest a mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so let me suggest a mesh
+it's pretty straightforward I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward I just
+divided this uh piece into n this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided this uh piece into n this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided this uh piece into n this this
+Center thing into into n so that's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center thing into into n so that's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center thing into into n so that's so I
+called that distance H so NH is is gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that distance H so NH is is gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that distance H so NH is is gets
+me out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out to
+here whatever that is that's cosine Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whatever that is that's cosine Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whatever that is that's cosine Pi
+over8 I guess that's the x coordinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over8 I guess that's the x coordinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over8 I guess that's the x coordinate of
+of that line so those are mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line so those are mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line so those are mesh points
+and then let me keep drawing these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let me keep drawing these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let me keep drawing these so
+these will be mesh points to and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will be mesh points to and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will be mesh points to and these
+will be mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be mesh points
+to so at this point I've got uh probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so at this point I've got uh probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so at this point I've got uh probably
+12 or 13 mesh points but I've got quads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or 13 mesh points but I've got quads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or 13 mesh points but I've got quads
+right well I've got a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I've got a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I've got a couple of
+triangles here that I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles here that I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles here that I'm not going to
+touch those are fine but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch those are fine but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch those are fine but these are
+quads and uh and they could be used if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads and uh and they could be used if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads and uh and they could be used if
+with the q1 element but I'm not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the q1 element but I'm not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the q1 element but I'm not I'm
+thinking let's stay with triangles so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking let's stay with triangles so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking let's stay with triangles so I
+just suggested to put in triangles put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just suggested to put in triangles put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just suggested to put in triangles put
+in these diagonals keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these diagonals keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these diagonals keeping
+Symmetry and so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so there's the
+mesh there's the mesh and then what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh there's the mesh and then what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh there's the mesh and then what does
+the code a ask for it so it's got I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code a ask for it so it's got I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code a ask for it so it's got I've
+got 13 mesh points and the code first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 13 mesh points and the code first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 13 mesh points and the code first of
+all it wants a list of the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it wants a list of the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it wants a list of the coordinates
+of all those mesh points so the the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those mesh points so the the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those mesh points so the the code
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+and and I better number them of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I better number them of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I better number them of course
+so let me number them one so I number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me number them one so I number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me number them one so I number
+them the center guys first one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the center guys first one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the center guys first one two three
+four five and then up here six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five and then up here six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five and then up here six seven
+eight N I don't know if this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight N I don't know if this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight N I don't know if this is a good
+numbering 10 11 12 13 why don't we why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering 10 11 12 13 why don't we why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering 10 11 12 13 why don't we why
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+we to have some consistency within our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to have some consistency within our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to have some consistency within our
+within our plans why don't you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our plans why don't you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our plans why don't you you don't
+have to take n equal four I hope you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take n equal four I hope you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take n equal four I hope you'll
+take what did I take n as four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take what did I take n as four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take what did I take n as four
+or yeah one right n is four uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah one right n is four uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah one right n is four uh but
+you'll want to try different NS n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to try different NS n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to try different NS n equal
+four would be a a good crude start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four would be a a good crude start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four would be a a good crude start to
+see what's going on but then I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on but then I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on but then I hope
+you'll go higher and get better accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go higher and get better accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go higher and get better accuracy
+and we you could see what how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we you could see what how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we you could see what how the
+accuracy improves how you get closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy improves how you get closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy improves how you get closer to
+that as n gets bigger okay but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as n gets bigger okay but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as n gets bigger okay but that's
+the that's we've got the nodes numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's we've got the nodes numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's we've got the nodes numbered
+oh I better number the triangles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I better number the triangles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I better number the triangles okay
+how shall we number the triangles so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shall we number the triangles so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shall we number the triangles so we
+do along the top or this I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do along the top or this I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do along the top or this I don't know
+what do you want to do for the numbering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do for the numbering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do for the numbering
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+triangles uh maybe run along the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles uh maybe run along the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles uh maybe run along the top and
+then run along the bottom because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then run along the bottom because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then run along the bottom because then
+you'll just be it'll practically be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just be it'll practically be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just be it'll practically be a
+copy so I didn't leave myself much space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so I didn't leave myself much space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so I didn't leave myself much space
+but one two 2 three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one two 2 three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one two 2 three four five six
+seven seven triangles along the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven triangles along the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven triangles along the top and
+seven along the bottom so that's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven along the bottom so that's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven along the bottom so that's so I
+have 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangles in this mesh so it's a mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles in this mesh so it's a mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles in this mesh so it's a mesh
+with 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangles 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes and I know the positions of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and I know the positions of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and I know the positions of every
+one right I know the XY coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right I know the XY coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right I know the XY coordinates of
+every one so uh what the code will want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one so uh what the code will want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one so uh what the code will want
+is a list of those coordinates so a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list of those coordinates so a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list of those coordinates so a list
+p p will be a list of coordinates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p will be a list of coordinates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p will be a list of coordinates the
+first guy will be of the nodes so so 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guy will be of the nodes so so 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guy will be of the nodes so so 13
+rows three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns so it's a little 13 by3 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so it's a little 13 by3 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so it's a little 13 by3 Matrix
+it tells you where all the nodes are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you where all the nodes are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you where all the nodes are so
+the first one on that on that list would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one on that on that list would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one on that on that list would
+be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0
+0 that's for node one and the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's for node one and the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's for node one and the second one
+would be whatever the coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be whatever the coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be whatever the coordinates of
+that are something zero H h0 I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are something zero H h0 I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are something zero H h0 I guess it
+is the third one will be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the third one will be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the third one will be 2
+h0 and so on and then and then complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 and so on and then and then complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 and so on and then and then complete
+the list of 13 positions so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of 13 positions so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of 13 positions so you have
+then told the code where all the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then told the code where all the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then told the code where all the the uh
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+are what else do you have to tell it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what else do you have to tell it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what else do you have to tell it not
+much you you now have to tell it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you you now have to tell it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you you now have to tell it about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+triangles so now for every why do I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so now for every why do I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so now for every why do I say
+three columns maybe only two is it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns maybe only two is it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns maybe only two is it why
+I've forgotten you you you see the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten you you you see the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten you you you see the point
+already i' I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already i' I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already i' I've
+forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten
+maybe uh yeah I I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh yeah I I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh yeah I I don't see
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+yeah well for triangles I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well for triangles I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well for triangles I'm going to
+need three for nodes maybe it's only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three for nodes maybe it's only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three for nodes maybe it's only got
+two maybe it's p by maybe maybe it's 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two maybe it's p by maybe maybe it's 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two maybe it's p by maybe maybe it's 13
+by two 13 I I don't see why I need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two 13 I I don't see why I need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two 13 I I don't see why I need three
+to tell the truth but anyway then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the truth but anyway then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the truth but anyway then the
+other list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangles so this will be the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so this will be the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so this will be the list
+T and what so it takes triangle number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what so it takes triangle number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what so it takes triangle number
+one and which is which is right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and which is which is right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and which is which is right here
+that very first triangle and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very first triangle and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very first triangle and what does
+it have to tell us about triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have to tell us about triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have to tell us about triangle
+one the three nodes if it tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the three nodes if it tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the three nodes if it tells us the
+three node numbers and this list P gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three node numbers and this list P gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three node numbers and this list P gave
+their positions we've got it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their positions we've got it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their positions we've got it so so
+triangles so triangles so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so triangles so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so triangles so how many
+triangles did I have 14 so T will be 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles did I have 14 so T will be 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles did I have 14 so T will be 14
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+3 and the first so the first guy will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the first so the first guy will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the first so the first guy will be
+the the the the will be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the will be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the will be just
+one no node number one node number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no node number one node number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no node number one node number two
+and node number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node number
+six that will tell us which which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that will tell us which which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that will tell us which which is the
+first triangle and the second triangle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first triangle and the second triangle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first triangle and the second triangle I
+guess I've drawn from two to 7 to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I've drawn from two to 7 to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I've drawn from two to 7 to six
+right that's it's very skinny triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's it's very skinny triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's it's very skinny triangle
+up there but it's the one that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there but it's the one that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there but it's the one that started
+at node two went up to seven and back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at node two went up to seven and back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at node two went up to seven and back to
+six so so list like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so so list like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so so list like
+that and then the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the uh
+code will do the rest I think I I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will do the rest I think I I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will do the rest I think I I hope
+the almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the almost all the
+rest the code will create the Matrix K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest the code will create the Matrix K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest the code will create the Matrix K
+it'll create the Matrix K with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll create the Matrix K with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll create the Matrix K with
+with it'll be singular boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it'll be singular boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it'll be singular boundary
+conditions won't yet be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions won't yet be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions won't yet be in
+there and then a final step after that K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then a final step after that K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then a final step after that K
+or maybe we could call it k no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe we could call it k no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe we could call it k no is
+created a final step will be to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a final step will be to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a final step will be to fix
+you at least at these three points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least at these three points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least at these three points so
+these three will be boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three will be boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three will be boundary
+nodes and as I say I'm not too sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and as I say I'm not too sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and as I say I'm not too sure
+about that one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that one I
+apologize at those boundary nodes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize at those boundary nodes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize at those boundary nodes I'm
+going to take the values to be zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the values to be zero yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the values to be zero yeah
+so this is going to be zero along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be zero along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be zero along the
+whole Edge because if it's zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Edge because if it's zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Edge because if it's zero there
+zero there and zero there and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there and zero there and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there and zero there and if it's
+linear it's zero so so at the near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's zero so so at the near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's zero so so at the near the
+at the final sort of sub routine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the final sort of sub routine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the final sort of sub routine in the
+code uh final group of commands you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh final group of commands you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh final group of commands you'll
+want to impose zeros here that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to impose zeros here that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to impose zeros here that should
+then make the Matrix K invertible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the Matrix K invertible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the Matrix K invertible and
+then you've got KU equal F to solve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got KU equal F to solve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got KU equal F to solve so
+so what the code is doing is creating K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the code is doing is creating K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the code is doing is creating K
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+F yeah you you see the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah you you see the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah you you see the overall
+picture I jumped right in to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I jumped right in to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I jumped right in to this
+particular mesh particular problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mesh particular problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mesh particular problem but
+now I really should back up to to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I really should back up to to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I really should back up to to uh to
+to where the where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the where it
+starts this is for this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts this is for this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts this is for this is going to be
+the weak form of llas plus maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form of llas plus maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form of llas plus maybe I'll
+make little space to put in Plus's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too you have a picture already of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you have a picture already of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you have a picture already of what
+this weak form is about but that's so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weak form is about but that's so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weak form is about but that's so so
+now I'm really backing up to the start I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm really backing up to the start I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm really backing up to the start I
+take the equation and I get its weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the equation and I get its weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the equation and I get its weak
+form and remember that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and remember that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and remember that's in the
+continuous case as it was in the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case as it was in the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case as it was in the quiz
+problem you know the first step is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know the first step is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know the first step is the
+continuous weak form and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous weak form and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous weak form and then the second
+step is choose trial fun test functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is choose trial fun test functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is choose trial fun test functions
+and trial Tri I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trial Tri I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trial Tri I'm
+sorry gosh I'm in bad shape here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry gosh I'm in bad shape here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry gosh I'm in bad shape here uh
+because they're the same uh this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the same uh this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the same uh this isn't
+my worst error today but those are trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my worst error today but those are trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my worst error today but those are trial
+functions and these are test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and these are test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and these are test
+functions okay questions at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay questions at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay questions at this point
+because I yeah thanks good let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I yeah thanks good let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I yeah thanks good let's look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we did that's that's right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that's that's right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that's that's right so I'm
+because my my question is uh what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my my question is uh what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my my question is uh what is the
+The Continuous problem I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Continuous problem I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Continuous problem I would like to
+solve has U equals zero on the polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve has U equals zero on the polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve has U equals zero on the polygon
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+so in a way you can forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way you can forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way you can forget the
+circle where we know the answer now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle where we know the answer now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle where we know the answer now we
+we really are looking on the polygon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really are looking on the polygon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really are looking on the polygon and
+I would like to know what the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to know what the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to know what the solution
+like on that polygon so this and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on that polygon so this and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on that polygon so this and then so
+there are two steps of right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two steps of right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two steps of right the the
+first step was start with a circle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step was start with a circle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step was start with a circle we
+have the answer second step is go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the answer second step is go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the answer second step is go to a
+polygon a continuous problem Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon a continuous problem Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon a continuous problem Pon
+equation in the polygon how different is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the polygon how different is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the polygon how different is
+that from this because because this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from this because because this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from this because because this will
+not satisfy the polygon boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not satisfy the polygon boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not satisfy the polygon boundary
+conditions so that's the not that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that's the not that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that's the not that's the
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+answer then then the question is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer then then the question is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer then then the question is what's
+the polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polygon
+answer and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and I don't know
+that you may say a regular polygon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may say a regular polygon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may say a regular polygon you
+can't do that I don't think you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that I don't think you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that I don't think you can I
+it's amazing probably a triangle or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing probably a triangle or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing probably a triangle or a
+square so if m is three or four probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so if m is three or four probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so if m is three or four probably
+uh some some formulas would be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some some formulas would be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some some formulas would be available
+but I think once we get higher I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think once we get higher I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think once we get higher I don't
+know the answer to the Der problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer to the Der problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer to the Der problem the
+pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pon
+equation on a polygon on a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on a polygon on a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on a polygon on a regular
+polygon and that's what I would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon and that's what I would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon and that's what I would really
+like to know more about and how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know more about and how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know more about and how do I
+find out more about it by finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out more about it by finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out more about it by finite
+elements with your help uh dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with your help uh dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with your help uh dividing
+taking that polygon breaking it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that polygon breaking it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that polygon breaking it into a
+mesh looking only at one triang one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh looking only at one triang one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh looking only at one triang one
+triangle just for Simplicity and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle just for Simplicity and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle just for Simplicity and uh
+getting U finite element well I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting U finite element well I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting U finite element well I should
+say u p u q P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the finite element solution using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the finite element solution using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the finite element solution using
+linear I would really like to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I would really like to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I would really like to know you
+P2 the finite element solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 the finite element solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 the finite element solution which
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+better uh if I use quadratics so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh if I use quadratics so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh if I use quadratics so now I
+get the fun of describing the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the fun of describing the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the fun of describing the linear
+elements the quadratic elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the quadratic elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the quadratic elements the
+quads uh but did I answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads uh but did I answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quads uh but did I answer the question
+okay yeah yeah so it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah yeah so it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah yeah so it's really the
+problem this is the problem I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is the problem I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is the problem I would like
+to know the answer two if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the answer two if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the answer two if I have this
+equation zero boundary conditions on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation zero boundary conditions on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation zero boundary conditions on a
+regular polygon with M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular polygon with M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular polygon with M
+sides what's the answer and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides what's the answer and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides what's the answer and it's going
+to be close to this but it won't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be close to this but it won't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be close to this but it won't be the
+same because this does not vanish on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because this does not vanish on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because this does not vanish on the
+polygon edges and uh and I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon edges and uh and I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon edges and uh and I would like to
+know that the comp compare the slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the comp compare the slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the comp compare the slopes
+too so the homework problem asks you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so the homework problem asks you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so the homework problem asks you not
+only to compare U circle with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to compare U circle with u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to compare U circle with u
+P1 but also the slopes because slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 but also the slopes because slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 but also the slopes because slopes
+here are easy slopes here are easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are easy slopes here are easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are easy slopes here are easy
+because they're because it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're because it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're because it's a bunch of
+flat functions so the slopes are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat functions so the slopes are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat functions so the slopes are just
+constant in each triangle okay I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in each triangle okay I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in each triangle okay I I'm
+guessing that the error gets smaller as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing that the error gets smaller as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing that the error gets smaller as
+you go in I think that if you plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in I think that if you plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in I think that if you plot the
+error it'll be largest out here and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it'll be largest out here and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it'll be largest out here and get
+small there but remains to be seen so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there but remains to be seen so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there but remains to be seen so I
+hope you enjoy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven feel the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven feel the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven feel the middle
+uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean
+every there's nothing magic about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every there's nothing magic about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every there's nothing magic about any
+particular mesh I I just chose this mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mesh I I just chose this mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mesh I I just chose this mesh
+as pretty good and actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pretty good and actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pretty good and actually you know
+I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like
+yeah I'm imagining M could get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm imagining M could get pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm imagining M could get pretty
+big like that that would be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big like that that would be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big like that that would be interesting
+m equal 8 would be interesting m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equal 8 would be interesting m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equal 8 would be interesting m equal
+16 m equal 1024 now then I really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 m equal 1024 now then I really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 m equal 1024 now then I really get
+interested okay but uh so if m is 1,024
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested okay but uh so if m is 1,024
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested okay but uh so if m is 1,024
+then this side would be very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this side would be very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this side would be very small
+right and I just wanted more triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just wanted more triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just wanted more triangles
+yeah actually I would like more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually I would like more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually I would like more than
+I've got yeah yeah I'd like if if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got yeah yeah I'd like if if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got yeah yeah I'd like if if if if
+if this if M was really big then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if M was really big then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if M was really big then
+probably n should be at least that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably n should be at least that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably n should be at least that big
+so I should have a thousand this way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should have a thousand this way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should have a thousand this way if
+this is just a tiny bit I I just want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a tiny bit I I just want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a tiny bit I I just want a
+little tiny H and then uh yeah actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny H and then uh yeah actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny H and then uh yeah actually
+that might not be too bad yeah if M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be too bad yeah if M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be too bad yeah if M and
+N were roughly comparable then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N were roughly comparable then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N were roughly comparable then the the
+uh that that length would be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that length would be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that length would be roughly
+comparable to these lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to these lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to these lengths
+and the triangles would be pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the triangles would be pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the triangles would be pretty good
+shapes and that's what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and that's what you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and that's what you're looking
+for yeah I think there's uh a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah I think there's uh a lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah I think there's uh a lot of a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+of experiments to be done here so so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments to be done here so so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments to be done here so so I'm
+thinking then of m& n here I took n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking then of m& n here I took n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking then of m& n here I took n to
+be just four when M was eight uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just four when M was eight uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just four when M was eight uh that's
+fine but if you keep m&n roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if you keep m&n roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if you keep m&n roughly the
+same size then you've got triangles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size then you've got triangles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size then you've got triangles that
+are that that are not too long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that are not too long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that are not too long and
+skinny I I'll tell you when you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny I I'll tell you when you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny I I'll tell you when you might
+want so generally you don't you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so generally you don't you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so generally you don't you want
+nice shaped triangles you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice shaped triangles you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice shaped triangles you don't want
+angles very small or very large usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles very small or very large usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles very small or very large usually
+but there would be anybody in core 16 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there would be anybody in core 16 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there would be anybody in core 16 uh
+can imagine that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that if I'm
+Computing uh the flow field past a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh the flow field past a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh the flow field past a
+wing that uh long thin triangles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing that uh long thin triangles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing that uh long thin triangles in the
+direction of the wing are are natural I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the wing are are natural I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the wing are are natural I
+mean the the the the yeah somehow the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the the the the yeah somehow the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the the the the yeah somehow the a
+problem like true aerodynamics is by no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like true aerodynamics is by no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like true aerodynamics is by no
+means isotropic I mean the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means isotropic I mean the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means isotropic I mean the direction of
+the wing is kind of critical to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing is kind of critical to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing is kind of critical to whether
+the plane flies right and uh so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane flies right and uh so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane flies right and uh so don't
+make the wing vertical uh and and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the wing vertical uh and and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the wing vertical uh and and and if
+you want accuracy then you have long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want accuracy then you have long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want accuracy then you have long
+thin triangles in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin triangles in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin triangles in the direction of the
+flow but here we're not doing a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but here we're not doing a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but here we're not doing a flow
+problem we haven't got shocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we haven't got shocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we haven't got shocks and
+trailing edges and other horrible stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing edges and other horrible stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing edges and other horrible stuff
+that make planes fly we just got pance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make planes fly we just got pance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make planes fly we just got pance
+equation okay thanks for those good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay thanks for those good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay thanks for those good
+question another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one what would the dimension look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what would the dimension look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what would the dimension look like
+ah would you like me to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah would you like me to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah would you like me to show you
+something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+quadratics yeah uh I'll I'll soly jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics yeah uh I'll I'll soly jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics yeah uh I'll I'll soly jump
+into qu quadratics it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into qu quadratics it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into qu quadratics it's kind of
+fun quadratics so so what's let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun quadratics so so what's let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun quadratics so so what's let me let
+me just do so here I'm I'm I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just do so here I'm I'm I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just do so here I'm I'm I'll come
+back to the weak form right it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the weak form right it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the weak form right it's totally
+oh I'll do it now it's so simple I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'll do it now it's so simple I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'll do it now it's so simple I don't
+want to forget it the weak form so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget it the weak form so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget it the weak form so I
+write the equation down minus uxx minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation down minus uxx minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation down minus uxx minus
+U Y yal F yeah this is the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Y yal F yeah this is the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Y yal F yeah this is the continuous
+weak form equal f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form equal f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form equal f ofx
+y Okay so that's the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Okay so that's the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Okay so that's the strong
+form and I've put I've made it the llan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and I've put I've made it the llan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and I've put I've made it the llan
+here to keep it simple on any right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to keep it simple on any right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to keep it simple on any right hand
+side okay how do I get to the weak form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay how do I get to the weak form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay how do I get to the weak form
+just remind me I multiply both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind me I multiply both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind me I multiply both sides by
+any test function V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any test function V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any test function V of
+XY multiply by V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY multiply by V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY multiply by V of
+XY and then what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and then what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and then what do I
+do I integrate over the over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I integrate over the over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I integrate over the over the whole
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+so that's that's the weak form DX Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the weak form DX Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the weak form DX Dy
+this is for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for all
+V all V of XY all I'll say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V all V of XY all I'll say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V all V of XY all I'll say all
+admissible V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible V of
+XY so that's that's the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so that's that's the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so that's that's the weak
+form if this holds for all for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if this holds for all for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if this holds for all for this
+great family of V's the the idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great family of V's the the idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great family of V's the the idea behind
+it is that if this holds for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that if this holds for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that if this holds for all these
+trial functions test functions V of XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial functions test functions V of XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial functions test functions V of XY
+the only way that can happen is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that can happen is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that can happen is for this
+to actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually equal
+that that's the that's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the that's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the that's a fundamental
+Lemma in this uh in this uh ma in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma in this uh in this uh ma in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma in this uh in this uh ma in this
+part of math is that is and of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of math is that is and of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of math is that is and of course it
+it has to be spelled out more than I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be spelled out more than I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be spelled out more than I'm
+doing in words but the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in words but the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in words but the idea is that if
+these hold for such a large class of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hold for such a large class of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hold for such a large class of V
+of XY then the only way that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY then the only way that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY then the only way that can happen
+is for the strong form to hold for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the strong form to hold for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the strong form to hold for this
+to actually match this okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually match this okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually match this okay so that's
+the start but then what's the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start but then what's the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start but then what's the next step
+in the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak
+form I don't like I like the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I don't like I like the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I don't like I like the right hand
+side but I'm not so crazy about the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but I'm not so crazy about the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but I'm not so crazy about the left
+hand side I'm not crazy about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side I'm not crazy about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side I'm not crazy about it because
+this has second derivatives of U and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has second derivatives of U and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has second derivatives of U and my
+little roof functions pyramid functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little roof functions pyramid functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little roof functions pyramid functions
+haven't got second derivatives so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got second derivatives so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got second derivatives so I
+would be dead in the water without doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dead in the water without doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dead in the water without doing
+the natural step that makes everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural step that makes everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural step that makes everything
+beautiful which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful which is
+integration by parts integrate by Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts integrate by Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts integrate by Parts
+move derivatives off of U onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move derivatives off of U onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move derivatives off of U onto
+V one derivative on to V off of U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V one derivative on to V off of U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V one derivative on to V off of U so
+then u and v are are each have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then u and v are are each have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then u and v are are each have one
+derivative I can use my uh piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I can use my uh piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I can use my uh piecewise
+linear piecewise quadratic all my finet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear piecewise quadratic all my finet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear piecewise quadratic all my finet
+elements are going to go fine so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are going to go fine so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are going to go fine so I
+integrate by parts so integrate by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts so integrate by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts so integrate by parts
+and what does that mean in 2D of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean in 2D of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean in 2D of course
+I'm in I have a double integral here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in I have a double integral here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in I have a double integral here so
+integrate by parts that mean you use use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts that mean you use use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts that mean you use use
+the greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's
+what that was the key point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that was the key point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that was the key point of this
+green or gaus green formula this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or gaus green formula this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or gaus green formula this this is
+can I do it first in this is minus div
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do it first in this is minus div
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do it first in this is minus div
+grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+V DX Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DX Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DX Dy
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+you we can write out all the terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we can write out all the terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we can write out all the terms we
+can use Vector notation I could use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Vector notation I could use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Vector notation I could use that
+nabla that upside down triangle notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nabla that upside down triangle notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nabla that upside down triangle notation
+whatever but maybe good to see it a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but maybe good to see it a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but maybe good to see it a few
+different ways so what's the point when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so what's the point when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so what's the point when
+I integrate by parts that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I integrate by parts that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I integrate by parts that minus
+disappears to a plus I have a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears to a plus I have a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears to a plus I have a double
+integral then and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then and these
+derivatives move off of GRA of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives move off of GRA of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives move off of GRA of of
+of I'm taking one derivative off of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm taking one derivative off of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm taking one derivative off of here
+one the Divergence moves over there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the Divergence moves over there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the Divergence moves over there but
+when the Divergence moves on the V it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Divergence moves on the V it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Divergence moves on the V it
+becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the
+transpose it becomes gradient so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it becomes gradient so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it becomes gradient so this is
+gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U gradi gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V DX Dy plus boundary terms the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DX Dy plus boundary terms the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DX Dy plus boundary terms the integral
+of what is let's see it's it's um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is let's see it's it's um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is let's see it's it's um yeah
+what do I have in this integral I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have in this integral I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have in this integral I have
+grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U.N times V around the boundary and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.N times V around the boundary and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.N times V around the boundary and I'm
+that's with my boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with my boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with my boundary conditions
+that's going to be gone I can come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be gone I can come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be gone I can come back
+to that now I don't you all looked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that now I don't you all looked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that now I don't you all looked a
+little uncertain when I wrote Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uncertain when I wrote Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uncertain when I wrote Green's
+formula this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this way
+for this problem it's I I can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem it's I I can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem it's I I can write it
+more easily this is my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily this is my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily this is my left
+side can I I want to write the answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side can I I want to write the answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side can I I want to write the answer I
+want I just want to write this weak form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I just want to write this weak form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I just want to write this weak form
+in a much simpler form the yeah so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much simpler form the yeah so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much simpler form the yeah so let
+me let me say what have I got here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me say what have I got here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me say what have I got here well
+all I've got is one derivative is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've got is one derivative is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've got is one derivative is moving
+off of U and on to V and the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of U and on to V and the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of U and on to V and the minus sign
+is dis appearing so I have DX time DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dis appearing so I have DX time DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dis appearing so I have DX time DV
+DX right one off of U on the V the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right one off of U on the V the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right one off of U on the V the other
+term one y derivative moving off of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term one y derivative moving off of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term one y derivative moving off of this
+and on to V the minus sign again going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on to V the minus sign again going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on to V the minus sign again going
+to a plus duud Dy DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plus duud Dy DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plus duud Dy DV
+Dy that's the integral that's it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's the integral that's it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's the integral that's it that's
+cool easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool easy to
+do and on the right hand side of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and on the right hand side of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and on the right hand side of course
+I have no change the integral of f ofx y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no change the integral of f ofx y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no change the integral of f ofx y
+v of XY Dy now that's the weak form DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy here it is weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's pretty
+nice beautifully symmetric so the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice beautifully symmetric so the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice beautifully symmetric so the Matrix
+that comes up when we plug in finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up when we plug in finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up when we plug in finite
+specific trial functions and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific trial functions and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific trial functions and test
+functions is going to be a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is going to be a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is going to be a symmetric
+Matrix K and the integrals are integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K and the integrals are integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K and the integrals are integrals
+of first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first derivative
+so as long as our functions are our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as our functions are our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as our functions are our our
+trial functions and test functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial functions and test functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial functions and test functions are
+continuous that is they they shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that is they they shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that is they they shouldn't
+jump if the trial functions or test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump if the trial functions or test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump if the trial functions or test
+functions jump they then if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions jump they then if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions jump they then if I have a
+jump then the derivative would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump then the derivative would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump then the derivative would be a
+Delta I'd have another Delta here I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I'd have another Delta here I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I'd have another Delta here I'd
+have an integral of Delta Delta time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integral of Delta Delta time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integral of Delta Delta time
+Delta and I don't want that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and I don't want that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and I don't want that that's
+infinite that's those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite that's those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite that's those those
+discontinuous elements would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous elements would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous elements would not be
+conforming uh and that's a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conforming uh and that's a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conforming uh and that's a whole new
+world of discontinuous guring I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of discontinuous guring I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of discontinuous guring I'd have
+to impose penalty stuff and uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose penalty stuff and uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose penalty stuff and uh Professor
+Pereira I mentioned and others professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pereira I mentioned and others professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pereira I mentioned and others professor
+darmafall in Arrow are experts on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darmafall in Arrow are experts on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darmafall in Arrow are experts on this
+we're doing continuous gking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing continuous gking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing continuous gking
+CG our piecewise linear piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CG our piecewise linear piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CG our piecewise linear piecewise
+quadratic they'll be continuous all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic they'll be continuous all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic they'll be continuous all I
+have to do is these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is these derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is these derivatives
+integrate those things and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate those things and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate those things and that's what
+the code will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code will do
+okay I've got to the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've got to the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've got to the weak
+form that's the weak form plug in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's the weak form plug in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's the weak form plug in now
+now comes the finite element idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes the finite element idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes the finite element idea so
+there's our weak form now now ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our weak form now now ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our weak form now now ready for
+the finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite element
+idea okay so what was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so what was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so what was that
+idea that's the continuous problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that's the continuous problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that's the continuous problem now
+the finite element idea is plug in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite element idea is plug in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite element idea is plug in uh
+let me yeah just I'll plug in U as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me yeah just I'll plug in U as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me yeah just I'll plug in U as a
+combination as a let me write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination as a let me write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination as a let me write out the
+the terms you you you know what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms you you you know what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms you you you know what's coming
+here at if I'm using finite elements I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at if I'm using finite elements I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at if I'm using finite elements I'm
+going to choose nice polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fee say n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee say n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee say n of
+them that would be like one for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that would be like one for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that would be like one for every
+node so I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so I would have
+13 functions here I'm going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 functions here I'm going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 functions here I'm going to choose
+the v's to be the same as the fees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's to be the same as the fees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's to be the same as the fees and
+then I've got I'm working then in 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got I'm working then in 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got I'm working then in 13
+Dimensions instead of infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions instead of infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions instead of infinite
+Dimensions so I what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so I what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so I what do I do
+I for this limited Subspace this finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for this limited Subspace this finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for this limited Subspace this finite
+element Subspace this piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element Subspace this piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element Subspace this piecewise
+polinomial piecewise linear Subspace I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial piecewise linear Subspace I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial piecewise linear Subspace I
+plug that into the weak form and I test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that into the weak form and I test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that into the weak form and I test
+it against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it against
+13 V's which are fees so I plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 V's which are fees so I plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 V's which are fees so I plug that in
+so now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what is
+K what what are the yeah well no let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what what are the yeah well no let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what what are the yeah well no let me
+just say so so I now have the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say so so I now have the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say so so I now have the integral
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of yeah I guess better better plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah I guess better better plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah I guess better better plug it in
+k i j would then be the integral I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i j would then be the integral I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i j would then be the integral I'm
+just copying the weak form then of du U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copying the weak form then of du U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copying the weak form then of du U
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+D Fe no sorry I better sorry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Fe no sorry I better sorry about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Fe no sorry I better sorry about this
+I better just plug it in first uh D DX d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better just plug it in first uh D DX d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better just plug it in first uh D DX d
+v DX DX plus d U Dy DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v DX DX plus d U Dy DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v DX DX plus d U Dy DV
+Dy those are the integrals I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy those are the integrals I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy those are the integrals I have to do
+and on the right hand side I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand side I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand side I have to do
+the F integral FV DX Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F integral FV DX Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F integral FV DX Dy
+okay plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plug that
+in that's an integral over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's an integral over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's an integral over the whole
+domain when I plug it in this U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when I plug it in this U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when I plug it in this U
+is is a combination of known functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a combination of known functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a combination of known functions
+and uh the v's will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the v's will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the v's will be
+the the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same
+guys so what am I going to get here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so what am I going to get here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so what am I going to get here what
+what it's just as in 1D so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's just as in 1D so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's just as in 1D so I'm I'm
+nothing no new idea is entering here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing no new idea is entering here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing no new idea is entering here the
+new idea is going to enter when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea is going to enter when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea is going to enter when I
+construct these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these
+fees let me just say though one thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees let me just say though one thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees let me just say though one thing in
+1D we pretty much had a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D we pretty much had a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D we pretty much had a choice
+of when when it was one dimension let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when when it was one dimension let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when when it was one dimension let me
+just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember
+that in in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in one
+dimension when I was when I had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension when I was when I had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension when I was when I had these
+hat functions when I had these guys andr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat functions when I had these guys andr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat functions when I had these guys andr
+against these guys I pretty much had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these guys I pretty much had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these guys I pretty much had a
+choice of did I want to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of did I want to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of did I want to think of it
+integrating that hat function against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating that hat function against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating that hat function against
+that one or actually it was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one or actually it was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one or actually it was their
+derivatives it it was just it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it it was just it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it it was just it was the
+integral of U yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of U yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of U yeah
+of of V what I needed was all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of V what I needed was all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of V what I needed was all the
+integrals of f i Prime V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of f i Prime V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of f i Prime V
+jpre th those are what I needed these go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into K into the Matrix K in fact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into K into the Matrix K in fact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into K into the Matrix K in fact that's
+what equals kig J the integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equals kig J the integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equals kig J the integral of f
+Prime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in
+1D okay now uh what I was going to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D okay now uh what I was going to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D okay now uh what I was going to say I
+pretty much I could do it this way if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much I could do it this way if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much I could do it this way if I
+wanted but you remember the other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted but you remember the other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted but you remember the other way to
+do it was uh element at a time so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it was uh element at a time so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it was uh element at a time so this
+was one method here that that found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one method here that that found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one method here that that found the
+entries of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separately one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately one by
+one the other way was take the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the other way was take the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the other way was take the elements
+one by one so the other way was take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one so the other way was take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one so the other way was take an
+element like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element like this
+element it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element it's got
+two functions two trial functions are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions two trial functions are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions two trial functions are in
+involved there there's a little 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved there there's a little 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved there there's a little 2x two
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+or 2x Two element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices K and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices K and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices K and and and the
+quiz recalled that part that approach so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz recalled that part that approach so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz recalled that part that approach so
+what I want to say is that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say is that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say is that's the right
+way to do it in in two dimensions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it in in two dimensions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it in in two dimensions a
+triangle at a time that's the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle at a time that's the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle at a time that's the way the
+code will do it it it creates these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will do it it it creates these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will do it it it creates these
+little element matrices and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little element matrices and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little element matrices and then it
+stamps them in to the big Matrix K all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps them in to the big Matrix K all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps them in to the big Matrix K all
+right so I want to do this do do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to do this do do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to do this do do this
+integral one triangle at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the good
+way okay and that's what the code will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay and that's what the code will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay and that's what the code will
+do actually I think the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually I think the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually I think the best way to
+learn this these steps is just to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this these steps is just to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this these steps is just to read
+the lines of the code you can read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of the code you can read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of the code you can read them
+in the in the book book page 303 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the book book page 303 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the book book page 303 or
+something and uh see just you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and uh see just you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and uh see just you'll see
+it's just doing all the steps that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just doing all the steps that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just doing all the steps that need
+to be done one triangle at a time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done one triangle at a time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done one triangle at a time so
+now now comes the fun I get to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now comes the fun I get to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now comes the fun I get to answer
+what do these peie wise linear elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do these peie wise linear elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do these peie wise linear elements
+look like what do the quadratic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what do the quadratic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what do the quadratic elements
+look like what do the what do the q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what do the what do the q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what do the what do the q1
+quad elements look like ready for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad elements look like ready for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad elements look like ready for the
+this is this was the Golden Age of fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this was the Golden Age of fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this was the Golden Age of fin
+elements actually when people invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements actually when people invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements actually when people invented
+these uh ways to create peace wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ways to create peace wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ways to create peace wise
+pols and it's it continues people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols and it's it continues people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols and it's it continues people are
+still inventing I had a email that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still inventing I had a email that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still inventing I had a email that this
+week somebody says I've got spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week somebody says I've got spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week somebody says I've got spectral
+elements of people are going higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of people are going higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of people are going higher and
+higher degrees you know sixth degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degrees you know sixth degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degrees you know sixth degree
+eighth degree it's uh in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth degree it's uh in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth degree it's uh in order to get
+more accuracy okay let's start with P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accuracy okay let's start with P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accuracy okay let's start with P1
+how do I describe a P1 element inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I describe a P1 element inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I describe a P1 element inside a
+triangle so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle the unknowns will be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle the unknowns will be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle the unknowns will be the value
+this has a height U1 this has a height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a height U1 this has a height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a height U1 this has a height
+U2 a height u3 at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 a height u3 at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 a height u3 at those
+nodes inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes inside the
+triangle the the function U is linear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle the the function U is linear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle the the function U is linear a
+plus BX plus c y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh you see that if I know these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see that if I know these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see that if I know these three
+values then I know these three numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values then I know these three numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values then I know these three numbers
+and vice versa there's a 3X3 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa there's a 3X3 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa there's a 3X3 Matrix
+right there has to be a 3X3 anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there has to be a 3X3 anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there has to be a 3X3 anytime you
+see pictures like this this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pictures like this this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pictures like this this is like the
+good Bo of 18085 is to realize that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Bo of 18085 is to realize that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Bo of 18085 is to realize that if I
+have three numbers here three values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three numbers here three values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three numbers here three values and
+I've got three coefficients that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got three coefficients that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got three coefficients that there's
+some 3x3 Matrix that connects them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 3x3 Matrix that connects them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 3x3 Matrix that connects them that
+you're going to need that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need that's like the
+meta message of of this course is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta message of of this course is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta message of of this course is you've
+got to translate between core between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to translate between core between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to translate between core between
+the uh the node values and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the node values and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the node values and the
+coefficients because the node values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because the node values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because the node values are
+what you're are the unknowns right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're are the unknowns right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're are the unknowns right these
+are the guys that are multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the guys that are multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the guys that are multiplying the
+pyramid functions this is multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid functions this is multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid functions this is multiplying a
+pyramid function with height one at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid function with height one at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid function with height one at that
+Point going down to zero this is mult so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point going down to zero this is mult so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point going down to zero this is mult so
+this one will be a pyramid function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be a pyramid function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be a pyramid function of
+height U2 * 1 going down to zero and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height U2 * 1 going down to zero and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height U2 * 1 going down to zero and and
+u3 so we've got a flat function in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3 so we've got a flat function in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3 so we've got a flat function in here
+and it looks exactly like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks exactly like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks exactly like that
+okay so what do I want to say that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I want to say that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I want to say that we we
+when we know these POS we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know these POS we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know these POS we know the
+positions of these three nodes from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of these three nodes from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of these three nodes from our
+list p right this these were the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list p right this these were the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list p right this these were the C
+crucial things we needed the positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial things we needed the positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial things we needed the positions
+of all the nodes we know where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the nodes we know where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the nodes we know where they
+are then there's a little there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then there's a little there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then there's a little there has to
+be a 3X3 Matrix that will now Lo connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 3X3 Matrix that will now Lo connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 3X3 Matrix that will now Lo connect
+to the coefficients why do we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the coefficients why do we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the coefficients why do we want the
+coefficients because those are what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because those are what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because those are what we
+do when we integrate the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we integrate the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we integrate the coefficients
+are what we need we need to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we need we need to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we need we need to integrate
+dudx dudy dudz sorry DX Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudx dudy dudz sorry DX Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudx dudy dudz sorry DX Dy
+you are you visualizing this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you visualizing this overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you visualizing this overall
+solution capital u yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution capital u yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution capital u yeah
+you so so what the overall solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so so what the overall solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so so what the overall solution
+capital u you should visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u you should visualize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u you should visualize the
+combination of all the little U's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all the little U's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all the little U's is
+zero here and then it's going to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and then it's going to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and then it's going to go up
+in these triangles and bend around and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these triangles and bend around and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these triangles and bend around and I
+don't know maybe down again or maybe no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe down again or maybe no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe down again or maybe no
+maybe it keeps going up this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it keeps going up this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it keeps going up this is probably
+the largest value for uh uh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value for uh uh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value for uh uh because it's
+the largest value in the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value in the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value in the correct
+solution so this is probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is probably going to be
+the highest point of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest point of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest point of this of this
+uh I don't know yeah what what's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know yeah what what's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know yeah what what's the uh
+the Forbidden City right in in China is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forbidden City right in in China is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forbidden City right in in China is
+uh in Beijing is a like a or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Beijing is a like a or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Beijing is a like a or or a
+single do pagodas have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single do pagodas have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single do pagodas have
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+no we will meet pagota functions uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we will meet pagota functions uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we will meet pagota functions uh but
+this would be just an ordinary Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be just an ordinary Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be just an ordinary Western
+uh roof I guess just flat pieces yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh roof I guess just flat pieces yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh roof I guess just flat pieces yeah
+okay do you see you got to see the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you see you got to see the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you see you got to see the whole
+thing and then you look at each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you look at each piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you look at each piece
+each piece looks like that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each piece looks like that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each piece looks like that and the
+integrals are doable okay so while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are doable okay so while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are doable okay so while I'm
+going here oh I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here oh I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here oh I want to do
+quadratics you you'll get the idea right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics you you'll get the idea right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics you you'll get the idea right
+away so same triangle Angle now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so same triangle Angle now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so same triangle Angle now I'm
+going to have quadratic so I'm now going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have quadratic so I'm now going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have quadratic so I'm now going
+to have so this won't be the arrow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have so this won't be the arrow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have so this won't be the arrow this
+Arrow now go this way I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow now go this way I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow now go this way I'm going to have
+dx2 e XY and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx2 e XY and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx2 e XY and
+fy2 so now how many coefficients have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fy2 so now how many coefficients have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fy2 so now how many coefficients have I
+got to determine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to determine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to determine a
+quadratic six right A B CDE e f how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic six right A B CDE e f how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic six right A B CDE e f how many
+nodes do I need six where are they well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes do I need six where are they well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes do I need six where are they well
+the natural positions are those guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural positions are those guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural positions are those guys and
+the midpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now those are all nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now those are all nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now those are all nodes
+now some nodes are at Verte at at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some nodes are at Verte at at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some nodes are at Verte at at at
+vertices of triangles some nodes are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of triangles some nodes are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of triangles some nodes are at
+midpoints but remember we've got other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoints but remember we've got other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoints but remember we've got other
+triangles hooking on here many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles hooking on here many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles hooking on here many other
+triangles all with their own six nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles all with their own six nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles all with their own six nodes
+well not their own because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not their own because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not their own because they
+share that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that's a big
+point so there is a there is a grid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so there is a there is a grid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so there is a there is a grid of
+triangles with nodes for quadratic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles with nodes for quadratic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles with nodes for quadratic and
+we've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
+14 15 16 nodes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 15 16 nodes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 15 16 nodes I
+think and within each triangle this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and within each triangle this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and within each triangle this is
+what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've
+got so there's a 6x6 Matrix for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so there's a 6x6 Matrix for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so there's a 6x6 Matrix for each
+triangle a 6x6 Matrix which will connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle a 6x6 Matrix which will connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle a 6x6 Matrix which will connect
+the values U1 U2 u3 u4 u5 U6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values U1 U2 u3 u4 u5 U6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values U1 U2 u3 u4 u5 U6
+for this triangle connect those six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this triangle connect those six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this triangle connect those six
+Heights with these six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights with these six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights with these six
+numbers and what will the what will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what will the what will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what will the what will the
+what will the roof look like within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the roof look like within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the roof look like within that
+triangle well sort of curve par a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle well sort of curve par a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle well sort of curve par a
+parabola right a parabola somehow in 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola right a parabola somehow in 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola right a parabola somehow in 2D
+it'll look it'll look like this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look it'll look like this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look it'll look like this yeah
+yeah and and and here's the key question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and and here's the key question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and and here's the key question
+will that roof that curvy roof fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that roof that curvy roof fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that roof that curvy roof fit the
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+there because if it didn't fit we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because if it didn't fit we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because if it didn't fit we're in
+trouble its derivative would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble its derivative would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble its derivative would have a
+Delta function and we've got Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function and we've got Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function and we've got Delta
+functions and we do that integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we do that integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we do that integrals
+squaring them would give infinite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring them would give infinite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring them would give infinite so
+here's the question why does this roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the question why does this roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the question why does this roof
+using this six these six points fit onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this six these six points fit onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this six these six points fit onto
+the roof that uses U7 u8 u9 and u3 u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof that uses U7 u8 u9 and u3 u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof that uses U7 u8 u9 and u3 u4
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+u5 why do those two roofs fit together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 why do those two roofs fit together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 why do those two roofs fit together
+this is the fun of of piecewise pols of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fun of of piecewise pols of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fun of of piecewise pols of
+course the slope will change but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the slope will change but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the slope will change but the
+roof won't have a gap water won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof won't have a gap water won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof won't have a gap water won't go
+through it why is that do do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it why is that do do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it why is that do do you do you
+see why because what do they share what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why because what do they share what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why because what do they share what
+do those two curvy roofs share they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those two curvy roofs share they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those two curvy roofs share they
+share a side they share the same values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a side they share the same values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a side they share the same values
+on along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on along the
+side and is are those three values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and is are those three values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and is are those three values that
+are shared along the side sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shared along the side sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shared along the side sufficient to
+make it to make it match all along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to make it match all along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to make it match all along the
+side yes that's the important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yes that's the important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yes that's the important question
+finite elements lives or dies on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements lives or dies on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements lives or dies on that
+question the answer is yes because along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer is yes because along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer is yes because along
+that side what kind of uh if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side what kind of uh if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side what kind of uh if I just
+focus on that side where I'm where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that side where I'm where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that side where I'm where these
+three values are shared on both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values are shared on both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values are shared on both sides of
+by the triangle on both sides along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle on both sides along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle on both sides along that
+edge what kind of a function have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge what kind of a function have I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge what kind of a function have I got
+it's second degree it's this is whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's second degree it's this is whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's second degree it's this is whatever
+if I when I restrict this to just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I when I restrict this to just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I when I restrict this to just run
+along a line it's a parabola and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a line it's a parabola and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a line it's a parabola and the
+parabola is determined by those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola is determined by those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola is determined by those three
+values so having it right at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so having it right at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so having it right at three
+points means I have it right the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points means I have it right the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points means I have it right the whole
+way yeah so there you see what par what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah so there you see what par what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah so there you see what par what
+quadratic elements would look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic elements would look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic elements would look like and
+you could extend the code in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could extend the code in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could extend the code in the in the
+book and on the csse site to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and on the csse site to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and on the csse site to work for
+quadratic ele elements and do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic ele elements and do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic ele elements and do you want
+to just guess what cubic elements could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just guess what cubic elements could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just guess what cubic elements could
+look like I'm sorry we've run five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like I'm sorry we've run five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like I'm sorry we've run five
+minutes over but maybe finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes over but maybe finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes over but maybe finite elements
+is worth it uh so if I had cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements so I any idea how many so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so I any idea how many so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so I any idea how many so I'm
+now going up to I'm adding GX Cub h i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going up to I'm adding GX Cub h i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going up to I'm adding GX Cub h i j
+any idea how many coefficients I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea how many coefficients I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea how many coefficients I now
+have four new ones Plus these six is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four new ones Plus these six is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four new ones Plus these six is 10
+I need 10 nodes where am I going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need 10 nodes where am I going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need 10 nodes where am I going to put
+10 nodes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 nodes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 nodes in this
+triangle I want to put them I get i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle I want to put them I get i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle I want to put them I get i'
+like to have some on the edges because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have some on the edges because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have some on the edges because
+the edges help me make triangles match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges help me make triangles match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges help me make triangles match
+each other uh they'll just be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other uh they'll just be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other uh they'll just be like
+bowling balls so here's six six uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowling balls so here's six six uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowling balls so here's six six uh uh
+whoops is that oop not that wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops is that oop not that wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops is that oop not that wouldn't be
+like a bowling ball is that right four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bowling ball is that right four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bowling ball is that right four
+three two and one yeah yeah okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two and one yeah yeah okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two and one yeah yeah okay so so
+every and now I've got a bubble node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every and now I've got a bubble node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every and now I've got a bubble node
+inside and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and I've
+got four nodes of vertices and two h two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four nodes of vertices and two h two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four nodes of vertices and two h two
+points at two oneir points and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at two oneir points and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at two oneir points and that will
+then match the triangle next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then match the triangle next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then match the triangle next to it
+because Four Points determine a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Four Points determine a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Four Points determine a cubic
+there you go it's uh I hope you have fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go it's uh I hope you have fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go it's uh I hope you have fun
+I hope you have a great holiday I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you have a great holiday I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you have a great holiday I'll see
+you Wednesday for 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Wednesday for 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Wednesday for 4
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+always uh open for questions on the m
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hDppkpYcBdg.txt b/hDppkpYcBdg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..557b15ef982ce4e48dc0746d290c70b05768f367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hDppkpYcBdg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so just very briefly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so just very briefly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so just very briefly I
+just wanted to remind you because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to remind you because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to remind you because it
+goes along with the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along with the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along with the video
+bioluminescence is light emitted based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence is light emitted based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence is light emitted based
+on a biochemical reaction the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a biochemical reaction the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a biochemical reaction the most
+common one is the enzyme luciferase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one is the enzyme luciferase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one is the enzyme luciferase
+which reacts with a molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reacts with a molecule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reacts with a molecule called
+luciferin to undergo a biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferin to undergo a biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferin to undergo a biochemical
+transformation that uses ATP and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that uses ATP and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that uses ATP and as a
+result of that transformation there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that transformation there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that transformation there is
+light emitted so you don't have to shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emitted so you don't have to shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emitted so you don't have to shine
+light onto these the light comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light onto these the light comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light onto these the light comes from
+the biochemical reaction so the assays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biochemical reaction so the assays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biochemical reaction so the assays
+and a lot of biological work is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of biological work is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of biological work is based on
+the luciferin luciferase reaction so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luciferin luciferase reaction so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luciferin luciferase reaction so the
+mushrooms that do this we'll have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms that do this we'll have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms that do this we'll have both
+luciferase and luciferin so in a in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferase and luciferin so in a in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferase and luciferin so in a in an
+organism you can Transpac cell or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism you can Transpac cell or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism you can Transpac cell or in
+cells you can transfer with luciferase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you can transfer with luciferase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you can transfer with luciferase
+and then when you're ready to do the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you're ready to do the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you're ready to do the to
+see the lumen of the luminescence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the lumen of the luminescence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the lumen of the luminescence the
+bioluminescence you can add luciferin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence you can add luciferin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence you can add luciferin
+exogenously and there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously and there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously and there's a number of
+chemists that are trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists that are trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists that are trying to make
+modified systems that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified systems that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified systems that have different
+light energies and so on so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light energies and so on so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light energies and so on so there's
+there's a lot of protein engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of protein engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of protein engineering
+that's taking place based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking place based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking place based on the
+luciferin and luciferase pair there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferin and luciferase pair there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferin and luciferase pair there's
+all kinds of cool biochemistry going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of cool biochemistry going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of cool biochemistry going on
+now okay anyone who comes in you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay anyone who comes in you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay anyone who comes in you can
+come and grab a doughnut we can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and grab a doughnut we can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and grab a doughnut we can move
+them or do only doughnut okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or do only doughnut okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or do only doughnut okay all right
+I didn't mean to call attention to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't mean to call attention to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't mean to call attention to okay
+I want to go briefly back to arrays DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go briefly back to arrays DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go briefly back to arrays DNA
+arrays because I want to explain to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays because I want to explain to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays because I want to explain to you
+the power of this technology so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of this technology so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of this technology so last
+time we were talking about arrays which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were talking about arrays which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were talking about arrays which
+are basically printed layouts and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically printed layouts and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically printed layouts and I'm
+this is going to be a very tiny array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a very tiny array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a very tiny array
+with six sites on the array so it's a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six sites on the array so it's a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six sites on the array so it's a 2
+by 3 array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ones that are used in net in in bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are used in net in in bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are used in net in in bio
+biology a way larger than that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology a way larger than that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology a way larger than that you can
+see those up here far far more spots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those up here far far more spots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those up here far far more spots and
+this is just the size of a glass slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the size of a glass slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the size of a glass slide
+and at each of these sites there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each of these sites there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each of these sites there would
+be different DNA sequences so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different DNA sequences so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different DNA sequences so there are
+specific DNA sequences and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific DNA sequences and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific DNA sequences and they are
+printed onto the array with a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed onto the array with a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed onto the array with a was
+originally done just with printers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally done just with printers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally done just with printers now
+there's more technological ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more technological ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more technological ways of
+handling this and they're usually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling this and they're usually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling this and they're usually on
+silicon or glass slides so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon or glass slides so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon or glass slides so there's a lot
+of engineering went into the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering went into the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering went into the original
+arrays to make these really pract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays to make these really pract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays to make these really pract
+distribution of DNA's and these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of DNA's and these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of DNA's and these would be
+what are called addressed arrays we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called addressed arrays we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called addressed arrays we know
+what's at each of the sites whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at each of the sites whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at each of the sites whether
+we're aware of the sequences at each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aware of the sequences at each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aware of the sequences at each of
+the sites and there's really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites and there's really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites and there's really cool
+chemistry that would have enabled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that would have enabled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that would have enabled the
+disposition of these arrays so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition of these arrays so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition of these arrays so what
+these are razing used for is to probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are razing used for is to probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are razing used for is to probe
+complementary pieces of DNA so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary pieces of DNA so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary pieces of DNA so let's say
+we've got F G H I J but come potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got F G H I J but come potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got F G H I J but come potentially
+from genomic DNA and they complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from genomic DNA and they complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from genomic DNA and they complement
+each of them complement one of the sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them complement one of the sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them complement one of the sites
+on the change complement one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the change complement one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the change complement one of the
+sites on the array but the DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites on the array but the DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites on the array but the DNA that
+you're screening is specifically labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're screening is specifically labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're screening is specifically labeled
+with a floor four okay so these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a floor four okay so these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a floor four okay so these would be
+floor for labeled and what a raison able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor for labeled and what a raison able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor for labeled and what a raison able
+you to do is to rapidly screen either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is to rapidly screen either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is to rapidly screen either
+genomic DNA or actually much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA or actually much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA or actually much more
+usefully as you all know now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefully as you all know now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefully as you all know now the
+transcriptome so the messenger rna's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptome so the messenger rna's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptome so the messenger rna's and
+I'm gonna remind you about technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna remind you about technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna remind you about technology to
+take the messenger RNAs from cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the messenger RNAs from cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the messenger RNAs from cells and
+then make them an appropriate copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make them an appropriate copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make them an appropriate copy of
+the complementary DNA to what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary DNA to what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary DNA to what's on the
+arrays so let's go take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays so let's go take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays so let's go take a look at the
+next slide which describes the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide which describes the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide which describes the X
+Barrowman so let's say you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrowman so let's say you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrowman so let's say you want to
+screen populations of cells where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen populations of cells where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen populations of cells where one
+set of cells is cancerous and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cells is cancerous and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cells is cancerous and the other
+one is healthy you would collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is healthy you would collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is healthy you would collect the
+lysate from those cells you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysate from those cells you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysate from those cells you would
+collect the messenger RNA presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the messenger RNA presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the messenger RNA presumably
+based on a tag or a feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a tag or a feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a tag or a feature of the
+messenger RNA that's common to just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA that's common to just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA that's common to just the
+messenger what would that be what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger what would that be what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger what would that be what would
+be common to the mature messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be common to the mature messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be common to the mature messenger RNA
+that would allow you to capture just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow you to capture just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow you to capture just the
+messenger RNA not all the other RNAs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA not all the other RNAs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA not all the other RNAs and
+not DNA anyone yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not DNA anyone yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not DNA anyone yeah
+the poly a tail so you can with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly a tail so you can with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly a tail so you can with an
+appropriate resin for example a poly T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate resin for example a poly T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate resin for example a poly T
+support you can capture that all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support you can capture that all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support you can capture that all and
+then in each case you would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in each case you would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in each case you would take the
+messenger RNA collection and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA collection and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA collection and then what
+you need to do is turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do is turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do is turn it into a
+complementary DNA sequence we're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary DNA sequence we're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary DNA sequence we're much
+happier screening at the DNA level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier screening at the DNA level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier screening at the DNA level
+because the RNA is less stable so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the RNA is less stable so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the RNA is less stable so it's
+really handy to do that conversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really handy to do that conversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really handy to do that conversion and
+you use the viral enzyme reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the viral enzyme reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the viral enzyme reverse
+transcriptase that's an enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase that's an enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase that's an enzyme that
+comes from the retro viruses that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the retro viruses that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the retro viruses that are
+exemplified by the HIV retrovirus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplified by the HIV retrovirus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplified by the HIV retrovirus that
+we'll be talking about in the last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about in the last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about in the last week
+of class so you'll learn where reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class so you'll learn where reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class so you'll learn where reverse
+transcriptase fits in the life cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase fits in the life cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase fits in the life cycle of
+the HIV virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV virus
+then once you've collected the the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you've collected the the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you've collected the the DNA
+that's complementary to the RNA from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's complementary to the RNA from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's complementary to the RNA from
+each type of cell you label them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type of cell you label them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type of cell you label them
+uniquely for example with green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely for example with green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely for example with green
+fluorophores or red fluorophores it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores or red fluorophores it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores or red fluorophores it's
+kind of a global reaction you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a global reaction you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a global reaction you just
+pleased chemically linked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased chemically linked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased chemically linked the
+fluorophore to each set of DNA and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore to each set of DNA and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore to each set of DNA and then
+you basically combine everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically combine everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically combine everything and
+take a look at how the chips how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at how the chips how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at how the chips how the
+arrays light up so that your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays light up so that your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays light up so that your typical
+experiment would be everywhere you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment would be everywhere you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment would be everywhere you've
+got something that has a red fluorophore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that has a red fluorophore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that has a red fluorophore
+might bind to a unique site everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bind to a unique site everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bind to a unique site everything
+with a green fluorophore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a green fluorophore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a green fluorophore
+might bind to another unique site on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bind to another unique site on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bind to another unique site on the
+array and then if both types of DNA are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then if both types of DNA are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then if both types of DNA are
+binding to the same site that would show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding to the same site that would show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding to the same site that would show
+up as yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as yellow
+if nobody is binding it would show up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nobody is binding it would show up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nobody is binding it would show up as
+a blank spot so you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank spot so you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank spot so you get these
+collections we're pretty easily you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections we're pretty easily you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections we're pretty easily you can
+look at thousands of sequences to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at thousands of sequences to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at thousands of sequences to see
+whether they're complimentary that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're complimentary that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're complimentary that's not
+on your array everywhere you see yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your array everywhere you see yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your array everywhere you see yellow
+the cancer cell and the healthy cell are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer cell and the healthy cell are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer cell and the healthy cell are
+binding kind of equally so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding kind of equally so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding kind of equally so there's
+nothing disease related there so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing disease related there so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing disease related there so that's
+an interesting feature because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting feature because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting feature because you can
+say well none of these are a problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well none of these are a problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well none of these are a problematic
+segments but then you see very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments but then you see very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments but then you see very clearly
+spots that are clearly red so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots that are clearly red so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots that are clearly red so the
+sequences of the DNA on the glass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of the DNA on the glass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of the DNA on the glass or
+silicon chip are complementary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon chip are complementary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon chip are complementary to
+sequences that are unique to the mRNA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that are unique to the mRNA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that are unique to the mRNA in
+the cancer genome in the cancer cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer genome in the cancer cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer genome in the cancer cell
+line from that from that nice age is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from that from that nice age is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from that from that nice age is
+pretty cool I don't know if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool I don't know if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool I don't know if any of you
+hit that link but it's basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit that link but it's basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit that link but it's basically this
+guy's sitting at a bench and doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's sitting at a bench and doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's sitting at a bench and doing an
+experiment where he's able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where he's able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where he's able to do
+thousands and the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and the equivalent of
+thousands and thousands of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of experiments
+just by using one gene chip to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using one gene chip to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using one gene chip to do the
+probing in other cases you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing in other cases you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing in other cases you will see
+spots that are green which mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots that are green which mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots that are green which mean they
+come exclusively from the healthy cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come exclusively from the healthy cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come exclusively from the healthy cells
+so those would be really the ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would be really the ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would be really the ones you
+want to interrogate and where it's black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to interrogate and where it's black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to interrogate and where it's black
+nothing's binding so it's less important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's binding so it's less important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's binding so it's less important
+so it allows you to go from a grid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it allows you to go from a grid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it allows you to go from a grid of
+thousands and thousands of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of different
+sequences to pick out suspects in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to pick out suspects in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to pick out suspects in a
+döner disease related situation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+döner disease related situation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+döner disease related situation so that
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+pretty cool technology the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool technology the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool technology the original
+chips were called they were from Earth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips were called they were from Earth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips were called they were from Earth I
+think Affymetrix they're athletes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Affymetrix they're athletes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Affymetrix they're athletes and
+they are really widely used even to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are really widely used even to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are really widely used even to this
+day and there are different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and there are different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and there are different types of
+variations but I think one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations but I think one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations but I think one of the most
+useful and ones that will remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and ones that will remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and ones that will remind you of
+certain things we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things we talked about in the
+class is that you can grow the cells of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that you can grow the cells of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that you can grow the cells of
+different sort of you know histories for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of you know histories for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of you know histories for
+example you collect the messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you collect the messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you collect the messenger RNA
+because remember the transcriptome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the transcriptome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the transcriptome is
+much more interesting to us than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting to us than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting to us than
+genome the chips would have to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome the chips would have to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome the chips would have to be a lot
+bigger to skate scan all of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger to skate scan all of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger to skate scan all of the genome
+and then you use reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use reverse transcriptase
+to make a DN a complementary DNA of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a DN a complementary DNA of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a DN a complementary DNA of the
+RNA because it's more stable more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA because it's more stable more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA because it's more stable more
+tractable to work with and then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable to work with and then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable to work with and then you put
+on a fluorophore label mix everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fluorophore label mix everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fluorophore label mix everything
+together and see what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and see what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and see what you get
+so those are my candidate spots so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my candidate spots so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my candidate spots so if
+you had an experiment let me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an experiment let me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an experiment let me think
+walk you through what the arrays can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through what the arrays can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through what the arrays can do
+but let's think make sure we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think make sure we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think make sure we know what
+they can't do because it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't do because it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't do because it's always
+important whenever someone says I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important whenever someone says I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important whenever someone says I've got
+this technology it's going to solve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology it's going to solve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology it's going to solve all
+the problems of the world throw away all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems of the world throw away all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems of the world throw away all
+your beakers and test tubes you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beakers and test tubes you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beakers and test tubes you just
+don't need to do any of that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do any of that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do any of that you can
+solve everything with arrays so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve everything with arrays so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve everything with arrays so let's
+say you've got a situation that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've got a situation that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've got a situation that in some
+cases although genes may be defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases although genes may be defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases although genes may be defective
+the messenger is still produced okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger is still produced okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger is still produced okay
+so there's something wrong but you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something wrong but you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something wrong but you make
+the messenger RNA so it would still kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger RNA so it would still kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger RNA so it would still kind
+of show up normally on chip but the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show up normally on chip but the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show up normally on chip but the gene
+defect could prevents translation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect could prevents translation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect could prevents translation into
+protein so you get the gene but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so you get the gene but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so you get the gene but you
+can't translate it so it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't translate it so it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't translate it so it's going to look
+like a normal gene but it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal gene but it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal gene but it's in the
+translation from the tracker from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation from the tracker from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation from the tracker from the
+messenger RNA to the protein where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA to the protein where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA to the protein where
+things go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go wrong
+what what are you going to see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are you going to see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are you going to see on the
+array is it gonna look healthy is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is it gonna look healthy is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is it gonna look healthy is it
+gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look
+not healthy what what what what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not healthy what what what what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not healthy what what what what's going
+to be the outcome could I use an array a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the outcome could I use an array a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the outcome could I use an array a
+DNA array for this experiment yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA array for this experiment yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA array for this experiment yeah what
+do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think
+yeah yeah it's just gonna look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's just gonna look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's just gonna look like
+everything binds to the chip it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything binds to the chip it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything binds to the chip it's not
+going to be informative so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be informative so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be informative so in this case
+you need to do very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do very different
+experiments that are at the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that are at the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that are at the protein
+level all right so I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right so I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right so I want you to
+remember that these are very good to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that these are very good to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that these are very good to get
+the genomic sequence the messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomic sequence the messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomic sequence the messenger RNA
+sequence but if you've got for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but if you've got for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but if you've got for example a
+protein that is made and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that is made and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that is made and there's a
+problem with let's say a phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with let's say a phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with let's say a phosphorylation
+by a kinase that may be critical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a kinase that may be critical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a kinase that may be critical for
+function in a Cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in a Cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in a Cell
+you will not see that in the array that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not see that in the array that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not see that in the array that
+will not be visible you'd have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be visible you'd have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be visible you'd have to do
+different types of experiments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of experiments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of experiments for
+example with phospho protein specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with phospho protein specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with phospho protein specific
+antibodies to tell that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to tell that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to tell that there was a
+disorder in those systems so always when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder in those systems so always when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder in those systems so always when
+someone tells you I've got this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tells you I've got this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tells you I've got this great
+experiment you say what can it do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you say what can it do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you say what can it do that
+is awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awesome
+but what can't you do okay I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what can't you do okay I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what can't you do okay I need to
+worry about that all right okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that all right okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that all right okay so what
+we've seen so far is we've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far is we've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far is we've seen a
+variety of fluorescent tools for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of fluorescent tools for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of fluorescent tools for example
+to label the nucleus either the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label the nucleus either the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label the nucleus either the original
+atheneum bromide types of stains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheneum bromide types of stains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheneum bromide types of stains the
+wool intercalate into DNA and give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wool intercalate into DNA and give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wool intercalate into DNA and give you a
+fluorescent signal that could be seen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent signal that could be seen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent signal that could be seen on
+a gel we've seen the evolution AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gel we've seen the evolution AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gel we've seen the evolution AB
+aetherium bromide to less toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium bromide to less toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium bromide to less toxic
+materials for example the Dappy stain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials for example the Dappy stain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials for example the Dappy stain so
+Ophidian bromide intercalates ass idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ophidian bromide intercalates ass idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ophidian bromide intercalates ass idiom
+sorry Dappy binds in the minor groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we saw images of that last time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw images of that last time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw images of that last time one
+important distinction that is made with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction that is made with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction that is made with
+these kinds of dyes is that Dappy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of dyes is that Dappy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of dyes is that Dappy is
+what's known as a super vital dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means you can use that dye an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you can use that dye an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you can use that dye an
+observed live cells so super vital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed live cells so super vital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed live cells so super vital is
+associated with the types of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the types of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the types of experiments
+that you can do observing cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do observing cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do observing cells that are
+still alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive
+the Ophidian bromide is not such a dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ophidian bromide is not such a dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ophidian bromide is not such a dye
+and neither are the antibodies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither are the antibodies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither are the antibodies because
+so phillium bromide is toxic so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phillium bromide is toxic so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phillium bromide is toxic so even
+though the Ophidian bromide gets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the Ophidian bromide gets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the Ophidian bromide gets into
+cells it actually should have the H here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it actually should have the H here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it actually should have the H here
+because it's specific that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's specific that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's specific that would be
+ethyl bromide in my language so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl bromide in my language so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl bromide in my language so the
+fillion bromide has the H there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fillion bromide has the H there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fillion bromide has the H there you
+can't use that it's not a super vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use that it's not a super vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use that it's not a super vital
+dye because it's toxic to cells because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye because it's toxic to cells because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye because it's toxic to cells because
+it intercalates in the DNA and disrupts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it intercalates in the DNA and disrupts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it intercalates in the DNA and disrupts
+replication so that is not super vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication so that is not super vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication so that is not super vital
+so Dappy is this guy isn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dappy is this guy isn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dappy is this guy isn't and
+antibodies which we learnt a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies which we learnt a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies which we learnt a little bit
+about last time these are from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time these are from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time these are from my
+description are simply reagents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description are simply reagents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description are simply reagents to
+recognize components of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize components of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize components of biological
+systems most commonly proteins and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems most commonly proteins and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems most commonly proteins and now
+we're getting better at making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting better at making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting better at making
+antibodies to carbohydrates for glycans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to carbohydrates for glycans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to carbohydrates for glycans
+our antibody is super vital or not my if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our antibody is super vital or not my if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our antibody is super vital or not my if
+they're not why can I use that on a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not why can I use that on a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not why can I use that on a cell
+and follow a live cell with an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow a live cell with an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow a live cell with an antibody
+yeah common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's a correct they they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a correct they they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a correct they they're not
+super vital what do you think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super vital what do you think would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super vital what do you think would
+happen if I add an antibody to a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I add an antibody to a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I add an antibody to a living
+cell could it stains it could stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell could it stains it could stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell could it stains it could stain
+something on the cell surface but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the cell surface but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the cell surface but it
+might as you say interfere with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as you say interfere with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as you say interfere with the
+function the cell let's say I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the cell let's say I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the cell let's say I have an
+antibody to the epidermal growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to the epidermal growth factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to the epidermal growth factor
+receptor that is gonna alter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that is gonna alter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that is gonna alter the
+properties so you're correct in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so you're correct in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so you're correct in that
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+what about targets inside cells so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about targets inside cells so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about targets inside cells so that
+antibodies gonna get in yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies gonna get in yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies gonna get in yeah yeah yeah
+yeah it's a big wall frankly it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a big wall frankly it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a big wall frankly it's a it's
+an impenetrable barrier to get in so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impenetrable barrier to get in so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impenetrable barrier to get in so you
+can really only stain and you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really only stain and you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really only stain and you can only
+observe in what are known as fixed cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when we beat when we call a cell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we beat when we call a cell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we beat when we call a cell a
+fixed cell we actually mean we've broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cell we actually mean we've broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cell we actually mean we've broken
+it because what we've done is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because what we've done is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because what we've done is we've
+treated a cell population with methanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated a cell population with methanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated a cell population with methanol
+which pokes holes all over those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pokes holes all over those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pokes holes all over those
+cellular membranes they're fixed they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular membranes they're fixed they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular membranes they're fixed they're
+static on a slide they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static on a slide they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static on a slide they're not going to
+move around anymore and you can stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around anymore and you can stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around anymore and you can stain
+with antibodies you can tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with antibodies you can tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with antibodies you can tell what
+happened at the moment what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the moment what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the moment what was
+happening at the moment the cell passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the moment the cell passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the moment the cell passed
+away if you will what was going on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if you will what was going on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if you will what was going on which
+proteins were there you can't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins were there you can't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins were there you can't keep
+observing moving forward because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing moving forward because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing moving forward because the
+cells then are no longer viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then are no longer viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then are no longer viable
+all right so neither of these approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so neither of these approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so neither of these approaches
+are super vital but they're for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super vital but they're for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super vital but they're for
+different reasons one is toxicity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons one is toxicity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons one is toxicity the
+other one is also toxicity as carmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is also toxicity as carmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is also toxicity as carmen
+pointed out but it's also a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out but it's also a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out but it's also a problem with
+membrane permeability so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane permeability so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane permeability so what we're
+going to talk about in the in the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in the in the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in the in the rest
+of this lecture is a way to get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture is a way to get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture is a way to get around
+this impenetrable problem and this had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impenetrable problem and this had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impenetrable problem and this had
+these the discovery of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the discovery of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the discovery of the green
+fluorescent protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're really mostly about GFP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're really mostly about GFP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're really mostly about GFP and
+its close siblings that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its close siblings that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its close siblings that might be
+different colors what I want to walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors what I want to walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors what I want to walk you
+through is the discovery of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is the discovery of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is the discovery of the protein
+and I really want to impress upon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really want to impress upon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really want to impress upon you
+how science happens in funny small steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how science happens in funny small steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how science happens in funny small steps
+early on you could never have predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on you could never have predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on you could never have predicted
+that a jellyfish off the coast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a jellyfish off the coast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a jellyfish off the coast of
+Seattle was going to revolutionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle was going to revolutionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle was going to revolutionize
+biology biochemistry life sciences right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology biochemistry life sciences right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology biochemistry life sciences right
+whoo who would have ever thought of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoo who would have ever thought of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoo who would have ever thought of that
+and so that's why you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why you know I'm
+colleagues we and our colleagues are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues we and our colleagues are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues we and our colleagues are so
+excited about fundamental science where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about fundamental science where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about fundamental science where
+you don't quite know where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't quite know where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't quite know where you're going
+but you're working on something cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're working on something cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're working on something cool and
+then the prepared mind goes Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the prepared mind goes Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the prepared mind goes Wow
+that's interesting I could use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting I could use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting I could use that for
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+so Shima Mora was a Japanese of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Shima Mora was a Japanese of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Shima Mora was a Japanese of a
+biochemist who was fascinated by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist who was fascinated by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist who was fascinated by by
+jellyfish and their bioluminescence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish and their bioluminescence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish and their bioluminescence and
+worked for years slaved away for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for years slaved away for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for years slaved away for years
+and years apparently he would go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years apparently he would go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years apparently he would go with
+his family to the small islands in Puget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his family to the small islands in Puget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his family to the small islands in Puget
+Sound and have his kids go and collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound and have his kids go and collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound and have his kids go and collect
+jellyfish all day long because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish all day long because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish all day long because he
+noticed certain things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed certain things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed certain things about the
+jellyfish that were rather intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish that were rather intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish that were rather intriguing
+with respect to their properties and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to their properties and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to their properties and the
+key thing that was observed was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing that was observed was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing that was observed was that
+there is a bioluminescent protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bioluminescent protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bioluminescent protein in
+jellyfish known as a Quarren so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish known as a Quarren so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish known as a Quarren so that's
+the kind of luminescence we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of luminescence we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of luminescence we just
+described but in the dark there was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but in the dark there was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but in the dark there was also
+a fluorescence for fluorescent species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluorescence for fluorescent species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluorescence for fluorescent species
+and it turns out that the light energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the light energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the light energy
+from a Koren actually can excite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Koren actually can excite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Koren actually can excite the
+fluorophore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore
+in the green fluorescent protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the green fluorescent protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the green fluorescent protein and
+then you emit the light at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you emit the light at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you emit the light at the
+wavelength of the group in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the group in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the group in the in the
+green so it was actually a coupled pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so it was actually a coupled pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so it was actually a coupled pair
+of proteins a chlorine and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins a chlorine and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins a chlorine and the second
+thing that he was just the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he was just the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he was just the green
+fluorescent protein and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein and what was
+fascinating about this protein is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating about this protein is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating about this protein is more
+and more work was done is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more work was done is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more work was done is that they
+didn't seem to need any additives so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to need any additives so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to need any additives so for
+bioluminescence you got to add ATP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence you got to add ATP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioluminescence you got to add ATP and
+you've got to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to add
+you know the intermet luciferin you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the intermet luciferin you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the intermet luciferin you've
+got to add things to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add things to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add things to see the
+fluorescence what was unique about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence what was unique about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence what was unique about the
+green fluorescent protein is it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green fluorescent protein is it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green fluorescent protein is it didn't
+need anything to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need anything to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need anything to add
+you just had the protein and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had the protein and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had the protein and it was
+fluorescent so what I want to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent so what I want to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent so what I want to talk to
+you about is the molecular basis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about is the molecular basis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about is the molecular basis of this
+fluorescent we'll also talk though about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent we'll also talk though about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent we'll also talk though about
+the protein engineering that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein engineering that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein engineering that was
+systematically done to make this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically done to make this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically done to make this more
+and more of a useful reagent so Shima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of a useful reagent so Shima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of a useful reagent so Shima
+Mora was the first person he had his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mora was the first person he had his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mora was the first person he had his
+kids collect so many jellyfish that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids collect so many jellyfish that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids collect so many jellyfish that they
+could extract the green fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could extract the green fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could extract the green fluorescent
+protein through traditional old-school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein through traditional old-school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein through traditional old-school
+biochemical methods and grow crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical methods and grow crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical methods and grow crystals
+protein crystals guess what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein crystals guess what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein crystals guess what they're
+bright green and we're able to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright green and we're able to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright green and we're able to solve the
+structure once they had the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure once they had the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure once they had the structure
+they sort of knew what was going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of knew what was going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of knew what was going on with
+the jellyfish and they were also able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jellyfish and they were also able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jellyfish and they were also able to
+recognize a particular part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a particular part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a particular part of the
+sequence of the green fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the green fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the green fluorescent
+protein that ended up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that ended up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that ended up being the
+precursor to the fluorophore that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the fluorophore that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the fluorophore that we see
+nowadays and we understand originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays and we understand originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays and we understand originally
+the protein was not monomeric I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein was not monomeric I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein was not monomeric I'll talk
+to you a bit about that later for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a bit about that later for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a bit about that later for
+technology it's much more handy to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it's much more handy to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it's much more handy to have
+this protein as a monomer not as a dimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein as a monomer not as a dimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein as a monomer not as a dimer
+or a tetramer that makes experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a tetramer that makes experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a tetramer that makes experiments
+complicated but I'll show you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but I'll show you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but I'll show you a very
+easy trick that was done to fix that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy trick that was done to fix that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy trick that was done to fix that and
+so the other people who shared a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other people who shared a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other people who shared a Nobel
+Prize with Shimomura who by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize with Shimomura who by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize with Shimomura who by the way
+passed away just a couple of weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed away just a couple of weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed away just a couple of weeks ago
+in fact but there's an amazing old age I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact but there's an amazing old age I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact but there's an amazing old age I
+must have been all that digging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been all that digging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been all that digging for
+jellyfish that helped him live that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish that helped him live that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jellyfish that helped him live that long
+there was also Martin Chalfie at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also Martin Chalfie at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also Martin Chalfie at
+Columbia who demonstrated that the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia who demonstrated that the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia who demonstrated that the gene
+for the green fluorescent protein could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the green fluorescent protein could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the green fluorescent protein could
+be put in all kinds of other animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put in all kinds of other animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put in all kinds of other animals
+organisms C elegans bacteria and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms C elegans bacteria and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms C elegans bacteria and they
+would fluoresce and a really major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fluoresce and a really major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fluoresce and a really major
+player in this entire story was Roger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in this entire story was Roger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in this entire story was Roger
+Tsien who dropped died very young of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tsien who dropped died very young of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tsien who dropped died very young of a
+stroke who was the chemist biochemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke who was the chemist biochemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke who was the chemist biochemist
+who put the pieces together said if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who put the pieces together said if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who put the pieces together said if this
+is GFP we can use it for so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is GFP we can use it for so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is GFP we can use it for so many
+different things so he really advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so he really advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so he really advanced
+the technologies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies of the
+applications so protein expression could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so protein expression could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so protein expression could
+be they realize quite early on could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they realize quite early on could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they realize quite early on could
+just be programmed into a protein by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be programmed into a protein by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be programmed into a protein by
+just having the DNA for the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having the DNA for the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having the DNA for the green
+fluorescent protein stuck on to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein stuck on to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein stuck on to a
+favorite protein of interest then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite protein of interest then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite protein of interest then you
+would have that DNA be transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have that DNA be transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have that DNA be transcribed
+translated in the cell and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated in the cell and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated in the cell and then your
+favorite protein in the cell would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite protein in the cell would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite protein in the cell would
+fluoresce green because it was attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce green because it was attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce green because it was attached
+as a construct with the other proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a construct with the other proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a construct with the other proteins
+so all of those things became enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of those things became enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of those things became enabled
+quite quickly this could be done in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly this could be done in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly this could be done in all
+all organisms eukaryotes prokaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all organisms eukaryotes prokaryotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all organisms eukaryotes prokaryotes
+it's pretty non-toxic so expressing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty non-toxic so expressing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty non-toxic so expressing a
+bunch of gene GFP in a Cell doesn't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of gene GFP in a Cell doesn't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of gene GFP in a Cell doesn't kill
+it that's kind of handy so it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's kind of handy so it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's kind of handy so it really is
+a super vital system and it's visible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super vital system and it's visible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super vital system and it's visible in
+all kinds of tissues so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of tissues so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of tissues so what I'm going
+to show you here are this some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you here are this some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you here are this some of the
+seminal results first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal results first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal results first of all the
+structure we'll talk about and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we'll talk about and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we'll talk about and then
+Chalfie was able to put the DNA into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chalfie was able to put the DNA into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chalfie was able to put the DNA into
+proteins in bacteria and also proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in bacteria and also proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in bacteria and also proteins
+were labeled in C elegans and the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were labeled in C elegans and the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were labeled in C elegans and the story
+of Chaffee is kind of funny he's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chaffee is kind of funny he's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chaffee is kind of funny he's one of
+those guys who sort of didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys who sort of didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys who sort of didn't
+necessarily have all the equipment he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have all the equipment he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have all the equipment he
+needed but he knew this was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but he knew this was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but he knew this was really
+excited and he needed a fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and he needed a fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and he needed a fluorescence
+microscope so he would call up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope so he would call up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope so he would call up all the
+companies who sold microscopes and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who sold microscopes and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who sold microscopes and say
+I'm really thinking of buying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really thinking of buying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really thinking of buying this
+fluorescent microscope this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent microscope this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent microscope this particular
+one would be would really win these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be would really win these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be would really win these a
+couple of hundred grand you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hundred grand you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hundred grand you know these
+are not cheap things and he'd talk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not cheap things and he'd talk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not cheap things and he'd talk the
+company into putting a microscope in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company into putting a microscope in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company into putting a microscope in his
+lab for a month as a demo it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab for a month as a demo it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab for a month as a demo it's like you
+know saying to the car dealer you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know saying to the car dealer you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know saying to the car dealer you want
+to buy a car and then driving a Ferrari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a car and then driving a Ferrari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a car and then driving a Ferrari
+around for months and then saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for months and then saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for months and then saying it's
+not really gonna work for me so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really gonna work for me so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really gonna work for me so he
+collected all these early data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected all these early data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected all these early data on
+microscopes that were on loan from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes that were on loan from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes that were on loan from
+Olympus and liker and various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympus and liker and various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympus and liker and various other
+places so that's a funny funny twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so that's a funny funny twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so that's a funny funny twist
+okay so the flora for all right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the flora for all right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the flora for all right so they
+could go from DNA to protein sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go from DNA to protein sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go from DNA to protein sequence
+then they could look at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they could look at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they could look at the structure
+and see that the place in the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that the place in the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that the place in the protein
+sequence that went serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that went serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that went serine
+Racine glycine so here we go serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Racine glycine so here we go serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Racine glycine so here we go serine
+tyrosine you recognize that one it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine you recognize that one it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine you recognize that one it's the
+one with one of the aromatic rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with one of the aromatic rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with one of the aromatic rings
+glycine is the one with no substituent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine is the one with no substituent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine is the one with no substituent
+was common in a number of organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was common in a number of organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was common in a number of organisms
+mostly aquatic organisms that fluoresce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly aquatic organisms that fluoresce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly aquatic organisms that fluoresce
+and seemed to be the origin of the flora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seemed to be the origin of the flora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seemed to be the origin of the flora
+for in GFP and so the chemists got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in GFP and so the chemists got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in GFP and so the chemists got to
+work and you know what chemists do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you know what chemists do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you know what chemists do they
+start drawing arrows and joining bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start drawing arrows and joining bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start drawing arrows and joining bonds
+and figuring out how can we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out how can we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out how can we go from
+something that's basically dead is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's basically dead is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's basically dead is not
+got any fluorescence at all to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got any fluorescence at all to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got any fluorescence at all to something
+that's fluorescent and so from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fluorescent and so from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fluorescent and so from the
+structure and from working out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and from working out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and from working out the
+mechanism they basically found that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism they basically found that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism they basically found that this
+little piece this tripeptide within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece this tripeptide within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece this tripeptide within the
+entire structure of the DNA primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire structure of the DNA primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire structure of the DNA primary
+sequence was able to cyclize through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was able to cyclize through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was able to cyclize through
+that nitrogen attacking that carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nitrogen attacking that carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nitrogen attacking that carbon and
+then an elimination and then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an elimination and then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an elimination and then there was
+an oxygen dependent oxidation to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen dependent oxidation to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen dependent oxidation to give
+you this structure so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this structure so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this structure so if you look at
+this you can still see the serine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can still see the serine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can still see the serine you
+kind of know this was tyrosine but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know this was tyrosine but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know this was tyrosine but it
+doesn't look like it anymore and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it anymore and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it anymore and it
+turns out the glycine was incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the glycine was incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the glycine was incredibly
+important it doesn't look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it doesn't look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it doesn't look like it's
+involved in the in the chromophore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the in the chromophore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the in the chromophore but
+when you have a glycine in a sequence it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a glycine in a sequence it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a glycine in a sequence it
+allows you to do some funny twists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do some funny twists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do some funny twists and
+turns because it has no substituents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns because it has no substituents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns because it has no substituents so
+it allowed that loop to form once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed that loop to form once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed that loop to form once that
+loop is formed chemistry can occur if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is formed chemistry can occur if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is formed chemistry can occur if
+the glycine wasn't there things might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycine wasn't there things might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycine wasn't there things might be
+not in an ideal situation to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in an ideal situation to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in an ideal situation to form the
+Flores or the oxidation to put in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flores or the oxidation to put in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flores or the oxidation to put in that
+double bond is oxygen-dependent so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond is oxygen-dependent so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond is oxygen-dependent so in
+some cases the fluorophore would mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases the fluorophore would mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases the fluorophore would mature
+a bit more slowly so you would go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more slowly so you would go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more slowly so you would go from
+the pre state that's not fluorescent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre state that's not fluorescent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre state that's not fluorescent to
+the fluorescent state quite slowly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescent state quite slowly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescent state quite slowly if
+you withheld oxygen so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you withheld oxygen so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you withheld oxygen so a lot of
+engineering was done to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering was done to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering was done to improve the
+maturation time to improve the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation time to improve the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation time to improve the photo
+physics there's really cool for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics there's really cool for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics there's really cool for the
+physical experiments that were done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical experiments that were done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical experiments that were done but
+that's the basis of it and the emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis of it and the emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis of it and the emission
+of this flora for you can almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this flora for you can almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this flora for you can almost
+recognize that it's a fluorophore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's a fluorophore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's a fluorophore
+because it's got a lot of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got a lot of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got a lot of what's called
+conjugation in organic chem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation in organic chem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation in organic chem
+three one double bond another double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one double bond another double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one double bond another double
+bond stack on so this ring was multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond stack on so this ring was multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond stack on so this ring was multiple
+double bonds and in it emits at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and in it emits at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and in it emits at the same
+a similar wavelength to the flora for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar wavelength to the flora for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar wavelength to the flora for
+flora see so other people were happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora see so other people were happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora see so other people were happy
+because all the filters on their on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the filters on their on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the filters on their on
+their microscopes were the right ones if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their microscopes were the right ones if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their microscopes were the right ones if
+you just use the fluoroscein filters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use the fluoroscein filters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use the fluoroscein filters you
+would get a GFP seen so that that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a GFP seen so that that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a GFP seen so that that really
+was made in heaven for those guys okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made in heaven for those guys okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made in heaven for those guys okay
+so let's take a look at this here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at this here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at this here's the
+wire diagram of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire diagram of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire diagram of the original
+crystallized structure I've planted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized structure I've planted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized structure I've planted a
+ribbon on there I get rid of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon on there I get rid of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon on there I get rid of all the
+side chains so you see this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains so you see this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains so you see this beautiful
+diamond structure let's throw away one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond structure let's throw away one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond structure let's throw away one
+of the dimers and you can start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dimers and you can start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dimers and you can start to look
+there's a little something sneaky in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little something sneaky in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little something sneaky in
+there and as you get closer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and as you get closer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and as you get closer you can
+start to see the structure there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see the structure there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see the structure there's this
+sort of thread going through it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thread going through it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thread going through it so
+that's just a trace of the backbone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a trace of the backbone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a trace of the backbone but
+there is the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the structure of the
+fluorophore here's the fluorophore with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore here's the fluorophore with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore here's the fluorophore with
+a space-filling and what i think is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space-filling and what i think is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space-filling and what i think is kind
+of cool is if you kind of twist the gfp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool is if you kind of twist the gfp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool is if you kind of twist the gfp
+around it's kind of like a barrel and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's kind of like a barrel and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's kind of like a barrel and it
+looks like a bird in a cage because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a bird in a cage because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a bird in a cage because it's
+caged in there and to be honest it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caged in there and to be honest it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caged in there and to be honest it's the
+structure it's not just the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's not just the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's not just the structure of
+the fluorophore it's the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorophore it's the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorophore it's the fact that the
+fluorophore is inside a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore is inside a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore is inside a kind of
+hydrophobic environment that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic environment that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic environment that makes it
+fluoresce I could go into the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce I could go into the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce I could go into the lab and
+make that fluorophore and have it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that fluorophore and have it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that fluorophore and have it in a
+beaker of methanol and you wouldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker of methanol and you wouldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker of methanol and you wouldn't see
+anything it's only in that environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's only in that environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's only in that environment
+is created in the GFP molecule so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created in the GFP molecule so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created in the GFP molecule so it's
+fascinating the structure of GFP creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating the structure of GFP creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating the structure of GFP creates
+the shape to cyclize and it creates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape to cyclize and it creates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape to cyclize and it creates the
+environment for good fluorescence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for good fluorescence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for good fluorescence so
+here's a mess of animals that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a mess of animals that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a mess of animals that have been
+labeled with GFP as you've seen a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with GFP as you've seen a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with GFP as you've seen a mouse
+has been labeled multiple times this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been labeled multiple times this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been labeled multiple times this is
+was the first GFP rabbit he was known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first GFP rabbit he was known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first GFP rabbit he was known as
+alba he even had his own name but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alba he even had his own name but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alba he even had his own name but
+there's seaweeds and zebrafish and mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seaweeds and zebrafish and mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seaweeds and zebrafish and mice
+from a litter C elegans the famous the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a litter C elegans the famous the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a litter C elegans the famous the
+fly what else I don't even know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly what else I don't even know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly what else I don't even know what
+these things are but purge inky cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are but purge inky cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are but purge inky cells
+and so on anyway so this shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on anyway so this shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on anyway so this shows you the
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+Tyla universality of the tool one brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyla universality of the tool one brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyla universality of the tool one brief
+mention about the dimer problem people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about the dimer problem people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about the dimer problem people
+looked at the structure of the dimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the structure of the dimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the structure of the dimer
+from the crystal structure and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the crystal structure and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the crystal structure and found
+that there was a sticky face between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a sticky face between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a sticky face between two
+monomers of gfp that encouraged this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers of gfp that encouraged this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers of gfp that encouraged this
+quaternary structure and so they simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary structure and so they simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary structure and so they simply
+changed to alanines that were sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed to alanines that were sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed to alanines that were sitting
+right at the dimer interface one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the dimer interface one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the dimer interface one from
+one monomer and one from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one monomer and one from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one monomer and one from the other
+created a sticky patch it sounds a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a sticky patch it sounds a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a sticky patch it sounds a bit
+like hemoglobin if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hemoglobin if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hemoglobin if you remember the
+sickle cell hemoglobin they changed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickle cell hemoglobin they changed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickle cell hemoglobin they changed them
+to lysines and baoyu was solved you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lysines and baoyu was solved you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lysines and baoyu was solved you had
+just monomeric protein because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just monomeric protein because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just monomeric protein because when you
+do a lot of experiments with gfp you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of experiments with gfp you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of experiments with gfp you
+don't want gfp randomly dimerizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want gfp randomly dimerizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want gfp randomly dimerizes
+because it's going to change the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to change the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to change the biology
+of the protein it's attached to so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein it's attached to so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein it's attached to so this
+very very easy structure driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easy structure driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easy structure driven
+engineering was perfect ok so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering was perfect ok so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering was perfect ok so let's take
+a look at some of the early things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at some of the early things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at some of the early things that
+could be done now we take it all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done now we take it all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done now we take it all for
+granted but GFP can be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted but GFP can be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted but GFP can be used as a
+reporter gene to do a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter gene to do a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter gene to do a number of things
+in in cellular systems so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cellular systems so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cellular systems so for example if
+you want to study a regulatory sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to study a regulatory sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to study a regulatory sequence
+to know whether this promoter works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether this promoter works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether this promoter works well
+you can put it at the front end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put it at the front end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put it at the front end of the
+GFP gene and then see if the promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GFP gene and then see if the promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GFP gene and then see if the promoter
+works under certain conditions then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works under certain conditions then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works under certain conditions then the
+GFP will be produced the cells will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GFP will be produced the cells will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GFP will be produced the cells will go
+proudly green and this is a nice variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proudly green and this is a nice variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proudly green and this is a nice variant
+to luciferase based system or a lag z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to luciferase based system or a lag z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to luciferase based system or a lag z
+based system where you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system where you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system where you're actually
+having to treat and fix things in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to treat and fix things in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to treat and fix things in order
+to do the lac z experiments so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the lac z experiments so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the lac z experiments so here's a
+really nice example with C elegans what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example with C elegans what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example with C elegans what
+you could do pre gf and we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do pre gf and we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do pre gf and we really have
+it's like a DBC you know ante or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a DBC you know ante or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a DBC you know ante or
+whatever before before Year Zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever before before Year Zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever before before Year Zero and
+after year 0 what the biological world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year 0 what the biological world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year 0 what the biological world
+is pre GFP and post GFP frankly the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pre GFP and post GFP frankly the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pre GFP and post GFP frankly the the
+impact that it's had on the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that it's had on the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that it's had on the system so
+here is a C elegans as you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a C elegans as you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a C elegans as you know all the
+neurons have names and a lot of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have names and a lot of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have names and a lot of C
+elegans biologists are very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans biologists are very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans biologists are very familiar
+with each you know single cell with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each you know single cell with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each you know single cell with
+the c.elegans in particular the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c.elegans in particular the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c.elegans in particular the neurons
+so this is a listing of the touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a listing of the touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a listing of the touch
+receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors
+you could have an antibody to those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have an antibody to those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have an antibody to those and
+so you could do some antibody staining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do some antibody staining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do some antibody staining
+but antibody staining remember we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but antibody staining remember we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but antibody staining remember we got to
+fix the worms they don't like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the worms they don't like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the worms they don't like that you
+literally fix them down and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally fix them down and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally fix them down and do the
+staining with the antibody to get inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining with the antibody to get inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining with the antibody to get inside
+the C elegans to see the antibody light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C elegans to see the antibody light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C elegans to see the antibody light
+up the proteins you could do beat a gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the proteins you could do beat a gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the proteins you could do beat a gal
+activity same thing but in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity same thing but in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity same thing but in both cases
+these are dead C elegans they're fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dead C elegans they're fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dead C elegans they're fixed
+they're in place you can't observe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in place you can't observe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in place you can't observe them
+going forward but look instead that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward but look instead that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward but look instead that the
+images you would get with GFP where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you would get with GFP where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you would get with GFP where you
+could totally pick out all the touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could totally pick out all the touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could totally pick out all the touch
+receptors and this is a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors and this is a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors and this is a situation where
+an important protein in those cells MEK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important protein in those cells MEK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important protein in those cells MEK
+17 is Co expressed with GFP and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 is Co expressed with GFP and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 is Co expressed with GFP and you can
+see this beautiful image and the worms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this beautiful image and the worms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this beautiful image and the worms
+are still alive you could totally watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still alive you could totally watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still alive you could totally watch
+what was going on with them and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on with them and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on with them and he just
+wants you to know that he's alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants you to know that he's alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants you to know that he's alive and
+well and kicking okay now progress has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and kicking okay now progress has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and kicking okay now progress has
+to happen so one green protein does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen so one green protein does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen so one green protein does not
+a history make so immediately with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history make so immediately with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history make so immediately with the
+identity of the structure of GFP I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the structure of GFP I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the structure of GFP I'm
+going to go back really quickly to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back really quickly to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back really quickly to look
+at that picture of the structure for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that picture of the structure for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that picture of the structure for you
+sorry about this back and forward okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about this back and forward okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about this back and forward okay
+the chemists realized that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemists realized that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemists realized that if they
+changed this tyrosine to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this tyrosine to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this tyrosine to some of the
+other amino acids that looked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acids that looked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acids that looked a little
+bit like it like phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like it like phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like it like phenylalanine
+tryptophan and histidine they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan and histidine they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan and histidine they might
+alter the photo physics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the photo physics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the photo physics of this
+structure because if you put tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because if you put tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because if you put tryptophan
+there there's even more double bonds if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's even more double bonds if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's even more double bonds if
+you put phenylalanine there that Oh H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put phenylalanine there that Oh H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put phenylalanine there that Oh H
+has gone so there's really opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone so there's really opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone so there's really opportunities
+and that's the chemist saying I can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the chemist saying I can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the chemist saying I can look
+at this protein structure and I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this protein structure and I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this protein structure and I know the
+one thing I can change is to change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I can change is to change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I can change is to change that
+amino acid back at the DNA level so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid back at the DNA level so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid back at the DNA level so I'm
+going to change the codon for tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change the codon for tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change the codon for tyrosine
+to the codons for tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the codons for tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the codons for tryptophan
+phenylalanine and histidine and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and histidine and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and histidine and then see
+what my fluorescent protein looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my fluorescent protein looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my fluorescent protein looks like
+okay does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense
+so it was the one thing that's obvious I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was the one thing that's obvious I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was the one thing that's obvious I
+can fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fix this
+so what they did was they made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they made the
+series of GF PS and they transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of GF PS and they transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of GF PS and they transferred
+cells and they were able to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and they were able to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and they were able to see that
+when you replaced various residues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you replaced various residues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you replaced various residues for
+example tyrosine to tryptophan tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example tyrosine to tryptophan tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example tyrosine to tryptophan tyrosine
+to histidine there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to histidine there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to histidine there's a little bit of
+variation here and don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation here and don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation here and don't worry about
+this for a minute they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a minute they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a minute they were able to
+create bacteria that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create bacteria that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create bacteria that had been
+transfected with the mutated GFP s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfected with the mutated GFP s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfected with the mutated GFP s in
+order to give them different colors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to give them different colors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to give them different colors of
+bacteria so my question to you is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so my question to you is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so my question to you is if you
+look at these this would have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these this would have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these this would have been the
+original GFP except made a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original GFP except made a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original GFP except made a little bit
+brighter by a small substitution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter by a small substitution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter by a small substitution which
+of these would emit at the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these would emit at the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these would emit at the shortest
+wavelength so just look at the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so just look at the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so just look at the colors
+which is the shortest wavelength which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the shortest wavelength which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the shortest wavelength which
+is the bacterium that expresses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bacterium that expresses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bacterium that expresses the
+protein that emits at the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that emits at the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that emits at the shortest
+wavelength you'd always be provided a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength you'd always be provided a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength you'd always be provided a
+picture of the electromagnetic spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the electromagnetic spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the electromagnetic spectrum
+yeah yeah the blue one exactly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the blue one exactly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the blue one exactly so you
+can look at the spectrum and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the spectrum and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the spectrum and you say
+okay I've got blue down here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've got blue down here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've got blue down here there's
+that cyan it's kind of a blue green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cyan it's kind of a blue green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cyan it's kind of a blue green and
+then I move towards the more yellow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I move towards the more yellow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I move towards the more yellow so
+you can pick it out and say it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick it out and say it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick it out and say it's the
+lowest energy it's the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy it's the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy it's the shortest
+wavelength emission the highest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength emission the highest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength emission the highest energy
+emission okay all right and these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission okay all right and these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission okay all right and these were
+the variants that I just described when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variants that I just described when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variants that I just described when
+I went back to the picture so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back to the picture so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back to the picture so you could
+make a blue one with histidine you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a blue one with histidine you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a blue one with histidine you could
+make a cyan one with tryptophan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cyan one with tryptophan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cyan one with tryptophan you
+could preserve the green one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could preserve the green one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could preserve the green one with
+tyrosine but a change in the serine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine but a change in the serine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine but a change in the serine or
+threonine just improve the photo physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine just improve the photo physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine just improve the photo physics
+long long story I won't are happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long story I won't are happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long story I won't are happy to
+chat about it and in fact there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about it and in fact there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about it and in fact there was one
+clever one where you couldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever one where you couldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever one where you couldn't really
+make the protein yellow but if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the protein yellow but if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the protein yellow but if you had a
+tyrosine nearby sandwiched with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine nearby sandwiched with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine nearby sandwiched with the
+tyrosine in the GFP chromophore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine in the GFP chromophore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine in the GFP chromophore you
+could actually go as far as a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually go as far as a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually go as far as a yellow
+flora for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora for
+and that in principle should make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in principle should make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in principle should make
+everybody really thrilled it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody really thrilled it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody really thrilled it's always
+this situation with protein engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation with protein engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation with protein engineering
+where you make something and it's huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make something and it's huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make something and it's huge
+improvement and then everyone says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and then everyone says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and then everyone says well
+what else you know what's next we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else you know what's next we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else you know what's next we need
+red dyes we need all kinds of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dyes we need all kinds of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dyes we need all kinds of different
+dyes so teams went back to the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyes so teams went back to the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyes so teams went back to the oceans
+and actually collected organisms based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually collected organisms based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually collected organisms based
+on the color they fluoresce that nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the color they fluoresce that nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the color they fluoresce that nice
+way to sample things and actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sample things and actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sample things and actually we're
+able to ultimately discover a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to ultimately discover a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to ultimately discover a red
+fluorescent protein from the disk disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein from the disk disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein from the disk disk
+ozma coral the original protein d s red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozma coral the original protein d s red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozma coral the original protein d s red
+and if you look at this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this kind of
+carefully it looks a lot like GFP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it looks a lot like GFP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it looks a lot like GFP
+there's the tyrosine that funny ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the tyrosine that funny ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the tyrosine that funny ring
+there's a double bond there but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double bond there but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double bond there but there is
+an additional double bond down further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional double bond down further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional double bond down further
+into the sequence that extends that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sequence that extends that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sequence that extends that what
+we call the chromophore and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the chromophore and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the chromophore and when you
+extend the chromophore you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the chromophore you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the chromophore you're more
+likely to move to longer wavelengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to move to longer wavelengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to move to longer wavelengths and
+that's how they got the red and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got the red and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got the red and then a
+bunch of engineering later they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of engineering later they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of engineering later they got
+what's called the fruits which emits at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the fruits which emits at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the fruits which emits at
+all different wavelengths much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different wavelengths much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different wavelengths much of this
+was not done rationally because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not done rationally because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not done rationally because they
+went to nature they found out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to nature they found out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to nature they found out what
+nature did they got here and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature did they got here and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature did they got here and then they
+did a process known as gene chuckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a process known as gene chuckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a process known as gene chuckling
+where they mixed matched portions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they mixed matched portions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they mixed matched portions of
+genes to get them the entire color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes to get them the entire color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes to get them the entire color
+spectrum they're not all fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum they're not all fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum they're not all fabulous
+fluorophores they have some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores they have some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores they have some problems
+they bleach easily and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bleach easily and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bleach easily and so on but
+nevertheless this is a truly amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless this is a truly amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless this is a truly amazing
+sort of outcome okay so and they enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of outcome okay so and they enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of outcome okay so and they enable
+you to do art work with fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do art work with fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do art work with fluorescent
+proteins with bacteria so you just paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins with bacteria so you just paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins with bacteria so you just paint
+your picture and wait for the bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your picture and wait for the bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your picture and wait for the bacteria
+to grow and you would have all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow and you would have all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow and you would have all those
+colors so fluorescent proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so fluorescent proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so fluorescent proteins
+originally were very limited originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally were very limited originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally were very limited originally
+just green then blue green greenish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just green then blue green greenish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just green then blue green greenish
+yellow but now with the palette that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow but now with the palette that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow but now with the palette that's
+available you can color all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you can color all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you can color all kinds of
+organelles in different types of colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles in different types of colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles in different types of colors
+all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+so now let's take a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's take a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's take a couple of things
+when we opened up this class we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we opened up this class we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we opened up this class we showed
+you a bunch of these pictures because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of these pictures because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of these pictures because we
+wanted you to stay in 701 six with us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to stay in 701 six with us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to stay in 701 six with us to
+see the cool things you'd see and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cool things you'd see and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cool things you'd see and they
+were they were pretty much what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were pretty much what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were pretty much what we would
+call eye candy they look cool but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call eye candy they look cool but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call eye candy they look cool but how
+did we make them and now with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we make them and now with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we make them and now with the
+knowledge of GFP and RFP and so on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of GFP and RFP and so on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of GFP and RFP and so on you
+can say okay I understand what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay I understand what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay I understand what this
+experiment is and you can certainly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is and you can certainly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is and you can certainly see
+that this is a super vital technique so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a super vital technique so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a super vital technique so
+what I want to ask is what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to ask is what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to ask is what are we
+looking at what is labeled to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what is labeled to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what is labeled to give us
+this beautiful picture so you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful picture so you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful picture so you can sort
+of go down and there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go down and there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go down and there's a bunch of
+options but obviously anything where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options but obviously anything where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options but obviously anything where you
+think you're labeling DNA with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're labeling DNA with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're labeling DNA with a
+fluorescent protein is incorrect we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein is incorrect we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein is incorrect we're
+labeling at the protein level we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling at the protein level we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling at the protein level we're
+making the DNA to express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the DNA to express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the DNA to express the
+fluorescent protein but we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein but we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein but we're actually
+labeling a protein as opposed to DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling a protein as opposed to DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling a protein as opposed to DNA so
+a and B are out for sure but as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B are out for sure but as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B are out for sure but as we go
+through them you can start to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them you can start to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them you can start to see the
+chromatin is red and the tubulin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatin is red and the tubulin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatin is red and the tubulin is
+green so the outcome there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so the outcome there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so the outcome there would be
+whoops what we're observing I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops what we're observing I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops what we're observing I thought I
+what we were observing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were observing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were observing is that the
+histones which are the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histones which are the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histones which are the proteins
+associated with with chromatin are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with chromatin are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with chromatin are
+labeled with a red protein and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with a red protein and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with a red protein and you can
+see that there those are the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there those are the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there those are the chromosomes
+and the tubulin these green fibrils is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tubulin these green fibrils is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tubulin these green fibrils is
+associated with a GFP so C would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a GFP so C would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a GFP so C would be the
+correct answer there and there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer there and there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer there and there's another
+one of these cell division pictures once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cell division pictures once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cell division pictures once
+again the same sort of idea but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same sort of idea but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same sort of idea but what I
+think is really cool here is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really cool here is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really cool here is you can
+literally see I love this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally see I love this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally see I love this picture
+because there's this poor chromosome it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's this poor chromosome it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's this poor chromosome it
+doesn't seem to be able to get with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be able to get with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be able to get with the
+team he's hanging down there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team he's hanging down there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team he's hanging down there and
+eventually just before cell division it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually just before cell division it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually just before cell division it
+seems like things work out okay and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like things work out okay and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like things work out okay and cell
+division happens now when you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division happens now when you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division happens now when you think of
+this the capacity to watch this stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the capacity to watch this stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the capacity to watch this stuff in
+action is really pretty amazing this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is really pretty amazing this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is really pretty amazing this was
+another one there's a set of cell lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one there's a set of cell lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one there's a set of cell lines
+where proteins in cell cycle are labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where proteins in cell cycle are labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where proteins in cell cycle are labeled
+you had a question on exam three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a question on exam three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a question on exam three
+proteins building up and going and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins building up and going and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins building up and going and going
+away during parts of the cell cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away during parts of the cell cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away during parts of the cell cycle so
+oftentimes the degradation of a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes the degradation of a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes the degradation of a protein
+occurs when a protein gets labeled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs when a protein gets labeled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs when a protein gets labeled with
+ubiquitin by a ubiquitin ligase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin by a ubiquitin ligase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin by a ubiquitin ligase and then
+it gets destined for degradation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets destined for degradation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets destined for degradation so the
+proteins that you're seeing grow up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that you're seeing grow up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that you're seeing grow up in
+phases of the cell cycle are going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of the cell cycle are going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of the cell cycle are going away
+because of the ubiquitin proteasome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the ubiquitin proteasome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the ubiquitin proteasome
+system so in these cells particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in these cells particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in these cells particular
+proteins have been labeled and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins have been labeled and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins have been labeled and here you
+can see the phases of the the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the phases of the the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the phases of the the as the
+components of the cell cycle as proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the cell cycle as proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the cell cycle as proteins
+come and go through cell division and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and go through cell division and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and go through cell division and
+you can literally observe where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can literally observe where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can literally observe where in the
+cell cycle each individual protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle each individual protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle each individual protein is
+why is this so fascinating I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so fascinating I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so fascinating I think in
+therapeutic development is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic development is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic development is that you
+could literally have drugs that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could literally have drugs that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could literally have drugs that might
+impact aspects of the cell cycle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact aspects of the cell cycle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact aspects of the cell cycle and you
+could watch them in real time impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could watch them in real time impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could watch them in real time impact the
+imaging that you see on this screen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging that you see on this screen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging that you see on this screen with
+the red and the green because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red and the green because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red and the green because if you
+arrest at a certain stage in cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest at a certain stage in cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest at a certain stage in cell cycle
+the cell will get stuck at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell will get stuck at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell will get stuck at a particular
+color and you would even know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and you would even know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and you would even know which
+phases which parts of the cell cycle are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases which parts of the cell cycle are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases which parts of the cell cycle are
+being impacted so I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being impacted so I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being impacted so I think that's a
+really sort of captivating way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of captivating way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of captivating way to think
+of what you can do with these proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you can do with these proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you can do with these proteins
+because you can see things in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see things in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see things in real time
+dynamics of cellular systems and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of cellular systems and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of cellular systems and I think
+oh and I am I'm going to finish a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I am I'm going to finish a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I am I'm going to finish a few
+minutes early but I looked desperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes early but I looked desperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes early but I looked desperately
+for a fluorescent Turkey and I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fluorescent Turkey and I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fluorescent Turkey and I couldn't
+find one so I went with this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one so I went with this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one so I went with this light
+string Turkey in fluorescent colors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string Turkey in fluorescent colors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string Turkey in fluorescent colors it
+seemed to fit the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to fit the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to fit the bill
+all right so please help us finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so please help us finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so please help us finish up
+the bagels make sure you guys over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bagels make sure you guys over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bagels make sure you guys over there
+get them and have a good break and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them and have a good break and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them and have a good break and then
+I'm passing you back to Professor Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passing you back to Professor Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passing you back to Professor Martin
+for Monday which will be a continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Monday which will be a continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Monday which will be a continuation
+of imaging okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hJjiCrdsNV8.txt b/hJjiCrdsNV8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a679dd55d1aaec5c1c24e6f11409faf3ecb8080f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hJjiCrdsNV8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now come to our last major class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now come to our last major class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now come to our last major class of
+counting problems we will count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting problems we will count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting problems we will count the
+number of ways that a given set can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that a given set can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that a given set can be
+partitioned into pieces of given sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into pieces of given sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into pieces of given sizes
+we start with a set that consists of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with a set that consists of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with a set that consists of n
+different elements and we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements and we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements and we have our
+persons we want to give n1 items to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons we want to give n1 items to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons we want to give n1 items to the
+first person give and two items to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person give and two items to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person give and two items to the
+second person and so on and finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person and so on and finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person and so on and finally we
+want to give n sub R items to the Arth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give n sub R items to the Arth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give n sub R items to the Arth
+person these numbers and 1 & 2 up to n R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person these numbers and 1 & 2 up to n R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person these numbers and 1 & 2 up to n R
+are given to us how many items each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given to us how many items each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given to us how many items each
+person should get and these numbers must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person should get and these numbers must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person should get and these numbers must
+add to n so that every item in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to n so that every item in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to n so that every item in the
+original set is given to some person we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original set is given to some person we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original set is given to some person we
+want to count the number of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count the number of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count the number of ways that
+this can be done this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be done this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be done this is the number of
+ways that we can partition a given set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can partition a given set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can partition a given set
+into subsets of prescribed sizes let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into subsets of prescribed sizes let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into subsets of prescribed sizes let's
+use C to denote the number of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use C to denote the number of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use C to denote the number of ways that
+this can be done we want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be done we want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be done we want to calculate
+this number C instead of calculating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number C instead of calculating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number C instead of calculating it
+directly we're going to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly we're going to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly we're going to use the same
+trick that we employed when we counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that we employed when we counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that we employed when we counted
+combinations and derived the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and derived the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and derived the binomial
+coefficient that is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that is we're going to
+consider a much simpler counting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a much simpler counting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a much simpler counting problem
+the problem of ordering and items taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of ordering and items taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of ordering and items taking
+the n items in our original set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n items in our original set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n items in our original set and
+putting them in an ordered list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in an ordered list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in an ordered list of
+course we know in how many ways this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know in how many ways this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know in how many ways this can
+be done ordering n time and items can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done ordering n time and items can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done ordering n time and items can be
+done in n factorial ways this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in n factorial ways this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in n factorial ways this is the
+count of the number of permutations of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of the number of permutations of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of the number of permutations of n
+items but now let us think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items but now let us think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items but now let us think of a
+different way of ordering the n items an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of ordering the n items an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of ordering the n items an
+indirect way it proceeds according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect way it proceeds according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect way it proceeds according to
+the following stages we start with the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following stages we start with the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following stages we start with the n
+items and we first distribute them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and we first distribute them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and we first distribute them to
+the different person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different person
+having done that then we asked person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done that then we asked person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done that then we asked person
+one to take their items order them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to take their items order them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to take their items order them and
+put them in the first n1 slots of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the first n1 slots of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the first n1 slots of our
+list then person two takes their items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then person two takes their items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then person two takes their items
+and puts them in the next and two slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts them in the next and two slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts them in the next and two slots
+in our list we continue this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our list we continue this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our list we continue this way and
+finally the last person takes the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last person takes the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last person takes the items
+that they possess and put them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they possess and put them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they possess and put them in the
+last n sub R slots in this list in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last n sub R slots in this list in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last n sub R slots in this list in how
+many ways can this process be carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways can this process be carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways can this process be carried
+out we have C choices on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we have C choices on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we have C choices on how to
+partition the given set into subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the given set into subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the given set into subsets
+then person one has n 1 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then person one has n 1 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then person one has n 1 factorial
+choices on how to order the N 1 items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices on how to order the N 1 items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices on how to order the N 1 items
+that that person possesses person 2 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that person possesses person 2 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that person possesses person 2 has
+n 2 factorial choices for how to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 factorial choices for how to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 factorial choices for how to order
+the end two items that it possesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end two items that it possesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end two items that it possesses and
+so on until the last person who has n R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on until the last person who has n R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on until the last person who has n R
+factorial choices for ordering their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial choices for ordering their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial choices for ordering their
+elements this multistage process results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements this multistage process results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements this multistage process results
+in an ordered list of the n items this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ordered list of the n items this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ordered list of the n items this
+is the number of ways this multistage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of ways this multistage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of ways this multistage
+process can be carried out on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can be carried out on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can be carried out on the other
+hand we know that the number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we know that the number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we know that the number of possible
+orderings of the items is n factorial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings of the items is n factorial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings of the items is n factorial so
+we have this equality we can solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equality we can solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equality we can solve this
+for C and we find the answer that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C and we find the answer that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C and we find the answer that the
+number of ways that the n items can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that the n items can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that the n items can be
+partitioned into subsets of the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into subsets of the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into subsets of the given
+sizes is n factorial divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes is n factorial divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes is n factorial divided by the
+product of the factorials of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the factorials of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the factorials of the
+different and eyes this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and eyes this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and eyes this particular
+expression is called the multinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is called the multinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is called the multinomial
+coefficient and it generalizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and it generalizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and it generalizes the
+binomial coefficient the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient the binomial
+coefficient was referring to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient was referring to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient was referring to the K
+where we essentially split assets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we essentially split assets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we essentially split assets into
+one subset with K elements and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subset with K elements and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subset with K elements and then the
+second subset gets the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second subset gets the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second subset gets the remaining
+elements so the special case where R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the special case where R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the special case where R is
+equal to 2 and N 1 is equal to K n 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and N 1 is equal to K n 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and N 1 is equal to K n 2
+equals to n minus K this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to n minus K this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to n minus K this corresponds to
+a partition of a set into two subsets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition of a set into two subsets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition of a set into two subsets or
+what is the same just selecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the same just selecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the same just selecting the
+first subset and putting everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first subset and putting everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first subset and putting everything else
+in the second subset and you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second subset and you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second subset and you can check
+that in this particular case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this particular case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this particular case the
+expression for the multinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the multinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the multinomial
+coefficient agrees with the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient agrees with the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient agrees with the expression
+that we had derived for the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had derived for the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had derived for the binomial
+coefficient
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hjFnG8m6mCc.txt b/hjFnG8m6mCc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26ef88c1c3b1072ddf9ef3c0084703dbb6b5c68a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hjFnG8m6mCc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7192 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+um some of you will recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of you will recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of you will recognize this
+molecule that I have rotating up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that I have rotating up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that I have rotating up on the
+screen because it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen because it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen because it's one of the
+coordination complexes of verer that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complexes of verer that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complexes of verer that we
+talked about last time and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time and and uh
+verer of course was well known and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verer of course was well known and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verer of course was well known and some
+of you probably read his biography over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you probably read his biography over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you probably read his biography over
+the last few days on the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few days on the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few days on the Nobel Prize
+website um well known for his theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um well known for his theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um well known for his theory
+that broke down the preconceived notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that broke down the preconceived notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that broke down the preconceived notions
+that had been prevailing at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been prevailing at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been prevailing at that time
+concerning the structure of of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the structure of of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the structure of of systems
+that have unusual saltlike behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have unusual saltlike behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have unusual saltlike behavior in
+some cases uh but that contain the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases uh but that contain the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases uh but that contain the three
+D elements I'm focusing on 3D but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D elements I'm focusing on 3D but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D elements I'm focusing on 3D but this
+is also true of 4D and 5D elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also true of 4D and 5D elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also true of 4D and 5D elements the
+transition metals elements like titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals elements like titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals elements like titanium
+vadium chromium iron Cobalt nickel Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vadium chromium iron Cobalt nickel Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vadium chromium iron Cobalt nickel Etc
+and so this molecule here that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this molecule here that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this molecule here that you see
+spinning up on the screen is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning up on the screen is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning up on the screen is being
+represented here on the screen in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here on the screen in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here on the screen in one of
+these kind of arbitrary forms where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of arbitrary forms where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of arbitrary forms where in
+uh the Cobalt Center at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Cobalt Center at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Cobalt Center at the at the
+middle of the molecule is just a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the molecule is just a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the molecule is just a round
+ball of an arbitrary size and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball of an arbitrary size and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball of an arbitrary size and then we
+this this particular molecule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular molecule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular molecule which
+contains the a Cobalt 3 ion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the a Cobalt 3 ion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the a Cobalt 3 ion is
+surrounded by a complement of six ligans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a complement of six ligans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a complement of six ligans
+we have three chloride ligans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three chloride ligans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three chloride ligans that
+because this program CH chose to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this program CH chose to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this program CH chose to do so
+it colored it this colored those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it colored it this colored those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it colored it this colored those
+chlorides the same as the Cobalt not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorides the same as the Cobalt not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorides the same as the Cobalt not
+what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would
+do and it put the ammonia ligans three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it put the ammonia ligans three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it put the ammonia ligans three
+ammonia ligans um around it colored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia ligans um around it colored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia ligans um around it colored the
+ammonia nitrogens in dark blue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia nitrogens in dark blue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia nitrogens in dark blue and the
+ammonia hydrogens in white and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia hydrogens in white and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia hydrogens in white and we talked
+about the fact that these transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that these transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that these transition
+elements in fact these these three plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in fact these these three plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in fact these these three plus
+ions of metals like Cobalt can be behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions of metals like Cobalt can be behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions of metals like Cobalt can be behave
+simultaneously as leis acids toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously as leis acids toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously as leis acids toward a
+multitude of leis bases here six okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitude of leis bases here six okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitude of leis bases here six okay so
+this is um a times six leis acid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um a times six leis acid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um a times six leis acid in the
+middle and six leis bases which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and six leis bases which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and six leis bases which are
+three chloride ions and three ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chloride ions and three ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chloride ions and three ammonia
+molecules oriented around it in an AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules oriented around it in an AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules oriented around it in an AR
+Arrangement that is quasi octahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement that is quasi octahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement that is quasi octahedral
+because the positions of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the positions of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the positions of the three
+nitrogens of the ammonia that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens of the ammonia that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens of the ammonia that are
+interacting with the Cobalt Center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the Cobalt Center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the Cobalt Center and
+the three chloride ions are located near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three chloride ions are located near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three chloride ions are located near
+the vertices of a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices of a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices of a regular
+octahedron okay so we will be taking use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedron okay so we will be taking use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedron okay so we will be taking use
+of the geometry of molecules like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the geometry of molecules like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the geometry of molecules like this
+in discussing electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussing electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussing electronic structure
+properties of these mole ules today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these mole ules today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these mole ules today
+we'll be doing that beginning today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing that beginning today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing that beginning today and
+that'll be important to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be important to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be important to understanding
+the magnetism and the color and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetism and the color and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetism and the color and also the
+reactions of molecules like this now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of molecules like this now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of molecules like this now one
+other arbitrary thing that this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other arbitrary thing that this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other arbitrary thing that this program
+did is it chose not to draw lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is it chose not to draw lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is it chose not to draw lines
+between the Cobalt and any of the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Cobalt and any of the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Cobalt and any of the six
+ligans but normally when you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans but normally when you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans but normally when you see these
+molecules drawn in textbooks you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules drawn in textbooks you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules drawn in textbooks you'll see
+that the lines drawn are the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lines drawn are the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lines drawn are the same as the
+lines between the nitrogens and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines between the nitrogens and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines between the nitrogens and these
+hydrogens so we would have to add six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens so we would have to add six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens so we would have to add six
+more lines to this drawing to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lines to this drawing to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lines to this drawing to get the
+typical textbook representation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical textbook representation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical textbook representation of a
+molecule like this but still that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like this but still that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like this but still that would
+be a somewhat arbitrary representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a somewhat arbitrary representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a somewhat arbitrary representation
+and so I would like to show you a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I would like to show you a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I would like to show you a less
+arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+representation and we'll do that forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and we'll do that forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and we'll do that forth
+with and uh this one has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh this one has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh this one has to do with
+looking at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same
+molecule but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but
+represented as an electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as an electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as an electron density
+isosurface and that isosurface will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosurface and that isosurface will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosurface and that isosurface will be
+colored according to this function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored according to this function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored according to this function that
+tells us about the propensity to pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about the propensity to pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about the propensity to pair
+electrons in 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in 3D
+space and so you'll recall that uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so you'll recall that uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so you'll recall that uh when
+we talk about coloring electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about coloring electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about coloring electron density
+isosurfaces in this way so this is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosurfaces in this way so this is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosurfaces in this way so this is now a
+physically important kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically important kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically important kind of
+representation of this coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this coordination
+complex um this color scale will run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um this color scale will run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um this color scale will run
+from Red all the way way up to Blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Red all the way way up to Blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Red all the way way up to Blue and
+at Blue is where you find regions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Blue is where you find regions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Blue is where you find regions in
+space where you're most likely to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where you're most likely to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where you're most likely to find
+pairs of electrons okay mapped on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of electrons okay mapped on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of electrons okay mapped on to the
+value here color mapped on to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here color mapped on to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here color mapped on to the value
+of an electron density isosurface here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron density isosurface here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron density isosurface here
+the value of the electron density that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the electron density that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the electron density that
+is present for every Point represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present for every Point represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present for every Point represented
+on this surface is 0.11 electrons per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this surface is 0.11 electrons per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this surface is 0.11 electrons per
+unit volume and so uh what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume and so uh what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume and so uh what you see here
+is that in fact the electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in fact the electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in fact the electron density
+does become low as you move from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does become low as you move from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does become low as you move from the
+Cobalt in the direction of any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt in the direction of any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt in the direction of any one of
+the ligs but the lone pair on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligs but the lone pair on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligs but the lone pair on each
+ammonia is certainly polarized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia is certainly polarized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia is certainly polarized in the
+direction of the Cobalt Center um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the Cobalt Center um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the Cobalt Center um and
+the Cobalt Center is not uniform in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cobalt Center is not uniform in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cobalt Center is not uniform in
+terms of the way that electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the way that electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the way that electron density
+is organized around it you see that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is organized around it you see that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is organized around it you see that U
+right on the metal center there's uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the metal center there's uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the metal center there's uh we
+see red and then at sort of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see red and then at sort of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see red and then at sort of at the
+corners of a cube you see U this yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of a cube you see U this yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of a cube you see U this yellow
+or green color on the Cobalt and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or green color on the Cobalt and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or green color on the Cobalt and that's
+very significant and what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant and what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant and what we're going to
+be doing today is we going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing today is we going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing today is we going to try to
+understand what happens when you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens when you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens when you put a
+set of lians into an octahedral array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lians into an octahedral array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lians into an octahedral array
+around a central metalion that has D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a central metalion that has D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a central metalion that has D
+electrons and D orbitals to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and D orbitals to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and D orbitals to play with
+okay and um in fact what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um in fact what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um in fact what you'll see is
+that the the the oxidation state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the oxidation state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the oxidation state of the
+Cobalt Center here is plus three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt Center here is plus three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt Center here is plus three that's
+why I'm referring to it as a Cobalt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm referring to it as a Cobalt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm referring to it as a Cobalt plus
+three ion and because Cobalt's in group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ion and because Cobalt's in group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ion and because Cobalt's in group
+nine of the periodic table you then know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine of the periodic table you then know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine of the periodic table you then know
+that there are six veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are six veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are six veence
+electrons on the Cobalt Center that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the Cobalt Center that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the Cobalt Center that you
+have to put into orbitals and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put into orbitals and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put into orbitals and so what
+we're really seeking to know is how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really seeking to know is how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really seeking to know is how can
+we get an energy level diagram for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an energy level diagram for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an energy level diagram for a
+system like this and so we'll know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this and so we'll know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this and so we'll know how
+to put those six electrons into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those six electrons into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those six electrons into that
+diagram the ones that are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the ones that are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the ones that are mostly
+localized on the Cobalt and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized on the Cobalt and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized on the Cobalt and make
+predictions about whether the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about whether the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about whether the electrons
+should be paired up or not for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be paired up or not for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be paired up or not for example
+so we saw with homonuclear diatomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw with homonuclear diatomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw with homonuclear diatomics
+like the dioxygen Ule that the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dioxygen Ule that the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dioxygen Ule that the electrons
+aren't all paired up two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't all paired up two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't all paired up two of the
+electrons are unpaired and when when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are unpaired and when when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are unpaired and when when we
+have six electrons to put into an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six electrons to put into an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six electrons to put into an energy
+level diagram for the Cobalt ion we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram for the Cobalt ion we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram for the Cobalt ion we're
+going to wonder uh just what's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wonder uh just what's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wonder uh just what's the case
+what it how many energy levels are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it how many energy levels are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it how many energy levels are there
+and where do we put the electrons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do we put the electrons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do we put the electrons and so
+um we're going to need to very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to need to very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to need to very briefly
+review what I did at end of lecture last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what I did at end of lecture last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what I did at end of lecture last
+time and that has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that has to do with the
+properties of the 5D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the 5D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the 5D orbitals
+because in order to answer the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to answer the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to answer the kinds of
+questions that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're
+posing about energy levels of metal ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posing about energy levels of metal ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posing about energy levels of metal ions
+that are are transition metals we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are transition metals we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are transition metals we're
+going to really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really need to
+know uh very well the noal properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh very well the noal properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh very well the noal properties of
+these D orbitals and so um remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these D orbitals and so um remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these D orbitals and so um remember the
+the M quantum number here can be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M quantum number here can be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M quantum number here can be zero
+for the dz^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dz^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dz^2
+it can be plus one for the DX x z and +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be plus one for the DX x z and +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be plus one for the DX x z and +
+2 for the D x^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the D x^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the D x^2 -
+y^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 minus
+one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+YZ orbital and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ orbital and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ orbital and minus
+2 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the
+D XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D XY
+orbital and let's draw those DZ squ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and let's draw those DZ squ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and let's draw those DZ squ is
+an interesting one and because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting one and because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting one and because it's
+distinct from the other four D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from the other four D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from the other four D orbitals
+we're going to be spending more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be spending more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be spending more time on
+it today than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others what it what it has uh the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others what it what it has uh the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others what it what it has uh the these
+are the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh
+X let's say Y and Z axes here is it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's say Y and Z axes here is it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's say Y and Z axes here is it has
+a positive lobe along both plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive lobe along both plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive lobe along both plus and
+minus Z so it looks like a p orbital so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z so it looks like a p orbital so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z so it looks like a p orbital so
+far except that we have the same sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far except that we have the same sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far except that we have the same sign
+both in plus and minus Z and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in plus and minus Z and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in plus and minus Z and then what
+we have is a very interesting toroidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is a very interesting toroidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is a very interesting toroidal
+shape that goes around in the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that goes around in the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that goes around in the XY plane
+all the way around in a cylindrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around in a cylindrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around in a cylindrically
+symmetric Manner and so um if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Manner and so um if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Manner and so um if you if you
+were look down Z onto this orbital it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were look down Z onto this orbital it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were look down Z onto this orbital it
+might look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this like that okay so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like that okay so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like that okay so it would be
+cylindrically symmetric about Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric about Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric about Z and
+that's another feature that I didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another feature that I didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another feature that I didn't get
+to to add to this diagram at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to add to this diagram at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to add to this diagram at the end of
+last hour which is that um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour which is that um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour which is that um because of
+this property this m equals z that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property this m equals z that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property this m equals z that
+means this is a sigma orbital with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is a sigma orbital with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is a sigma orbital with
+respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the
+z-axis okay cylindrically symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis okay cylindrically symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis okay cylindrically symmetric
+about Z and then let's go to the XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z and then let's go to the XZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z and then let's go to the XZ
+since I'm making this X Y and Z over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm making this X Y and Z over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm making this X Y and Z over
+here the dxz has four loes and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dxz has four loes and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dxz has four loes and they are
+in between the x and z axis as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the x and z axis as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the x and z axis as I'm
+trying to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so these two are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so these two are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so these two are kind of
+coming out in front here and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out in front here and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out in front here and these two
+back behind and then uh the the phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back behind and then uh the the phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back behind and then uh the the phases
+go as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as
+follows so unshaded is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so unshaded is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so unshaded is again
+plus and then uh we have the x² - y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then uh we have the x² - y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then uh we have the x² - y^2
+orbital the x^2 - y^2 orbital has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital the x^2 - y^2 orbital has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital the x^2 - y^2 orbital has four
+loes in fact the shape of XZ x^2 - y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes in fact the shape of XZ x^2 - y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes in fact the shape of XZ x^2 - y^2
+YZ and XY are all the same it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ and XY are all the same it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ and XY are all the same it's just
+that they point in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they point in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they point in different directions
+in space with respect to the cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space with respect to the cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space with respect to the cartisian
+coordinate axes x^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate axes x^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate axes x^2 minus
+y^2 like dz^2 is an orbital whose lobes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 like dz^2 is an orbital whose lobes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 like dz^2 is an orbital whose lobes
+point along the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes like
+this and it's minus along y as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's minus along y as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's minus along y as the name
+suggests and plus along X as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests and plus along X as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests and plus along X as the name
+suggests so that's your dx2 minus y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests so that's your dx2 minus y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests so that's your dx2 minus y^2
+orbital and then YZ is like XZ but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and then YZ is like XZ but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and then YZ is like XZ but let
+me let me finish this part here if DZ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me finish this part here if DZ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me finish this part here if DZ s
+is Sigma with respect to Z and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma with respect to Z and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma with respect to Z and you
+imagine looking down Z onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine looking down Z onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine looking down Z onto
+dxz what would that be with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone Pi thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you that would be Pi with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that would be Pi with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that would be Pi with respect to Z
+because the YZ plane is a nodal surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the YZ plane is a nodal surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the YZ plane is a nodal surface
+for this D orbital as is the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this D orbital as is the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this D orbital as is the XY plane
+and that's what we're trying to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're trying to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're trying to do here
+is become familiar with these noal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is become familiar with these noal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is become familiar with these noal
+surfaces um and accordingly uh now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces um and accordingly uh now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces um and accordingly uh now if
+you look down Z onto the dxy orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look down Z onto the dxy orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look down Z onto the dxy orbital
+sorry the dx^ 2us y^2 orbital you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the dx^ 2us y^2 orbital you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the dx^ 2us y^2 orbital you're now
+going to see two nodal surfaces when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see two nodal surfaces when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see two nodal surfaces when you
+look down it that way because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down it that way because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down it that way because you're
+going to see that there's one located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that there's one located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that there's one located
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here that is a plane that contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is a plane that contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is a plane that contains the
+z-axis but it it bcts the x and y axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis but it it bcts the x and y axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis but it it bcts the x and y axis
+and then there's another one over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another one over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another one over here
+but that's 90° to the first one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's 90° to the first one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's 90° to the first one and that
+makes this one Delta with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this one Delta with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this one Delta with respect to Z
+okay so Delta is when you have two nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Delta is when you have two nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Delta is when you have two nodes
+that contain the z-axis and and if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain the z-axis and and if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain the z-axis and and if we're
+looking down that z-axis and then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down that z-axis and then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down that z-axis and then over
+here the dyz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dyz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dyz
+orbital has its four loes between Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z like that
+and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+positive between Y and Z and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive between Y and Z and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive between Y and Z and negative
+over here as I'm shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here as I'm shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here as I'm shading
+okay and this one like DXE is pi with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this one like DXE is pi with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this one like DXE is pi with
+respect to Z and then over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z and then over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z and then over here we have
+the dxy orbital as our final orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dxy orbital as our final orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dxy orbital as our final orbital and
+what you might be able to guess we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might be able to guess we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might be able to guess we've
+got a sigma with respect to Z we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sigma with respect to Z we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sigma with respect to Z we've got
+a pair of Pi with respect to Z for m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of Pi with respect to Z for m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of Pi with respect to Z for m
+equals plus or minus one we also must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals plus or minus one we also must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals plus or minus one we also must
+have a pair of Delta with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of Delta with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of Delta with respect to Z
+for malal plus n minus 2 and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for malal plus n minus 2 and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for malal plus n minus 2 and that means
+that the dxy orbital like dx^ 2us y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dxy orbital like dx^ 2us y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dxy orbital like dx^ 2us y^2
+must lie in the XY plane and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must lie in the XY plane and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must lie in the XY plane and in order to
+be orthogonal to dx^ 2us y^2 we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be orthogonal to dx^ 2us y^2 we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be orthogonal to dx^ 2us y^2 we're going
+to have to rotate it such that it's Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to rotate it such that it's Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to rotate it such that it's Lo
+it's four loes point now between the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four loes point now between the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four loes point now between the x
+and y cartisian coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y cartisian coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y cartisian coordinate
+axes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although try to improve on that with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coloration but that's like like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloration but that's like like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloration but that's like like that so
+again this is an orbital perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is an orbital perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is an orbital perpendicular
+to Z and which has Delta Symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z and which has Delta Symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z and which has Delta Symmetry and
+now the two nodal nodes are are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the two nodal nodes are are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the two nodal nodes are are in fact
+the XZ and YZ coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XZ and YZ coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XZ and YZ coordinate
+axes okay so indicating those noal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes okay so indicating those noal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes okay so indicating those noal
+planes there all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes there all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes there all right so this is
+certainly uh the basics for what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh the basics for what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh the basics for what you
+need to know about the D orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about the D orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about the D orbitals and
+just briefly I'd like to switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly I'd like to switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly I'd like to switch to the
+Athena terminal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athena terminal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athena terminal here
+to show you that um there are ways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that um there are ways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that um there are ways for
+you to go ahead and visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go ahead and visualize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go ahead and visualize the
+orbitals and I'm going to make uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and I'm going to make uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and I'm going to make uh this
+information available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available to
+you so that you can go ahead and and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you can go ahead and and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you can go ahead and and do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yourself in order to visualize these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in order to visualize these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in order to visualize these in
+a way that will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that will take
+you uh right from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh right from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh right from the
+equations for the orbitals to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the orbitals to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the orbitals to their
+graphical representation I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation I think that's
+really important to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to get a good
+understand understanding of orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understanding of orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understanding of orbitals
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+um Zoom this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Zoom this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Zoom this a little
+bit so that you can begin to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's
+do okay this is a worksheet put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay this is a worksheet put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay this is a worksheet put together
+that uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in fact
+contains uh all the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains uh all the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains uh all the functional
+forms for the D orbitals let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for the D orbitals let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for the D orbitals let me see
+where's that there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that there we
+go and you can look at this with maple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you can look at this with maple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you can look at this with maple
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+Athena and then you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athena and then you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athena and then you can look at the
+equation that represents the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that represents the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that represents the angular
+part of the wave function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave function for the
+orbital that you're interested in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that you're interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that you're interested in and
+then you can go ahead and plot it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go ahead and plot it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go ahead and plot it and
+you can plot it in such a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can plot it in such a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can plot it in such a way that the
+function is animated and rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is animated and rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is animated and rather than
+just seeing it projected on a board as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing it projected on a board as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing it projected on a board as
+well as I can draw you'll be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as I can draw you'll be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as I can draw you'll be able to see
+it drawn up graphically in fact um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drawn up graphically in fact um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drawn up graphically in fact um these
+come from the solution uh for this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the solution uh for this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the solution uh for this for
+the shorting equation for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorting equation for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorting equation for the hydrogen
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the angular part of these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angular part of these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angular part of these wave
+functions that's going to be oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that's going to be oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that's going to be oh so
+important to us is uh something known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to us is uh something known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to us is uh something known as
+the set of spherical harmonic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of spherical harmonic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of spherical harmonic equations
+okay and that should that should ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that should that should ref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that should that should ref
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+you to um this issue of standing waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to um this issue of standing waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to um this issue of standing waves
+that we have discussed so let's just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have discussed so let's just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have discussed so let's just see
+what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do
+here sometimes I'm not so good at using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes I'm not so good at using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes I'm not so good at using
+Maple up in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class okay so you what you're seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so you what you're seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so you what you're seeing is
+some of um we're getting representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of um we're getting representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of um we're getting representations
+for DZ squ so right right here is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DZ squ so right right here is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DZ squ so right right here is a way
+of writing DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing DZ
+squ okay um you're going to see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay um you're going to see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay um you're going to see an
+important term here 3 cosine 2 thetus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term here 3 cosine 2 thetus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term here 3 cosine 2 thetus 1
+and we'll come back to that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in a moment
+that's the angular part of the DZ s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the angular part of the DZ s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the angular part of the DZ s wave
+function and then we can look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we can look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we can look at some of
+these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other
+ones you'll you'll see that uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'll you'll see that uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'll you'll see that uh some of
+the D orbitals come as combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D orbitals come as combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D orbitals come as combinations of
+real and imaginary functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and imaginary functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and imaginary functions that are
+the solutions to the differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the differential form
+of the shrodinger equation and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shrodinger equation and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shrodinger equation and then we
+take linear combinations of these to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combinations of these to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combinations of these to get
+real forms so that we can get plots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real forms so that we can get plots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real forms so that we can get plots that
+we can look at and uh let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at and uh let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at and uh let's see if we
+can get DZ squ here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it
+is okay so there's a picture of DZ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so there's a picture of DZ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so there's a picture of DZ squ
+and you see that that um if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that um if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that um if you're using
+this Maple worksheet you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Maple worksheet you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Maple worksheet you can you can
+actually rotate that around and animate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rotate that around and animate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rotate that around and animate
+it a little bit so you see that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit so you see that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit so you see that we have
+this this Taurus that is in the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Taurus that is in the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Taurus that is in the XY plane
+and you have the two large loes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the two large loes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the two large loes that
+extend up along plus and minus Z okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend up along plus and minus Z okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend up along plus and minus Z okay
+and so I'm going to encourage you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to encourage you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to encourage you to go
+ahead and um and look at that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and um and look at that at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and um and look at that at that
+worksheet which will be available from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet which will be available from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet which will be available from
+our website um and to go ahead and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our website um and to go ahead and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our website um and to go ahead and look
+at some of the functions and if if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the functions and if if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the functions and if if some
+of you are interested in in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are interested in in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are interested in in higher
+orbitals the F orbitals are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the F orbitals are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the F orbitals are also
+available uh in this worksheet so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh in this worksheet so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh in this worksheet so you
+can visualize the F orbitals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can visualize the F orbitals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can visualize the F orbitals that are
+important for understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding the
+chemistry of elements like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of elements like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of elements like for example
+uranium okay which have it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium okay which have it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium okay which have it's a little
+bit beyond the scope of of 5112 but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit beyond the scope of of 5112 but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit beyond the scope of of 5112 but uh
+now let's switch to the document camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you could I'd like you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could I'd like you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could I'd like you to make
+this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big okay so this is a table in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay so this is a table in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay so this is a table in your
+textbook that has the angular part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that has the angular part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that has the angular part of
+the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+functions for various hydrogen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for various hydrogen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for various hydrogen like
+orbitals and this is the part I'm most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is the part I'm most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is the part I'm most
+interested in over here Christine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in over here Christine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in over here Christine if you
+could just focus on the on the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just focus on the on the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just focus on the on the D
+orbitals over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals over
+here okay so uh when I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so uh when I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so uh when I was talking about
+the DZ squ orbital a moment ago I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DZ squ orbital a moment ago I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DZ squ orbital a moment ago I was
+focusing on this term here this cosine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on this term here this cosine 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on this term here this cosine 2
+Theta minus one term okay and then here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta minus one term okay and then here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta minus one term okay and then here
+are the other D orbitals so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other D orbitals so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other D orbitals so these are
+the descriptors for the D orbitals um XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descriptors for the D orbitals um XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descriptors for the D orbitals um XY
+YZ XZ X2 - y^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ XZ X2 - y^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ XZ X2 - y^2 and
+z^2 okay and you'll I'll I'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 okay and you'll I'll I'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 okay and you'll I'll I'll need to
+refer to this in a moment so we'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to this in a moment so we'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to this in a moment so we'll leave
+this we'll leave this up um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll leave this up um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll leave this up um uh the
+reason why I have this Arrow written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I have this Arrow written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I have this Arrow written
+into my book here is because the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my book here is because the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my book here is because the these
+are backwards in the text this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are backwards in the text this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are backwards in the text this one is
+actually x^2 minus y^2 and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually x^2 minus y^2 and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually x^2 minus y^2 and this one is
+actually the XY orbital so we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the XY orbital so we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the XY orbital so we figured
+that out last last year when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out last last year when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out last last year when we were
+doing this lecture and so uh your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this lecture and so uh your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this lecture and so uh your book
+isn't always right you should make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always right you should make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always right you should make sure
+you check and that's the same is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check and that's the same is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check and that's the same is
+certainly true of your instructor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true of your instructor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true of your instructor here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um but we'll try not to mislead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll try not to mislead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll try not to mislead
+you and so now here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so now here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so now here's here's the
+approach that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take let's say that we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's say that we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's say that we have our
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+system and we want to know uh how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we want to know uh how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we want to know uh how to
+evaluate one of these D orbital wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate one of these D orbital wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate one of these D orbital wave
+functions for a particular point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for a particular point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for a particular point in
+space actually we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space actually we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space actually we're going to want to
+evaluate the square of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the square of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the square of the wave function
+and so we're going to take you make use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to take you make use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to take you make use
+of a a a cartisian coordinate system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a a cartisian coordinate system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a a cartisian coordinate system uh
+and we're going to express things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to express things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to express things in
+terms of polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates okay so here's a a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so here's a a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so here's a a sphere
+projected onto our cartisian coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected onto our cartisian coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected onto our cartisian coordinate
+system and you'll some of you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you'll some of you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you'll some of you will be
+very familiar with this but um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with this but um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with this but um we're
+going to say okay if you're at a you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say okay if you're at a you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say okay if you're at a you're
+at a point here in space then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point here in space then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point here in space then uh we
+can describe that point Space by a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe that point Space by a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe that point Space by a set
+of variables which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables which will
+be R Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be R Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be R Theta and
+F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and
+here here's our angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and if we drop uh down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and if we drop uh down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and if we drop uh down to a
+perpendicular on the XY plane from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular on the XY plane from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular on the XY plane from our
+Point uh then we're going to Define Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh then we're going to Define Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh then we're going to Define Fe
+as being from the xaxis and going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being from the xaxis and going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being from the xaxis and going over
+in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+okay um and so when you look at the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and so when you look at the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and so when you look at the D
+orbital wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital wave
+functions you see that they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you see that they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you see that they are all
+written here in terms of just Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here in terms of just Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here in terms of just Theta and
+Fe and uh not in terms of R which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and uh not in terms of R which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and uh not in terms of R which is
+this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance
+here from the from the nucleus from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the from the nucleus from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the from the nucleus from the
+center of this metalon that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of this metalon that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of this metalon that we're
+talking about okay so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay so this would be the
+the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r
+and um what we're going to do is if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what we're going to do is if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what we're going to do is if this
+point on the surface of our sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the surface of our sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the surface of our sphere
+represents one of our Li atoms so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents one of our Li atoms so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents one of our Li atoms so think
+back to that complex we were describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that complex we were describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that complex we were describing
+a few moments ago Cobalt with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments ago Cobalt with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments ago Cobalt with three
+ammonia lians and three chloride lians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia lians and three chloride lians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia lians and three chloride lians
+um we're going to approximate each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to approximate each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to approximate each of
+those six lians by a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six lians by a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six lians by a point on the
+surface of our sphere and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of our sphere and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of our sphere and then we're
+going to say um if there's a metal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say um if there's a metal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say um if there's a metal at
+the center that Cobalt ion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center that Cobalt ion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center that Cobalt ion in
+particular what's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what's the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what's the value
+of what's the probability of finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's the probability of finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's the probability of finding a
+Del electron where that Li atom is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del electron where that Li atom is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del electron where that Li atom is okay
+and in order to do that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that we're going to
+need to be able to evaluate the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to evaluate the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to evaluate the wave
+function and we're making the Assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're making the Assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're making the Assumption
+for Simplicity that this is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity that this is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity that this is a perfect
+sphere and also that our coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and also that our coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and also that our coordination
+geometry is a perfect octahedron and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is a perfect octahedron and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is a perfect octahedron and so
+we're not going to consider uh R because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to consider uh R because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to consider uh R because
+R is going to be the same everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is going to be the same everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is going to be the same everywhere
+it's just a perfect sphere with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a perfect sphere with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a perfect sphere with one
+value of r no matter which liend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r no matter which liend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r no matter which liend
+position we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we're looking at
+and so that means we can focus in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means we can focus in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means we can focus in just
+on these which are the angular part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these which are the angular part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these which are the angular part of
+the wave function for the molecule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function for the molecule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function for the molecule in
+question and so let's let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so let's let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so let's let's see what
+this means with respect to DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so the the probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so the the probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so the the probability of finding an
+electron at some point in space in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at some point in space in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at some point in space in a
+particular atomic orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular atomic orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular atomic orbital is
+proportional to the square of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square of that
+atomic orbital at that point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital at that point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital at that point in
+space that's our probability density we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's our probability density we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's our probability density we
+encountered that very early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that very early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that very early in the
+semester now we're going to make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester now we're going to make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester now we're going to make use of
+that to make a plot we're going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make a plot we're going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make a plot we're going to plot
+this probability density of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability density of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability density of finding
+electron in dz^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in dz^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in dz^2
+um as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+theta um why can I do that ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta um why can I do that ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta um why can I do that ignoring
+fee well that's because because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee well that's because because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee well that's because because if you
+look at dz^2 there's no Fe in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at dz^2 there's no Fe in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at dz^2 there's no Fe in that
+equation why is that that's because DZ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation why is that that's because DZ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation why is that that's because DZ s
+is cylindrically symmetric about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cylindrically symmetric about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cylindrically symmetric about
+Z and that and look how we defined Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and that and look how we defined Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and that and look how we defined Fe
+it's as you go in the XY plane around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as you go in the XY plane around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as you go in the XY plane around
+starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+X okay so that because of this the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so that because of this the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so that because of this the sigma
+symmetry of DZ squ with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of DZ squ with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of DZ squ with respect to Z
+there's no fee dependence of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fee dependence of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fee dependence of this wave
+function and and that should appear here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and and that should appear here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and and that should appear here
+in the angular form of the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the angular form of the description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the angular form of the description
+of the DZ s orbital and so now um but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DZ s orbital and so now um but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DZ s orbital and so now um but we
+do know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that
+dz2 does depend on Theta because Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz2 does depend on Theta because Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz2 does depend on Theta because Theta
+starts out somewhere here along let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out somewhere here along let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out somewhere here along let's
+say initially theta equals z would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say initially theta equals z would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say initially theta equals z would be
+right on the positive Z axis and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the positive Z axis and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the positive Z axis and then as
+we keep a constant R and we sweep down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep a constant R and we sweep down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep a constant R and we sweep down
+down here toward the XY plane the DZ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here toward the XY plane the DZ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here toward the XY plane the DZ s
+probability density is dropp dring off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is dropp dring off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is dropp dring off
+and then at some point when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point when we get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+node here and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here and we're going to be
+interested in that we get to this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that we get to this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that we get to this node
+it goes to zero because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to zero because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to zero because that's what
+happens on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on
+nodes and then as we continue down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then as we continue down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then as we continue down
+toward the XY plane past that node it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the XY plane past that node it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the XY plane past that node it's
+going to be nonzero again and rise up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nonzero again and rise up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nonzero again and rise up as
+we approach um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach um this
+smaller Taurus in the XY plane smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Taurus in the XY plane smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Taurus in the XY plane smaller
+that is than the big loes that extend up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is than the big loes that extend up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is than the big loes that extend up
+along Z and and and down along minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along Z and and and down along minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along Z and and and down along minus Z
+okay so let's represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphically coming down in Theta from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically coming down in Theta from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically coming down in Theta from
+theta equals z to some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals z to some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals z to some value
+here we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to be interested in
+just what that value is and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what that value is and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what that value is and then um
+rising up again to 2 th is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising up again to 2 th is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising up again to 2 th is equal
+to Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you see that so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you see that so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you see that so this is another
+way of displaying this property so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of displaying this property so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of displaying this property so this
+is at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R and varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay uh first of all how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay uh first of all how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay uh first of all how can we
+find out at what value Theta goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out at what value Theta goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out at what value Theta goes to
+zero well we look up here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well we look up here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well we look up here at the
+functional form of the DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of the DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of the DZ
+squ so we get nodal properties of DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ um we we can pretty quickly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ um we we can pretty quickly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ um we we can pretty quickly see
+that in each of these we've got a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in each of these we've got a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in each of these we've got a factor
+leading out in front which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading out in front which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading out in front which is a
+normalization factor that assures us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor that assures us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor that assures us
+that the square of the sum integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the square of the sum integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the square of the sum integrated
+over all space of this wave function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space of this wave function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space of this wave function um
+will come out to be one so that Pro if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be one so that Pro if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be one so that Pro if
+there's an electron in that orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electron in that orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electron in that orbital
+somewhere the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere the probability of finding
+that electron somewhere in space will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron somewhere in space will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron somewhere in space will be
+one so we have these normalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have these normalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have these normalizing
+constants out in front that allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants out in front that allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants out in front that allow for
+that and and and ensure that that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and and ensure that that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and and ensure that that is the
+case um but where where we actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um but where where we actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um but where where we actually find
+the angular dependence is in that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular dependence is in that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular dependence is in that second
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+and here it's 3 cosine ^ 2 thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and uh what what we want to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and uh what what we want to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and uh what what we want to do is say
+okay when does this function go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when does this function go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when does this function go to zero
+because when that goes to zero we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when that goes to zero we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when that goes to zero we'll
+have this angle here so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this angle here so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this angle here so if we
+set let this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set let this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set let this equal
+zero we're looking for the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're looking for the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're looking for the value of the
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+which corresponds to the node of the DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to the node of the DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to the node of the DZ
+s orbital and remember this this um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s orbital and remember this this um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s orbital and remember this this um I
+mentioned this last time because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this last time because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this last time because of the
+cylindrical symmetry of of the DZ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical symmetry of of the DZ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical symmetry of of the DZ squ
+orbital this this really is a conical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital this this really is a conical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital this this really is a conical
+nodal surface that's above and below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal surface that's above and below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal surface that's above and below the
+plane here so if you're anywhere on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here so if you're anywhere on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here so if you're anywhere on that
+cone either in plus or minus Z the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone either in plus or minus Z the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone either in plus or minus Z the value
+of that DZ s orbital is zero okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that DZ s orbital is zero okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that DZ s orbital is zero okay and so
+we're setting it equal to zero to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're setting it equal to zero to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're setting it equal to zero to find
+the anglea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anglea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anglea
+and uh we can rearrange this and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we can rearrange this and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we can rearrange this and say
+that cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cosine
+2 Theta is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Theta is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Theta is equal to 1
+over3 and if we go ahead and solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 and if we go ahead and solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 and if we go ahead and solve that
+this comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out
+to the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine of <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of <
+tk3 over three and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 over three and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 over three and the other
+possibility that satisfies that relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that satisfies that relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that satisfies that relation
+is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi
+minus the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the AR
+cosine of < tk3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of < tk3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of < tk3 over
+three and so what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so what that means is that
+this this relation here gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this relation here gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this relation here gives us the
+angle for that cone in the plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle for that cone in the plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle for that cone in the plus Z
+axis and then this one down here Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and then this one down here Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and then this one down here Pi
+minus r cosine root 3 over3 gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r cosine root 3 over3 gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r cosine root 3 over3 gives us the
+angle for that cone down in the minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle for that cone down in the minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle for that cone down in the minus Z
+axis okay and uh what is this this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degrees something like 54 is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees something like 54 is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees something like 54 is it
+476 dot dot dot degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+476 dot dot dot degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+476 dot dot dot degrees
+approximately okay 54.4 76 Dees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately okay 54.4 76 Dees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately okay 54.4 76 Dees so
+that's just how far down you are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just how far down you are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just how far down you are from
+the z-axis when you hit that nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis when you hit that nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis when you hit that nodal
+surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of
+Z and that's that number you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and that's that number you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and that's that number you're going to
+see is kind of a a magical number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is kind of a a magical number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is kind of a a magical number in
+chemistry and it'll it'll hearken back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and it'll it'll hearken back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and it'll it'll hearken back
+to some of the things that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the things that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the things that we've been
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+recently um and in order to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and in order to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and in order to get to that
+point I'm going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to now talk about our liend again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now talk about our liend again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now talk about our liend again with
+respect to DZ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have we're considering now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have we're considering now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have we're considering now an
+octahedral metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex this is the type of a veres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this is the type of a veres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this is the type of a veres
+complex that we talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that we talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that we talked about last time
+and you're going to see that uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to see that uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to see that uh we're
+going to have lians we're we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lians we're we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lians we're we're not
+really specifying them we're numbering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really specifying them we're numbering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really specifying them we're numbering
+them and locating them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and locating them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and locating them at
+positions 1 2 3 four five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions 1 2 3 four five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions 1 2 3 four five and
+six relative to our metal center at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six relative to our metal center at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six relative to our metal center at the
+middle okay and um what what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay and um what what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay and um what what you might
+begin to realize is that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to realize is that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to realize is that in order
+to find out what our energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what our energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what our energy level
+diagram will be that refers only to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram will be that refers only to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram will be that refers only to the
+5D orbitals on the Cobalt Center or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5D orbitals on the Cobalt Center or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5D orbitals on the Cobalt Center or
+whatever metal center is at the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever metal center is at the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever metal center is at the middle
+of this ion uh what we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ion uh what we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ion uh what we're going to have
+to do is evaluate the square of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is evaluate the square of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is evaluate the square of the wave
+function at each of these Li positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at each of these Li positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at each of these Li positions
+and we're assuming that all the ligs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming that all the ligs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming that all the ligs are
+equivalent if you think of the LI as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if you think of the LI as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if you think of the LI as an
+as an electron or as a point charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an electron or as a point charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an electron or as a point charge in
+space then you can imagine that uh if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then you can imagine that uh if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then you can imagine that uh if if
+we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an
+electron in DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in DZ
+s up here that it's going to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s up here that it's going to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s up here that it's going to interact
+strongly with a point charge and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly with a point charge and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly with a point charge and very
+repulsively with a point charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsively with a point charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsively with a point charge that
+would be located at position one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be located at position one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be located at position one okay
+whereas if we instead had a point charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we instead had a point charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we instead had a point charge
+located at that Theta angle of 54 Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at that Theta angle of 54 Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at that Theta angle of 54 Point
+whatever over there that we solved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever over there that we solved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever over there that we solved for
+then since that's on the node of dz^2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since that's on the node of dz^2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since that's on the node of dz^2 uh
+that would be the least possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the least possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the least possible
+repulsive interaction that you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive interaction that you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive interaction that you could get
+between an electron and an electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an electron and an electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an electron and an electron in
+DZ s because it's on the Node okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ s because it's on the Node okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ s because it's on the Node okay and
+so what we'd like to do is to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'd like to do is to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'd like to do is to go ahead
+and and solve for some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and solve for some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and solve for some of these things
+and essentially what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seek energy level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh let's let's write this up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh let's let's write this up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh let's let's write this up here
+this is 5 over 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 5 over 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 5 over 16
+Pi this is DZ squ that I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi this is DZ squ that I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi this is DZ squ that I'm writing
+Up 3 co^ 2 thetus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up 3 co^ 2 thetus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up 3 co^ 2 thetus
+1 okay and because we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and because we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and because we're talking
+about the probability density of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability density of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability density of finding
+an electron at a particular point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron at a particular point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron at a particular point in
+space which will mean a particular Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which will mean a particular Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which will mean a particular Theta
+value in our case for DZ s we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in our case for DZ s we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in our case for DZ s we're talking
+about that wave function squ what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that wave function squ what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that wave function squ what we
+need to do is evaluate it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is evaluate it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is evaluate it all right
+we've already evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already evaluated
+it um where the node is but we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um where the node is but we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um where the node is but we'd like to
+evaluate it at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay because um we've got a li at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because um we've got a li at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because um we've got a li at
+position one and we need need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one and we need need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one and we need need to know
+what the relative response will be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relative response will be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relative response will be of
+dz^2 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz^2 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz^2 to a
+along position one versus the other five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along position one versus the other five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along position one versus the other five
+positions we can say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we can say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we can say something about
+that by symmetry already um and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by symmetry already um and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by symmetry already um and so we're
+going to find out that um the value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find out that um the value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find out that um the value that
+you get for evaluating DZ squ at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for evaluating DZ squ at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for evaluating DZ squ at
+position one is the same as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one is the same as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one is the same as you would
+get for evaluating it at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for evaluating it at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for evaluating it at position
+six okay and that's because the big loes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay and that's because the big loes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay and that's because the big loes
+of DZ s are along plus and minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DZ s are along plus and minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DZ s are along plus and minus Z
+that's where ligans one and six are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where ligans one and six are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where ligans one and six are and
+then because the Taurus is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because the Taurus is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because the Taurus is also
+cylindrically symmetric 2 3 4 and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric 2 3 4 and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric 2 3 4 and five
+have the same value when you evaluate DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same value when you evaluate DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same value when you evaluate DZ
+s at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s at those
+positions okay but that value is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions okay but that value is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions okay but that value is smaller
+then along Z as illustrated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then along Z as illustrated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then along Z as illustrated by this
+graph over here but we just want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph over here but we just want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph over here but we just want to know
+how much smaller and so let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is position one uh we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is position one uh we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is position one uh we get a
+value of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of five
+quarters and down here position two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters and down here position two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters and down here position two a
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+516 I'm leaving off a factor of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+516 I'm leaving off a factor of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+516 I'm leaving off a factor of Pi
+please don't be concerned by that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't be concerned by that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't be concerned by that um but
+these are the relative values that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the relative values that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the relative values that you
+get when you evaluate this function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when you evaluate this function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when you evaluate this function at
+Lian positions one and two which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian positions one and two which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian positions one and two which was
+which is all we need to do because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all we need to do because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all we need to do because of
+the symmetry of this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry of this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry of this because
+uh that value for position one is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that value for position one is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that value for position one is also
+true for position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six all right so we have positions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six all right so we have positions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six all right so we have positions one
+and six and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also three four and five so um by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also three four and five so um by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also three four and five so um by doing
+two quick evaluations at two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quick evaluations at two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quick evaluations at two different
+Theta positions position one of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta positions position one of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta positions position one of course
+Theta is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is equal to zero
+up here and we evaluate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and we evaluate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and we evaluate that that
+squared function for theta equals 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared function for theta equals 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared function for theta equals 0 and
+we get 54 Pi but I'm leaving off the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 54 Pi but I'm leaving off the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 54 Pi but I'm leaving off the pi
+and um down here at position two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um down here at position two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um down here at position two we
+evaluate this for Theta equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this for Theta equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this for Theta equal
+pi/2 okay because we we're down on 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/2 okay because we we're down on 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/2 okay because we we're down on 2 3
+four and five are all in the XY plane at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five are all in the XY plane at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five are all in the XY plane at
+90 deges to Z so the value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 deges to Z so the value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 deges to Z so the value of theta
+anywhere for those four ligans would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere for those four ligans would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere for those four ligans would be
+Pi / 2 you evaluate this function for pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi / 2 you evaluate this function for pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi / 2 you evaluate this function for pi
+two and you'll get 516 pi and I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you'll get 516 pi and I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you'll get 516 pi and I've just
+left off the pi okay so that's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off the pi okay so that's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off the pi okay so that's useful
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let's take this one up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top um now next so here we've done one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top um now next so here we've done one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top um now next so here we've done one
+of the one of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the D
+orbitals this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dz2 for all six Lian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positions all right and now let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions all right and now let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions all right and now let's do
+DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ
+D x^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 for
+all six Lian positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay first of all dx^ 2us y^2 has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all dx^ 2us y^2 has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all dx^ 2us y^2 has a
+pretty interesting relationship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting relationship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting relationship with
+ligans 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans 1 and
+six what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationship is positions one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is positions one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is positions one and
+six zero okay because x^2 minus y^2 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six zero okay because x^2 minus y^2 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six zero okay because x^2 minus y^2 has
+two nodal surfaces that intersect along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nodal surfaces that intersect along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nodal surfaces that intersect along
+the z-axis and so those lians four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis and so those lians four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis and so those lians four and
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+lie on a nodal surface and so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on a nodal surface and so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on a nodal surface and so we know
+that that is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is going to be equal to
+zero if however we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if however we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if however we go ahead and
+evaluate the square of dx2 minus y^2 let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the square of dx2 minus y^2 let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the square of dx2 minus y^2 let
+me just write it up and I have to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write it up and I have to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write it up and I have to switch
+it since they're wrong in the book 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since they're wrong in the book 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since they're wrong in the book 15
+over 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16
+Pi square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi square
+root sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Theta
+cosine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fe okay we have that and now uh just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay we have that and now uh just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay we have that and now uh just as
+we do we're converting an orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're converting an orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're converting an orbital
+angular property into a propability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular property into a propability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular property into a propability
+density by squaring it this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density by squaring it this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density by squaring it this is what we
+normally do when you see pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do when you see pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do when you see pictures of
+orbitals they're representing the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals they're representing the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals they're representing the square
+of the wave function in space and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function in space and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function in space and so we
+need to evaluate this as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to evaluate this as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to evaluate this as a function of
+theta and Fe in order to find out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and Fe in order to find out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and Fe in order to find out what's
+the first two one and six we did by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two one and six we did by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two one and six we did by
+inspection but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection but what
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+positions 2 3 4 and five in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions 2 3 4 and five in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions 2 3 4 and five in the case of
+those four you can see that where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four you can see that where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four you can see that where they
+lie in the XY plane with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in the XY plane with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in the XY plane with respect to the
+X2 minus y squ or orbital is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus y squ or orbital is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus y squ or orbital is all
+identical to each other by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to each other by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to each other by
+symmetry U because x^2 - y^2 has lobes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry U because x^2 - y^2 has lobes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry U because x^2 - y^2 has lobes
+that extend along X and plus X and Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extend along X and plus X and Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extend along X and plus X and Y and
+minus y and that's where all these ligs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y and that's where all these ligs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y and that's where all these ligs
+lie at positions 2 3 4 and five um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie at positions 2 3 4 and five um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie at positions 2 3 4 and five um we
+know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that
+Theta is equal to what it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is equal to what it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is equal to what it's going to be
+Pi / 2 and um V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi / 2 and um V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi / 2 and um V of
+course can be 0 pi/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can be 0 pi/ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can be 0 pi/ 2
+pi and three 3 pi over two for any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and three 3 pi over two for any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and three 3 pi over two for any of
+those positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those positions
+and what we'll find is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll find is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll find is that this
+evaluates for any of those let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates for any of those let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates for any of those let's just
+use V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use V equals
+0 okay um evaluates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay um evaluates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay um evaluates
+as 15 over 16 pi and I'm dropping the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 15 over 16 pi and I'm dropping the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 15 over 16 pi and I'm dropping the pi
+okay so now we've got DZ squ and dx^ 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got DZ squ and dx^ 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got DZ squ and dx^ 2us
+y^2 evaluated for all six ligan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 evaluated for all six ligan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 evaluated for all six ligan
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then let's make a table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this z^2 x^2 - y^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this z^2 x^2 - y^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this z^2 x^2 - y^ 2
+uh let's do XZ YZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do XZ YZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do XZ YZ and
+XY okay and here's our Lian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positions and in the table here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and in the table here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and in the table here we're
+going to put what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put what these
+relative evaluated squared wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative evaluated squared wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative evaluated squared wave
+functions are and the biggest one of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are and the biggest one of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are and the biggest one of all
+is this one here that we got at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one here that we got at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one here that we got at position
+one for dz^2 which is 54s so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for dz^2 which is 54s so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for dz^2 which is 54s so I'm going
+to divide everybody through by 54s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide everybody through by 54s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide everybody through by 54s so
+that I can make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can make our
+biggest value equal to one okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest value equal to one okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest value equal to one okay for
+Simplicity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity here
+and then when we do that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we do that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we do that you're going to
+see that two gives a value of a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that two gives a value of a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that two gives a value of a quarter
+that's position two down in the Taurus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's position two down in the Taurus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's position two down in the Taurus
+three down in the Taurus is one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three down in the Taurus is one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three down in the Taurus is one quarter
+relative to that one four is one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that one four is one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that one four is one quarter
+five is one4 and six down in minus Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is one4 and six down in minus Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is one4 and six down in minus Z is
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+so we've evaluated the DZ squ orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've evaluated the DZ squ orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've evaluated the DZ squ orbital
+squared at the Lian positions 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared at the Lian positions 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared at the Lian positions 1 through
+six and these are the relative values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and these are the relative values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and these are the relative values
+that we got for the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got for the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got for the probability of
+finding an electron at that point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron at that point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron at that point in
+space given a constant value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space given a constant value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space given a constant value of
+R and x s minus y^ 2 uh we got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and x s minus y^ 2 uh we got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and x s minus y^ 2 uh we got for
+positions one and six zero we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions one and six zero we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions one and six zero we just said
+that and then uh on the same scale here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then uh on the same scale here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then uh on the same scale here
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3/4 3/4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3/4 and then for XZ and YZ and XY this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and then for XZ and YZ and XY this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and then for XZ and YZ and XY this
+is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we've gone through these two steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've gone through these two steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've gone through these two steps to
+do Z squ and x minus y^2 explicitly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Z squ and x minus y^2 explicitly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Z squ and x minus y^2 explicitly now
+we have to look at where lians 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to look at where lians 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to look at where lians 1 through
+six are relative to the nodes of XZ or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six are relative to the nodes of XZ or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six are relative to the nodes of XZ or
+YZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ and
+XY and what we will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and what we will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and what we will find
+is that um in each case these lians lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um in each case these lians lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um in each case these lians lie
+on nodal surfaces of XZ YZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nodal surfaces of XZ YZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nodal surfaces of XZ YZ and
+XY so this is z0 z 0 z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so this is z0 z 0 z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so this is z0 z 0 z0
+z0 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um all all the ligans 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um all all the ligans 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um all all the ligans 1 through
+six lie on nodal planes of XZ YZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six lie on nodal planes of XZ YZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six lie on nodal planes of XZ YZ and
+XY only four of the ligans interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY only four of the ligans interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY only four of the ligans interact with
+x^2 minus y^2 lians 2 through five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 minus y^2 lians 2 through five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 minus y^2 lians 2 through five
+because those are the ones that lie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the ones that lie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the ones that lie in
+the XY plane and they interact strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane and they interact strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane and they interact strongly
+this relative value of 3/4 but not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relative value of 3/4 but not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relative value of 3/4 but not as
+strongly as the two lians in positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly as the two lians in positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly as the two lians in positions
+one and six inter interact with the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and six inter interact with the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and six inter interact with the big
+loes of DZ s and then um also lians 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes of DZ s and then um also lians 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes of DZ s and then um also lians 2
+through five which lie in the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through five which lie in the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through five which lie in the XY plane
+interact with the Taurus of DZ squ but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the Taurus of DZ squ but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the Taurus of DZ squ but
+to a much smaller extent because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a much smaller extent because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a much smaller extent because the
+Taurus does not have as great a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taurus does not have as great a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taurus does not have as great a radial
+extent and these lians are all at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and these lians are all at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and these lians are all at the
+same radius out from the metal center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same radius out from the metal center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same radius out from the metal center
+and so what this corresponds to is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what this corresponds to is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what this corresponds to is now
+an energy level diagram as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows and this is for an edal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex where we have relative energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex where we have relative energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex where we have relative energy
+units of 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of 0 1
+2 and three and what we have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and three and what we have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and three and what we have to do is
+say that the amount an electron in DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the amount an electron in DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the amount an electron in DZ
+squ would be repelled by simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ would be repelled by simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ would be repelled by simultaneously
+by electrons in positions 1 through six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by electrons in positions 1 through six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by electrons in positions 1 through six
+uh would be the sum of these Val vales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be the sum of these Val vales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be the sum of these Val vales
+and so we add that up and we get in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we add that up and we get in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we add that up and we get in fact
+for DZ s up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A3 and interestingly for dx^ 2us y^2 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and interestingly for dx^ 2us y^2 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and interestingly for dx^ 2us y^2 if
+we take a sum of the four interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a sum of the four interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a sum of the four interactions
+that we found that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found that are
+nonzero we also get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero we also get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero we also get a
+three for D x^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for D x^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for D x^2 -
+y^2 so the the net of all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so the the net of all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so the the net of all their
+interactions is the the same for x^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is the the same for x^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is the the same for x^2 -
+y^2 and z^2 and then down here we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and z^2 and then down here we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and z^2 and then down here we found
+that these three orbitals XZ YZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these three orbitals XZ YZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these three orbitals XZ YZ and
+XY where the lians at positions 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY where the lians at positions 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY where the lians at positions 1
+through six lie on their nodal surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through six lie on their nodal surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through six lie on their nodal surfaces
+lie right on their nodal surfaces um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie right on their nodal surfaces um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie right on their nodal surfaces um and
+so the number evaluates to zero so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number evaluates to zero so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number evaluates to zero so a
+wave function squared will evaluate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function squared will evaluate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function squared will evaluate to
+zero anytime you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero anytime you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero anytime you're looking at a
+position that's on one of its noal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's on one of its noal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's on one of its noal
+surfaces it evaluates to zero and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces it evaluates to zero and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces it evaluates to zero and so we
+have uh d x z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh d x z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh d x z
+dyz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyz and
+dxy um and then a diagram like this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy um and then a diagram like this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy um and then a diagram like this uh
+which is a d orbital splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram um is associated with a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um is associated with a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um is associated with a couple
+of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+parameters one is down here we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters one is down here we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters one is down here we've got a
+triple degenerate energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple degenerate energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple degenerate energy level
+previously we'd only seen doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we'd only seen doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we'd only seen doubly
+degenerate energy levels now we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate energy levels now we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate energy levels now we've got a
+triply degenerate one composed of XZ YZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triply degenerate one composed of XZ YZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triply degenerate one composed of XZ YZ
+and XY and um that that level we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XY and um that that level we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XY and um that that level we're
+going to be calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be calling
+t2g and then up here uh we have a w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2g and then up here uh we have a w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2g and then up here uh we have a w
+degenerate level that will get the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate level that will get the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate level that will get the label
+EG and the whatever the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EG and the whatever the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EG and the whatever the value of the
+splitting of these two energy levels one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of these two energy levels one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of these two energy levels one
+trip and one W degenerate uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and one W degenerate uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and one W degenerate uh we're going
+to give that the label Delta o for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give that the label Delta o for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give that the label Delta o for
+octahedral okay and uh at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral okay and uh at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral okay and uh at the beginning
+of next hour um I'll say more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next hour um I'll say more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next hour um I'll say more about
+tables like this and I'll show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables like this and I'll show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables like this and I'll show you how
+you can actually figure out de orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually figure out de orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually figure out de orbital
+splitting diagrams for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting diagrams for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting diagrams for other
+coordination geometries and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination geometries and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination geometries and how they
+compare for a couple of the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare for a couple of the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare for a couple of the most popular
+coordination geometries
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j35fYO_ASeY.txt b/j35fYO_ASeY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35d6e9d38a5ad247a860855a7cb086eb6eafebf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j35fYO_ASeY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+In the previous lecture we developed the instruction
+set architecture for the Beta, the computer
+
+system we'll be building throughout this part
+of the course.
+
+The Beta incorporates two types of storage
+or memory.
+
+In the CPU datapath there are 32 general-purpose
+registers, which can be read to supply source
+
+operands for the ALU or written with the ALU
+result.
+
+In the CPU's control logic there is a special-purpose
+register called the program counter, which
+
+contains the address of the memory location
+holding the next instruction to be executed.
+
+The datapath and control logic are connected
+to a large main memory with a maximum capacity
+
+of 2^32 bytes, organized as 2^30 32-bit words.
+
+This memory holds both data and instructions.
+
+Beta instructions are 32-bit values comprised
+of various fields.
+
+The 6-bit OPCODE field specifies the operation
+to be performed.
+
+The 5-bit Ra, Rb, and Rc fields contain register
+numbers, specifying one of the 32 general-purpose
+
+registers.
+
+There are two instruction formats: one specifying
+an opcode and three registers, the other specifying
+
+an opcode, two registers, and a 16-bit signed
+constant.
+
+There three classes of instructions.
+
+The ALU instructions perform an arithmetic
+or logic operation on two operands, producing
+
+a result that is stored in the destination
+register.
+
+The operands are either two values from the
+general-purpose registers, or one register
+
+value and a constant.
+
+The yellow highlighting indicates instructions
+that use the second instruction format.
+
+The Load/Store instructions access main memory,
+either loading a value from main memory into
+
+a register, or storing a register value to
+main memory.
+
+And, finally, there are branches and jumps
+whose execution may change the program counter
+
+and hence the address of the next instruction
+to be executed.
+
+To program the Beta we'll need to load main
+memory with binary-encoded instructions.
+
+Figuring out each encoding is clearly the
+job for a computer, so we'll create a simple
+
+programming language that will let us specify
+the opcode and operands for each instruction.
+
+So instead of writing the binary at the top
+of slide, we'll write assembly language statements
+
+to specify instructions in symbolic form.
+
+Of course we still have think about which
+registers to use for which values and write
+
+sequences of instructions for more complex
+operations.
+
+By using a high-level language we can move
+up one more level abstraction and describe
+
+the computation we want in terms of variables
+and mathematical operations rather than registers
+
+and ALU functions.
+
+In this lecture we'll describe the assembly
+language we'll use for programming the Beta.
+
+And in the next lecture we'll figure out how
+to translate high-level languages, such as
+
+C, into assembly language.
+
+The layer cake of abstractions gets taller
+yet:
+
+we could write an interpreter for say, Python,
+in C and then write our application programs
+
+in Python.
+
+Nowadays, programmers often choose the programming
+language that's most suitable for expressing
+
+their computations, then, after perhaps many
+layers of translation, come up with a sequence
+
+of instructions that the Beta can actually
+execute.
+
+Okay, back to assembly language, which we'll
+use to shield ourselves from the bit-level
+
+representations of instructions and from having
+to know the exact location of variables and
+
+instructions in memory.
+
+A program called the "assembler" reads a text
+file containing the assembly language program
+
+and produces an array of 32-bit words that
+can be used to initialize main memory.
+
+We'll learn the UASM assembly language, which
+is built into BSim, our simulator for the
+
+Beta ISA.
+
+UASM is really just a fancy calculator!
+
+It reads arithmetic expressions and evaluates
+them to produce 8-bit values, which it then
+
+adds sequentially to the array of bytes which
+will eventually be loaded into the Beta's
+
+memory.
+
+UASM supports several useful language features
+that make it easier to write assembly language
+
+programs.
+
+Symbols and labels let us give names to particular
+values and addresses.
+
+And macros let us create shorthand notations
+for sequences of expressions that, when evaluated,
+
+will generate the binary representations for
+instructions and data.
+
+Here's an example UASM source file.
+
+Typically we write one UASM statement on each
+line and can use spaces, tabs, and newlines
+
+to make the source as readable as possible.
+
+We've added some color coding to help in our
+explanation.
+
+Comments (shown in green) allow us to add
+text annotations to the program.
+
+Good comments will help remind you how your
+program works.
+
+You really don't want to have figure out from
+scratch what a section of code does each time
+
+you need to modify or debug it!
+
+There are two ways to add comments to the
+code.
+
+"//" starts a comment, which then occupies
+the rest of the source line.
+
+Any characters after "//" are ignored by the
+assembler, which will start processing statements
+
+again at the start of the next line in the
+source file.
+
+You can also enclose comment text using the
+delimiters "/*" and "*/" and the assembler
+
+will ignore everything in-between.
+
+Using this second type of comment, you can
+"comment-out" many lines of code by placing
+
+"/*" at the start and, many lines later, end
+the comment section with a "*/".
+
+Symbols (shown in red) are symbolic names
+for constant values.
+
+Symbols make the code easier to understand,
+e.g., we can use N as the name for an initial
+
+value for some computation, in this case the
+value 12.
+
+Subsequent statements can refer to this value
+using the symbol N instead of entering the
+
+value 12 directly.
+
+When reading the program, we'll know that
+N means this particular initial value.
+
+So if later we want to change the initial
+value, we only have to change the definition
+
+of the symbol N rather than find all the 12's
+in our program and change them.
+
+In fact some of the other appearances of 12
+might not refer to this initial value and
+
+so to be sure we only changed the ones that
+did,
+
+we'd have to read and understand the whole
+program to make sure we only edited the right
+
+12's.
+
+You can imagine how error-prone that might
+be!
+
+So using symbols is a practice you want to
+follow!
+
+Note that all the register names are shown
+in red.
+
+We'll define the symbols R0 through R31 to
+have the values 0 through 31.
+
+Then we'll use those symbols to help us understand
+which instruction operands are intended to
+
+be registers, e.g., by writing R1, and which
+operands are numeric values, e.g., by writing
+
+the number 1.
+
+We could just use numbers everywhere, but
+the code would be much harder to read and
+
+understand.
+
+Labels (shown in yellow) are symbols whose
+value are the address of a particular location
+
+in the program.
+
+Here, the label "loop" will be our name for
+the location of the MUL instruction in memory.
+
+In the BNE at the end of the code, we use
+the label "loop" to specify the MUL instruction
+
+as the branch target.
+
+So if R1 is non-zero, we want to branch back
+to the MUL instruction and start another iteration.
+
+We'll use indentation for most UASM statements
+to make it easy to spot the labels defined
+
+by the program.
+
+Indentation isn't required, it's just another
+habit assembly language programmers use to
+
+keep their programs readable.
+
+We use macro invocations (shown in blue) when
+we want to write Beta instructions.
+
+When the assembler encounters a macro, it
+"expands" the macro, replacing it with a string
+
+of text provided by in the macro's definition.
+
+During expansion, the provided arguments are
+textually inserted into the expanded text
+
+at locations specified in the macro definition.
+
+Think of a macro as shorthand for a longer
+text string we could have typed in.
+
+We'll show how all this works in the next
+video segment.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/js34ZxECiCA.txt b/js34ZxECiCA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5184afc772749978c848f3cb541d5a6576565cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js34ZxECiCA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7800 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys are doing very well so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are doing very well so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are doing very well so far in
+this class so I figured we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so I figured we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so I figured we could do
+something special um in talking with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special um in talking with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special um in talking with you
+guys we have a lot of design parts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we have a lot of design parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we have a lot of design parts that
+are undergoing high temperatures high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undergoing high temperatures high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undergoing high temperatures high
+pressures high amounts of aradiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures high amounts of aradiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures high amounts of aradiation and
+there are a lot of nuclear engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of nuclear engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of nuclear engineering
+specific concerns as well as general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific concerns as well as general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific concerns as well as general
+concerns with dealing with Metals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns with dealing with Metals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns with dealing with Metals in
+extreme environments and I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme environments and I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme environments and I would be
+remissed if we let you guys out of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remissed if we let you guys out of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remissed if we let you guys out of here
+as an MIT without at least hearing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an MIT without at least hearing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an MIT without at least hearing about
+some of these things and where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things and where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things and where are
+they're important to nuclear reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important to nuclear reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important to nuclear reactors
+and since a lot of these concepts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since a lot of these concepts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since a lot of these concepts are
+fairly abstract and without a Material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly abstract and without a Material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly abstract and without a Material
+Science Background it's hard to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Background it's hard to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Background it's hard to absorb
+it's a little easier to absorb while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little easier to absorb while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little easier to absorb while
+you're absorbing something edible at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absorbing something edible at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absorbing something edible at the
+same time that behaves strikingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that behaves strikingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that behaves strikingly
+similar so this all started when I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so this all started when I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so this all started when I took
+a cheese tasting class for my birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheese tasting class for my birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheese tasting class for my birthday
+courtesy of one of my friends and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtesy of one of my friends and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtesy of one of my friends and while
+they were prattling on about tarir and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were prattling on about tarir and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were prattling on about tarir and
+all these other wonderful things that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other wonderful things that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other wonderful things that go
+into chees as I was sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chees as I was sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chees as I was sitting there
+breaking them and being like Oh my God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them and being like Oh my God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them and being like Oh my God
+be just like metals like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just like metals like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just like metals like this
+one this one under goes creep this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one under goes creep this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one under goes creep this one
+is undergoing stretch corrosion cracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is undergoing stretch corrosion cracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is undergoing stretch corrosion cracking
+this is insane so I put together a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is insane so I put together a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is insane so I put together a few
+of my favorite cheeses along with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorite cheeses along with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorite cheeses along with their
+accompaniments and I thought I'd share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniments and I thought I'd share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniments and I thought I'd share
+them with you um since you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with you um since you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with you um since you guys are
+doing so well just to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so well just to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so well just to tell you what
+cheeses we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheeses we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheeses we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um on your plate from your point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on your plate from your point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on your plate from your point of view
+at 12:00 we have the cabin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12:00 we have the cabin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12:00 we have the cabin
+cheddar and and at let's see I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddar and and at let's see I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddar and and at let's see I'll just
+break up the clock into these five parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the clock into these five parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the clock into these five parts
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here at about 2:00 we have a con at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at about 2:00 we have a con at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at about 2:00 we have a con at
+that's uh that's a French cheese at 4 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's a French cheese at 4 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's a French cheese at 4 or
+5:00 it's a sheep's milk cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called at what do we have about 7 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called at what do we have about 7 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called at what do we have about 7 or
+8:00 this one's quite nice it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:00 this one's quite nice it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:00 this one's quite nice it's a
+truffle cheesee from Italy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at 10 or 11 or whatever o' clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at 10 or 11 or whatever o' clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at 10 or 11 or whatever o' clock
+what do we have oh yeah the ques blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have oh yeah the ques blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have oh yeah the ques blue
+cheese from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spain and as we get into each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and as we get into each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and as we get into each of these
+cheeses I'll get into what's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheeses I'll get into what's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheeses I'll get into what's special
+about the cheese is a compan demment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cheese is a compan demment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cheese is a compan demment and
+then we'll get into how it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get into how it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get into how it behaves
+fairly like Metalist so what is the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly like Metalist so what is the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly like Metalist so what is the deal
+with this class I think I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this class I think I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this class I think I already
+explained this stuff many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained this stuff many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained this stuff many of you are
+using Metals at high temperatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Metals at high temperatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Metals at high temperatures and
+pressures uh I know the core group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures uh I know the core group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures uh I know the core group is
+using a quenched and tempered steel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a quenched and tempered steel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a quenched and tempered steel and
+not everybody knows what the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody knows what the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody knows what the word
+quenched and tempered mean who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched and tempered mean who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched and tempered mean who who
+doesn't know what quenched or tempered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what quenched or tempered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what quenched or tempered
+means so more than none so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so more than none so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so more than none so that's the
+point especially folks in the core group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point especially folks in the core group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point especially folks in the core group
+so if you're going to be using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to be using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to be using these
+sorts of words and talking about Metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of words and talking about Metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of words and talking about Metals
+in extreme environments you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extreme environments you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extreme environments you need to know
+what you're talking about um but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about um but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about um but this
+hopefully this cheese class will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this cheese class will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this cheese class will help
+you get a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little bit better
+understanding of some of these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of some of these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of some of these things so
+for those who haven't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who haven't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who haven't had
+22070 I want to go over a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22070 I want to go over a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22070 I want to go over a little bit of
+the general structure of metals metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general structure of metals metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general structure of metals metals
+tend to be composed of grains um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be composed of grains um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be composed of grains um this is
+actually the iron 12 Chrome 2 silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the iron 12 Chrome 2 silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the iron 12 Chrome 2 silicon
+alloy that uh I did for my PhD thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy that uh I did for my PhD thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy that uh I did for my PhD thesis
+and the core group is depending on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the core group is depending on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the core group is depending on for
+corrosion resistance grains tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion resistance grains tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion resistance grains tend to be
+these regions here of Fairly continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions here of Fairly continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions here of Fairly continuous
+crystal structure so each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure so each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure so each one of those
+could be approximated as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be approximated as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be approximated as a single
+Crystal and the boundaries between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and the boundaries between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and the boundaries between them
+are known as grain boundaries so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as grain boundaries so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as grain boundaries so that's
+just to get a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get a little bit of
+uh background lingo so we're all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh background lingo so we're all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh background lingo so we're all on the
+same page a couple more examples this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page a couple more examples this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page a couple more examples this is
+a piece of the rotor the power rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of the rotor the power rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of the rotor the power rotor
+that powers alcator seod um this rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powers alcator seod um this rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powers alcator seod um this rotor
+was T was slated to be taken out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was T was slated to be taken out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was T was slated to be taken out of
+service for reasons unknown so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for reasons unknown so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for reasons unknown so we
+actually have to take some cuts out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take some cuts out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take some cuts out of
+it look at the grain structure and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look at the grain structure and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look at the grain structure and prove
+that it was indeed fit for service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was indeed fit for service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was indeed fit for service and
+in the in the process we got to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the process we got to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the process we got to see the
+general grain structure of these rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general grain structure of these rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general grain structure of these rotor
+steel elevat so I'd like you to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel elevat so I'd like you to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel elevat so I'd like you to take a
+look at your cheddar cheese that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your cheddar cheese that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your cheddar cheese that's the
+one at 12:00 if you notice if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at 12:00 if you notice if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at 12:00 if you notice if you look
+closely cheddar cheese tends to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely cheddar cheese tends to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely cheddar cheese tends to have
+grains as well um or we call them curds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains as well um or we call them curds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains as well um or we call them curds
+so here if you want to come up grab a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here if you want to come up grab a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here if you want to come up grab a
+plate with cheese actually part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate with cheese actually part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate with cheese actually part the
+whole idea um if you look at the cheddar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea um if you look at the cheddar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea um if you look at the cheddar
+cheese you'll notice it actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese you'll notice it actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese you'll notice it actually has a
+grain structure um when the cheese is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain structure um when the cheese is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain structure um when the cheese is
+made the uh the the cheese is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the uh the the cheese is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the uh the the cheese is sort of
+coagulated using a renit which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulated using a renit which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulated using a renit which is an
+enzyme that either comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that either comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that either comes from the
+thistle or from a cal stomach or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thistle or from a cal stomach or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thistle or from a cal stomach or another
+animal stomach and it forms these curds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal stomach and it forms these curds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal stomach and it forms these curds
+and in chedd cheese this curd is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in chedd cheese this curd is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in chedd cheese this curd is
+actually cut up a little bit and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cut up a little bit and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cut up a little bit and they're
+pressed together it's actually called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed together it's actually called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed together it's actually called a
+cheddaring process along with salt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddaring process along with salt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddaring process along with salt and
+what happens is it forms that nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it forms that nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it forms that nice
+granum structure so if you want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granum structure so if you want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granum structure so if you want to pick
+up a piece of the cheese and break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a piece of the cheese and break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a piece of the cheese and break it
+apart so this is just sort of a a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so this is just sort of a a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so this is just sort of a a larger
+view of the cut surface of cheddar if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the cut surface of cheddar if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the cut surface of cheddar if
+you want to break it apart take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to break it apart take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to break it apart take a look
+at the surface and you know smell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface and you know smell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface and you know smell it
+appreciate it whatever you want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it whatever you want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it whatever you want but
+mainly look at the surface it may look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly look at the surface it may look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly look at the surface it may look
+strikingly similar on a different scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikingly similar on a different scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikingly similar on a different scale
+for those those of you who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those those of you who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those those of you who are in
+recitation on Friday to the W1 tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on Friday to the W1 tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on Friday to the W1 tool
+steel that we quenched and shattered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel that we quenched and shattered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel that we quenched and shattered in
+the Forge you end up with all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forge you end up with all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forge you end up with all of these
+nice facets these crisp clean facets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice facets these crisp clean facets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice facets these crisp clean facets and
+this is what's known as intergranular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's known as intergranular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's known as intergranular
+fracture as intergranular meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture as intergranular meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture as intergranular meaning
+between the grains as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the grains as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the grains as opposed to
+transgranular or intragranular which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transgranular or intragranular which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transgranular or intragranular which
+would be through the grains um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be through the grains um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be through the grains um and I
+just thought that the these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought that the these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought that the these pictures
+besides the fact that this one is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact that this one is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact that this one is made
+of cheese are strikingly similar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cheese are strikingly similar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cheese are strikingly similar this
+this is a picture of sensitized 304
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of sensitized 304
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of sensitized 304
+stainless steel which is used all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel which is used all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel which is used all over
+nuclear reactors and this is cheddar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors and this is cheddar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors and this is cheddar
+cheese and take a look at your cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and take a look at your cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and take a look at your cheese
+take a look at the micro structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the micro structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the micro structure here
+and you'll notice I don't can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice I don't can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice I don't can't really
+see a difference if that weren't in grce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a difference if that weren't in grce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a difference if that weren't in grce
+skin um the pairing with the cheddar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin um the pairing with the cheddar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin um the pairing with the cheddar
+cheese which by the way is at um 12:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese which by the way is at um 12:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese which by the way is at um 12:00
+yeah is the it's Willis Woods pure apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is the it's Willis Woods pure apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is the it's Willis Woods pure apple
+cider jelly and that really is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cider jelly and that really is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cider jelly and that really is what I
+mean it's just nothing but apples about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just nothing but apples about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just nothing but apples about
+30 50 apples go into every pound of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 50 apples go into every pound of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 50 apples go into every pound of this
+cider jelly and they're both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cider jelly and they're both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cider jelly and they're both from
+Vermont so best in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont so best in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont so best in the union
+and in case there was a question yeah s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in case there was a question yeah s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in case there was a question yeah s
+Rob there's Noam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob there's Noam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob there's Noam
+cheese there are a few actually just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese there are a few actually just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese there are a few actually just not
+on this plate right um and anyway what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this plate right um and anyway what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this plate right um and anyway what I
+tried to do is give you accompanyment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do is give you accompanyment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do is give you accompanyment
+with cheese and whatever goes with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cheese and whatever goes with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cheese and whatever goes with it
+from as similar locations as possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from as similar locations as possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from as similar locations as possible so
+you can sort of see get a feel for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see get a feel for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see get a feel for the
+region wasn't able to do that in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region wasn't able to do that in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region wasn't able to do that in every
+case but in this case it worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but in this case it worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but in this case it worked out
+pretty well so I'd like you guys to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so I'd like you guys to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so I'd like you guys to try
+the cheese on its own just sort of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese on its own just sort of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese on its own just sort of take
+a little bite breathe in breathe out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bite breathe in breathe out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bite breathe in breathe out a
+lot of the nice part of the cheese is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the nice part of the cheese is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the nice part of the cheese is
+when you take in and exhale air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take in and exhale air and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take in and exhale air and
+filling all those glands in your nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling all those glands in your nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling all those glands in your nose
+with the wonderful things that happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wonderful things that happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wonderful things that happen to
+cheese when it breaks up and oxidizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese when it breaks up and oxidizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese when it breaks up and oxidizes
+and things then try pairing it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things then try pairing it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things then try pairing it with the
+apple cider jelly and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple cider jelly and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple cider jelly and notice that
+something that's sort of sweet and tart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sort of sweet and tart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sort of sweet and tart
+helps cut a lot of the fat from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps cut a lot of the fat from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps cut a lot of the fat from the
+cheddar cheese cheese does have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddar cheese cheese does have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddar cheese cheese does have a pretty
+high fat content and we'll be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat content and we'll be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat content and we'll be going
+through a little bit of it um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little bit of it um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little bit of it um the
+cheddar better cheese is a cow cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddar better cheese is a cow cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheddar better cheese is a cow cheese
+which is a medium fat content if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a medium fat content if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a medium fat content if you
+look at about 4:00 on your plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the that's a sheep's milk cheese sheep's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's a sheep's milk cheese sheep's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's a sheep's milk cheese sheep's
+milk tends to be pretty high in fat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk tends to be pretty high in fat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk tends to be pretty high in fat you
+might notice that that cheese is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might notice that that cheese is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might notice that that cheese is already
+starting to sweat or is anyone noticing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to sweat or is anyone noticing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to sweat or is anyone noticing
+that yeah okay that's actually fat are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah okay that's actually fat are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah okay that's actually fat are
+oozing out of it um we'll get to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oozing out of it um we'll get to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oozing out of it um we'll get to that in
+a second so moving on at 2:00 I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second so moving on at 2:00 I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second so moving on at 2:00 I want to
+talk about super saturation and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about super saturation and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about super saturation and phase
+precipitation um the cheese at 2:00 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation um the cheese at 2:00 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation um the cheese at 2:00 is a
+Le from Jura in France and that's paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le from Jura in France and that's paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le from Jura in France and that's paired
+with a local conure of black cherries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a local conure of black cherries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a local conure of black cherries um
+not from not too far away um this F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from not too far away um this F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from not too far away um this F is
+pretty interesting before you eat it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting before you eat it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting before you eat it and
+it's gone I want you to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone I want you to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone I want you to take a look at
+it everyone should have a sample of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everyone should have a sample of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everyone should have a sample of the
+P cheese that has a cot face and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P cheese that has a cot face and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P cheese that has a cot face and it
+should have a torn face and I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a torn face and I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a torn face and I want you
+to notice what do you see about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anyone notice anything striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone notice anything striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone notice anything striking
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cheese is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese is it just
+uniform what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform what do you
+see little lobs little lobs okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see little lobs little lobs okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see little lobs little lobs okay now
+take a bite and chew it pretty well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bite and chew it pretty well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bite and chew it pretty well and
+tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what
+happens crunch you wasn't expecting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens crunch you wasn't expecting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens crunch you wasn't expecting a
+crunch in cheese right yeah it's like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch in cheese right yeah it's like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch in cheese right yeah it's like it
+is like a Crunch bar like little crunchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a Crunch bar like little crunchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a Crunch bar like little crunchy
+bits in it those are crystals of lactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in it those are crystals of lactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in it those are crystals of lactic
+acid formed during fermentation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid formed during fermentation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid formed during fermentation of the
+lactose in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose in the
+cheese and the formation of lactic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and the formation of lactic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and the formation of lactic acid
+secondary particle precipitates in K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitates in K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitates in K is
+very similar to the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the formation of
+secondary particle precipitates or SPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitates or SPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitates or SPS
+in zeroid which are used as fuel clading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zeroid which are used as fuel clading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zeroid which are used as fuel clading
+for light water reactors um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light water reactors um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light water reactors um the
+dissolved elements what makes zeroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved elements what makes zeroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved elements what makes zeroy
+zeroy is not just the zirconium but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroy is not just the zirconium but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroy is not just the zirconium but
+whatever whatever else you add in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever else you add in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever else you add in it
+whether you add some tin or iron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you add some tin or iron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you add some tin or iron or
+uh what else antimony or whatever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else antimony or whatever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else antimony or whatever else
+you need to add um sometimes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to add um sometimes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to add um sometimes these
+things precipitate out as secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things precipitate out as secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things precipitate out as secondary
+particle precipitates one of which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle precipitates one of which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle precipitates one of which can
+be seen here in this sample of oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen here in this sample of oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen here in this sample of oxidized
+zeroid this is a temm foil so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroid this is a temm foil so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroid this is a temm foil so these
+little docks well I can't really tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little docks well I can't really tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little docks well I can't really tell if
+they're pixels or atoms but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pixels or atoms but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pixels or atoms but they're
+about the same scale on this photo this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same scale on this photo this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same scale on this photo this
+distance here is half a nanometer um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is half a nanometer um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is half a nanometer um and
+this area right here is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area right here is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area right here is actually a
+secondary particle precipitate of tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitate of tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitate of tin
+oxide inside these iium oxide and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide inside these iium oxide and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide inside these iium oxide and these
+secondary particle precipitates help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitates help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary particle precipitates help
+strengthen the material as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the material as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the material as well as
+increase its oxidation resistance um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase its oxidation resistance um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase its oxidation resistance um and
+another example would be carbides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example would be carbides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example would be carbides
+precipitating in steel so what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating in steel so what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating in steel so what makes
+steel what it is or someone just tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel what it is or someone just tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel what it is or someone just tell me
+what is steel in its simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is steel in its simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is steel in its simplest
+form iron and carbon iron and carbon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form iron and carbon iron and carbon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form iron and carbon iron and carbon um
+it turns out that a lot of Steels have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that a lot of Steels have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that a lot of Steels have
+more carbon than is soluble in iron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carbon than is soluble in iron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carbon than is soluble in iron or
+ferite normally and you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferite normally and you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferite normally and you end up
+precipitating out all these little dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating out all these little dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating out all these little dark
+regions here are carbides just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions here are carbides just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions here are carbides just like you
+end up precipitating out lactic acid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up precipitating out lactic acid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up precipitating out lactic acid in
+this K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K the
+fo and while you enjoy that along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fo and while you enjoy that along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fo and while you enjoy that along with
+the uh cherries again um just to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh cherries again um just to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh cherries again um just to go back
+a little bit I recommend trying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit I recommend trying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit I recommend trying the
+cheese on its own oh I'm sorry the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese on its own oh I'm sorry the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese on its own oh I'm sorry the the
+con theor is on its own con or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con theor is on its own con or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con theor is on its own con or or
+grudier cheeses U were pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudier cheeses U were pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudier cheeses U were pretty similar
+are actually pretty good on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually pretty good on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually pretty good on their own
+and they also pair really well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also pair really well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also pair really well with
+starches like the bread you have they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starches like the bread you have they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starches like the bread you have they're
+superb melted over potatoes and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superb melted over potatoes and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superb melted over potatoes and there's
+actually an interesting story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an interesting story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an interesting story about
+about what makes the French SOA the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes the French SOA the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes the French SOA the
+French um there's always there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French um there's always there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French um there's always there's there's
+always been a long-standing war over who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been a long-standing war over who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been a long-standing war over who
+came up with rier cheese the Swiss or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with rier cheese the Swiss or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with rier cheese the Swiss or
+the French and the Swiss have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French and the Swiss have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French and the Swiss have
+this which means you're only allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means you're only allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means you're only allowed to
+name guer cheese guer if it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name guer cheese guer if it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name guer cheese guer if it means
+certain Swiss standards and blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Swiss standards and blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Swiss standards and blah blah
+blah blah blah so the French came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so the French came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so the French came up
+with their own grading system when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own grading system when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own grading system when they
+take a guier cheese they can rate it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a guier cheese they can rate it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a guier cheese they can rate it on
+a scale of 20 points for all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale of 20 points for all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale of 20 points for all sorts of
+different variables if if is 13 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables if if is 13 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables if if is 13 points
+or higher I believe it's considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher I believe it's considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher I believe it's considered
+Superior and is allowed to be classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior and is allowed to be classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior and is allowed to be classified
+as a qu those that don't make the grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a qu those that don't make the grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a qu those that don't make the grade
+are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called
+grer so that's their way of getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grer so that's their way of getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grer so that's their way of getting back
+to the Swiss saying fine you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Swiss saying fine you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Swiss saying fine you take the
+name we have a better one um so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we have a better one um so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we have a better one um so going
+back to iron and carbon if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to iron and carbon if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to iron and carbon if you look at
+the phase diagram for iron and carbon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram for iron and carbon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram for iron and carbon um
+does anyone anyone not ever seen a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone anyone not ever seen a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone anyone not ever seen a phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+oh good okay so if you look at the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good okay so if you look at the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good okay so if you look at the phase
+diagram for iron and carbon this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for iron and carbon this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for iron and carbon this line
+all the way at the edge is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way at the edge is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way at the edge is how much
+carbon is actually soluble in ferite at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is actually soluble in ferite at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is actually soluble in ferite at
+these temperatures Beyond this you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temperatures Beyond this you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temperatures Beyond this you start
+to form other phases for example perlite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form other phases for example perlite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form other phases for example perlite
+which you see in a second or setite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see in a second or setite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see in a second or setite
+which are actually these grains of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are actually these grains of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are actually these grains of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbine um on the next slide you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbine um on the next slide you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbine um on the next slide you can
+actually see this is what uh medum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this is what uh medum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this is what uh medum to
+high carbon steel tends to look like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high carbon steel tends to look like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high carbon steel tends to look like if
+you actually sort of Connect the Dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually sort of Connect the Dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually sort of Connect the Dots
+here you can see that there are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see that there are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see that there are fairly
+large grains of perlite and inside each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large grains of perlite and inside each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large grains of perlite and inside each
+of these grains the metal has undergone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these grains the metal has undergone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these grains the metal has undergone
+a phase separation into carbon po ferite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase separation into carbon po ferite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase separation into carbon po ferite
+which is nice and tough and acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice and tough and acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice and tough and acts as a
+strong backbone for these dark bands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong backbone for these dark bands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong backbone for these dark bands of
+iron 3 carbide or setite which provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 3 carbide or setite which provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 3 carbide or setite which provide a
+lot of the hardness of the material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the hardness of the material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the hardness of the material so
+you by by fine-tuning the heat treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by by fine-tuning the heat treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by by fine-tuning the heat treatment
+and the carbon content of a steel as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carbon content of a steel as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carbon content of a steel as you
+saw on Friday um you can really dial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw on Friday um you can really dial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw on Friday um you can really dial in
+whatever properties you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever properties you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever properties you
+want uh which are I thought it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh which are I thought it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh which are I thought it's pretty
+interesting and if you look at the torn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and if you look at the torn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and if you look at the torn
+face of the K cheese you'll actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of the K cheese you'll actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of the K cheese you'll actually see
+that I think in everybody's samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think in everybody's samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think in everybody's samples of
+cheese you have a few of those lactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese you have a few of those lactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese you have a few of those lactic
+acid crystals on the front well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid crystals on the front well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid crystals on the front well there's
+a reason they tend to end up on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason they tend to end up on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason they tend to end up on these
+torn faces is because these secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn faces is because these secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn faces is because these secondary
+particle precipitates act as stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle precipitates act as stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle precipitates act as stress
+concentrators which we'll actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrators which we'll actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrators which we'll actually go
+through a little later um so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little later um so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little later um so I just
+thought that this picture was fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this picture was fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this picture was fairly
+striking this is a piece of that alcator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking this is a piece of that alcator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking this is a piece of that alcator
+steel um and these are precipitates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel um and these are precipitates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel um and these are precipitates of
+Megan sulfide that came out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Megan sulfide that came out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Megan sulfide that came out on the
+surface this was literally just a bar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface this was literally just a bar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface this was literally just a bar of
+Steel that we tore in half and surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steel that we tore in half and surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steel that we tore in half and surprise
+surprise on the fracture surface was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise on the fracture surface was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise on the fracture surface was
+these precipitates of manganes sulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these precipitates of manganes sulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these precipitates of manganes sulfide
+and on the fracture surface of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the fracture surface of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the fracture surface of all of
+your cheeses were these precipitates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cheeses were these precipitates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cheeses were these precipitates of
+lactic acid and I thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic acid and I thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic acid and I thought this was
+strikingly similar uh and I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikingly similar uh and I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikingly similar uh and I wasn't
+listening to anything that the cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to anything that the cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to anything that the cheese
+folks were saying at this point cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were saying at this point cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were saying at this point cuz
+I was like there's much more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like there's much more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like there's much more interesting
+things to be learned from this so moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be learned from this so moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be learned from this so moving
+on creep Lifetime and failure uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on creep Lifetime and failure uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on creep Lifetime and failure uh to
+demonstrate this phenomenon we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this phenomenon we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this phenomenon we have
+the which is at about 4:00 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which is at about 4:00 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which is at about 4:00 and that's
+paired with the confer of black cherries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with the confer of black cherries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with the confer of black cherries
+from a similar region in France what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a similar region in France what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a similar region in France what I'd
+like you guys to do is to take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys to do is to take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys to do is to take your
+piece of sheep's mil cheese and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of sheep's mil cheese and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of sheep's mil cheese and put it
+on the edge of your plate so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge of your plate so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge of your plate so that it's
+actually resting sort of like so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually resting sort of like so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually resting sort of like so if this
+is the edge of the plate your piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the edge of the plate your piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the edge of the plate your piece of
+cheese will look like this so just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese will look like this so just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese will look like this so just leave
+it there and try not to eat it um while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there and try not to eat it um while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there and try not to eat it um while
+I talked a little bit that's okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked a little bit that's okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked a little bit that's okay I
+actually can't use it anymore but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can't use it anymore but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can't use it anymore but that's
+thank you for very much um creep is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for very much um creep is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for very much um creep is an
+interesting phenomenon um it can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomenon um it can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomenon um it can cause
+failure of different Metals well below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of different Metals well below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of different Metals well below
+their rated strengths or yield stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rated strengths or yield stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rated strengths or yield stress
+because metals tend to deform under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because metals tend to deform under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because metals tend to deform under a
+static load due to the movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static load due to the movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static load due to the movement of
+dislocations or vacancies or by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations or vacancies or by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations or vacancies or by some
+other mechanisms in the actual metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mechanisms in the actual metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mechanisms in the actual metal
+itself and this can cause unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and this can cause unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and this can cause unexpected
+wall thinning and failure of some parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall thinning and failure of some parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall thinning and failure of some parts
+especially in t91 which should be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in t91 which should be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in t91 which should be of
+particular interest to the Core group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interest to the Core group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interest to the Core group so
+I'm sure you guys have already found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you guys have already found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you guys have already found out
+that creep lifetime is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creep lifetime is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creep lifetime is one of the
+limiting factors to how hot you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting factors to how hot you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting factors to how hot you can make
+t91 and how long your fuel cycle can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t91 and how long your fuel cycle can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t91 and how long your fuel cycle can
+be and these creep mechanisms generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and these creep mechanisms generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and these creep mechanisms generally
+speed up with temperature they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up with temperature they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up with temperature they tend to
+take into they tend to come into effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into they tend to come into effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into they tend to come into effect
+at about 0.5 to 6 times the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 0.5 to 6 times the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 0.5 to 6 times the melting
+point and in terms of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and in terms of absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and in terms of absolute
+temperature this cheese is at like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this cheese is at like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this cheese is at like you
+know8 or 85 it it's already getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know8 or 85 it it's already getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know8 or 85 it it's already getting
+fairly greasy and it doesn't take a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly greasy and it doesn't take a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly greasy and it doesn't take a lot
+to melt a cheese with this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to melt a cheese with this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to melt a cheese with this much
+fat um so to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat um so to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat um so to figure
+out how to dial in the properties with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to dial in the properties with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to dial in the properties with
+steel 1991 we use these D these heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel 1991 we use these D these heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel 1991 we use these D these heat
+treatment diagrams right here I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment diagrams right here I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment diagrams right here I realized
+that the axis are a little hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the axis are a little hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the axis are a little hard to see
+but this axis right here shows vicker's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this axis right here shows vicker's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this axis right here shows vicker's
+hardness basically the harder the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness basically the harder the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness basically the harder the metal
+is uh or sorry the larger the number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh or sorry the larger the number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh or sorry the larger the number is
+the harder the metal is when a metal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder the metal is when a metal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder the metal is when a metal is
+really hard as you saw it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard as you saw it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard as you saw it's difficult to
+deform who so for those who are here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform who so for those who are here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform who so for those who are here on
+Friday we took that piece of W1 tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we took that piece of W1 tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we took that piece of W1 tool
+steel and when it's fairly hard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and when it's fairly hard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and when it's fairly hard it
+doesn't Flex very much however it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Flex very much however it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Flex very much however it can be
+extremely brittle and for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely brittle and for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely brittle and for those of you
+who are remember after we quench that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are remember after we quench that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are remember after we quench that
+piece of W1 steel to make it extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of W1 steel to make it extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of W1 steel to make it extremely
+hard I threw it on the ground and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I threw it on the ground and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I threw it on the ground and a
+piece shattered off which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece shattered off which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece shattered off which is not
+normally what you would want to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what you would want to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what you would want to happen
+in a very tough steel at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very tough steel at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very tough steel at the other end
+of the spectrum if you heat treat it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum if you heat treat it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum if you heat treat it for
+a long time and you bring it you let say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time and you bring it you let say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time and you bring it you let say
+this axis right here is temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis right here is temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis right here is temperature and
+you let it heat treat for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it heat treat for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it heat treat for a long time
+form some other phases you can trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form some other phases you can trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form some other phases you can trace
+your hardness line down and it can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hardness line down and it can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hardness line down and it can get
+to a point where it's too soft so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point where it's too soft so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point where it's too soft so you
+not in very much danger of the t91 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in very much danger of the t91 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in very much danger of the t91 or
+whatever metal breaking in half all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever metal breaking in half all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever metal breaking in half all
+unexpectedly however it can creep fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly however it can creep fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly however it can creep fairly
+quickly um p91 is an interesting steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um p91 is an interesting steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um p91 is an interesting steel
+it has carbines and carbon nitrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has carbines and carbon nitrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has carbines and carbon nitrites
+finally dispersed throughout the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally dispersed throughout the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally dispersed throughout the Matrix
+which actually act as pinning points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually act as pinning points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually act as pinning points for
+these dislocations so as they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dislocations so as they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dislocations so as they move
+through the metal they get stopped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the metal they get stopped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the metal they get stopped by
+these particles and it really depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles and it really depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles and it really depends on
+a very fine and dense dispersion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fine and dense dispersion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fine and dense dispersion of
+these carbides and carbon nitrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbides and carbon nitrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbides and carbon nitrites
+keeping t91 at too high of a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping t91 at too high of a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping t91 at too high of a temperature
+for too long can actually cause these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too long can actually cause these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too long can actually cause these
+particles to Corson which means one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to Corson which means one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to Corson which means one they
+get bigger and there's fewer of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger and there's fewer of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger and there's fewer of them
+because the smaller ones get absorbed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the smaller ones get absorbed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the smaller ones get absorbed by
+the bigger ones and that can lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger ones and that can lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger ones and that can lower the
+creep lifetime of t91 and lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep lifetime of t91 and lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep lifetime of t91 and lead to
+failures like this so I wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures like this so I wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures like this so I wouldn't have
+wanted to have been around when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have been around when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have been around when this
+pipe split open like that d91 is used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe split open like that d91 is used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe split open like that d91 is used uh
+a lot in fossil boilers super critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in fossil boilers super critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in fossil boilers super critical
+boilers very high temperature and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers very high temperature and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers very high temperature and high
+pressure steam and if you if you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure steam and if you if you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure steam and if you if you do your
+heat treatment wrong and you don't check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat treatment wrong and you don't check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat treatment wrong and you don't check
+the hardness of the steel this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardness of the steel this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardness of the steel this can
+happen all of a sudden sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all of a sudden sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all of a sudden sudden
+unexpectedly with pretty much no warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly with pretty much no warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly with pretty much no warning
+once basically what happens is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once basically what happens is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once basically what happens is if you
+have uh let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh let me just
+space if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you have a
+pipe of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe of let's say
+t91 with a certain thickness T and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t91 with a certain thickness T and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t91 with a certain thickness T and you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+pressure which is much larger on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which is much larger on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which is much larger on the
+inside than the outside this will exert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside than the outside this will exert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside than the outside this will exert
+a force and over time even with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force and over time even with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force and over time even with just
+this nonv varing static load it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nonv varing static load it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nonv varing static load it'll
+actually cause the wall to thin out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause the wall to thin out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause the wall to thin out the
+pipe will begin to stretch out and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe will begin to stretch out and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe will begin to stretch out and once
+that pipe wall thickness reaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pipe wall thickness reaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pipe wall thickness reaches a
+minimum size it's beyond its rated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum size it's beyond its rated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum size it's beyond its rated it's
+beyond its rated thickness it bursts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond its rated thickness it bursts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond its rated thickness it bursts um
+so at this point I'd like you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I'd like you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I'd like you guys to
+take a look at your sheep's milk cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at your sheep's milk cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at your sheep's milk cheese
+pick it up and see if it's still nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up and see if it's still nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up and see if it's still nice
+and flat like it was before or has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flat like it was before or has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flat like it was before or has it
+picked up a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up a bit of a
+Bend does any have some bending going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend does any have some bending going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend does any have some bending going on
+yeah and notice how if you hold it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and notice how if you hold it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and notice how if you hold it so
+the bend is sticking up it's not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bend is sticking up it's not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bend is sticking up it's not coming
+back down again it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down again it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down again it's pretty much
+deformed irreversibly this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformed irreversibly this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformed irreversibly this actually
+works better with a thinner piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better with a thinner piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better with a thinner piece of
+cheese um so for those of you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese um so for those of you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese um so for those of you with
+really thick pieces the effect may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thick pieces the effect may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thick pieces the effect may not
+be as pronounced and you can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as pronounced and you can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as pronounced and you can just go
+ahead and eat it um for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and eat it um for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and eat it um for those of you
+with thinner pieces of cheese this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinner pieces of cheese this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinner pieces of cheese this
+cheese is that pretty much illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese is that pretty much illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese is that pretty much illustrates
+what creep is if you have a bar of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what creep is if you have a bar of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what creep is if you have a bar of metal
+and let's say it can certainly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say it can certainly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say it can certainly it's
+great to support its own weight sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to support its own weight sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to support its own weight sticking
+off of a beam or something under Gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a beam or something under Gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a beam or something under Gravity
+after a long amount of time it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a long amount of time it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a long amount of time it will
+start to Sag and that's not because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to Sag and that's not because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to Sag and that's not because it's
+it's a you know the stress is above its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know the stress is above its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know the stress is above its
+rated stress that's because creep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated stress that's because creep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated stress that's because creep
+mechanisms are going into effect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are going into effect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are going into effect um
+creep actually is one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep actually is one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep actually is one of the main
+limiters for lead fast reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiters for lead fast reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiters for lead fast reactor
+performance so I've tried to tune this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so I've tried to tune this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so I've tried to tune this
+cheese class to go along with the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese class to go along with the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese class to go along with the lead
+reactor stuff that you guys are doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor stuff that you guys are doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor stuff that you guys are doing um
+two steals that were developed for lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steals that were developed for lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steals that were developed for lead
+fast reactors ht9 and mod 9 1 Molly also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors ht9 and mod 9 1 Molly also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors ht9 and mod 9 1 Molly also
+known as t91 are shown here and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as t91 are shown here and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as t91 are shown here and if you
+look at the ruptured lifetime at let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ruptured lifetime at let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ruptured lifetime at let's
+say 50 megapascals let's say the fishion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 50 megapascals let's say the fishion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 50 megapascals let's say the fishion
+gases will never get higher than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases will never get higher than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases will never get higher than that
+Trace along here you're at about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace along here you're at about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace along here you're at about the
+20,000 hour mark does anyone know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 hour mark does anyone know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 hour mark does anyone know how
+long that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years so there's about 8,700 hours in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so there's about 8,700 hours in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so there's about 8,700 hours in a
+year so that's 2 and 1 half years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so that's 2 and 1 half years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so that's 2 and 1 half years you
+don't want to reach the end of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to reach the end of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to reach the end of your
+creep rupture lifetime so this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep rupture lifetime so this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep rupture lifetime so this could be
+the thing that limits your fuel cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that limits your fuel cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that limits your fuel cycle
+how long can t91 actually stay in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long can t91 actually stay in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long can t91 actually stay in a
+reactor uh because as those fuel pins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor uh because as those fuel pins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor uh because as those fuel pins
+start to swell the fision gases build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to swell the fision gases build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to swell the fision gases build up
+the walls will start to thin out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls will start to thin out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls will start to thin out and
+this can be along with corrosion one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be along with corrosion one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be along with corrosion one of
+the things that really live its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that really live its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that really live its
+performance so I actually tried this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so I actually tried this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so I actually tried this
+creef experiment at home um I let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creef experiment at home um I let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creef experiment at home um I let it go
+for a lot longer than 5 minutes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot longer than 5 minutes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot longer than 5 minutes I think
+I gave it about an hour I just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave it about an hour I just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave it about an hour I just put a
+knife and a plate and a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife and a plate and a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife and a plate and a piece of the
+sheep's milk cheese and I came back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep's milk cheese and I came back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep's milk cheese and I came back and
+it had completely deformed like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had completely deformed like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had completely deformed like that um
+this will happen to metals on a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will happen to metals on a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will happen to metals on a much
+longer time scale or at a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer time scale or at a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer time scale or at a much higher
+temperature and a longer time scale but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and a longer time scale but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and a longer time scale but
+the processes are quite similar looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes are quite similar looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes are quite similar looking
+out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the
+outside so moving on to defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so moving on to defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so moving on to defects and
+stress concentration uh well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress concentration uh well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress concentration uh well first of
+all am I going too fast or you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all am I going too fast or you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all am I going too fast or you have you
+guys still have a lot of cheese left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys still have a lot of cheese left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys still have a lot of cheese left
+from the first three everyone looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first three everyone looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first three everyone looks
+pretty happy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happy all
+right moving on to the soo chard Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moving on to the soo chard Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moving on to the soo chard Al
+tartu um what I first want you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tartu um what I first want you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tartu um what I first want you guys to
+do is put your nose close to this fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is put your nose close to this fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is put your nose close to this fourth
+cheese and smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and smell
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anything
+distinct has anyone ever smelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct has anyone ever smelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct has anyone ever smelled
+truffles before so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truffles before so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truffles before so this is the
+unmistakable unreproducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmistakable unreproducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmistakable unreproducible
+and you know never can't be copied no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know never can't be copied no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know never can't be copied no
+substitutes Etc smell of black truffles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes Etc smell of black truffles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes Etc smell of black truffles
+and you all probably know black truffles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all probably know black truffles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all probably know black truffles
+as an extremely expensive ingredient I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an extremely expensive ingredient I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an extremely expensive ingredient I
+don't think so it takes so little of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so it takes so little of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so it takes so little of a
+black truffle to produce that much Aroma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black truffle to produce that much Aroma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black truffle to produce that much Aroma
+that pound forp pound black truffles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pound forp pound black truffles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pound forp pound black truffles
+really aren't that expensive the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aren't that expensive the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aren't that expensive the only
+problem is getting enough money to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is getting enough money to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is getting enough money to buy
+one at once and can you really even use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at once and can you really even use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at once and can you really even use
+it uh by the end you know by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh by the end you know by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh by the end you know by the time
+it's going to spoil so it's kind of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to spoil so it's kind of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to spoil so it's kind of out
+of the realm of individuals to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realm of individuals to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realm of individuals to have
+entire truffles goes better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire truffles goes better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire truffles goes better with
+restaurants but the amount of Truffle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants but the amount of Truffle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants but the amount of Truffle in
+there is minuscule and yet the effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is minuscule and yet the effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is minuscule and yet the effect is
+extremely strong so the texture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely strong so the texture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely strong so the texture of this
+cheese is quite nice it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese is quite nice it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese is quite nice it's pretty
+compliant but the real star of the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant but the real star of the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant but the real star of the show
+the truet but before you eat it we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truet but before you eat it we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truet but before you eat it we want
+to do some tensil experiments on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some tensil experiments on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some tensil experiments on it so
+in uh let's say you have uh a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh let's say you have uh a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh let's say you have uh a regular
+piece of metal it's not perfect in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal it's not perfect in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal it's not perfect in fact
+no no piece of metal is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no piece of metal is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no piece of metal is perfect
+everything is going to have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to have some sort of
+defect in it whether it be inclusions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in it whether it be inclusions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in it whether it be inclusions or
+voids or vacancies or IR radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids or vacancies or IR radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids or vacancies or IR radiation
+induced defects or anything and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced defects or anything and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced defects or anything and these
+flaws or cracks or scratches on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws or cracks or scratches on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws or cracks or scratches on the
+surface from mechanical processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface from mechanical processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface from mechanical processing and
+these flaws all produce stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flaws all produce stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flaws all produce stress
+concentrations in a material and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations in a material and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations in a material and the the
+concentration in stress uh from a flaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in stress uh from a flaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in stress uh from a flaw
+is not dependent on the absolute size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not dependent on the absolute size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not dependent on the absolute size
+but rather on the geometry like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather on the geometry like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather on the geometry like the
+ratio let's say it's an elliptical flaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio let's say it's an elliptical flaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio let's say it's an elliptical flaw
+of the major to the minor axes or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major to the minor axes or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major to the minor axes or the
+radius of curvature of the crack tip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of curvature of the crack tip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of curvature of the crack tip and
+the so the sharper the flaw is the worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the sharper the flaw is the worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the sharper the flaw is the worse
+it is as if something was atomically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as if something was atomically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as if something was atomically
+smooth it would theoretically have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it would theoretically have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it would theoretically have an
+infinite stress concentration and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stress concentration and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stress concentration and just
+propagate a crack forever now luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate a crack forever now luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate a crack forever now luckily
+there are qu crack blunting mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are qu crack blunting mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are qu crack blunting mechanisms
+and such that stop this but the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that stop this but the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that stop this but the math
+would work out as such if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work out as such if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work out as such if you had a
+perfectly sharp crack and this just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sharp crack and this just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sharp crack and this just sort
+of demonstrates what's going on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstrates what's going on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstrates what's going on some
+folks in Japan have just um invented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in Japan have just um invented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in Japan have just um invented a
+elasto luminescent coating a coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasto luminescent coating a coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasto luminescent coating a coating
+that actually changes it's the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually changes it's the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually changes it's the color
+that it outputs depending on the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it outputs depending on the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it outputs depending on the amount
+of stress what they did is they took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stress what they did is they took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stress what they did is they took a
+piece of Steel they put a crack in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Steel they put a crack in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Steel they put a crack in it
+and we're able to use this coating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're able to use this coating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're able to use this coating to
+visualize the resulting stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the resulting stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the resulting stress
+concentration so if you have a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so if you have a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so if you have a piece of
+t91 That's rated to a certain megap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t91 That's rated to a certain megap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t91 That's rated to a certain megap
+Pascal yield stress and you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pascal yield stress and you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pascal yield stress and you've got a
+little scratch on the outside the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little scratch on the outside the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little scratch on the outside the stress
+right around that scratch is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around that scratch is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around that scratch is going to be
+much higher and the sharper the scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher and the sharper the scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher and the sharper the scratch
+or the crack the worse it is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the crack the worse it is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the crack the worse it is and that
+can cause metals to fail well below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause metals to fail well below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause metals to fail well below
+their bulk stress State because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bulk stress State because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bulk stress State because the
+stress of this material right here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress of this material right here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress of this material right here can
+be well above the failure stress of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well above the failure stress of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well above the failure stress of the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+metal so to demonstrate this what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so to demonstrate this what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so to demonstrate this what I did
+was fabricated a uni axial tensil sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fabricated a uni axial tensil sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fabricated a uni axial tensil sample
+out of the sooer cheese making sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the sooer cheese making sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the sooer cheese making sure to
+have some defects in the cheese there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some defects in the cheese there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some defects in the cheese there is
+an inclusion a Fleck of truffle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inclusion a Fleck of truffle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inclusion a Fleck of truffle and
+there was a void a gas bubble in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a void a gas bubble in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a void a gas bubble in the
+cheese and what I did is I just took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and what I did is I just took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and what I did is I just took it
+from both ends and in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both ends and in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both ends and in One Direction
+pulled it apart the first time I pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled it apart the first time I pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled it apart the first time I pulled
+it apart look what showed up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart look what showed up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart look what showed up on the
+franer surface that shiny area right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franer surface that shiny area right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franer surface that shiny area right
+there is the void so it has one effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the void so it has one effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the void so it has one effect
+of reducing the surface area in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reducing the surface area in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reducing the surface area in the
+metal or or the cheese that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or or the cheese that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or or the cheese that you're
+pulling on but the real effect is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on but the real effect is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on but the real effect is it
+concentrates the stress around it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrates the stress around it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrates the stress around it and
+then I took the rest of the the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I took the rest of the the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I took the rest of the the piece of
+cheese I pulled it again and it broke at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese I pulled it again and it broke at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese I pulled it again and it broke at
+the Truffle so what I'd like you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Truffle so what I'd like you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Truffle so what I'd like you guys to
+do you notice you all have a long thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you notice you all have a long thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you notice you all have a long thin
+sample of this cheese pick it up pull on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of this cheese pick it up pull on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of this cheese pick it up pull on
+it look at the fracture surface and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look at the fracture surface and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look at the fracture surface and tell
+me if you see any imperfections in it vo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you see any imperfections in it vo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you see any imperfections in it vo
+void what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else did anyone was anyone able to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did anyone was anyone able to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did anyone was anyone able to break
+the cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese
+with no absolutely no fractures surf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no absolutely no fractures surf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no absolutely no fractures surf
+like no voids no inclusions or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no voids no inclusions or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no voids no inclusions or anything
+on it it's possible that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it's possible that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it's possible that you have a
+section without any flux but not likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section without any flux but not likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section without any flux but not likely
+in this Chee because this has both kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Chee because this has both kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Chee because this has both kinds
+of threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threedimensional
+defects if you hold it up to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects if you hold it up to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects if you hold it up to the light
+you'll see sort of a Shimmer as the void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see sort of a Shimmer as the void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see sort of a Shimmer as the void
+reflects the light at you um and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the light at you um and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the light at you um and if you
+don't get it the first time pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it the first time pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it the first time pull it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the the key here is to pull it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the key here is to pull it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the key here is to pull it in
+One Direction you don't want to tear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction you don't want to tear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction you don't want to tear it
+because then you're actually putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you're actually putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you're actually putting it
+into Shear loading the whole point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Shear loading the whole point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Shear loading the whole point of a
+uni aial tensil specimen is the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uni aial tensil specimen is the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uni aial tensil specimen is the stress
+is applied on only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied on only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied on only one
+axis but uh so did anyone have voids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but uh so did anyone have voids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but uh so did anyone have voids in
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+sample did anyone have truffles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample did anyone have truffles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample did anyone have truffles on the
+fracture surface of their sample okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture surface of their sample okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture surface of their sample okay so
+now go ahead and eat it and you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go ahead and eat it and you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go ahead and eat it and you will get
+this unmistakable Aroma of truffles espe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unmistakable Aroma of truffles espe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unmistakable Aroma of truffles espe
+as you breathe in and breathe out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you breathe in and breathe out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you breathe in and breathe out that
+that Aroma is really strong and stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Aroma is really strong and stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Aroma is really strong and stays
+with you a long time some people like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you a long time some people like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you a long time some people like it
+some people hate it but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people hate it but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people hate it but there's no
+mistaking it the Honey that it's paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaking it the Honey that it's paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaking it the Honey that it's paired
+with is actually a m it's not a flower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is actually a m it's not a flower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is actually a m it's not a flower
+honey but a honeydew honey uh this honey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey but a honeydew honey uh this honey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey but a honeydew honey uh this honey
+is made from the sap of spruce trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made from the sap of spruce trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made from the sap of spruce trees
+after aphids and plant Hoppers bite into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after aphids and plant Hoppers bite into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after aphids and plant Hoppers bite into
+the leaves the bees actually go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves the bees actually go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves the bees actually go and
+collect this sap and bring it back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this sap and bring it back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this sap and bring it back and
+make it into a much more mineral rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a much more mineral rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a much more mineral rich
+honey cuz it's not made with pollen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey cuz it's not made with pollen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey cuz it's not made with pollen and
+such but rather it's made with the sap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such but rather it's made with the sap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such but rather it's made with the sap
+from the leaves which is more rich in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the leaves which is more rich in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the leaves which is more rich in
+minerals a little less sugar a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals a little less sugar a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals a little less sugar a little
+hint of bitterness that's actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint of bitterness that's actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint of bitterness that's actually kind
+of nice and the reason I paired the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice and the reason I paired the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice and the reason I paired the
+meata honey with the soo chinare cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meata honey with the soo chinare cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meata honey with the soo chinare cheese
+is both of which are very strong if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both of which are very strong if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both of which are very strong if you
+had a really light honey or a crisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really light honey or a crisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really light honey or a crisp
+fruit like a pear or something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit like a pear or something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit like a pear or something in the
+Soto chanate cheese it would just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto chanate cheese it would just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto chanate cheese it would just be the
+cheese that you taste you need a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese that you taste you need a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese that you taste you need a strong
+accompaniment to stand up to a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment to stand up to a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment to stand up to a strong
+cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese
+conversely you need a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely you need a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely you need a light
+accompanyment to go with a light cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanyment to go with a light cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanyment to go with a light cheese
+so you wouldn't want to take for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you wouldn't want to take for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you wouldn't want to take for example
+those black cherries and pair it with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those black cherries and pair it with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those black cherries and pair it with uh
+something Swiss for example the Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Swiss for example the Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Swiss for example the Swiss
+has that nice Aroma that you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that nice Aroma that you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that nice Aroma that you don't want
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+overpowered um yeah so that seem to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpowered um yeah so that seem to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpowered um yeah so that seem to work
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+well side by side these fracture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well side by side these fracture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well side by side these fracture
+surfaces are amazingly similar this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces are amazingly similar this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces are amazingly similar this is
+another piece of the alcator steel when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of the alcator steel when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of the alcator steel when
+we pulled it apart we found cleavage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pulled it apart we found cleavage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pulled it apart we found cleavage
+planes indicative of intergranular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes indicative of intergranular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes indicative of intergranular
+fracture and we also found a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture and we also found a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture and we also found a nice
+hemispherical void this is the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispherical void this is the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispherical void this is the the first
+try I pulled apart this cheese if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try I pulled apart this cheese if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try I pulled apart this cheese if you
+rotate this picture 90° it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this picture 90° it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this picture 90° it's the same
+picture a void of about the same size on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture a void of about the same size on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture a void of about the same size on
+the on the screen was found as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the screen was found as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the screen was found as well as a
+whole bunch of cleavage planes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of cleavage planes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of cleavage planes because
+the cheese broke between the curds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese broke between the curds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese broke between the curds
+rather than straight through the curds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than straight through the curds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than straight through the curds
+so I thought this was amazing L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought this was amazing L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought this was amazing L
+similar so moving on to the last cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so moving on to the last cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so moving on to the last cheese
+and the last topic for today would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last topic for today would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last topic for today would be
+sensitization and intergranular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization and intergranular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization and intergranular
+corrosion the cheese at uh 10:00 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion the cheese at uh 10:00 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion the cheese at uh 10:00 is a
+ques de valon from valon Spain it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ques de valon from valon Spain it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ques de valon from valon Spain it is a
+pretty sharp and spicy blue cheese so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sharp and spicy blue cheese so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sharp and spicy blue cheese so if
+you don't like Blues try it anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like Blues try it anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like Blues try it anyway you
+might actually like it um these cheeses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually like it um these cheeses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually like it um these cheeses
+by the way are quite good they're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way are quite good they're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way are quite good they're all in
+the 20 to $30 a pound range you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 to $30 a pound range you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 to $30 a pound range you know you
+get you pay for so if you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you pay for so if you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you pay for so if you don't like
+blue cheese that comes with buffalo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cheese that comes with buffalo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cheese that comes with buffalo
+wings I still recommend giving this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings I still recommend giving this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings I still recommend giving this a
+shot um the honey that it's paired with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot um the honey that it's paired with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot um the honey that it's paired with
+is an exceptionally rare honey it's a de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exceptionally rare honey it's a de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exceptionally rare honey it's a de
+boto or a Bergamo honey um do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boto or a Bergamo honey um do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boto or a Bergamo honey um do you guys
+like ear great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ear great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ear great
+tea Bergamo is the Citrus food or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea Bergamo is the Citrus food or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea Bergamo is the Citrus food or the
+flour that actually gives Earl great tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flour that actually gives Earl great tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flour that actually gives Earl great tea
+its distinctive fragrance and bergo are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distinctive fragrance and bergo are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distinctive fragrance and bergo are
+also very finicky and temperamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very finicky and temperamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very finicky and temperamental
+flowers they only grow in very certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers they only grow in very certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers they only grow in very certain
+regions so the guy that makes this honey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so the guy that makes this honey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so the guy that makes this honey
+lives in Sicily on the coast near Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in Sicily on the coast near Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in Sicily on the coast near Mount
+Etna but they don't have any bergo there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etna but they don't have any bergo there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etna but they don't have any bergo there
+so he actually has to take his beeh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he actually has to take his beeh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he actually has to take his beeh
+house trap the bees in them get on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house trap the bees in them get on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house trap the bees in them get on a
+ferry sail to Calabria let the bees out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferry sail to Calabria let the bees out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferry sail to Calabria let the bees out
+to collect the burgo honey in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect the burgo honey in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect the burgo honey in this one
+Grove bring them back and let them make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grove bring them back and let them make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grove bring them back and let them make
+honey in this Hive so as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey in this Hive so as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey in this Hive so as you can imagine
+there isn't a lot of this stuff and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a lot of this stuff and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a lot of this stuff and it's
+not available all the time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available all the time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available all the time so this is
+this is like my favorite honey that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like my favorite honey that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like my favorite honey that I
+ever had so yeah um and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had so yeah um and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had so yeah um and the reason
+that's paired with the blue cheese is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's paired with the blue cheese is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's paired with the blue cheese is
+not sort of to compliment but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of to compliment but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of to compliment but to
+contrast blue cheese as you can tell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast blue cheese as you can tell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast blue cheese as you can tell is
+pretty spicy uh and I mean spicy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty spicy uh and I mean spicy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty spicy uh and I mean spicy the
+molds that attack the blue cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molds that attack the blue cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molds that attack the blue cheese
+produce a whole lot of crazy compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a whole lot of crazy compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a whole lot of crazy compounds
+and a nice sweet floral honey like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a nice sweet floral honey like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a nice sweet floral honey like the
+bergamotto really helps take away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergamotto really helps take away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergamotto really helps take away the
+edge and the bite of that blue cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the bite of that blue cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the bite of that blue cheese
+while still letting you enjoy the creamy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still letting you enjoy the creamy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still letting you enjoy the creamy
+texture and the Funky spices that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture and the Funky spices that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture and the Funky spices that the
+molds produce so you may be asking why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molds produce so you may be asking why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molds produce so you may be asking why
+did I pick this blue cheese well blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I pick this blue cheese well blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I pick this blue cheese well blue
+cheese acts very much like a sensitized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese acts very much like a sensitized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese acts very much like a sensitized
+and intergranular attacked metal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intergranular attacked metal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intergranular attacked metal like
+the state of Steel various things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Steel various things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Steel various things can
+cause grain boundaries on the metal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause grain boundaries on the metal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause grain boundaries on the metal to
+become weaker than the actual bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become weaker than the actual bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become weaker than the actual bulk
+itself including things like heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself including things like heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself including things like heating
+prolonged heating at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolonged heating at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolonged heating at a certain
+temperature remember I said on t91 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature remember I said on t91 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature remember I said on t91 if
+you heat it for a while you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it for a while you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it for a while you can start to
+grow those car bites that's the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow those car bites that's the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow those car bites that's the key to
+undoing stainless steel and causing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoing stainless steel and causing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoing stainless steel and causing it
+to be weak is you end up growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be weak is you end up growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be weak is you end up growing
+chromium carbides on the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium carbides on the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium carbides on the grain
+boundaries what that does is it pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries what that does is it pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries what that does is it pulls
+chromium out of the Matrix and causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium out of the Matrix and causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium out of the Matrix and causes
+the area around the grain boundaries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area around the grain boundaries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area around the grain boundaries in
+the stainless steel to be no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stainless steel to be no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stainless steel to be no longer
+stainless if it doesn't have that 11%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless if it doesn't have that 11%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless if it doesn't have that 11%
+Chrome it's not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome it's not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome it's not going to be able to
+repassivate and it's susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repassivate and it's susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repassivate and it's susceptible to
+attack which you'll see radiation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack which you'll see radiation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack which you'll see radiation can
+also cause sensitization there's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cause sensitization there's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cause sensitization there's a uh
+there's a phenomenon called radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a phenomenon called radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a phenomenon called radiation
+induced segregation especially in fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced segregation especially in fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced segregation especially in fast
+reactors like the LFR it can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like the LFR it can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like the LFR it can cause
+metals like chromium to move away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals like chromium to move away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals like chromium to move away from
+the grain boundary boundaries and nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain boundary boundaries and nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain boundary boundaries and nickel
+and iron to move towards the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron to move towards the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron to move towards the grain
+boundaries which again can cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries which again can cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries which again can cause the
+grain boundaries to become extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundaries to become extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundaries to become extra
+susceptible to all sorts of horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to all sorts of horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to all sorts of horrible
+things like liquid metal and Britt which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like liquid metal and Britt which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like liquid metal and Britt which
+does happen to a lot of Steels in liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen to a lot of Steels in liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen to a lot of Steels in liquid
+l so just to show you what unsensitized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so just to show you what unsensitized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so just to show you what unsensitized
+and sensitized Steels look like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensitized Steels look like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensitized Steels look like this is
+a piece of 304 stainless steel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of 304 stainless steel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of 304 stainless steel it
+appears to have been electropolished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to have been electropolished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to have been electropolished
+it's just sort of got this signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of got this signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of got this signature
+that's that would be my guess at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that would be my guess at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that would be my guess at any
+rate notice that the grain boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate notice that the grain boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate notice that the grain boundaries
+are really thin and they actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really thin and they actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really thin and they actually been
+highlighted by the etching over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted by the etching over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted by the etching over here
+what happened these black areas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened these black areas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened these black areas are
+chromium carbides that have grown on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium carbides that have grown on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium carbides that have grown on the
+Ste and the area around each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ste and the area around each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ste and the area around each of these
+carbides is depleted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbides is depleted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbides is depleted in
+chromium this is what can happen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium this is what can happen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium this is what can happen um
+intergranular corrosion and attack this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergranular corrosion and attack this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergranular corrosion and attack this
+is a piece of alloy 600 which by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece of alloy 600 which by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece of alloy 600 which by the way
+was used in a lot of the steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used in a lot of the steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used in a lot of the steam
+generators for the Gen one and gen 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators for the Gen one and gen 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators for the Gen one and gen 2
+light water reactors in the US and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors in the US and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors in the US and all
+over the world this particular one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world this particular one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world this particular one was
+in uh a hydrogen sulfide environment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a hydrogen sulfide environment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a hydrogen sulfide environment so
+I imagine it has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine it has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine it has something to do with
+oil but as you can see it just cracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but as you can see it just cracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but as you can see it just cracks
+right along those grains it follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along those grains it follows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along those grains it follows a
+sort of zigzag pattern you can tell it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zigzag pattern you can tell it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zigzag pattern you can tell it's
+going around one grain to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around one grain to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around one grain to the
+other another example um alloy 600 TT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another example um alloy 600 TT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another example um alloy 600 TT
+which stands for thermally treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for thermally treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for thermally treated
+emersed in a solution containing 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emersed in a solution containing 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emersed in a solution containing 500
+parts per billion of lead I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per billion of lead I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per billion of lead I should
+mention uh nickel is extremely soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh nickel is extremely soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh nickel is extremely soluble
+in lead and so I imagine the lead would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lead and so I imagine the lead would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lead and so I imagine the lead would
+have something to do with leaching out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to do with leaching out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to do with leaching out
+nickel from around the grain batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel from around the grain batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel from around the grain batteries
+which had been sensitized already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been sensitized already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been sensitized already and
+causing that to break apart um alloy 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that to break apart um alloy 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that to break apart um alloy 600
+TT is an interesting alloy it was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TT is an interesting alloy it was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TT is an interesting alloy it was used
+in a lot of steam generator U tubes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of steam generator U tubes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of steam generator U tubes so
+the inner tubes that hold the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner tubes that hold the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner tubes that hold the primary
+coolant in the steam generator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant in the steam generator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant in the steam generator which is
+just a heat exchanger were made of alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a heat exchanger were made of alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a heat exchanger were made of alloy
+600 TT but there was a whole batch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 TT but there was a whole batch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 TT but there was a whole batch of
+this 600 TT that was not TT wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 600 TT that was not TT wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 600 TT that was not TT wasn't
+thermally treated especially considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally treated especially considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally treated especially considering
+the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well
+which tend to get really brittle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tend to get really brittle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tend to get really brittle because
+of this so-called heat affected Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so-called heat affected Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so-called heat affected Zone
+were not stress relieved afterwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not stress relieved afterwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not stress relieved afterwards so
+the Ws had a high stress in them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ws had a high stress in them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ws had a high stress in them and the
+slightest bit of corrosion or extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest bit of corrosion or extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest bit of corrosion or extra
+whatever come on up come on the FR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever come on up come on the FR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever come on up come on the FR and
+grab a cheese plate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab a cheese plate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab a cheese plate by
+way surprise yeah um so where was I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way surprise yeah um so where was I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way surprise yeah um so where was I um
+oh those tubes ended up rupturing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh those tubes ended up rupturing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh those tubes ended up rupturing which
+had to be plugged which derated the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be plugged which derated the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be plugged which derated the heat
+exchanger and derated FL that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger and derated FL that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger and derated FL that's not the
+one you're going to want you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to want you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to want you're going to
+want one that has oh they're already set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one that has oh they're already set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one that has oh they're already set
+up they're already set up yeah so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they're already set up yeah so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they're already set up yeah so we're
+actually on the cheese at 10:00 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the cheese at 10:00 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the cheese at 10:00 the
+queso um if you look closely at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queso um if you look closely at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queso um if you look closely at the
+queso if any of you actually have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queso if any of you actually have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queso if any of you actually have any
+left um it behaves strikingly similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um it behaves strikingly similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um it behaves strikingly similar to
+a sensitized and intergranularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitized and intergranularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitized and intergranularly
+attacked uh steel if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked uh steel if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked uh steel if you look at it
+closely you'll see that there are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely you'll see that there are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely you'll see that there are big
+holes where the mold has begun to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes where the mold has begun to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes where the mold has begun to attack
+away at the curd but if you look even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at the curd but if you look even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at the curd but if you look even
+closer you'll start to see these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you'll start to see these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you'll start to see these sort of
+cracks forming in between the curvs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks forming in between the curvs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks forming in between the curvs um
+some of you if it's not all gone may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you if it's not all gone may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you if it's not all gone may
+also notice you have some perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also notice you have some perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also notice you have some perfectly
+spherical holes in your blue cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical holes in your blue cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical holes in your blue cheese
+which come as a cross-section of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come as a cross-section of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come as a cross-section of right
+here does anyone know why those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anyone know why those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anyone know why those are
+there does anyone know how blue cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does anyone know how blue cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does anyone know how blue cheese
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+made so blue cheese requires two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made so blue cheese requires two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made so blue cheese requires two things
+in order to Blue it requires a mold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to Blue it requires a mold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to Blue it requires a mold a
+special mold and it requires oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special mold and it requires oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special mold and it requires oxygen so
+when you mix up the milk and the renit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mix up the milk and the renit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mix up the milk and the renit
+to make this blue cheese you add in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this blue cheese you add in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this blue cheese you add in a
+starter culture of old which looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter culture of old which looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter culture of old which looks like
+this thick greenish blue like electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick greenish blue like electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick greenish blue like electric
+green blue liquid and once the cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green blue liquid and once the cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green blue liquid and once the cheese
+starts to harden you actually pierce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to harden you actually pierce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to harden you actually pierce it
+all throughout the side allowing oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the side allowing oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the side allowing oxygen
+to enter the cheese diffuse through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the cheese diffuse through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the cheese diffuse through it
+especially in these intergranular spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in these intergranular spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in these intergranular spaces
+and promote the growth of the mold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and promote the growth of the mold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and promote the growth of the mold and
+so if any of you have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if any of you have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if any of you have those
+hemispherical holes you'll notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispherical holes you'll notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispherical holes you'll notice that
+they tend to be pretty much filled in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be pretty much filled in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be pretty much filled in or
+covered with mold which is that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with mold which is that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with mold which is that was
+pretty interesting so that's how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting so that's how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting so that's how good
+glue cheese is made and then it is aged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue cheese is made and then it is aged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue cheese is made and then it is aged
+for a while and any combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while and any combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while and any combination of
+effects and oxygen temperature humidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and oxygen temperature humidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and oxygen temperature humidity
+and such can cause the cheese to be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such can cause the cheese to be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such can cause the cheese to be hard
+or soft to have slight blue veining or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or soft to have slight blue veining or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or soft to have slight blue veining or
+you know a whole lot of blue veining has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a whole lot of blue veining has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a whole lot of blue veining has
+anyone ever seen a really nice veined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever seen a really nice veined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever seen a really nice veined
+blue cheese where you can see it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cheese where you can see it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cheese where you can see it take
+zigzag PS around this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag PS around this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag PS around this particular
+cross-section didn't have any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section didn't have any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section didn't have any of those
+perfect veins in formation but that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect veins in formation but that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect veins in formation but that same
+effect is happening all the time and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is happening all the time and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is happening all the time and if
+you look at I took a really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at I took a really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at I took a really close
+picture you can see here there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can see here there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can see here there are some
+veins just starting to form and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veins just starting to form and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veins just starting to form and when you
+put that side by side with the aloy 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that side by side with the aloy 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that side by side with the aloy 600
+thermally treated steel um I was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally treated steel um I was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally treated steel um I was sort of
+amazed at it's like the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed at it's like the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed at it's like the same thing
+except you can't eat the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you can't eat the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you can't eat the one on the
+left um so also I imagine a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um so also I imagine a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um so also I imagine a lot of you
+guys have some cheeses left I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have some cheeses left I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have some cheeses left I find that
+the bread is an excellent pallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread is an excellent pallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread is an excellent pallet
+cleanser between the cheese between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanser between the cheese between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanser between the cheese between each
+course of cheese as well as just to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of cheese as well as just to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of cheese as well as just to sort
+of wash the taste out of your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wash the taste out of your mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wash the taste out of your mouth
+um I think that is the whole present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that is the whole present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that is the whole present
+it's the whole one for today so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the whole one for today so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the whole one for today so does
+anyone have any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any questions about the
+metals the concepts the cheeses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the concepts the cheeses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the concepts the cheeses the
+accompaniments or anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today enjoy yourself you get these Che I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today enjoy yourself you get these Che I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today enjoy yourself you get these Che I
+got these cheeses from a store in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these cheeses from a store in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these cheeses from a store in
+Cambridge called Formaggio Kitchen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge called Formaggio Kitchen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge called Formaggio Kitchen um
+but there are like Central bottle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are like Central bottle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are like Central bottle has
+them just down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just down the street
+uh and there's a lot more popping up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a lot more popping up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a lot more popping up all
+over the place so any nice cheese store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place so any nice cheese store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place so any nice cheese store
+is going to have a whole lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a whole lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a whole lot of these
+things and I actually plan to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I actually plan to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I actually plan to do this
+class every year if I get to teach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class every year if I get to teach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class every year if I get to teach it
+again with different cheeses so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with different cheeses so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with different cheeses so if
+anyone else happens to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else happens to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else happens to have an
+interesting cheese that you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cheese that you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cheese that you know just
+behaves amazingly like a metal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves amazingly like a metal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves amazingly like a metal or
+ceramic or any other material feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic or any other material feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic or any other material feel free
+to let me know make my life a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me know make my life a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me know make my life a little
+easy what every time I eat cheese now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy what every time I eat cheese now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy what every time I eat cheese now
+I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be
+like well that's one that's one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well that's one that's one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well that's one that's one good
+benefit the other benefit too if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the other benefit too if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the other benefit too if
+somebody mentions intergranular fracture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody mentions intergranular fracture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody mentions intergranular fracture
+you may not necessarily remember what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not necessarily remember what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not necessarily remember what a
+micrograph looks like but just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph looks like but just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph looks like but just take a
+look at blue cheese and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at blue cheese and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at blue cheese and that'll
+reinforce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce the
+concept so does this help make things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so does this help make things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so does this help make things a
+little more accessible I know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more accessible I know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more accessible I know I've
+thrown a whole lot of crazy material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown a whole lot of crazy material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown a whole lot of crazy material
+sign stuff at you in like 40 minutes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign stuff at you in like 40 minutes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign stuff at you in like 40 minutes but
+hopefully I'll see a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I'll see a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I'll see a little bit of
+consideration of these phenomena in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration of these phenomena in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration of these phenomena in the
+final report especially from the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final report especially from the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final report especially from the folks
+that are dealing with higher temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dealing with higher temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dealing with higher temperature
+things how are you going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how are you going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how are you going to deal with
+creep or are you to pick a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep or are you to pick a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creep or are you to pick a material
+that's creep resistant and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's creep resistant and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's creep resistant and if you do
+pick a creep resistant material is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a creep resistant material is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a creep resistant material is it
+corrosion resistant with whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion resistant with whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion resistant with whatever
+environment you're looking at um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you're looking at um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you're looking at um what
+sort of heat treatment might you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of heat treatment might you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of heat treatment might you have to
+give your Structural Materials so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your Structural Materials so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your Structural Materials so that
+they're not just going to either fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just going to either fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just going to either fall
+apart or shatter should there be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart or shatter should there be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart or shatter should there be some
+sort of pressure transient or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pressure transient or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pressure transient or something
+or a reactivity transient so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a reactivity transient so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a reactivity transient so hopefully
+this will help um these are all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will help um these are all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will help um these are all sort of
+I would call ancillary concerns for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call ancillary concerns for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call ancillary concerns for the
+final report I don't expect you to dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final report I don't expect you to dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final report I don't expect you to dial
+in an exact stress and do a detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an exact stress and do a detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an exact stress and do a detailed
+material matal analysis but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material matal analysis but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material matal analysis but that's not
+the point of this course but if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this course but if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this course but if you are
+working with high temperature high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with high temperature high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with high temperature high
+strength materials and the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength materials and the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength materials and the final
+presentations open the public you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations open the public you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations open the public you're
+going to get some Oddball questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some Oddball questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some Oddball questions from
+Material Science because we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science because we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science because we have a lot
+of material folks in the department so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material folks in the department so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material folks in the department so
+this way you guys will be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you guys will be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you guys will be at least
+prepared to understand what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to understand what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to understand what they're
+talking about instead of saying like can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about instead of saying like can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about instead of saying like can
+you please explain the question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you please explain the question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you please explain the question because
+you never want that to happen um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never want that to happen um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never want that to happen um so I
+hope you guys enjoyed it and uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you guys enjoyed it and uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you guys enjoyed it and uh that's
+it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+today thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today thank you
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k7DskqekDZk.txt b/k7DskqekDZk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aba3178e0937800df082194136ae5a20ce8e2949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k7DskqekDZk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3257 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+Usually, my first
+question is do you
+
+have any questions
+about the last lecture?
+
+We did this fly over
+over 100 equations
+
+to go from first principles to
+the [INAUDIBLE] Hamiltonian.
+
+I've put up here for you
+the overview of this course.
+
+I won't go through it again.
+
+But I want to sort of make
+you aware that we started
+
+with the fundamental Hamiltonian
+for light atom interactions.
+
+But now we take a step back.
+
+In the next few lectures,
+we simply talk about light.
+
+We talk about photons.
+
+We talk about the quantum
+nature of photons.
+
+And then, after understanding
+photons in more depth,
+
+we come back and look at
+more depths at atom photon
+
+interactions.
+
+Let me just give you a pictorial
+summary of what I've just said.
+
+AMO physics is about
+atoms and photons.
+
+And in a cartoon like
+way, I can symbolize atoms
+
+by two level systems.
+
+Or sometimes, we have
+a two level system
+
+which is coupled by
+tunneling that's also
+
+equivalent to a
+two level system.
+
+And then we have photons,
+two state systems.
+
+And photons are different.
+
+Photons are not
+two state systems.
+
+They are actually
+harmonic oscillators.
+
+Usually, electromagnetic waves.
+
+But Hamiltonians
+for photons can be
+
+and have been
+realized by replacing
+
+the harmonic oscillator with
+the photon with vibrations,
+
+for example, of
+ions in an ion trap
+
+or micromechanical oscillators.
+
+So cartoon picture again
+is photons in a cavity.
+
+But this is just another
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+So we have the atoms.
+
+And most of what you
+should know about atoms
+
+has been discussed in 8.421.
+
+For those of you who will
+take 8.421 next year,
+
+we'll have a lot of fun talking
+about the structure of atoms.
+
+Photons, well, I
+would hope a lot
+
+of it, at least the
+harmonic oscillator aspects,
+
+you took in 8.05 or in 8.321.
+
+And actually, starting
+today in this unit,
+
+we want to talk about
+the quantum age of light.
+
+So you can say 8.421, we had
+a deep look at the atoms.
+
+We have now look at the photons.
+
+But eventually, what is very
+important is the interactions
+
+between the atoms
+and the photons.
+
+That's not all.
+
+This is sort of a very
+well defined system.
+
+A two level system and one mode
+of the harmonic oscillator.
+
+But it will become
+very important--
+
+and that's what we'll
+do in a few weeks--
+
+to discuss what happens
+when this system-,
+
+the system above
+the dotted line,
+
+becomes an open system and we
+interact with the reservoir.
+
+The reservoir will be
+relevant for relaxation.
+
+Atoms can decohere, can
+lose their decoherence.
+
+Photons will decay or decohere.
+
+Entanglement will get lost.
+
+And this phenomenon
+of relaxation
+
+requires the formalism
+of the master equation.
+
+And we will find
+the master equation
+
+in the form of the
+optical block equation.
+
+If you want me to add in cartoon
+picture of the reservoir,
+
+I would add many, many
+harmonic oscillators.
+
+So reservoir is characterized
+by having many modes
+
+and having a capacity
+to absorb energy
+
+without changing its state.
+
+So this is another kind
+of illustrated summary
+
+of what we will be doing
+in the next few weeks.
+
+And today, we want to talk about
+the quantum nature of light.
+
+We're actually talking
+mainly about already
+
+a very special form
+of light, namely
+
+monochromatic light
+in a single mode
+
+of the harmonic oscillator.
+
+And there is still a
+lot to be discussed
+
+about the statistics,
+about squeezed states,
+
+about coherent states.
+
+We want to understand how
+the quantum state of light
+
+is modified, is
+transformed, by propagation,
+
+or how it's modified when
+the light runs through a beam
+
+splitter.
+
+And all of this is
+already relevant for just
+
+a single mode.
+
+And then very soon, we'll also
+talk about two modes of light.
+
+Because we need two
+modes if we want
+
+to talk about
+entanglement of two modes.
+
+I hope you will realize
+in this discussion
+
+that the quantum
+nature of light is more
+
+than light is a wave in the
+form of electromagnetic wave,
+
+or light is a particle
+in the form of photons.
+
+Things go much, much deeper.
+
+So the unit on quantum
+light will actually
+
+evolve in six stages.
+
+Today, we will be talking
+about photons and statistics,
+
+fluctuation, coherent states.
+
+On next week, on
+Monday, we want to talk
+
+about non-classical
+light, states
+
+which have no classical
+analogy in squeezed states.
+
+Eventually, we want to
+focus on single photons.
+
+We will then talk about
+entangled photons.
+
+The fifth part is on
+interferometry, or more
+
+generally on metrology.
+
+We will talk about
+the short noise
+
+limit and the
+fundamental Heisenberg
+
+limit of performing
+quantum measurements.
+
+And the last one is now opening
+up the light to interactions
+
+with atoms.
+
+So we will talk
+about interaction
+
+of one photon and one atom
+in this specific situation
+
+of cavity QED.
+
+So this is an overview over
+the next, I don't know,
+
+three, four, five, six lectures.
+
+Today, we start with a
+very, very short review
+
+of the simple harmonic
+oscillator, just
+
+to set the stage.
+
+I then want to show you
+that in three minutes,
+
+I can discuss thermal
+light and the Planck Law
+
+by just writing down
+one or two equations
+
+in the formalism we have chosen.
+
+So we cover thermal states.
+
+When we do laser
+physics, when we
+
+have light atom in the action,
+we always need coherent states.
+
+And we talk about
+quasi-probability
+
+distributions.
+
+We then want to understand
+fluctuations, noise,
+
+and second order
+correlation functions.
+
+Probably this will spill
+over into the next class.
+
+We want to address
+some properties
+
+of the single photon.
+
+Which, as you will see,
+it seems a simple system,
+
+but it is the most non-classical
+system you can have,
+
+a single photon.
+
+But we'll come to that.
+
+Let's start with very,
+very short review
+
+of the simple
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+It just also connects me
+with the last lecture.
+
+So how do we describe
+light in a single mode?
+
+And single mode means it
+is perfectly monochromatic.
+
+Well, we know that--
+and that's what
+
+we did last class-- that
+we have the Hamiltonian
+
+for the electromagnetic
+field, which is the quantum
+
+version of the electromagnetic
+energy, B square E square.
+
+And from that, we derived
+the quantized Hamiltonian.
+
+We introduced, just as a
+reminder, vector potentials,
+
+normal modes, and the
+normal mode operators
+
+became the a daggers.
+
+And in second quantization,
+this is the Hamiltonian
+
+for light, which is of
+course the Hamiltonian
+
+for harmonic oscillator.
+
+What I need today is I have
+to rewrite the harmonic
+
+oscillator.
+
+And we have to look
+at two variables--
+
+the momentum and the precision.
+
+Actually, the
+momentum will later,
+
+I will show you
+that the momentum
+
+of this harmonic
+oscillator is actually
+
+the operator of
+the electric field.
+
+So we need that in a second.
+
+And of course, I assume you
+know from your knowledge
+
+of the harmonic oscillator
+that precision and momentum are
+
+linear combinations, symmetric
+and anti-symmetric, of a dagger
+
+a.
+
+And the unit is the
+prefactor square root
+
+of h bar omega over 2.
+
+Or here it is h
+bar over 2 omega.
+
+And of course, in precision
+and momentum operators,
+
+the Hamiltonian is
+simply p square,
+
+should remind you
+of kinetic energy.
+
+Omega square, Q square should
+remind you of potential energy.
+
+When we discuss light, we want
+to discuss the electric field.
+
+I had shown you in
+one of those 100
+
+equations the operator
+for the electric field.
+
+The operator for
+the electric field
+
+was, of course, related
+to the vector potential.
+
+And the vector potential, which
+is a normal mode expansion.
+
+And then we put
+everything backward.
+
+And we found that the electric
+field operator can actually
+
+be written.
+
+Have to fill in a few
+things, but essentially,
+
+it's a minus a dagger.
+
+And a minus a dagger
+is nothing else
+
+than the momentum of
+the harmonic oscillator.
+
+So here, the momentum
+has a special role,
+
+because it is the operator
+of the electric field.
+
+If you have light
+in a single mode,
+
+it has a harmonic
+oscillator representation.
+
+And the operator for
+the electric field
+
+is-- I put in a few bells
+and whistles in a moment--
+
+but is in essence
+the momentum operator
+
+of the mechanical and
+analogous harmonic oscillator.
+
+OK but the electric
+field has a polarization.
+
+We need that.
+
+We have the photon energy
+and the quantization volume.
+
+So what I'm writing
+down here is actually
+
+the electric field,
+this square root,
+
+is the electric field
+strings of a single photon
+
+in the quantized
+volume of our cavity.
+
+So v is the quantization volume.
+
+Then if you have a single mode
+of the electromagnetic field,
+
+well, in contrast to
+a harmonic oscillator,
+
+we have a prorogation
+kr plus omega t.
+
+And here we have
+e to the minus i.
+
+I hope I get the
+signs wrong here.
+
+Minus omega t.
+
+But, OK, we will
+mainly be looking
+
+at an atom at the origin.
+
+That's what we did in
+the dipole approximation.
+
+So when I said that the electric
+field operator corresponds
+
+to the momentum, I have to add
+now that it is at t equals 0
+
+and at r equals 0.
+
+We'll come back to
+that in a few moments.
+
+OK, since I've given
+you the operator--
+
+let me just put the
+operator symbol on it--
+
+the operator of
+the electric field,
+
+I have to say now one word
+about Heisenberg operators
+
+versus Schrodinger operators.
+
+I assume you're all
+familiar with the two
+
+different representations
+of quantum mechanics.
+
+We often use the
+Schrodinger representation
+
+where the operators
+are time independent.
+
+But in the Heisenberg
+representation,
+
+the wave function, the state
+vector, is time independent.
+
+And the time dependence of the
+evolution of the quantum system
+
+leads to a time dependence
+of the operator.
+
+So what I've written
+down for you here
+
+is actually the
+Heisenberg operator,
+
+because it has a
+time revolution.
+
+But for a single mode,
+monochromatic electromagnetic
+
+field, the time evolution
+is just e to the i omega t.
+
+So if you want to obtain
+the Schrodinger operator,
+
+you have to eliminate
+the time dependence
+
+by setting t equals 0.
+
+At t equals 0, by definition,
+the Schrodinger operator
+
+and the Heisenberg
+operator are the same.
+
+But then, in the
+Schrodinger picture,
+
+the quantum state evolves
+and the operator stays put.
+
+In the Heisenberg picture, the
+quantum state stays constant
+
+and the operator evolves.
+
+So I'm usually
+writing down for you
+
+expressions for
+Heisenberg operators.
+
+And if you simply set t
+equals 0 in this expression,
+
+you have the
+Schrodinger operator.
+
+Questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What happens when
+there's a factor of two that
+
+shows up in the electric
+field of a single photon,
+
+like the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+I thought it was
+like-- [INAUDIBLE] it's
+
+just a factor of
+two [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, you have to be
+careful with factors of two.
+
+I think I got it right here.
+
+There is no extra factor of two.
+
+But the question is, OK,
+whenever you write down
+
+equations for the
+electric field,
+
+you want to sort of use a
+and a daggers photon number,
+
+or create photon numbers,
+so they are dimensionless.
+
+So you always need
+a prefactor, which
+
+has a dimension of
+the electric field.
+
+And for the quantisation of
+light, you have two choices.
+
+One is I can take the
+electric field associated
+
+with the single photon.
+
+That's one option.
+
+The other option is
+I take as a prefactor
+
+the electric field in the
+ground state, which you can say
+
+is the zero point fluctuations
+of the electric field
+
+and the two differ
+by a factor of two,
+
+because the energy
+of the vacuum field
+
+is 1/2 h bar omega, whereas 1
+[INAUDIBLE] equals h bar omega.
+
+So that's one reason why you may
+sometimes find factors of two
+
+in some textbooks
+or not in others.
+
+But I think-- I checked.
+
+I think, as far as I
+know, it is consistent.
+
+AUDIENCE: So these operators
+you've written down for e,
+
+this is the Heisenberg operator
+with the time frames right now?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is the
+Heisenberg operator
+
+for the electric field.
+
+But it differs.
+
+I mean, at that point, don't--
+there's nothing really to worry
+
+about or get concerned about.
+
+The question is, for
+monochromatic light,
+
+do we put the e to the i omega t
+into the state or the operator?
+
+It's really just
+an e to the i omega
+
+t factor has to be put either on
+this state or on the operator.
+
+These are the two choices.
+
+Actually, my advice
+to you is don't even
+
+develop an intuitive
+conceptual understanding.
+
+And whether you are
+in the Schrodinger,
+
+try to sort of see the
+structure of the operator.
+
+I sometimes like the omega
+t, because it shows you
+
+how the electric field evolves.
+
+And you see that explicitly.
+
+But in the end, it's only
+when you do real calculation
+
+that you have to think hard, OK,
+which picture am I using now?
+
+Which representation
+am I using now?
+
+I'm probably not 100%
+rigorous in this course
+
+when I write down quantum states
+and operators, whether I'm
+
+always in the
+Schrodinger picture
+
+or in the Heisenberg picture.
+
+But by simply looking, does
+it have a time dependence?
+
+Yes.
+
+It's a Heisenberg picture.
+
+If I write down a quantum state,
+which has a time dependence,
+
+then I've chosen the
+Schrodinger representation.
+
+It's as easy as that.
+
+There was other?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: There's a
+sign wrong up there,
+
+because both a and a dagger
+goes into the i omega
+
+t as you have written down.
+
+So they should be kind
+of rotating right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Give me one second.
+
+Actually, I just wanted to say
+I was careful with my notes,
+
+but I didn't carefully
+look at my notes.
+
+This is what I have in my notes.
+
+Does that satisfy you?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, good.
+
+OK so we want to talk about
+quantum states of light.
+
+The simplest eigenstates
+are, of course,
+
+the harmonic
+oscillator eigenstates.
+
+But, as I've already
+mentioned, and we'll
+
+elaborate on it further,
+these are actually
+
+non-classical states.
+
+So quite often, we
+don't want those states.
+
+We want coherent states.
+
+But we need those number states
+said as one representation.
+
+So let me just introduce them.
+
+So we'll label by n the
+states with n photons.
+
+And the energy of those states
+is n plus 1/2 h bar omega.
+
+The states are normalized.
+
+Sometimes, out of laziness,
+because it doesn't matter,
+
+we can eliminate the 1/2.
+
+It just makes some
+equations more compact.
+
+And if I do that, I can write
+the Hamiltonian like this.
+
+You are familiar, of
+course, with commutators
+
+of a and a daggers.
+
+And the only non-trivial matrix
+element of a and a dagger
+
+that it raises and lowers
+the photon number by one.
+
+OK, this was a short review of
+the simple harmonic oscillator
+
+as it applies to a single mode
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+Now, just as a short
+example, in subsection two,
+
+we want to discuss
+the thermal state.
+
+And the thermal
+state is nothing else
+
+than photons in a
+black body cavity.
+
+We have a photon field,
+which is in equilibrium
+
+at temperature t.
+
+So if you use the
+canonical ensemble,
+
+our statistical
+operator is given
+
+by this well known expression.
+
+And if I use-- I
+mean that's all.
+
+I mean, isn't it
+wonderful once you're
+
+trained in
+statistical mechanics?
+
+This is all you have to know
+about a thermal state of light?
+
+That's it.
+
+This is the Planck Law.
+
+All we have to do is
+take the Hamiltonian,
+
+which we have written
+down, upstairs.
+
+So this is e to the
+minus n photons.
+
+n times h bar omega
+is the energy over kt
+
+divided by the
+partition function.
+
+This is the density matrix,
+a statistical operator
+
+for single mode light
+at thermal equilibrium.
+
+The partition function
+is very simple,
+
+because this sum over
+Boltzmann factors this
+
+is a geometric series,
+which can be simply
+
+summed up in this
+way-- divided by kt.
+
+So therefore, this
+expression here
+
+can be written as-- the density
+matrix in thermal equilibrium
+
+can be written in
+the number bases.
+
+And it's diagonal.
+
+And the prefactor
+is the probability
+
+to have n photons populated
+in thermal equilibrium.
+
+And the probability for
+n photons is given here.
+
+We've evaluated the
+partition function.
+
+So then if you put it
+together, we simply
+
+get this-- you can call it
+Boltz-Einesten factor, which
+
+tells us what is the
+probability to find
+
+an harmonic oscillator
+with n [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And this is the expression--
+e to the minus h bar omega.
+
+So this result takes
+care of many situations--
+
+actually, almost
+all situations--
+
+you find in every
+day life unless you
+
+switch on a laser pointer.
+
+So this describes--
+and resistive filament.
+
+It describes the light
+generated by gas discharges.
+
+It describes the
+light of the sun.
+
+And this kind of thermal
+light, because it
+
+has the-- I mean, light
+in thermal equilibrium
+
+maximizing the entropy under
+the given boundary condition,
+
+it's also called chaotic light.
+
+It's just another name
+for thermal light.
+
+Well, we should now lean
+back and take the attitude,
+
+if I know the statistical
+operator of an ensemble,
+
+I know everything about it.
+
+And every quantity
+I'm interested in
+
+can be calculated.
+
+So just as an
+example, we know what
+
+is a probability
+to find n photons.
+
+But now we want to ask
+what is the energy density,
+
+or what is the mean
+excitation number.
+
+What is the average of n?
+
+So for that, we have to take
+the number operator, a dagger a,
+
+and perform the trace
+with the product
+
+of the statistical operator.
+
+And this is, of course,
+nothing else when
+
+we look for the probability
+to find n photons.
+
+And this probability
+is weighted with n.
+
+And what we get is the
+very simple result.
+
+It's a Bose-Einstein
+distribution law
+
+with a chemical
+potential of 0, which
+
+is the familiar distribution.
+
+We can now use the quantity n to
+rewrite our previous expression
+
+for the probability to find n
+photons in thermal equilibrium.
+
+It is n bar to the
+power n divided
+
+by 1 over n bar times n plus 1.
+
+So all this should be
+very familiar to you.
+
+And I'm not doing
+the final step,
+
+but I could immediately
+get Planck's Law now.
+
+All I have to use it sum up now.
+
+This is a single mode of light,
+single monochromatic light.
+
+All I have to do is
+to get Planck's law is
+
+to sum overall modes using
+the density of modes.
+
+Any question?
+
+We will not be talking
+a lot in this course
+
+about chaotic and
+thermal light, because we
+
+are mainly interested
+in the purer form
+
+how atom interacts with light.
+
+And this will be when light
+is in a more specific state,
+
+not in a thermal ensemble,
+in a more specific state
+
+which are number states
+or coherent states.
+
+But nevertheless, I
+feel if I don't tell you
+
+a little bit about
+ordinary light,
+
+you will not be able to
+appreciate quantum light.
+
+So I want to use this example
+now of a thermal distribution
+
+of light and write down for
+you in the next 90 seconds
+
+expressions for
+the fluctuations.
+
+So you should know a
+little bit about what
+
+is the statistic
+of thermal light.
+
+If you find n photons in a
+black cavity and you look again,
+
+it's the standard deviation of
+the photon number square root.
+
+And is it Poissonian,
+or is it much larger?
+
+So you should know about
+that, because it will then
+
+make a difference when
+we talk about the purer
+
+states of light, coherent
+states, and number
+
+states, squeeze
+states, and all that.
+
+OK, so we want to look
+now at fluctuations.
+
+Let me just first mention that
+we have normalized correctly
+
+the probabilities.
+
+Just one second.
+
+What we are interested
+now is the fluctuations.
+
+So we want to know the variance.
+
+We want to know what
+is delta n squared.
+
+And delta n squared
+is of course n
+
+square average minus
+n average squared.
+
+And we want to find out what
+is that for thermal light,
+
+for chaotic light.
+
+So what we need now is
+we need an expression.
+
+We have already an expression
+up there for n average.
+
+And now we need an expression
+for n square average.
+
+We can get that as follows.
+
+If we take the probability,
+multiply it with n-- n minus 1.
+
+Sum over.
+
+So I have a brain cramp.
+
+This equation is in my notes,
+but I don't-- maybe step back--
+
+I don't see where it comes from.
+
+But from this
+expression, of course,
+
+we have now an expression
+for n average squared.
+
+n squared-- the sum over it.
+
+Just a second.
+
+n average-- n thermal--
+n average squared.
+
+Anyway, I don't want
+to waste class time.
+
+It made sense to me
+when I wrote the notes.
+
+I just can't reproduce
+the argument.
+
+So this should be obvious.
+
+It's not obvious
+to me right now.
+
+But let's just take
+it and run with it.
+
+The left hand side
+is n square minus n
+
+multiplied with the probability.
+
+So let me just take a note.
+
+I will show you where
+it comes from on Monday.
+
+But assuming that
+it's true, and I
+
+know it is true, that
+actually contains
+
+n square average minus n
+average is 2n average squared.
+
+So therefore, we have
+now our expression
+
+for the average
+of n square, which
+
+is 2n average squared
+plus n average.
+
+And therefore, for thermal
+light, for chaotic light,
+
+the variance, delta n
+square, is n average square
+
+plus n average.
+
+So the question is if
+this is our variance--
+
+the variance of thermal light,
+of chaotic light, is that.
+
+What you should
+see immediately is
+
+that it is much more fluctuating
+then Poissonian statistics.
+
+Well, if you compare now
+with Poissonian statistics,
+
+Poissonian statistics
+would have fluctuations
+
+where, well, the RMS
+fluctuations are square root n.
+
+The variance is just n average.
+
+So thermal light is
+super Poissonian,
+
+has much, much stronger
+fluctuations than Poissonian
+
+distribution.
+
+OK, one question for you.
+
+If you look at the distribution
+of photons-- and we
+
+have written it down here.
+
+Let me just scroll up.
+
+Well, you probably don't
+have an auto-plot function
+
+in your brain.
+
+But if you plot this
+function, and I'm
+
+asking you what is the
+most probable photon number
+
+you will find for light
+in thermal equilibrium?
+
+AUDIENCE: Zero.
+
+PROFESSOR: Zero.
+
+It is a broad Gaussian
+centered at zero.
+
+So you have a broad Gaussian.
+
+The average photon
+number is related
+
+to the width of the Gaussian.
+
+But the nature of
+thermal light is
+
+that whenever you look
+into a black body cavity
+
+and ask, what is the
+most probable photon
+
+number for any mode,
+it is actually zero.
+
+No matter how hot the
+cavity is and how many
+
+photons you have in it, the
+photon number distribution
+
+is always a broad Gaussian
+with a maximum at zero.
+
+We'll come back
+to that later When
+
+we talk about coherent states.
+
+Then you will appreciate
+the difference.
+
+But I will be referring back
+to the result we have just
+
+derived for the photon
+number distribution.
+
+Let me just take a note.
+
+The most probably
+n is n equals 0.
+
+OK, I hope with that-- and this
+is III, the third subsection--
+
+you can really appreciate the
+properties of coherent states.
+
+Coherent states were introduced
+by Roy Glauber in 1963.
+
+It's actually something
+you should wonder about.
+
+Coherent states seem so natural.
+
+I mean, we teach
+it in all courses.
+
+And when we think about
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+we often think in terms
+of coherent states.
+
+But they were not
+immediately used
+
+and invented when
+quantum mechanics
+
+was invented in the '30s.
+
+It really took somebody
+like Roy Glauber
+
+to invent coherent states.
+
+And that happened in the '60s.
+
+Maybe the reason why
+people didn't immediately
+
+jump at coherent states is
+because coherent states are not
+
+eigenstates of an Hamiltonian.
+
+The definition of
+a coherent state
+
+is actually an eigenstate,
+not of an Hamiltonian.
+
+It's an eigenstate of the
+annihilation operator.
+
+And of course, the annihilation
+operator is non-Hermitian.
+
+So it's a strange operator
+to look for eigenstates.
+
+But this is what defines
+the coherent state,
+
+namely that e acting on
+a coherent state alpha
+
+equals alpha times alpha.
+
+I'm using here the
+standard notation
+
+that alpha is both the
+label for the coherent state
+
+written down here, and
+is also the eigenvalue
+
+of the coherent
+state when acted upon
+
+with the annihilation operator.
+
+We normalize those states.
+
+And since we're talking
+about eigenvalues
+
+of a non-Hermitian
+operator, alpha
+
+can be any complex number.
+
+OK, so now we have introduced
+a second set of basis functions
+
+for light.
+
+Remember, we had the basis
+functions n, the eigenfunctions
+
+of the harmonic
+oscillator, and now we've
+
+defined a new set
+of eigenfunctions,
+
+the coherent state alphas.
+
+Of course, the next
+obvious question
+
+is how are the two
+representations connected?
+
+So what we want to do now
+is we want to figure out
+
+how do we write a coherent
+state alpha in the n basis
+
+in the basis of eigenfunctions
+of the harmonic oscillator?
+
+So we want to write--
+this is just--
+
+want to expand the coherent
+state into eigenfunctions n.
+
+So the coefficients
+we want to calculate
+
+are those matrix elements
+which are defined as cn.
+
+So what we have
+to use is in order
+
+to find this
+representation, we have
+
+to use the fact that alpha is an
+eigenstate of the annihilation
+
+operator.
+
+So we know that this
+is alpha times alpha.
+
+But we can also let the
+annihilation operator a,
+
+we can let the annihilation
+operator a act on this state
+
+and in this sum.
+
+And the annihilation
+operator, of course,
+
+does what it is supposed to do.
+
+It lowers the photon
+number by one.
+
+And we get the matrix
+element square root n.
+
+And then by just changing
+the summation index by one,
+
+we can write it as n times cn
+plus 1 times the square root
+
+of n plus 1.
+
+So this is when the annihilation
+operator acts on the sum.
+
+And now, I'll continue
+with the lower
+
+line, which is alpha cn times n.
+
+So what I've found now
+is I've found two ways
+
+to hide the same state,
+namely a acting on alpha.
+
+And therefore,
+those coefficients
+
+have to be the same.
+
+And what I just
+indicated in blue
+
+is a recursion relation, which
+expresses cn plus 1 by cn.
+
+So every time you go
+from cn to cn plus 1,
+
+you multiply with the
+square root of n plus 1.
+
+So if you stare at
+it for a moment,
+
+you find that cn
+is related to c0.
+
+Yes, cn plus 1 by alpha
+n over n factorial.
+
+So of course, we get
+only the relation
+
+between the coefficients.
+
+But if you throw in that we
+want to normalize the state,
+
+this determines c0.
+
+And then, we get
+as a final result
+
+the normalized representation
+of the coherent state
+
+in terms of number states.
+
+Excuse me, I think the
+square root is missing here,
+
+because it appears here times n.
+
+OK, so what we have
+found here is now
+
+how coherent states are written
+down in the number state basis.
+
+So now we know coherent states.
+
+And we can ask a
+number of questions.
+
+So what is this?
+
+So what did we define?
+
+And what have we now derived?
+
+Let's look at some
+of the properties.
+
+The first one is that if
+you look at this expression,
+
+this is the amplitude
+that will have
+
+n photons in a coherent state.
+
+The square of the amplitude
+is the probability.
+
+So the probability
+to find n photons
+
+is the square of
+the amplitude above.
+
+So this is that.
+
+And this is now a
+Poissonian distribution.
+
+So it's immediately clear
+that those coherent states
+
+have much, much smaller
+fluctuations in the photon
+
+number than the thermal
+state we discussed before.
+
+Because this is Poissonian,
+whereas the thermal state
+
+had a variance which was much,
+much larger than Poissonian.
+
+OK, that's number one.
+
+Number two is we would like to
+know what is the photon number.
+
+So we want to know what is
+the expectation value for n.
+
+That's actually
+very easy to find.
+
+You could, of course, get
+the average number of photons
+
+in by evaluating the expansion
+of the coherent state in terms
+
+of number states.
+
+But sometimes, you should also
+try to maybe directly evaluate
+
+the coherent state.
+
+And the photon number
+operator is a dagger a.
+
+And now you see
+here we are lucky,
+
+because a acting on alpha
+is just getting alpha.
+
+But a dagger acting on
+alpha on the left hand side
+
+gives us alpha star,
+the complex conjugate.
+
+So what we obtain here is
+simply the absolute value
+
+of alpha square.
+
+And this is our expression
+for the average photon number.
+
+I have already mentioned
+that the variance must
+
+be-- the variance must be
+n, because it's a Poissonian
+
+distribution.
+
+But since it is so nice to
+have creation annihilation
+
+operators acting
+on coherent states,
+
+let's just calculate--
+let's verify
+
+that this distribution--
+we know that distribution
+
+is Poissonian, but
+let's verify directly
+
+that the variance of the photon
+number in the coherent state
+
+is n, is Poissonian.
+
+If you need the variance,
+we need an average.
+
+And we need n square average.
+
+Let's just calculate
+n square average.
+
+So we need now the
+operator for n square,
+
+which is a dagger a, a dagger a.
+
+We know already if
+those two operators
+
+act on the [INAUDIBLE],
+that this just
+
+gives us alpha star alpha.
+
+And then we are left
+with a a dagger.
+
+Now, a dagger acts on alpha.
+
+We don't know what a
+dagger is acting on alpha.
+
+We know that alpha is an
+eigenstate of a, but not
+
+of a dagger.
+
+So therefore, we want to change
+the order of a and a dagger,
+
+use a commutator.
+
+And then of course, a
+dagger can act here.
+
+A can act here.
+
+And we just get another
+factor of alpha.
+
+So therefore, in a very
+straightforward way,
+
+we find now that
+n square is alpha
+
+square times alpha
+square plus 1.
+
+And using the result for
+the mean photon number,
+
+this is nothing else
+than n bar, 1 plus n bar.
+
+So if we now put it together,
+we want to know the variance.
+
+The variance is n square
+average, which we've just
+
+calculated, minus
+n average squared.
+
+And hooray, we find n bar.
+
+And we verify again that the
+fluctuations are Poissonian.
+
+What else can we ask?
+
+We've asked about the
+statistics of fluctuation.
+
+We've asked about the
+probability to find photons.
+
+Well, what else do you
+want to know about light?
+
+Electric field.
+
+Oh, that's something
+I forgot to ask.
+
+I will come back to that later.
+
+But just sort of
+to connect it, what
+
+is the average electric
+field for thermal light?
+
+Zero.
+
+And what else can it be?
+
+Because any value of
+the electric field,
+
+whether the electric field
+is positive or negative,
+
+requires that the--
+I say it loosely--
+
+that the photon has a phase.
+
+The phase will define whether
+it's positive or negative.
+
+But all different phases of the
+photon field, all different--
+
+what I mean now is
+coherent states,
+
+but have different phases--
+they are all degenerate.
+
+So in a thermal ensemble,
+the states are only
+
+populated due to
+their energy, they're
+
+populated by Boltzmann factors.
+
+And therefore, there
+is no distinction
+
+what the phase of the state are.
+
+So therefore, we haven't defined
+yet what the phase of a photon
+
+is, so therefore I'm a little
+bit guarded with my language.
+
+But in other words, whatever
+the state with the phase
+
+is in a thermal ensemble, you
+have all phases simultaneously.
+
+And therefore, you never have
+an expectation value of e.
+
+But of course, we had an
+average number of photons.
+
+And that means we have an
+expectation value of e square,
+
+because the expectation
+value of e square
+
+is the expectation
+value of the energy.
+
+The state has energy.
+
+But it doesn't have
+an expectation value
+
+for the electric field.
+
+OK, so maybe with
+that motivation,
+
+we want to figure out now does
+this coherent state, which
+
+we have constructed,
+does that have now
+
+an expectation value
+for the electric field?
+
+So there is one
+thing you of course
+
+know about this electric field.
+
+Whenever we have
+an electric field,
+
+it needs an amplitude
+and a phase.
+
+And what I just mentioned to you
+is that in a thermal ensemble,
+
+we were just looking at the
+partition function and such.
+
+We didn't even mention a phase.
+
+There was not any complex
+number in any of the equations
+
+we wrote down about
+thermal light.
+
+No complex number, no phase,
+means no electric field.
+
+But this is different now
+for the coherent state.
+
+Because I mentioned that alpha
+in general can be complex,
+
+the annihilation operator
+can have complex eigenvalues.
+
+So therefore, in
+the coherent state--
+
+because it is characterized
+by a complex number--
+
+we have now the possibility
+to include a phase.
+
+And what I want to show you
+is, in the next few minutes,
+
+is that yes indeed,
+the coherent state
+
+has an expectation value
+of the electric field.
+
+Instead of simply using the
+equation for the electric field
+
+operator-- remember electric
+field operator was a minus
+
+a dagger-- I want to
+introduce something else which
+
+will turn out to be
+very, very useful.
+
+And one of the application
+of this concept
+
+is to show you what
+the electric field is.
+
+This is sort of a
+visual representation,
+
+a visual representation
+of the states
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+So I want to sort of give you,
+in a two dimensional diagram,
+
+a visual representation
+of thermal states,
+
+coherent states, number states.
+
+And this visual
+representation will
+
+make it immediately obvious
+what the electric field is.
+
+So the visual
+representation will
+
+represent what are called
+quasi-probabilities.
+
+So I have to define for you
+now those quasi-probabilities.
+
+So I denote the
+quasi-probability by Q.
+
+And I want to know what
+is the quasi-probability Q
+
+for any statistical operator
+which describes a light.
+
+It could be the operator
+for thermal light.
+
+It could be statistical operator
+also includes, of course,
+
+pure states.
+
+And the pure state could
+be a coherence state.
+
+So this is a way to define
+our quasi-probabilities
+
+for any statistical operator
+which is describing the light.
+
+And at the quasi-probabilities,
+well, the probability for what?
+
+Well, the probabilities
+for alpha.
+
+And alpha is related
+to the coherent state.
+
+So in other words, we say
+a statistical operator
+
+has a quasi-probability with a
+coherent state alpha by simply
+
+calculating this
+diagonal matrix element
+
+of the statistical
+operator with alpha.
+
+Well, that's an abstract
+definition, but it's exact.
+
+What we should now do is I
+want to show you some examples.
+
+And then you will actually
+see that it's actually
+
+a wonderful definition.
+
+So my first example
+is let's look
+
+at the quasi-probability
+for the vacuum state.
+
+So if the statistical
+operator is simply
+
+the ground state of the
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+no photon, no nothing,
+just empty vacuum.
+
+So the quasi-probability
+for the statistical operator
+
+is now a pure state.
+
+So I can say, what is a
+quasi-probability of the vacuum
+
+state to be in state alpha?
+
+Well, following the
+definition above,
+
+it's nothing else than the
+matrix element, the overlap,
+
+between the vacuum and
+the coherent state alpha.
+
+I've given you a path,
+the representation
+
+of the coherent state alpha
+in terms of number states.
+
+And all you have
+to do is look now
+
+upstairs, what is the amplitude
+that this representation
+
+includes a vacuum state.
+
+So it's just read
+of the amplitude c0
+
+from the state above.
+
+And this was simply e to
+the minus alpha squared.
+
+So therefore, if I--
+those quasi-probabilities
+
+can be plotted in a
+two dimensional plane,
+
+because it's a
+function of alpha.
+
+So if I use the real part
+of alpha, the imaginary part
+
+of alpha, now I can plot
+the quasi-probability Q.
+
+And since it's hard for me to
+do a 3-D plot on the tablet,
+
+I just sort of shade the region.
+
+Black means the
+amplitude is large.
+
+And now it's sort of here.
+
+It means the
+amplitude falls off.
+
+So what I'm plotting
+here is a Gaussian,
+
+a Gaussian with the
+widths of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+with the width of 1/2.
+
+I think in the standard
+deviation of the Gaussian,
+
+you have a factor of 2.
+
+Anyway, it's on the order
+of-- the Gaussian width
+
+on the order of
+[INAUDIBLE] here,
+
+I think it's 1
+over square root 2,
+
+or whatever the definition
+of the standard deviation is.
+
+So here we have a Gaussian.
+
+Any question?
+
+So for pure state,
+we're simply asking
+
+what is the amplitude
+of the purse state
+
+to overlap to be in
+a coherent state.
+
+And what we are
+plotting is nothing
+
+else than the probability
+that this state
+
+is a coherent state
+with value alpha.
+
+You had a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The next
+example, and we have already
+
+prepared for that,
+is the thermal state.
+
+Example number two
+is the thermal state.
+
+So we want to know what
+is the quasi-probability
+
+for the thermal state
+as a function of alpha.
+
+The statistical operator for the
+thermal states, we had derived
+
+[INAUDIBLE] was the
+probability to find n photons.
+
+And in the number
+representation,
+
+the statistical
+operator is diagonal.
+
+And then the quasi-probabilities
+are nothing else,
+
+following the definition above,
+then those probabilities times
+
+the matrix element, the
+overlap between alpha and n.
+
+And if you look up what we had
+derived for the probability pn,
+
+you find a very simple result.
+
+What we obtain is
+again a Gaussian.
+
+It is also centered
+at the origin.
+
+So therefore, since I
+didn't label my axis,
+
+it looks exactly
+as a vacuum state.
+
+It's just that the Gaussian
+is much, much broader.
+
+And I will come to that,
+but an intuitive reading
+
+of this Gaussian is,
+well, this Gaussian
+
+has a peak at the origin.
+
+At the origin, this is
+where alpha equals 0.
+
+And this is directly related
+to the question I asked you
+
+before, that the photon
+number probability is
+
+peaked at n equals 0.
+
+But I hope this will
+become even clearer when
+
+we move on to the third
+example, which is now
+
+Q of alpha of a coherent state.
+
+Maybe just before I even
+discuss the quasi-probability
+
+of a coherent state, I have
+to address one thing up front.
+
+What would you expect
+the quasi-probability
+
+of a coherent state to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+Gaussian [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Pretty good.
+
+But I said before,
+the quasi-probability
+
+is-- let me just show
+you how it was defined.
+
+Here was my definition
+of the quasi-probability.
+
+And you can see the
+quasi-probability
+
+is the diagram matrix element
+of the statistical operator
+
+with a coherent state.
+
+But if our statistical operator
+is a coherent state, what would
+
+you expect this
+probability to be?
+
+Just naively.
+
+AUDIENCE: One.
+
+PROFESSOR: One or
+a delta function.
+
+I mean, it's sort
+of-- we ask, we
+
+ask-- if you expand this
+statistical operator
+
+in coherent states,
+what do we get?
+
+But if this operator
+is a coherent state,
+
+let's say it's a coherent
+state beta, you would expect,
+
+well, then we only get
+something non-vanishing if alpha
+
+equals beta.
+
+So you would naively
+expect that what you get
+
+is a delta function.
+
+The coherent state beta
+has a quasi-probability Q
+
+of alpha, which
+is peaked at beta.
+
+But it's peaked as
+a delta function.
+
+Now, I'm calculating
+it for you right now,
+
+and the result is
+this is not the case.
+
+The reason is-- and
+I will show that
+
+to you-- is that the
+coherent states are not
+
+your ordinary basis function.
+
+The coherent state forms a
+basis which is over complete.
+
+So we have sort of more
+coherent states than necessary.
+
+There is some redundancy.
+
+And therefore, the
+coherent state alpha
+
+and the coherent state
+beta, if there's only
+
+a small difference between alpha
+and beta, they have overlap.
+
+Coherent states which
+differ by only a little bit
+
+in their eigenvalue,
+they're not orthogonal.
+
+So this is a complication.
+
+It's one of the
+complications we have
+
+to deal with when we want
+to describe coherent states
+
+and when we want to
+describe laser lights.
+
+But this is one
+of the properties.
+
+So therefore, when
+I'm now discussing
+
+with you is what are
+the quasi-probabilities
+
+of a coherent state, it will
+not be a delta function.
+
+But we should simply
+follow the definition,
+
+and everything will
+fall into place.
+
+So our statistical operator
+for a pure coherent state
+
+is, of course-- this is
+a statistical operator
+
+with pure state beta.
+
+And the quasi-probability
+for the coherent state beta
+
+to be an alpha is this
+matrix element squared.
+
+And you can calculate
+that, for instance,
+
+by just putting in
+alpha, alpha and beta,
+
+the expansion of alpha
+and beta in number states.
+
+So just have to solve the
+integral and calculate it.
+
+And what you find is
+not a delta function,
+
+but a decaying exponential.
+
+So you can say, as long
+as alpha and beta do not
+
+differ by more than one,
+there is substantial overlap.
+
+So in other words, what we
+get for this quasi-probability
+
+is something which
+is centered at beta.
+
+But it is again a Gaussian.
+
+So the important message
+here is coherent states
+
+are not orthogonal
+to each other.
+
+They form an over
+complete basis.
+
+Maybe as a side remark,
+it may come as a surprise
+
+to you, because you have been
+trained too much in basis
+
+states of emission operators,
+of energy eigenstates.
+
+And those energy eigenstates
+form a complete basis.
+
+The coherent states
+are eigenfunctions
+
+of very strange operator,
+a non-emission annihilation
+
+operator.
+
+So therefore, the few
+things you took for granted
+
+do not apply here.
+
+So we have our nice diagram
+with-- [INAUDIBLE] diagram
+
+for quasi-probabilities.
+
+So now if you have-- that
+was the real part of alpha.
+
+That was the imaginary
+part of alpha.
+
+So if you take that
+as a complex plane,
+
+and I'm drawing now as a
+phase of the complex number
+
+beta, which is the eigenvalue
+of the coherent state beta,
+
+then the quasi-probability
+is centered near beta.
+
+And it's a decaying Gaussian.
+
+I'm not showing it
+in here explicitly,
+
+but it is simply
+the vacuum state
+
+we discussed before
+displaced by beta.
+
+My fourth example,
+just to show you.
+
+So far, I've shown you that
+everything is Gaussian.
+
+Thermal light is a broad
+Gaussian, coherent state
+
+is a narrow Gaussian, the vacuum
+state is a narrow Gaussian.
+
+Let me just show
+you something which
+
+is non-Gaussian, which
+is the number state.
+
+If you put into the definition
+of the quasi-probability
+
+the number state, and you
+calculate the quasi-probability
+
+as a function of alpha, then
+you find that what you get
+
+is actually not a Gaussian.
+
+What you get is a ring, a
+ring with a certain width.
+
+So this is the representation
+of a number state.
+
+And the radius of this ring is
+proportional to the square root
+
+of the number of photons
+in a number state.
+
+We'll come back to photon states
+in much more detail very soon.
+
+But I just wanted to show
+you that at this point.
+
+So quasi-probabilities
+are not always Gaussian.
+
+They really depict
+something, they
+
+show us something
+important about-- they
+
+show us important
+differences about the quantum
+
+states of light.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] a delta
+function [INAUDIBLE] radius,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] little
+past [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Can you hold the
+question for three minutes?
+
+OK.
+
+They quick answer is it's not.
+
+But in three minutes,
+I want to tell you
+
+that there are three
+possible definitions
+
+of quasi-probabilities-- the
+Q function, to W function,
+
+and the P function.
+
+In one of the functions,
+it's a delta function.
+
+In the Q function, it's not.
+
+But we'll come to that.
+
+But let's for now stick
+to the Q function.
+
+The next thing we want to put
+in is the time dependence.
+
+I want to show you that when we
+have quantum states of light--
+
+and right now, we've just
+shown the quasi-probability
+
+distribution at a
+snapshot of t equals 0.
+
+What happens as a
+function of time?
+
+What I want to show
+you is-- and this
+
+makes those quasi-probabilities
+also nice and intuitive--
+
+that as a function of time, the
+quasi-probability distribution
+
+simply rotates with an
+angular frequency of omega.
+
+So let me show that to you.
+
+We know that we have
+a coherent state.
+
+And what we want
+to understand is
+
+what happens when we act on the
+coherent state with the time
+
+propagation operator,
+which is the Hamiltonian
+
+in the exponent.
+
+Well, in order to evaluate
+the left hand side,
+
+we can simply take the
+expansion of coherent states
+
+into in a number
+basis, because we
+
+know that the time
+evolution of a number state
+
+is simply the energy
+of the number state
+
+with which it's given by
+the energy of the number
+
+state, which is n
+times h bar omega.
+
+So now if you look for a
+second at this expression,
+
+you realize that we can
+absorb the time evolution
+
+if you redefine alpha to become
+alpha times e to the i omega t.
+
+So in other words, the time
+evolution of the coherent state
+
+alpha preserves the character
+as a coherent state.
+
+It just means we get
+an incoherent state
+
+whose eigenvalue is now alpha
+times e to the i omega t.
+
+So that means the following.
+
+If you want to look at the
+time evolution in terms
+
+of quasi-probabilities,
+we have our diagram
+
+with the real part of alpha,
+with the imaginary part
+
+of alpha.
+
+And let's assume we had
+a coherent state, which
+
+happened-- this is
+sort of now my circle.
+
+It's, you can say,
+a high contrast
+
+representation of the Gaussian.
+
+So this is the quasi-probability
+of the initial state alpha.
+
+But as time propagates, it
+just gets multiplied with e
+
+to the i omega t.
+
+That means when the
+time evolution is just
+
+displacing the state over
+there, and as time goes by,
+
+the coherent state is
+just moving in a circle.
+
+And after one full
+period of omega,
+
+we are back where we started.
+
+Now let me give you now
+an intuitive picture
+
+what the electric field is.
+
+I will be a little bit more
+exact in two or three minutes.
+
+So we have a diagram of
+the real part of alpha
+
+and the imaginary part of alpha.
+
+For a harmonic oscillator, I
+can also label it as x and p.
+
+You know, in
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+when you can think
+about it classically,
+
+if you have some
+initial distribution
+
+of a mechanical
+oscillator in x and p,
+
+what the system actually
+does is it simply
+
+rotates on a circle
+in phase space.
+
+The classical phase
+space is x and p.
+
+And I haven't really
+told you that I
+
+was-- I didn't want to get
+lost in complex definitions.
+
+I defined for you the
+quasi-probability,
+
+but the quasi-probability
+is a generalization
+
+of the classical
+phase space function.
+
+Phase space function is
+a function of p and x.
+
+So take my word for
+a second, and allow
+
+me to identify the real axis
+with x and the imaginary axis
+
+with p.
+
+Well, then p is
+the electric field.
+
+So now, what you should visually
+take from those pictures
+
+is that if you want to know
+what the electric field is,
+
+you just sort of
+project this fuzzy
+
+ball on the imaginary axis.
+
+So in other words,
+when I ask you
+
+what is now the electric field
+as a function of time, at t
+
+equals 0, I project
+this onto the p axis.
+
+And what I get is something
+which is centered at 0.
+
+But it has also a
+certain fuzziness.
+
+The fuzziness is given
+by the size of the disk,
+
+or by the width of the Gaussian.
+
+And if I now use this picture
+as a function of time,
+
+as this fuzzy ball
+rotates around,
+
+the electric field goes
+up and down in one cycle.
+
+And the fuzziness moves with it.
+
+So the fuzziness here for the
+electric field is related--
+
+and that's what we want
+to discuss next week--
+
+is related to short noise.
+
+I also want to tell you
+that the coherent state is,
+
+to some extent, the
+best possible way
+
+to define an electric field.
+
+It's a minimum
+uncertainty state.
+
+I want to show you that
+the coherent state is
+
+sort of at the minimum of
+Heisenberg's Uncertainty
+
+Relation.
+
+So I think if you
+take this picture,
+
+you will immediately
+realize that you
+
+draw the quasi-probability, you
+project on the vertical axis.
+
+And you get the electric field
+that tells you immediately
+
+if you have a
+thermal state, which
+
+is a Gaussian centered here.
+
+You project it.
+
+You get an electric field 0.
+
+It has an enormous
+fuzziness, but it's 0.
+
+And this picture that everything
+rotates with angular frequency
+
+omega also tells
+you, as expected,
+
+that in a thermal
+state, it's already
+
+a circularly symmetric
+distribution.
+
+When it rotates,
+nothing changes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE],
+couldn't you
+
+find, eigenstates for
+that operator itself,
+
+and then get rid
+of this fuzziness?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could
+it just be, like,
+
+eigenstates of the
+harmonic oscillator, so not
+
+stationary at all?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm a little
+bit confused now.
+
+Actually, two people mind if
+I teach a few minutes longer?
+
+I can just finish the--
+I want to have one,
+
+I have one footnote.
+
+I really want to sort
+of give it to you,
+
+because I think it
+will help some of you.
+
+Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: We have a
+class starting at 2:30.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's a
+class starting at 2:30?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Then I
+have to wrap up.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Then let me just
+tell you what I will
+
+do at the beginning
+of the next class.
+
+What I've told you here
+with the projection
+
+of the electric
+field, this is not
+
+100% rigorous for the
+quasi-probabilities Q.
+
+Due to the non-commutativity
+of operators,
+
+when we generalize phase
+space function into quantum
+
+mechanics, we can order
+operators in a symmetric way,
+
+in a normal way, in
+an anti- normal way.
+
+And therefore, there are three
+different quasi-probabilities.
+
+The Q probability is
+the easiest to define.
+
+It comes in very handy.
+
+But what I showed you
+with the projection
+
+does not rigorously apply
+to the Q distribution.
+
+It applies to the p
+or w distribution.
+
+But the difference is, unless
+you really go into subtleties,
+
+are minor.
+
+So intuitively, what
+I did is correct.
+
+And to answer your
+question, an eigenstate
+
+of the electric field, I have a
+little bit problems with that.
+
+Because if you take this
+projection, what you need
+
+is you need something
+which is very, very narrow.
+
+But since this area is
+in Heisenberg uncertainty
+
+limited area, it means delta
+x delta p equals h bar over 2.
+
+The only way how you can
+create this electric field
+
+is you can completely
+squeeze it.
+
+So to the best of my knowledge,
+an electric field eigenstate
+
+would be a completely
+strongly squeezed state.
+
+We'll talk about that next week.
+
+But then you realize,
+if you've completed
+
+squeezed your state
+after a quarter period,
+
+this infinitely squeezed ellipse
+is now standing upside down.
+
+And after a quarter
+period your electric field
+
+is completely uncertain.
+
+So I think you can
+define an operator,
+
+you can find a state
+which has a sharp value
+
+of the electric field
+at one moment of time.
+
+But then it rotates around.
+
+And what was a highly
+certain electric field
+
+becomes highly uncertain later.
+
+OK, enough things to discuss.
+
+We'll go on next week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kntypWFmyyM.txt b/kntypWFmyyM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e48343823241fe3b3dfc8ef8b993cb754c30d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kntypWFmyyM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the linear optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the linear optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the linear optimization
+recitation my name is Vela Bohr and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation my name is Vela Bohr and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation my name is Vela Bohr and I'll
+be guiding you through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guiding you through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guiding you through it
+this week we'll learn the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll learn the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll learn the core
+techniques in applying linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in applying linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in applying linear
+optimization we'll learn how to model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we'll learn how to model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we'll learn how to model a
+problem how to solve it how to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how to solve it how to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how to solve it how to compare
+the solution to alternative solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to alternative solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to alternative solutions
+and how to perform sensitivity analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to perform sensitivity analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to perform sensitivity analysis
+using the model the problem we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the model the problem we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the model the problem we will use
+to guide this whole process will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide this whole process will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide this whole process will be the
+online advertising allocation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online advertising allocation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online advertising allocation problem
+that is at the heart of Google's online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at the heart of Google's online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at the heart of Google's online
+advertising system which is also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising system which is also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising system which is also known
+as Adwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Adwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Adwords
+whenever you're ready let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're ready let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're ready let's move on to
+the next video and get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kzOFhSJFihI.txt b/kzOFhSJFihI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3377ad7fc4bf8b367bced64e214e2a9d193a781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kzOFhSJFihI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey guys so quick announcement we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey guys so quick announcement we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey guys so quick announcement we're not
+doing nuclear activation analysis today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nuclear activation analysis today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nuclear activation analysis today
+because the valve that shoots the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the valve that shoots the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the valve that shoots the
+rabbits into the reactor broke and needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits into the reactor broke and needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits into the reactor broke and needs
+to be repaired so we'll likely just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be repaired so we'll likely just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be repaired so we'll likely just do
+this next Friday and instead we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next Friday and instead we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next Friday and instead we'll have
+the whole recitation for exam review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole recitation for exam review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole recitation for exam review
+like I think we originally originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think we originally originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think we originally originally
+planned I also want to say thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned I also want to say thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned I also want to say thanks to
+whoever said please write lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever said please write lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever said please write lecture notes
+for this class it's something I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class it's something I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class it's something I think
+needs to be done and I just now biked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done and I just now biked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done and I just now biked
+back from meeting with the publisher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from meeting with the publisher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from meeting with the publisher or
+a potential publisher to actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential publisher to actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential publisher to actually get
+this done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this done
+because I think as you guys have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think as you guys have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think as you guys have seen
+there's no one reading that does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one reading that does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one reading that does this
+course justice there are some that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course justice there are some that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course justice there are some that are
+too easy there are some that are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too easy there are some that are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too easy there are some that are too
+hard and there are giant pieces missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and there are giant pieces missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and there are giant pieces missing
+like most of what we're gonna go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of what we're gonna go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of what we're gonna go into
+today on source is a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on source is a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on source is a background
+radiation and where do cosmic rays come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and where do cosmic rays come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and where do cosmic rays come
+from and what are they so thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and what are they so thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and what are they so thanks to
+whoever said that cuz it spurred me off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever said that cuz it spurred me off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever said that cuz it spurred me off
+on let's make this into a book kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on let's make this into a book kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on let's make this into a book kind of
+thing want to quickly review what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing want to quickly review what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing want to quickly review what we did
+last time we went over all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we went over all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we went over all the different
+units of dose and radiation exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of dose and radiation exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of dose and radiation exposure
+from the roentgen which is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the roentgen which is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the roentgen which is pretty much
+just valid for those measurements in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just valid for those measurements in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just valid for those measurements in air
+and I realized that yesterday I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I realized that yesterday I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I realized that yesterday I brought
+in the civil defense dosimeter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the civil defense dosimeter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the civil defense dosimeter and
+passed it to one person and we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed it to one person and we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed it to one person and we didn't
+continue bringing it so I'll bring it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue bringing it so I'll bring it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue bringing it so I'll bring it to
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+it's not in my bag there's the unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in my bag there's the unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in my bag there's the unit of
+the gray which is just joules per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray which is just joules per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray which is just joules per
+kilogram which you can calculate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram which you can calculate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram which you can calculate from
+stopping power or exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power or exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power or exponential
+attenuation equations this is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation equations this is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation equations this is where you
+start because it's how you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start because it's how you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start because it's how you get from the
+world of physics to the world of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of physics to the world of biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of physics to the world of biology
+into units of increased risk or sieverts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into units of increased risk or sieverts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into units of increased risk or sieverts
+which is just gray times a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just gray times a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just gray times a bunch of
+quality factors which are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factors which are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factors which are either
+tabulated or I'd like to see somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated or I'd like to see somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated or I'd like to see somewhat
+been are calculated they are calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been are calculated they are calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been are calculated they are calculated
+sometimes but by empirical relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but by empirical relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but by empirical relations
+because it's usually good enough bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's usually good enough bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's usually good enough bio
+measurements tend to be pretty sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements tend to be pretty sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements tend to be pretty sloppy
+and I'm not that upset that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not that upset that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not that upset that these are
+empirical relations and I'm gonna skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical relations and I'm gonna skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical relations and I'm gonna skip
+way ahead past the detector stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ahead past the detector stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ahead past the detector stuff we
+didn't quite finish up the I f2d idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite finish up the I f2d idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite finish up the I f2d idea I
+think this is where we ended last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is where we ended last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is where we ended last time
+where we were talking about how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were talking about how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were talking about how do you
+detect dose during cancer treatment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect dose during cancer treatment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect dose during cancer treatment and
+I was outlining one proposed way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was outlining one proposed way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was outlining one proposed way that
+we're thinking of using this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of using this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of using this F
+center-based dosimeter which changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-based dosimeter which changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-based dosimeter which changes
+color when it gets a raid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color when it gets a raid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color when it gets a raid
+you can implant it in the tumor and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implant it in the tumor and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implant it in the tumor and as
+it moves from things like breathing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from things like breathing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from things like breathing or
+swallowing you could feed back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing you could feed back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing you could feed back to the
+proton beam and only irradiated when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton beam and only irradiated when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton beam and only irradiated when
+it's in range or play nuclear operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in range or play nuclear operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in range or play nuclear operation
+and try not to hit the sides however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try not to hit the sides however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try not to hit the sides however
+whatever you want to do and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to do and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to do and there's
+multiple implantation options for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple implantation options for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple implantation options for this
+we've thought about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about things like
+implanting a fiber-optic cable into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanting a fiber-optic cable into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanting a fiber-optic cable into the
+tumor and then having a port on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and then having a port on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and then having a port on the side
+of you that could do some in body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that could do some in body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that could do some in body
+spectrometry which would be pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry which would be pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry which would be pretty cool
+you could also put it all on a chip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also put it all on a chip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also put it all on a chip you
+could have the emitter either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the emitter either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the emitter either a
+broadband or single color LED the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband or single color LED the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband or single color LED the F
+Center and the spectrometer all in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and the spectrometer all in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and the spectrometer all in a
+chip that's implanted and with RF with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that's implanted and with RF with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that's implanted and with RF with
+radiofrequency power transfer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiofrequency power transfer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiofrequency power transfer so you
+don't need to put a fiber-optic port and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to put a fiber-optic port and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to put a fiber-optic port and
+plug it into the side of you or however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into the side of you or however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into the side of you or however
+it goes and what we're doing next in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes and what we're doing next in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes and what we're doing next in
+this development is nailing down what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development is nailing down what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development is nailing down what
+color change is given by what dose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color change is given by what dose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color change is given by what dose so
+the physics develop an on-chip version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics develop an on-chip version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics develop an on-chip version
+find a biocompatible Cape casing we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a biocompatible Cape casing we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a biocompatible Cape casing we've
+done the IP part which is pretty cool as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the IP part which is pretty cool as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the IP part which is pretty cool as
+you can see with patent office at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see with patent office at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see with patent office at least
+has taken in the application but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken in the application but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken in the application but it's
+neat that you need to know pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat that you need to know pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat that you need to know pretty much
+everything you learn at MIT to pull off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you learn at MIT to pull off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you learn at MIT to pull off
+a project like this from the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project like this from the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project like this from the nuclear
+physics stuff to the material science to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics stuff to the material science to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics stuff to the material science to
+the 22:07 one electronics to the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 22:07 one electronics to the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 22:07 one electronics to the medical
+stuff for biology to the financial stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for biology to the financial stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for biology to the financial stuff
+for econ in order to pull off an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for econ in order to pull off an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for econ in order to pull off an actual
+nuclear startup project like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear startup project like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear startup project like this you
+need everything you learn here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need everything you learn here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need everything you learn here which is
+kind of a neat case study but now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a neat case study but now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a neat case study but now let's
+get back into what does a Seibert really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back into what does a Seibert really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back into what does a Seibert really
+mean in terms of increased risk usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of increased risk usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of increased risk usually
+means the increased risk of some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the increased risk of some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the increased risk of some sort of
+long-term biological effect whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term biological effect whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term biological effect whether it's
+cancer or some other genetic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer or some other genetic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer or some other genetic effects
+let's say mutations anything that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say mutations anything that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say mutations anything that would
+take a while to manifest and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a while to manifest and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a while to manifest and would
+manifest by slow but steady cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest by slow but steady cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest by slow but steady cell
+division and if you notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and if you notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and if you notice the
+difference between adults and whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between adults and whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between adults and whole
+population let's see yeah so sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population let's see yeah so sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population let's see yeah so sorry you
+can see right here that these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see right here that these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see right here that these are not
+very much dosed let's say in realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much dosed let's say in realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much dosed let's say in realm of
+ten to the minus two sieverts can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to the minus two sieverts can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to the minus two sieverts can give
+you some increased risk for cancer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some increased risk for cancer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some increased risk for cancer or
+some other effects so we're talking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other effects so we're talking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other effects so we're talking like
+on the realm of 40 millisieverts or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the realm of 40 millisieverts or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the realm of 40 millisieverts or so
+would give you some additional cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you some additional cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you some additional cancer
+risk that's not a lot of dose that's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk that's not a lot of dose that's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk that's not a lot of dose that's up
+to about the limit of the occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about the limit of the occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about the limit of the occupational
+dose that you're allowed so when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose that you're allowed so when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose that you're allowed so when we talk
+about how much is too much I've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much is too much I've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much is too much I've taken
+some excerpts from this committee on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some excerpts from this committee on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some excerpts from this committee on
+radiation protection document this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation protection document this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation protection document this is
+from Turner but the entire document as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Turner but the entire document as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Turner but the entire document as I
+mentioned is up on the learning module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is up on the learning module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is up on the learning module
+site so you guys can see the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site so you guys can see the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site so you guys can see the actual
+verbiage where this is defined so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbiage where this is defined so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbiage where this is defined so your
+lifetime dose should never exceed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime dose should never exceed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime dose should never exceed in
+tens of millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions
+means in some years if you get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in some years if you get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in some years if you get a little
+bit less dose you can get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less dose you can get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less dose you can get a little bit
+more dose and still be considered safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dose and still be considered safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dose and still be considered safe
+or not have any appreciable increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not have any appreciable increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not have any appreciable increased
+risk and while you're working you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and while you're working you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and while you're working you should
+never get more than about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get more than about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get more than about 50
+millisieverts in a given year how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts in a given year how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts in a given year how is it
+for radiation workers so for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for radiation workers so for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for radiation workers so for you guys
+what dose are you allowed per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dose are you allowed per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dose are you allowed per year
+working at the reactor five REM per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at the reactor five REM per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at the reactor five REM per year
+which is 50 millisieverts okay awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 50 millisieverts okay awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 50 millisieverts okay awesome
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sure yeah to jump back to that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure yeah to jump back to that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure yeah to jump back to that if
+you're saying that there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that there's actually
+tabulated differences for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated differences for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated differences for different
+organs that's where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs that's where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs that's where they come from
+because you can take let's say you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can take let's say you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can take let's say you can
+take less radiation to the same organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take less radiation to the same organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take less radiation to the same organ
+and get the same dose in sieverts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the same dose in sieverts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the same dose in sieverts
+measured an equivalent risk so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured an equivalent risk so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured an equivalent risk so I
+wouldn't be surprised if these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprised if these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprised if these are the
+organs that you're not allowed to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs that you're not allowed to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs that you're not allowed to are
+radiate as much I'm surprised the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate as much I'm surprised the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate as much I'm surprised the eye
+isn't here as I say retina anywhere no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't here as I say retina anywhere no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't here as I say retina anywhere no
+okay well that's just one table it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's just one table it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's just one table it's not
+necessarily the complete answer yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the complete answer yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the complete answer yeah so
+50 millisieverts isn't that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 millisieverts isn't that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 millisieverts isn't that much
+although if you think of it in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although if you think of it in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although if you think of it in the old
+xkcd units a banana equivalent dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xkcd units a banana equivalent dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xkcd units a banana equivalent dose
+eating a banana gives you about point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating a banana gives you about point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating a banana gives you about point
+one microsieverts so you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one microsieverts so you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one microsieverts so you would have to
+get eat fifty thousand bananas in a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eat fifty thousand bananas in a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eat fifty thousand bananas in a year
+no I'm sorry five hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm sorry five hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm sorry five hundred thousand
+bananas in order to incur that and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas in order to incur that and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas in order to incur that and well
+yeah I was talking to someone at dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I was talking to someone at dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I was talking to someone at dinner
+last night about the banana burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night about the banana burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night about the banana burning
+experiment where we measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we measured the
+activity in becquerels and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in becquerels and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in becquerels and then we can
+calculate how much dose and Siebert's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much dose and Siebert's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much dose and Siebert's it
+would take and he said how many bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take and he said how many bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take and he said how many bananas
+would it take to get some increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it take to get some increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it take to get some increased
+cancer risk about double this it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer risk about double this it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer risk about double this it would
+take about a million bananas to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about a million bananas to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about a million bananas to give you
+about a hundred millisieverts and i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred millisieverts and i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred millisieverts and i said
+you know what else it would cause and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what else it would cause and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what else it would cause and he
+goes 100 millisieverts no and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes 100 millisieverts no and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes 100 millisieverts no and i
+said that's right yeah yeah he totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's right yeah yeah he totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's right yeah yeah he totally
+didn't plan that but it just worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't plan that but it just worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't plan that but it just worked out
+that way yeah and then how much is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way yeah and then how much is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way yeah and then how much is too
+much let's say for the general public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's say for the general public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's say for the general public
+for background for excluding things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for background for excluding things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for background for excluding things like
+natural background and medical exposures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural background and medical exposures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural background and medical exposures
+you're not supposed to get about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to get about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to get about more
+than 1 millisievert just walking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 millisievert just walking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 millisievert just walking about
+outside and you don't tend to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and you don't tend to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and you don't tend to get that
+much more now why does anyone think why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more now why does anyone think why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more now why does anyone think why
+our medical exposures not included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our medical exposures not included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our medical exposures not included
+despite them being pretty radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite them being pretty radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite them being pretty radioactive
+procedures yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are targeted and so they could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are targeted and so they could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are targeted and so they could give
+a lot of dose to certain organs but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of dose to certain organs but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of dose to certain organs but the
+amount of dose isn't necessarily why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dose isn't necessarily why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dose isn't necessarily why we
+don't count medical procedures anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count medical procedures anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count medical procedures anyone
+have any idea yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in some cases you'll get like if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you'll get like if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you'll get like if you go
+to the dentist you'll get a lend x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dentist you'll get a lend x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dentist you'll get a lend x-ray
+but let's say you get a huge chest x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you get a huge chest x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you get a huge chest x-ray
+right why don't we care that a chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why don't we care that a chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why don't we care that a chest
+x-ray is way more than you get because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray is way more than you get because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray is way more than you get because
+these things tend to save lives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things tend to save lives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things tend to save lives so
+you're absolutely willing to get extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely willing to get extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely willing to get extra
+radiation exposure that may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exposure that may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exposure that may have a
+delayed effect if the immediate effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed effect if the immediate effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed effect if the immediate effect
+is to save your life so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to save your life so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to save your life so you know
+question or no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or no okay
+yeah so we don't count medical of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we don't count medical of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we don't count medical of things
+because chances are you're doing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chances are you're doing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chances are you're doing them to
+improve or save your life so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve or save your life so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve or save your life so what's a
+little bit of radiation compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of radiation compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of radiation compared to
+let's say finding the blood clot or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say finding the blood clot or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say finding the blood clot or the
+aneurysm or whatever it would take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aneurysm or whatever it would take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aneurysm or whatever it would take and
+then how much is enough this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how much is enough this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how much is enough this is the
+table that you're familiar with yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you're familiar with yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you're familiar with yeah
+they actually talk about the lens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually talk about the lens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually talk about the lens of the
+eye and that's you know a heftier dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and that's you know a heftier dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and that's you know a heftier dose
+but also the lens of the eye is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the lens of the eye is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the lens of the eye is not a
+very massive organ so this would mean do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very massive organ so this would mean do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very massive organ so this would mean do
+not stick a remaining eye in Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stick a remaining eye in Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stick a remaining eye in Neutron
+beam right yeah or you've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam right yeah or you've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam right yeah or you've seen that
+sticker do not stare into laser with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticker do not stare into laser with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticker do not stare into laser with
+remaining.i yeah the same goes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining.i yeah the same goes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining.i yeah the same goes for the
+neutron beam ports coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron beam ports coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron beam ports coming out of the
+reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor
+yeah but the lens of the eye can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the lens of the eye can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the lens of the eye can take a
+fair bit more dose per unit mass then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair bit more dose per unit mass then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair bit more dose per unit mass then
+the whole body the lens of the eye is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole body the lens of the eye is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole body the lens of the eye is
+not a particularly fast developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a particularly fast developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a particularly fast developing
+tissue it can cloud up with an insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue it can cloud up with an insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue it can cloud up with an insane
+amount of radiation exposure that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radiation exposure that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radiation exposure that would
+take a lot more than a hundred 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot more than a hundred 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot more than a hundred 50
+millisieverts to do though and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts to do though and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts to do though and then
+things like 500 millisieverts for skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like 500 millisieverts for skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like 500 millisieverts for skin
+hands feet pretty much just groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands feet pretty much just groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands feet pretty much just groups of
+muscle bone and dead skin that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle bone and dead skin that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle bone and dead skin that aren't
+really not much is going on biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not much is going on biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not much is going on biologically
+you know Bloods flowing through it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bloods flowing through it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bloods flowing through it but
+that's about it and notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it and notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it and notice that the
+regulations do differ a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations do differ a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations do differ a little bit but
+on the whole they're fairly similar same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole they're fairly similar same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole they're fairly similar same
+for the eye same for the feet same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eye same for the feet same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eye same for the feet same for
+the year cumulative is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year cumulative is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year cumulative is a little
+different this says 10 millisieverts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this says 10 millisieverts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this says 10 millisieverts
+times age this allows you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times age this allows you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times age this allows you a little bit
+more whichever recommendations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more whichever recommendations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more whichever recommendations you
+follow they're all pretty similar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow they're all pretty similar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow they're all pretty similar and
+our knowledge of how much dose leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge of how much dose leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge of how much dose leads to
+how much risk hasn't changed a ton in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much risk hasn't changed a ton in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much risk hasn't changed a ton in
+the last like decade or so there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last like decade or so there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last like decade or so there's been
+all sorts of arguments for or against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of arguments for or against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of arguments for or against it
+as anyone heard of this LNT or linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anyone heard of this LNT or linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anyone heard of this LNT or linear
+no-threshold model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-threshold model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-threshold model
+of DOS versus risk this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DOS versus risk this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DOS versus risk this is something
+we'll talk a lot about on the last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about on the last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about on the last day
+of class this is the theory that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class this is the theory that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class this is the theory that the
+amount of risk versus the amount of dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of risk versus the amount of dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of risk versus the amount of dose
+is linear and no threshold means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear and no threshold means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear and no threshold means that
+every little bit of dose gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little bit of dose gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little bit of dose gives you
+additional risk this is not supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional risk this is not supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional risk this is not supported
+very much by science actually I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much by science actually I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much by science actually I'd say
+it's not supported by science the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supported by science the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supported by science the
+converse argument is also not supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse argument is also not supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse argument is also not supported
+by science we just don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by science we just don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by science we just don't have the
+statistics at super low doses to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics at super low doses to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics at super low doses to say
+what happens but the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but the official
+recommendation is that there is a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation is that there is a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation is that there is a unit
+of dose that we define as nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dose that we define as nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dose that we define as nothing and
+it's point O 1 millisieverts about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's point O 1 millisieverts about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's point O 1 millisieverts about a
+hundred bananas per event let's say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bananas per event let's say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bananas per event let's say oh
+yeah where does it say yeah per source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where does it say yeah per source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where does it say yeah per source
+or practice so eating 100 bananas in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or practice so eating 100 bananas in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or practice so eating 100 bananas in one
+sitting is considered to give you zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting is considered to give you zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting is considered to give you zero
+additional risk according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional risk according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional risk according to the
+official guidelines so the guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official guidelines so the guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official guidelines so the guidelines
+put in place do not follow the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place do not follow the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place do not follow the linear
+no-threshold model but any one sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-threshold model but any one sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-threshold model but any one sets
+would claim that one or the autumn other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would claim that one or the autumn other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would claim that one or the autumn other
+model is absolutely correct as either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is absolutely correct as either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is absolutely correct as either
+got a huge sample size of people that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a huge sample size of people that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a huge sample size of people that we
+don't know about or is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about or is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about or is probably
+extrapolating beyond what the data will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating beyond what the data will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating beyond what the data will
+tell them so you'll see this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them so you'll see this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them so you'll see this argument
+flaring up quite a bit for the last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaring up quite a bit for the last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaring up quite a bit for the last day
+of class we'll have you read some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class we'll have you read some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class we'll have you read some
+arguments for and against the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments for and against the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments for and against the linear
+no-threshold model that aren't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-threshold model that aren't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-threshold model that aren't just
+blogs on the internet but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blogs on the internet but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blogs on the internet but they're
+actually published articles that a past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually published articles that a past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually published articles that a past
+peer review and it's really hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer review and it's really hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer review and it's really hard to tell
+exactly what's going on at low doses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on at low doses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on at low doses but
+meanwhile let's focus on what you do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile let's focus on what you do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile let's focus on what you do get
+that we can measure the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can measure the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can measure the actual
+contribution from background levels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from background levels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from background levels is
+about 50% radon this is a natural decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50% radon this is a natural decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50% radon this is a natural decay
+product of radium it's just everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of radium it's just everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of radium it's just everywhere
+it's here right now it's through through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here right now it's through through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here right now it's through through
+all through the atmosphere this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through the atmosphere this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through the atmosphere this is why
+you want your basement to be rather well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want your basement to be rather well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want your basement to be rather well
+ventilated because it's a heavy noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilated because it's a heavy noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilated because it's a heavy noble
+gas that accumulates down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that accumulates down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that accumulates down in
+unventilated basements so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unventilated basements so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unventilated basements so you don't
+actually want your house to be sealed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want your house to be sealed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want your house to be sealed up
+super tight because you can have radon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super tight because you can have radon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super tight because you can have radon
+accumulation especially if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation especially if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation especially if you happen to
+live near a granite deposit or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live near a granite deposit or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live near a granite deposit or on
+granite bedrock which like everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granite bedrock which like everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granite bedrock which like everyone in
+New Hampshire does radon levels are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire does radon levels are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire does radon levels are a
+little higher there's actually a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little higher there's actually a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little higher there's actually a story
+about a guy that used to work at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a guy that used to work at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a guy that used to work at a
+nuclear plant somewhere in Pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear plant somewhere in Pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear plant somewhere in Pennsylvania
+I don't know where but he lived on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where but he lived on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where but he lived on top
+of a pretty good granite deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pretty good granite deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pretty good granite deposit
+was a few parts-per-million radium or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a few parts-per-million radium or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a few parts-per-million radium or so
+the radon levels in his house or in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radon levels in his house or in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radon levels in his house or in his
+basement were much much higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement were much much higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement were much much higher than
+would normally be allowed for background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally be allowed for background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally be allowed for background
+and this guy used to set off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy used to set off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy used to set off the
+radiation alarms coming into work then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation alarms coming into work then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation alarms coming into work then
+he would breathe the nice clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would breathe the nice clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would breathe the nice clean
+radiation free air in the plant and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation free air in the plant and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation free air in the plant and go
+out without setting off the alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out without setting off the alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out without setting off the alarm
+eventually something had to be done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually something had to be done I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually something had to be done I
+don't actually know what was done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know what was done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know what was done but
+then you can find that original story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can find that original story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can find that original story
+that would be pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be pretty cool
+cosmic rays another source that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic rays another source that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic rays another source that you
+can't shield from is about another 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't shield from is about another 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't shield from is about another 10%
+and we'll talk a lot about where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a lot about where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a lot about where these
+things come from terrestrial radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come from terrestrial radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come from terrestrial radiation
+well we'll count that as stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll count that as stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll count that as stuff in the
+soil stuff in the cinder block wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil stuff in the cinder block wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil stuff in the cinder block wood
+happens to be a fairly radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a fairly radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a fairly radioactive
+substance pound-for-pound but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance pound-for-pound but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance pound-for-pound but it's not
+very dense compared to things like brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dense compared to things like brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dense compared to things like brick
+or banana ashes it's probably about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or banana ashes it's probably about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or banana ashes it's probably about the
+same as wood internal coming from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as wood internal coming from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as wood internal coming from you
+you'll have this on problem set number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have this on problem set number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have this on problem set number
+eight because you all now know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight because you all now know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight because you all now know your
+internal radioactivity thanks to going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal radioactivity thanks to going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal radioactivity thanks to going
+to environmental health and safety did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to environmental health and safety did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to environmental health and safety did
+anyone see anything disconcerting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see anything disconcerting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see anything disconcerting in
+your spectra other than a tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectra other than a tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectra other than a tiny little
+potassium peak anyone I'd say I'd say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium peak anyone I'd say I'd say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium peak anyone I'd say I'd say oh
+it's too bad but that's great you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too bad but that's great you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too bad but that's great you know
+especially for you guys that work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for you guys that work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for you guys that work at the
+reactor medical x-rays it's assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor medical x-rays it's assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor medical x-rays it's assumed that
+everyone gets a couple of these a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets a couple of these a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets a couple of these a year
+you all go to the dentist and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all go to the dentist and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all go to the dentist and look for
+cavities you break something you get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities you break something you get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities you break something you get me
+to get a hand x-ray of your hand or foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a hand x-ray of your hand or foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a hand x-ray of your hand or foot
+and this is let's say an average amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is let's say an average amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is let's say an average amount
+of medical x-rays and a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical x-rays and a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical x-rays and a little bit of
+stuff left over consumer products this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff left over consumer products this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff left over consumer products this
+isn't counting things like Fiestaware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't counting things like Fiestaware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't counting things like Fiestaware
+those orange glazed plates and bowls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orange glazed plates and bowls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orange glazed plates and bowls
+that were painted with a rhenium based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were painted with a rhenium based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were painted with a rhenium based
+like neon orange paint so we also don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neon orange paint so we also don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neon orange paint so we also don't
+tend to drink from raviga raters anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to drink from raviga raters anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to drink from raviga raters anymore
+has anyone ever seen or heard of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anyone ever seen or heard of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anyone ever seen or heard of a
+raviga rater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raviga rater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raviga rater
+or even earlier yeah so like back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even earlier yeah so like back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even earlier yeah so like back in the
+20s people would put radium or in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s people would put radium or in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s people would put radium or in these
+containers and pour water in it and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers and pour water in it and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers and pour water in it and say
+natural radioactivity gets in at corkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural radioactivity gets in at corkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural radioactivity gets in at corkers
+like you know croup or the Jimmy legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know croup or the Jimmy legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know croup or the Jimmy legs
+our roommate or you know a stigma toyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our roommate or you know a stigma toyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our roommate or you know a stigma toyed
+rheumatism or whatever other quack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatism or whatever other quack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatism or whatever other quack
+diseases there were in the 20s you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases there were in the 20s you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases there were in the 20s you can
+still find him on eBay and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still find him on eBay and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still find him on eBay and that's not
+accounted for in today's consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in today's consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in today's consumer
+products but this all accumulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but this all accumulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but this all accumulates the
+amount of dose that you tend to get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dose that you tend to get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dose that you tend to get on
+your own you might get it couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you might get it couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you might get it couple
+millisieverts a year of dose just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts a year of dose just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts a year of dose just from
+background especially depending on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background especially depending on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background especially depending on where
+you are and the big one whose spectrum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and the big one whose spectrum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and the big one whose spectrum I
+think you're all familiar with by now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're all familiar with by now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're all familiar with by now is
+that of radon because we saw most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of radon because we saw most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of radon because we saw most of
+these peaks in the bananas anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peaks in the bananas anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peaks in the bananas anyone have
+any idea why you would find so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea why you would find so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea why you would find so many
+radon decay products in bananas given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon decay products in bananas given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon decay products in bananas given
+that radon everywhere we did notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radon everywhere we did notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radon everywhere we did notice
+elevated levels of specifically bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated levels of specifically bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated levels of specifically bismuth
+2 14 and actinium I think 228 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 14 and actinium I think 228 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 14 and actinium I think 228 was the
+isotope we saw where would those come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope we saw where would those come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope we saw where would those come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+so what absolutely yeah whatever radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what absolutely yeah whatever radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what absolutely yeah whatever radium
+is coming out from the bedrock that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out from the bedrock that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out from the bedrock that
+radon has to come up through the soil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon has to come up through the soil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon has to come up through the soil
+that happens to decay in the soil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to decay in the soil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to decay in the soil
+it makes LED this myth polonium other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes LED this myth polonium other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes LED this myth polonium other
+heavy metals that are up taken by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy metals that are up taken by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy metals that are up taken by the
+plants tissues in addition radon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants tissues in addition radon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants tissues in addition radon
+daughter products can played out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter products can played out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter products can played out on the
+leaves themselves so this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves themselves so this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves themselves so this is one of
+those reasons that smoking is such a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reasons that smoking is such a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reasons that smoking is such a bad
+thing to do aside from the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do aside from the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do aside from the chemical
+effects you have giant fields of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you have giant fields of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you have giant fields of high
+surface area tobacco that you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area tobacco that you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area tobacco that you then
+concentrate and dry up into these tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate and dry up into these tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate and dry up into these tiny
+little sticks you have an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sticks you have an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sticks you have an enormous
+amount of leaf surface area and dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of leaf surface area and dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of leaf surface area and dry
+vegetation that is up taken all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation that is up taken all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation that is up taken all these
+radon daughter products so most the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon daughter products so most the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon daughter products so most the dose
+you get from smoking is led bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from smoking is led bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from smoking is led bismuth
+polonium actinium radio alpha emitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium actinium radio alpha emitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium actinium radio alpha emitters
+as we saw last time to remind you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw last time to remind you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw last time to remind you guys
+of the quality factor for alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quality factor for alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quality factor for alpha
+particles it's as big as it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles it's as big as it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles it's as big as it gets
+anyone remember why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why are alphas so damaging if they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are alphas so damaging if they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are alphas so damaging if they get
+into your tissues they are big so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your tissues they are big so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your tissues they are big so they
+have high mass and short range coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high mass and short range coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high mass and short range coming
+from their high charge high relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their high charge high relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their high charge high relative
+charge they have quite high stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge they have quite high stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge they have quite high stopping
+power and they will deposit a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and they will deposit a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and they will deposit a lot of
+energy very close to where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very close to where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very close to where they are
+emitted so their range is very small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted so their range is very small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted so their range is very small so
+that they are that armor-piercing bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are that armor-piercing bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are that armor-piercing bullet
+analogy kind of comes to just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy kind of comes to just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy kind of comes to just an
+armor-piercing bullet that explodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armor-piercing bullet that explodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armor-piercing bullet that explodes
+right out of the barrel of the gun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the barrel of the gun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the barrel of the gun and
+they do quite a bit of radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do quite a bit of radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do quite a bit of radiation damage
+and you jump back to the right slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you jump back to the right slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you jump back to the right slide
+without inducing a seizure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without inducing a seizure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without inducing a seizure
+I think we've looked before at the radon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we've looked before at the radon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we've looked before at the radon
+decay chain this is a simplified version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay chain this is a simplified version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay chain this is a simplified version
+because there are different branches or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are different branches or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are different branches or
+different possibilities for decay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities for decay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities for decay but
+some of them have extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have extremely low
+percentages so this one simplified quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages so this one simplified quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages so this one simplified quite
+a bit but it is whenever radon decays it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit but it is whenever radon decays it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit but it is whenever radon decays it
+emits it gives off a bunch of alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits it gives off a bunch of alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits it gives off a bunch of alpha and
+beta emitters that last anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta emitters that last anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta emitters that last anywhere from
+minutes or seconds to days and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or seconds to days and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or seconds to days and so so
+they'll give off for every radon atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give off for every radon atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give off for every radon atom
+that you absorb you end up getting four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you absorb you end up getting four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you absorb you end up getting four
+or five alphas and betas depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five alphas and betas depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five alphas and betas depending on
+how long it stays into your system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it stays into your system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it stays into your system and
+then mapping out radon in the u.s. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mapping out radon in the u.s. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mapping out radon in the u.s. you
+have quite different amount of radon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite different amount of radon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite different amount of radon
+dose depending on where you are and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose depending on where you are and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose depending on where you are and I
+wanted to skip ahead and overlay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to skip ahead and overlay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to skip ahead and overlay a
+couple of maps of the US so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of maps of the US so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of maps of the US so this is a
+terrestrial oh I'm sorry that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrestrial oh I'm sorry that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrestrial oh I'm sorry that's the
+wrong one let's just look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong one let's just look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong one let's just look at this one
+yeah anyone notice any patterns here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyone notice any patterns here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyone notice any patterns here
+where do you tend to get the most radon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you tend to get the most radon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you tend to get the most radon
+what sort of features would one live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of features would one live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of features would one live
+near when you get a lot of radon dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mountains which tend to be made of rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountains which tend to be made of rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountains which tend to be made of rocks
+which tend to contain a lot of radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tend to contain a lot of radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tend to contain a lot of radium
+especially granite and other such rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially granite and other such rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially granite and other such rocks
+the Conway granite named after up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Conway granite named after up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Conway granite named after up in
+Conway New Hampshire is about 52 parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conway New Hampshire is about 52 parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conway New Hampshire is about 52 parts
+per million uranium or radium so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million uranium or radium so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million uranium or radium so it's a
+fairly toasty rock you can actually tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly toasty rock you can actually tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly toasty rock you can actually tell
+that you know you can tell there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can tell there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can tell there with
+your Geiger counter if it's count long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Geiger counter if it's count long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Geiger counter if it's count long
+enough that there is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that there is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that there is a little bit of
+radioactive ore in that Conway granite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive ore in that Conway granite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive ore in that Conway granite
+not nearly enough to matter at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nearly enough to matter at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nearly enough to matter at all and
+certainly not enough to stop you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not enough to stop you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not enough to stop you from
+making fancy kitchen countertops but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fancy kitchen countertops but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fancy kitchen countertops but I
+wonder if folks would buy those if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if folks would buy those if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if folks would buy those if they
+knew that there was 52 parts per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that there was 52 parts per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that there was 52 parts per million
+of something with a half-life of 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something with a half-life of 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something with a half-life of 9
+billion years I somehow think it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years I somehow think it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years I somehow think it would
+matter to people but it really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes engrave that right if they've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes engrave that right if they've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes engrave that right if they've made
+the radiation symbol a little induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation symbol a little induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation symbol a little induction
+stove that would be pretty slick yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that would be pretty slick yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that would be pretty slick yeah
+and then in terms of relative radon risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in terms of relative radon risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in terms of relative radon risk
+how much actually matters I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much actually matters I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much actually matters I like this
+graph despite being difficult to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph despite being difficult to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph despite being difficult to read it
+actually shows how much the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows how much the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows how much the average
+indoor level compares to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor level compares to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor level compares to all the
+different things you could do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you could do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you could do like
+getting 2,000 chest x-rays per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2,000 chest x-rays per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2,000 chest x-rays per year
+versus a hundred times the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a hundred times the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a hundred times the average
+indoor level that's about what I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor level that's about what I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor level that's about what I heard
+that fellow in Pennsylvania had is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fellow in Pennsylvania had is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fellow in Pennsylvania had is like
+a hundred or eighty times the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred or eighty times the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred or eighty times the normal
+radon levels from living underground on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon levels from living underground on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon levels from living underground on
+this giant granite deposit it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this giant granite deposit it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this giant granite deposit it's like
+getting 2,000 chest x-rays per year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2,000 chest x-rays per year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2,000 chest x-rays per year or
+something like smoking four packs a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like smoking four packs a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like smoking four packs a day
+I know some people that do this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know some people that do this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know some people that do this they
+don't tend to be that afraid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to be that afraid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to be that afraid of the
+radiation that they're picking in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that they're picking in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that they're picking in from
+they're taking in from smoking but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking in from smoking but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking in from smoking but yeah
+it's a it's pretty insane how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's pretty insane how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's pretty insane how much
+radiation you get and even think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you get and even think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you get and even think of
+getting people are afraid to get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people are afraid to get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people are afraid to get one
+chest x-ray which is not even on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest x-ray which is not even on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest x-ray which is not even on this
+map right one chest x-ray worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map right one chest x-ray worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map right one chest x-ray worth of
+radiation gives you much much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation gives you much much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation gives you much much less than
+living for a year in a house which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living for a year in a house which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living for a year in a house which we
+all tend to do then if you live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all tend to do then if you live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all tend to do then if you live in a
+brick or cinderblock house you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick or cinderblock house you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick or cinderblock house you actually
+get a fair bit more radiation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a fair bit more radiation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a fair bit more radiation because
+these are fairly radioactive building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are fairly radioactive building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are fairly radioactive building
+materials and I'll show you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and I'll show you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and I'll show you those
+activity levels in just a sec as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity levels in just a sec as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity levels in just a sec as far as
+exposure sources again to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure sources again to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure sources again to look at the
+relative amount of terrestrial gamma-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amount of terrestrial gamma-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amount of terrestrial gamma-ray
+exposure you can correlate that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure you can correlate that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure you can correlate that pretty
+well with not green regions on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with not green regions on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with not green regions on a
+topological map so look at the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological map so look at the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological map so look at the really
+low levels down here correlates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low levels down here correlates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low levels down here correlates with
+low-lying vegetative areas around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying vegetative areas around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying vegetative areas around here
+colors are a little more extreme on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are a little more extreme on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are a little more extreme on my
+screen but you can see this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but you can see this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but you can see this is this is
+all low lying right here from Louisiana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all low lying right here from Louisiana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all low lying right here from Louisiana
+Florida up the east coast until you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida up the east coast until you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida up the east coast until you get
+to the Appalachian Mountains and such so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Appalachian Mountains and such so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Appalachian Mountains and such so
+pretty striking correlations there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty striking correlations there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty striking correlations there and
+it all comes from what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes from what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes from what we call the
+primordial nuclides these are unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial nuclides these are unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial nuclides these are unstable
+nuclides that are have such long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclides that are have such long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclides that are have such long
+half-lives that they still exist despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lives that they still exist despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lives that they still exist despite
+the universe being 15 billion years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe being 15 billion years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe being 15 billion years old
+or whatever supernova formed our solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever supernova formed our solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever supernova formed our solar
+system being five plus billion years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system being five plus billion years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system being five plus billion years old
+things that we've already studied almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've already studied almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've already studied almost
+death like potassium-40 and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death like potassium-40 and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death like potassium-40 and you can see
+that's about 0.01 1% of all potassium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 0.01 1% of all potassium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 0.01 1% of all potassium is
+radioactive potassium-40 about 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive potassium-40 about 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive potassium-40 about 10% of
+which gives off gammas and what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives off gammas and what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives off gammas and what is it
+ninety ten I forget the split but can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety ten I forget the split but can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety ten I forget the split but can
+give off either betas and then a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give off either betas and then a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give off either betas and then a gamma
+or positrons in then a gamma then things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positrons in then a gamma then things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positrons in then a gamma then things
+like rubidium in the same column as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rubidium in the same column as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rubidium in the same column as
+sodium potassium and cesium so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium and cesium so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium and cesium so it
+behaves kind of like a salt like element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves kind of like a salt like element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves kind of like a salt like element
+there should be some fur there any for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some fur there any for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some fur there any for
+chlorine to some of the other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine to some of the other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine to some of the other important
+ones to know a platinum so anyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to know a platinum so anyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to know a platinum so anyone has
+any platinum jewellery does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any platinum jewellery does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any platinum jewellery does anyone have
+any platinum jewellery good answer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any platinum jewellery good answer yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any platinum jewellery good answer yeah
+I don't either I teach at a college so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't either I teach at a college so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't either I teach at a college so
+also I don't like wearing jewelry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I don't like wearing jewelry yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I don't like wearing jewelry yeah
+but there'll be all sorts of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there'll be all sorts of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there'll be all sorts of these
+primordial nuclides that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial nuclides that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial nuclides that you can't
+really do anything about they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do anything about they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do anything about they're just
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+note that the half-lives are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the half-lives are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the half-lives are really
+really long and as you know now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long and as you know now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long and as you know now the
+half-life is going to be inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life is going to be inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life is going to be inversely
+proportional to the activity despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the activity despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the activity despite
+almost all indium I mean look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all indium I mean look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all indium I mean look at that
+95% of the indium that you'll find emits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% of the indium that you'll find emits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% of the indium that you'll find emits
+betas doesn't stop people from using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas doesn't stop people from using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas doesn't stop people from using it
+as these awesome glass to metal seals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these awesome glass to metal seals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these awesome glass to metal seals
+for vacuum components because once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vacuum components because once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vacuum components because once in a
+while it might emit a beta ray like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it might emit a beta ray like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it might emit a beta ray like a
+hold gasket might emit a beta once every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold gasket might emit a beta once every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold gasket might emit a beta once every
+millennium or so but these half-lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium or so but these half-lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium or so but these half-lives
+actually are measurable and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are measurable and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are measurable and that kind of
+begs the question are there elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begs the question are there elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begs the question are there elements
+with longer half-lives that are just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with longer half-lives that are just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with longer half-lives that are just too
+long to measure you think of like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to measure you think of like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to measure you think of like what's
+a what does it mean to have a half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what does it mean to have a half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what does it mean to have a half-life
+of 10 to the 15 years given that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 to the 15 years given that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 to the 15 years given that the
+universe is on the order of 10 to the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is on the order of 10 to the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is on the order of 10 to the 10
+years old right is it possible that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old right is it possible that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old right is it possible that all
+nuclei will decay to the end of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei will decay to the end of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei will decay to the end of time
+I've seen some documentary such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen some documentary such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen some documentary such things
+and don't call this a science that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't call this a science that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't call this a science that say
+oh 10 to the 40 years from now the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh 10 to the 40 years from now the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh 10 to the 40 years from now the last
+protons decay or the last whatever I el
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons decay or the last whatever I el
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons decay or the last whatever I el
+Amin's decay into all protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amin's decay into all protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amin's decay into all protons and
+neutrons er don't know if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons er don't know if that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons er don't know if that's true
+but it does make me wonder are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does make me wonder are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does make me wonder are some of
+the other so-called stable elements just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so-called stable elements just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so-called stable elements just
+have ridiculously long half-lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ridiculously long half-lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ridiculously long half-lives
+something to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about
+let's take a look at the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the building
+materials and see what's in well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and see what's in well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and see what's in well the
+typical things around us right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical things around us right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical things around us right now you
+can see how much granite radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how much granite radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how much granite radioactive
+thorium and potassium are in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorium and potassium are in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorium and potassium are in these
+building materials and how many usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building materials and how many usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building materials and how many usually
+is measured in Pico Curie's per gram a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured in Pico Curie's per gram a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured in Pico Curie's per gram a
+Pico Curie is already less than a Becker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico Curie is already less than a Becker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico Curie is already less than a Becker
+l program because it curious what three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l program because it curious what three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l program because it curious what three
+point seven of three times ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven of three times ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven of three times ten to the
+three point seven times ten to the ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven times ten to the ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven times ten to the ten
+Becker ELLs and a Pico is a ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Becker ELLs and a Pico is a ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Becker ELLs and a Pico is a ten to the
+minus twelve so things on the order of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus twelve so things on the order of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus twelve so things on the order of a
+few Pico Curie's per gram a gram of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Pico Curie's per gram a gram of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Pico Curie's per gram a gram of that
+material might emit one disintegration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material might emit one disintegration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material might emit one disintegration
+per second not a lot of radiation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second not a lot of radiation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second not a lot of radiation but
+take a look at how much potassium there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at how much potassium there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at how much potassium there
+is in Granite you know nano Curie's per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Granite you know nano Curie's per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Granite you know nano Curie's per
+gram that's getting into the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram that's getting into the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram that's getting into the you know
+integers worth of Becker else if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers worth of Becker else if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers worth of Becker else if you
+look at would check that Oh anyone heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at would check that Oh anyone heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at would check that Oh anyone heard
+of potash before it's one of ways we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potash before it's one of ways we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potash before it's one of ways we get
+potassium so if you take wood based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium so if you take wood based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium so if you take wood based
+things and you burn them in a fire you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you burn them in a fire you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you burn them in a fire you
+drive off all the carbon in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive off all the carbon in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive off all the carbon in the water
+you're left with these kind of white and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with these kind of white and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with these kind of white and
+like salt and pepper ashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salt and pepper ashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salt and pepper ashes
+that's potash that's the ashes left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potash that's the ashes left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potash that's the ashes left over
+in the pot after you burn stuff in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pot after you burn stuff in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pot after you burn stuff in a
+fire they're quite potassium rich so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire they're quite potassium rich so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire they're quite potassium rich so I
+think what we'll do next year instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we'll do next year instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we'll do next year instead of
+burning a bunch of food is just burn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning a bunch of food is just burn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning a bunch of food is just burn a
+bunch of wood love like a nice bonfire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of wood love like a nice bonfire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of wood love like a nice bonfire
+collect the ashes and we can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the ashes and we can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the ashes and we can see how
+much potassium there isn't wood which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much potassium there isn't wood which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much potassium there isn't wood which
+pound-for-pound if you see on this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound-for-pound if you see on this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound-for-pound if you see on this list
+is the most radioactive building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most radioactive building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most radioactive building
+material there is just that what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there is just that what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there is just that what happens
+to be pretty inexpensive and consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty inexpensive and consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty inexpensive and consists
+mostly of water lignin and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly of water lignin and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly of water lignin and other
+Carboniferous materials they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carboniferous materials they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carboniferous materials they don't have
+carbon-14 on this list but let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-14 on this list but let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-14 on this list but let's take a
+look at some of the other ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the other ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the other ones so
+sandstone cement has a pretty toasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandstone cement has a pretty toasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandstone cement has a pretty toasty
+signature to it gypsum drywall 180s what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature to it gypsum drywall 180s what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature to it gypsum drywall 180s what
+is it 13 parts per million uranium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 13 parts per million uranium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 13 parts per million uranium and
+all the drywall you tend to find anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the drywall you tend to find anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the drywall you tend to find anyone
+scared yet because you shouldn't be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared yet because you shouldn't be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared yet because you shouldn't be it's
+like I mentioned before this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned before this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned before this is the this
+is the slide I want to show it at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slide I want to show it at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slide I want to show it at most
+folks in the general public there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the general public there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the general public there is
+such a dose as nothing and that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a dose as nothing and that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a dose as nothing and that's pretty
+much what you get from let's say a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what you get from let's say a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what you get from let's say a day
+is worth of being around these building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth of being around these building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth of being around these building
+materials is just about nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back to the building materials there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the building materials there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the building materials there we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+seawater is another great source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seawater is another great source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seawater is another great source of
+radioactivity enough so that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity enough so that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity enough so that people have
+actually was at proposed harvesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was at proposed harvesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was at proposed harvesting
+uranium from seawater so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium from seawater so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium from seawater so the total
+amount of activity in the ocean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of activity in the ocean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of activity in the ocean there's
+something like 11 EXA becquerels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 11 EXA becquerels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 11 EXA becquerels of
+radiation contained in the uranium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation contained in the uranium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation contained in the uranium in
+the seawater which means you should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seawater which means you should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seawater which means you should just
+be able to have a gigantic trawler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have a gigantic trawler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have a gigantic trawler
+flying out around in the ocean and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying out around in the ocean and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying out around in the ocean and just
+floating through the seawater picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating through the seawater picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating through the seawater picking up
+atoms of uranium here and there cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of uranium here and there cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of uranium here and there cuz
+technically there's enough to power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically there's enough to power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically there's enough to power the
+world for like two thousand years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world for like two thousand years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world for like two thousand years the
+problem is the ocean is big it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the ocean is big it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the ocean is big it doesn't
+stop people from actually working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop people from actually working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop people from actually working on it
+so it's neat to think that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's neat to think that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's neat to think that there's a
+whole lot of carbon-14 and tritium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of carbon-14 and tritium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of carbon-14 and tritium and
+uranium in seawater 300 Piko Curie's per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium in seawater 300 Piko Curie's per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium in seawater 300 Piko Curie's per
+liter anyone have any idea why there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter anyone have any idea why there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter anyone have any idea why there's
+so much more potassium activity than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more potassium activity than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more potassium activity than
+anything else in seawater it's cuz it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else in seawater it's cuz it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else in seawater it's cuz it's
+salty yeah and potassium is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salty yeah and potassium is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salty yeah and potassium is just like
+sodium so there'll be a fair bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium so there'll be a fair bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium so there'll be a fair bit of
+potassium in the sea water 0.0 0.0 1 1 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium in the sea water 0.0 0.0 1 1 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium in the sea water 0.0 0.0 1 1 7
+percent of which is potassium 40 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of which is potassium 40 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of which is potassium 40 and so
+last year people asks what uranium from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year people asks what uranium from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year people asks what uranium from
+seawater how is that even possible so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seawater how is that even possible so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seawater how is that even possible so I
+want to this this is the part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to this this is the part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to this this is the part in the
+course where I'm going to pull out a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where I'm going to pull out a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where I'm going to pull out a lot
+more recent papers to show you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent papers to show you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent papers to show you some of
+the cooler innovations going on so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooler innovations going on so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooler innovations going on so you
+could use this adsorbent and adsorbate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this adsorbent and adsorbate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this adsorbent and adsorbate
+seni one know what adsorption means not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seni one know what adsorption means not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seni one know what adsorption means not
+absorption adsorption is when something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption adsorption is when something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption adsorption is when something
+sticks to the surface of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the surface of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the surface of something
+absorption with a B is when it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption with a B is when it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption with a B is when it actually
+gets incorporated into the bulk so folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets incorporated into the bulk so folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets incorporated into the bulk so folks
+are thinking about making high surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about making high surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about making high surface
+area materials that can adsorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area materials that can adsorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area materials that can adsorb
+selectively atoms of uranium so you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively atoms of uranium so you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively atoms of uranium so you send
+out this huge braided net or a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this huge braided net or a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this huge braided net or a huge
+stack of absorb adsorbing material with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of absorb adsorbing material with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of absorb adsorbing material with
+a D and just go around in the ocean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D and just go around in the ocean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D and just go around in the ocean you
+know attach them to tankers or cargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know attach them to tankers or cargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know attach them to tankers or cargo
+ships and just have them pull in product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships and just have them pull in product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships and just have them pull in product
+as they go from coast to coast and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they go from coast to coast and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they go from coast to coast and by
+actually changing around the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing around the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing around the chemistry
+and the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the geometry
+this you can enhance things specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can enhance things specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can enhance things specifically
+for uranium by about a factor of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uranium by about a factor of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uranium by about a factor of three
+and this yellow cake right here next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this yellow cake right here next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this yellow cake right here next to
+an actual ruler that's 50 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual ruler that's 50 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual ruler that's 50 millimeters
+right there that was obtained directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there that was obtained directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there that was obtained directly
+from seawater so you can actually pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from seawater so you can actually pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from seawater so you can actually pull
+yellow cake out of the ocean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow cake out of the ocean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow cake out of the ocean it's not
+very much of it and the way these work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much of it and the way these work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much of it and the way these work
+is there are interesting compounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are interesting compounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are interesting compounds that
+selectively absorb uranium into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively absorb uranium into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively absorb uranium into their
+structure not by direct chemical bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure not by direct chemical bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure not by direct chemical bonding
+but by well getting something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by well getting something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by well getting something like
+something close like for example my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something close like for example my wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something close like for example my wife
+tends to study metals bonding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to study metals bonding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to study metals bonding to
+proteins and it's not necessarily always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and it's not necessarily always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and it's not necessarily always
+a full chemical bond like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full chemical bond like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full chemical bond like you might
+think but the protein can kind of wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but the protein can kind of wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but the protein can kind of wrap
+around a metal ion transport it places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a metal ion transport it places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a metal ion transport it places
+similar thing going here I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing going here I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing going here I'm not going
+to pontificate anymore on it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pontificate anymore on it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pontificate anymore on it because the
+title has the word organic in it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title has the word organic in it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title has the word organic in it and I
+am definitely not an organic chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am definitely not an organic chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am definitely not an organic chemist
+don't want to tell you anything wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to tell you anything wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to tell you anything wrong
+but I do want to tell you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do want to tell you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do want to tell you you can
+actually see this paper to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this paper to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this paper to find out what
+sort of compounds selectively grab onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of compounds selectively grab onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of compounds selectively grab onto
+uranium and if there's a seawater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium and if there's a seawater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium and if there's a seawater
+floating through and uranium happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating through and uranium happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating through and uranium happens to
+flow nearby it can bond to it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow nearby it can bond to it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow nearby it can bond to it you can
+then somehow squeeze out or burn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somehow squeeze out or burn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somehow squeeze out or burn off
+that ads orbit and there you get uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ads orbit and there you get uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ads orbit and there you get uranium
+now let's talk about what's in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about what's in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about what's in the body
+and interpreting the spectra that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpreting the spectra that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpreting the spectra that you
+got from EHS your full body spectra if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from EHS your full body spectra if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from EHS your full body spectra if
+you take a look at how much uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at how much uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at how much uranium
+there is at the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at the body
+oh there's some every one of you has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's some every one of you has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's some every one of you has got
+about a Becker role of radiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a Becker role of radiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a Becker role of radiation of
+uranium in the body but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium in the body but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium in the body but if you look at
+the relative amounts raid it was it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative amounts raid it was it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative amounts raid it was it the
+only things that really matter a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that really matter a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that really matter a ton
+potassium-40 about 4.4 kilobit girls per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium-40 about 4.4 kilobit girls per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium-40 about 4.4 kilobit girls per
+human so each of you is giving off 4400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human so each of you is giving off 4400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human so each of you is giving off 4400
+potassium gammas per second most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium gammas per second most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium gammas per second most of them
+just flow right through all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow right through all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow right through all the other
+people and then carbon-14 about 3.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then carbon-14 about 3.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then carbon-14 about 3.7
+Killa becquerels pretty interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killa becquerels pretty interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killa becquerels pretty interesting to
+know just how much radioactive stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just how much radioactive stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just how much radioactive stuff you
+have in your own body you will need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in your own body you will need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in your own body you will need this
+table for homework number eight when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for homework number eight when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for homework number eight when I
+ask you a pretty fun question then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a pretty fun question then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a pretty fun question then
+there's all the various medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all the various medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all the various medical
+procedures the ones that aren't counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures the ones that aren't counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures the ones that aren't counted
+in your annual dose because they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your annual dose because they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your annual dose because they tend to
+save people but now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save people but now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save people but now let's look at the
+dose at millirem so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose at millirem so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose at millirem so if you want to
+figure out what this is in seever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this is in seever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this is in seever
+it's just divide by a hundred so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just divide by a hundred so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just divide by a hundred so a
+regular old chest x-ray 0.1 let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old chest x-ray 0.1 let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old chest x-ray 0.1 let's see
+how does it go one hundred and hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it go one hundred and hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it go one hundred and hundred
+rim in a sievert yeah so about 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim in a sievert yeah so about 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim in a sievert yeah so about 0.1
+millisieverts or a thousand banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts or a thousand banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts or a thousand banana
+equivalent dose not terrible so why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent dose not terrible so why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent dose not terrible so why if
+we go back to that chart of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to that chart of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to that chart of all those
+relative risks if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risks if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risks if you look at the
+average indoor level it's like getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average indoor level it's like getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average indoor level it's like getting
+well I would have to guess maybe forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I would have to guess maybe forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I would have to guess maybe forty
+chest x-rays per year based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest x-rays per year based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest x-rays per year based on this
+rather crude scale and you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather crude scale and you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather crude scale and you're allowed to
+get around a millisievert or a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around a millisievert or a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around a millisievert or a few
+millisieverts of radiation per year that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts of radiation per year that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisieverts of radiation per year that
+sounds like it checks out mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at some of the other crazier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some of the other crazier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some of the other crazier
+ones dental bitewing yeah so anyone ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones dental bitewing yeah so anyone ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones dental bitewing yeah so anyone ever
+bite down on something where you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite down on something where you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite down on something where you have to
+get an x-ray through the side of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an x-ray through the side of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an x-ray through the side of your
+mouth quite negligible amount of dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth quite negligible amount of dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth quite negligible amount of dose
+yet they still put the lead apron on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they still put the lead apron on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they still put the lead apron on you
+I'm guessing that's mostly for show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guessing that's mostly for show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guessing that's mostly for show
+because that's very very little dosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's very very little dosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's very very little dosed
+it's well beyond the 0.1 microsieverts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well beyond the 0.1 microsieverts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well beyond the 0.1 microsieverts
+of allow of something that accounts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allow of something that accounts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allow of something that accounts as
+nothing but there's not a lot of dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but there's not a lot of dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but there's not a lot of dose
+going into these things let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into these things let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into these things let's see what
+really does give you a whole lot of dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does give you a whole lot of dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does give you a whole lot of dose
+10 millisieverts for a CT scan or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 millisieverts for a CT scan or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 millisieverts for a CT scan or a
+whole body CT screening that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body CT screening that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body CT screening that's a pretty
+hefty amount of dose that's right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hefty amount of dose that's right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hefty amount of dose that's right there
+with one procedure you may get more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one procedure you may get more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one procedure you may get more than
+your normal annual background dose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal annual background dose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal annual background dose but
+if you're going in to look for stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going in to look for stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going in to look for stuff
+chances are you need to find whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you need to find whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you need to find whatever
+you're looking for so we don't count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for so we don't count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for so we don't count it
+and it may give you a slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may give you a slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may give you a slightly higher
+chance of developing cancer much later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of developing cancer much later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of developing cancer much later
+down the line when that cell that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line when that cell that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line when that cell that gets
+mutated divides but it's probably gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated divides but it's probably gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated divides but it's probably gonna
+save your life in the next hour or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save your life in the next hour or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save your life in the next hour or the
+next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day
+so definitely worth it let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definitely worth it let's see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definitely worth it let's see the
+worst what's the worst procedure we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst what's the worst procedure we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst what's the worst procedure we can
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noncardiac embolisation i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncardiac embolisation i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncardiac embolisation i don't know
+enough biology words to know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough biology words to know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough biology words to know exactly
+what that means yeah I think we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means yeah I think we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means yeah I think we all know
+what noncardiac means good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what noncardiac means good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what noncardiac means good
+this isn't 701 to non-medical procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't 701 to non-medical procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't 701 to non-medical procedures
+or more medical procedures I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more medical procedures I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more medical procedures I'm sorry
+where's the technetium scan yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the technetium scan yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the technetium scan yeah
+notice how many of these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how many of these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how many of these things have
+technetium imaging where you'll inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium imaging where you'll inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium imaging where you'll inject
+technetium into a certain organ or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium into a certain organ or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium into a certain organ or a
+certain vascular or limp or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain vascular or limp or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain vascular or limp or whatever
+system some of these things can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system some of these things can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system some of these things can give you
+a fair bit of dose like again maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair bit of dose like again maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair bit of dose like again maybe a
+heart stress rest tests can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart stress rest tests can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart stress rest tests can give you
+double or triple your normal background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double or triple your normal background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double or triple your normal background
+dose this is why you have to declare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose this is why you have to declare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose this is why you have to declare two
+airports if you've just had a medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports if you've just had a medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports if you've just had a medical
+imaging procedure because this is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging procedure because this is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging procedure because this is well
+more than enough to pick up on any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than enough to pick up on any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than enough to pick up on any sort
+of airport radiation monitor so again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of airport radiation monitor so again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of airport radiation monitor so again if
+you ever get a medical procedure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever get a medical procedure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever get a medical procedure with
+any sort of radiation anything do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of radiation anything do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of radiation anything do
+declare it because it's quite measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare it because it's quite measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare it because it's quite measurable
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+then there's radiation from altitude I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's radiation from altitude I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's radiation from altitude I
+may have mentioned already that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have mentioned already that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have mentioned already that the
+reason that pilots can't fly for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that pilots can't fly for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that pilots can't fly for a
+certain number of hours is not fatigue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of hours is not fatigue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of hours is not fatigue
+but it's radiation exposure when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's radiation exposure when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's radiation exposure when you
+start to look at how many micro C would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to look at how many micro C would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to look at how many micro C would
+you get per hour on the ground 0.03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get per hour on the ground 0.03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get per hour on the ground 0.03
+right about down at that hanging around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about down at that hanging around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about down at that hanging around
+for an hour is a negligible dose you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour is a negligible dose you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour is a negligible dose you go
+up to international air travel that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to international air travel that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to international air travel that goes
+up by a factor of a little more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a factor of a little more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a factor of a little more than a
+hundred and so you get a fair bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and so you get a fair bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and so you get a fair bit of
+radiation exposure if you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exposure if you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exposure if you take your
+annual allowable limit of occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual allowable limit of occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual allowable limit of occupational
+limit of 50 millisieverts divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of 50 millisieverts divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of 50 millisieverts divided by
+three point seven micro sieverts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven micro sieverts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven micro sieverts
+you're getting close to 86 what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting close to 86 what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting close to 86 what is it
+how many hours in a year see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hours in a year see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hours in a year see there's
+three times 10 to the 7 seconds in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times 10 to the 7 seconds in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times 10 to the 7 seconds in a
+year so divide that by 3600 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so divide that by 3600 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so divide that by 3600 that's
+getting on the realm of 10,000 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on the realm of 10,000 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on the realm of 10,000 that's
+about the conversion factor so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conversion factor so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conversion factor so you can't
+spend your life in the air because you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend your life in the air because you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend your life in the air because you'd
+get too much radiation according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too much radiation according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too much radiation according to the
+occupational risks and so actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational risks and so actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational risks and so actually in
+addition to some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to some interesting
+measurements that have been published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that have been published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that have been published in
+papers we've actually had students go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers we've actually had students go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers we've actually had students go
+out and build radiation altima ters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and build radiation altima ters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and build radiation altima ters
+based on the EMA an MIT Geiger counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the EMA an MIT Geiger counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the EMA an MIT Geiger counter
+removing the speaker of course because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the speaker of course because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the speaker of course because
+you don't want to clicking Geiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to clicking Geiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to clicking Geiger
+counter on a plane you know that's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter on a plane you know that's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter on a plane you know that's be
+kind of a stressful situation let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a stressful situation let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a stressful situation let me
+show you one example of these these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one example of these these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one example of these these are
+also published from a paper but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also published from a paper but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also published from a paper but we have
+pretty similar data from if you want go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar data from if you want go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar data from if you want go
+talk to max Carlson one of my graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to max Carlson one of my graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to max Carlson one of my graduate
+students who hooked up his Geiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who hooked up his Geiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who hooked up his Geiger
+counter to an alarm clock the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to an alarm clock the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to an alarm clock the case that
+had a Arduino in it I think this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Arduino in it I think this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Arduino in it I think this was a
+poor choice of case for a plane because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor choice of case for a plane because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor choice of case for a plane because
+it looks kind of like a time bomb but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of like a time bomb but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of like a time bomb but
+luckily nobody found it and he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily nobody found it and he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily nobody found it and he was able
+to get the data yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the data yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the data yeah
+but you can see just how much more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see just how much more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see just how much more data
+you get and you can correlate the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and you can correlate the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and you can correlate the height
+that you're at with the dose in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're at with the dose in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're at with the dose in this
+case micro roentgens per hour micro rad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case micro roentgens per hour micro rad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case micro roentgens per hour micro rad
+depending on in what is it ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on in what is it ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on in what is it ambiguous
+unit definition right there but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit definition right there but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit definition right there but it's
+quite noticeable so for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite noticeable so for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite noticeable so for those of you who
+have built Geiger counters and have cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built Geiger counters and have cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built Geiger counters and have cell
+phones and don't want to have a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and don't want to have a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and don't want to have a fake
+time bomb you can actually hook in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bomb you can actually hook in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bomb you can actually hook in your
+Geiger counter to the microphone port of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter to the microphone port of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter to the microphone port of
+your cell phone and with a few available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phone and with a few available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phone and with a few available
+radiation apps you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation apps you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation apps you could actually
+monitor your dose in micro sieverts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor your dose in micro sieverts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor your dose in micro sieverts
+assuming that it all comes from gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that it all comes from gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that it all comes from gamma
+rays which is most of what a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays which is most of what a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays which is most of what a lot of
+cosmic rays will produce so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic rays will produce so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic rays will produce so it's a
+pretty safe approximation that your dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty safe approximation that your dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty safe approximation that your dose
+and gray flying on the plane is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gray flying on the plane is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gray flying on the plane is also
+your dose and sieverts because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dose and sieverts because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dose and sieverts because it's
+whole body and it's gammas so I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body and it's gammas so I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body and it's gammas so I'd say
+try this at home kids this is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this at home kids this is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this at home kids this is what are
+those things I recommend you try out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things I recommend you try out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things I recommend you try out
+speaking of these cosmic rays where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of these cosmic rays where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of these cosmic rays where did
+they come from well this is a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from well this is a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from well this is a question
+that's been under debate and was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been under debate and was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been under debate and was more
+completely answered just a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely answered just a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely answered just a few years ago
+they come from very high-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from very high-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from very high-energy
+particles from somewhere it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles from somewhere it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles from somewhere it had been
+argued do they come mostly from solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued do they come mostly from solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued do they come mostly from solar
+flares or they come from elsewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flares or they come from elsewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flares or they come from elsewhere in
+the galaxy mostly we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy mostly we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy mostly we're talking about
+things like high-energy protons or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like high-energy protons or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like high-energy protons or other
+charged particles we're also talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles we're also talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles we're also talking
+neutrinos anyone know about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos anyone know about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos anyone know about how many
+neutrinos are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos are
+are theorized to pass through you every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are theorized to pass through you every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are theorized to pass through you every
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+trillions yeah something like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions yeah something like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions yeah something like that but
+they basically don't interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically don't interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically don't interact with
+matter as I showed you guys near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as I showed you guys near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as I showed you guys near the
+beginning it takes a gigantic salt mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning it takes a gigantic salt mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning it takes a gigantic salt mine
+full of water and exploding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of water and exploding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of water and exploding
+photomultiplier tubes in order to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photomultiplier tubes in order to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photomultiplier tubes in order to catch
+two or three neutrinos a day if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three neutrinos a day if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three neutrinos a day if you're
+luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+so let's say those don't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say those don't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say those don't really matter
+in terms of background dose but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of background dose but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of background dose but when
+those high-energy particles interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those high-energy particles interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those high-energy particles interact
+with the oxygen and nitrogen up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the oxygen and nitrogen up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the oxygen and nitrogen up here in
+the atmosphere they produce a shower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere they produce a shower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere they produce a shower and
+cascade of additional ionizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade of additional ionizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade of additional ionizations and
+heavy high-energy particles so it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy high-energy particles so it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy high-energy particles so it's been
+said that solar flares and such will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that solar flares and such will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that solar flares and such will
+accelerate charged particles from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate charged particles from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate charged particles from the
+plasma and the Sun towards earth they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and the Sun towards earth they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and the Sun towards earth they're
+deflected somewhat by the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected somewhat by the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected somewhat by the magnetic field
+of the earth but they tend to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth but they tend to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth but they tend to enter
+right here at the what is it at these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at the what is it at these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at the what is it at these uh
+other poles I'm sorry that's the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other poles I'm sorry that's the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other poles I'm sorry that's the simple
+word I was looking for until recently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I was looking for until recently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I was looking for until recently in
+2001 they were looking specifically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 they were looking specifically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 they were looking specifically at
+the evidence for or against the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence for or against the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence for or against the idea
+that coronal mass ejections which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coronal mass ejections which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coronal mass ejections which means
+large ejections of mass from the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ejections of mass from the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ejections of mass from the outer
+layers the sparser layers of the Sun was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers the sparser layers of the Sun was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers the sparser layers of the Sun was
+responsible for most charged particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for most charged particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for most charged particles
+and cosmic rays skipping the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosmic rays skipping the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosmic rays skipping the stuff
+that's not in bold it appears to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in bold it appears to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in bold it appears to be that
+this eme both shocked scenario has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eme both shocked scenario has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eme both shocked scenario has been
+overvalued so for a while folks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvalued so for a while folks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvalued so for a while folks were
+saying most cosmic rays come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying most cosmic rays come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying most cosmic rays come from the
+Sun that's our nearest star by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun that's our nearest star by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun that's our nearest star by making
+really really careful measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really careful measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really careful measurements of
+the energy and lifetime of these cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and lifetime of these cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and lifetime of these cosmic
+rays this has actually been somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays this has actually been somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays this has actually been somewhat
+disproven that this is the major source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproven that this is the major source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproven that this is the major source
+of cosmic rays which is pretty cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosmic rays which is pretty cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosmic rays which is pretty cool but
+let's talk about where they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about where they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about where they actually
+come from reactions that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from reactions that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from reactions that you can
+probably understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably understand
+so if stream lehigh protons enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if stream lehigh protons enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if stream lehigh protons enter the
+atmosphere they all start as high-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they all start as high-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they all start as high-energy
+protons and when protons are high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and when protons are high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and when protons are high enough
+energy and like I do probably in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and like I do probably in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and like I do probably in every
+class ever I'm gonna pull up Janice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ever I'm gonna pull up Janice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ever I'm gonna pull up Janice to
+show you something they can undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you something they can undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you something they can undergo
+what's called spallation it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called spallation it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called spallation it's the same
+principle that the spallation neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that the spallation neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that the spallation neutron
+source at Oak Ridge National Lab works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source at Oak Ridge National Lab works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source at Oak Ridge National Lab works
+on is shoot in extremely high-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is shoot in extremely high-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is shoot in extremely high-energy
+protons out come neutrons so as usual it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons out come neutrons so as usual it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons out come neutrons so as usual it
+didn't clone the screen right so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't clone the screen right so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't clone the screen right so just
+bear with me for a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to for probably the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to for probably the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to for probably the first time
+in this course switched databases to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course switched databases to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course switched databases to the
+incident proton data is that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident proton data is that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident proton data is that actually
+working okay good so we'll leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working okay good so we'll leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working okay good so we'll leave the
+incident Neutron data we'll go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Neutron data we'll go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Neutron data we'll go to the
+incident proton data I think we'll stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident proton data I think we'll stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident proton data I think we'll stick
+with the same library let's see how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same library let's see how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same library let's see how much
+they have not much but enough to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have not much but enough to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have not much but enough to matter
+because there's a lot of nitrogen-14 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of nitrogen-14 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of nitrogen-14 up
+in the air let's see what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air let's see what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air let's see what happens when
+protons hit nitrogen-14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons hit nitrogen-14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons hit nitrogen-14
+all the way at high energy so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way at high energy so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way at high energy so don't
+quite know what a negative cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite know what a negative cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite know what a negative cross-section
+refers to but at high energies this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to but at high energies this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to but at high energies this is
+definitely a possible event and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a possible event and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a possible event and let's
+see there's not a lot of cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's not a lot of cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's not a lot of cross sections
+to look at here let's try oxygen-16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at here let's try oxygen-16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at here let's try oxygen-16
+not much okay well stick to the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much okay well stick to the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much okay well stick to the slides
+then so when a high-energy protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so when a high-energy protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so when a high-energy protons
+strikes a nucleus it can eject neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes a nucleus it can eject neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes a nucleus it can eject neutrons
+and those neutrons can then cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those neutrons can then cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those neutrons can then cause
+activation reactions and then emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation reactions and then emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation reactions and then emit
+things like proton or tritium leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like proton or tritium leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like proton or tritium leading to
+that's where your carbon-14 comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where your carbon-14 comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where your carbon-14 comes from
+comes from nitrogen 14 so in comes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from nitrogen 14 so in comes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from nitrogen 14 so in comes a
+high-energy proton releases a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy proton releases a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy proton releases a neutron
+that Neutron hits nitrogen 14 releases a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neutron hits nitrogen 14 releases a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neutron hits nitrogen 14 releases a
+proton out comes carbon 14 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton out comes carbon 14 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton out comes carbon 14 so this is
+why it's being constantly generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's being constantly generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's being constantly generated in
+the atmosphere it's not like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere it's not like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere it's not like there's a
+certain amount that's was there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount that's was there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount that's was there at the
+beginning of the universe and decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the universe and decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the universe and decays
+because it's half-life is only 5,700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's half-life is only 5,700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's half-life is only 5,700
+years so this is part of why radiocarbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so this is part of why radiocarbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so this is part of why radiocarbon
+dating works because we have cosmic rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating works because we have cosmic rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating works because we have cosmic rays
+it's kind of a neat connection to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a neat connection to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a neat connection to make
+there weren't cosmic rays all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't cosmic rays all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't cosmic rays all the
+carbon-14 would decay pretty quickly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-14 would decay pretty quickly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-14 would decay pretty quickly in
+you know the universe timescale and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the universe timescale and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the universe timescale and we
+wouldn't have this form of radiocarbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have this form of radiocarbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have this form of radiocarbon
+dating and then same thing for tritium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating and then same thing for tritium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating and then same thing for tritium
+production in the atmosphere this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the atmosphere this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the atmosphere this is
+where some of that tritium naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of that tritium naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of that tritium naturally
+comes from is it makes carbon-12 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from is it makes carbon-12 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from is it makes carbon-12 which
+is the normal form of carbon but out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the normal form of carbon but out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the normal form of carbon but out
+comes tritium which there is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes tritium which there is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes tritium which there is going to be
+some constant isotopic fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant isotopic fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant isotopic fraction of
+tritium in all the worlds hydrogen some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium in all the worlds hydrogen some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium in all the worlds hydrogen some
+of its being generated in real time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its being generated in real time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its being generated in real time and
+we do have these spallation sources on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have these spallation sources on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have these spallation sources on
+earth like I mentioned the spallation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth like I mentioned the spallation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth like I mentioned the spallation
+neutron source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron source
+a gigantic synchrotron we've seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gigantic synchrotron we've seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gigantic synchrotron we've seen these
+before which just injects in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which just injects in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which just injects in this case
+protons which circle around and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons which circle around and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons which circle around and around
+and around accelerating until some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around accelerating until some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around accelerating until some of
+them are extracted and fire onto things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are extracted and fire onto things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are extracted and fire onto things
+like a liquid mercury target some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a liquid mercury target some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a liquid mercury target some
+neutron rich liquid metal so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron rich liquid metal so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron rich liquid metal so you want
+something that's very Neutron rich you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very Neutron rich you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very Neutron rich you
+want something that's very dense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's very dense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's very dense you
+want something that's fluid so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's fluid so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's fluid so you can
+cool it better and you want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it better and you want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it better and you want something
+with high thermal conductivity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high thermal conductivity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high thermal conductivity that's
+where the metal comes in so a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the metal comes in so a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the metal comes in so a liquid
+metal you can keep cool really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you can keep cool really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you can keep cool really well
+because when you're firing lots of 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you're firing lots of 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you're firing lots of 800
+muv protons into it you generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muv protons into it you generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muv protons into it you generate a
+tremendous amount of heat and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of heat and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of heat and this is
+what the actual thing looks like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the actual thing looks like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the actual thing looks like you can
+get tours of this down in Tennessee at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tours of this down in Tennessee at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tours of this down in Tennessee at
+the Oak Ridge National Lab actually I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oak Ridge National Lab actually I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oak Ridge National Lab actually I've
+driven up here before I recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven up here before I recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven up here before I recognize this
+from a map that's pretty cool so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a map that's pretty cool so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a map that's pretty cool so where
+the actual Neutron Sciences stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Neutron Sciences stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Neutron Sciences stuff
+happens in the world the scientists it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the world the scientists it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the world the scientists it
+with their targets there's quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their targets there's quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their targets there's quite a bit
+of stuff going on behind it so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff going on behind it so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff going on behind it so there is
+a gigantic you can see right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gigantic you can see right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gigantic you can see right that's a
+parking lot for scale there's a gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot for scale there's a gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot for scale there's a gigantic
+linear accelerator shooting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear accelerator shooting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear accelerator shooting into the
+synchrotron ring which then fires the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron ring which then fires the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron ring which then fires the
+protons here into the target into one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons here into the target into one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons here into the target into one of
+any number of end stations which creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of end stations which creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of end stations which creates
+an you know not quite push button but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an you know not quite push button but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an you know not quite push button but
+turn honorable pulsed neutron source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn honorable pulsed neutron source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn honorable pulsed neutron source
+which is pretty slick and again parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty slick and again parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty slick and again parking
+lot for scale takes a lot of magnets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for scale takes a lot of magnets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for scale takes a lot of magnets to
+bend an 800 MeV proton that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend an 800 MeV proton that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend an 800 MeV proton that's what it
+actually looks like has anyone ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like has anyone ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like has anyone ever seen
+one of these cyclotron these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cyclotron these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cyclotron these
+synchrotrons like at Brookhaven or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotrons like at Brookhaven or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotrons like at Brookhaven or an
+Oak Ridge or it anywhere they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak Ridge or it anywhere they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak Ridge or it anywhere they're quite
+interesting things the closest one to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things the closest one to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things the closest one to us
+is the NS LS or the National synchrotron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the NS LS or the National synchrotron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the NS LS or the National synchrotron
+light source version two at Brookhaven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source version two at Brookhaven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source version two at Brookhaven
+National Lab it's like a two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Lab it's like a two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Lab it's like a two and a half
+hour drive down in Long Island I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour drive down in Long Island I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour drive down in Long Island I don't
+know if they're doing tours yet but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're doing tours yet but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're doing tours yet but it's
+about a kilometer around and I was told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a kilometer around and I was told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a kilometer around and I was told
+they did bike races around it to see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did bike races around it to see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did bike races around it to see who
+could beat the protons which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could beat the protons which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could beat the protons which of course
+everybody loses but they are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody loses but they are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody loses but they are pretty
+insane collections of magnets vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane collections of magnets vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane collections of magnets vacuum
+equipment and once in a while a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and once in a while a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and once in a while a proton
+will pass through and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pass through and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pass through and then there's the
+spallation source itself so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spallation source itself so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spallation source itself so this is what
+the target looks like it's gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target looks like it's gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target looks like it's gonna have to
+be liquid metal cooled in and then out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be liquid metal cooled in and then out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be liquid metal cooled in and then out
+of here come lots and lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here come lots and lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here come lots and lots and lots of
+neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+enough neutrons that you still need hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough neutrons that you still need hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough neutrons that you still need hot
+cells to deal with things they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to deal with things they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to deal with things they're still
+quite radioactive and activated but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite radioactive and activated but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite radioactive and activated but it's
+not a reactor otherwise of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a reactor otherwise of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a reactor otherwise of making
+neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+speaking of has anybody seen the pulsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of has anybody seen the pulsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of has anybody seen the pulsed
+fusion source that we have down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion source that we have down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion source that we have down in
+Northwest 13 no we have a pulsed neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest 13 no we have a pulsed neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest 13 no we have a pulsed neutron
+source then you can come take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source then you can come take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source then you can come take a look at
+it say it's an electrostatic fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say it's an electrostatic fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say it's an electrostatic fusion
+pulsed machine there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsed machine there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsed machine there's a whole bunch of
+tritium and deuterium in this palladium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium and deuterium in this palladium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium and deuterium in this palladium
+sponge what happens to hold hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponge what happens to hold hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponge what happens to hold hydrogen and
+it's isotopes very well and with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isotopes very well and with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isotopes very well and with a very
+quick pulse you can have a tiny pulse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick pulse you can have a tiny pulse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick pulse you can have a tiny pulse of
+fusion and generate about 10 to the 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion and generate about 10 to the 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion and generate about 10 to the 8th
+neutrons that it actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons that it actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons that it actually is a
+push-button neutron source so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push-button neutron source so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push-button neutron source so if you
+want to see a neutron source beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see a neutron source beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see a neutron source beyond
+reactors go down to the vault in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors go down to the vault in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors go down to the vault in
+Northwest 13 and ask to see that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest 13 and ask to see that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest 13 and ask to see that we did
+it a quick experiment before trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a quick experiment before trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a quick experiment before trying to
+activate cellphones to see what was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate cellphones to see what was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate cellphones to see what was in
+them we did not generate enough neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we did not generate enough neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we did not generate enough neutrons
+to do so but this cell phone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but this cell phone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but this cell phone is
+definitely seen a few fusion Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely seen a few fusion Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely seen a few fusion Neutron
+pulses and we checked later it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses and we checked later it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses and we checked later it's not
+giving off any residual radioactivity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off any residual radioactivity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off any residual radioactivity at
+least we can measure that was a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we can measure that was a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we can measure that was a fun
+failed experiment and then comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed experiment and then comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed experiment and then comes the
+craziness since it's about five of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craziness since it's about five of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craziness since it's about five of five
+of I want to get into things that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I want to get into things that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I want to get into things that will
+definitely not be on the exam so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not be on the exam so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not be on the exam so just
+sit back and enjoy and stop taking notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit back and enjoy and stop taking notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit back and enjoy and stop taking notes
+complete insanity can happen with super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete insanity can happen with super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete insanity can happen with super
+high energy electrons we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electrons we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electrons we've already
+talked about bremsstrahlung we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about bremsstrahlung we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about bremsstrahlung we haven't
+talked about we have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about we have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about we have talked about
+synchrotron radiation where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron radiation where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron radiation where you have a
+charged particle going along a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle going along a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle going along a magnetic
+field line it changes direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field line it changes direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field line it changes direction and
+gives off x-rays we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives off x-rays we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives off x-rays we haven't talked about
+inverse Compton scattering interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Compton scattering interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Compton scattering interesting
+process here in comes a low-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here in comes a low-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here in comes a low-energy
+photon hits an electron out comes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon hits an electron out comes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon hits an electron out comes a
+higher energy photon Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy photon Compton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy photon Compton scattering
+usually think of as the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of as the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of as the other way around
+where a high-energy photon comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a high-energy photon comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a high-energy photon comes in
+scatters off an electron loses energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters off an electron loses energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters off an electron loses energy in
+this case a high-energy electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a high-energy electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a high-energy electron
+colliding with a low-energy photon can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with a low-energy photon can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with a low-energy photon can
+impart energy to the photon and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart energy to the photon and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart energy to the photon and you can
+actually calculate or in this case I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate or in this case I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate or in this case I've
+just taken from a paper the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken from a paper the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken from a paper the energy
+gained from inverse Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained from inverse Compton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained from inverse Compton scattering
+as well as whatever cross-section there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as whatever cross-section there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as whatever cross-section there
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and even though this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though this is a very
+infrequent process while the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent process while the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent process while the universe is
+pretty big and contains a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big and contains a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big and contains a lot of things
+that have magnetic fields like stars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have magnetic fields like stars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have magnetic fields like stars and
+black whatever else had happens have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black whatever else had happens have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black whatever else had happens have
+magnetic fields and you can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields and you can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields and you can identify
+radio sources by looking for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio sources by looking for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio sources by looking for these
+inverse Compton scattered x-rays so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Compton scattered x-rays so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Compton scattered x-rays so the
+Chandra x-ray map I believe a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chandra x-ray map I believe a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chandra x-ray map I believe a piece of
+which or a receiver for which is up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which or a receiver for which is up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which or a receiver for which is up in
+the building in Porter Square do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building in Porter Square do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building in Porter Square do you
+guys go down three stops on the red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys go down three stops on the red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys go down three stops on the red line
+you'll see this like little area full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this like little area full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this like little area full of
+Japanese noodle shops Lesley University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese noodle shops Lesley University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese noodle shops Lesley University
+a bunch of galleries and in a little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of galleries and in a little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of galleries and in a little and
+in a little bit I think it's still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit I think it's still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit I think it's still there
+in a little sign it says oh and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little sign it says oh and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little sign it says oh and there's
+the Chandra x-ray Observatory you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chandra x-ray Observatory you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chandra x-ray Observatory you know
+whatever they may or may not have moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they may or may not have moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they may or may not have moved
+but I recommend you check it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I recommend you check it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I recommend you check it out and
+then what happens to those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens to those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens to those electrons
+well they can actually decay pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they can actually decay pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they can actually decay pretty
+interesting things and so some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things and so some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things and so some of this
+inverse Compton scattering has gone into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Compton scattering has gone into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Compton scattering has gone into
+the evidence for against where cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence for against where cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence for against where cosmic
+rays come from because you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays come from because you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays come from because you should see
+electrons of a certain energy after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of a certain energy after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of a certain energy after
+undergoing this process I think I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing this process I think I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing this process I think I will
+skip ahead oh I won't skip ahead and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead oh I won't skip ahead and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead oh I won't skip ahead and so
+what these charged particle what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these charged particle what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these charged particle what these
+cosmic rays can produce is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic rays can produce is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic rays can produce is what's called
+positive negative or neutral pion other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative or neutral pion other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative or neutral pion other
+subatomic particles with mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subatomic particles with mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subatomic particles with mass is
+somewhere between protons and electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between protons and electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between protons and electrons
+that themselves can undergo different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that themselves can undergo different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that themselves can undergo different
+reactions are different decays into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are different decays into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are different decays into
+muons and don't worry muons and pi ons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muons and don't worry muons and pi ons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muons and don't worry muons and pi ons
+and such are not part of the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such are not part of the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such are not part of the topic of
+this course but they do have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course but they do have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course but they do have known
+lifetimes they do have known masses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes they do have known masses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes they do have known masses and
+charges they do have known stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges they do have known stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges they do have known stopping
+powers we should be able to measure them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers we should be able to measure them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers we should be able to measure them
+and there is a cosmic muon detector at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a cosmic muon detector at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a cosmic muon detector at
+Boston University rather it's a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston University rather it's a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston University rather it's a pair of
+detectors that looks for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors that looks for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors that looks for this
+coincidence of one muon scattering off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence of one muon scattering off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence of one muon scattering off
+one detector or interacting and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one detector or interacting and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one detector or interacting and another
+particle being sensed directly beneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle being sensed directly beneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle being sensed directly beneath
+so we can actually sense these muons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can actually sense these muons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can actually sense these muons to
+confirm or refute the theories about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm or refute the theories about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm or refute the theories about
+where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from
+in terms of cosmic rays and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cosmic rays and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cosmic rays and these
+neutral pion x' are end up what end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pion x' are end up what end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pion x' are end up what end up
+creating these gamma rays I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these gamma rays I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these gamma rays I think they
+were around like the 70 something MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were around like the 70 something MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were around like the 70 something MeV
+range so if these theories about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so if these theories about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so if these theories about them
+are correct we should be able to sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct we should be able to sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct we should be able to sense
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+gamma rays and since how many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays and since how many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays and since how many of them
+they are as a function of energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as a function of energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as a function of energy that's
+not what I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me recreate presentation mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me recreate presentation mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me recreate presentation mode
+because this is definitely delving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is definitely delving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is definitely delving into
+the kind of stuff that well I'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of stuff that well I'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of stuff that well I'm not an
+expert in so a quick detour into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in so a quick detour into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in so a quick detour into some
+atomic physics you guys probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic physics you guys probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic physics you guys probably have
+heard of that protons and neutrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that protons and neutrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that protons and neutrons are
+not the smallest building blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the smallest building blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the smallest building blocks of
+matter they themselves can be composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter they themselves can be composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter they themselves can be composed
+of quarks and antiquarks with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quarks and antiquarks with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quarks and antiquarks with different
+charges and different masses they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and different masses they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and different masses they're
+given different flavors I don't know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given different flavors I don't know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given different flavors I don't know who
+came up with this terminology but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this terminology but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this terminology but it's
+kind of fun things get kind of whimsical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun things get kind of whimsical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun things get kind of whimsical
+when you get into subatomic physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get into subatomic physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get into subatomic physics and
+these Proteas quarks and the gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Proteas quarks and the gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Proteas quarks and the gluons
+between them are what composes protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them are what composes protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them are what composes protons
+neutrons and their antimatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and their antimatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and their antimatter
+counterparts and these sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts and these sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts and these sorts of things
+can also undergo their own decay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also undergo their own decay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also undergo their own decay in
+reactions so when beta decay occurs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so when beta decay occurs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so when beta decay occurs it's
+actually one of these up quarks turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of these up quarks turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of these up quarks turning
+into a down quark and releasing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a down quark and releasing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a down quark and releasing an
+electron and an anti-neutrino but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and an anti-neutrino but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and an anti-neutrino but again
+we're not gonna delve even deeper into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna delve even deeper into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna delve even deeper into
+this there are other particles composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are other particles composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are other particles composed
+of other arrangements of quarks so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other arrangements of quarks so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other arrangements of quarks so if
+you have just and up and down you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just and up and down you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just and up and down you have a
+positive pi on which should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pi on which should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pi on which should have a
+charge I think once two thirds and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge I think once two thirds and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge I think once two thirds and ones
+minus one-third yep that is correct so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one-third yep that is correct so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one-third yep that is correct so a
+new a plus pi on should have a charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new a plus pi on should have a charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new a plus pi on should have a charge of
+one thirds the charge of an electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thirds the charge of an electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thirds the charge of an electron so
+you should you know the mass of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you know the mass of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you know the mass of some
+particle because you know the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because you know the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because you know the number of
+quarks and you know the charge of it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and you know the charge of it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and you know the charge of it you
+should be able to calculate its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to calculate its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to calculate its own
+stopping power and figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power and figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power and figure out how many
+should get through the atmosphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get through the atmosphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get through the atmosphere and
+such or how many get absorbed in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such or how many get absorbed in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such or how many get absorbed in your
+detector and so when a very high-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and so when a very high-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and so when a very high-energy
+proton collides with an atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton collides with an atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton collides with an atmospheric
+molecule creates neutrons creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule creates neutrons creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule creates neutrons creates a
+shower of pi ons these neutral pion x'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower of pi ons these neutral pion x'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower of pi ons these neutral pion x'
+much like electron positron interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like electron positron interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like electron positron interaction
+can produce their own gammas so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce their own gammas so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce their own gammas so they can
+spontaneously decay from particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously decay from particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously decay from particles that
+are mass into gamma rays of pure energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mass into gamma rays of pure energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mass into gamma rays of pure energy
+which then go on to create their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then go on to create their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then go on to create their own
+shower of electrons and positrons by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower of electrons and positrons by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower of electrons and positrons by
+pair production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production
+because as we saw the higher energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we saw the higher energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we saw the higher energy you
+go for photons the more likely pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for photons the more likely pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for photons the more likely pair
+production becomes and there you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production becomes and there you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production becomes and there you have it
+this is part of the 2201 stuff but taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the 2201 stuff but taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the 2201 stuff but taken
+to the enth degree and then the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enth degree and then the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enth degree and then the evidence
+for pi on decay comes from extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pi on decay comes from extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pi on decay comes from extremely
+fine measurements of the number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine measurements of the number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine measurements of the number of these
+PI ons as a function of energy or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI ons as a function of energy or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI ons as a function of energy or in
+this case look at that there was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case look at that there was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case look at that there was it was
+per centimeter squared per second what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter squared per second what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter squared per second what
+does that unit physically mean I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that unit physically mean I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that unit physically mean I'm not
+gonna get into that but at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into that but at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into that but at any rate
+there are different models for how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different models for how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different models for how many
+of these peons and their or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these peons and their or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these peons and their or their
+high-energy gamma decay products should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy gamma decay products should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy gamma decay products should
+be observed and by looking at those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observed and by looking at those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observed and by looking at those very
+carefully you can tell where they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you can tell where they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you can tell where they came
+from should they have come from coronal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from should they have come from coronal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from should they have come from coronal
+mass discharges so we should know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass discharges so we should know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass discharges so we should know what
+energy those protons should be or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy those protons should be or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy those protons should be or some
+other source okay I'm gonna stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other source okay I'm gonna stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other source okay I'm gonna stop there
+because it is five of so after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is five of so after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is five of so after that
+crazy detour give you guys 10 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy detour give you guys 10 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy detour give you guys 10 minutes to
+D gas and absorb some neutral pion gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D gas and absorb some neutral pion gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D gas and absorb some neutral pion gamma
+decay products will meet upstairs in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay products will meet upstairs in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay products will meet upstairs in 10
+minutes for an exam review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l0tUtVRhmDs.txt b/l0tUtVRhmDs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b1dee9fccd403ed0e6923440a3125ebcaa512eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l0tUtVRhmDs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today I'd like to talk about
+signals and systems again.
+
+At this point, you're probably
+familiar with the motivation
+
+for why we're talking about
+discrete linear time and
+
+variant systems, and also with
+a few of the representations
+
+that we're going to end up
+using in this course.
+
+But you're still not sure what
+it is that we're trying to
+
+accomplish.
+
+Or where's the part where we
+get to predict the future
+
+based on the fact that
+we are capable of
+
+manipulating these systems?
+
+Well, we actually have
+to be capable of
+
+manipulating these systems.
+
+And at this point, we can
+describe this system as we see
+
+it, but we can't also manipulate
+its representation
+
+in ways that make sense to us.
+
+So the thing that I'm going
+to do today is talk about
+
+different system equivalences
+and how to take a system and
+
+solve for an expression that
+represents a complex system
+
+and also how if you know that
+some things in your system are
+
+equivalent, how you can
+convert between them.
+
+At that point, we should be
+able to talk about poles,
+
+which is how we're going to
+actually predict the future.
+
+So different equivalences that
+I'd like to talk about.
+
+I'm first going to briefly
+review the facts that last
+
+time we discovered the notion
+of system function, right?
+
+We can take a representation
+of a system and abstract it
+
+away into some sort of function,
+where we take the
+
+input as it's given to us and
+then multiply it by this
+
+function and then get
+the output that
+
+we're interested in.
+
+How do we deal with something
+more complex?
+
+I mean, y is all the
+way over here.
+
+And we've got multiple
+system functions.
+
+And I don't even know what
+happens here, but it doesn't
+
+have to be that scary.
+
+Let's break it down.
+
+One of the easiest ways to
+approach something like this
+
+is to identify each position
+where you have a new signal,
+
+or if you were to sample here,
+you would have a new signal,
+
+and label those values
+appropriately.
+
+You can then start with your
+final output and then back
+
+solve for the values that you're
+interested in as a
+
+consequence of that
+final output.
+
+In this particular example, y
+is going to be y2 plus y3.
+
+y2 is going to be y1
+times H2, where H2
+
+is some system function.
+
+And it probably is abstracting
+away some combination of
+
+gains, delays, and adders
+like this one here.
+
+y1 is going to be x times H1.
+
+And Y3 is going to
+be x times H3.
+
+Now I've got all my expressions
+in terms of either
+
+y or something for which
+I have an equivalent
+
+expression for x.
+
+So I can do my substitutions,
+come up for an expression for
+
+y over x, in terms of
+H1, H2, and H3.
+
+Here I've just made the
+substitutions of the equations
+
+above and factored out the x.
+
+If I wanted the system function,
+I would then just
+
+divide by x.
+
+And then I would have y over x
+is equal to this expression.
+
+The thing I wanted to indicate
+is that if I wanted to
+
+abstract this away into its own
+box-- maybe I wanted like
+
+a big H or an H0 or something
+like that--
+
+and it represented what was
+happening in this top line,
+
+cascading two system functions
+is the functional equivalent
+
+of multiplying them together.
+
+So if I have an expression for
+H1 and I have an expression
+
+for H2, and I want the
+expression that is equal to
+
+cascading H1 and H2, I just
+multiply them together.
+
+Likewise, if I want an
+expression for the linear
+
+combination of two system
+functions applied to an input
+
+individually, like the
+combination H1 and H2, and H3,
+
+it's a summation of those
+two values which
+
+is expressed here.
+
+This is the same as the
+relationship that we reviewed
+
+in a very basic sense when we
+were originally doing the
+
+accumulator.
+
+The only thing I'm attempting
+to indicate is that, that
+
+relationship scales to an
+arbitrary level of complexity.
+
+So if you need to, you could
+shift around these values, if
+
+you can find some sort
+of equivalence.
+
+Let's see what happens when
+H2 is equal to H3.
+
+I'm going to take my
+operator equation.
+
+What this means is that if I
+wanted to rewrite this block
+
+diagram, I could do
+so by doing--
+
+This is really similar
+to bubble pushing.
+
+If you've done 6.004 or 6.002
+and have experience with logic
+
+gates, I just wanted to indicate
+that it's also a
+
+thing that you can do for block
+
+diagrams and system functions.
+
+There's one more type of
+equivalence that I want to
+
+talk about.
+
+I call it feedback
+equivalence.
+
+Here's our normal accumulator
+rate.
+
+If I wanted to represent this
+feedback system as a feed
+
+forward system, what
+would I have to do?
+
+Well, the first time that
+I sampled from x, it
+
+would just be y.
+
+So right now this diagram
+matches for
+
+the first time step.
+
+On the second time step, if I
+had an input from x from the
+
+previous time step, I would also
+want to account for it by
+
+putting in a delay and then
+summing it with the current
+
+value of x in order to get y.
+
+At the second time step, I
+would want access to the
+
+starting value, the value from
+the previous time step, and
+
+the value from the current
+time step.
+
+And one more time, to exhaust
+the example, at the third time
+
+step, my output would be a
+linear combination of the
+
+starting value, the value from
+the first time step, the value
+
+from the second time step, and
+the value from the current
+
+third time step.
+
+We'd end up doing this
+ad nauseum to model
+
+our feedback system.
+
+So it's difficult to do on
+paper, but it turns out
+
+there's a great relationship
+between these two equivalences
+
+and things that we already
+know from--
+
+I want to say high school
+calculus or
+
+possibly 18.01, 18.02.
+
+Geometric sequences.
+
+When we solved for the system
+function, we found an
+
+expression for our
+feedback system.
+
+If I wanted to find an
+equivalent expression using
+
+this feed forward system, I
+would look at this infinite
+
+summation of x terms.
+
+So if I wanted to know something
+about the long-term
+
+behavior of the system, in terms
+of this system function,
+
+I would solve for this
+expression and then using my
+
+knowledge of geometric
+sequences, in order to express
+
+the long-term behavior.
+
+In the general sense, in this
+course, we're going to be
+
+looking at the unit sample
+response of a system.
+
+What that means is, if the only
+thing I ever do for input
+
+is a single value of 1 at
+time 0, then what does
+
+my output look like?
+
+The reason we're looking at the
+unit sample response is
+
+because it's (a) the simplest
+way to look at the long-term
+
+behavior of a discrete linear
+time invariant system.
+
+But the other reason (b) is --
+once we have this, we can also
+
+use it to do things like to
+make predictions about the
+
+long-term step response
+and other more
+
+complicated input signals.
+
+In the case of the accumulator,
+if I input 1 at
+
+time 0, my output is going
+to be 1 forever more.
+
+That's reflected in
+the coefficient of
+
+my geometric sequence.
+
+If I want to know what my
+long-term response is going to
+
+look like, I can look at the
+coefficient of R and make a
+
+decision about whether or not
+I'm going to diverge or
+
+converge or do neither.
+
+So if I put a coefficient on R,
+whatever p0 converges to is
+
+what my system is going
+to converge to.
+
+So using my knowledge of p0, I
+can make long-term predictions
+
+about the behavior
+of the system.
+
+Next time I'm going to go over
+some general classifications
+
+of those behaviors for the
+system and how to more
+
+effectively use our knowledge
+of p0 and how to deal with
+
+things like second
+order systems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lD_73cro7wc.txt b/lD_73cro7wc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ff08f9d8856a9ef145f0acfb1b77de08118081d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lD_73cro7wc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19442 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um today what i'm going to try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today what i'm going to try and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today what i'm going to try and do
+is go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go through
+some of the survey questions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the survey questions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the survey questions that we
+asked you last time at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you last time at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you last time at the end
+and trying to illustrate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to illustrate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to illustrate some of the
+topics and some of the issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and some of the issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and some of the issues of
+behavioral economics using social survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics using social survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics using social survey
+answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+and trying to give you a better or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to give you a better or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to give you a better or more
+precise overview of what kinds of topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise overview of what kinds of topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise overview of what kinds of topics
+are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to
+talk about as you know the survey was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about as you know the survey was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about as you know the survey was
+anonymous somebody was asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous somebody was asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous somebody was asking
+do we need ethical irb approval for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need ethical irb approval for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need ethical irb approval for that
+we take ethical issues in fact very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take ethical issues in fact very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take ethical issues in fact very
+seriously in all of the studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously in all of the studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously in all of the studies that
+we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+the answer to that is like since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is like since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is like since the
+survey was anonymous and there was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey was anonymous and there was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey was anonymous and there was sort
+of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no
+personal personally identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal personally identifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal personally identifiable
+information collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information collected
+uh uh it's okay to do that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's okay to do that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's okay to do that uh in
+particular in situations where arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in situations where arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in situations where arguably
+uh nobody is harmed from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobody is harmed from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobody is harmed from uh
+answering uh those types of questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering uh those types of questions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering uh those types of questions um
+the surveys you might sort of say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surveys you might sort of say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surveys you might sort of say that's
+not a particularly rigorous sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a particularly rigorous sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a particularly rigorous sort of
+experiment a survey that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a survey that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a survey that's exactly right
+so the survey that we're asking in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the survey that we're asking in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the survey that we're asking in some
+sense provides some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense provides some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense provides some uh
+you know suggestive evidence of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suggestive evidence of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suggestive evidence of like
+some of the behavioral issues are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the behavioral issues are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the behavioral issues are going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+a lot of the evidence that i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the evidence that i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the evidence that i'm going to
+show you in class are much more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in class are much more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in class are much more rigorous
+in terms of like actual much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like actual much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like actual much more
+rigorous experimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous experimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous experimentation
+that's kind of hard for me to do in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of hard for me to do in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of hard for me to do in in a
+in a short survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a short survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a short survey
+so you think of these evidence that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think of these evidence that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think of these evidence that i'm
+showing you sort of as suggestive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you sort of as suggestive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you sort of as suggestive and
+then we're going to show you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to show you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to show you more
+rigorous evidence that those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous evidence that those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous evidence that those kinds of
+phenomena are in fact also holding once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena are in fact also holding once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena are in fact also holding once
+you sort of do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of do things
+more rigorously okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorously okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorously okay
+so now um when you think about um how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um when you think about um how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um when you think about um how do
+economists think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about
+human behavior uh there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior uh there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior uh there's sort of
+broadly three aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly three aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly three aspects
+in which you can think about that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can think about that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can think about that the
+first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is
+or broadly speaking we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or broadly speaking we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or broadly speaking we have sort of
+constrained optimization where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization where people
+have a utility function which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a utility function which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a utility function which is kind of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh specifying in some mathematical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifying in some mathematical form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifying in some mathematical form
+of what makes people happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes people happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes people happy
+right there's stuff in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's stuff in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's stuff in the world
+consumption and so on that goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and so on that goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and so on that goes into the
+utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+you can eat apples bananas and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eat apples bananas and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eat apples bananas and so on and
+essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um
+the more of those you eat usually um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more of those you eat usually um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more of those you eat usually um the
+happier you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier you are
+which economists sort of constitute as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which economists sort of constitute as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which economists sort of constitute as
+like a a concept called utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a concept called utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a concept called utility
+higher utility is good and it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher utility is good and it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher utility is good and it sort of
+specifies what makes people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what makes people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what makes people um
+happy now there are sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy now there are sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy now there are sort of like
+different aspects to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects to that
+you can think of this as like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as like there's
+the instantaneous utility function and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous utility function and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous utility function and i
+should have said in recitation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said in recitation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said in recitation we're
+going to discuss sort of a review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss sort of a review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss sort of a review of
+sort of utility maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of utility maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of utility maximization
+if you've taken like 1401 1403 1404 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've taken like 1401 1403 1404 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've taken like 1401 1403 1404 and
+sort of are very familiar with this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of are very familiar with this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of are very familiar with this kind
+of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material
+uh you might want to skip recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might want to skip recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might want to skip recitation
+this week future recitations will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week future recitations will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week future recitations will be
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+general and specific um uh uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and specific um uh uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and specific um uh uh to the
+class but so what uh what makes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but so what uh what makes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but so what uh what makes people
+happy is essentially two things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy is essentially two things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy is essentially two things one is
+sort of there's an instantaneous utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there's an instantaneous utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there's an instantaneous utility
+function which is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is kind of like
+at this moment in time what makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment in time what makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment in time what makes you
+happy or on a specific day often it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy or on a specific day often it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy or on a specific day often it's
+sort of defined on a daily basis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of defined on a daily basis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of defined on a daily basis or
+even yearly basis at a specific sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even yearly basis at a specific sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even yearly basis at a specific sort of
+period or moment in time what makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or moment in time what makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or moment in time what makes you
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+that's sort of the instantaneous utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the instantaneous utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the instantaneous utility
+function and then there's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then there's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then there's sort of like
+time risk and other survival these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time risk and other survival these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time risk and other survival these are
+sort of like risk time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like risk time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like risk time
+and social preferences so time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social preferences so time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social preferences so time
+preferences is kind of like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences is kind of like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences is kind of like how do you
+aggregate over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate over time
+like today versus tomorrow two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today versus tomorrow two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today versus tomorrow two days
+three days four days five days from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days four days five days from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days four days five days from now
+um uh how do you sort of aggregate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh how do you sort of aggregate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh how do you sort of aggregate these
+up right so you might be happy you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so you might be happy you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so you might be happy you might
+make a choice today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a choice today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a choice today
+that makes you today very happy but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you today very happy but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you today very happy but you
+regret it in five days from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret it in five days from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret it in five days from now
+and the question is kind of like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is kind of like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is kind of like how do
+i how do you aggregate these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i how do you aggregate these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i how do you aggregate these sort of
+like instantaneous utility uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instantaneous utility uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instantaneous utility uh
+uh functions uh to sort of into one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions uh to sort of into one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions uh to sort of into one big
+function those are sort of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those are sort of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those are sort of time
+preferences risk preferences is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences risk preferences is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences risk preferences is like
+when there's risk involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's risk involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's risk involved
+when things are uncertain so if i offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are uncertain so if i offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are uncertain so if i offer
+you a lottery or if you want to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lottery or if you want to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lottery or if you want to play the
+lottery or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery or the like
+if you take certain classes if you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take certain classes if you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take certain classes if you study
+for an exam or not these are often risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exam or not these are often risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exam or not these are often risky
+choices in a sense you can do one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in a sense you can do one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in a sense you can do one thing
+or another often you don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another often you don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another often you don't know what the
+outcome might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome might be
+in various uh sort of choices that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various uh sort of choices that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various uh sort of choices that you
+make in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in life
+and then you know often some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know often some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know often some people are
+what we call risk averse to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call risk averse to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call risk averse to say
+they avoid risk and and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they avoid risk and and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they avoid risk and and that sort of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+affects their choices and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects their choices and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects their choices and then finally
+so social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so social preferences
+that you could sort of say social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could sort of say social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could sort of say social
+preferences in some sense go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in some sense go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in some sense go into the
+instantaneous utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility function
+uh in a sense of like that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a sense of like that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a sense of like that's just
+another sort of argument of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of argument of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of argument of that
+function or you might say well in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or you might say well in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or you might say well in some
+sense i care about myself and i care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i care about myself and i care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i care about myself and i care
+about others and sort of i'm aggregating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others and sort of i'm aggregating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others and sort of i'm aggregating
+my own instantaneous utility and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own instantaneous utility and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own instantaneous utility and others
+instantaneous utility into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility into
+a larger function overall but broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger function overall but broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger function overall but broadly
+speaking one part of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking one part of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking one part of people's
+utility constrained optimization is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constrained optimization is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constrained optimization is the
+utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+second is people's beliefs right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is people's beliefs right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is people's beliefs right this is
+kind of like how they believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how they believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how they believe
+what people believe about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people believe about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people believe about their
+environment when you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when you think about like
+purchasing things that would be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing things that would be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing things that would be not
+usually prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually prices
+it would be returns to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be returns to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be returns to certain
+investment if you take a class versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment if you take a class versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment if you take a class versus
+another or if you take a major versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or if you take a major versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or if you take a major versus
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+what what does that cost lead to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that cost lead to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that cost lead to in
+terms of like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like your
+future earnings your happiness and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future earnings your happiness and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future earnings your happiness and so on
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+um and then sort of one of that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then sort of one of that is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then sort of one of that is like
+essentially your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your
+priors what do you think about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors what do you think about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors what do you think about the world
+and then how do you update your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how do you update your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how do you update your
+information once i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information once i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information once i
+provide you with new information right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with new information right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with new information right
+so there's like some prior beliefs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like some prior beliefs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like some prior beliefs that
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+i'll provide you some new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll provide you some new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll provide you some new information
+and you update it to your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you update it to your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you update it to your sort of
+posterior beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior beliefs
+overall and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and then sort of
+when you sort of think about the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sort of think about the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sort of think about the utility
+maximization problem as sort of a from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem as sort of a from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem as sort of a from a
+mathematical uh perspective you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical uh perspective you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical uh perspective you might
+say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well
+once i know your preferences and i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i know your preferences and i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i know your preferences and i know
+your beliefs or your information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beliefs or your information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beliefs or your information
+i kind of have all the information here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of have all the information here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of have all the information here
+i can solve for the optimum and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can solve for the optimum and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can solve for the optimum and that's
+kind of how you should behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how you should behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how you should behave
+but in some sense the whole problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense the whole problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense the whole problem is
+like solved for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solved for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solved for you so
+we're sort of like um uh done but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of like um uh done but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of like um uh done but then
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+even conditional on that people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even conditional on that people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even conditional on that people seem to
+make choices that don't quite fit sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make choices that don't quite fit sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make choices that don't quite fit sort
+of the classical economics framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classical economics framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classical economics framework
+which is kind of like how do people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of like how do people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of like how do people or
+the question kind of is how do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question kind of is how do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question kind of is how do people
+use utility functions in their beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use utility functions in their beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use utility functions in their beliefs
+to make certain decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make certain decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make certain decisions
+and do we find sort of certain anomalies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do we find sort of certain anomalies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do we find sort of certain anomalies
+or deviations from sort of the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or deviations from sort of the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or deviations from sort of the perfect
+utility maximization in a sense of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization in a sense of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization in a sense of using
+uh uh preferences and beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh preferences and beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh preferences and beliefs
+so there's different things that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's different things that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's different things that some
+influences on behavior aren't just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences on behavior aren't just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences on behavior aren't just about
+utility and beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and beliefs
+in particular the issues like as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the issues like as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the issues like as i
+talked a little bit about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about last time
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+frames um default and nudges and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames um default and nudges and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames um default and nudges and sort of
+heuristics that's to say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics that's to say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics that's to say like
+the way i uh present a problem to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i uh present a problem to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i uh present a problem to you
+might affect your choices greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect your choices greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect your choices greatly
+for given preferences and for given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for given preferences and for given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for given preferences and for given
+information that is to say you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is to say you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is to say you might
+sort of think you like one thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think you like one thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think you like one thing or
+another and you have certain information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you have certain information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you have certain information
+about the returns to these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the returns to these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the returns to these um
+choices but then the way i present an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but then the way i present an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but then the way i present an
+information or like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or like um
+set the default for example for savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the default for example for savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the default for example for savings
+or other sort of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other sort of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other sort of choices
+people might change might decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might change might decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might change might decide
+dramatically um differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um differently
+um sorry so now um what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry so now um what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry so now um what i'm going to do
+is like essentially take sort of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like essentially take sort of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like essentially take sort of each of
+these items essentially first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items essentially first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items essentially first
+preferences the utility function second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the utility function second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the utility function second
+beliefs and then sort of like choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and then sort of like choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and then sort of like choices
+and decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision making
+and show you essentially how using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you essentially how using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you essentially how using
+psychological insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological insights
+might be uh used to improve people's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh used to improve people's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh used to improve people's uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh to understanding sort of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to understanding sort of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to understanding sort of their
+decision making as a whole or understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making as a whole or understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making as a whole or understand
+certain choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain choices
+that people make and how essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people make and how essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people make and how essentially
+psychological aspects might affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological aspects might affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological aspects might affect
+people's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's okay
+so the first thing um i'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing um i'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing um i'm going to talk
+about is a social preferences is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a social preferences is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a social preferences is kind of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+how do people think about themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people think about themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people think about themselves and
+others and much of classical economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and much of classical economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and much of classical economics
+thinks that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that people are
+selfish they essentially care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish they essentially care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish they essentially care about
+themselves and nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and nobody else
+is that a good assumption or what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good assumption or what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good assumption or what do you
+think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah i think you can think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah i think you can think of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah i think you can think of it in
+many ways that eventually leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one uh thing you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one uh thing you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one uh thing you're saying is
+essentially uh it's kind of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh it's kind of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh it's kind of actually
+tricky to figure out what's selfish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to figure out what's selfish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to figure out what's selfish and
+what it's not is in some sense if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's not is in some sense if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's not is in some sense if i'm
+nice to all of you it could be that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to all of you it could be that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to all of you it could be that i'm
+really nice it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice it could be
+uh that i just really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i just really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i just really care about
+evaluations or whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations or whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations or whatever so
+in some sense it's hard to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it's hard to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it's hard to interpret
+from people uh what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people uh what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people uh what they do
+in terms of understanding their motives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of understanding their motives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of understanding their motives
+that's actually a very tricky question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a very tricky question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a very tricky question
+in sort of behavioral economics trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of behavioral economics trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of behavioral economics trying
+to figure out are people truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out are people truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out are people truly
+altruistic or are they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing things for others for ulterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things for others for ulterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things for others for ulterior
+motives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives
+i want to step back a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to step back a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to step back a little bit and
+saying like well overall sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like well overall sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like well overall sort of the
+assumption of selfishness is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of selfishness is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of selfishness is actually a
+pretty good one in many situations when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good one in many situations when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good one in many situations when
+you think about people's choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about people's choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about people's choices
+usually the choices affect people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the choices affect people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the choices affect people
+themselves uh when you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh when you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh when you think about like
+what kind of classes should you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of classes should you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of classes should you choose
+uh what kind of profession do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kind of profession do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kind of profession do you want
+to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into
+uh whom you want to um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whom you want to um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whom you want to um uh
+marry and so on uh often that's a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry and so on uh often that's a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry and so on uh often that's a choice
+that affects yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects yourself
+these are sort of individual choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of individual choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of individual choices
+people are selfish of course people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are selfish of course people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are selfish of course people are
+not selfish um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not selfish um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not selfish um
+in all respects but overall it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all respects but overall it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all respects but overall it's
+actually mostly uh true it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mostly uh true it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mostly uh true it's actually
+pretty good assumption in in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good assumption in in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good assumption in in many
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+now what i'm going to talk now about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to talk now about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to talk now about is
+sort of like okay well in some situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like okay well in some situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like okay well in some situation
+this is not a good assumption so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a good assumption so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a good assumption so we
+should kind of like amend or think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should kind of like amend or think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should kind of like amend or think about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+a little more broadly and sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more broadly and sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more broadly and sort of one
+way uh i think about this is sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh i think about this is sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh i think about this is sort of to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+charity like two percent of gdp is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity like two percent of gdp is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity like two percent of gdp is sort
+of spent on charity i guess it was 373.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spent on charity i guess it was 373.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spent on charity i guess it was 373.3
+billion in 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in 2015
+which is a lot of money so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot of money so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot of money so there's some
+evidence that people seem to be caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that people seem to be caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that people seem to be caring
+about others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in some way now one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way now one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way now one way to think about
+this is to say you have a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say you have a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say you have a utility
+function that has as an argument others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has as an argument others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has as an argument others
+peop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peop
+other people's either utility or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's either utility or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's either utility or
+consumption right so there's some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption right so there's some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption right so there's some people
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+i'm donating money to somebody in kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm donating money to somebody in kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm donating money to somebody in kenya
+i'm sort of i have a utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of i have a utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of i have a utility function
+that says okay this person in kenya if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay this person in kenya if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay this person in kenya if
+that person has higher consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has higher consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has higher consumption
+that makes me happier okay that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me happier okay that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me happier okay that's sort
+of one way to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one way to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one way to think about this
+but uh there's also sort of broader ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's also sort of broader ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's also sort of broader ways
+and that's we could maybe call that pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we could maybe call that pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we could maybe call that pure
+altruism in the sense of like i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism in the sense of like i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism in the sense of like i'm just
+caring about that person if that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about that person if that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about that person if that person
+does better um that makes me happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does better um that makes me happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does better um that makes me happier
+um but that's probably not the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's probably not the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's probably not the whole
+story so what other reasons might people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so what other reasons might people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so what other reasons might people
+have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give
+or or be nice to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so warm glow and can you say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so warm glow and can you say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so warm glow and can you say more
+of what do you mean exactly by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what do you mean exactly by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what do you mean exactly by that
+if other people know that you gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if other people know that you gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if other people know that you gave you
+can get a warm glow feeling for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a warm glow feeling for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a warm glow feeling for people
+right so you think sort of two things i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you think sort of two things i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you think sort of two things i
+think one is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one is kind of like
+worm glow just sort of feeling good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm glow just sort of feeling good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm glow just sort of feeling good
+about sort of updating about yourself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of updating about yourself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of updating about yourself in
+some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+people call it often like self-image or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it often like self-image or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it often like self-image or
+the like where essentially just you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like where essentially just you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like where essentially just you want
+to be a good person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good person
+somebody asked you would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked you would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked you would you like to
+give money to somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money to somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money to somebody else
+it's not like you actually care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you actually care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you actually care about
+this other person but you want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other person but you want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other person but you want to sort
+of maintain your image of being a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintain your image of being a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintain your image of being a good
+person and it makes you just feel good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and it makes you just feel good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and it makes you just feel good
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+yourself right you said also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself right you said also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself right you said also something
+different which is kind of like you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different which is kind of like you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different which is kind of like you care
+a lot about what others so one is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about what others so one is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about what others so one is about
+self-image what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-image what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-image what do you think about
+yourself i'm a good person i give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself i'm a good person i give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself i'm a good person i give to
+others and if somebody asks me i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and if somebody asks me i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and if somebody asks me i should
+probably give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give
+you said something else which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said something else which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said something else which is like
+other people i care a lot about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people i care a lot about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people i care a lot about what
+other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people
+think about me and so usually we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about me and so usually we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about me and so usually we think
+of that as called like social image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as called like social image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as called like social image
+which is kind of to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of to say
+i care a lot about others opinions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i care a lot about others opinions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i care a lot about others opinions and
+if other people think i'm a nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if other people think i'm a nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if other people think i'm a nice person
+uh giving money sort of helps with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving money sort of helps with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving money sort of helps with with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what else what other motives do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else what other motives do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else what other motives do you have
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so right so that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right so that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right so that's a little bit
+sort of in some sense semantics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some sense semantics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some sense semantics in the
+sense of like if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like if i
+give money sort of to pay a lower taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money sort of to pay a lower taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money sort of to pay a lower taxes
+in some sense if i sort of looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense if i sort of looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense if i sort of looked at
+this more carefully it may look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more carefully it may look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more carefully it may look like and
+i'm going to show you some evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you some evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you some evidence of
+like essentially the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially the fraction of
+money that's donated to gp i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that's donated to gp i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that's donated to gp i'm going to
+split this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up
+and there you know some aspects in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you know some aspects in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you know some aspects in that
+for example if you donate money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you donate money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you donate money to
+harvard uh for a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard uh for a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard uh for a building
+it's not obvious that's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious that's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious that's sort of like
+necessarily um altruism as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily um altruism as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily um altruism as opposed to
+like you feel just really good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you feel just really good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you feel just really good about
+yourself to have the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to have the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to have the name of
+um uh your name on the building uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh your name on the building uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh your name on the building uh
+if you have a hundred million dollars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a hundred million dollars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a hundred million dollars or
+something that's uh at your disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's uh at your disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's uh at your disposal
+but so you're saying essentially some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you're saying essentially some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you're saying essentially some
+behaviors that may look altruistic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that may look altruistic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that may look altruistic but
+in fact they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they're not
+in part because it's sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it's sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it's sort of just
+individual uh optimization so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh optimization so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh optimization so in some
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+that's more like sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more like sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more like sort of a
+misspecification a misunderstanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspecification a misunderstanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspecification a misunderstanding of
+people's motives which i think surely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's motives which i think surely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's motives which i think surely is
+in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the
+what looks like altruism which in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like altruism which in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like altruism which in fact
+um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not
+uh there was some yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so um if i can rephrase i'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so um if i can rephrase i'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so um if i can rephrase i'm uh
+we're going to get to this in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to this in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to this in fact
+in in a few lectures on the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a few lectures on the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a few lectures on the social
+preferences which is to say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which is to say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which is to say if you
+compare societies um in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare societies um in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare societies um in certain
+societies for example if people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies for example if people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies for example if people do
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+uh whaling or the like essentially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whaling or the like essentially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whaling or the like essentially if
+you do occupations what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do occupations what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do occupations what you need
+corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation
+uh uh to be successful in your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to be successful in your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to be successful in your uh
+finding food or the like uh that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding food or the like uh that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding food or the like uh that might
+sort of lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lead to
+altruism or altruistic behavior people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism or altruistic behavior people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism or altruistic behavior people
+help each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help each other
+not necessarily because they like each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily because they like each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily because they like each
+other but essentially it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but essentially it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but essentially it's like
+uh necessary to be able to survive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh necessary to be able to survive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh necessary to be able to survive and
+then that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might
+might lead to either sort of like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to either sort of like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to either sort of like just
+cooperative behavior as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative behavior as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative behavior as a whole
+or perhaps to in fact people are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps to in fact people are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps to in fact people are in fact
+nicer to each other so we'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to each other so we'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to each other so we'll actually
+get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that
+and that's sort of like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of like essentially
+exactly as you say sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you say sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you say sort of an
+evolutionary uh perspective and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary uh perspective and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary uh perspective and saying
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+depending on what sort of the social uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what sort of the social uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what sort of the social uh
+the incentives are for society depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentives are for society depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentives are for society depending
+on what kinds of professions people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what kinds of professions people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what kinds of professions people do
+uh people might be nicer or less nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people might be nicer or less nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people might be nicer or less nice to
+each other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other uh
+because it's sort of necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of necessary to
+survive or be sort of rich and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive or be sort of rich and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive or be sort of rich and so on
+what else yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else yes
+you might have expectations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have expectations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have expectations about
+whether other people will reciprocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether other people will reciprocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether other people will reciprocate
+that option exactly so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that option exactly so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that option exactly so there's
+essentially reciprocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reciprocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reciprocity
+if i do something really nice to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do something really nice to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do something really nice to you and
+then ask you a favor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask you a favor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask you a favor and
+uh in return uh you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in return uh you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in return uh you might not
+actually want to do that but you feel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do that but you feel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do that but you feel so
+inclined because i've been digitalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined because i've been digitalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined because i've been digitalized
+to you it's sort of like a thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's sort of like a thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's sort of like a thing that we
+do in society and reciprocity is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in society and reciprocity is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in society and reciprocity is really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+quite related to that is fairness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite related to that is fairness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite related to that is fairness right
+in some sense if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense if
+somebody does something or you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does something or you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does something or you know if
+if somebody gets paid a lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody gets paid a lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody gets paid a lot more than
+somebody else you might sort of want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else you might sort of want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else you might sort of want to
+share that with others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that with others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that with others
+not necessarily because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily because you want to
+because but it's perceived as unfair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because but it's perceived as unfair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because but it's perceived as unfair and
+people are uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are uncomfortable
+um with that yeah any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with that yeah any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with that yeah any anything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry um
+it's not necessarily because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily because you
+care about these people directly but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about these people directly but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about these people directly but you
+now want to alleviate your own suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to alleviate your own suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to alleviate your own suffering
+yes exactly so that's what economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so that's what economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so that's what economists
+would sort of refer to as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of refer to as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of refer to as an
+inequity of revision one away the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequity of revision one away the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequity of revision one away the other
+essentially sort of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sort of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sort of seeing
+inequality or inequity makes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality or inequity makes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality or inequity makes people
+uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+and you know uh that comes in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know uh that comes in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know uh that comes in various
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+one form of that would be as you say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of that would be as you say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of that would be as you say in
+terms of like in absolute terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like in absolute terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like in absolute terms like
+here look here people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look here people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look here people
+and this is you know i i study a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you know i i study a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you know i i study a lot of
+poverty and development economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and development economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and development economics
+here's people who are extremely poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's people who are extremely poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's people who are extremely poor
+it's sort of either like or a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of either like or a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of either like or a moral
+obligation or i just feel uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation or i just feel uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation or i just feel uncomfortable
+seeing people suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing people suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing people suffering
+we should help them to get over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should help them to get over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should help them to get over a
+certain uh up to like a certain standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh up to like a certain standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh up to like a certain standard
+of maybe reducing eradicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe reducing eradicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe reducing eradicating
+absolute or extreme poverty there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute or extreme poverty there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute or extreme poverty there's a
+different version of that which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version of that which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version of that which is just
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+inequality is just uncomfortable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is just uncomfortable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is just uncomfortable and
+unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+overall where for example in the us you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall where for example in the us you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall where for example in the us you
+know uh people are a lot richer than say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh people are a lot richer than say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh people are a lot richer than say
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in in india nevertheless you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in india nevertheless you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in india nevertheless you might want
+to think uh you would like to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think uh you would like to live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think uh you would like to live in
+like a fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fair and
+just society where people at least have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just society where people at least have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just society where people at least have
+a a reasonably high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a reasonably high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a reasonably high
+living standards that they live on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living standards that they live on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living standards that they live on and
+then it's sort of like either like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's sort of like either like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's sort of like either like a
+moral or other sort of obligation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral or other sort of obligation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral or other sort of obligation
+and people might give because it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people might give because it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people might give because it might
+just feel uncomfortable um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feel uncomfortable um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feel uncomfortable um uh
+to them okay i think we said all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them okay i think we said all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them okay i think we said all of the
+things that i have here mentioned and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that i have here mentioned and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that i have here mentioned and so
+uh there's various sort of questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's various sort of questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's various sort of questions on
+like various motives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like various motives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like various motives
+about on altruism why people give and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on altruism why people give and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on altruism why people give and
+are nice to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice to others
+uh part of what we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of what we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of what we're going to discuss
+when we talk about social preferences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about social preferences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about social preferences is
+trying to disentangle those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to disentangle those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to disentangle those different
+motives and there's a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives and there's a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives and there's a bunch of different
+experiments that people have run they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that people have run they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that people have run they're
+trying to learn about like why do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn about like why do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn about like why do people
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+what determines altruism what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines altruism what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines altruism what kinds of
+circumstances make people become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances make people become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances make people become
+nicer to others or if you wanted sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to others or if you wanted sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to others or if you wanted sort of
+to increase altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase altruism
+how would we do that yes does caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we do that yes does caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we do that yes does caring
+about others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others
+like me like the general population like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me like the general population like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me like the general population like
+how would they look at it is like caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would they look at it is like caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would they look at it is like caring
+about your friends or family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your friends or family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your friends or family
+right i think those are uh very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think those are uh very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think those are uh very much
+um related there's a bit of a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related there's a bit of a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related there's a bit of a question
+overall when you think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall when you think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall when you think about your
+utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+usually it's defined for individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's defined for individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's defined for individuals
+right it's essentially you yourself how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's essentially you yourself how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's essentially you yourself how
+are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing
+there's sort of other views where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other views where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other views where you
+say okay it's actually the household as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay it's actually the household as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay it's actually the household as
+a whole where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole where
+essentially everybody in your household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially everybody in your household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially everybody in your household
+is sort of like um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like um a
+unit and then you sort of maximize as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then you sort of maximize as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then you sort of maximize as a
+whole there's a bunch of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole there's a bunch of things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole there's a bunch of things about
+like within household conflict and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like within household conflict and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like within household conflict and
+issues that sort of arise and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that sort of arise and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that sort of arise and you know
+decision making within household might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making within household might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making within household might
+not be optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be optimal
+but you can think of like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of like sort of
+altruism as like narrowly defined about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism as like narrowly defined about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism as like narrowly defined about
+friends and people that you love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and people that you love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and people that you love and
+presumably you have like higher altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you have like higher altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you have like higher altruism
+towards those individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those individuals
+and then people who essentially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people who essentially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people who essentially are
+further away um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away um
+there's less of that or perhaps other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less of that or perhaps other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less of that or perhaps other
+motives these things are surely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives these things are surely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives these things are surely related
+but they're sort of distinct i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're sort of distinct i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're sort of distinct i think
+when you think about like um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like um your
+parents or your family what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents or your family what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents or your family what do you do
+for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them
+often there's different motives than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's different motives than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's different motives than um
+when you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you um
+like for example say reciprocity etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example say reciprocity etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example say reciprocity etc
+seems like a lot more important in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a lot more important in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a lot more important in some
+ways or perhaps pure altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or perhaps pure altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or perhaps pure altruism
+as opposed to like you know inequity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to like you know inequity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to like you know inequity
+aversion or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion or the like
+uh when you think about poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you think about poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you think about poor people
+across the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world
+but i think these things are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think these things are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think these things are very much
+related and the question kind of like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and the question kind of like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and the question kind of like is
+which of those uh particular elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those uh particular elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those uh particular elements
+are more important in different settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then the key questions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the key questions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the key questions we're
+going to ask is like well what one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask is like well what one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask is like well what one is
+like what is the nature of such social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the nature of such social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the nature of such social
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+uh i either motivation and uh to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i either motivation and uh to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i either motivation and uh to help
+and hurt others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hurt others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hurt others
+we mentioned already most of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned already most of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned already most of them and
+we're gonna try and understand okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try and understand okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try and understand okay
+which of those are important in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those are important in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those are important in which
+settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings
+um and then you know uh so one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know uh so one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know uh so one of them
+is sort of like what determines uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like what determines uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like what determines uh and
+why do people give to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do people give to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do people give to others
+and a separate question so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a separate question so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a separate question so it's kind of
+like broadly speaking you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like broadly speaking you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like broadly speaking you can think of
+this as like why are people nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like why are people nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like why are people nice
+and what determines to others and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what determines to others and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what determines to others and why
+are they doing that we're pure nice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they doing that we're pure nice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they doing that we're pure nice if
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+and the second version is like called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second version is like called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second version is like called
+like social influence is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like social influence is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like social influence is like
+how does the presence of others affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the presence of others affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the presence of others affect
+your behavior and your utility as then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your behavior and your utility as then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your behavior and your utility as then
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+uh it might be that you care a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might be that you care a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might be that you care a lot about
+others what other people think or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others what other people think or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others what other people think or you're
+very jealous and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very jealous and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very jealous and so on and so forth
+that's not about being nice that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not about being nice that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not about being nice that's just
+about your utility might be deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your utility might be deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your utility might be deeply
+affected what other people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected what other people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected what other people think about
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you're going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk a little bit about
+things like you know facebook and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know facebook and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know facebook and uh
+instagram etc uh uh sort of social media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram etc uh uh sort of social media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram etc uh uh sort of social media
+in particular it might affect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it might affect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it might affect um
+uh how do you feel about yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you feel about yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you feel about yourself and
+social influences might uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social influences might uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social influences might uh
+uh shape people's um behavior okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shape people's um behavior okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shape people's um behavior okay
+so there you know when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you know when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you know when you think about
+then like why are people nice and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like why are people nice and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like why are people nice and this
+is what you were saying earlier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you were saying earlier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you were saying earlier about
+when you think about like where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like where do
+donations go i was saying like well two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations go i was saying like well two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations go i was saying like well two
+percent is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent is given
+of gdp is given to um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gdp is given to um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gdp is given to um uh
+is given to charity when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to charity when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to charity when you look at
+some of those charities you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those charities you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those charities you know for
+some of those charities it seems pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those charities it seems pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those charities it seems pretty
+clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that
+um people do that because um they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people do that because um they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people do that because um they want
+to be nice to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be nice to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be nice to others
+for other charities um perhaps um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other charities um perhaps um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other charities um perhaps um
+not so much and sort of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much and sort of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much and sort of some of the
+education ones are essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education ones are essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education ones are essentially uh
+donations to essentially the the sponsor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations to essentially the the sponsor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations to essentially the the sponsor
+like a quarterback at u school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a quarterback at u school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a quarterback at u school
+it's not clear that this altruism um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that this altruism um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that this altruism um uh
+other donations if you give for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other donations if you give for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other donations if you give for like
+health or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health or
+or or poverty i think that's pretty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or poverty i think that's pretty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or poverty i think that's pretty um
+pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious
+okay now what we did in in class is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we did in in class is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we did in in class is we
+so one way to think about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about social
+preferences and measure this a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and measure this a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and measure this a very
+basic and coarse way of doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic and coarse way of doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic and coarse way of doing that is
+like what's called the dictator game to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's called the dictator game to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's called the dictator game to
+measure people's preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure people's preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure people's preferences
+and it's very simple and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very simple and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very simple and one of the
+questions we asked you was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we asked you was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we asked you was like
+uh here's if you had ten dollars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's if you had ten dollars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's if you had ten dollars you
+could split it into sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could split it into sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could split it into sort of a
+hypothetical question uh in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical question uh in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical question uh in class
+actually in lecture 12 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in lecture 12 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in lecture 12 or something
+we're gonna do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do this
+at least at some point with with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at some point with with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at some point with with real
+money um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um but um
+uh the question is like if you had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is like if you had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is like if you had just
+ten dollars what would you do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars what would you do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars what would you do with that
+ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars
+how much would you keep for yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much would you keep for yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much would you keep for yourself and
+how much would you give to um somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much would you give to um somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much would you give to um somebody
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+uh the other version that we asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other version that we asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other version that we asked you
+was um or there was two versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um or there was two versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um or there was two versions of that
+one was the recipient is informed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the recipient is informed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the recipient is informed about
+the circumstances of the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circumstances of the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circumstances of the decision
+the other one is the other person might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is the other person might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is the other person might
+never notice the money is just given uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never notice the money is just given uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never notice the money is just given uh
+anonymously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously
+uh how can we use that to this what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how can we use that to this what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how can we use that to this what what
+can be disentangled potentially from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be disentangled potentially from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be disentangled potentially from
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+uh choices or options like if people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices or options like if people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices or options like if people uh
+choose differently in one and two what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose differently in one and two what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose differently in one and two what
+does that tell us yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so true in some ways and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so true in some ways and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so true in some ways and in some
+way at least you can think of like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at least you can think of like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at least you can think of like some
+form of like pure altruism in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like pure altruism in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like pure altruism in some sense
+i would be very happy if you had ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would be very happy if you had ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would be very happy if you had ten
+dollars more on your bank account even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars more on your bank account even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars more on your bank account even
+if you never knew there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you never knew there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you never knew there's no
+reciprocity there's no sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity there's no sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity there's no sort of like you
+knowing or new learning about what i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing or new learning about what i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing or new learning about what i did
+or didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or didn't do
+it's just like i'd be happier if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like i'd be happier if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like i'd be happier if if you
+had more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more money
+and uh therefore i'm giving it um uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh therefore i'm giving it um uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh therefore i'm giving it um uh to
+you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+of course there's things like self-image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's things like self-image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's things like self-image
+and so on are hard to rule out in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on are hard to rule out in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on are hard to rule out in some
+sense maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe
+uh it's not like i'm actually happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not like i'm actually happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not like i'm actually happy
+about you i'm just happy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you i'm just happy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you i'm just happy about
+the uh about me being happy about you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh about me being happy about you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh about me being happy about you so
+there's sort of tricky issues about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of tricky issues about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of tricky issues about that
+but it's sort of getting close to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of getting close to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of getting close to like a
+form of like pure altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like pure altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like pure altruism
+if instead you know you learn about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead you know you learn about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead you know you learn about that
+like either i explicitly it was me who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either i explicitly it was me who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either i explicitly it was me who
+gave you money or at least there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you money or at least there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you money or at least there was
+somebody else doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else doing it
+uh then you know that's much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you know that's much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you know that's much more about
+like the person cares about where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the person cares about where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the person cares about where the
+money is coming from and so on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is coming from and so on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is coming from and so on that
+tells you more about sort of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you more about sort of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you more about sort of social
+motives potentially about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives potentially about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives potentially about the other
+person how the other person feels when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person how the other person feels when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person how the other person feels when
+they get money how others are treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get money how others are treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get money how others are treating
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+or perhaps how i feel when the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps how i feel when the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps how i feel when the other
+person gets it and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person gets it and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person gets it and so on
+is there a question no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it could simply be about promoting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could simply be about promoting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could simply be about promoting the
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+giving to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right so just to clarify um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so just to clarify um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so just to clarify um
+so in number two i think uh uh what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in number two i think uh uh what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in number two i think uh uh what i'm
+saying that's pretty close to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's pretty close to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's pretty close to sort of
+pure altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure altruism
+and number one i'm saying there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number one i'm saying there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number one i'm saying there's sort
+of other forces of play one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other forces of play one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other forces of play one of them is
+about sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of like
+people care about what others do you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about what others do you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about what others do you're
+saying in some sense it's a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in some sense it's a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in some sense it's a version of
+that and saying like well if it promotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and saying like well if it promotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and saying like well if it promotes
+altruism in some sense if i give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism in some sense if i give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism in some sense if i give you
+money and you learn about that i gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and you learn about that i gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and you learn about that i gave
+you money and the hope is that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you money and the hope is that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you money and the hope is that you'll
+give money to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money to others
+in some sense you would only do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you would only do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you would only do that if
+you sort of care about others one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of care about others one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of care about others one way or
+the other if you if you learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other if you if you learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other if you if you learn something
+from those kinds of actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those kinds of actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those kinds of actions
+but yeah that's all good i think i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah that's all good i think i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah that's all good i think i'm
+just saying like there's so those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like there's so those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like there's so those kinds
+of experiments will sort of help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments will sort of help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments will sort of help us
+disentangle potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle potentially
+different motives for uh for giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motives for uh for giving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motives for uh for giving this
+is a little course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little course
+and we can't sort of rule out sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't sort of rule out sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't sort of rule out sort of
+all sorts of things but uh it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things but uh it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things but uh it's sort of
+clear that in some sense there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that in some sense there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that in some sense there's
+something different which has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different which has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different which has to do with
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+people caring about others one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people caring about others one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people caring about others one way or
+the other in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other in some way
+you think the results yeah change if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the results yeah change if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the results yeah change if you
+did it with a margin of money like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with a margin of money like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with a margin of money like
+500 or a thousand dollars or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 or a thousand dollars or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 or a thousand dollars or something
+the difference between like getting five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between like getting five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between like getting five
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between like having a nice five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes understood so um there's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes understood so um there's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes understood so um there's only two
+questions here one is i'm asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here one is i'm asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here one is i'm asking you
+hypothetical questions and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical questions and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical questions and you might
+sort of say all sorts of things but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say all sorts of things but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say all sorts of things but once
+i'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually
+putting down money and say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting down money and say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting down money and say here's
+actually ten dollars how are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ten dollars how are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ten dollars how are you going
+to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave
+uh so what we're going to do in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we're going to do in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we're going to do in class
+we're going to have some hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some hypothetical
+choices then we have some real choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices then we have some real choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices then we have some real choices
+and you'll look at so how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll look at so how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll look at so how that's
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+in general people choose actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general people choose actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general people choose actually pretty
+similar and hypothetical to real choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and hypothetical to real choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and hypothetical to real choices
+then what we will not be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we will not be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we will not be able to to
+answer in class is how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in class is how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in class is how would you
+choose if i give you 500 because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose if i give you 500 because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose if i give you 500 because you
+know i i'd be poor at the end of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i i'd be poor at the end of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i i'd be poor at the end of class
+um however um there have been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however um there have been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however um there have been some
+experiments with like bankers and rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with like bankers and rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with like bankers and rich
+people and so on but actually they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on but actually they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on but actually they they
+gave people like a thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave people like a thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave people like a thousand dollars
+and what you see overall is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see overall is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see overall is that
+people's giving behavior and those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's giving behavior and those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's giving behavior and those kinds
+of experiments actually is quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments actually is quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments actually is quite similar
+to like smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like smaller
+sums i think it may there may be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums i think it may there may be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums i think it may there may be some
+differences and i think there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and i think there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and i think there's a huge
+difference potentially in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference potentially in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference potentially in particular
+when you think about poverty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about poverty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about poverty and
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+or giving and developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or giving and developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or giving and developing countries
+there's a huge difference potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge difference potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge difference potentially
+whether you give people large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you give people large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you give people large
+sums of money that could change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of money that could change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of money that could change their
+lives and people could sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and people could sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and people could sort of you know
+invest and so on and so forth as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest and so on and so forth as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest and so on and so forth as opposed
+to like very small amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like very small amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like very small amounts
+or even repeated small amounts if i give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even repeated small amounts if i give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even repeated small amounts if i give
+you like five dollars every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like five dollars every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like five dollars every
+a few days um for quite a while that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few days um for quite a while that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few days um for quite a while that
+might actually not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually not change
+things that much because every small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that much because every small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that much because every small
+thing feels really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing feels really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing feels really small
+but instead if i give you a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead if i give you a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead if i give you a thousand
+dollars right away uh you might invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right away uh you might invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right away uh you might invest
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and try to have a better life and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to have a better life and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to have a better life and so on
+so that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that
+in that sense i think that's potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense i think that's potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense i think that's potentially
+different when you think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when you think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when you think about these
+kinds of experiments they actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of experiments they actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of experiments they actually look
+quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar
+um uh uh in the behavior at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh in the behavior at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh in the behavior at least in
+sort of lab games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lab games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lab games
+okay so um now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um now um
+how much do people give so the strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do people give so the strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do people give so the strict
+version just to be clear in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version just to be clear in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version just to be clear in terms of
+like the standard model would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard model would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard model would say
+well people should give exactly zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people should give exactly zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people should give exactly zero if
+you care only about yourself why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care only about yourself why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care only about yourself why would
+you give money to others you just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give money to others you just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give money to others you just keep
+everything usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything usually
+subjects give around two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects give around two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects give around two to three
+dollars the average giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars the average giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars the average giving
+in class was about three dollars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class was about three dollars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class was about three dollars in the
+first case and two dollars um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case and two dollars um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case and two dollars um
+in the um in the in the second case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um in the in the second case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um in the in the second case so
+in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense
+it seems essentially that when uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems essentially that when uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems essentially that when uh uh uh
+when the person knows about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person knows about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person knows about the
+circumstance and sort there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and sort there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and sort there's something
+that's valued more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's valued more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's valued more
+uh either being like it signals altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either being like it signals altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either being like it signals altruism
+or just the other person might be feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just the other person might be feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just the other person might be feel
+happier and and you so do you appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier and and you so do you appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier and and you so do you appreciate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um in some way and so here is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some way and so here is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some way and so here is what this
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+you can sort of see the distribution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see the distribution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see the distribution a
+lot of people give either zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people give either zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people give either zero
+or five dollars there's a few of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five dollars there's a few of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five dollars there's a few of you who
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+everything that's very nice there i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's very nice there i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's very nice there i do
+wonder if it's actually if you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if it's actually if you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if it's actually if you give it
+with actually 10 real dollars we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually 10 real dollars we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually 10 real dollars we would
+really follow through but surely there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really follow through but surely there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really follow through but surely there
+are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some
+really nice people there's some issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice people there's some issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice people there's some issues
+with those kinds of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those kinds of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those kinds of um
+uh games in a sense of like i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh games in a sense of like i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh games in a sense of like i'm
+eliciting your behavior in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting your behavior in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting your behavior in terms of what
+would you do if i gave you ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do if i gave you ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do if i gave you ten dollars
+with some other student or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some other student or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some other student or some other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+that's fairly rich you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly rich you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly rich you know you could
+see some people actually saying i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some people actually saying i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some people actually saying i'm
+giving zero and instead of donating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving zero and instead of donating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving zero and instead of donating
+it to somebody the money to somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to somebody the money to somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to somebody the money to somebody in
+kenya it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya it would look
+in the lab as if i was really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab as if i was really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab as if i was really sort of
+selfish but in fact i'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish but in fact i'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish but in fact i'm actually
+altruistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic
+so there's issue with these kinds of lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's issue with these kinds of lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's issue with these kinds of lab
+experiments but in general i think sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but in general i think sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but in general i think sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+people's uh behavior in these lab games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh behavior in these lab games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh behavior in these lab games
+is fairly predictive of like real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly predictive of like real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly predictive of like real world
+things um that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um that we care about
+yes these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being asked first um and i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked first um and i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked first um and i actually
+i think my thought process would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my thought process would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my thought process would have
+been different if i had been asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been different if i had been asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been different if i had been asked the
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yes yes absolutely so i think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes absolutely so i think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes absolutely so i think in
+an actual experiment that that i or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual experiment that that i or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual experiment that that i or
+others would run this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others would run this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others would run this would be
+randomized what the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized what the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized what the order
+is and then we can test for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then we can test for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then we can test for that
+directly or what you would do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or what you would do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or what you would do is you
+randomize across people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize across people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize across people
+so some people get you know one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people get you know one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people get you know one question
+and one could people get the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could people get the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could people get the others
+uh we haven't done that in part just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we haven't done that in part just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we haven't done that in part just
+because otherwise we would have had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we would have had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we would have had to
+send you different links and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you different links and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you different links and it was
+already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh
+chaotic enough to send you like one link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic enough to send you like one link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic enough to send you like one link
+um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which
+seems to be like the most we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be like the most we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be like the most we we can
+handle um and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle um and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle um and so uh
+but but usually what you would do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but usually what you would do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but usually what you would do is you
+like essentially you would randomize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially you would randomize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially you would randomize the
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+and then be able to do that my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then be able to do that my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then be able to do that my guess is
+that broadly speaking the results would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that broadly speaking the results would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that broadly speaking the results would
+be similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar
+qualitatively there might be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively there might be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively there might be sort of
+like some small differences in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some small differences in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some small differences in terms of
+uh the exact numbers and surely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the exact numbers and surely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the exact numbers and surely the
+order of those kinds of questions often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of those kinds of questions often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of those kinds of questions often
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+which in some sense goes to like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in some sense goes to like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in some sense goes to like what we
+have in number uh the third aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in number uh the third aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in number uh the third aspect of
+choice where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice where like
+if you think about and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about and then the
+classical model the order should surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model the order should surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model the order should surely
+not matter like essentially i'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter like essentially i'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter like essentially i'm giving
+you some choices you have a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some choices you have a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some choices you have a utility
+function you have beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you have beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you have beliefs
+and now you should just you'd be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you should just you'd be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you should just you'd be done
+the order is completely irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order is completely irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order is completely irrelevant
+but it turns out that order effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that order effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that order effects
+often in fact are quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in fact are quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in fact are quite important
+in experiments and i think in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experiments and i think in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experiments and i think in the real
+world as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that's a great question in fact so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a great question in fact so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a great question in fact so we
+do um uh so a lot of these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um uh so a lot of these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um uh so a lot of these experiments
+and what i'm gonna uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm gonna uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm gonna uh uh
+tell you a little bit about this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about this as well
+a lot of the experimental evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the experimental evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the experimental evidence
+that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+uh collected so far has been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collected so far has been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collected so far has been uh
+collected in rich countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected in rich countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected in rich countries
+and western countries industrialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and western countries industrialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and western countries industrialized
+countries rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries rich
+and sort of educated people and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of educated people and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of educated people and so the
+the acronym for that is weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronym for that is weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronym for that is weird
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+so which is essentially think of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is essentially think of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is essentially think of a lot
+of experiments are done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments are done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments are done with
+uh mostly college students and uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly college students and uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly college students and uh sort
+of rich universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rich universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rich universities
+um in the world and you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the world and you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the world and you know their
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+uh might not be as so in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might not be as so in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might not be as so in some sense the
+hope is that we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that we sort of
+uh find universal sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find universal sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find universal sort of
+characteristics or parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or parameters of
+people's behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior
+but it's not unreasonable to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not unreasonable to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not unreasonable to think that
+in other societies people behave quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other societies people behave quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other societies people behave quite
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+and for example one thing that we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example one thing that we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example one thing that we find
+in india in part we do these kinds of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india in part we do these kinds of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india in part we do these kinds of um
+games with people and there sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with people and there sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with people and there sometimes
+people would say like well if i gave too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say like well if i gave too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say like well if i gave too
+much or if somebody else did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or if somebody else did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or if somebody else did
+often we have sort of these games where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we have sort of these games where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we have sort of these games where
+it's not just one choice but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just one choice but another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just one choice but another
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+and if somebody for example offers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody for example offers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody for example offers you
+too much money uh the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much money uh the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much money uh the other person
+reacts and say this is weird i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts and say this is weird i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts and say this is weird i can't
+accept this money because otherwise i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this money because otherwise i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this money because otherwise i
+would owe them some debt or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would owe them some debt or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would owe them some debt or the like
+so there's these kinds of behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's these kinds of behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's these kinds of behaviors
+where like in some sense it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like in some sense it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like in some sense it's more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+because of other reciprocity or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of other reciprocity or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of other reciprocity or other
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+in china and other countries there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and other countries there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and other countries there's a
+sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+clear culture of sort of reciprocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear culture of sort of reciprocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear culture of sort of reciprocity
+where people are fairly careful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are fairly careful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are fairly careful for
+example on whom to invite and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on whom to invite and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on whom to invite and so on and
+so forth and whom to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and whom to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and whom to accept
+uh presence and so on from because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presence and so on from because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presence and so on from because you
+know in some sense you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in some sense you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in some sense you have to
+reciprocate at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate at some point
+and if you're not able to do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not able to do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not able to do that uh
+that's very bad so i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very bad so i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very bad so i think that's
+exactly as you say it's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you say it's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you say it's a lot more
+complicated in many um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in many um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in many um
+settings yeah so just a quick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings yeah so just a quick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings yeah so just a quick question
+about the graph what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the graph what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the graph what is the
+y-axis it's the density it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis it's the density it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis it's the density it's like the
+the sort of dagger it adds up to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of dagger it adds up to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of dagger it adds up to one so
+essentially it's a fraction think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a fraction think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a fraction think of
+this as like the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like the fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like the fraction
+uh overall it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall it's essentially
+greater than one uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one uh it's the
+it's a so it's the dens it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a so it's the dens it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a so it's the dens it's a it's a
+pdf essentially it sort of adds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdf essentially it sort of adds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdf essentially it sort of adds up to
+its aggregates up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its aggregates up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its aggregates up to one
+so another version of that would be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another version of that would be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another version of that would be just
+a fraction of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of people
+but you can't have a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this is not the fraction this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not the fraction this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not the fraction this is like
+the uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this is the
+this is the pdf right yeah exactly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the pdf right yeah exactly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the pdf right yeah exactly it's
+the pdf that's essentially aggregates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pdf that's essentially aggregates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pdf that's essentially aggregates to
+one but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but you could
+you could relabel this and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could relabel this and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could relabel this and essentially
+look at the fraction of people the graft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the fraction of people the graft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the fraction of people the graft
+load would exactly look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load would exactly look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load would exactly look the same
+yes maybe you should just do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe you should just do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe you should just do that um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay so second let's talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so second let's talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so second let's talk a little
+bit about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about um
+uh time preferences so uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time preferences so uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time preferences so uh one
+interesting example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example and
+sometimes i think one of the things we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i think one of the things we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i think one of the things we'd
+like to encourage you in behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to encourage you in behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to encourage you in behavioral
+economics or in psychology and economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or in psychology and economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or in psychology and economics
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+look around in the world and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around in the world and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around in the world and think about
+what's weird or what kind of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's weird or what kind of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's weird or what kind of things in
+the world can we explain with behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world can we explain with behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world can we explain with behavioral
+economics or things that we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or things that we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or things that we see in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+and you know here's one example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know here's one example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know here's one example of that
+which is just a weird thing if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a weird thing if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a weird thing if you think
+about it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so this is
+uh bet um uh that's called um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bet um uh that's called um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bet um uh that's called um uh
+there's a sort of these betting agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of these betting agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of these betting agencies
+and one of these bets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of these bets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of these bets is
+where dieters can bet on their own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where dieters can bet on their own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where dieters can bet on their own uh
+weight loss um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss um
+success and they often lose so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and they often lose so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and they often lose so how does
+this work there's like william
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work there's like william
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work there's like william
+hill which is a sports betting agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill which is a sports betting agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill which is a sports betting agency
+and they offer all sorts of weird bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they offer all sorts of weird bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they offer all sorts of weird bets
+and one of them apparently is also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them apparently is also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them apparently is also some
+somewhat unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat unusual
+wagers where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are allowed to bet on their own weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to bet on their own weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to bet on their own weight
+loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss
+and in fact they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact they do that
+but they often lose while doing this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they often lose while doing this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they often lose while doing this now
+why is this like a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this like a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this like a weird
+bet what's weird about this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly so if you had perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so if you had perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so if you had perfect
+self-control and if you had perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control and if you had perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control and if you had perfect
+foresight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foresight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foresight
+in some sense if you understood kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense if you understood kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense if you understood kind of
+like what your preferences are and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what your preferences are and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what your preferences are and you
+have like plans for the next month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like plans for the next month or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like plans for the next month or
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+of course there's like unexpected things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's like unexpected things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's like unexpected things
+that could happen but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen but um
+you know if you sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you sort of um
+understood your preference as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood your preference as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood your preference as well and
+had perfect self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had perfect self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had perfect self-control
+you would know that either you can lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know that either you can lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know that either you can lose
+weight and then you would win the bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and then you would win the bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and then you would win the bet
+or um you would not lose weight but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um you would not lose weight but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um you would not lose weight but then
+you would not even uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not even uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not even uh
+uh start the bed in the first place but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start the bed in the first place but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start the bed in the first place but
+here over 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over 80
+of batters in fact lose so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of batters in fact lose so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of batters in fact lose so now
+how do we think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about that
+how do we explain to this behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so more specifically what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but there's two things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there's two things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there's two things going on
+potentially so one is self-control in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially so one is self-control in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially so one is self-control in a
+sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+i have low self-control i like eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have low self-control i like eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have low self-control i like eating
+donuts and i like eating donuts a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts and i like eating donuts a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts and i like eating donuts a lot
+so i'm not going to lose any weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to lose any weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to lose any weight
+anytime soon can that explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime soon can that explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime soon can that explain that
+behavior by itself or what else do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior by itself or what else do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior by itself or what else do we
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so what you need is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so what you need is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so what you need is some
+form of naivete or over optimism in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of naivete or over optimism in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of naivete or over optimism in a
+sense of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of saying like
+i know maybe today i know i like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know maybe today i know i like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know maybe today i know i like really
+like donuts but tomorrow um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like donuts but tomorrow um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like donuts but tomorrow um
+i'll just eat lots of salad right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just eat lots of salad right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just eat lots of salad right and
+sort of in some sense this is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some sense this is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some sense this is over
+optimism naivete but people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism naivete but people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism naivete but people are
+essentially naive about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially naive about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially naive about their
+future preferences plus there needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future preferences plus there needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future preferences plus there needs to
+be some form of like self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some form of like self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some form of like self-control
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+and that combination leads to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that combination leads to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that combination leads to these
+kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+bets so so one part is self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets so so one part is self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets so so one part is self-control
+problems the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the second part
+is uh sort of like an ivt over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of like an ivt over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of like an ivt over
+confidence putting these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence putting these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence putting these together
+could get some people to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get some people to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get some people to essentially
+engage in these kinds of bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in these kinds of bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in these kinds of bets
+is there some other motivation why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some other motivation why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some other motivation why you
+would engage in the spat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would engage in the spat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would engage in the spat
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so it could be that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it could be that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it could be that in some
+sense i'm just i'm just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i'm just i'm just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i'm just i'm just so
+one explanation is like i think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation is like i think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation is like i think this is
+a really great deal somebody offers me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really great deal somebody offers me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really great deal somebody offers me
+this great deal i'm just going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great deal i'm just going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great deal i'm just going to lose
+some weight i'm going to make a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weight i'm going to make a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weight i'm going to make a bunch of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+um and then afterwards i guess i'll eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then afterwards i guess i'll eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then afterwards i guess i'll eat
+a bunch of uh doughnuts so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of uh doughnuts so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of uh doughnuts so i don't
+really necessarily need to like want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really necessarily need to like want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really necessarily need to like want to
+lose weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose weight
+i just think it's a great deal so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just think it's a great deal so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just think it's a great deal so that's
+kind of like over confidence about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like over confidence about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like over confidence about my
+self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+then i engage in the bet it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i engage in the bet it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i engage in the bet it turns out
+actually i don't have self-control and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i don't have self-control and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i don't have self-control and i
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+the the money i need dots of doughnuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the money i need dots of doughnuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the money i need dots of doughnuts
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+the second thing that you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing that you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing that you're saying is
+well actually i might actually be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually i might actually be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually i might actually be aware
+of my self-control problems might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my self-control problems might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my self-control problems might
+actually understand that i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand that i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand that i have a
+self-control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem
+now i'm engaging in this bet because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm engaging in this bet because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm engaging in this bet because you
+know as it turns out on average i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as it turns out on average i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as it turns out on average i guess
+there's a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 20
+chance of me actually succeeding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of me actually succeeding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of me actually succeeding and
+perhaps the bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the bet
+itself might help me in achieving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself might help me in achieving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself might help me in achieving that
+goal so that's essentially some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so that's essentially some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so that's essentially some form of
+a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment
+device where engaging in that bet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device where engaging in that bet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device where engaging in that bet is
+helping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping me
+lose weight i might actually know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose weight i might actually know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose weight i might actually know and
+there's a question like are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question like are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question like are you
+fully sophisticated or perhaps partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sophisticated or perhaps partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sophisticated or perhaps partially
+or fully naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fully naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fully naive
+sometimes i might know that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i might know that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i might know that there's a
+good chance that i might actually lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chance that i might actually lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chance that i might actually lose
+the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+but it might be worth for me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be worth for me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be worth for me actually
+engaging in the bet because the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in the bet because the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in the bet because the value
+the expected value of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of uh
+losing weight might be higher uh than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing weight might be higher uh than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing weight might be higher uh than
+the loss of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss of money
+uh overall right so i think we said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall right so i think we said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall right so i think we said all
+um there's to say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's to say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's to say here
+so essentially there's either sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially there's either sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially there's either sort of uh
+again either people are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again either people are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again either people are just
+overconfident so naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident so naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident so naive
+second one is people might want to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is people might want to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is people might want to sell
+set themselves incentives to to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set themselves incentives to to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set themselves incentives to to lose
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+again you need some naivety in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you need some naivety in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you need some naivety in a sense
+of like or some stochasticity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like or some stochasticity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like or some stochasticity or
+something otherwise it couldn't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something otherwise it couldn't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something otherwise it couldn't be that
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+otherwise you know you would only engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know you would only engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know you would only engage
+in the bet if you know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bet if you know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bet if you know that it's
+actually helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful
+so it needs to be like some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to be like some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to be like some people
+either sort of it's stochastic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sort of it's stochastic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sort of it's stochastic or
+they're sort of partially naive in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of partially naive in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of partially naive in some
+sense they think there's a chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they think there's a chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they think there's a chance that
+it'll work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll work
+but in fact maybe they overestimate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact maybe they overestimate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact maybe they overestimate how
+high the chance of succeeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the chance of succeeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the chance of succeeding
+is so overall what this sort of reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so overall what this sort of reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so overall what this sort of reflects
+is there's a a conflict between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a a conflict between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a a conflict between
+short run and long run uh uh plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and long run uh uh plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and long run uh uh plans
+there's actually two things going on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two things going on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two things going on one
+is kind of like what you want in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like what you want in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like what you want in the
+short run might be different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run might be different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run might be different from what
+you wanted the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted the long run
+second one is like you might have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is like you might have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is like you might have sort
+of like imperfect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like imperfect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like imperfect uh
+foresight about that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say that were people allowed to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that were people allowed to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that were people allowed to deal
+with gain weight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gain weight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gain weight uh
+actually no you could you could try i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no you could you could try i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no you could you could try i
+actually don't know but um i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know but um i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know but um i think
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+probably easier to do i think um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easier to do i think um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easier to do i think um so
+maybe they wouldn't accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they wouldn't accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they wouldn't accept the
+bets or like the or you're sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets or like the or you're sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets or like the or you're sort of like
+uh uh quota would be worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh quota would be worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh quota would be worse
+yeah could there also be a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could there also be a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could there also be a change in
+utility where you started saying oh if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility where you started saying oh if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility where you started saying oh if i
+i'll get if i lose 10 pounds i'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get if i lose 10 pounds i'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get if i lose 10 pounds i'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time you're like oh eating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time you're like oh eating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time you're like oh eating is
+actually changing my eating habits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing my eating habits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing my eating habits is
+difficult oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult oh
+like working out is difficult so now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like working out is difficult so now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like working out is difficult so now i
+have to pay for five hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay for five hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay for five hundred dollars
+but not for example because i'm no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for example because i'm no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for example because i'm no
+longer as interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer as interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer as interested
+right you say in some sense uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say in some sense uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say in some sense uh uh
+there's sort of some learning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of some learning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of some learning uh
+uncertainty involved yeah i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty involved yeah i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty involved yeah i think that
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+could be the case for some people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case for some people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case for some people you
+would think you know for eighty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think you know for eighty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think you know for eighty percent
+of people they kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they kind of know
+their preferences by now so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences by now so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences by now so a lot of
+behaviors and have sort of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and have sort of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and have sort of the same
+issue like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue like you know
+uh i i'm chronically over optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i'm chronically over optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i'm chronically over optimistic
+about when i get up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when i get up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when i get up in the morning
+uh you know every night i'm sort of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know every night i'm sort of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know every night i'm sort of low
+tomorrow at a seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow at a seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow at a seven
+i get up and i sort of exercise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get up and i sort of exercise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get up and i sort of exercise and
+write a poem and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a poem and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a poem and so on and so forth
+and then you know that never happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know that never happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know that never happens so
+i think while you say there is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think while you say there is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think while you say there is sort of
+like potentially sort of uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like potentially sort of uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like potentially sort of uncertainty
+about the world and you might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world and you might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world and you might sort of
+uh just not know how hard um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just not know how hard um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just not know how hard um uh
+losing weight is in this example there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing weight is in this example there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing weight is in this example there's
+plenty of examples which are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples which are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples which are going to
+show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+is like where people over and over make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like where people over and over make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like where people over and over make
+the same sort of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of choices
+that seem to be not not optimal but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be not not optimal but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be not not optimal but you
+think you know people should have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know people should have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know people should have all
+the information they need and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information they need and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information they need and people
+should have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have um
+uh learned over time but i think part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learned over time but i think part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learned over time but i think part of
+that is like some explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like some explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like some explanation
+potentially is learning that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially is learning that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially is learning that's exactly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right okay so then um what we have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so then um what we have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so then um what we have then
+here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in
+in uh in our serbia i asked you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in our serbia i asked you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in our serbia i asked you two
+questions one was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one was like
+um how often uh do you think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how often uh do you think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how often uh do you think you should
+be exercising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exercising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exercising
+uh the other one is how often do you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other one is how often do you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other one is how often do you in
+fact exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact exercise
+these actually look quite similar they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually look quite similar they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually look quite similar they
+seem to be one person who thinks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be one person who thinks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be one person who thinks they
+should and they actually do exercise 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should and they actually do exercise 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should and they actually do exercise 50
+times a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a month
+which is very impressive i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very impressive i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very impressive i don't know
+whether you were truthful um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you were truthful um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you were truthful um uh
+you know who you are um but so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who you are um but so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who you are um but so if you
+sort of plot this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plot this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plot this um
+on sort of um against each other what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of um against each other what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of um against each other what
+you essentially see is quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially see is quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially see is quite a bit of
+mass below the 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass below the 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass below the 45 degree
+axis which is to say there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is to say there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is to say there's a bunch of
+people who say they should be exercising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who say they should be exercising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who say they should be exercising
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+than they actually do and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually do and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually do and that's sort of
+a typical pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical pattern
+in the world lots of people think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world lots of people think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world lots of people think in the
+future they should be doing things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future they should be doing things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future they should be doing things or
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+virtuous things in the future they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous things in the future they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous things in the future they would
+like to be sort of a better more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be sort of a better more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be sort of a better more
+virtuous more um healthy person than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous more um healthy person than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous more um healthy person than
+they actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually are
+so if you had to choose for like next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had to choose for like next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had to choose for like next
+months or next week or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or next week or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or next week or the like
+you would choose lots of virtues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would choose lots of virtues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would choose lots of virtues and
+good things for yourself but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things for yourself but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things for yourself but then you
+know if you had to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you had to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you had to choose
+for right now uh that might not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now uh that might not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now uh that might not actually
+happen and that sort of leads to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and that sort of leads to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and that sort of leads to this
+discrepancy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between
+uh uh people's desires and their actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh people's desires and their actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh people's desires and their actual
+behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+um which we're gonna then uh uh uh study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we're gonna then uh uh uh study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we're gonna then uh uh uh study
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh try and understand and then the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try and understand and then the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try and understand and then the broad
+question there then is to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there then is to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there then is to say well
+given that that's the case do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that that's the case do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that that's the case do people
+understand their behavior are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their behavior are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their behavior are they
+sophisticated and they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and they're sort of
+engaging in certain commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in certain commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in certain commitment devices
+or certain behaviors that might help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain behaviors that might help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain behaviors that might help
+them overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them overcome
+those types of issues so at the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of issues so at the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of issues so at the source
+of this conflict essentially what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this conflict essentially what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this conflict essentially what we
+call present bias which essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call present bias which essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call present bias which essentially is
+uh manifested in what we ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manifested in what we ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manifested in what we ask you about
+as well which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well which is
+ask you two questions about a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you two questions about a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you two questions about a choice
+between 100 in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 100 in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 100 in cash
+uh and 52 weeks from now versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and 52 weeks from now versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and 52 weeks from now versus
+50 x and 54 weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 x and 54 weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 x and 54 weeks from now
+if you think about 52 versus 54 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about 52 versus 54 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about 52 versus 54 weeks
+from now that's really far in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now that's really far in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now that's really far in the
+futures and two weeks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures and two weeks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures and two weeks really
+early or later really don't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early or later really don't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early or later really don't make a
+difference so most people probably say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so most people probably say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so most people probably say
+something like close to like a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like close to like a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like close to like a hundred
+if i instead ask you like right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i instead ask you like right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i instead ask you like right now
+would you like to have a hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to have a hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to have a hundred dollars
+versus in two weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in two weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in two weeks from now
+a lot more people say they'd rather have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more people say they'd rather have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more people say they'd rather have
+the hundred dollars now or like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred dollars now or like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred dollars now or like they
+essentially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like
+take like a lower um uh amount right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like a lower um uh amount right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like a lower um uh amount right now
+than like 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like 100
+in the future essentially because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future essentially because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future essentially because like
+right now they put a lot of weight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they put a lot of weight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they put a lot of weight into
+the present the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present the
+immediate present and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate present and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate present and that's what we
+refer to as like present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as like present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as like present bias
+essentially people put disproportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people put disproportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people put disproportional
+very high weight on the present compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high weight on the present compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high weight on the present compared
+to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything
+that's in the future and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the future and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the future and so when you
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+it's a little bit noisy and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit noisy and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit noisy and the question
+is not quite ideal because in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite ideal because in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite ideal because in some sense
+what i really would like to do is ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i really would like to do is ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i really would like to do is ask
+you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+52 weeks from now and 50 uh four weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 weeks from now and 50 uh four weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 weeks from now and 50 uh four weeks
+from now and then wait for a year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now and then wait for a year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now and then wait for a year and
+then ask you the exact same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask you the exact same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask you the exact same question
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+now i can't really wait for you uh to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can't really wait for you uh to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can't really wait for you uh to do
+that um so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so in some sense
+the circumstances in a year from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circumstances in a year from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circumstances in a year from now
+might be quite different from what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quite different from what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quite different from what they
+are now you might be richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now you might be richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now you might be richer
+like more educated wiser and so on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more educated wiser and so on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more educated wiser and so on uh
+but for what it's worth it does seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for what it's worth it does seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for what it's worth it does seem to
+be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that
+uh when you ask people about 100.52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you ask people about 100.52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you ask people about 100.52
+weeks versus 54 weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks versus 54 weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks versus 54 weeks from now
+the distribution is very close to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution is very close to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution is very close to like a
+hundred essentially you don't care very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred essentially you don't care very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred essentially you don't care very
+much about whether you get hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about whether you get hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about whether you get hundred
+dollars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in
+uh 52 weeks which is 54 weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 52 weeks which is 54 weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 52 weeks which is 54 weeks from now
+if you look at like hundred dollars now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at like hundred dollars now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at like hundred dollars now
+versus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh
+a hundred dollars and two weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars and two weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars and two weeks from now
+i have to pay you like a higher amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to pay you like a higher amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to pay you like a higher amount
+in two weeks from now to get you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two weeks from now to get you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two weeks from now to get you and
+different between now and two weeks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between now and two weeks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between now and two weeks from
+now which is kind of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is kind of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is kind of saying like
+you care more about today versus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care more about today versus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care more about today versus two
+weeks from now your discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now your discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now your discount rate
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+today and two weeks from now is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and two weeks from now is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and two weeks from now is higher
+than it is from 52 versus 54 weeks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is from 52 versus 54 weeks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is from 52 versus 54 weeks from
+now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah
+i was wondering how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was wondering how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was wondering how you could
+distinguish this kind of time preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish this kind of time preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish this kind of time preference
+and kind of expectation of risk like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of expectation of risk like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of expectation of risk like for
+example if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if your
+money now is more certain than doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now is more certain than doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now is more certain than doing it
+from now when i when that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now when i when that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now when i when that might
+not see you again but if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see you again but if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see you again but if i look at
+institutions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions before
+yes so just uh uh to repeat the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so just uh uh to repeat the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so just uh uh to repeat the question
+the question is like uh what about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is like uh what about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is like uh what about risk
+so if i ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i ask you
+a hundred dollars now and i give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars now and i give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars now and i give you a
+hundred dollars bill and say or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars bill and say or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars bill and say or you know
+uh some money in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some money in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some money in the future
+who knows whether i'm gonna like show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows whether i'm gonna like show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows whether i'm gonna like show up
+and actually give you the money and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually give you the money and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually give you the money and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh uh there's reason to be uh skeptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's reason to be uh skeptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's reason to be uh skeptical
+i will be here in two weeks don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will be here in two weeks don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will be here in two weeks don't worry
+um uh but so um there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but so um there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but so um there's a bunch of
+experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that
+in fact try to deal with that fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact try to deal with that fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact try to deal with that fairly
+carefully so they would do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so they would do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so they would do things like
+they give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give the
+in some experiments with students they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some experiments with students they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some experiments with students they
+give the professor's um office name they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the professor's um office name they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the professor's um office name they
+have the phone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the phone number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the phone number
+the the business card uh uh they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the business card uh uh they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the business card uh uh they even
+give like checks that are sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give like checks that are sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give like checks that are sent
+automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+so they're sort of like people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're sort of like people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're sort of like people try to
+deal with that it's a great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that it's a great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that it's a great uh
+question in fact there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in fact there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in fact there's lots of
+research in that that tries to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in that that tries to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in that that tries to do that
+some people said well this present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said well this present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said well this present bias
+is actually not real that you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not real that you find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not real that you find in
+these types of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of experiments
+but then people have been very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then people have been very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then people have been very very
+careful and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and trying to
+disentangle risk from time preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle risk from time preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle risk from time preferences
+and they find essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find essentially
+even if you try to like minimize risk as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you try to like minimize risk as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you try to like minimize risk as
+much as possible in those experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible in those experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible in those experiments
+present bias seems to uh persist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias seems to uh persist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias seems to uh persist in
+those kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of uh
+choices yeah i'm curious about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices yeah i'm curious about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices yeah i'm curious about the
+reasoning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning um
+being indifferent between 100 now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being indifferent between 100 now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being indifferent between 100 now and
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+dollars uh you have to ask your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars uh you have to ask your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars uh you have to ask your
+classmates about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates about that
+uh uh um you know it could be that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um you know it could be that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um you know it could be that in
+some sense you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you say
+uh if you for example say uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you for example say uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you for example say uh you know
+that you tend to waste money in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tend to waste money in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tend to waste money in certain
+situations maybe you're really tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations maybe you're really tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations maybe you're really tired
+today and you're just gonna say i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you're just gonna say i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you're just gonna say i'm
+gonna waste the money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna waste the money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna waste the money on
+on hamburgers you might sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hamburgers you might sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hamburgers you might sort of say
+maybe in a week from now things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a week from now things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a week from now things are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+i think there's lots of explanation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there's lots of explanation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there's lots of explanation that
+you couldn't come up with again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't come up with again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't come up with again
+you have to ask your classmates and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask your classmates and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask your classmates and what
+they were thinking if anybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were thinking if anybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were thinking if anybody has
+an explanation please let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think one broad bottom line from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think one broad bottom line from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think one broad bottom line from this
+in these kinds of experiments you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these kinds of experiments you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these kinds of experiments you see a
+lot of behavior that looks kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of behavior that looks kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of behavior that looks kind of uh
+you know there's lots of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of potential
+anomalies like there's lots of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies like there's lots of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies like there's lots of noise
+essentially in some of those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in some of those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in some of those kinds of
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+um in aggregate you know uh things often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in aggregate you know uh things often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in aggregate you know uh things often
+look sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of
+the patterns sort of emerge but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns sort of emerge but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns sort of emerge but there's
+lots of people make choices that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people make choices that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people make choices that are in
+fact hard to rationalize and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact hard to rationalize and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact hard to rationalize and we're
+trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sort of
+look at sort of aggregate patterns well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sort of aggregate patterns well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sort of aggregate patterns well
+mostly things are sort of systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly things are sort of systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly things are sort of systematic
+uh but you know there's some people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know there's some people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know there's some people you
+know they're on the very left you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're on the very left you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're on the very left you know
+maybe these are just mistakes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these are just mistakes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these are just mistakes for
+example or they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or they just
+misunderstood the question or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood the question or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood the question or you know
+there's typos and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typos and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typos and so on and so forth
+okay so like let me sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like let me sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like let me sort of just
+summarize here so there's um uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize here so there's um uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize here so there's um uh people
+tend to be fairly uh patient for far-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be fairly uh patient for far-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be fairly uh patient for far-off
+decisions so in the future you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so in the future you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so in the future you're
+actually quite patient between stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite patient between stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite patient between stuff
+that happens between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens between like
+again like a year from now two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like a year from now two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like a year from now two years
+from now five years from now people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now five years from now people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now five years from now people
+invest all sorts of things for the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest all sorts of things for the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest all sorts of things for the far
+away future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away future
+but when it comes to immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it comes to immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it comes to immediately
+relevant decisions people tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant decisions people tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant decisions people tend to be
+quite impatient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite impatient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite impatient
+you care a lot about right now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care a lot about right now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care a lot about right now what
+happens the next maybe a day or the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the next maybe a day or the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the next maybe a day or the next
+few hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hours
+you care a lot about that much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care a lot about that much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care a lot about that much more than
+like um a week or two or like even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um a week or two or like even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um a week or two or like even like
+a year from now so there's then two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year from now so there's then two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year from now so there's then two
+broad questions that we're gonna look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad questions that we're gonna look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad questions that we're gonna look at
+one is sort of evidence of those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is sort of evidence of those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is sort of evidence of those kinds
+of uh conflicts between the current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh conflicts between the current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh conflicts between the current and
+future selves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future selves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future selves
+in terms of like short-run desires and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like short-run desires and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like short-run desires and
+long-run goals and you know we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run goals and you know we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run goals and you know we kind of
+try and find evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and find evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and find evidence of
+of that second we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second we're going to look at
+like whether and how people predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether and how people predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether and how people predict
+their future utility and behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future utility and behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future utility and behavior
+and that's sort of a general pattern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of a general pattern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of a general pattern in
+behavioral economics so in psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics so in psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics so in psychology
+and economics is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics is to say
+actually the fact that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact that people are
+present bias itself is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias itself is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias itself is not a
+huge problem in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem in the sense of like
+causing like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing like um
+uh sort of welfare losses or uh making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of welfare losses or uh making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of welfare losses or uh making
+people unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people unhappy
+as long as people are sophisticated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as people are sophisticated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as people are sophisticated so
+as long as i know i have self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as i know i have self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as i know i have self-control
+problems and i'm fully aware of them i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and i'm fully aware of them i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and i'm fully aware of them i
+can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of
+set my decision environment or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set my decision environment or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set my decision environment or my
+choices such that i can actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices such that i can actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices such that i can actually sort of
+mitigate a lot of these biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate a lot of these biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate a lot of these biases
+in part because i can buy certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because i can buy certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because i can buy certain
+commitment devices i can sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices i can sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices i can sort of like
+set alarm clocks and all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set alarm clocks and all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set alarm clocks and all sorts of things
+that might sort of help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might sort of help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might sort of help me
+improve my behavior the problem comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve my behavior the problem comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve my behavior the problem comes
+from like naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like naivete
+and then to say if i have self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to say if i have self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to say if i have self-control
+problems and i'm naive on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and i'm naive on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and i'm naive on top of that
+then i might get really screwed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i might get really screwed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i might get really screwed because
+i think you know oh i'm gonna go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know oh i'm gonna go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know oh i'm gonna go do
+stuff in the future i'll do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the future i'll do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the future i'll do it in the
+future and so on and then the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and so on and then the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and so on and then the future
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+and surprise i'm like really still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprise i'm like really still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprise i'm like really still have
+like i'm still present bias and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm still present bias and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm still present bias and have
+like self-control problems so if i sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like self-control problems so if i sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like self-control problems so if i sort
+of think that i'm have more self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think that i'm have more self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think that i'm have more self-control
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+actually have that might cause a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have that might cause a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have that might cause a lot of
+like bad behaviors or problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bad behaviors or problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bad behaviors or problems
+uh uh because i make sort of mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh because i make sort of mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh because i make sort of mistakes
+that are then hard to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are then hard to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are then hard to fix
+in the future that's sort of a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future that's sort of a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future that's sort of a general
+pattern about behavioral economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern about behavioral economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern about behavioral economics
+similar issues like for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar issues like for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar issues like for example you
+think about memory if i have imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about memory if i have imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about memory if i have imperfect
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+uh that's of course potentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's of course potentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's of course potentially a
+problem but i can sort of fix it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but i can sort of fix it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but i can sort of fix it in some
+sense like i can set myself reminders i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like i can set myself reminders i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like i can set myself reminders i
+can help sort of other people have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help sort of other people have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help sort of other people have them
+remind me and so on i can set my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me and so on i can set my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me and so on i can set my
+decision environments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision environments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision environments that
+like i can account for sort of imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i can account for sort of imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i can account for sort of imperfect
+memory the problem comes if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the problem comes if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the problem comes if i'm
+overconfident if i sort of think i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident if i sort of think i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident if i sort of think i can't
+remember everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything
+i talk to people never take notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talk to people never take notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talk to people never take notes and
+yeah i'll remember but then like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'll remember but then like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'll remember but then like you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh an hour later i've forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an hour later i've forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an hour later i've forgotten
+everything that really leads to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that really leads to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that really leads to to
+problems and again it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and again it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and again it's sort of like
+it's not the sort of the bias itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the sort of the bias itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the sort of the bias itself in
+terms of having sort of imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of having sort of imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of having sort of imperfect
+uh uh cognitive function or the like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh cognitive function or the like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh cognitive function or the like but
+rather sort of the overconfidence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather sort of the overconfidence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather sort of the overconfidence of the
+same that often leads to uh welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that often leads to uh welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that often leads to uh welfare
+losses or sort of making people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses or sort of making people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses or sort of making people
+unhappy or making sort of inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy or making sort of inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy or making sort of inferior
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+okay um so let me talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let me talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let me talk about
+um uh uh beliefs then for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh beliefs then for a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh beliefs then for a bit
+so one a broad set of like beliefs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one a broad set of like beliefs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one a broad set of like beliefs or
+sorry was any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry was any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry was any other questions about
+preferences yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences yes
+yeah for depressant bias is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for depressant bias is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for depressant bias is it
+in general symmetrical compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general symmetrical compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general symmetrical compared to
+loss versus pain so do people prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss versus pain so do people prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss versus pain so do people prefer to
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah we'll talk about that in fact sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll talk about that in fact sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll talk about that in fact sort
+of in some sense uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in some sense uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in some sense uh people
+tend to so essentially people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to so essentially people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to so essentially people like to
+have gains in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gains in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gains in the future
+and loss sorry gains in the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loss sorry gains in the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loss sorry gains in the present and
+future losses in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future losses in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future losses in the future
+right in some sense think of it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some sense think of it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some sense think of it like
+this you put more weight on the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you put more weight on the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you put more weight on the present
+utility than you put on the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility than you put on the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility than you put on the future
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+well how do you do that well you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you do that well you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you do that well you you
+want to have more gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have more gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have more gains
+and fewer sort of losses or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer sort of losses or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer sort of losses or negative
+things going on that is not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on that is not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on that is not to say that
+like loss aversion always happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like loss aversion always happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like loss aversion always happens
+uh so lots of version as a concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so lots of version as a concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so lots of version as a concept of
+like gains and losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gains and losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gains and losses
+you're a loss of ears in the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a loss of ears in the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a loss of ears in the present and
+you're also loss of ears in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also loss of ears in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also loss of ears in the future
+but if you sort of could pick would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you sort of could pick would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you sort of could pick would you
+rather have like a gain in the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have like a gain in the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have like a gain in the present
+or a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a loss
+or a gain or loss in the present versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a gain or loss in the present versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a gain or loss in the present versus
+in the future you would tend to say i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future you would tend to say i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future you would tend to say i'd
+rather have the gain now and the loss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the gain now and the loss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the gain now and the loss in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+precisely because you overweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because you overweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because you overweight
+essentially um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um uh
+the present period or your utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present period or your utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present period or your utility
+i don't know that but we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know that but we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know that but we will talk about
+that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah
+okay so let me talk about now um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me talk about now um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me talk about now um uh
+beliefs and sort of like information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and sort of like information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and sort of like information
+updating so one sort of very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating so one sort of very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating so one sort of very basic
+question that i think we ask you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i think we ask you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i think we ask you and
+um uh that's like a classic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's like a classic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's like a classic question
+that like people like conor manninsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like people like conor manninsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like people like conor manninsky
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+would often ask uh which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often ask uh which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often ask uh which is sort of
+essentially the question suppose um 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the question suppose um 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the question suppose um 100
+people have hiv we have a test for hiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have hiv we have a test for hiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have hiv we have a test for hiv
+that's 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 99
+accurate this means that if a person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate this means that if a person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate this means that if a person has
+hiv the test returns a positive result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv the test returns a positive result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv the test returns a positive result
+with 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 99
+probability and the person does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the person does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the person does not have
+hiv a deterrence or negative result with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv a deterrence or negative result with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv a deterrence or negative result with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if a person's hiv test came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if a person's hiv test came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if a person's hiv test came
+back positive what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back positive what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back positive what's the probability
+that she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has
+hiv now that's a very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv now that's a very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv now that's a very straightforward
+question that you can that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you can that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you can that there's a
+clear correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear correct answer
+if you know bayes rule you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know bayes rule you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know bayes rule you can
+essentially just calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just calculate that
+i'm sure it's somewhere in statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure it's somewhere in statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure it's somewhere in statistics
+etc people have taught you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc people have taught you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc people have taught you that
+now um 20 22 of this class sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um 20 22 of this class sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um 20 22 of this class sort of
+answered 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered 99
+that's usually sort of the classic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually sort of the classic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually sort of the classic uh
+what's called like base rate neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called like base rate neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called like base rate neglect
+uh uh for what it's worth you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for what it's worth you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for what it's worth you guys are
+much better than previous years i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than previous years i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than previous years i don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+why that is but uh maybe people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is but uh maybe people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is but uh maybe people get
+smarter over time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter over time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter over time um
+but you know still this is sort of mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know still this is sort of mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know still this is sort of mit
+if sort of 20 of mit students get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if sort of 20 of mit students get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if sort of 20 of mit students get this
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+surely the fraction in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely the fraction in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely the fraction in the general
+population who gets that wrong is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population who gets that wrong is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population who gets that wrong is a lot
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+and sort of the typical sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the typical sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the typical sort of
+explanation is that they're sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that they're sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that they're sort of like
+what's called base rate neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called base rate neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called base rate neglect
+they're probably sort of the logic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably sort of the logic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably sort of the logic is
+something like this like a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this like a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this like a positive
+person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will
+probably uh receive a positive result if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh receive a positive result if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh receive a positive result if
+she says it positive she's likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says it positive she's likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says it positive she's likely to be
+hiv positive and sort of then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv positive and sort of then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv positive and sort of then that's
+sort of 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 99
+percent now that's sort of a very sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent now that's sort of a very sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent now that's sort of a very sort
+of natural and sort of easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural and sort of easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural and sort of easy
+answer in particular if you only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in particular if you only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in particular if you only had
+like five or ten seconds to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or ten seconds to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or ten seconds to answer this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+that sort of a natural response many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a natural response many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a natural response many
+people would make usually the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would make usually the fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would make usually the fraction
+of people who would say 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who would say 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who would say 99
+would be a lot higher people like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot higher people like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot higher people like maybe
+half or more in previous years i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or more in previous years i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or more in previous years i think
+it was about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about half
+and very few people in fact would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very few people in fact would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very few people in fact would give
+the correct answer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer of
+50 and sort of the mistake here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and sort of the mistake here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and sort of the mistake here is
+essentially what's called sort of base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's called sort of base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's called sort of base
+rate neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate neglect
+is sort of to ignore the fact that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of to ignore the fact that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of to ignore the fact that in
+fact the population the base rate is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the population the base rate is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the population the base rate is in
+fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um
+uh very low it's only one percent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very low it's only one percent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very low it's only one percent and
+you should sort of condition on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sort of condition on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sort of condition on that
+when you try to try to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to try to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to try to solve this
+um problem so here's sort of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problem so here's sort of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problem so here's sort of what you
+see so 50 is the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so 50 is the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so 50 is the correct answer
+if i remember right but like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i remember right but like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i remember right but like there's
+lots of spread around this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of spread around this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of spread around this and the
+the fraction of people who get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people who get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people who get it right
+is maybe like 50 or even even uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe like 50 or even even uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe like 50 or even even uh
+lower than that so now in some sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that so now in some sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that so now in some sense you
+can sort of look at this and look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of look at this and look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of look at this and look and
+the answer is like 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is like 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is like 50
+the the key part here is not like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key part here is not like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key part here is not like is
+this a specific problem and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a specific problem and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a specific problem and some people
+may be misunderstood and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be misunderstood and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be misunderstood and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+the point here is that this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that this is actually
+a fairly basic problem in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly basic problem in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly basic problem in terms of like
+uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability
+uh a theory this is like a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a theory this is like a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a theory this is like a very simple
+problem to solve in a sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve in a sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve in a sense of like
+if you think about like what real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about like what real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about like what real
+problems you need to solve in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you need to solve in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you need to solve in the world
+the world is way more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is way more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is way more complicated than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+however um even among mit students like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um even among mit students like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um even among mit students like
+something like half or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like half or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like half or
+a half of the students when given like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of the students when given like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of the students when given like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+several minutes at least you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several minutes at least you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several minutes at least you think about
+this and i don't know how much time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and i don't know how much time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and i don't know how much time you
+took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took
+but when given quite a bit of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when given quite a bit of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when given quite a bit of time to
+think about it get the answer wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it get the answer wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it get the answer wrong
+that means essentially in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means essentially in many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means essentially in many other
+decisions you have to act much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you have to act much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you have to act much faster
+people don't think about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't think about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't think about these things
+that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+people have not taken statistics people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have not taken statistics people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have not taken statistics people
+have not taken math and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not taken math and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not taken math and so on
+um and so so the fraction of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so the fraction of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so the fraction of people who
+would sort of get these very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of get these very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of get these very basic
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+is probably much higher uh let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably much higher uh let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably much higher uh let alone
+sort of much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of much more complicated
+problems so broadly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so broadly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so broadly speaking
+uh these problems are hard often what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these problems are hard often what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these problems are hard often what we
+sort of do when we have cognitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do when we have cognitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do when we have cognitively
+demanding tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding tasks
+we tend to have sort of quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to have sort of quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to have sort of quick and
+intuitive shortcuts in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive shortcuts in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive shortcuts in some sense
+uh think about sort of the problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think about sort of the problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think about sort of the problems are
+really hard we try to sort of simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard we try to sort of simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard we try to sort of simplify
+and make it easier for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it easier for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it easier for us
+we give sort of intuitive answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give sort of intuitive answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give sort of intuitive answers to
+those types of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of questions
+these intuitive answers are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intuitive answers are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intuitive answers are actually
+often not bad they're actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often not bad they're actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often not bad they're actually pretty
+close in many situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in many situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in many situations
+but often they sort of systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often they sort of systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often they sort of systematically
+lead to uh incorrect answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to uh incorrect answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to uh incorrect answers
+and sort of essentially then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of essentially then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of essentially then there's a
+whole field of essentially cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field of essentially cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field of essentially cognitive
+psychology and so on that tries to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and so on that tries to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and so on that tries to think
+about essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about essentially
+what kind of biases arise and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of biases arise and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of biases arise and in
+particular kahneman and tversky who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kahneman and tversky who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kahneman and tversky who who
+danny kind of are not a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danny kind of are not a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danny kind of are not a sort of
+psychologist who got the nobel prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who got the nobel prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who got the nobel prize in
+economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+with those sort of experiments uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those sort of experiments uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those sort of experiments uh and
+you may have read sort of thinking fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have read sort of thinking fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have read sort of thinking fast
+and slow with their experiments they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slow with their experiments they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slow with their experiments they
+essentially demonstrated a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially demonstrated a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially demonstrated a large number
+of those kinds of anomalies and biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those kinds of anomalies and biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those kinds of anomalies and biases
+in people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's
+cognition if you want in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition if you want in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition if you want in terms of like
+heuristics that they use for these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics that they use for these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics that they use for these kinds
+of probability and other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability and other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability and other problems
+and these are sort of systematic biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sort of systematic biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sort of systematic biases
+these are not so of random mistakes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not so of random mistakes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not so of random mistakes that
+are sort of added to people's choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of added to people's choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of added to people's choices
+people systematically in in systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people systematically in in systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people systematically in in systematic
+ways deviate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways deviate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways deviate from
+sort of optimal uh uh choices or optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of optimal uh uh choices or optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of optimal uh uh choices or optimal
+calculate or correct calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or correct calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or correct calculations
+and the question is can we sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is can we sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is can we sort of like
+understand the systematic biases better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the systematic biases better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the systematic biases better
+and then sort of try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of try to explain
+behavior systematically and if we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior systematically and if we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior systematically and if we sort
+of understood these mistakes better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understood these mistakes better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understood these mistakes better
+well then we could sort of potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we could sort of potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we could sort of potentially
+fix the mistakes and sort of improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the mistakes and sort of improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the mistakes and sort of improve
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+decision making okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making okay
+um there's another uh question that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's another uh question that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's another uh question that you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+worked reasonably well but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked reasonably well but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked reasonably well but it's sort of
+in some sense mit is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense mit is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense mit is a little bit of
+special population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special population
+which is the question of overconfidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question of overconfidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question of overconfidence
+and it's a little bit hard to elicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit hard to elicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit hard to elicit
+with a simple survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple survey
+so what we were asking you about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we were asking you about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we were asking you about like
+what's the probability of you yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of you yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of you yourself
+um would earn like a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would earn like a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would earn like a lot of money
+versus what's the probability of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what's the probability of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what's the probability of what
+students in your class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in your class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in your class
+would make this type of money now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make this type of money now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make this type of money now if you
+sort of think about these two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about these two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about these two questions
+at least under some assumptions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least under some assumptions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least under some assumptions they
+should add up to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to the same
+number so essentially everybody if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so essentially everybody if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so essentially everybody if you
+argue it over everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it over everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it over everybody
+if people's expectations are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people's expectations are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people's expectations are correct
+that should add up to the same number at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should add up to the same number at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should add up to the same number at
+least under some assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least under some assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least under some assumptions
+usually they do not the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they do not the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they do not the difference is
+actually relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively small
+mit is like a little bit of a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit is like a little bit of a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit is like a little bit of a special
+population in a sense like if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in a sense like if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in a sense like if you look
+at like surveys across the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like surveys across the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like surveys across the world
+for example if you think about like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you think about like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you think about like uh
+driving behavior in the world something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving behavior in the world something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving behavior in the world something
+like 90 95 percent of drivers think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 90 95 percent of drivers think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 90 95 percent of drivers think
+they're better than the median driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're better than the median driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're better than the median driver
+lots of people think they're better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people think they're better than
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people think they're better than
+the smarter than the the median person
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+ align:start position:0%
+the smarter than the the median person
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smarter than the the median person
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+a lot there's lots of evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot there's lots of evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot there's lots of evidence of
+overconfidence in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence in the world
+so mit is something we had actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mit is something we had actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mit is something we had actually an
+opposite issue which is like under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite issue which is like under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite issue which is like under
+confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+when you look at like uh student surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at like uh student surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at like uh student surveys
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+there's quite a bit of evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite a bit of evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite a bit of evidence that
+essentially and i'll show you this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and i'll show you this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and i'll show you this in
+fact in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in class
+about like the typical mit students sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the typical mit students sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the typical mit students sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think they're like worse than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think they're like worse than the
+average mit student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average mit student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average mit student
+so uh they seem to hear some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh they seem to hear some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh they seem to hear some
+overconfidence here but it's in fact not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence here but it's in fact not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence here but it's in fact not
+particularly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um
+uh uh uh strong so there you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh strong so there you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh strong so there you can sort of
+see there's like some over and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's like some over and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's like some over and under
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence perhaps there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence perhaps there's a little bit
+of overconfidence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overconfidence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overconfidence here
+but in fact it's it's fairly weak uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's it's fairly weak uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's it's fairly weak uh but
+overall as a pattern in the world there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall as a pattern in the world there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall as a pattern in the world there
+seems to be quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be quite a bit of
+overconfidence in many situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence in many situations
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence in many situations
+and then the question is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question is does
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question is does
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence lead to sort of bad
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfidence lead to sort of bad
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're overconfident about certain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're overconfident about certain
+situations well then you're going to
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+ align:start position:0%
+situations well then you're going to
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+situations well then you're going to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail a lot because you sort of do stuff
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+ align:start position:0%
+fail a lot because you sort of do stuff
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
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+that
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+ align:start position:0%
+is too difficult for you if you're
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+ align:start position:0%
+is too difficult for you if you're
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+ align:start position:0%
+underconfident you might not sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+underconfident you might not sort of
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+ align:start position:0%
+engage in certain behaviors and sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try things that would be good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try things that would be good for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+in fact maddie who is currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact maddie who is currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact maddie who is currently
+traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+one of your tas had some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your tas had some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your tas had some very
+interesting work in india about women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work in india about women
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work in india about women
+being underconfident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being underconfident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being underconfident
+and thus sort of not uh trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus sort of not uh trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus sort of not uh trying to
+convince the household members or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the household members or their
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the household members or their
+their husbands and so on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their husbands and so on to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+their husbands and so on to
+to try and work in the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and work in the labor market
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and work in the labor market
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates that leads to sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates that leads to sort of
+lower labor supply earnings and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower labor supply earnings and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower labor supply earnings and so on
+and so forth so if you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so if you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so if you sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+underconfident you might not try certain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+underconfident you might not try certain
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+ align:start position:0%
+things that might be good for you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might be good for you
+and then the problem is if you never try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the problem is if you never try
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the problem is if you never try
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might actually never learn about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might actually never learn about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right if you never even try it
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+
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+it right if you never even try it
+yourself then you might never even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself then you might never even
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself then you might never even
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail or learn that you might be actually
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail or learn that you might be actually
+able to do that so these potential traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that so these potential traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that so these potential traps
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+underconfidence or if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underconfidence or if you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+underconfidence or if you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident uh you might just fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident uh you might just fail
+um uh uh uh because you try things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh because you try things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh because you try things
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not good for you
+um and then there's sort of um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's sort of um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's sort of um other
+issues about motivated beliefs that's i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about motivated beliefs that's i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about motivated beliefs that's i
+discussed this already last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this already last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this already last time
+which is the idea that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the idea that you might be
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+
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+which is the idea that you might be
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+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident not because you actually
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident not because you actually
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+necessarily
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+necessarily
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+ align:start position:0%
+believe or deeply believe sort of like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what you like to believe but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you like to believe but in fact
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you like to believe but in fact
+because it just makes you feel good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just makes you feel good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just makes you feel good
+about the world about yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world about yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world about yourself
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i might not actually if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i might not actually if you really
+ask me like i'm a
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+ align:start position:0%
+ask me like i'm a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me like i'm a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+better driver than the median driver i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+better driver than the median driver i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not actually sort of necessarily
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not actually sort of necessarily
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make me think about it i might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make me think about it i might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree that that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree that that's not the case
+but you know i like to think about i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know i like to think about i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know i like to think about i do
+things well so in some sense i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well so in some sense i might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well so in some sense i might
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+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just say yes because it makes me
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just say yes because it makes me
+feel good about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel good about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel good about um
+myself so essentially uh overconfidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so essentially uh overconfidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so essentially uh overconfidence
+could be driven by motivated beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be driven by motivated beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be driven by motivated beliefs
+um uh and that's sort of another topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and that's sort of another topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and that's sort of another topic
+that we're gonna uh try and study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna uh try and study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna uh try and study
+okay uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh okay
+so then um now as i said you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then um now as i said you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then um now as i said you know there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh preferences and beliefs that we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preferences and beliefs that we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preferences and beliefs that we study
+so in some sense you know preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you know preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you know preferences
+about what you want beliefs is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you want beliefs is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you want beliefs is about
+what you think the world is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think the world is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think the world is like
+now putting these together as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now putting these together as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now putting these together as i said
+people's choices should be entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's choices should be entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's choices should be entirely
+determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+but that tends to be not the case and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that tends to be not the case and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that tends to be not the case and so
+the one classic survey that's a a survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one classic survey that's a a survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one classic survey that's a a survey
+question or like a version of a survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or like a version of a survey
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or like a version of a survey
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that
+uh richard taylor who won the nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh richard taylor who won the nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh richard taylor who won the nobel
+prize recently in economics uh had sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize recently in economics uh had sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize recently in economics uh had sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+asked a bunch of people which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a bunch of people which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a bunch of people which is the
+following um the question is imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um the question is imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um the question is imagine
+that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are
+about to purchase an ipad for 500 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to purchase an ipad for 500 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to purchase an ipad for 500 the
+salesman tells you that you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesman tells you that you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesman tells you that you can get the
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+uh good in a nearby location for 15 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good in a nearby location for 15 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good in a nearby location for 15 off
+you would need to walk for 30 minutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to walk for 30 minutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to walk for 30 minutes in
+total would you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total would you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total would you go
+to the other store okay so you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other store okay so you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other store okay so you look at
+this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+well if an economist looks at this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if an economist looks at this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if an economist looks at this the
+question is like okay there's some cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like okay there's some cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like okay there's some cost
+of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking
+it's tedious to walk maybe it's raining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tedious to walk maybe it's raining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tedious to walk maybe it's raining
+maybe not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not um
+and then you have some value of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have some value of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have some value of time
+either your value of time is like for 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either your value of time is like for 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either your value of time is like for 30
+minutes is below or above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is below or above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is below or above
+15 if the answer is your value of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 if the answer is your value of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 if the answer is your value of time
+is higher you're not gonna walk if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher you're not gonna walk if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher you're not gonna walk if your
+answer is the value of time is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the value of time is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the value of time is lower
+you're going to walk case closed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to walk case closed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to walk case closed you
+should have done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done and
+you know your preferences you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your preferences you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your preferences you know you
+have all the information you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the information you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the information you need
+now i'm asking you like a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm asking you like a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm asking you like a related
+question which is in fact the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is in fact the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is in fact the exact same
+questions if you think about it except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you think about it except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you think about it except
+for what's different is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's different is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's different is like
+it's about an ipad versus an ipad case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about an ipad versus an ipad case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about an ipad versus an ipad case
+i'm asking you the exact same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm asking you the exact same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm asking you the exact same question
+which is the question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question about
+would you walk for half an hour for 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you walk for half an hour for 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you walk for half an hour for 15
+so again either your uh your value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again either your uh your value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again either your uh your value of
+time is above or below 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is above or below 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is above or below 15
+for 30 minutes if the answer is yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30 minutes if the answer is yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30 minutes if the answer is yes you
+should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say
+if your value of time is higher you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your value of time is higher you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your value of time is higher you
+should say no to both questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say no to both questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say no to both questions
+if the value of time is lower you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the value of time is lower you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the value of time is lower you should
+say yes to both questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes to both questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes to both questions
+but notice here the questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice here the questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice here the questions are
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+the only thing that's changing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's changing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's changing is
+essentially the value of the item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the value of the item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the value of the item
+now why might people still say different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why might people still say different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why might people still say different
+things or what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or what what's
+what's potentially affecting behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's potentially affecting behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's potentially affecting behavior
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly so we're thinking in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so we're thinking in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so we're thinking in uh in
+relative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative terms
+which is to say the 15 seems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say the 15 seems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say the 15 seems kind of
+pretty small when it comes to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small when it comes to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small when it comes to 5
+when it compares to 500. that's to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it compares to 500. that's to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it compares to 500. that's to say
+500 is a lot of money so if you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 is a lot of money so if you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 is a lot of money so if you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well sort of whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well sort of whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well sort of whatever the
+15 more or less it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 more or less it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 more or less it doesn't really matter
+but when you spend 30 like 15 is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you spend 30 like 15 is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you spend 30 like 15 is like
+half of that like you know it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that like you know it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that like you know it's like a
+lot of money so you get like 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money so you get like 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money so you get like 15
+off that would be like a really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that would be like a really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that would be like a really great
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+to get but when you think about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get but when you think about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get but when you think about sort of
+now going back and this is i guess when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back and this is i guess when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back and this is i guess when
+you go back to like a recitation look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to like a recitation look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to like a recitation look at
+utility maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization
+there's no place for like these relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no place for like these relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no place for like these relative
+considerations when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations when you
+maximize utility it would be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize utility it would be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize utility it would be like the
+utility of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of like
+this potentially consumption items and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potentially consumption items and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potentially consumption items and
+so on these are all in absolute terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on these are all in absolute terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on these are all in absolute terms
+and either you know money makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either you know money makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either you know money makes you
+happy or not or walking makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy or not or walking makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy or not or walking makes you
+unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy
+there's no relative comparison here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no relative comparison here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no relative comparison here
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+yet what seems to be really important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet what seems to be really important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet what seems to be really important is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these relative cons uh uh these relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relative cons uh uh these relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relative cons uh uh these relative
+concerns and when you look at this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns and when you look at this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns and when you look at this um
+this question this is i think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question this is i think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question this is i think one of the
+questions that's the most robust i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that's the most robust i found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that's the most robust i found
+in any of the surveys i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of the surveys i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of the surveys i did
+this always works essentially people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always works essentially people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always works essentially people are
+much more likely to or say at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to or say at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to or say at least
+they're much more likely to walk for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more likely to walk for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more likely to walk for an
+ipad case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipad case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipad case
+than they are for an actual ipad there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are for an actual ipad there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are for an actual ipad there's
+various reasons why you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reasons why you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reasons why you might say well
+in this case you know maybe if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you know maybe if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you know maybe if you have
+an ipad you buy an ipad for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ipad you buy an ipad for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ipad you buy an ipad for it
+300 whatever i said uh you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 whatever i said uh you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 whatever i said uh you might have a
+lot more money and so you're richer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more money and so you're richer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more money and so you're richer and
+so on and so forth so maybe that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so maybe that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so maybe that can
+explain the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the results
+there's like 10 different versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like 10 different versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like 10 different versions of
+these questions that all sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions that all sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions that all sort of like
+have different flavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different flavors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different flavors
+and essentially this result is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially this result is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially this result is extremely
+robust people tend to think in relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust people tend to think in relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust people tend to think in relative
+terms and not in absolute terms when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and not in absolute terms when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and not in absolute terms when
+making these kinds of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these kinds of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these kinds of choices
+and their choices are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their choices are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their choices are extremely
+malleable to sort of kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable to sort of kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable to sort of kind of like
+comparisons any um questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons any um questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons any um questions about that
+yeah so how about joint evaluation so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so how about joint evaluation so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so how about joint evaluation so if
+you were to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to ask
+people whether you would buy this ipad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whether you would buy this ipad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whether you would buy this ipad
+you get the 15 and also for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the 15 and also for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the 15 and also for the same
+ipad case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipad case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipad case
+you get 15 off and if you go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 15 off and if you go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 15 off and if you go there and
+buy both you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy both you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy both you get
+a total of 30 off so do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 30 off so do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 30 off so do you think the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+behavior to like walk would replicate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to like walk would replicate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to like walk would replicate in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i think what people in some ways do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what people in some ways do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what people in some ways do in
+their heads they do essentially is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads they do essentially is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads they do essentially is like
+what fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction
+do you get off in some ways and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get off in some ways and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get off in some ways and you know
+if you then bought both i guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then bought both i guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then bought both i guess that
+would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh
+uh i know the prices were it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i know the prices were it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i know the prices were it would be
+like i guess 530 and then you get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i guess 530 and then you get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i guess 530 and then you get like
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i think it would probably be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it would probably be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it would probably be somewhere
+in between it would be the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between it would be the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between it would be the behavior
+would probably be quite similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be quite similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be quite similar to the
+ipad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipad
+thing overall because you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing overall because you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing overall because you would have
+like i think what people do in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i think what people do in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i think what people do in their
+mind is to say i'm spending already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is to say i'm spending already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is to say i'm spending already
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+x dollars in case like 500 or 530
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dollars in case like 500 or 530
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dollars in case like 500 or 530
+now does the 15 look large or small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does the 15 look large or small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does the 15 look large or small
+compared to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that
+15 looks really large compared to 30 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 looks really large compared to 30 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 looks really large compared to 30 so
+let's just walk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just walk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just walk and
+i might as well do it and get a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might as well do it and get a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might as well do it and get a really
+good deal i get like 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal i get like 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal i get like 50
+off when you have like 500 or 530 the 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off when you have like 500 or 530 the 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off when you have like 500 or 530 the 15
+seems really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really small
+that's not really a great deal so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really a great deal so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really a great deal so why
+bother doing it let's just spend it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother doing it let's just spend it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother doing it let's just spend it all
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+but of course the issue is like 15 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course the issue is like 15 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course the issue is like 15 or 15
+and you know you're going to use that 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you're going to use that 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you're going to use that 15
+for something else presumably not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else presumably not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else presumably not just
+ipads and then you know you should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipads and then you know you should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipads and then you know you should give
+essentially the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same answer
+there's some very interesting evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very interesting evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very interesting evidence
+i'm going to show you um uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you um uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you um uh very
+at the very end of the class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end of the class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end of the class which is
+about poor versus rich people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poor versus rich people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poor versus rich people
+so there's some evidence uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some evidence uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some evidence uh uh that
+central mulanathan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central mulanathan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central mulanathan and
+anusha and others have done that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anusha and others have done that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anusha and others have done that do
+exactly these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these kinds of
+relative thinking comparisons with rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative thinking comparisons with rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative thinking comparisons with rich
+people and with poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and with poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and with poor people
+and what you find there overall is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find there overall is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find there overall is that
+rich people do this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people do this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people do this a lot
+poor people actually not so much and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people actually not so much and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people actually not so much and why
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's like for the same amount they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's like for the same amount they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's like for the same amount they do
+that they keep their amounts the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they keep their amounts the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they keep their amounts the same
+a lot more than rich people right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more than rich people right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more than rich people right so
+they evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evaluated
+more yes that's right and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more yes that's right and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more yes that's right and yeah
+because rich people have more money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rich people have more money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rich people have more money they
+can more afford to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can more afford to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can more afford to like
+spend less time thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend less time thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend less time thinking about the
+fifteen dollars and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen dollars and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen dollars and therefore
+might make like more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so exactly so in some sense like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so exactly so in some sense like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so exactly so in some sense like
+uh so there's two different explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's two different explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's two different explanations
+one is kind of uh sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is kind of uh sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is kind of uh sort of very
+in a way like a classical explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like a classical explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like a classical explanation is
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+there's certain amounts of money that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain amounts of money that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain amounts of money that
+for the rich it just doesn't matter like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rich it just doesn't matter like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rich it just doesn't matter like
+if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like
+i have a million dollars like why walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a million dollars like why walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a million dollars like why walk
+anyway and whatever i just don't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and whatever i just don't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and whatever i just don't pay
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+and in some sense i make them certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense i make them certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense i make them certain
+mistakes but the mistakes i really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes but the mistakes i really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes but the mistakes i really sort
+of like not very costly just so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like not very costly just so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like not very costly just so i don't
+really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care
+i might sort of make mistakes but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might sort of make mistakes but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might sort of make mistakes but it's
+really sort of like not an issue because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of like not an issue because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of like not an issue because
+you know i'm rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm rich
+anyway there's another view on that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's another view on that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's another view on that is
+to say well for the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well for the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well for the poor
+they really at a daily basis they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really at a daily basis they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really at a daily basis they
+evaluate something like 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate something like 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate something like 15
+or 15 for the poor they know what 15 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 for the poor they know what 15 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 for the poor they know what 15 is
+worth for them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth for them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth for them it's
+like not a comparison to 500 whatever 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not a comparison to 500 whatever 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not a comparison to 500 whatever 15
+is like a meal for your family it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a meal for your family it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a meal for your family it's
+about the difference between your child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between your child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between your child
+being hungry versus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hungry versus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hungry versus um
+uh uh getting food or or you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh getting food or or you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh getting food or or you know and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so then you know you for them like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know you for them like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know you for them like a
+dollar is a dollar and they're less sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is a dollar and they're less sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is a dollar and they're less sort
+of affected by these kind of framing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affected by these kind of framing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affected by these kind of framing and
+other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um
+uh uh uh choices but that's sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh choices but that's sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh choices but that's sort of one
+of the most interesting evidence in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting evidence in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting evidence in sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+in in poverty research where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in poverty research where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in poverty research where people
+essentially try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially try to understand
+how do people's monetary choices or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people's monetary choices or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people's monetary choices or how
+are they affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they affected by
+uh sort of these framings and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of these framings and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of these framings and sort of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+view overall is that the poor might in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view overall is that the poor might in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view overall is that the poor might in
+fact be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be
+more um uh rational in some sense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh rational in some sense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh rational in some sense in the
+sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+less sort of swayed by framing and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less sort of swayed by framing and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less sort of swayed by framing and other
+sort of choices that might sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of choices that might sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of choices that might sort of like
+lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+a a weird uh or to inconsistent choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a weird uh or to inconsistent choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a weird uh or to inconsistent choices
+um uh while the rich uh do that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh while the rich uh do that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh while the rich uh do that a lot
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+uh and the downside of that seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the downside of that seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the downside of that seems to be
+that like thinking a lot about money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like thinking a lot about money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like thinking a lot about money the
+poor then spend a lot of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor then spend a lot of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor then spend a lot of sort of
+cognitive energy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive energy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive energy on
+sort of thinking about these monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thinking about these monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thinking about these monetary
+issues and that might lead you to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and that might lead you to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and that might lead you to sort
+of make worse decisions in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make worse decisions in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make worse decisions in other
+domains of life you might have just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of life you might have just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of life you might have just like
+less cognitive function or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less cognitive function or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less cognitive function or sort of
+cognitive energy if you want available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive energy if you want available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive energy if you want available
+or resources available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or resources available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or resources available
+for other uh potentially important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other uh potentially important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other uh potentially important
+choices in in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in in life
+and that's kind of what we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of what we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of what we talk about
+sort of in the poverty uh development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the poverty uh development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the poverty uh development
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+uh okay then there was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay then there was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay then there was um
+there was another choice that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another choice that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another choice that we did
+that usually tends to work and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually tends to work and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually tends to work and it was
+just a very sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very sort of interesting
+line of research by dariele and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of research by dariele and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of research by dariele and others
+which essentially is about anchoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is about anchoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is about anchoring
+in some sense looking at this exposed i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense looking at this exposed i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense looking at this exposed i
+think that the questions were not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the questions were not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the questions were not quite
+right so the idea of anchoring is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea of anchoring is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea of anchoring is to say
+if i set you like a very arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i set you like a very arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i set you like a very arbitrary
+anchor by sort of thinking let it let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor by sort of thinking let it let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor by sort of thinking let it let
+you think about certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about certain
+numbers in this case it was like the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this case it was like the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this case it was like the sum
+of like people's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like people's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like people's um
+uh phone numbers then essentially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phone numbers then essentially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phone numbers then essentially when
+you have a high sum of phone numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high sum of phone numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high sum of phone numbers
+you're willing to pay more if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to pay more if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to pay more if you have a
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+sum of phone numbers you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of phone numbers you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of phone numbers you're willing to
+pay less there's a bunch of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less there's a bunch of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less there's a bunch of experiments
+actually done at mit with mba students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done at mit with mba students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done at mit with mba students
+mostly i have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly i have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly i have to say
+um but ma students mostly where donna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but ma students mostly where donna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but ma students mostly where donna
+really who used to be a faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really who used to be a faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really who used to be a faculty member
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+did a bunch of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a bunch of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a bunch of these kinds of
+experiments where essentially you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where essentially you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where essentially you can
+anchor people fairly arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor people fairly arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor people fairly arbitrarily
+and sort of if you would make them think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of if you would make them think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of if you would make them think
+about the last two digits of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last two digits of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last two digits of their
+social security number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security number
+if that social security number is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that social security number is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that social security number is high
+they're willing to pay more for wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to pay more for wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to pay more for wine
+than if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if the
+social security number is low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security number is low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security number is low and
+there's also real choices that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also real choices that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also real choices that tends to
+be quite robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite robust
+one problem with the experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem with the experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem with the experiment that
+we're doing here that didn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here that didn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here that didn't seem to
+like show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like show up
+so in in 2017 uh there was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in 2017 uh there was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in 2017 uh there was more
+anchoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchoring
+uh here it doesn't seem like maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it doesn't seem like maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it doesn't seem like maybe it's
+upward sloping maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping maybe not
+one problem here is that the anchor if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem here is that the anchor if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem here is that the anchor if
+you look at like the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at like the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at like the values of the
+anchor that we were setting they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor that we were setting they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor that we were setting they're
+actually pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty low
+right it's essentially between something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's essentially between something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's essentially between something
+like 10 and 30 well people's valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 and 30 well people's valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 and 30 well people's valuation
+tends to be often a lot higher so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be often a lot higher so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be often a lot higher so maybe
+that's why potentially it didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why potentially it didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why potentially it didn't work
+it could be that you guys are less prone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that you guys are less prone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that you guys are less prone
+to anchoring but overall i think so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anchoring but overall i think so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anchoring but overall i think so the
+bottom bottom line is there's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom bottom line is there's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom bottom line is there's quite a
+bit of evidence essentially that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of evidence essentially that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of evidence essentially that
+when you anchor people uh that affects
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+when you anchor people uh that affects
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+their choices
+and again of course it shouldn't affect
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+ align:start position:0%
+and again of course it shouldn't affect
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again of course it shouldn't affect
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice at all when they make you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+or large or small
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+ align:start position:0%
+means affect like how much you're
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+ align:start position:0%
+means affect like how much you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for a glass of uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for a glass of uh for a
+bottle of wine or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle of wine or anything else
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle of wine or anything else
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet there's sort of like a relatively
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet there's sort of like a relatively
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust uh uh line of research
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust uh uh line of research
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that in fact um that's the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that in fact um that's the
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+ align:start position:0%
+case and for example it seemed like at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and for example it seemed like at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in 2017
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in 2017
+um uh uh that was that was in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that was that was in fact uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that was that was in fact uh
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finally i want to talk about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+briefly which is a quite interesting
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly which is a quite interesting
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of literature in social psychology
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of literature in social psychology
+and it's this paper by darlene batson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this paper by darlene batson
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this paper by darlene batson
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+which is like sort of like a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic study in psychology that studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic study in psychology that studies
+uh helping behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helping behavior
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helping behavior
+and broadly speaking you think of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broadly speaking you think of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broadly speaking you think of social
+psychology perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology perhaps
+as a way of thinking about how do social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of thinking about how do social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of thinking about how do social
+circumstances or your sort of like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances or your sort of like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances or your sort of like your
+environments affect your behavior or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments affect your behavior or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments affect your behavior or
+your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preferences
+and that's sort of like a deviation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of like a deviation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of like a deviation from
+what economists think about usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what economists think about usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what economists think about usually
+economists would say well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists would say well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists would say well you have
+certain preferences you either want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain preferences you either want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain preferences you either want to
+be nice or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice or not
+or you either want to eat certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you either want to eat certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you either want to eat certain things
+or not it shouldn't sort of affect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it shouldn't sort of affect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it shouldn't sort of affect uh
+depend that much on like your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend that much on like your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend that much on like your social
+environment and social psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and social psychology
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in detail kind of like how your
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in detail kind of like how your
+choices or behaviors in this case i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices or behaviors in this case i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices or behaviors in this case i
+guess helping behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess helping behavior
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess helping behavior
+is affected by your environment and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affected by your environment and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affected by your environment and so
+what they did is like they study helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is like they study helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is like they study helping
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+um these are princeton theology students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are princeton theology students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are princeton theology students
+on the way to a seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way to a seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way to a seminar
+and they pass an ostensibly injured man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pass an ostensibly injured man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pass an ostensibly injured man
+slumped in a doorway coughing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slumped in a doorway coughing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slumped in a doorway coughing and
+groaning this is like somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groaning this is like somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groaning this is like somebody
+in the experiment so social psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiment so social psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiment so social psychology
+studies are very sort of rich in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies are very sort of rich in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies are very sort of rich in sort of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+creating interesting environments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating interesting environments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating interesting environments so
+they had like this man who essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like this man who essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like this man who essentially
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+looking very injured and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very injured and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very injured and they were
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+determinants of helping behavior so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of helping behavior so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of helping behavior so the
+question is do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do these
+theology students stop and help this man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology students stop and help this man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology students stop and help this man
+when they're on the way to their seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're on the way to their seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're on the way to their seminar
+and they had three different um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had three different um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had three different um sort of
+manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations
+i should say very clearly they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say very clearly they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say very clearly they're sort
+of like a very small sample alert like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a very small sample alert like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a very small sample alert like
+the study is very small uh so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study is very small uh so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study is very small uh so there's
+some questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions on
+do the does this replicate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the does this replicate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the does this replicate which is
+often for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for for
+for uh several uh social psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh several uh social psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh several uh social psychology
+studies sort of classic studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies sort of classic studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies sort of classic studies
+sample sizes are relatively small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample sizes are relatively small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample sizes are relatively small so
+there's some questions on how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some questions on how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some questions on how does it
+replicate but i think the point broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate but i think the point broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate but i think the point broadly
+speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+is sort of a good one which is why i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a good one which is why i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a good one which is why i'm
+you telling you about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you telling you about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you telling you about this
+so what are the three manipulations said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the three manipulations said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the three manipulations said
+three things one was to had a lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things one was to had a lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things one was to had a lecture on
+the parable of the good samaritan versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parable of the good samaritan versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parable of the good samaritan versus
+some other content what is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other content what is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other content what is the good
+samaritan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samaritan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samaritan
+parable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly so it's about essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so it's about essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so it's about essentially
+this person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person who
+uh uh uh long story short there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh long story short there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh long story short there's a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+in need on the side of the road uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in need on the side of the road uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in need on the side of the road uh
+there's sort of like people who are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of like people who are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of like people who are from
+the same area the priests and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same area the priests and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same area the priests and so on
+nobody is helping because they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is helping because they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is helping because they're really
+busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy
+and son and then the samaritan comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and son and then the samaritan comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and son and then the samaritan comes
+who's like an outcast in society and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like an outcast in society and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like an outcast in society and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and he's helping and the point is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's helping and the point is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's helping and the point is sort
+of like you should help anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you should help anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you should help anybody
+uh and so on regardless of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on regardless of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on regardless of background
+and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth
+so the whole story is essentially saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole story is essentially saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole story is essentially saying
+like you should be helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should be helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should be helping
+uh uh somebody so like they're these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh somebody so like they're these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh somebody so like they're these
+students now who have been essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students now who have been essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students now who have been essentially
+they've been thinking about this parable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been thinking about this parable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been thinking about this parable
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're thinking about helping behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're thinking about helping behavior
+they could sort of supposed to like give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could sort of supposed to like give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could sort of supposed to like give
+essentially a lecture about the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a lecture about the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a lecture about the the the
+the parable of the good samaritan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parable of the good samaritan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parable of the good samaritan
+and that mind is to think about like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that mind is to think about like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that mind is to think about like you
+should be helping others so we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be helping others so we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be helping others so we kind of
+you know determine their mindset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know determine their mindset and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know determine their mindset and
+inside and then in fact they sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and then in fact they sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and then in fact they sort of see
+the practical sort of version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practical sort of version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practical sort of version of that
+in life the questions does that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life the questions does that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life the questions does that affect
+behavior the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the second
+variation is like variation in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is like variation in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is like variation in time
+pressure is just like are people in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is just like are people in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is just like are people in a
+hurry or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry or not
+and the third one is sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is sort of like
+personality measures in particular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality measures in particular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality measures in particular of
+sort of religiosity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of religiosity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of religiosity so
+people are more or less religious um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more or less religious um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more or less religious um and
+you know you might think that that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might think that that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might think that that also
+affects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects or
+determines how how much people are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how how much people are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how how much people are uh
+helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+uh so now like you can sort of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now like you can sort of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now like you can sort of look at
+like which of those three things matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which of those three things matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which of those three things matters
+so behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so behavior
+who thinks like one is most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks like one is most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks like one is most important
+uh what about two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about two three
+okay i sort of set this up in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i sort of set this up in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i sort of set this up in some sense
+um uh maybe not the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh maybe not the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh maybe not the right way
+so it turns out two is in fact and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out two is in fact and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out two is in fact and as
+you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you
+said is the most important thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the most important thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the most important thing the
+hurry condition essentially again it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry condition essentially again it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry condition essentially again it's a
+small sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sample
+but in no hurry about like 60 of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in no hurry about like 60 of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in no hurry about like 60 of people
+stopped medium hurry 50 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped medium hurry 50 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped medium hurry 50 45
+and people in a high hurry essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people in a high hurry essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people in a high hurry essentially
+nobody stops people essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody stops people essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody stops people essentially
+but a reason they're worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a reason they're worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a reason they're worried about
+coming late to their seminar about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming late to their seminar about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming late to their seminar about the
+good samaritan and they're not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good samaritan and they're not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good samaritan and they're not sort of
+particularly good samaritans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good samaritans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good samaritans
+uh themselves it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh themselves it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh themselves it turns out that
+personality characteristics don't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality characteristics don't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality characteristics don't seem
+to really predict behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really predict behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really predict behaviors
+and so what we learned from that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we learned from that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we learned from that is that
+um a personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a personality
+sorry that situations can matter a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that situations can matter a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that situations can matter a great
+deal now in some sense that's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal now in some sense that's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal now in some sense that's very much
+consistent what i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent what i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent what i was saying
+to you earlier about like social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you earlier about like social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you earlier about like social
+influences affect behavior in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences affect behavior in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences affect behavior in some sense
+in the sense of like uh you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like uh you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like uh you care about
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+um in a way depends a lot on like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way depends a lot on like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way depends a lot on like uh
+your circumstances in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your circumstances in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your circumstances in the sense of like
+are you observed or not or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you observed or not or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you observed or not or like
+uh uh it's sort of malleable situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's sort of malleable situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's sort of malleable situations
+but i think since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think since
+here's like a choice that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like a choice that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like a choice that's exactly the
+same choice like you might either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same choice like you might either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same choice like you might either be
+nice or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice or not
+but in some sense the value of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense the value of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense the value of time
+seems to be quite important here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be quite important here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be quite important here for
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+so like people's choices in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like people's choices in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like people's choices in some sense
+uh might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might actually be
+it's not like you're a nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you're a nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you're a nice person
+versus not but in some situations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not but in some situations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not but in some situations you
+might behave very nicely and friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might behave very nicely and friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might behave very nicely and friendly
+and in others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in others
+not so much and that's sort of a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much and that's sort of a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much and that's sort of a much
+more sort of fundamental problem perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of fundamental problem perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of fundamental problem perhaps
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh for economics so for writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for economics so for writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for economics so for writing down
+utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions
+because essentially the issue is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially the issue is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially the issue is that
+it's not even clear what your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even clear what your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even clear what your social
+preference parameter is it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference parameter is it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference parameter is it's not even
+clear are you a nice person or not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear are you a nice person or not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear are you a nice person or not some
+a nice person because it depends so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice person because it depends so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice person because it depends so much
+on like your environment and people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like your environment and people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like your environment and people are
+shaped by their environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by their environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by their environments
+overall so one thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall so one thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall so one thing we're going to
+think about towards the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about towards the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about towards the end of the class
+is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+well people's it's not just that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people's it's not just that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people's it's not just that their
+preferences or their beliefs sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or their beliefs sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or their beliefs sort of
+systematically deviate in ways that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically deviate in ways that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically deviate in ways that we
+can quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantify
+from the classical model but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the classical model but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the classical model but in fact
+it's the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that
+they're actually very volatile and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually very volatile and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually very volatile and maybe
+even hard to elicit in some ways because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hard to elicit in some ways because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hard to elicit in some ways because
+it's sort of changing uh so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of changing uh so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of changing uh so much
+and in fact people might not even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact people might not even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact people might not even know
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+their preferences or their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences or their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences or their preferences
+are just sort of malleable in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just sort of malleable in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just sort of malleable in the sense
+of like they depend a lot on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like they depend a lot on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like they depend a lot on uh
+circumstantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstantial
+um situations uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um situations uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um situations uh okay
+so then let me sort of summarize um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then let me sort of summarize um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then let me sort of summarize um uh
+quickly of what we um discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly of what we um discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly of what we um discussed
+so i think one way and that's what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think one way and that's what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think one way and that's what i was
+saying earlier one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier one way to think about
+this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is
+uh one goal of this class is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one goal of this class is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one goal of this class is sort of
+like really to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really to get you
+to think more and observe the world more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think more and observe the world more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think more and observe the world more
+in a way through the lens of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way through the lens of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way through the lens of economics
+but also through the lens of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also through the lens of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also through the lens of sort of
+psychology and economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and economics
+that's to say you can think about like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say you can think about like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say you can think about like a
+lot of situations or people behave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of situations or people behave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of situations or people behave and
+try to understand why they behave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand why they behave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand why they behave in the
+ways that they do and you often sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they do and you often sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they do and you often sort of
+see certain puzzles or certain behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see certain puzzles or certain behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see certain puzzles or certain behaviors
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+don't look quite right it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look quite right it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look quite right it seems like
+people are sort of making mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sort of making mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sort of making mistakes
+in some ways they seem to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways they seem to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways they seem to be sort of
+erratic in various ways but often we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erratic in various ways but often we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erratic in various ways but often we can
+actually put a lot of structure in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put a lot of structure in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put a lot of structure in their
+behavior we can actually understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we can actually understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we can actually understand
+systematically through certain puzzles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically through certain puzzles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically through certain puzzles
+or certain sites through certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain sites through certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain sites through certain uh
+theories or certain topics that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories or certain topics that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories or certain topics that we
+discussed in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in class
+what people do and why they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do and why they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do and why they do that
+there's also similar issues about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also similar issues about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also similar issues about like
+firms when you think about when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms when you think about when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms when you think about when you get
+like credit card offers when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit card offers when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit card offers when you think
+about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+uh a sales item and so on when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a sales item and so on when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a sales item and so on when you think
+about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+pricing decisions at firm make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing decisions at firm make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing decisions at firm make a lot of
+these pricing or decisions that firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pricing or decisions that firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pricing or decisions that firm
+make are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make are actually
+very thinking very carefully about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thinking very carefully about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thinking very carefully about the
+psychology of consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of consumers
+so essentially what firms are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what firms are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what firms are doing
+they're trying to think about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to think about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to think about sort of
+potential what we call a behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential what we call a behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential what we call a behavioral
+biases or issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases or issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases or issues that
+consumers have and when you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have and when you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have and when you sort of
+think about what you see in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what you see in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what you see in the world
+often that makes actually a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that makes actually a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that makes actually a lot of sense
+through the lens of sort of psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of sort of psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of sort of psychology
+economics or behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or behavioral
+economics so you can sort of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics so you can sort of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics so you can sort of think about
+yourself or others when you see certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or others when you see certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or others when you see certain
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+think about sort of how do we how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of how do we how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of how do we how does
+this relate to the content of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to the content of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to the content of the course
+that we have and i think that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have and i think that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have and i think that's that's a
+general sort of lesson so what we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sort of lesson so what we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sort of lesson so what we try to
+do in the course in part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the course in part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the course in part is
+think about individual choices and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about individual choices and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about individual choices and sort
+of some theories um in economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some theories um in economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some theories um in economics and
+psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+but in particular and think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular and think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular and think about like
+how do these series and relate to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these series and relate to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these series and relate to like
+real world outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world outcomes
+how can we perhaps apply them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we perhaps apply them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we perhaps apply them to
+situations um uh and the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um uh and the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um uh and the world
+and potentially um improve uh choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially um improve uh choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially um improve uh choices
+so here's sort of like broadly where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of like broadly where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of like broadly where we
+are as i said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as i said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as i said you know
+we're going to talk about preferences um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about preferences um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about preferences um
+for the next sort of few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next sort of few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next sort of few
+a few weeks in particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks in particular time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks in particular time
+preferences and self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and self-control
+as i said you know a lot of that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said you know a lot of that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said you know a lot of that is to
+do with procrastination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with procrastination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with procrastination
+including for problem sets as i said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including for problem sets as i said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including for problem sets as i said the
+problem set will come probably something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set will come probably something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set will come probably something
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+uh monday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh monday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh monday um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+here's the reading for next week this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the reading for next week this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the reading for next week this is
+on the course website please read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course website please read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course website please read
+frederick adele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frederick adele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frederick adele
+2002 sections one as well as 4.1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 sections one as well as 4.1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 sections one as well as 4.1 to
+5.1 thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lRtTS1PNFik.txt b/lRtTS1PNFik.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10bdea2e9396547b45e663d437d352387fdbe76d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lRtTS1PNFik.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we started talking about modeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started talking about modeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started talking about modeling of
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+and really what we want to do is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really what we want to do is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really what we want to do is have
+some model for the Dynamics of a DC todc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model for the Dynamics of a DC todc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model for the Dynamics of a DC todc
+converter and the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and the example
+converter um that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using is a boost converter right so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is a boost converter right so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is a boost converter right so here
+here's our example boost converter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our example boost converter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our example boost converter you
+know I might have some input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I might have some input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I might have some input voltage
+that I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll call
+U I have some switch that I'm modulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I have some switch that I'm modulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I have some switch that I'm modulating
+with Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q of
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+diode and then some output voltage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and then some output voltage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and then some output voltage okay
+I'll call the output voltage V and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call the output voltage V and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call the output voltage V and in
+this case maybe I'll kind of say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case maybe I'll kind of say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case maybe I'll kind of say here's
+this is one state variable V is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one state variable V is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one state variable V is one
+state variable which is the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variable which is the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variable which is the capacitor
+voltage and the other state variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the other state variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the other state variable in
+the system is the inductor current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is the inductor current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is the inductor current and
+state variables are those variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variables are those variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variables are those variables that
+sort of carry information about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of carry information about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of carry information about their
+history right you can't instantly change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history right you can't instantly change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history right you can't instantly change
+a capacitor voltage without an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor voltage without an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor voltage without an infinite
+current you can't CH instantly change an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you can't CH instantly change an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you can't CH instantly change an
+inductor current without an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current without an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current without an infinite
+voltage so you know sort if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so you know sort if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so you know sort if you know
+what the inductor current or capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inductor current or capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inductor current or capacitor
+voltage are at one time you know it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage are at one time you know it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage are at one time you know it you
+kind of know what it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know what it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know what it's going to do
+because that's what carries kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what carries kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what carries kind of
+History around with it okay in any in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History around with it okay in any in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History around with it okay in any in
+any system so it's the energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any system so it's the energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any system so it's the energy storage
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+and we said we figured out for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said we figured out for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said we figured out for this
+boost converter right if I Define uh Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter right if I Define uh Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter right if I Define uh Q
+of T is the modulating function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is the modulating function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is the modulating function it
+switches between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches between zero and one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um for Q of T and then if I have q Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for Q of T and then if I have q Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for Q of T and then if I have q Prime
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+T is equal to 1 minus Q of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to 1 minus Q of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to 1 minus Q of T
+okay if I'm modulating this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I'm modulating this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I'm modulating this a
+constant DD ratio qft goes on off and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant DD ratio qft goes on off and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant DD ratio qft goes on off and I
+let this thing settle into periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this thing settle into periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this thing settle into periodic
+steady state what we get is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state what we get is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state what we get is in
+PSS we get um V the output voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSS we get um V the output voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSS we get um V the output voltage the
+DC output voltage is going to be the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC output voltage is going to be the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC output voltage is going to be the DC
+input voltage divided by 1 minus D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage divided by 1 minus D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage divided by 1 minus D and
+I'm using capital letters here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using capital letters here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using capital letters here to
+indicate these are all sort of periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate these are all sort of periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate these are all sort of periodic
+steady state values okay but we said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state values okay but we said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state values okay but we said if
+I were for example to suddenly change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were for example to suddenly change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were for example to suddenly change
+the load resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load resistance
+then uh even if I was operating at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh even if I was operating at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh even if I was operating at fixed
+Duty ratio eventually I would have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio eventually I would have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio eventually I would have to go
+through some transient because to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some transient because to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some transient because to supply
+a lower resistance I need more current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower resistance I need more current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower resistance I need more current
+more power I got to have more current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power I got to have more current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power I got to have more current
+from the input something has to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the input something has to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the input something has to change
+it has to go through some transient okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go through some transient okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go through some transient okay
+what we have here on the scope or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here on the scope or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here on the scope or what
+we have here is actually a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is actually a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is actually a boost
+converter run it fixed Duty ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter run it fixed Duty ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter run it fixed Duty ratio and
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to I'm
+going to set this thing to single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set this thing to single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set this thing to single
+sequence and what what I have is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and what what I have is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and what what I have is on the
+yellow Channel I have the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow Channel I have the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow Channel I have the inductor
+current just directly coupled and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current just directly coupled and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current just directly coupled and on the
+purple Channel what I have is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple Channel what I have is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple Channel what I have is the output
+voltage but AC coupled so I'm only just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage but AC coupled so I'm only just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage but AC coupled so I'm only just
+going to look at the deviations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the deviations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the deviations of the
+Ripple and the ac voltage and all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and the ac voltage and all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and the ac voltage and all I'm
+going to do is press this button and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is press this button and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is press this button and
+that's going to add a load onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to add a load onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to add a load onto the
+converter right so it's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right so it's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right so it's going to make
+the load current higher or the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load current higher or the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load current higher or the load
+resistance smaller and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance smaller and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance smaller and here we
+go oh I didn't capture right let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh I didn't capture right let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh I didn't capture right let's see I
+don't know why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why that
+is oh it would help if I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh it would help if I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh it would help if I actually
+coupled the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage seems to have oh set this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage seems to have oh set this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage seems to have oh set this set
+the minimum I don't know why right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum I don't know why right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum I don't know why right let
+me try that again there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try that again there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try that again there we
+go so what we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so what we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so what we can see
+here is that the current goes from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the current goes from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the current goes from some
+value and settles out to some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and settles out to some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and settles out to some higher
+value the voltage kind of goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the voltage kind of goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the voltage kind of goes through
+some oscillation then settles out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some oscillation then settles out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some oscillation then settles out to
+some later voltage and the truth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later voltage and the truth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later voltage and the truth of the
+matter is is we're not actually seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is is we're not actually seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is is we're not actually seeing
+the full transient here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full transient here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full transient here let me
+um let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me do
+this try this one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this try this one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this try this one more
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time ah there we see it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ah there we see it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ah there we see it a little bit
+better except that actually what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better except that actually what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better except that actually what I
+triggered on was the step down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered on was the step down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered on was the step down in
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+okay in any event what we see is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in any event what we see is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in any event what we see is some
+kind of second order response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of second order response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of second order response
+superimposed on top of is a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on top of is a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on top of is a ton of
+switching right this is going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching right this is going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching right this is going through
+thousands and thousands of switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of switching
+Cycles okay and what we would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles okay and what we would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles okay and what we would like to do
+is some model that captures this low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some model that captures this low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some model that captures this low
+frequency variation but isn't worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency variation but isn't worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency variation but isn't worrying
+about the instantaneous switching of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instantaneous switching of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instantaneous switching of
+what's going on in steady state okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in steady state okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in steady state okay so
+I'm going to hide this put this up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to hide this put this up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to hide this put this up so
+last time we said well how can we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we said well how can we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we said well how can we sort
+of capture the low frequency content in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capture the low frequency content in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capture the low frequency content in
+il andv without worrying about the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+il andv without worrying about the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+il andv without worrying about the high
+frequency content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we defined an operator that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we defined an operator that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we defined an operator that we call
+the local average operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is xar of T is equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is xar of T is equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is xar of T is equal to 1 over
+T the integral from T to minus capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the integral from T to minus capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the integral from T to minus capital T
+up to T of X of to D to okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to T of X of to D to okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to T of X of to D to okay so
+basically if I apply this local average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if I apply this local average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if I apply this local average
+any way from a voltage or a current or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way from a voltage or a current or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way from a voltage or a current or
+something like that I'm going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I'm going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I'm going to look
+back over one Capital period t one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over one Capital period t one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over one Capital period t one
+switching cycle and take the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle and take the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle and take the average
+over that switching cycle so that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that switching cycle so that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that switching cycle so that if I
+have a a bunch of up and down within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a bunch of up and down within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a bunch of up and down within a
+switching cycle that gets filtered out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle that gets filtered out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle that gets filtered out
+but if over time that voltage or current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if over time that voltage or current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if over time that voltage or current
+moves up and down it captures the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up and down it captures the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up and down it captures the slow
+frequency up and down while suppressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency up and down while suppressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency up and down while suppressing
+the switching Ripple in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching Ripple in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching Ripple in its
+harmonics okay and we said this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay and we said this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay and we said this operator
+has a bunch of properties that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of properties that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of properties that are
+interesting one is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one is it's
+linear two is it time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant right that means this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant right that means this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant right that means this thing is
+an LTI operator that means we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LTI operator that means we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LTI operator that means we can write
+a transfer function for it it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer function for it it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer function for it it's just a
+linear filter we looked at that transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear filter we looked at that transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear filter we looked at that transfer
+function last time and it indeed passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function last time and it indeed passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function last time and it indeed passes
+low frequency components and suppresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency components and suppresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency components and suppresses
+the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching
+frequency a third property that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency a third property that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency a third property that we
+discussed is that it the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is that it the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is that it the so-called
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property which says that if I took DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which says that if I took DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which says that if I took DX
+some signal DX of T DT and then took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal DX of T DT and then took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal DX of T DT and then took
+it's local average that ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's local average that ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's local average that ends up being
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+DDT of xar of T right so taking the loc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of xar of T right so taking the loc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of xar of T right so taking the loc
+the local average of a derivative is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local average of a derivative is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local average of a derivative is the
+same thing as the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as the derivative of the
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+average the last property is we said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the last property is we said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the last property is we said we
+can approximate X of t y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximate X of t y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximate X of t y of
+T local average of the product as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T local average of the product as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T local average of the product as being
+approximately equal to xar of T time Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to xar of T time Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to xar of T time Y
+Bar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar of
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one
+of X and Y have first of all small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ripple meaning it's not changing full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple meaning it's not changing full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple meaning it's not changing full
+scale within a cycle and two slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+meaning you know it it only changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you know it it only changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you know it it only changes
+gradually from cycle to cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually from cycle to cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually from cycle to cycle
+okay and actually you can kind of relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and actually you can kind of relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and actually you can kind of relax
+this former case in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this former case in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this former case in some
+instances um but we saw that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances um but we saw that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances um but we saw that it doesn't
+always work but if one of X and Y was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work but if one of X and Y was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work but if one of X and Y was
+say an inductor current or a capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an inductor current or a capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an inductor current or a capacitor
+voltage where we do expect there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage where we do expect there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage where we do expect there to be
+small Ripple on top of a big DC we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Ripple on top of a big DC we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Ripple on top of a big DC we can
+kind of do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um last time we used this and we applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time we used this and we applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time we used this and we applied
+this to a circuit so we said we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to a circuit so we said we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to a circuit so we said we could
+take the Boost converter circuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Boost converter circuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Boost converter circuit and
+play some games and come up with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some games and come up with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play some games and come up with a new
+circuit in which all of the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in which all of the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in which all of the circuit
+variables were averaged and so it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were averaged and so it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were averaged and so it gets
+rid of all the switching but it carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all the switching but it carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all the switching but it carries
+the low frequency behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low frequency behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low frequency behavior of the
+circuit and that's one way to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and that's one way to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and that's one way to do things
+and people do it this so-called direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people do it this so-called direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people do it this so-called direct
+circuit averaging all the time what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit averaging all the time what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit averaging all the time what I'd
+like to do today is to show you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do today is to show you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do today is to show you another
+way we can use this local average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can use this local average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can use this local average
+operator and um it's essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and um it's essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and um it's essentially the
+same idea it's just implemented in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea it's just implemented in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea it's just implemented in a
+different way some people like One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way some people like One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way some people like One
+method of thinking about it some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of thinking about it some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of thinking about it some people
+like the other method of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other method of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other method of thinking about
+it frankly when I'm doing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it frankly when I'm doing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it frankly when I'm doing a new
+converter I usually do the method I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter I usually do the method I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter I usually do the method I'm
+going to show you today but I like them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you today but I like them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you today but I like them
+kind of equally it's just the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equally it's just the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equally it's just the question
+of what's more convenient to do and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's more convenient to do and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's more convenient to do and the
+technique I'm going to show you today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique I'm going to show you today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique I'm going to show you today is
+called State space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called State space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called State space
+averaging and here's the idea suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging and here's the idea suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging and here's the idea suppose I
+wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+know the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the um
+suppose I wanted to know the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted to know the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted to know the Dynamics of
+the circuit about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit about how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit about how it
+behaved okay well I could say write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved okay well I could say write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved okay well I could say write a
+set of differential equations for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of differential equations for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of differential equations for that
+circuit that would describe its behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that would describe its behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that would describe its behavior
+in time and keep in mind that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and keep in mind that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and keep in mind that this
+circuit really has two subcircuits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit really has two subcircuits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit really has two subcircuits right
+when Q of T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Q of T is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Q of T is equal to
+one the switch is on so I could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the switch is on so I could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the switch is on so I could think
+about this circuit as being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the switch is on this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the switch is on this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the switch is on this is a
+linear circuit that models that behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear circuit that models that behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear circuit that models that behavior
+okay if Q of T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if Q of T is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if Q of T is equal to
+zero right I can then say the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right I can then say the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right I can then say the circuit
+really looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I could then sort of write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could then sort of write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could then sort of write a
+differential equation a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation a linear
+differential equation because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation because these are
+all linear elements and plus an input um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear elements and plus an input um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear elements and plus an input um
+when it's in this state and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's in this state and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's in this state and I could
+write a different differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a different differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a different differential equation
+when it's in this state and if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's in this state and if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's in this state and if I just
+use the right set of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right set of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right set of differential
+equations in each in each substate I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in each in each substate I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in each in each substate I can
+get the behavior right so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the behavior right so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the behavior right so let me just
+write this down and I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down and I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down and I'm going to show
+that we can use this switching function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use this switching function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use this switching function
+Q of T right where Q of T varies between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of T right where Q of T varies between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of T right where Q of T varies between
+1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero right I'm sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one we can use this switching function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can use this switching function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can use this switching function
+to build up a differential equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up a differential equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up a differential equation that
+captures our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our system
+so here's what I would argue we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what I would argue we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what I would argue we could do
+we can say what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say what does the
+IDT the I DT look like the I DT or LD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDT the I DT look like the I DT or LD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDT the I DT look like the I DT or LD
+IDT would simply be the voltage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDT would simply be the voltage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDT would simply be the voltage across
+the inductor so that would be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor so that would be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor so that would be in this
+state it would just equal to 1 L *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it would just equal to 1 L *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it would just equal to 1 L *
+U um and that's true when Q of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um and that's true when Q of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um and that's true when Q of T is
+equal to one so I can multiply it by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so I can multiply it by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so I can multiply it by Q
+of T when Q of T is equal to Zer and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T when Q of T is equal to Zer and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T when Q of T is equal to Zer and 1
+minus Q of t is equal to 1 D DT is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q of t is equal to 1 D DT is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q of t is equal to 1 D DT is equal
+to uus V so I could say this is plus u-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uus V so I could say this is plus u-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uus V so I could say this is plus u-
+this is plus 1 / l uus v * 1us Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus 1 / l uus v * 1us Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus 1 / l uus v * 1us Q of
+T okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so
+basically um when Q of T is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um when Q of T is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um when Q of T is equal to one
+this term the t is u 1 over l u so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the t is u 1 over l u so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the t is u 1 over l u so it
+matches the top circuit and this term's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the top circuit and this term's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the top circuit and this term's
+gone because 1 minus Q of T is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone because 1 minus Q of T is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone because 1 minus Q of T is zero and
+this term just disappears when Q of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term just disappears when Q of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term just disappears when Q of T is
+equal to zero this term disappears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero this term disappears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero this term disappears and
+this Factor becomes one and I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Factor becomes one and I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Factor becomes one and I just have
+one over L minus V so whether I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over L minus V so whether I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over L minus V so whether I'm in
+this switch state or this switch State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch state or this switch State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch state or this switch State
+this differential equation captures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation captures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation captures the
+Dynamics of that inductor current does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of that inductor current does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of that inductor current does
+that make sense everybody I can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense everybody I can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense everybody I can do the
+same thing for the voltage I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the voltage I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the voltage I can get
+dvdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt
+is equal to 1 / C time uh this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 / C time uh this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 / C time uh this would be
+minus V / R * that - 1 / RC V * Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V / R * that - 1 / RC V * Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V / R * that - 1 / RC V * Q of
+t plus uh 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus uh 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus uh 1/
+c i sub L minus v/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i sub L minus v/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i sub L minus v/
+r 1us q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T right so in fact if I came up and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so in fact if I came up and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so in fact if I came up and I
+told you you the starting state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you you the starting state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you you the starting state of
+voltage and current inductor voltage cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current inductor voltage cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current inductor voltage cap
+capacitor voltage inductor current and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage inductor current and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage inductor current and I
+told you the Q oft over time I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the Q oft over time I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the Q oft over time I could
+basically numerically integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically numerically integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically numerically integrate this
+pair of differential equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of differential equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of differential equations and
+predict the trajectory including all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the trajectory including all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the trajectory including all of
+the switching and everything else does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching and everything else does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching and everything else does
+that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to
+everybody any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody any questions about
+that okay so this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is actually a
+simulation model of this converter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in continuous conduction mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in continuous conduction mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in continuous conduction mode
+including Dynamics right this is a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Dynamics right this is a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Dynamics right this is a pair
+of differential equations switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential equations switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential equations switch
+differential equations to capture it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations to capture it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations to capture it
+well I could take my averaging operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could take my averaging operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could take my averaging operator
+and apply it to the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it to the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it to the differential
+equations as well right I could apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as well right I could apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as well right I could apply it
+to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each
+side okay all I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay all I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay all I would be
+doing is walking up and saying okay let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is walking up and saying okay let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is walking up and saying okay let
+me local average each side so I'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me local average each side so I'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me local average each side so I'll put a
+local average on the left side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average on the left side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average on the left side of this
+and then the local average of these sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the local average of these sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the local average of these sums
+of terms is just the sum of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms is just the sum of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms is just the sum of the local
+averages so I can do this and I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so I can do this and I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so I can do this and I can do
+this and by the way the scaling cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and by the way the scaling cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and by the way the scaling cont
+constants can come out of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants can come out of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants can come out of the local
+averages so that's okay right and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so that's okay right and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so that's okay right and I can
+do this and I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and I can do
+this and then I can do this local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I can do this local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I can do this local
+average of all this okay so all I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of all this okay so all I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of all this okay so all I did
+was I walked up and I applied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I walked up and I applied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I walked up and I applied that
+operator to each side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to each side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to each side of the
+equation okay well now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay well now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay well now I
+can rewrite this and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this and I can
+apply some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some of the
+properties of the local average first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the local average first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the local average first of
+all the local average of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the local average of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the local average of the derivative
+is just the derivative of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the derivative of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the derivative of the local
+averages so I can write this as D L Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so I can write this as D L Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so I can write this as D L Bar
+DT right then this would be 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right then this would be 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right then this would be 1 over
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+times uh the local average of you let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh the local average of you let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh the local average of you let me
+rearrange this actually I have U * Q + U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this actually I have U * Q + U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this actually I have U * Q + U
+* 1 - Q so this would just be 1 L * U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 - Q so this would just be 1 L * U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 - Q so this would just be 1 L * U
+Bar right then I have minus one over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar right then I have minus one over l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar right then I have minus one over l
+or plus minus 1 over L the local average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plus minus 1 over L the local average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plus minus 1 over L the local average
+of V * uh 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q does that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q does that make sense everybody
+so all I did was rearrange this I put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I did was rearrange this I put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I did was rearrange this I put up
+the Q and one minus Q terms so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q and one minus Q terms so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q and one minus Q terms so that the
+U term doesn't have q in it anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U term doesn't have q in it anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U term doesn't have q in it anymore and
+then it's just minus 1lv * 1us q and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just minus 1lv * 1us q and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just minus 1lv * 1us q and I
+took the local average of that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the local average of that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the local average of that I could
+then do the same thing with the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do the same thing with the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do the same thing with the bottom
+equation I can get DV bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can get DV bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can get DV bar
+DT because I'm using the differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT because I'm using the differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT because I'm using the differentiation
+property is equal to the V over RC term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is equal to the V over RC term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is equal to the V over RC term
+again goes up so this is minus one/ RC *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again goes up so this is minus one/ RC *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again goes up so this is minus one/ RC *
+V bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus uh 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh 1 /
+c times the local average of I Time 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times the local average of I Time 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times the local average of I Time 1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q everybody down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q everybody down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q everybody down with
+that now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now let me
+Define uh Q Prime is 1 minus Q let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh Q Prime is 1 minus Q let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh Q Prime is 1 minus Q let me
+Define um D Prime uh D is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define um D Prime uh D is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define um D Prime uh D is equal to the
+local average of Q of T right if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average of Q of T right if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average of Q of T right if I'm
+modulating along in a cycle in any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating along in a cycle in any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating along in a cycle in any given
+cycle the local average of Q oft is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the local average of Q oft is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the local average of Q oft is the
+duty ratio in that cycle you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio in that cycle you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio in that cycle you know
+neglecting small shifts in time but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting small shifts in time but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting small shifts in time but this
+is everything slowly varying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything slowly varying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything slowly varying with
+respect to the cycle okay that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the cycle okay that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the cycle okay that would
+mean that uh D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that uh D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that uh D
+Prime which is the complement of the Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is the complement of the Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is the complement of the Dy
+ratio is equal to uh 1 minus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is equal to uh 1 minus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is equal to uh 1 minus Q
+local average or it's equal to Q Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average or it's equal to Q Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average or it's equal to Q Prime
+local average okay so if I apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average okay so if I apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average okay so if I apply that
+and then what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say
+okay um I can make this approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I can make this approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I can make this approximately
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um 1 over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 over L
+uar then I can make this approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uar then I can make this approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uar then I can make this approximately
+equal if I know that xar X Y Bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if I know that xar X Y Bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if I know that xar X Y Bar is
+approximately equal to xar Y Bar if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to xar Y Bar if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to xar Y Bar if one
+of them has slow Ripple and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has slow Ripple and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has slow Ripple and small
+variation well iil does and V does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation well iil does and V does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation well iil does and V does
+because this is a capacitor voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a capacitor voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a capacitor voltage and
+inductor current so this would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current so this would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current so this would be uh
+minus 1 l v Bar D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 l v Bar D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 l v Bar D
+Prime and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this is
+approximately Min -1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately Min -1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately Min -1 /
+RC V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC V
+bar uh plus 1 / C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar uh plus 1 / C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar uh plus 1 / C
+uh I L Bar D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I L Bar D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I L Bar D
+Prime okay so this becomes a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so this becomes a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so this becomes a set of
+partial differential equations maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations maybe I
+should just rewrite this this is D Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just rewrite this this is D Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just rewrite this this is D Bar
+DT and this is equal to DV bar DT right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and this is equal to DV bar DT right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and this is equal to DV bar DT right
+now I have a set of State space averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a set of State space averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a set of State space averaged
+equations and notice that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and notice that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and notice that there's no
+switching left in here there's no Q of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching left in here there's no Q of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching left in here there's no Q of T
+bopping up and down into switches on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bopping up and down into switches on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bopping up and down into switches on and
+off this is just in terms of whatever my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this is just in terms of whatever my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this is just in terms of whatever my
+my duty ratio is going to be tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my duty ratio is going to be tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my duty ratio is going to be tells me
+how this evolves so if I knew how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this evolves so if I knew how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this evolves so if I knew how the
+commanded Duty ratio varied I would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanded Duty ratio varied I would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanded Duty ratio varied I would know
+how the local averages of i l i and v v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the local averages of i l i and v v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the local averages of i l i and v v
+would vary any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so how would I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how would I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how would I use this
+thing I could come up and say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I could come up and say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I could come up and say all right
+you know I had my converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had my converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had my converter
+here what I really wanted to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I really wanted to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I really wanted to do is say
+okay I have some reference voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vref and I compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vref and I compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vref and I compared
+that to in this case I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to in this case I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to in this case I'm going to say
+it's a local average version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a local average version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a local average version of the
+output voltage V bar and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage V bar and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage V bar and I'm going to
+generate some V error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some V error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some V error
+bar okay I'm going to run that into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay I'm going to run that into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay I'm going to run that into some
+compensator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that could be GC of s think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be GC of s think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be GC of s think of this as
+you know for example a lead lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example a lead lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example a lead lag
+controller a PID controller something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller a PID controller something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller a PID controller something
+like that something that has high gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that something that has high gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that something that has high gain
+so that it's going to amplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's going to amplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's going to amplify the
+error okay and out of this comes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay and out of this comes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay and out of this comes some
+signal that I'm going to call D the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that I'm going to call D the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that I'm going to call D the duty
+ratio I want now that might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I want now that might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I want now that might be some
+voltage representing the duty Ratio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage representing the duty Ratio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage representing the duty Ratio or
+current representing the duty ratio on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current representing the duty ratio on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current representing the duty ratio on
+an actual implementation but from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual implementation but from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual implementation but from a
+theoretical perspective output of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical perspective output of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical perspective output of this
+compensator is just the duty ratio I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator is just the duty ratio I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator is just the duty ratio I
+want I need to stick this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plant that's what a control person would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that's what a control person would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that's what a control person would
+call it we'd call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it we'd call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it we'd call it the
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+right and of course it has another input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course it has another input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course it has another input
+which is in this case U or U Bar and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this case U or U Bar and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this case U or U Bar and out
+of this thing out of this model would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing out of this model would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing out of this model would
+come I bar and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come I bar and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come I bar and V
+bar right and and so what I needed was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar right and and so what I needed was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar right and and so what I needed was a
+dynamic model for this thing well guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic model for this thing well guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic model for this thing well guess
+what here is a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what here is a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what here is a differential equation
+model for the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the behavior of the
+converter and I could just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and I could just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and I could just you know
+stick this inside of here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick this inside of here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick this inside of here and this is
+saying what if I put in d what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what if I put in d what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what if I put in d what happens
+to I in v and this models my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay any questions about that
+no switching involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um I should have noted last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I should have noted last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I should have noted last time we
+drew a circuit model we didn't put we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a circuit model we didn't put we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a circuit model we didn't put we
+didn't put a pair of State space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put a pair of State space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put a pair of State space
+equations in here we actually had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in here we actually had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in here we actually had a
+circuit model what was that circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model what was that circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model what was that circuit
+model from last time it really looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from last time it really looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from last time it really looked
+like this okay uh it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ubar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar it had a voltage source here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar it had a voltage source here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar it had a voltage source here which
+was D Prime V bar and a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was D Prime V bar and a dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was D Prime V bar and a dependent
+current source which was D Prime iil Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source which was D Prime iil Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source which was D Prime iil Bar
+and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had V bar here okay if you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had V bar here okay if you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had V bar here okay if you write the
+differential equation for this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for this circuit
+this nonlinear circuit that we got by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nonlinear circuit that we got by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nonlinear circuit that we got by
+Circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit
+averaging it will give you exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging it will give you exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging it will give you exactly the
+set of differential equations right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of differential equations right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of differential equations right you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+D DT is u l d DT is U minus D Prime V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D DT is u l d DT is U minus D Prime V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D DT is u l d DT is U minus D Prime V
+bar that's exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's exactly this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so you know I can describe it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I can describe it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I can describe it with
+circuit averaging I can describe it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit averaging I can describe it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit averaging I can describe it with
+State safe averaging this just gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State safe averaging this just gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State safe averaging this just gives me
+the equation forms I can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation forms I can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation forms I can go back and
+forth between the two as I want um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between the two as I want um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between the two as I want um they
+both work there are other circuit models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both work there are other circuit models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both work there are other circuit models
+that represent the same differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent the same differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent the same differential
+equations of course you can do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of course you can do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of course you can do things
+different ways but the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but the underlying
+Dynamics will always be the same if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics will always be the same if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics will always be the same if you
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+averaging any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now what is the headache of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what is the headache of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what is the headache of this
+approach or it's not a headache it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or it's not a headache it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or it's not a headache it's
+it's nothing to do with the approach I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing to do with the approach I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing to do with the approach I
+shouldn't say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say this is a
+fundamental um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental um this is a
+fundamental property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental property of the
+system is that this is a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that this is a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that this is a nonlinear
+circuit and this is a non linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and this is a non linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and this is a non linear
+differential equations why because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations why because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations why because I
+have a product between my state variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product between my state variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product between my state variable
+my output voltage and my control input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output voltage and my control input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output voltage and my control input
+the duty ratio and likewise I have a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty ratio and likewise I have a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty ratio and likewise I have a or
+one minus the duty ratio and here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the duty ratio and here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the duty ratio and here I have
+a product between my other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product between my other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product between my other state
+variable and one minus the DD ratio okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and one minus the DD ratio okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and one minus the DD ratio okay
+and that makes this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes this system
+nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+okay you know why do I care why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know why do I care why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know why do I care why is that
+a pain in the butt well what would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain in the butt well what would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain in the butt well what would I
+like to do if I go back to standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do if I go back to standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do if I go back to standard
+control theory what I'd really like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control theory what I'd really like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control theory what I'd really like is
+perhaps some kind of transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps some kind of transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps some kind of transfer function
+that says if I change the duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says if I change the duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says if I change the duty ratio
+what does the output voltage do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the output voltage do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the output voltage do because
+if I'm going to write everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to write everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to write everything in the
+terms of a transfer function I can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a transfer function I can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a transfer function I can you
+know apply linear control theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know apply linear control theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know apply linear control theory and
+life is good okay how do I usually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is good okay how do I usually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is good okay how do I usually get
+the transfer function I take the llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function I take the llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function I take the llas
+transform of this stuff right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this stuff right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this stuff right which
+converts this differential equation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts this differential equation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts this differential equation into
+an algebraic equation D DT becomes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic equation D DT becomes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic equation D DT becomes just
+s right where s variable but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right where s variable but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right where s variable but this is
+kind of a pain in the ass in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a pain in the ass in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a pain in the ass in this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why taking Theo of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why taking Theo of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why taking Theo of a
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+right anybody recall what you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anybody recall what you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anybody recall what you have to do
+when you take the product with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the product with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the product with the
+Lelo you end up with a convolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lelo you end up with a convolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lelo you end up with a convolution and
+that's not very pretty right so I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very pretty right so I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very pretty right so I can't
+just write a a transfer function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write a a transfer function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write a a transfer function for
+this I can't boil this thing down into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can't boil this thing down into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can't boil this thing down into a
+transfer function because this llas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function because this llas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function because this llas of
+the product is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is a
+problem okay so the question is what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so the question is what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so the question is what can
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+do and the answer is it's nonlinear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the answer is it's nonlinear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the answer is it's nonlinear and
+it has nonlinear Dynamics meaning it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nonlinear Dynamics meaning it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nonlinear Dynamics meaning it it
+it truly is not linear that's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it truly is not linear that's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it truly is not linear that's the way it
+is but we could find out what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we could find out what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we could find out what it does
+for small variations in fact in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small variations in fact in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small variations in fact in my
+original example I just showed you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example I just showed you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example I just showed you the
+output voltage and I showed you it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage and I showed you it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage and I showed you it did
+this little bump but it was around zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bump but it was around zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bump but it was around zero
+that's cuz I was AC coupling it right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cuz I was AC coupling it right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cuz I was AC coupling it right I
+was showing you the deviation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you the deviation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you the deviation in the
+output voltage from its steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage from its steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage from its steady state
+value okay and what I can go do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay and what I can go do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay and what I can go do is I can
+say okay if I believe my converter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I believe my converter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I believe my converter is
+going to be operating in periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be operating in periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be operating in periodic steady
+state somewhere and then I put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state somewhere and then I put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state somewhere and then I put in a
+small perturbation away from that steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbation away from that steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbation away from that steady
+state in other words maybe I step my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in other words maybe I step my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in other words maybe I step my
+reference voltage just a tiny bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference voltage just a tiny bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference voltage just a tiny bit okay
+it should respond and the Dynamics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should respond and the Dynamics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should respond and the Dynamics are
+nonlinear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but
+the V for small variations they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V for small variations they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V for small variations they're
+pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to
+linear okay so what I might do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay so what I might do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay so what I might do is I
+might go and say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go and say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go and say all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+suppose that my all of my variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that my all of my variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that my all of my variables in
+my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my system
+X of T was equal to some DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value sometimes called the bias or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value sometimes called the bias or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value sometimes called the bias or the
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+plus some AC's variation small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation right and then I could express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation right and then I could express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation right and then I could express
+well the small variations are simply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the small variations are simply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the small variations are simply you
+know the total variable minus it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the total variable minus it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the total variable minus it's it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+deviation of the total variable from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the total variable from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the total variable from the
+steady state operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state operating
+Point okay and what I can go do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay and what I can go do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay and what I can go do is I can
+express all my variables that way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express all my variables that way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express all my variables that way I can
+say okay uh U is equal to some DC Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay uh U is equal to some DC Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay uh U is equal to some DC Value
+Plus any variation I put on the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus any variation I put on the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus any variation I put on the input
+voltage uh V is equal to you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage uh V is equal to you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage uh V is equal to you know some
+DC voltage plus some small variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC voltage plus some small variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC voltage plus some small variation
+where this is the deviation away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the deviation away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the deviation away from
+you know this is the AC coupled version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the AC coupled version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the AC coupled version
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+okay I is equal to some DC I plus some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I is equal to some DC I plus some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I is equal to some DC I plus some I
+Tilda some small variation Etc okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda some small variation Etc okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda some small variation Etc okay and
+what can we say mathema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say mathema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say mathema
+Al suppose I had some nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al suppose I had some nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al suppose I had some nonlinear
+differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+dxdt where X is some variable or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt where X is some variable or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt where X is some variable or some
+Vector of variables and this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of variables and this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of variables and this is a vector
+of equations is equal to some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations is equal to some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations is equal to some function
+of uh the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the state
+variables the inputs and could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the inputs and could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the inputs and could be a
+function of time too all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time too all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time too all right so this
+is some arbitrarily nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some arbitrarily nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some arbitrarily nonlinear
+differential equation it could have mult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it could have mult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it could have mult
+you know could have it could be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could have it could be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could have it could be a vector
+differential equation like this has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation like this has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation like this has two
+State variables so X could be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State variables so X could be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State variables so X could be a vector
+of State variables in general and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State variables in general and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State variables in general and I
+could have a vector of inputs R okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a vector of inputs R okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a vector of inputs R okay and
+suppose I had this and I had some steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had this and I had some steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had this and I had some steady
+state operating point I have f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state operating point I have f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state operating point I have f of
+x and capital R and T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and capital R and T is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and capital R and T is equal to
+zero this is an operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is an operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is an operating
+point this is a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DQ or system of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ or system of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ or system of differential
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+okay why is this an operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is this an operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is this an operating point
+because what I'm saying is right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm saying is right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm saying is right if I
+put F of capital x and capital r in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put F of capital x and capital r in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put F of capital x and capital r in here
+I get zero which means dxdt is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get zero which means dxdt is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get zero which means dxdt is zero
+which means it's not going anywhere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's not going anywhere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's not going anywhere it
+sits there so this is this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits there so this is this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits there so this is this equation is
+precisely defining some operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely defining some operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely defining some operating point
+where it's just going to sit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's just going to sit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's just going to sit some
+periodic steady state value where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state value where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state value where it's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit
+okay and what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we can do is we can
+linearize this guy okay what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize this guy okay what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize this guy okay what do I mean
+by thato let me just do the simplest 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thato let me just do the simplest 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thato let me just do the simplest 1D
+version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this
+idea suppose I have um one dimension X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea suppose I have um one dimension X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea suppose I have um one dimension X
+and I have F ofx and this has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have F ofx and this has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have F ofx and this has some
+function some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some
+nonlinear this is not a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear this is not a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear this is not a straight line
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+right well um this is you know this is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well um this is you know this is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well um this is you know this is f
+ofx notice that there's some place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx notice that there's some place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx notice that there's some place where
+F ofx goes through zero and I could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F ofx goes through zero and I could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F ofx goes through zero and I could call
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+X right and so the variation DX DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right and so the variation DX DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right and so the variation DX DT is
+exactly defined by this function near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly defined by this function near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly defined by this function near
+here but maybe near the this operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but maybe near the this operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but maybe near the this operating
+point I could come and say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I could come and say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I could come and say you know what
+let me just approximate him with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just approximate him with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just approximate him with a
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line right and I will approximate F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right and I will approximate F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right and I will approximate F ofx
+right near this operating point with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right near this operating point with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right near this operating point with a
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+line and then I can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then I can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then I can look
+at right if I have some variable X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right if I have some variable X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right if I have some variable X the
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here to some other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to some other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to some other point
+I this distance I might call X Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this distance I might call X Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this distance I might call X Tilda
+right the deviation between X and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the deviation between X and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the deviation between X and its
+operating point is just the variation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point is just the variation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point is just the variation so
+I can worry about this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can worry about this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can worry about this differential
+equation variations about this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation variations about this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation variations about this point
+okay and how am I going to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how am I going to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how am I going to approximate
+that I could approximate that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dxdt which I could write as D capital x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt which I could write as D capital x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt which I could write as D capital x
+DT Plus dx2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Plus dx2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Plus dx2
+DT right so X is capital x this is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right so X is capital x this is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right so X is capital x this is X
+this is capital X Plus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capital X Plus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capital X Plus X
+Tilda right this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda right this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda right this is just
+zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+because this is the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the derivative of a
+constant all right is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right is going to be equal
+to well dxdt was F of XR and T I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well dxdt was F of XR and T I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well dxdt was F of XR and T I'm just
+going to substitute X Plus X Tilla Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to substitute X Plus X Tilla Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to substitute X Plus X Tilla Etc
+in here right what I'm going to get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here right what I'm going to get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here right what I'm going to get get
+is uh f of x R and T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh f of x R and T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh f of x R and T plus
+DF DX evaluated at X and R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh evaluated times um x- capital x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh evaluated times um x- capital x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh evaluated times um x- capital x
+which is actually just times x Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus DF Dr R evaluated at X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DF Dr R evaluated at X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DF Dr R evaluated at X and
+R times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R times
+rlda okay so all I'm doing is I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rlda okay so all I'm doing is I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rlda okay so all I'm doing is I'm I'm
+instead of using F ofx I'm doing a 4 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using F ofx I'm doing a 4 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using F ofx I'm doing a 4 I'm
+doing a tailor expansion of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a tailor expansion of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a tailor expansion of this thing
+and looking at just the derivatives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at just the derivatives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at just the derivatives at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+okay what's F of XR andt this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's F of XR andt this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's F of XR andt this is just
+zero because I just told you this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because I just told you this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because I just told you this thing
+was zero and so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero and so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero and so I just
+get DF DX and dfdr time XT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DF DX and dfdr time XT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DF DX and dfdr time XT and
+rlda does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rlda does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rlda does that make sense to
+everybody and all I'm really doing is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and all I'm really doing is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and all I'm really doing is is
+I'm linearizing I'm approximating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm linearizing I'm approximating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm linearizing I'm approximating this
+nonlinear curve if I my deviations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear curve if I my deviations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear curve if I my deviations are
+small enough I can't really tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough I can't really tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough I can't really tell the
+difference between the curvy F ofx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the curvy F ofx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the curvy F ofx and
+the straight line orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line orange
+approximation that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that make sense everybody
+I do require to do this I do require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do require to do this I do require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do require to do this I do require
+that f is differentiable near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is differentiable near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is differentiable near
+here but our systems are so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but our systems are so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but our systems are so you know
+life is good okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is good okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is good okay any questions about
+that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally is that's messy to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally is that's messy to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally is that's messy to think about
+but actually it's quite simple in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it's quite simple in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it's quite simple in the
+real world in the real world what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world in the real world what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world in the real world what am I
+going to do in the real world all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in the real world all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in the real world all I'm
+going to do is I'm going to come up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to come up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to come up to
+this equation and substitute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and substitute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and substitute in
+these expansions and Factor it life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expansions and Factor it life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expansions and Factor it life is
+easy okay so let me do that so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so let me do that so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so let me do that so what I
+have is I have D Bar DT and I said I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is I have D Bar DT and I said I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is I have D Bar DT and I said I I
+should have said these are the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said these are the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said these are the local
+averages because I'm working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages because I'm working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages because I'm working with a
+local averages right D Bar DT is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is equal to
+DDT of I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of I plus
+Dil Tilda DT and we said this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dil Tilda DT and we said this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dil Tilda DT and we said this was
+Zero because I is a constant and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero because I is a constant and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero because I is a constant and that's
+going to be equal to what that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to what that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to what that's going
+to be equal to all I got to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to all I got to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to all I got to do is
+substitute the stuff in there 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l u+ u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l u+ u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l u+ u
+Tilda um minus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L capital V plus v Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L capital V plus v Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L capital V plus v Tilda
+times it's 1us D I'm sorry it's D Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's 1us D I'm sorry it's D Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's 1us D I'm sorry it's D Prime
+which is 1 minus d That's 1 - D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus d That's 1 - D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus d That's 1 - D minus
+dlda okay and that's top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay and that's top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay and that's top
+equation and I get DV bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT which is equal to D DT of capital V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is equal to D DT of capital V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is equal to D DT of capital V
+which we said was zero plus DV Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we said was zero plus DV Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we said was zero plus DV Tilda
+DT which is is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is is equal to
+um- 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RC V +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC V +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC V +
+vlda plus 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlda plus 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlda plus 1 /
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+time i+ I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda
+times 1 - D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dlda okay I apologize for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay I apologize for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay I apologize for all the
+algebra but guess what you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but guess what you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but guess what you know you
+can't do this without it so that's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this without it so that's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this without it so that's life
+all right so what can I do here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what can I do here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what can I do here let me
+just refactor this and here's how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refactor this and here's how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refactor this and here's how I'm
+going to factor it I'm going to put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to factor it I'm going to put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to factor it I'm going to put all
+of the terms that are just operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terms that are just operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terms that are just operating
+Point capital letters together then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point capital letters together then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point capital letters together then I'm
+going to have mixed ones then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have mixed ones then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have mixed ones then I'm going
+to have all terms that are products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all terms that are products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all terms that are products of
+tildas so let me just rewrite this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tildas so let me just rewrite this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tildas so let me just rewrite this for
+you so what I get is D till the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what I get is D till the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what I get is D till the
+DT is equal to uh 1 over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u minus 1 over L time dpre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus 1 over L time dpre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus 1 over L time dpre
+V so 1 over L * U minus D Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so 1 over L * U minus D Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so 1 over L * U minus D Prime
+V okay then I'm going to get mixed terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay then I'm going to get mixed terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay then I'm going to get mixed terms
+I'm going to get uh plus 1 over l u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get uh plus 1 over l u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get uh plus 1 over l u
+Tilda - 1 l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda - 1 l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda - 1 l
+v dlda oop this is going to be plus 1 l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v dlda oop this is going to be plus 1 l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v dlda oop this is going to be plus 1 l
+v d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d d
+Tilda uh minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda uh minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda uh minus 1
+l d Prime which is 1 minus capital d v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l d Prime which is 1 minus capital d v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l d Prime which is 1 minus capital d v
+Tilda and then I'm going to get plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and then I'm going to get plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and then I'm going to get plus 1
+over l v Tilda D Tilda okay last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l v Tilda D Tilda okay last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l v Tilda D Tilda okay last
+equation and then life will get easier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then life will get easier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then life will get easier I
+won't have to write any equations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to write any equations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to write any equations it's
+DV till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV till
+DT is going to be equal to - 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC
+minus I'm sorry it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I'm sorry it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I'm sorry it's going to
+be it's going to be 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's going to be 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's going to be 1/
+C time minus V /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R uh plus I L * 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D okay that's the all Cap all caps term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay that's the all Cap all caps term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay that's the all Cap all caps term
+minus one/ r c v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one/ r c v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one/ r c v
+Tilda plus one/ r plus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda plus one/ r plus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda plus one/ r plus 1 over
+C uh D Prime over c i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh D Prime over c i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh D Prime over c i
+Tilda plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda plus or
+minus I over c d Tilda and then minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I over c d Tilda and then minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I over c d Tilda and then minus 1
+over c i l Tilda D Tilda okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c i l Tilda D Tilda okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c i l Tilda D Tilda okay I
+apologize for all that math but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for all that math but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for all that math but let me
+get to you why I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to you why I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to you why I'm telling you
+this let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's look at this
+factor and I wrote U here I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and I wrote U here I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and I wrote U here I should have
+been very careful to write capital u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very careful to write capital u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very careful to write capital u
+these are all DC periodic steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all DC periodic steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all DC periodic steady state
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+right this is the DC input voltage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the DC input voltage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the DC input voltage this
+is the DC output voltage at an operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the DC output voltage at an operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the DC output voltage at an operating
+point or should I say in periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or should I say in periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or should I say in periodic steady
+state local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state local
+averages what is 1us D * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages what is 1us D * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages what is 1us D * V
+well if I came back over to my Boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I came back over to my Boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I came back over to my Boost
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+here 1 minus D * V is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 minus D * V is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 minus D * V is just
+U so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so this whole
+thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+zero likewise this is the output current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero likewise this is the output current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero likewise this is the output current
+capital V over r i Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V over r i Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V over r i Capital
+itimes uh this should have been D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itimes uh this should have been D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itimes uh this should have been D
+Prime is simply the current going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is simply the current going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is simply the current going into
+the output from the inductor this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from the inductor this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from the inductor this is
+also zero if you worked it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also zero if you worked it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also zero if you worked it out so
+basically all capital terms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all capital terms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all capital terms in this
+thing if you're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you're dealing with the
+periodic saite operating points of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic saite operating points of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic saite operating points of a
+converter are going to drop out and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter are going to drop out and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter are going to drop out and go
+away if they don't you did your math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if they don't you did your math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if they don't you did your math
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+okay what about these guys over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about these guys over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about these guys over
+here this is the small variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the small variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the small variation in the
+output voltage times the small variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage times the small variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage times the small variation
+in the duty ratio I'm going to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the duty ratio I'm going to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the duty ratio I'm going to argue
+that this is a small thing and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a small thing and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a small thing and this is a
+small thing this is small squared I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing this is small squared I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing this is small squared I'm
+going to pretend he's approximately zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pretend he's approximately zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pretend he's approximately zero
+likewise this is small time small I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this is small time small I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this is small time small I'm
+going to say he's approximately zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say he's approximately zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say he's approximately zero
+basically these terms are precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these terms are precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these terms are precisely the
+curvature away in this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature away in this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature away in this nonlinear
+function from the straight line and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the straight line and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the straight line and I'm
+saying if I get close enough I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if I get close enough I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if I get close enough I can
+ignore that curvature if I make my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that curvature if I make my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that curvature if I make my my
+variations away from that point small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations away from that point small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations away from that point small
+enough I can't tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I can't tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I can't tell the
+difference okay which leaves me with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay which leaves me with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay which leaves me with an
+equation in terms of d l till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of d l till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of d l till
+DT which is in terms of two like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is in terms of two like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is in terms of two like
+basically it's in terms of this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's in terms of this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's in terms of this I'm
+going to have constants this is 1 over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have constants this is 1 over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have constants this is 1 over L
+this is one over L times capital V so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one over L times capital V so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one over L times capital V so
+capital V is my periodic stady State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V is my periodic stady State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V is my periodic stady State
+value that's just a constant as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's just a constant as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's just a constant as far as
+the variations are concerned this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations are concerned this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations are concerned this is
+minus one over L this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over L this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over L this is another
+constant right d Prime is my steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right d Prime is my steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right d Prime is my steady
+state Duty r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Duty r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Duty r
+ratio and D Tilda is my variation away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and D Tilda is my variation away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and D Tilda is my variation away
+from that or D Prime is one minus my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that or D Prime is one minus my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that or D Prime is one minus my
+steady state D Duty ratio and I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state D Duty ratio and I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state D Duty ratio and I can do
+the same thing with these other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with these other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with these other terms
+these as far as this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as far as this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as far as this equation is
+concerned are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned are all
+constants okay does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants okay does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants okay does that make sense to
+everybody so I would argue then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I would argue then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I would argue then that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Beast right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast right this
+Beast um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I take away all the stuff I I throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take away all the stuff I I throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take away all the stuff I I throw
+away all the stuff all I have is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all the stuff all I have is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all the stuff all I have is small
+signal variables times constants added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal variables times constants added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal variables times constants added
+up so this is also a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this is also a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this is also a system of
+differential equations but as far as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but as far as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but as far as a
+given periodic steady state operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given periodic steady state operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given periodic steady state operating
+Condition it's a it's a linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition it's a it's a linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition it's a it's a linear constant
+coefficient differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient differential
+equations right this is the friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right this is the friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right this is the friendly
+kind of differential equations right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of differential equations right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of differential equations right the
+ones the ones we love well why do I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the ones we love well why do I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the ones we love well why do I like
+that because I could take that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I could take that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I could take that set of
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equations and come back here and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and come back here and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and come back here and instead
+of woring about V error I could worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of woring about V error I could worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of woring about V error I could worry
+about V error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about V error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about V error
+variation I could worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation I could worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation I could worry about the
+variation in duty cycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in duty cycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in duty cycle the
+variation in my inductor current away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in my inductor current away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in my inductor current away
+from this is variation is away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is variation is away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is variation is away from the
+stady state operating point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state operating point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state operating point the
+variation in voltage away from my steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in voltage away from my steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in voltage away from my steady
+state operating point and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state operating point and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state operating point and this would be
+feeding back V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding back V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding back V
+Tilda and suddenly I stick these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and suddenly I stick these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and suddenly I stick these
+differential equations in here and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in here and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in here and these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+linear and suddenly in my life became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and suddenly in my life became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and suddenly in my life became
+easy because now I can apply all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because now I can apply all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because now I can apply all my
+linear control theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so how might I do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how might I do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how might I do this in
+practice a lot of things I can do and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice a lot of things I can do and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice a lot of things I can do and I
+should say by the way there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by the way there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by the way there's nothing
+that prevents me from doing the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents me from doing the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents me from doing the original
+nonlinear stuff and doing a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear stuff and doing a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear stuff and doing a nonlinear
+you know having a nonlinear plan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know having a nonlinear plan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know having a nonlinear plan and
+considering you know leop andov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering you know leop andov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering you know leop andov
+controllers or anything I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers or anything I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers or anything I want to
+consider right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider right it's just
+complicated and perhaps unnecessarily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and perhaps unnecessarily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and perhaps unnecessarily so
+by doing this linearization trick around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this linearization trick around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this linearization trick around
+an operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operating
+point I get a set of linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I get a set of linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I get a set of linear constant
+coefficient differential equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient differential equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient differential equations that
+then give me nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give me nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give me nice
+behavior all right the only constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior all right the only constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior all right the only constraint
+the only fly in this ointment is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only fly in this ointment is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only fly in this ointment is the
+differential equations the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations the coefficients
+in it depend on the operating point so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it depend on the operating point so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it depend on the operating point so I
+got to say geez I'm operating at D Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to say geez I'm operating at D Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to say geez I'm operating at D Prime
+is 0.5 my steady state is at 50% it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 my steady state is at 50% it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 my steady state is at 50% it's
+for this boost conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this boost conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this boost conversion
+ratio and then I'll get the Dynamics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and then I'll get the Dynamics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and then I'll get the Dynamics for
+that boost conversion ratio for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boost conversion ratio for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boost conversion ratio for small
+deviations away from that but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations away from that but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations away from that but if I
+suddenly changed Duty ratio to 75% D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly changed Duty ratio to 75% D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly changed Duty ratio to 75% D
+Prime became 02 5 the the equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime became 02 5 the the equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime became 02 5 the the equations are
+different and the Dynamics are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the Dynamics are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the Dynamics are different
+right so the fact that this nonlinear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the fact that this nonlinear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the fact that this nonlinear is
+nonlinear means at different operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear means at different operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear means at different operating
+points the Dynamics vary well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the Dynamics vary well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the Dynamics vary well you're
+stuck with that it's a nonlinear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that it's a nonlinear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that it's a nonlinear system
+that's what it does okay but if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does okay but if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does okay but if I'm
+interested in gez I I kicked it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in gez I I kicked it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in gez I I kicked it a little
+bit I changed my D Duty ratio a little I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I changed my D Duty ratio a little I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I changed my D Duty ratio a little I
+Ste my load when I get close to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ste my load when I get close to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ste my load when I get close to that
+second operating point I can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second operating point I can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second operating point I can predict
+what the Dynamics are very exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Dynamics are very exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Dynamics are very exactly
+okay and by the way even though this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way even though this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way even though this is
+nonlinear it turns out that it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear it turns out that it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear it turns out that it's pretty
+good right you like the the Dynamics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right you like the the Dynamics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right you like the the Dynamics are
+you know quite nicely captured so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quite nicely captured so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quite nicely captured so how
+would I you know how might I deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I you know how might I deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I you know how might I deal with
+this well I could do this what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well I could do this what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well I could do this what what
+would I do I could turn this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do I could turn this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do I could turn this whole thing
+into a transfer function for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a transfer function for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a transfer function for example
+like over here what I would really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over here what I would really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over here what I would really like
+is some transfer function uh perhaps h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some transfer function uh perhaps h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some transfer function uh perhaps h
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+S where H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S where H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S where H of
+s goes from D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes from D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes from D
+Tilda to vlda for example right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda to vlda for example right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda to vlda for example right it's a
+transfer function from variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function from variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function from variations in
+Duty ratio to variations and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio to variations and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio to variations and output
+voltage if I kept my um input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if I kept my um input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if I kept my um input voltage
+constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for
+example okay well how would I do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay well how would I do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay well how would I do that I
+just take the lass transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the lass transform of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the lass transform of this
+stuff all my is ofel become s Tilda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all my is ofel become s Tilda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all my is ofel become s Tilda this
+would become SV Tilda right and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become SV Tilda right and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become SV Tilda right and then I
+could look at this thing and I could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at this thing and I could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at this thing and I could go
+in here and I could uh multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and I could uh multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and I could uh multiply this by
+S I could then substitute my s i Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I could then substitute my s i Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I could then substitute my s i Tilda
+in here and I tildas would go away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and I tildas would go away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and I tildas would go away and
+I'd get everything that relates D Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get everything that relates D Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get everything that relates D Tilda
+and V Tilda okay I'll just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V Tilda okay I'll just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V Tilda okay I'll just write down
+that solution for you because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solution for you because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solution for you because I'm
+running out of time but if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time but if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time but if you do that
+okay here's what you get first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's what you get first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's what you get first of all
+any questions about the process I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the process I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the process I just
+mentioned okay so what I would get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned okay so what I would get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned okay so what I would get is
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay um I would get H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I would get H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I would get H of
+s is equal to V Tilda over D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to V Tilda over D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to V Tilda over D
+Tilda which is equal to - s * i l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda which is equal to - s * i l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda which is equal to - s * i l
+over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh
+C plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus
+v d Prime over LC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d Prime over LC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d Prime over LC
+um / s^2 + 1 / R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um / s^2 + 1 / R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um / s^2 + 1 / R
+cs plus d Prime SAR over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cs plus d Prime SAR over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cs plus d Prime SAR over
+LC okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC okay so this is
+a second order different this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order different this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order different this is a
+second order transfer function right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer function right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer function right it
+has two poles right s squ in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two poles right s squ in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two poles right s squ in the
+denominator right so it's characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator right so it's characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator right so it's characteristic
+equation has is second order okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has is second order okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has is second order okay well
+we expect that it's sort it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that it's sort it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that it's sort it's got to be
+second order why because what are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order why because what are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order why because what are my
+energy storage elements in my converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage elements in my converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage elements in my converter
+my energy storage elements in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my energy storage elements in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my energy storage elements in my
+converter are one inductor and one cacor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter are one inductor and one cacor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter are one inductor and one cacor
+so it is second order great I expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is second order great I expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is second order great I expect
+that uh these have two left half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh these have two left half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh these have two left half plane
+zeros I can tell because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros I can tell because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros I can tell because all the
+coefficients are positive on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are positive on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are positive on the
+characteristic equation uh it has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation uh it has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation uh it has one
+right half plane zero we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane zero we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane zero we'll come back to
+talking about that all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that all right so that's
+great I I kind of get a behavior I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I I kind of get a behavior I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I I kind of get a behavior I'm
+expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting
+um notice that the pole locations move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice that the pole locations move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice that the pole locations move
+around depending upon Duty ratio so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around depending upon Duty ratio so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around depending upon Duty ratio so if
+I'm sitting here and I'm coming from 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sitting here and I'm coming from 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sitting here and I'm coming from 5
+to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10
+volts DC D Prime would be 0.5 and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts DC D Prime would be 0.5 and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts DC D Prime would be 0.5 and I get
+one set of pole locations if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of pole locations if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of pole locations if I was
+coming from 5 to 20 volts I'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from 5 to 20 volts I'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from 5 to 20 volts I'd have a
+different value of D Prime and I'd get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of D Prime and I'd get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of D Prime and I'd get a
+different set of pole locations so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of pole locations so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of pole locations so the
+poles do move around as I'm sort of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles do move around as I'm sort of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles do move around as I'm sort of at
+different operating points but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operating points but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operating points but that's
+life okay I can deal with that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life okay I can deal with that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life okay I can deal with that how
+accurate is this well I plugged in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate is this well I plugged in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate is this well I plugged in I
+won't bother writing it on the board I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't bother writing it on the board I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't bother writing it on the board I
+plugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged
+in values for an example and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in values for an example and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in values for an example and it's
+precisely the example I showed you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the example I showed you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the example I showed you uh
+it's precisely the example I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you precisely the example I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you precisely the example I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you precisely the example I showed you
+last class in fact this transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is we get a
+step uh we stepped in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh we stepped in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh we stepped in this case we
+stepped the load so I calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped the load so I calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped the load so I calculate
+everything for the new the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for the new the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for the new the final
+value of what the inductor current would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of what the inductor current would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of what the inductor current would
+be right and I just plug into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and I just plug into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and I just plug into that
+equation and what you get for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and what you get for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and what you get for that
+equation you get a a zero at 35 Kil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get a a zero at 35 Kil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get a a zero at 35 Kil
+radians per second and PS at -4000 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second and PS at -4000 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second and PS at -4000 plus
+or minus J1 16279 rad per second that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus J1 16279 rad per second that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus J1 16279 rad per second that
+gives an oscillation period that ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an oscillation period that ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an oscillation period that ought
+to be about4 milliseconds well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about4 milliseconds well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about4 milliseconds well if you
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+this that's pretty good it's about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's pretty good it's about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's pretty good it's about what
+we got right 1.6 to two so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got right 1.6 to two so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got right 1.6 to two so even though
+this is a pretty large step it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty large step it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty large step it's a
+factor of two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two in
+load I can predict the transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load I can predict the transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load I can predict the transient
+response the average transient response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the average transient response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the average transient response
+with this nice little linearized model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this nice little linearized model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this nice little linearized model
+that means if I put this thing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I put this thing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I put this thing in a
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+controller I ought to be able to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller I ought to be able to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller I ought to be able to build a
+compensator that'll control the Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator that'll control the Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator that'll control the Clos
+Loop Dynamics and give me the response I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop Dynamics and give me the response I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop Dynamics and give me the response I
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+so that is State space averaging and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is State space averaging and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is State space averaging and its
+application and then linearization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and then linearization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and then linearization so
+I'm going to average my circuit and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to average my circuit and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to average my circuit and I
+get a nonlinear average model then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nonlinear average model then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nonlinear average model then I'm
+going to linearize the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to linearize the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to linearize the differential
+equations and that gives me a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and that gives me a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and that gives me a nice
+linear constant coefficient model that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient model that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient model that I
+can model with a transfer function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model with a transfer function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model with a transfer function at
+least for a given operating Point any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for a given operating Point any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for a given operating Point any
+questions before we wrap up yeah when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before we wrap up yeah when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before we wrap up yeah when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+said2 were you showing us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said2 were you showing us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said2 were you showing us some
+simulation or oh what what's this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation or oh what what's this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation or oh what what's this this
+oh where did I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh where did I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh where did I get that
+number what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what I did
+was well it's not on the graph what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well it's not on the graph what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well it's not on the graph what I
+did was I plugged into this and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was I plugged into this and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was I plugged into this and I got
+the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of
+s right and the and the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right and the and the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right and the and the imaginary
+component of the of the pole locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the of the pole locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the of the pole locations
+is the damped natural frequen qu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the damped natural frequen qu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the damped natural frequen qu and
+that should correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should correspond to the
+oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation
+period uh of a transient response of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh of a transient response of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh of a transient response of a
+you know so if I took a an RLC circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so if I took a an RLC circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so if I took a an RLC circuit
+and I put a step on it I would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put a step on it I would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put a step on it I would see a
+transient with that the pole locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient with that the pole locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient with that the pole locations
+indicated and all I did was said what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated and all I did was said what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated and all I did was said what's
+the pole locations and how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole locations and how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole locations and how does that
+match that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that
+transient yeah how did you choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient yeah how did you choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient yeah how did you choose to
+linearize around the starting or ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around the starting or ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around the starting or ending
+operating well okay so I got to I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating well okay so I got to I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating well okay so I got to I got to
+linearize around the ending operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around the ending operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around the ending operating
+point because I'm asking how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because I'm asking how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because I'm asking how does it
+vary about where I'm going and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary about where I'm going and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary about where I'm going and it's
+going to settle down to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to settle down to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to settle down to that
+place asking what the Dynamics are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place asking what the Dynamics are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place asking what the Dynamics are about
+where I'm leaving from sort of doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm leaving from sort of doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm leaving from sort of doesn't
+tell me very much because I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me very much because I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me very much because I'm not going
+to be there I'm going away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there any last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any last
+questions okay so we'll take up control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so we'll take up control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so we'll take up control
+of power converters again next class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lTTfrBbXeTk.txt b/lTTfrBbXeTk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..581b5cc1f53ea672de9b93da989cde734166149d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lTTfrBbXeTk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case study the challenge was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case study the challenge was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case study the challenge was to
+focus on one very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on one very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on one very important
+characteristic of this very flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of this very flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of this very flexible
+electronic sensor and that in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic sensor and that in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic sensor and that in fact is
+what we're going to focus on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to focus on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to focus on in this
+attempt to show the flexibility of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to show the flexibility of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to show the flexibility of this
+very very thin film of electronics so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thin film of electronics so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thin film of electronics so I
+first put it on something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put it on something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put it on something that is
+strange it's actually the inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange it's actually the inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange it's actually the inside of a
+plastic petri dish and I'm thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic petri dish and I'm thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic petri dish and I'm thinking that
+that's showing the flexibility and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing the flexibility and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing the flexibility and I
+took another point of view of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another point of view of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another point of view of the same
+setup I kind of liked it because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup I kind of liked it because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup I kind of liked it because I'm
+very very focused in and you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very focused in and you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very focused in and you could see
+the bending and folding then I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending and folding then I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending and folding then I tried
+something a little more rigid a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more rigid a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more rigid a piece of
+cardboard that was folded in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard that was folded in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard that was folded in a couple of
+areas sort of like that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas sort of like that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas sort of like that one the
+researchers took their own images which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers took their own images which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers took their own images which
+are these in front of you showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these in front of you showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these in front of you showing that
+this sensor is placed on the skin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensor is placed on the skin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensor is placed on the skin and
+that it stretches and I'm not sure about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it stretches and I'm not sure about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it stretches and I'm not sure about
+which images are better these definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which images are better these definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which images are better these definitely
+show the stretch ability and flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the stretch ability and flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the stretch ability and flexibility
+of this very thin membrane sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very thin membrane sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very thin membrane sensor
+whether or not you want to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you want to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you want to look at this
+for a long time is another story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time is another story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time is another story but
+maybe take a look at the differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take a look at the differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take a look at the differences and
+you make the decision
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mjrQHIJj1iI.txt b/mjrQHIJj1iI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca6d52d9b37857ca32dfb708c0052a8d0e067d70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mjrQHIJj1iI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's calculate the kinetic energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the kinetic energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the kinetic energy in
+the center-of-mass frame of two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame of two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame of two objects
+that are colliding I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are colliding I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are colliding I'm going to use
+prime for the center of mass frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime for the center of mass frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime for the center of mass frame
+velocity so we have v1 Prime and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have v1 Prime and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have v1 Prime and we have
+the two Prime and recall two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Prime and recall two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Prime and recall two things that
+when we calculated v1 prime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculated v1 prime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculated v1 prime in the
+center-of-mass frame we found that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame we found that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame we found that this
+was equal to the reduced mass divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to the reduced mass divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to the reduced mass divided by
+m1 times the relative velocities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 times the relative velocities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 times the relative velocities of the
+two objects v1 prime minus v2 Prime now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects v1 prime minus v2 Prime now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects v1 prime minus v2 Prime now
+in the center-of-mass frame this quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center-of-mass frame this quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center-of-mass frame this quant
+this quantity is a reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is a reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is a reference frame
+independent and so we can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and so we can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and so we can just write
+that as the 1/2 it's the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the 1/2 it's the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the 1/2 it's the relative
+velocity is reference frame independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we also knew that the two prime was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we also knew that the two prime was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we also knew that the two prime was
+equal to minus mu over m to the 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus mu over m to the 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus mu over m to the 1/2
+so now let's calculate the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's calculate the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's calculate the kinetic
+energy in the center-of-mass frame so KC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the center-of-mass frame so KC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the center-of-mass frame so KC
+M is one-half m1 v1 prime squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is one-half m1 v1 prime squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is one-half m1 v1 prime squared plus
+one-half m2 v2 prime squared now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half m2 v2 prime squared now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half m2 v2 prime squared now let's
+use our results in terms of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our results in terms of relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our results in terms of relative
+velocity so we have one-half m1 mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have one-half m1 mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have one-half m1 mu over
+m1 times v1 2 squared because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 times v1 2 squared because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 times v1 2 squared because we're
+squaring that plus one-half m2 new the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that plus one-half m2 new the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that plus one-half m2 new the
+minus sign doesn't matter anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign doesn't matter anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign doesn't matter anymore
+because we're squaring it b2 squared I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're squaring it b2 squared I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're squaring it b2 squared I
+could put that in there it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put that in there it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put that in there it wouldn't
+matter and now what we have is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and now what we have is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and now what we have is we have a
+have one of the M ones cancels so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of the M ones cancels so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of the M ones cancels so we
+have a Mew squared over m1 v1 2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Mew squared over m1 v1 2 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Mew squared over m1 v1 2 squared
+plus 1/2 another Mew squared over m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 another Mew squared over m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 another Mew squared over m2
+times v1 2 squared so I pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v1 2 squared so I pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v1 2 squared so I pull out the
+common terms mu squared B 1/2 squared I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common terms mu squared B 1/2 squared I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common terms mu squared B 1/2 squared I
+have 1 over m 1 plus 1 over M 2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over m 1 plus 1 over M 2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over m 1 plus 1 over M 2 but
+recall that the reduced mass was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the reduced mass was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the reduced mass was
+precisely 1 over m 1 plus 1 over m 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely 1 over m 1 plus 1 over m 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely 1 over m 1 plus 1 over m 2 and
+so I get 1/2 mu times V 1 2 squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get 1/2 mu times V 1 2 squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get 1/2 mu times V 1 2 squared is
+the kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+frame so what that means is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so what that means is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so what that means is a way of
+thinking if this were just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking if this were just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking if this were just a simple
+reduced mass problem with the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced mass problem with the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced mass problem with the relative
+speed of V 1 2 squared I can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of V 1 2 squared I can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of V 1 2 squared I can write down
+the kinetic energy but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy but that's the
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+frame and therefore the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and therefore the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and therefore the change in
+kinetic energy is in a collision is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is in a collision is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is in a collision is just
+1/2 the 1/2 the initial final squared -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 the 1/2 the initial final squared -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 the 1/2 the initial final squared -
+and it's the same mu so we'll just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same mu so we'll just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same mu so we'll just put a
+- b12 initial squared and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- b12 initial squared and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- b12 initial squared and if the
+collision is elastic remember our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is elastic remember our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is elastic remember our
+elastic collision showed that v1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision showed that v1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision showed that v1 to
+initial was - the one - final so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial was - the one - final so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial was - the one - final so an
+elastic collision satisfies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision satisfies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision satisfies that
+condition and you can see directly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and you can see directly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and you can see directly that
+Delta K cm is zero in that case and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K cm is zero in that case and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K cm is zero in that case and a
+completely inelastic collision has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely inelastic collision has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely inelastic collision has the
+two objects moving together at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects moving together at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects moving together at the end
+so v1 - final is zero so completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so v1 - final is zero so completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so v1 - final is zero so completely
+inelastic is the condition that v1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic is the condition that v1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic is the condition that v1 to
+final is zero because the objects stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is zero because the objects stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is zero because the objects stick
+together and then we have a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we have a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we have a very simple
+result for the change in kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the change in kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the change in kinetic energy
+for completely inelastic collision it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for completely inelastic collision it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for completely inelastic collision it's
+only negative one-half mu B 1 - initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only negative one-half mu B 1 - initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only negative one-half mu B 1 - initial
+quantity squared
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ml58GCq078o.txt b/ml58GCq078o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..208e5d32e9ad8fecb7bd33522bd875dc46b52421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ml58GCq078o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+TLC advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while the basic TLC video covers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the basic TLC video covers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the basic TLC video covers the
+essential steps for using thin layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential steps for using thin layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential steps for using thin layer
+chromatography a few Advanced Techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography a few Advanced Techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography a few Advanced Techniques
+may also come in handy for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also come in handy for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also come in handy for instance
+learning how to cut your own glass TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to cut your own glass TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to cut your own glass TLC
+plates or pull your own spotters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates or pull your own spotters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates or pull your own spotters is
+essential in a research lab environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential in a research lab environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential in a research lab environment
+it is also important to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also important to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also important to know how to
+visualize spots using TLC stains as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize spots using TLC stains as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize spots using TLC stains as well
+as UV light this video will cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as UV light this video will cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as UV light this video will cover the
+Advanced Techniques involved in carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques involved in carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques involved in carrying
+now thin layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now thin layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now thin layer
+chromatography in the basic TLC video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography in the basic TLC video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography in the basic TLC video
+you learned how to set up a developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned how to set up a developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned how to set up a developing
+chamber Mark and spot a TLC plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber Mark and spot a TLC plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber Mark and spot a TLC plate
+develop the plate visualize the spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the plate visualize the spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the plate visualize the spots
+using a UV lamp and calculate RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values you also learned how to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you also learned how to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you also learned how to choose a
+developing solvent and compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing solvent and compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing solvent and compare the
+identity of two compounds using a c-spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of two compounds using a c-spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of two compounds using a c-spot
+this video will demonstrate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will demonstrate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will demonstrate some
+Advanced Techniques commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques commonly used in
+Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research
+Laboratories you will learn how to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories you will learn how to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories you will learn how to cut
+glass TLC plates from large plates how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass TLC plates from large plates how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass TLC plates from large plates how
+to pull spotters from capillary tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull spotters from capillary tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull spotters from capillary tubes
+and how to stain TLC plates to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spots let's start out with the TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots let's start out with the TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots let's start out with the TLC
+plates plastic backed TLC plates such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates plastic backed TLC plates such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates plastic backed TLC plates such as
+those used in the basic video are found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those used in the basic video are found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those used in the basic video are found
+in many Laboratories because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many Laboratories because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many Laboratories because they are
+cheap usually precut into a usable size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap usually precut into a usable size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap usually precut into a usable size
+and if not easy to cut with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if not easy to cut with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if not easy to cut with
+scissors in spite of these conveniences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors in spite of these conveniences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors in spite of these conveniences
+many chemists prefer glass-backed TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many chemists prefer glass-backed TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many chemists prefer glass-backed TLC
+plates they can withstand more heat than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates they can withstand more heat than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates they can withstand more heat than
+a plastic backed plate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic backed plate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic backed plate which is
+important when you are using stains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you are using stains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you are using stains to
+visualize spots they also frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize spots they also frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize spots they also frequently
+offer better resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unlike plastic plates glass plates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike plastic plates glass plates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike plastic plates glass plates are
+generally purchased as large squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally purchased as large squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally purchased as large squares
+approximately 20 cm by 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 20 cm by 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 20 cm by 20
+cm this means that it's up to you to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm this means that it's up to you to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm this means that it's up to you to cut
+the plate into smaller plates of usable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate into smaller plates of usable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate into smaller plates of usable
+size with a few well-placed Cuts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size with a few well-placed Cuts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size with a few well-placed Cuts you can
+generally get approximately 40 to 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally get approximately 40 to 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally get approximately 40 to 60
+small plates from one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plates from one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plates from one big
+plate the small plates are commonly 5 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the small plates are commonly 5 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the small plates are commonly 5 cm
+long and about about 1 to 2 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and about about 1 to 2 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and about about 1 to 2 cm
+wide cutting glass TLC plates without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide cutting glass TLC plates without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide cutting glass TLC plates without
+breaking them is something of an art it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them is something of an art it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them is something of an art it
+will take some practice but here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take some practice but here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take some practice but here are a
+few tips to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few tips to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few tips to get you
+started first you will need a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started first you will need a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started first you will need a glass
+cutter like the one shown here to score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter like the one shown here to score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter like the one shown here to score
+the glass and allow you to break it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass and allow you to break it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass and allow you to break it in a
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+line start by making three well-placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line start by making three well-placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line start by making three well-placed
+Cuts approximately 5 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts approximately 5 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts approximately 5 cm
+apart this will give you four four long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this will give you four four long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this will give you four four long
+strips that can be cut into individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips that can be cut into individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips that can be cut into individual
+plates start by placing the large glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates start by placing the large glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates start by placing the large glass
+plate absorbent side down on a clean dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate absorbent side down on a clean dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate absorbent side down on a clean dry
+surface use a pencil and a ruler to Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface use a pencil and a ruler to Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface use a pencil and a ruler to Mark
+the cuts that you were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuts that you were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuts that you were going to
+make next use the glass cutter to score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make next use the glass cutter to score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make next use the glass cutter to score
+a line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line in the
+plate you may be tempted to score the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate you may be tempted to score the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate you may be tempted to score the
+plate repeatedly to deepen the cut in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate repeatedly to deepen the cut in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate repeatedly to deepen the cut in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+glass but this will actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass but this will actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass but this will actually make it
+more difficult to break the plate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to break the plate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to break the plate in a
+clean straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean straight
+line instead firmly score the glass with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line instead firmly score the glass with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line instead firmly score the glass with
+One Sweep of the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cutter and using the edge of your bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter and using the edge of your bench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter and using the edge of your bench
+for support break the plate in a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for support break the plate in a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for support break the plate in a clean
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+line continue cutting the long strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line continue cutting the long strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line continue cutting the long strip
+into individual TLC plates until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into individual TLC plates until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into individual TLC plates until you
+have amassed a nice stockpile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amassed a nice stockpile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amassed a nice stockpile
+with your plates ready to go now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your plates ready to go now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your plates ready to go now it's
+time to pull some TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to pull some TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to pull some TLC
+spotters while commercially available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters while commercially available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters while commercially available
+capillary spotters can be used to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary spotters can be used to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary spotters can be used to apply
+samples to TLC plates many people prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to TLC plates many people prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to TLC plates many people prefer
+to pull their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull their own
+spotters this is because pulled spotters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters this is because pulled spotters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters this is because pulled spotters
+have a smaller diameter so you can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a smaller diameter so you can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a smaller diameter so you can apply
+smaller spots to the plate this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller spots to the plate this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller spots to the plate this means
+that you get better resolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get better resolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get better resolution and
+you're able to spot more spots per plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to spot more spots per plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to spot more spots per plate
+because you can conserve plates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can conserve plates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can conserve plates this
+makes pulling your own spotters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes pulling your own spotters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes pulling your own spotters the
+economical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical
+choice put the center of a capillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice put the center of a capillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice put the center of a capillary
+tube Into the Blue Flame from a bunson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube Into the Blue Flame from a bunson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube Into the Blue Flame from a bunson
+burner and hold it there until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner and hold it there until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner and hold it there until the
+center starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center starts to
+soften then remove the capillary from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften then remove the capillary from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften then remove the capillary from
+the flame and pull on the ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flame and pull on the ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flame and pull on the ends of the
+tube this causes the center of the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube this causes the center of the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube this causes the center of the tube
+to stretch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stretch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stretch and
+narrow this will take a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow this will take a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow this will take a little bit of
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+if the tube isn't hot enough when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the tube isn't hot enough when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the tube isn't hot enough when you
+pull it you won't be able to stretch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it you won't be able to stretch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it you won't be able to stretch it
+but if you leave it in the flame for too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you leave it in the flame for too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you leave it in the flame for too
+long it'll turn into a saggy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it'll turn into a saggy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it'll turn into a saggy
+mess once you have heated and pulled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess once you have heated and pulled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess once you have heated and pulled the
+capillary tube break it into two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary tube break it into two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary tube break it into two pieces
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+center you should end up with two fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you should end up with two fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you should end up with two fine
+tipped TLC spotters from every capillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipped TLC spotters from every capillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipped TLC spotters from every capillary
+tube with a bit more experience and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube with a bit more experience and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube with a bit more experience and an
+acetylene torch you can also pull TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene torch you can also pull TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene torch you can also pull TLC
+spotters from pasture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters from pasture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters from pasture
+pipets on a good day you can get dozens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipets on a good day you can get dozens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipets on a good day you can get dozens
+of TLC spotters from one pipet but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TLC spotters from one pipet but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TLC spotters from one pipet but for
+safety reasons this technique is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety reasons this technique is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety reasons this technique is best
+learned from an experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from an experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from an experienced
+labmate with your plates and spotters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labmate with your plates and spotters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labmate with your plates and spotters in
+hand you're ready to learn about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you're ready to learn about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you're ready to learn about using
+some TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some TLC
+stains a standard TLC station in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains a standard TLC station in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains a standard TLC station in an
+organic laboratory consists of a UV lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic laboratory consists of a UV lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic laboratory consists of a UV lamp
+which you learned about in the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you learned about in the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you learned about in the basic
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+a variety of TLC stains some paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of TLC stains some paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of TLC stains some paper
+towels and a heat Source either a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and a heat Source either a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and a heat Source either a heat
+gun or a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun or a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun or a hot
+plate before you do any staining spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate before you do any staining spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate before you do any staining spot
+and develop your plate as usual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop your plate as usual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop your plate as usual and
+allow all of the solvent to evaporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow all of the solvent to evaporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow all of the solvent to evaporate
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface then dip your plate into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface then dip your plate into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface then dip your plate into the
+stain allow excess stain to Dr drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain allow excess stain to Dr drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain allow excess stain to Dr drain
+back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the
+jar and dry the back of the plate on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar and dry the back of the plate on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar and dry the back of the plate on a
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+towel don't be discouraged if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel don't be discouraged if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel don't be discouraged if you don't
+see any spots on your plate just yet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any spots on your plate just yet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any spots on your plate just yet you
+have to heat the plate to activate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat the plate to activate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat the plate to activate the
+stain turn on the heat gun and hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain turn on the heat gun and hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain turn on the heat gun and hold the
+plate just above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate just above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate just above the
+barrel watch closely and you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel watch closely and you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel watch closely and you should see
+your spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spots
+appear don't heat for too long or you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear don't heat for too long or you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear don't heat for too long or you'll
+end up with a blackened TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate while numerous TLC Stains have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate while numerous TLC Stains have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate while numerous TLC Stains have
+been developed some good common ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed some good common ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed some good common ones are
+phosph mbic acid PMA CC ammonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosph mbic acid PMA CC ammonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosph mbic acid PMA CC ammonium
+malonate Cam and potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permanganate let's finish up with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanganate let's finish up with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanganate let's finish up with a few
+General tips for using TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General tips for using TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General tips for using TLC
+stains remember that staining is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains remember that staining is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains remember that staining is a
+destructive form of visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive form of visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive form of visualization
+the stain will react irreversibly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stain will react irreversibly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stain will react irreversibly with
+the compounds on your plate this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compounds on your plate this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compounds on your plate this means
+that you should always view your plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should always view your plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should always view your plate
+under the UV lamp prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the UV lamp prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the UV lamp prior to
+staining not all compounds will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining not all compounds will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining not all compounds will show up
+in all stains so you may have to screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all stains so you may have to screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all stains so you may have to screen
+a variety of stains to find one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of stains to find one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of stains to find one that
+works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for
+you remember this video is intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this video is intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this video is intended to
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+technique it is not intended as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+or the supplementary material in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+important that you understand both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oM5OgMz4g_M.txt b/oM5OgMz4g_M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fbe6a4c2fc7d20002b026dce6ba105033d70487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oM5OgMz4g_M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no new handout today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no new handout today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no new handout today we're
+working off the old handout if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working off the old handout if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working off the old handout if you don't
+have the old handout you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the old handout you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the old handout you'll probably
+survive without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive without it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the last thing to say before I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing to say before I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing to say before I say
+something is that between this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is that between this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is that between this morning
+and this afternoon I changed the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this afternoon I changed the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this afternoon I changed the end of
+the lecture I decided I had a new idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I decided I had a new idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I decided I had a new idea
+and we will discover whether it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will discover whether it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will discover whether it turns
+out to be a new idea when I hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a new idea when I hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a new idea when I hear it
+coming out of my mouth but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of my mouth but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of my mouth but if it
+slightly confuses the handout I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly confuses the handout I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly confuses the handout I'm sorry
+it's the product of actual thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the product of actual thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the product of actual thought
+all right it is my belief somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it is my belief somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it is my belief somebody
+remind me if I'm wrong that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me if I'm wrong that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me if I'm wrong that we had
+gotten to the incidence part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to the incidence part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to the incidence part of this
+story about coercive sexual behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about coercive sexual behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about coercive sexual behavior and
+we had not gotten to the etiology part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had not gotten to the etiology part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had not gotten to the etiology part
+does that sound about right to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound about right to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound about right to people
+yup okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yup okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yup okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me see then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what I want to do is to talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is to talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is to talk about some
+risk factors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factors then
+and rather like the uh the eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rather like the uh the eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rather like the uh the eating
+disorder story risk factors are risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder story risk factors are risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder story risk factors are risk
+factors they're they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors they're they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors they're they're not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they're not by themselves causative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not by themselves causative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not by themselves causative so
+and and again most of this is coming off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again most of this is coming off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again most of this is coming off
+of survey data so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of survey data so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of survey data so for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one of the things that turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that turns out to be a
+risk factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk factor
+for uh for some sort of coercive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for some sort of coercive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for some sort of coercive
+relations uh taking place is who pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh taking place is who pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh taking place is who pays
+for dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dinner
+um and the this this is not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the this this is not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the this this is not because
+guys who pay for dinner are rapists it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys who pay for dinner are rapists it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys who pay for dinner are rapists it's
+because some small fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some small fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some small fraction of
+um folks who pay for dinner somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um folks who pay for dinner somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um folks who pay for dinner somehow
+think they've paid for something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they've paid for something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they've paid for something else
+perhaps it's not clear what they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps it's not clear what they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps it's not clear what they what
+the actual causality is but if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual causality is but if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual causality is but if you go
+and take some giant body of data and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take some giant body of data and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take some giant body of data and you
+say and you ask what's correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and you ask what's correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and you ask what's correlated with
+um that something that looks like date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that something that looks like date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that something that looks like date
+rape is the as the end product one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is the as the end product one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is the as the end product one of
+the one of the correlated factors turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the correlated factors turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the correlated factors turns
+out to be things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be things like
+um who pays uh the uh a similarly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who pays uh the uh a similarly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who pays uh the uh a similarly not
+terribly powerful correlation is found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly powerful correlation is found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly powerful correlation is found
+with whose car it is or whose room it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whose car it is or whose room it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whose car it is or whose room it is
+or things like these are issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like these are issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like these are issues of
+control that it's more likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that it's more likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that it's more likely that
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+again as a sort of a weak correlative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a sort of a weak correlative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a sort of a weak correlative
+bit of data his car is more dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of data his car is more dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of data his car is more dangerous
+than her car from that point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than her car from that point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than her car from that point of view
+does it mean that everybody with a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that everybody with a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that everybody with a car
+is a rapist no of course not doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rapist no of course not doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rapist no of course not doesn't
+mean anything of this but it uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything of this but it uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything of this but it uh but
+there's a correlation there these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a correlation there these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a correlation there these are
+small-ish effects if you want a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small-ish effects if you want a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small-ish effects if you want a big
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+um go for alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go for alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go for alcohol
+uh if you read this literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you read this literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you read this literature
+I'm just somewhat depressing literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just somewhat depressing literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just somewhat depressing literature
+but if you read this literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you read this literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you read this literature
+um you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least a majority of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a majority of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a majority of cases
+um reported seem to involve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reported seem to involve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reported seem to involve uh
+consumption of alcohol generally fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of alcohol generally fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of alcohol generally fairly
+large amounts of alcohol so in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of alcohol so in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of alcohol so in one of
+the studies it's uh in in in in several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies it's uh in in in in several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies it's uh in in in in several
+of the studies it's anywhere between 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies it's anywhere between 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies it's anywhere between 50
+and 75 percent of of uh of cases involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 75 percent of of uh of cases involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 75 percent of of uh of cases involve
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+of of alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of alcohol
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is alarming Inc if it's taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alarming Inc if it's taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alarming Inc if it's taken in
+along with the rise in binge drinking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the rise in binge drinking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the rise in binge drinking on
+college campuses that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college campuses that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college campuses that's something that's
+risen over the last 20 years and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen over the last 20 years and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen over the last 20 years and if you
+assume that a big risk factor for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that a big risk factor for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that a big risk factor for um for
+coercive sexual relations is alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive sexual relations is alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive sexual relations is alcohol
+it's not going to be a good thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be a good thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be a good thing if
+there's a lot of binge drinking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of binge drinking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of binge drinking around
+um some of this appears to be in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of this appears to be in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of this appears to be in a sense
+deliberate where uh some guys pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate where uh some guys pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate where uh some guys pressure
+some women to drink too much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some women to drink too much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some women to drink too much in the
+interests of promoting sexual activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of promoting sexual activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of promoting sexual activity
+of some variety but mostly this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some variety but mostly this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some variety but mostly this is a
+case of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of um
+what Floyd Alexander's at Floyd or Lloyd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Floyd Alexander's at Floyd or Lloyd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Floyd Alexander's at Floyd or Lloyd
+I can't remember it says on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember it says on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember it says on the handout
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+Floyd where'd he go it bronze well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floyd where'd he go it bronze well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floyd where'd he go it bronze well it's
+neither Freud nor Lloyd no Lloyd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither Freud nor Lloyd no Lloyd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither Freud nor Lloyd no Lloyd
+Alexander I that's that's a lovely uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander I that's that's a lovely uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander I that's that's a lovely uh a
+lovely blend Lloyd Alexander is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely blend Lloyd Alexander is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely blend Lloyd Alexander is an
+author of of uh young adult uh fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author of of uh young adult uh fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author of of uh young adult uh fantasy
+novels right which some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels right which some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels right which some of you may have
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+um Franz Alexander is the the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Franz Alexander is the the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Franz Alexander is the the American
+Freudian so you put Freud Franz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian so you put Freud Franz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian so you put Freud Franz and
+Lloyd together and apparently you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd together and apparently you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd together and apparently you get
+Floyd Alexander who's nobody but Franz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floyd Alexander who's nobody but Franz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floyd Alexander who's nobody but Franz
+Alexander this early American Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander this early American Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander this early American Freudian
+uh had the felicitous line that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had the felicitous line that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had the felicitous line that the
+super ego is soluble in alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super ego is soluble in alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super ego is soluble in alcohol
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the we might be more inclined today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we might be more inclined today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we might be more inclined today to
+look at at the neuroimaging data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at the neuroimaging data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at the neuroimaging data that
+says oh look here's this chunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh look here's this chunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh look here's this chunk of the
+frontal lobe it seems to monitor errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe it seems to monitor errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe it seems to monitor errors
+oh look here's this chunk of the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look here's this chunk of the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look here's this chunk of the frontal
+lobe on alcohol wow it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe on alcohol wow it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe on alcohol wow it's really
+suppressed even I mean alcoholism it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed even I mean alcoholism it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed even I mean alcoholism it has
+an inhibitory effect on the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhibitory effect on the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhibitory effect on the nervous
+system it adds a particularly strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it adds a particularly strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it adds a particularly strong
+inhibitory effect on the chunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory effect on the chunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory effect on the chunk of the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+that to the best of our knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the best of our knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the best of our knowledge is
+there for uh doing things like error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for uh doing things like error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for uh doing things like error
+monitoring if you're error monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring if you're error monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring if you're error monitoring
+device is off all sorts of stupid things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is off all sorts of stupid things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is off all sorts of stupid things
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+um and if your error monitoring is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if your error monitoring is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if your error monitoring is off
+and in the in the context of sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the in the context of sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the in the context of sexual
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+um all sorts of stupid sexual activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all sorts of stupid sexual activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all sorts of stupid sexual activity
+sorts of things happen that looks to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things happen that looks to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things happen that looks to be
+the most likely path for the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely path for the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely path for the effects of
+alcohol it simply makes people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol it simply makes people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol it simply makes people do
+um stupid things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stupid things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stupid things
+the um both the man and the woman it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um both the man and the woman it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um both the man and the woman it's
+it's it's a uh an equal opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a uh an equal opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a uh an equal opportunity
+stupidifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidifier
+um by the way though while it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way though while it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way though while it is an
+equal opportunity stupidifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal opportunity stupidifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal opportunity stupidifier
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+she subsequently thinks that or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she subsequently thinks that or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she subsequently thinks that or that
+well let's suppose this ends up in court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's suppose this ends up in court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's suppose this ends up in court
+she charges him with um date rape in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she charges him with um date rape in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she charges him with um date rape in
+some fashion or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion or other
+um if everybody's drunk what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if everybody's drunk what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if everybody's drunk what's the
+chance that uh that there's a conviction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that uh that there's a conviction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that uh that there's a conviction
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+that's about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about right
+um you don't you don't end up getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't you don't end up getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't you don't end up getting a
+um you you don't end up getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you don't end up getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you don't end up getting a
+conviction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conviction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conviction
+um typically if there's a lot of alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically if there's a lot of alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically if there's a lot of alcohol
+involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and
+um if everybody's drunk blame tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if everybody's drunk blame tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if everybody's drunk blame tends to
+migrate to the woman uh in in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate to the woman uh in in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate to the woman uh in in these
+sorts in these sorts of cases I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts in these sorts of cases I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts in these sorts of cases I'm not
+arguing that that is the right thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that that is the right thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that that is the right thing or
+anything it's just an interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's just an interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's just an interesting uh
+factoid about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoid about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoid about
+um about responsibility it turns out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about responsibility it turns out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about responsibility it turns out at
+least in legal settings to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in legal settings to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in legal settings to be very
+difficult to get a conviction about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get a conviction about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get a conviction about for
+any of this if uh if everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this if uh if everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this if uh if everybody is
+apparently drunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently drunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently drunk
+um these days uh in in a dubious sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these days uh in in a dubious sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these days uh in in a dubious sort of
+progress we can improve on alcohol with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress we can improve on alcohol with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress we can improve on alcohol with
+uh so-called date rape drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so-called date rape drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so-called date rape drugs
+um I put the name of of the date rape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I put the name of of the date rape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I put the name of of the date rape
+drug I mean one gets sort of labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug I mean one gets sort of labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug I mean one gets sort of labeled
+that on on on the handout but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on on on the handout but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on on on the handout but there's a
+class uh there's a whole class of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh there's a whole class of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh there's a whole class of these
+um out there they are uh the the one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out there they are uh the the one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out there they are uh the the one on
+the handout in particular is part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout in particular is part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout in particular is part of a
+family of of tranquilizers that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of of tranquilizers that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of of tranquilizers that are like
+Valium basically and they uh their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valium basically and they uh their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valium basically and they uh their their
+effects are to produce disinhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are to produce disinhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are to produce disinhibition
+relaxation of voluntary muscles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation of voluntary muscles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation of voluntary muscles and
+great Amnesia they they produce an intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Amnesia they they produce an intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Amnesia they they produce an intro
+grade Amnesia review time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade Amnesia review time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade Amnesia review time right
+anti-grade Amnesia that's Amnesia from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-grade Amnesia that's Amnesia from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-grade Amnesia that's Amnesia from
+after the point of the insult so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the point of the insult so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the point of the insult so in this
+case getting hit over the head is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case getting hit over the head is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case getting hit over the head is taking
+the drug so you have an amnesia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug so you have an amnesia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug so you have an amnesia for
+events uh subsequent to taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh subsequent to taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh subsequent to taking
+um taking the drug so uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking the drug so uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking the drug so uh you're
+disinhibited stuff happens and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinhibited stuff happens and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinhibited stuff happens and you don't
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+um here there are repeated reports of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here there are repeated reports of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here there are repeated reports of
+cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of
+um uh drinks being spiked with drugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh drinks being spiked with drugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh drinks being spiked with drugs and
+things of that sort um so there is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort um so there is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort um so there is more
+of a sense that these may be being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense that these may be being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense that these may be being used
+in a in a deliberate sort of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a deliberate sort of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a deliberate sort of a uh
+uh sort of a sense the alcohol by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a sense the alcohol by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a sense the alcohol by the
+way potentiates the effects of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way potentiates the effects of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way potentiates the effects of these
+sort of tranquilizers so a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tranquilizers so a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tranquilizers so a mixture of
+alcohol and one of these drugs is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and one of these drugs is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and one of these drugs is is a
+uh um a really potent way to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a really potent way to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a really potent way to end up
+doing things that you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that you don't have any
+intention of doing and would not do were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention of doing and would not do were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention of doing and would not do were
+all of your neurons functioning in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your neurons functioning in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your neurons functioning in a
+halfway reasonable fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway reasonable fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway reasonable fashion
+um let's see other risk factors that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see other risk factors that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see other risk factors that I
+put on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the handout
+um what do you do with time a is a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you do with time a is a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you do with time a is a risk
+factor for time B it says on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for time B it says on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for time B it says on the handout
+that that just uh that just says what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that just uh that just says what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that just uh that just says what uh
+um uh you know what what what what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know what what what what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know what what what what your
+nervous Aunt used to say or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous Aunt used to say or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous Aunt used to say or something
+like that that you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that you know if you're
+holding hands with somebody the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding hands with somebody the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding hands with somebody the next
+thing you know you're hugging them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you're hugging them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you're hugging them and
+if you're hugging them the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're hugging them the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're hugging them the next thing
+you know and then so each Progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then so each Progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then so each Progressive
+Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act
+increases the likelihood of the next ACT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the likelihood of the next ACT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the likelihood of the next ACT
+again that's just the sort of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's just the sort of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's just the sort of thing that
+you're going to pull out of correlative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pull out of correlative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pull out of correlative
+data the other biggie in risk factors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the other biggie in risk factors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the other biggie in risk factors is
+miscommunication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication
+um did anybody talk to anybody uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did anybody talk to anybody uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did anybody talk to anybody uh in in
+the process of of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of of this of this
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+um you off just as you get in report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you off just as you get in report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you off just as you get in report
+after report uh you get reports of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after report uh you get reports of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after report uh you get reports of
+alcohol use you also hear as an over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol use you also hear as an over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol use you also hear as an over a
+recurring litany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring litany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring litany
+um she said he said sorts of reports she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she said he said sorts of reports she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she said he said sorts of reports she
+thought she said this he thought he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought she said this he thought he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought she said this he thought he
+heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that
+um so there's uh some variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's uh some variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's uh some variety of
+miscommunication there this raises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication there this raises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication there this raises the
+the issue of consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of consent
+um that the notion is yeah the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the notion is yeah the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the notion is yeah the the the
+foundational notion is that you want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational notion is that you want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational notion is that you want all
+sexual relations to be consensual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual relations to be consensual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual relations to be consensual in
+some fashion most people will sign on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion most people will sign on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion most people will sign on to
+that notion in a pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion in a pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion in a pretty straightforward
+kind of manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of manner
+um but exactly what can means is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but exactly what can means is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but exactly what can means is rather
+difficult to uh to make concrete if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to uh to make concrete if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to uh to make concrete if
+you're in a laboratory situation consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a laboratory situation consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a laboratory situation consent
+is spectacularly concrete you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spectacularly concrete you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spectacularly concrete you have to
+fill out forms but nobody fills out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out forms but nobody fills out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out forms but nobody fills out
+forms in in uh in in sexual relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in in uh in in sexual relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in in uh in in sexual relations
+right every now and then you get some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every now and then you get some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every now and then you get some uh
+well-meaning uh uh Antioch had a had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-meaning uh uh Antioch had a had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-meaning uh uh Antioch had a had an
+Antioch College had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antioch College had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antioch College had a a
+a behavior code that boiled down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a behavior code that boiled down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a behavior code that boiled down to a
+consent form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consent form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consent form for
+um for interpersonal relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for interpersonal relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for interpersonal relations
+um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it
+nobody really runs their life that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really runs their life that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really runs their life that way
+you know hi I think our relationship has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hi I think our relationship has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hi I think our relationship has
+gotten to a certain point would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to a certain point would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to a certain point would you
+please sign the following 16-page form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please sign the following 16-page form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please sign the following 16-page form
+it it just doesn't it doesn't quite ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just doesn't it doesn't quite ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just doesn't it doesn't quite ring
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+um though in fact it might be a Marvel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um though in fact it might be a Marvel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um though in fact it might be a Marvel
+and most of these sound a little most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of these sound a little most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of these sound a little most of
+these efforts sound a little like soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these efforts sound a little like soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these efforts sound a little like soft
+core porn for the for the academic class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core porn for the for the academic class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core porn for the for the academic class
+right that you know long written out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you know long written out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you know long written out uh
+forms that describe in detail who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that describe in detail who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that describe in detail who's
+going to do what to whose body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do what to whose body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do what to whose body
+um yeah it might not be it might be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it might not be it might be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it might not be it might be kind
+of an interesting exercise but suffice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting exercise but suffice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting exercise but suffice
+it to say that communication in Intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to say that communication in Intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to say that communication in Intimate
+Relationships doesn't look like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relationships doesn't look like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relationships doesn't look like that and
+the possibilities are Rife for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities are Rife for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities are Rife for
+miscommunication and when you um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication and when you um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication and when you um when
+you ask in survey data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask in survey data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask in survey data about
+um relationships that became coercive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relationships that became coercive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relationships that became coercive in
+some fashion what you find out is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion what you find out is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion what you find out is that
+there seems to be a there often seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be a there often seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be a there often seems to
+be a core chunk of of miscommunication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a core chunk of of miscommunication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a core chunk of of miscommunication
+so this gives us some sort of a of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us some sort of a of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us some sort of a of an
+epidemiological look at the problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological look at the problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological look at the problem it
+doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any
+in itself it just says that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself it just says that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself it just says that look
+look these things that are are our risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look these things that are are our risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look these things that are are our risk
+factors it's more likely that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors it's more likely that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors it's more likely that if you're
+if you're drunk in the back of his car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're drunk in the back of his car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're drunk in the back of his car
+that that something's gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that something's gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that something's gonna happen
+um the uh how can we understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh how can we understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh how can we understand this
+from a a more theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a more theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a more theoretical
+um theoretical point of view the um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theoretical point of view the um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theoretical point of view the um well
+that's why it says theories on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it says theories on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it says theories on the
+handout I see the uh the theories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout I see the uh the theories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout I see the uh the theories and
+again one of the reasons we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one of the reasons we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one of the reasons we're talking
+about this is it gives me a lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is it gives me a lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is it gives me a lovely
+chance to go back in and review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to go back in and review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to go back in and review the
+entire course the theories run the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course the theories run the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course the theories run the usual
+run that you should be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that you should be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that you should be extremely
+familiar with at this point there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with at this point there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with at this point there are
+um well since we're in the chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well since we're in the chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well since we're in the chunk of
+course on abnormal psychology they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on abnormal psychology they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on abnormal psychology they're a
+psychopathological theories that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychopathological theories that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychopathological theories that say
+that the guys who end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the guys who end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the guys who end up
+um accused of of Date Rape are sick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um accused of of Date Rape are sick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um accused of of Date Rape are sick that
+they are um that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are um that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are um that they are
+mentally ill in some fashion uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally ill in some fashion uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally ill in some fashion uh that is
+not a bad theory for what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad theory for what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad theory for what's known as
+Blitz rape for the stranger in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blitz rape for the stranger in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blitz rape for the stranger in the
+bushes kind of rape those guys when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushes kind of rape those guys when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushes kind of rape those guys when you
+and again it's overwhelmingly males who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's overwhelmingly males who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's overwhelmingly males who
+who commit uh a stranger you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who commit uh a stranger you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who commit uh a stranger you know well
+Blitz rape is is is the is the term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blitz rape is is is the is the term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blitz rape is is is the is the term for
+some stranger grabs a person and rapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stranger grabs a person and rapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stranger grabs a person and rapes
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um those guys those rapists when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those guys those rapists when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those guys those rapists when they
+are um studied don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um studied don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um studied don't look
+psychologically normal typically as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically normal typically as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically normal typically as a
+population they they look they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they they look they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they they look they look
+deviant however there's nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant however there's nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviant however there's nothing in the
+um in in these date rape population that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in these date rape population that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in these date rape population that
+looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that
+um you know the usual the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the usual the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the usual the standard
+description in a court case I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in a court case I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in a court case I think I
+mentioned it's you know oh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it's you know oh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it's you know oh just a
+regular guy just the guy next door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular guy just the guy next door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular guy just the guy next door and
+that really seems to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really seems to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really seems to be the case
+um there's some evidence for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's some evidence for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's some evidence for instance
+that they might drink more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might drink more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might drink more than the
+population as a whole but that's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a whole but that's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a whole but that's uh you
+know that yeah that's not telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that yeah that's not telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that yeah that's not telling you
+um very much so if it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very much so if it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very much so if it's not an
+individual pathology there are a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pathology there are a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pathology there are a class
+of of theories out there that suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of theories out there that suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of theories out there that suggests
+that it's a gender pathology that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a gender pathology that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a gender pathology that it's a
+problem of guys in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of guys in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of guys in general
+um the name uh at least that I most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the name uh at least that I most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the name uh at least that I most
+closely associate with this is Thornhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely associate with this is Thornhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely associate with this is Thornhill
+or Thornhill and Thornhill since there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Thornhill and Thornhill since there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Thornhill and Thornhill since there
+appear to be two of them from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be two of them from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be two of them from the
+reference on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference on the handout
+um but uh I think only one of them wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I think only one of them wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I think only one of them wrote
+the book two of them wrote the article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book two of them wrote the article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book two of them wrote the article
+there's an MIT press book that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an MIT press book that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an MIT press book that that uh
+made uh quite a bit of a stir in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh quite a bit of a stir in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh quite a bit of a stir in in the
+media oh it must be five years ago now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media oh it must be five years ago now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media oh it must be five years ago now
+or so that made that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so that made that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so that made that that
+addressed the argument The evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed the argument The evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed the argument The evolutionary
+psych argument that rape is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych argument that rape is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych argument that rape is a uh
+is adaptive this is not again to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adaptive this is not again to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adaptive this is not again to explain
+is not to condone this is not that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to condone this is not that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to condone this is not that that
+Thornhill was busy saying you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thornhill was busy saying you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thornhill was busy saying you know it's
+adaptive so it's good if they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive so it's good if they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive so it's good if they're saying
+that it's got an evolutionary adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got an evolutionary adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got an evolutionary adaptive
+uh function to it and that function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function to it and that function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function to it and that function I
+mean it doesn't take a genius to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't take a genius to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't take a genius to figure
+this out if you were following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out if you were following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out if you were following the
+earlier arguments if a male's goal is oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier arguments if a male's goal is oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier arguments if a male's goal is oh
+let's go propagate our genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go propagate our genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go propagate our genes
+um and uh and and because he doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and and because he doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and and because he doesn't get
+pregnant and she does there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant and she does there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant and she does there's this
+asymmetry she wants somebody who's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry she wants somebody who's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry she wants somebody who's gonna
+have commitment to the whole project he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have commitment to the whole project he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have commitment to the whole project he
+just wants to impregnate women and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wants to impregnate women and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wants to impregnate women and and
+get those genes into the into the Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those genes into the into the Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those genes into the into the Next
+Generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation
+Um taken to the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um taken to the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um taken to the extreme
+somebody who goes out and just forcibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who goes out and just forcibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who goes out and just forcibly
+goes and impregnates people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and impregnates people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and impregnates people
+as a chance of getting more their genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chance of getting more their genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chance of getting more their genes
+into the Next Generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Next Generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Next Generation
+um and and uh and and maybe that's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh and and maybe that's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh and and maybe that's a uh
+uh maybe that's adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe that's adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe that's adaptive
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one can argue that there is no specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can argue that there is no specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can argue that there is no specific
+adaptation towards sexual violence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation towards sexual violence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation towards sexual violence but
+that it is the the combination of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the the combination of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the the combination of a
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Elevate the males are on average more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elevate the males are on average more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elevate the males are on average more
+aggressive than females there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than females there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than females there's lots of
+data for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for this
+um at the start of the women's movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the start of the women's movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the start of the women's movement
+there was a a fairly strenuous effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a a fairly strenuous effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a a fairly strenuous effort to
+uh to argue that the differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to argue that the differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to argue that the differences in
+aggression between males and females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression between males and females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression between males and females
+were all just driven by culture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all just driven by culture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all just driven by culture that
+little boys were trained to be soldiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boys were trained to be soldiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boys were trained to be soldiers
+and little girls were were trained you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little girls were were trained you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little girls were were trained you
+know they were playing with the dolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they were playing with the dolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they were playing with the dolls
+and the guys were playing with the guns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guys were playing with the guns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guys were playing with the guns
+and so in in the 70s 80s you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in in the 70s 80s you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in in the 70s 80s you know the
+the the the thing you did if you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the thing you did if you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the thing you did if you were a
+a you know a parent of feminist sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a parent of feminist sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a parent of feminist sort of
+inclinations as you made sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclinations as you made sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclinations as you made sure that your
+little girl had guns and your little boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little girl had guns and your little boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little girl had guns and your little boy
+had dolls and the experience over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had dolls and the experience over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had dolls and the experience over the
+course of oh I suppose it's a generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of oh I suppose it's a generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of oh I suppose it's a generation
+or so now is that you know if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so now is that you know if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so now is that you know if you're a
+little boy you can make a gun out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boy you can make a gun out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boy you can make a gun out of
+Barbie too right if you hold her just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbie too right if you hold her just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbie too right if you hold her just
+right she looks like a submachine gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she looks like a submachine gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she looks like a submachine gun
+um and and and and uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and and uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and and uh there
+to to recapitulate a a large literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to recapitulate a a large literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to recapitulate a a large literature
+in a liner so there is there is plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a liner so there is there is plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a liner so there is there is plenty
+of evidence at this point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence at this point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence at this point that
+um that human males are bigger and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that human males are bigger and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that human males are bigger and more
+aggressive than than human females not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than than human females not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than than human females not
+true across the entire Animal Kingdom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true across the entire Animal Kingdom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true across the entire Animal Kingdom I
+don't think I've told you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've told you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've told you about the
+octopus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octopus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octopus
+right the the greatest case of sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the greatest case of sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the greatest case of sexual
+asymmetry in the animal kingdom as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in the animal kingdom as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in the animal kingdom as far
+as I know is some seagoing octopus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know is some seagoing octopus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know is some seagoing octopus
+um that I think they were is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I think they were is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I think they were is actually
+only discovered as a species within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only discovered as a species within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only discovered as a species within the
+last decade or so but this this is an uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last decade or so but this this is an uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last decade or so but this this is an uh
+an octopus where the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octopus where the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octopus where the female
+that the male is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the male is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the male is
+um small enough that he could fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small enough that he could fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small enough that he could fit into
+her eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her eye
+so this is this is this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is this is an
+asymmetrical species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrical species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrical species
+so these she's it's not clear and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these she's it's not clear and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these she's it's not clear and and
+his his goal in life his goal in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his goal in life his goal in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his goal in life his goal in life
+seems to yeah he's a little he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to yeah he's a little he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to yeah he's a little he's a
+little octopus Harpoon and his goal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little octopus Harpoon and his goal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little octopus Harpoon and his goal in
+life is is to impregnate one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is is to impregnate one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is is to impregnate one of these
+gigantic bubble bubble octopuses that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic bubble bubble octopuses that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic bubble bubble octopuses that's
+swimming around it's abundantly unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming around it's abundantly unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming around it's abundantly unclear
+that she knows what's happened at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she knows what's happened at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she knows what's happened at all
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh look we've got or something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look we've got or something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look we've got or something I don't
+know what to do octopus bear live young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do octopus bear live young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do octopus bear live young
+or not I don't remember anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not I don't remember anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not I don't remember anyway
+very dramatic asymmetry running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dramatic asymmetry running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dramatic asymmetry running the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+running the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the other direction
+um and and even within uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and even within uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and even within uh even
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there there are plenty of species where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are plenty of species where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are plenty of species where
+the female is the more aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female is the more aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female is the more aggressive
+species also did I tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species also did I tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species also did I tell you about
+spiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders
+yeah I told you about spiders spiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I told you about spiders spiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I told you about spiders spiders
+you know what a um praying mantises are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what a um praying mantises are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what a um praying mantises are
+good too praying and praying mantis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good too praying and praying mantis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good too praying and praying mantis uh
+uh praying mantis sexual relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh praying mantis sexual relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh praying mantis sexual relations
+apparently involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently involved
+were biting off his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were biting off his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were biting off his head
+um which apparently doesn't impair his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which apparently doesn't impair his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which apparently doesn't impair his
+functions as a mate at all one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as a mate at all one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as a mate at all one of the
+great advantages of it of a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantages of it of a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantages of it of a distributed
+nervous system the head is overrated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system the head is overrated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system the head is overrated in
+praying mantises apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praying mantises apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praying mantises apparently
+um yeah everything is out there but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah everything is out there but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah everything is out there but in
+male in in in in humans it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male in in in in humans it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male in in in in humans it's clear that
+that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are
+that males are more aggressive between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that males are more aggressive between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that males are more aggressive between
+being more aggressive and being inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more aggressive and being inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more aggressive and being inclined
+to have more uh sexual partners again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more uh sexual partners again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more uh sexual partners again
+probably because of evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because of evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because of evolutionary
+um forces you could imagine that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um forces you could imagine that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um forces you could imagine that um
+rather than having uh sexual aggression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having uh sexual aggression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having uh sexual aggression
+as a specific adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a specific adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a specific adaptation
+it ends up being a sort of a byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being a sort of a byproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being a sort of a byproduct
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+of other facts that occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other facts that occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other facts that occur
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+the notion that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that that
+rape is a sort of a male pathology a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is a sort of a male pathology a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is a sort of a male pathology a
+gender-wide pathology doesn't only show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender-wide pathology doesn't only show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender-wide pathology doesn't only show
+up in biological theories it also shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in biological theories it also shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in biological theories it also shows
+up in in very sociological theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in in very sociological theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in in very sociological theories of
+of sexual behavior notably in feminist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sexual behavior notably in feminist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sexual behavior notably in feminist
+theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories
+um in in uh one version of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in uh one version of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in uh one version of these uh
+would be the theory that this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the theory that this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the theory that this I'm
+borrowing from uh a book by sanday is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing from uh a book by sanday is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing from uh a book by sanday is it
+rape is the means by which men are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is the means by which men are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is the means by which men are
+programmed for violence a way to induct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed for violence a way to induct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed for violence a way to induct
+men younger men into masculine roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men younger men into masculine roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men younger men into masculine roles
+that it's somehow a training ground she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's somehow a training ground she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's somehow a training ground she
+argues that they're in in cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues that they're in in cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues that they're in in cultures
+um where everybody sort of lives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where everybody sort of lives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where everybody sort of lives at
+Harmony with nature that that that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony with nature that that that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony with nature that that that and
+and the mother child bond is sacred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mother child bond is sacred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mother child bond is sacred and
+things like that that that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that that that this
+doesn't happen that that rape happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen that that rape happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen that that rape happens in
+in cultures where you need guys to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cultures where you need guys to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cultures where you need guys to go
+out and deal with the dangerous World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and deal with the dangerous World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and deal with the dangerous World
+they got to go out and you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to go out and you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to go out and you know and and
+and and uh you know doing the the Bears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh you know doing the the Bears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh you know doing the the Bears
+and the lions or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lions or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lions or something
+um and that rape is in some sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that rape is in some sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that rape is in some sense a
+training ground uh for that it's an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training ground uh for that it's an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training ground uh for that it's an odd
+theory on two grounds actually this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory on two grounds actually this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory on two grounds actually this one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the one one reason is it's desperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one reason is it's desperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one reason is it's desperately
+unclear that there are any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear that there are any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear that there are any of these
+lovely pastoral societies out there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely pastoral societies out there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely pastoral societies out there we
+used to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to think
+um people like Margaret Mead had told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people like Margaret Mead had told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people like Margaret Mead had told us
+that down in the South Seas there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down in the South Seas there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down in the South Seas there were
+in Samoa there were people without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Samoa there were people without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Samoa there were people without
+sexual Hang-Ups everybody you know got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Hang-Ups everybody you know got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Hang-Ups everybody you know got
+along marvelously and and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along marvelously and and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along marvelously and and and and and
+and uh it was it was all lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it was it was all lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it was it was all lovely
+um the data don't look so good when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the data don't look so good when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the data don't look so good when you
+go back and look subsequently she saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look subsequently she saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look subsequently she saw a
+little bit of what she wanted to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what she wanted to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what she wanted to see and
+if you go and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go and look at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you go and look at these nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and look at these nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and look at these nice
+simple cultures you get you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cultures you get you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cultures you get you you get
+these reports from time to time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reports from time to time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reports from time to time of
+um hunter-gatherer cultures that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hunter-gatherer cultures that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hunter-gatherer cultures that live in
+harmony with nature and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with nature and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with nature and stuff like that
+when you actually go look at it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually go look at it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually go look at it turns
+out they murder and rape each other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they murder and rape each other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they murder and rape each other at
+exactly the sort of rates that we murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the sort of rates that we murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the sort of rates that we murder
+and rape each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rape each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rape each other
+um it's it's there is no Garden of Eden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's there is no Garden of Eden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's there is no Garden of Eden
+out there at least not anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there at least not anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there at least not anymore
+um where everybody is living in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where everybody is living in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where everybody is living in in
+beautiful Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful Harmony
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the other another problem with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other another problem with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other another problem with with the
+theory that is that it's got a a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that is that it's got a a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that is that it's got a a general
+role is that it's uh you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is that it's uh you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is that it's uh you know the the
+culture as a whole at least explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as a whole at least explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as a whole at least explicitly
+says that rape is illegal and says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that rape is illegal and says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that rape is illegal and says that
+rape is bad that makes it hard to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is bad that makes it hard to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape is bad that makes it hard to argue
+that the entire you know male gender is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire you know male gender is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire you know male gender is
+in on some plan to use this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on some plan to use this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on some plan to use this as a
+training ground for going out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training ground for going out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training ground for going out and
+killing the Bears or something of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the Bears or something of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the Bears or something of that
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+um a much more interesting it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a much more interesting it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a much more interesting it seems to
+me feminist account of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feminist account of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feminist account of what's going on
+is that that rape is a giant confident a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that rape is a giant confident a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that rape is a giant confident a
+a protection racket run by males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protection racket run by males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protection racket run by males
+um now I I and if you read feminist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I I and if you read feminist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I I and if you read feminist
+tracts on this I I I think they write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts on this I I I think they write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts on this I I I think they write as
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+um uh that there's there's some group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that there's there's some group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that there's there's some group of
+guys sitting around somehow deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys sitting around somehow deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys sitting around somehow deciding
+explicitly that this is the way things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly that this is the way things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly that this is the way things
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um but the theory makes more sense if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the theory makes more sense if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the theory makes more sense if
+you think of it uh implicitly rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it uh implicitly rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it uh implicitly rather
+like if you if you think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you if you think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you if you think about it in
+terms of the cuckoo story remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the cuckoo story remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the cuckoo story remember the
+Cuckoos Cuckoos are going and cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuckoos Cuckoos are going and cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuckoos Cuckoos are going and cheating
+and laying eggs in in other birds nests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and laying eggs in in other birds nests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and laying eggs in in other birds nests
+but you can't have too many cuckoos the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't have too many cuckoos the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't have too many cuckoos the
+argument runs in a very because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument runs in a very because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument runs in a very because you have
+to have too many Cuckoos everybody dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have too many Cuckoos everybody dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have too many Cuckoos everybody dies
+right the argument runs in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the argument runs in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the argument runs in a similar
+kind of way in this argument you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way in this argument you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way in this argument you can't
+have everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everybody
+um you know you can't have all males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you can't have all males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you can't have all males
+being rapists that just isn't a recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rapists that just isn't a recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rapists that just isn't a recipe
+for for civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for civilization
+um but if you have if the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or creates a Cadre of of rapists then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creates a Cadre of of rapists then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creates a Cadre of of rapists then
+the rest of the guys can take on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the guys can take on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the guys can take on the
+role of protecting women from those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of protecting women from those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of protecting women from those uh
+from those bad guys right the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those bad guys right the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those bad guys right the argument
+is that that rape is condoned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that rape is condoned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that rape is condoned in the
+society perhaps implicitly rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society perhaps implicitly rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society perhaps implicitly rather than
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+um you know I've got a useful normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I've got a useful normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I've got a useful normal
+curve here you know we'll have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here you know we'll have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here you know we'll have a few
+guys out here who are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys out here who are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys out here who are bad
+um and and we the rest of us us good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and we the rest of us us good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and we the rest of us us good
+guys can now protect women from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can now protect women from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can now protect women from those
+bad guys well what's that gonna mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys well what's that gonna mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys well what's that gonna mean
+well it might mean gee you shouldn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it might mean gee you shouldn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it might mean gee you shouldn't go
+out much for instance you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out much for instance you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out much for instance you know you
+should stay you should stay at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should stay you should stay at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should stay you should stay at home
+um or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or um
+uh or or you should uh you should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or you should uh you should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or you should uh you should not be
+seen by men you should not be you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by men you should not be you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by men you should not be you should
+not wear this you should not do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wear this you should not do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wear this you should not do this in
+any case feminist argument argues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case feminist argument argues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case feminist argument argues that
+um it's a tool that it can be a tool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a tool that it can be a tool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a tool that it can be a tool of
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+over women even if you only have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over women even if you only have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over women even if you only have a very
+small minority of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small minority of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small minority of uh
+of males engaging in the uh uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of males engaging in the uh uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of males engaging in the uh uh in the
+activity that strikes me as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that strikes me as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that strikes me as as a
+as actually a fairly clever argument I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as actually a fairly clever argument I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as actually a fairly clever argument I
+don't know if it's true but it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true but it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true but it's it's a
+it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting
+it's an interesting argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting argument
+um the uh feminist arguments often Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh feminist arguments often Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh feminist arguments often Point
+towards pornography as a uh as a culprit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards pornography as a uh as a culprit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards pornography as a uh as a culprit
+here as a training ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a training ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a training ground
+um in the sense that uh if if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that uh if if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that uh if if you if you
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if you took the earlier notion that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you took the earlier notion that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you took the earlier notion that the
+the mind gets to pick how to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind gets to pick how to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind gets to pick how to you know
+gets to pick it's it's abnormality gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to pick it's it's abnormality gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to pick it's it's abnormality gets
+to pick how to go insane if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick how to go insane if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick how to go insane if you like
+from the menu That's provided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the menu That's provided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the menu That's provided by the
+broader culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader culture
+so you know currently if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know currently if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know currently if you want to
+have a dissociative disorder the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dissociative disorder the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dissociative disorder the way to
+have it is a multiple personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it is a multiple personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it is a multiple personality
+disorder a couple hundred years ago it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder a couple hundred years ago it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder a couple hundred years ago it
+might have been to have a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been to have a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been to have a to be
+possessed by a demon these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessed by a demon these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessed by a demon these are the
+scripts if you like provided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts if you like provided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts if you like provided by the
+culture feminist writers argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture feminist writers argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture feminist writers argue that
+pornography and notably violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography and notably violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography and notably violent
+pornography provides the script for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography provides the script for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography provides the script for
+um uh for coercive sex and and uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for coercive sex and and uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for coercive sex and and uh have a
+number of feminist legal Scholars have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of feminist legal Scholars have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of feminist legal Scholars have
+worked hard Catherine McKinnon is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard Catherine McKinnon is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard Catherine McKinnon is the
+most famous name here have worked hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous name here have worked hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous name here have worked hard
+to make at least some classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make at least some classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make at least some classes of
+pornography illegal on grounds that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography illegal on grounds that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography illegal on grounds that they
+are actually dangerous to women that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually dangerous to women that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually dangerous to women that
+that that it's not a free speech issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's not a free speech issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's not a free speech issue
+that it's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a uh
+that it's really a uh a health and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really a uh a health and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really a uh a health and
+safety sort of issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety sort of issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety sort of issue
+um so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you've got
+levels of explanation that occur at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of explanation that occur at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of explanation that occur at the
+uh um at psychological biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um at psychological biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um at psychological biological
+sociological levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological levels
+um probably the well let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably the well let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably the well let me give you a
+version that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that's uh
+that's perhaps a a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perhaps a a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perhaps a a version
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that would fit the the general ethos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would fit the the general ethos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would fit the the general ethos of
+this course which is that the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course which is that the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course which is that the answer is
+never it's all biology or it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never it's all biology or it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never it's all biology or it's all
+sociology or something like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or something like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or something like that it's
+all it's it's something some Curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's it's something some Curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's it's something some Curious
+interaction that's taking place well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that's taking place well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that's taking place well
+what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+um what occurred to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what occurred to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what occurred to me
+uh to between this morning's version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to between this morning's version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to between this morning's version of
+this lecture in Concourse in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture in Concourse in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture in Concourse in this
+afternoons is that the job may be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoons is that the job may be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoons is that the job may be less
+to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain
+um uh coercive sexual relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh coercive sexual relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh coercive sexual relations
+um which you can see as uh uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you can see as uh uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you can see as uh uh you know
+there's like everything else sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like everything else sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like everything else sexual
+relations are going to be distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations are going to be distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations are going to be distributed
+along some normal curve I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along some normal curve I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along some normal curve I mean it's
+going to have multiple Dimensions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have multiple Dimensions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have multiple Dimensions but
+this one can be on a scale from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one can be on a scale from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one can be on a scale from you know
+extremely consensual to extremely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely consensual to extremely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely consensual to extremely not
+consensual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensual
+um the I I suppose the extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the I I suppose the extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the I I suppose the extremely
+consensual uh abnormality one is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensual uh abnormality one is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensual uh abnormality one is is the
+one where people really do sign forms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where people really do sign forms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where people really do sign forms or
+something like that and then and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then and and
+talk to each other in great detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other in great detail about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other in great detail about
+what's going to happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen next
+um but uh the the job may be not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh the the job may be not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh the the job may be not just to
+explain or to explain this um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain or to explain this um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain or to explain this um the
+extreme point on what's after all going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme point on what's after all going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme point on what's after all going
+to be a normal function but to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a normal function but to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a normal function but to explain
+how the uh the overall Behavior gets put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the uh the overall Behavior gets put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the uh the overall Behavior gets put
+in place all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place all together
+it's one of those it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those it's one of those
+behaviors where high school health class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors where high school health class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors where high school health class
+notwithstanding nobody gives you much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding nobody gives you much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding nobody gives you much in
+the way of lessons and the lessons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of lessons and the lessons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of lessons and the lessons that
+you get are our stupid lessons that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get are our stupid lessons that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get are our stupid lessons that you
+get from listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from listening to
+um you know your peers lie their heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know your peers lie their heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know your peers lie their heads
+off in the locker room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the locker room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the locker room
+um so the behavior is where where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the behavior is where where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the behavior is where where is
+this Behavior coming from people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Behavior coming from people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Behavior coming from people are
+learning this behavior in some fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this behavior in some fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this behavior in some fashion
+we're not after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not after all
+um you know praying mantises where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know praying mantises where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know praying mantises where the
+whole business is just wired into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole business is just wired into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole business is just wired into some
+ganglion in your spinal cord and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion in your spinal cord and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion in your spinal cord and if you
+take off the head everything works just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the head everything works just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the head everything works just
+fine anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine anyway
+um so where's this Behavior coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so where's this Behavior coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so where's this Behavior coming from
+the the piece is fortunately for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the piece is fortunately for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the piece is fortunately for the
+handout I'm not going to depart wildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout I'm not going to depart wildly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout I'm not going to depart wildly
+from the handout the pieces strike me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the handout the pieces strike me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the handout the pieces strike me
+it's similar to the pieces I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar to the pieces I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar to the pieces I was going
+to use anyway one important piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use anyway one important piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use anyway one important piece
+and it's back to this idea that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's back to this idea that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's back to this idea that you get
+to choose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose your
+um your disorder or your just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your disorder or your just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your disorder or your just your
+behavior in some fashion from the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in some fashion from the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in some fashion from the set of
+behaviors that your culture presents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that your culture presents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that your culture presents to
+you part of that is is what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you part of that is is what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you part of that is is what we can
+consider to be the uh the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be the uh the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be the uh the power of
+narrative thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative thought
+um in in these sorts of behaviors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in these sorts of behaviors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in these sorts of behaviors uh
+what's narrative thought to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's narrative thought to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's narrative thought to review
+um I think so propositional thought is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think so propositional thought is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think so propositional thought is
+you know moving symbols around and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving symbols around and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving symbols around and and
+the sorts of things you might do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of things you might do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of things you might do in
+problem set land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set land
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+narrative thought is is is storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative thought is is is storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative thought is is is storytelling
+I thought it was going to be the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was going to be the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was going to be the uh you
+got the you got the you got the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the you got the you got the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the you got the you got the stuff
+she's got the stuff it's good it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got the stuff it's good it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got the stuff it's good it's got
+nothing this is this is the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing this is this is the evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing this is this is the evaluation
+forms for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for later
+um the uh so that narrative thought is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh so that narrative thought is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh so that narrative thought is
+about telling stories to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about telling stories to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about telling stories to yourself
+um and um it's about telling yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um it's about telling yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um it's about telling yourself
+who you are right if you ask why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are right if you ask why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are right if you ask why did
+that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen
+uh you know you don't generally sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you don't generally sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you don't generally sit down
+and start writing equations about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start writing equations about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start writing equations about it you
+you run through stories in your head if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run through stories in your head if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run through stories in your head if
+you ask what's going to happen next you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask what's going to happen next you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask what's going to happen next you
+very much start running stories in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much start running stories in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much start running stories in your
+head if I ask her out what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head if I ask her out what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head if I ask her out what's gonna
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+um that is that sort of narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is that sort of narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is that sort of narrative
+thought well where do the narratives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well where do the narratives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well where do the narratives
+come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in uh um in in in in in the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh um in in in in in the uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh um in in in in in the uh in the
+case of relations between uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of relations between uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of relations between uh you know
+between the Sexes well let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Sexes well let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Sexes well let me give you a
+cartoon version of an answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon version of an answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon version of an answer to that
+um but I think it is illustrative so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it is illustrative so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it is illustrative so if
+you go to the uh if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the uh if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the uh if you go to the
+romance aisle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance aisle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance aisle
+I mean if you want to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then he'll go to the aisle in in borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he'll go to the aisle in in borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he'll go to the aisle in in borders
+that says romance on it I mean if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says romance on it I mean if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says romance on it I mean if you go
+to the aisle that says engineering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the aisle that says engineering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the aisle that says engineering you
+could find something different so you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find something different so you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find something different so you go
+to the romance aisle and there's rack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the romance aisle and there's rack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the romance aisle and there's rack
+after rack of books conveniently enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after rack of books conveniently enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after rack of books conveniently enough
+I I don't know what's in these books by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know what's in these books by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know what's in these books by
+and large because it's not a genre I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large because it's not a genre I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large because it's not a genre I
+read extensively but I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read extensively but I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read extensively but I look at the
+covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers
+um and the covers seem uh pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the covers seem uh pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the covers seem uh pretty well
+illustrative as it were what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative as it were what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative as it were what's on the
+cover of your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of your typical
+um typical romance novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typical romance novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typical romance novel
+all right let's start with the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's start with the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's start with the basics
+how many people are there on the cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people are there on the cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people are there on the cover
+of the two that's a good number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two that's a good number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two that's a good number okay
+um I'm sure somewhere that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sure somewhere that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sure somewhere that there is a
+genre of same-sex uh romance novels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of same-sex uh romance novels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of same-sex uh romance novels
+um but they're not typically what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not typically what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not typically what's
+what's on the Shelf at Borders or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the Shelf at Borders or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the Shelf at Borders or or
+Barnes and Noble or something they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnes and Noble or something they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnes and Noble or something they're
+what you've got is you've got two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got is you've got two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got is you've got two people
+one of them is uh a a male and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is uh a a male and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is uh a a male and one of
+them is a female I will assert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a female I will assert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a female I will assert
+that in in in uh case after case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in uh case after case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in uh case after case
+um the uh um it's the same picture more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh um it's the same picture more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh um it's the same picture more
+or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+driven drawn in some gaudy kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven drawn in some gaudy kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven drawn in some gaudy kind of
+fashion but the picture looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+uh okay so we got two people we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we got two people we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we got two people we got this
+picture do we know which one is the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so one person there there there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one person there there there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one person there there there's this
+guy he's the guy the pirate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy he's the guy the pirate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy he's the guy the pirate
+the Sailor the sometimes the doctor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sailor the sometimes the doctor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sailor the sometimes the doctor or
+something like that the you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the you know I don't
+think I've ever seen one where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've ever seen one where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've ever seen one where it was
+the college professor it doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the college professor it doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the college professor it doesn't seem to
+be on the list at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the list at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the list at all
+um and the um and and then there's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the um and and then there's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the um and and then there's then
+there's the woman who's who's having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the woman who's who's having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the woman who's who's having
+clothing issues typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing issues typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing issues typically
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+and and she's in this you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and she's in this you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and she's in this you know sort of
+Supine position or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supine position or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supine position or or
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is telling you something uh oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling you something uh oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling you something uh oh and
+by the way this is what what I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is what what I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is what what I was doing
+research on this I kid you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on this I kid you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on this I kid you not
+um well I thought I thought I'd better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I thought I thought I'd better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I thought I thought I'd better
+check whether it's still true you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether it's still true you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether it's still true you know
+it could be that in this Latter day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that in this Latter day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that in this Latter day I
+mean if you ask for instance the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you ask for instance the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you ask for instance the the the
+stand actually I should ask again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand actually I should ask again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand actually I should ask again
+because these things keep shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things keep shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things keep shifting
+um you know the standard model when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the standard model when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the standard model when I
+was well when I was in high school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well when I was in high school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well when I was in high school I
+whatever the standard model was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the standard model was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the standard model was I was
+ignoring it and and was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring it and and was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring it and and was completely
+clueless but in any case the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clueless but in any case the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clueless but in any case the standard
+model appeared to be that the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model appeared to be that the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model appeared to be that the male
+person asked the female person out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person asked the female person out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person asked the female person out
+um sometime uh that sort of disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometime uh that sort of disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometime uh that sort of disappeared
+near as I can tell and nobody asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near as I can tell and nobody asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near as I can tell and nobody asked
+anybody out and and people just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody out and and people just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody out and and people just sort of
+it was kind of like a chemical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of like a chemical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of like a chemical thing
+um numbers of women and men were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um numbers of women and men were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um numbers of women and men were in the
+same place and and and and some by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and and and and some by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and and and and some by some
+mysterious technique you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious technique you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious technique you know they
+bonded but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since all the data here our survey data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all the data here our survey data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all the data here our survey data
+let's get some survey data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get some survey data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get some survey data
+um typically is it typical for males to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically is it typical for males to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically is it typical for males to
+ask out females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask out females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask out females
+um how many think that that's typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many think it's typical for females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many think it's typical for females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many think it's typical for females
+to ask out males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask out males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask out males
+oh isn't that interesting okay that see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh isn't that interesting okay that see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh isn't that interesting okay that see
+that that's interesting because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's interesting because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's interesting because that's
+not the answer that I would have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the answer that I would have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the answer that I would have gotten
+from I haven't asked that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I haven't asked that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I haven't asked that question
+reliably every year but it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably every year but it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably every year but it's not the
+answer I would have gotten 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I would have gotten 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I would have gotten 10 years ago
+um 10 10 years ago the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 10 10 years ago the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 10 10 years ago the you know the
+local custom had changed so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local custom had changed so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local custom had changed so that you
+know everybody was sort of asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody was sort of asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody was sort of asking
+everybody or nobody was asking nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or nobody was asking nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or nobody was asking nobody
+but but there wasn't this sort of notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there wasn't this sort of notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there wasn't this sort of notion
+that that males specifically were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that males specifically were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that males specifically were taking
+the lead and and and asking females um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead and and and asking females um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead and and and asking females um
+and so in a sense it sounds like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a sense it sounds like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a sense it sounds like it's
+reverted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverted to
+um uh a a the pattern that existed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a a the pattern that existed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a a the pattern that existed when
+uh well I won't say how many years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I won't say how many years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I won't say how many years ago
+but it was a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a few years ago
+um anyway so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the romance novels you know still look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance novels you know still look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance novels you know still look
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+um so I went to borders and went down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I went to borders and went down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I went to borders and went down to
+the romance aisle and I discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance aisle and I discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance aisle and I discovered that
+this cool new thing the cool new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool new thing the cool new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool new thing the cool new thing
+uh at least it's new to me is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least it's new to me is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least it's new to me is that the
+the literature has become uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature has become uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature has become uh the the
+romance literature these sort of series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance literature these sort of series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance literature these sort of series
+books have become explicitly stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books have become explicitly stratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books have become explicitly stratified
+um that uh there are now multiple series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh there are now multiple series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh there are now multiple series
+of these things they're color-coded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things they're color-coded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things they're color-coded it
+looks like Homeland Security it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like Homeland Security it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like Homeland Security it's great
+um because it runs it runs from I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it runs it runs from I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it runs it runs from I think
+a sort of a blue green line which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a blue green line which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a blue green line which has a
+title something like family values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title something like family values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title something like family values
+um and and uh and and that then it runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh and and that then it runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh and and that then it runs
+over to this red line here I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this red line here I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this red line here I can't
+remember what it's it's what the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it's it's what the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it's it's what the title
+of this is I mean this is all under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is I mean this is all under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is I mean this is all under the
+sort of General heading of Harlequin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of General heading of Harlequin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of General heading of Harlequin
+romance or one of those big romance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance or one of those big romance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance or one of those big romance
+publishes but you know it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes but you know it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes but you know it's got some
+word like Torrid in it or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like Torrid in it or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like Torrid in it or something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um but but but interestingly the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but but interestingly the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but but interestingly the the
+only difference in covers that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference in covers that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference in covers that I could
+detect on on a brief survey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect on on a brief survey is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect on on a brief survey is
+um is that uh in the family values thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that uh in the family values thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that uh in the family values thing
+both parties are still more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties are still more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties are still more or less
+upright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright
+um but he's sort of leaning in by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he's sort of leaning in by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he's sort of leaning in by the
+time you get to the torrid one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get to the torrid one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get to the torrid one you know
+she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's
+it's anyway the principle is the same it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anyway the principle is the same it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anyway the principle is the same it
+is not the case that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the case that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the case that that uh
+there just are no books out there in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just are no books out there in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just are no books out there in or
+it's probably one out there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably one out there somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably one out there somewhere
+the the the the the uh the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the uh the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the uh the central
+tendency of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of the distribution
+does not have a lot of female pirates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a lot of female pirates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a lot of female pirates
+overwhelming uh you know mild-mannered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming uh you know mild-mannered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming uh you know mild-mannered
+accountants or something like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants or something like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants or something like that it's
+just not it's just not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not it's just not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not it's just not there
+um okay so I'm only using this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I'm only using this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I'm only using this as an
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+um a narrative that I think is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a narrative that I think is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a narrative that I think is very
+widely out there right you can pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely out there right you can pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely out there right you can pick it
+up in movies you can pick it up on TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in movies you can pick it up on TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in movies you can pick it up on TV
+and and and so on importantly it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so on importantly it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so on importantly it is not
+a narrative with with anything like rape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narrative with with anything like rape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narrative with with anything like rape
+written at the top of it it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written at the top of it it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written at the top of it it's a it's a
+narrative with romance or seduction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative with romance or seduction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative with romance or seduction or
+something written at the top of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something written at the top of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something written at the top of it and
+the promise in the vast bulk of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promise in the vast bulk of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promise in the vast bulk of cases
+that the that the ending is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that the ending is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that the ending is is going to
+come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out
+um positive I'd love to know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um positive I'd love to know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um positive I'd love to know what they
+just found on the web over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're looking up gay romance novels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking up gay romance novels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking up gay romance novels
+okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you for being diligent in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being diligent in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being diligent in your
+research there that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there that's uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's of course it's well you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of course it's well you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of course it's well you you can
+tell me who who's anyway never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me who who's anyway never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me who who's anyway never mind
+we'll we'll they don't have pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll they don't have pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll they don't have pictures
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meantime there are several people trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime there are several people trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime there are several people trying
+to figure out on their cell phones what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out on their cell phones what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out on their cell phones what
+what what's what's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's what's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's what's there
+um anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway
+so there's a screw the the script out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a screw the the script out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a screw the the script out
+there the sort of script that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the sort of script that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the sort of script that people are
+operating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating from
+um is is a uh is a script where well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a uh is a script where well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a uh is a script where well you
+know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's
+that sort of script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of script
+um the uh again importantly not with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh again importantly not with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh again importantly not with the
+idea that uh that there's that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that uh that there's that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that uh that there's that it's not
+going to be consensual or whatever but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consensual or whatever but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consensual or whatever but
+the notion here is that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion here is that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion here is that it's going to be
+um in effect the male who's doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in effect the male who's doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in effect the male who's doing the
+asking and the female who is giving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking and the female who is giving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking and the female who is giving or
+not giving consent in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not giving consent in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not giving consent in uh
+in some fashion this is uh presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion this is uh presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion this is uh presumably
+tied into evolutionary psych routes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied into evolutionary psych routes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied into evolutionary psych routes that
+we've talked about already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about already
+um I think I mentioned earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I mentioned earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I mentioned earlier that
+there's evidence that males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence that males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence that males
+um experience the Falling in Love Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experience the Falling in Love Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experience the Falling in Love Part
+of falling in love more rapidly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of falling in love more rapidly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of falling in love more rapidly in a
+relationship than females they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship than females they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship than females they certainly
+want uh more sexual partners and and sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh more sexual partners and and sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh more sexual partners and and sex
+more often by all by all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often by all by all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often by all by all sorts of
+measures these sort of pressures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures these sort of pressures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures these sort of pressures are
+likely to produce a situation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to produce a situation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to produce a situation in which
+it is the guy who's asking and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the guy who's asking and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the guy who's asking and the uh
+the woman who is either giving or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman who is either giving or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman who is either giving or not
+giving consent now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving consent now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving consent now
+um if it is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it is the case
+that the uh the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the male
+is falling in love more rapidly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling in love more rapidly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling in love more rapidly or
+falling in lust more rapidly it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in lust more rapidly it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in lust more rapidly it kind of
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+um it follows that uh that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it follows that uh that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it follows that uh that the first
+answer is gonna be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is gonna be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is gonna be no
+right or that typically there are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or that typically there are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or that typically there are going
+to be some no's in if if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some no's in if if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some no's in if if this is the
+script that the conversation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that the conversation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that the conversation is going to
+involve a bunch of nodes now we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a bunch of nodes now we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a bunch of nodes now we should
+switch gears a little and do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears a little and do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears a little and do a little
+reviewing of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing of um
+of learning theory sorts of things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning theory sorts of things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning theory sorts of things I
+think it says something on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it says something on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it says something on the handout
+like the power of conditioning but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the power of conditioning but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the power of conditioning but let's
+let's think a little bit uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little bit uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little bit uh about
+learning theory uh well let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theory uh well let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theory uh well let's think
+about law of effect kind of stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about law of effect kind of stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about law of effect kind of stuff for
+starters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the drive to reproduce is a strong one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drive to reproduce is a strong one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drive to reproduce is a strong one
+there are strong positive reinforcers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are strong positive reinforcers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are strong positive reinforcers
+associated with uh with with sex nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh with with sex nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh with with sex nobody
+spends a lot of time I mean look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot of time I mean look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot of time I mean look if you
+think about the amount of of you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the amount of of you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the amount of of you don't
+need I don't need to explain that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I don't need to explain that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I don't need to explain that you
+knew that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that already
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+what what thorndike's law of effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what thorndike's law of effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what thorndike's law of effect
+tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+is that any of the sort of yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any of the sort of yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any of the sort of yes
+activities here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities here
+at any level in the relationship are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any level in the relationship are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any level in the relationship are
+going to be positively reinforcing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positively reinforcing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positively reinforcing and
+they're going to tend to reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to tend to reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to tend to reinforce
+whatever happened beforehand and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened beforehand and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened beforehand and so one
+of the things that people are doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that people are doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that people are doing and
+one of the things that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that they don't
+appreciate that they're doing even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that they're doing even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that they're doing even if
+they're signing 15-page consent forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're signing 15-page consent forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're signing 15-page consent forms
+which they're not is that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're not is that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're not is that people are
+shaping each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping each other
+the activities that that couples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities that that couples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities that that couples are
+engaging in with each other are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in with each other are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in with each other are
+um yeah it's your own private Skinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's your own private Skinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's your own private Skinner
+box and you're busy shaping that pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you're busy shaping that pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you're busy shaping that pigeon
+who is the other half of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the other half of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the other half of this
+relationship the the the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the the the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the the the great
+difference of course is you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of course is you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of course is you're you're
+both the experimenter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the experimenter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the experimenter and the
+experimental animal in in in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental animal in in in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental animal in in in in your
+um in your study here but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your study here but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your study here but let's just
+think from the uh the male's point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think from the uh the male's point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think from the uh the male's point of
+view so the the male is um uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so the the male is um uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so the the male is um uh the the
+male is hearing a lot of no's if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male is hearing a lot of no's if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male is hearing a lot of no's if the
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+um is eventually going to progress to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is eventually going to progress to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is eventually going to progress to
+you know let's have 15 children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's have 15 children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's have 15 children
+um then eventually there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then eventually there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then eventually there will be some
+variety of yes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of yes in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of yes in here
+um that sounds like what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sounds like what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sounds like what kind of
+schedule of reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no somebody needs to raise a hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no somebody needs to raise a hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no somebody needs to raise a hand and
+nobody's going to raise their hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to raise their hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to raise their hand
+they've all gotten shy this is so 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all gotten shy this is so 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all gotten shy this is so 50
+that you see you scratch your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see you scratch your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see you scratch your head
+you're going to end up getting called on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up getting called on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up getting called on
+there I thought that was all right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I thought that was all right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I thought that was all right all
+right so the answer is this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the answer is this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the answer is this is this is a
+partial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial uh
+a partial reinforcement schedule or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partial reinforcement schedule or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partial reinforcement schedule or or
+more like a variable ratio schedule it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a variable ratio schedule it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a variable ratio schedule it's
+not a variable interval schedule unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a variable interval schedule unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a variable interval schedule unless
+you have a very weird relationship no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very weird relationship no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very weird relationship no no
+no Monday yes no no no Monday yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Monday yes no no no Monday yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Monday yes no no no Monday yes
+um the that that's a weird relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the that that's a weird relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the that that's a weird relationship
+but more likely it's no no no yes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more likely it's no no no yes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more likely it's no no no yes maybe
+no yes yes no no no no no anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes yes no no no no no anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes yes no no no no no anyway
+um what do we know about those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we know about those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we know about those sorts of
+schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules
+what do they produce in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they produce in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they produce in the way of
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+high high rates of if this all sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high high rates of if this all sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high high rates of if this all sounds
+completely new to you guys you got work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new to you guys you got work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new to you guys you got work
+to do between now and and next Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do between now and and next Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do between now and and next Thursday
+let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you
+um but these sort of schedules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but these sort of schedules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but these sort of schedules of
+reinforcement if it's in a uh if it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement if it's in a uh if it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement if it's in a uh if it's in
+a rat trying to get fed produce very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rat trying to get fed produce very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rat trying to get fed produce very
+high rates of bar pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high rates of bar pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high rates of bar pressing
+um if it's in a guy it presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's in a guy it presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's in a guy it presumably
+produces very high rates of bar pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces very high rates of bar pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces very high rates of bar pressing
+too so he's going to emit a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so he's going to emit a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so he's going to emit a lot of
+behavior there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there
+um and it's also very hard to extinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's also very hard to extinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's also very hard to extinguish
+so um if you decide at some point to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you decide at some point to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you decide at some point to say
+uh no forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no forever
+um it may be a long time before the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be a long time before the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be a long time before the guy
+gets the hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the hint
+um at least at least at least the pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least at least at least the pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least at least at least the pigeon
+aspect of the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the guy
+um the um so oh one other thing so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um so oh one other thing so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um so oh one other thing so it's
+tying into this we ought to say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying into this we ought to say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying into this we ought to say one more
+thing based on the sort of romance novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing based on the sort of romance novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing based on the sort of romance novel
+uh example which is that the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example which is that the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example which is that the dialogue
+doesn't tend to be great in those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tend to be great in those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tend to be great in those things
+right you know you know guys doing manly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you know guys doing manly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you know guys doing manly
+things pounding on their chests and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pounding on their chests and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pounding on their chests and and
+and females swooning or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and females swooning or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and females swooning or something like
+that but but there's just not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but there's just not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but there's just not a lot of
+conversation so in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so in the absence
+you're this giant committee right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this giant committee right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this giant committee right you're
+just with that another theme from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with that another theme from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with that another theme from the
+whole course your your brain your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole course your your brain your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole course your your brain your mind
+is this is this committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this committee
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+semi-independent operators well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-independent operators well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-independent operators well there's
+one operator there that's that's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operator there that's that's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operator there that's that's doing
+the you know verbal consent thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know verbal consent thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know verbal consent thing
+um and and thinking deep thoughts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and thinking deep thoughts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and thinking deep thoughts but
+but it's in a script that does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in a script that does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in a script that does not have
+much in the way of of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the way of of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the way of of good
+um dialogue in it that leaves this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dialogue in it that leaves this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dialogue in it that leaves this other
+chunk of your brain the chunk that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of your brain the chunk that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of your brain the chunk that that
+has an awful lot in common with rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an awful lot in common with rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an awful lot in common with rats
+pressing bars for food in Skinner boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing bars for food in Skinner boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing bars for food in Skinner boxes
+a lot of Realm to to to to to govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Realm to to to to to govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Realm to to to to to govern
+Behavior if you're not going to govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior if you're not going to govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior if you're not going to govern
+Behavior with I don't know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior with I don't know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior with I don't know what you
+might want to call higher cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to call higher cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to call higher cognitive
+Powers well these nice associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers well these nice associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers well these nice associative
+learning mechanisms will do a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mechanisms will do a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mechanisms will do a perfectly
+fine job for you got reinforced let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine job for you got reinforced let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine job for you got reinforced let's do
+that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+um or something of that sort so you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something of that sort so you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something of that sort so you end
+up with a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a situation
+um where you've got multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you've got multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you've got multiple
+forces uh acting on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces uh acting on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces uh acting on you
+um and you you've sort of systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you you've sort of systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you you've sort of systematically
+disabled uh some of the uh of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled uh some of the uh of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled uh some of the uh of the more
+intellectual parts of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual parts of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual parts of you
+um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it
+it reminds me how many people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reminds me how many people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reminds me how many people have been
+to the Science Museum another place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Science Museum another place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Science Museum another place you
+should go sometimes if you haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go sometimes if you haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go sometimes if you haven't been
+I think you get in free right you get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you get in free right you get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you get in free right you get in
+free yeah yep get in free go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free yeah yep get in free go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free yeah yep get in free go to the
+Science Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Museum
+um what you'll discover if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you'll discover if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you'll discover if you go to
+this I don't think I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't think I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't think I don't know if
+you'll still Discover it remember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still Discover it remember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still Discover it remember my
+spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral
+somebody somebody from 900.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody somebody from 900.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody somebody from 900.
+went and was a volunteer in the Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and was a volunteer in the Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and was a volunteer in the Science
+Museum and and said oh you got to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum and and said oh you got to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum and and said oh you got to build
+this cool they still have a great motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool they still have a great motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool they still have a great motion
+after effect spiral which I believe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after effect spiral which I believe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after effect spiral which I believe is
+patterned on on having seen it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned on on having seen it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned on on having seen it in in
+this class years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class years ago
+um and then when they would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then when they would do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then when they would do the
+little show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little show
+they were using my lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using my lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using my lines
+there was you know they weren't even I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was you know they weren't even I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was you know they weren't even I
+didn't even get residuals anyway the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even get residuals anyway the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even get residuals anyway the um
+but one of the demos they have there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the demos they have there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the demos they have there in
+the math section is this wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math section is this wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math section is this wonderful thing
+with a bunch of an endless collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of an endless collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of an endless collection of
+pins arranged into sort of triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins arranged into sort of triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins arranged into sort of triangular
+way one two three was that that Pascal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one two three was that that Pascal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one two three was that that Pascal's
+triangle yeah yeah yeah it's past anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle yeah yeah yeah it's past anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle yeah yeah yeah it's past anyway
+it's it's a version of that anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a version of that anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a version of that anyway the
+the cool version of the demo is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool version of the demo is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool version of the demo is that you
+drop a ball at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a ball at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a ball at the top
+it's from pin pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from pin pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from pin pin
+to it's got a 50 50 crack of going one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's got a 50 50 crack of going one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's got a 50 50 crack of going one
+way or the other and if you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other and if you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other and if you have enough
+layers of of pins what you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of of pins what you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of of pins what you end up with
+is is essentially well is is exactly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essentially well is is exactly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essentially well is is exactly in
+the limit a nice normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit a nice normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit a nice normal distribution
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that from a a pin that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from a a pin that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from a a pin that you
+um uh from a ball that that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh from a ball that that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh from a ball that that is you know
+just completely neutral dropped at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely neutral dropped at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely neutral dropped at the
+uh at at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at at the top
+most of the time it's going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's going to end up
+here sometime it's going to end up at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometime it's going to end up at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometime it's going to end up at at
+one extreme or the other I suspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extreme or the other I suspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extreme or the other I suspect that
+this is not a bad model for a wide range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a bad model for a wide range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a bad model for a wide range
+of behaviors and I'm gonna I'll argue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behaviors and I'm gonna I'll argue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behaviors and I'm gonna I'll argue in
+closing that it's a good model that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing that it's a good model that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing that it's a good model that that
+it's at least a model we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least a model we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least a model we're thinking
+about in for uh for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in for uh for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in for uh for something like
+coercive sexual behavior that we know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive sexual behavior that we know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive sexual behavior that we know or
+at least we think we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we think we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we think we know that the
+population of guys engaging in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of guys engaging in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of guys engaging in that
+behavior are not sitting out here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior are not sitting out here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior are not sitting out here in
+some separate distribution they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some separate distribution they seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some separate distribution they seem to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um part of the regular you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the regular you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the regular you know the
+distribution of regular guys they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of regular guys they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of regular guys they just
+ended up in an odd part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in an odd part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in an odd part of the
+distribution and it may well be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it may well be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it may well be that
+this collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection
+um you know if you want you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you want you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you want you can think of
+it in in the uh in the shaping in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in the uh in the shaping in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in the uh in the shaping in terms
+of shaping that the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shaping that the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shaping that the collection of
+positive uh reinforcers that they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh reinforcers that they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh reinforcers that they got
+just bounced randomly off into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bounced randomly off into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bounced randomly off into this
+direction and produced what boils down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and produced what boils down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and produced what boils down
+to a very maladaptive Behavior where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very maladaptive Behavior where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very maladaptive Behavior where the
+same guy starting from the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guy starting from the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guy starting from the same point
+might well have ended up in the would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well have ended up in the would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well have ended up in the would
+most guys starting up from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most guys starting up from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most guys starting up from the same
+point would have ended up in the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would have ended up in the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would have ended up in the same uh
+in in this vast bulk of the normal end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this vast bulk of the normal end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this vast bulk of the normal end
+of the distribution or the normal middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution or the normal middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution or the normal middle
+of the distribution that you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution that you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution that you don't need
+to posit that there's anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to posit that there's anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to posit that there's anything
+specifically wrong and that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically wrong and that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically wrong and that you might
+have a very difficult time the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very difficult time the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very difficult time the the the
+perhaps disturbing piece of this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps disturbing piece of this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps disturbing piece of this if you
+were trying to set public policy is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to set public policy is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to set public policy is that
+you might have a very difficult time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a very difficult time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a very difficult time
+trying to say gee what can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say gee what can we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say gee what can we do that
+would prevent this tale from happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prevent this tale from happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prevent this tale from happening
+because it might really be the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might really be the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might really be the result
+of a succession of of uh of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a succession of of uh of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a succession of of uh of random
+events one thing that you might guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events one thing that you might guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events one thing that you might guess is
+that the degree to which you let uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the degree to which you let uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the degree to which you let uh uh
+the cognition back into the game and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognition back into the game and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognition back into the game and let
+it run Less on the rat pushing the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it run Less on the rat pushing the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it run Less on the rat pushing the bar
+kind of thought the less chance that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thought the less chance that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thought the less chance that you
+have of of of ending up in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of of of ending up in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of of of ending up in some
+maladaptive corner of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maladaptive corner of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maladaptive corner of this particular
+distribution but that's that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but that's that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but that's that's not
+desperately clear can I prove this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately clear can I prove this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately clear can I prove this no
+um the uh and and so does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh and and so does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh and and so does that mean that
+the right answer on the final will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer on the final will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer on the final will be
+you know where does abnormal uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where does abnormal uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where does abnormal uh where
+does coercive sex come from apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does coercive sex come from apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does coercive sex come from apparently
+it it it it it it it it it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it it it it it it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it it it it it it comes from
+bouncing down the pin no you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing down the pin no you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing down the pin no you know that's
+this is clearly marked as Wolf's Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clearly marked as Wolf's Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clearly marked as Wolf's Theory
+and not only that it's Wolf's Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that it's Wolf's Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that it's Wolf's Theory
+since this morning I may decide by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this morning I may decide by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this morning I may decide by this
+evening that it was really dumb and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening that it was really dumb and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening that it was really dumb and feel
+deeply humiliated that I ever got up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply humiliated that I ever got up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply humiliated that I ever got up and
+said it in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it in public
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+um at the moment I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the moment I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the moment I don't
+um but what I do feel is that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what I do feel is that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what I do feel is that what I
+want to do well I want to do a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do well I want to do a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do well I want to do a couple of
+things thing one is to say thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things thing one is to say thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things thing one is to say thank you for
+listening all term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening all term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening all term
+um you know it's kind of a it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's kind of a it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's kind of a it's kind of
+a privilege to be able to Yak through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a privilege to be able to Yak through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a privilege to be able to Yak through a
+whole term and have people listen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole term and have people listen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole term and have people listen it
+doesn't happen at home much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen at home much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen at home much
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different
+forms floating around well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms floating around well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms floating around well actually
+they're not floating
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qMNWtUs7KoU.txt b/qMNWtUs7KoU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76666dbe46e16f9e09aadd8748dcdee03d59950e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qMNWtUs7KoU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+In our knowledge-based world, the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In our knowledge-based world, the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In our knowledge-based world, the health
+of a nation's economy depends on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nation's economy depends on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nation's economy depends on a
+workforce that is well educated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce that is well educated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce that is well educated in
+science, technology, engineering, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science, technology, engineering, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science, technology, engineering, and
+mathematics. There is increasing concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. There is increasing concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. There is increasing concern
+that the United States is falling behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the United States is falling behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the United States is falling behind
+other countries. MIT has historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries. MIT has historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries. MIT has historically
+made significant efforts to help high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made significant efforts to help high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made significant efforts to help high
+school educators improve science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school educators improve science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school educators improve science and
+technology instruction. MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology instruction. MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology instruction. MIT open
+courseware continues this tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware continues this tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware continues this tradition
+through highlights for high school, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through highlights for high school, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through highlights for high school, a
+website specifically designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website specifically designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website specifically designed for
+secondary education students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education students and
+teachers. The concept of this open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers. The concept of this open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers. The concept of this open
+courseware for high schools came as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware for high schools came as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware for high schools came as the
+confluence of I would say three themes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluence of I would say three themes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluence of I would say three themes.
+One is a national need and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is a national need and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is a national need and it's been
+well documented in the gathering storm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well documented in the gathering storm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well documented in the gathering storm
+and various other reports that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various other reports that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various other reports that we need
+to invest more in uh secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest more in uh secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest more in uh secondary
+education, K- through2 education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, K- through2 education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, K- through2 education
+particularly in STEM fields, science,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in STEM fields, science,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in STEM fields, science,
+technology, engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, engineering and
+mathematics. The second is MIT as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. The second is MIT as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. The second is MIT as a
+leading institution of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading institution of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading institution of science and
+technology has an obligation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has an obligation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has an obligation to
+contribute to education. And third would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to education. And third would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to education. And third would
+be for us to do something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for us to do something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for us to do something that's
+scalable and has a large impact. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable and has a large impact. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable and has a large impact. And
+here we have a platform for doing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a platform for doing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a platform for doing that.
+A portal into MIT's open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A portal into MIT's open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A portal into MIT's open courseware
+content. Highlights for high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content. Highlights for high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content. Highlights for high school
+provides easy access to the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides easy access to the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides easy access to the introductory
+level courses on OCW. Maps thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level courses on OCW. Maps thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level courses on OCW. Maps thousands of
+individual learning resources from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual learning resources from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual learning resources from the
+OCW site to the advanced placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW site to the advanced placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW site to the advanced placement
+curriculum and presents resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum and presents resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum and presents resources to
+inspire the study of science,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire the study of science,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire the study of science,
+technology, math, and engineering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, math, and engineering.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, math, and engineering.
+Highlights for high school provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlights for high school provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlights for high school provides
+accessible lists of introductory courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible lists of introductory courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible lists of introductory courses
+from the MIT curriculum. This format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MIT curriculum. This format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MIT curriculum. This format
+provides extended descriptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides extended descriptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides extended descriptions and
+guidance, helping students develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance, helping students develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance, helping students develop
+confidence in their ability to study at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in their ability to study at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in their ability to study at
+the college level. I first visited MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the college level. I first visited MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the college level. I first visited MIT
+OCW merely to consider options for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW merely to consider options for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW merely to consider options for a
+college major, but soon realized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college major, but soon realized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college major, but soon realized the
+true depth of the material. Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true depth of the material. Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true depth of the material. Many
+intro-level classes on OCW are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro-level classes on OCW are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro-level classes on OCW are extremely
+relevant to an advanced high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to an advanced high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to an advanced high school
+curriculum. Highlights also maps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum. Highlights also maps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum. Highlights also maps more
+than 2600 OCW learning resources to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2600 OCW learning resources to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2600 OCW learning resources to the
+AP physics, biology, and calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP physics, biology, and calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP physics, biology, and calculus
+curriculum, a structure already familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, a structure already familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, a structure already familiar
+to high school students and educators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high school students and educators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high school students and educators.
+Through these maps, students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through these maps, students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through these maps, students and
+educators can easily access videos,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators can easily access videos,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators can easily access videos,
+demonstrations, and assignments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations, and assignments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations, and assignments that
+illustrate specific topics addressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate specific topics addressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate specific topics addressed in
+the AP framework. I feel elated. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AP framework. I feel elated. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AP framework. I feel elated. I want
+to teach my honor students as a preap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach my honor students as a preap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach my honor students as a preap
+bio class with the site this year using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio class with the site this year using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio class with the site this year using
+the OCW resources to get them familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OCW resources to get them familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OCW resources to get them familiar
+with advanced placement themes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with advanced placement themes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with advanced placement themes.
+Highlights for high school materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlights for high school materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlights for high school materials
+invite students to discover how they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite students to discover how they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite students to discover how they can
+use science, math, and technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use science, math, and technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use science, math, and technology to
+make a difference in their lives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference in their lives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference in their lives and
+their world. The portal also presents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world. The portal also presents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world. The portal also presents
+the best of OCW's hands-on materials,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of OCW's hands-on materials,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of OCW's hands-on materials,
+including labs, demonstrations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including labs, demonstrations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including labs, demonstrations and
+competitions, all designed to engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions, all designed to engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions, all designed to engage
+high school students and to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school students and to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school students and to demonstrate
+that learning science, math, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learning science, math, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learning science, math, and
+technology subjects can be exciting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology subjects can be exciting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology subjects can be exciting and
+creative. MIT affords students an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative. MIT affords students an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative. MIT affords students an
+in-depth perspective into MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-depth perspective into MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-depth perspective into MIT
+scholarship, and it's inspiring. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship, and it's inspiring. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship, and it's inspiring. It
+inspires them because it lets them know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspires them because it lets them know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspires them because it lets them know
+that they can understand and appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can understand and appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can understand and appreciate
+these difficult concepts on the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these difficult concepts on the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these difficult concepts on the level of
+MIT students. And so uh our big idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students. And so uh our big idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students. And so uh our big idea in
+some ways is to inspire to inspire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways is to inspire to inspire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways is to inspire to inspire
+students to learn more engineering,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to learn more engineering,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to learn more engineering,
+learn more mathematics, learn more basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more mathematics, learn more basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more mathematics, learn more basic
+science and be able to apply it. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and be able to apply it. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and be able to apply it. The
+second aspect of this is just to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second aspect of this is just to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second aspect of this is just to uh
+improve and enrich the current education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve and enrich the current education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve and enrich the current education
+in science and mathematics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and mathematics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and mathematics in the
+secondary education system. Highlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education system. Highlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education system. Highlights
+for high school unlocking knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school unlocking knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school unlocking knowledge
+inspiring young minds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qNzfiYTo50I.txt b/qNzfiYTo50I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7afc403771d8f42fbcbadde04ee0696b31d913a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qNzfiYTo50I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi my name is Anna I'm from Barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Anna I'm from Barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Anna I'm from Barcelona
+although I'm studying at EPFL which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm studying at EPFL which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm studying at EPFL which is
+in Switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Switzerland
+it's the Polytechnical federal school of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Polytechnical federal school of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Polytechnical federal school of
+the Sun and today I wanted to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and today I wanted to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and today I wanted to show you
+potential energy surfaces but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surfaces but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surfaces but I thought
+that might be a bit boring and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a bit boring and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a bit boring and since
+it's my video and I do what I want I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my video and I do what I want I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my video and I do what I want I'm
+going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you
+theme parks and slides because why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gonna make myself smaller here okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make myself smaller here okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make myself smaller here okay what
+do we have here well this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have here well this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have here well this is the
+Waterworld Waterworld is this theme park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waterworld Waterworld is this theme park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waterworld Waterworld is this theme park
+which is in your head damadam a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in your head damadam a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in your head damadam a city
+next to Barcelona kind of and as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to Barcelona kind of and as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to Barcelona kind of and as you can
+see they have this amazing slice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they have this amazing slice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they have this amazing slice that
+end up in a funnel like you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in a funnel like you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in a funnel like you can see this
+guy at the bottom of the funnel just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy at the bottom of the funnel just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy at the bottom of the funnel just for
+ladies home but what if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies home but what if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies home but what if I want to
+simulate this I would need a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this I would need a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this I would need a software
+that enables me to do this right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables me to do this right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables me to do this right there
+are some software's that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some software's that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some software's that can do
+something like this but I chose to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but I chose to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but I chose to use
+one from Mathematica and now I will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from Mathematica and now I will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from Mathematica and now I will show
+you my little father here it is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my little father here it is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my little father here it is my
+humans are these black particles here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are these black particles here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are these black particles here
+now what if I let some time pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if I let some time pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if I let some time pass
+what happens to my humans they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to my humans they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to my humans they get
+closer to the center of the funnel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the center of the funnel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the center of the funnel that
+makes sense because gravity pulls them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because gravity pulls them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because gravity pulls them
+to the lowest height right this height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lowest height right this height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lowest height right this height
+is actually related to gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually related to gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually related to gravitational
+energy since gravitational energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy since gravitational energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy since gravitational energy is
+proportional to height therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to height therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to height therefore this
+physics is exactly the shape that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is exactly the shape that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is exactly the shape that the
+potential energy surface for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surface for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surface for the
+gravitational energy looks like so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational energy looks like so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational energy looks like so we
+have constructed actually a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constructed actually a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constructed actually a potential
+energy surface but this kind of surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy surface but this kind of surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy surface but this kind of surfaces
+can represent many other types of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent many other types of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent many other types of energy
+not only gravitation and energy and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only gravitation and energy and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only gravitation and energy and can
+be plotted with other coordinates rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plotted with other coordinates rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plotted with other coordinates rather
+than space like here we have x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than space like here we have x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than space like here we have x and y
+which only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only the
+find the space where these humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the space where these humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the space where these humans and
+funnel sit but I could use other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sit but I could use other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sit but I could use other
+coordinates like for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates like for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates like for example the
+distance between two atoms or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two atoms or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two atoms or the like
+the state of the system or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the system or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the system or things like
+this things in which energy the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this things in which energy the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this things in which energy the energy
+that employing depends on in order to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employing depends on in order to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employing depends on in order to to
+to simulate these things to simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate these things to simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate these things to simulate the
+funnel that I did or what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel that I did or what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel that I did or what I'm going to
+show you after I need statistics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you after I need statistics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you after I need statistics but
+don't run away they are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run away they are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run away they are easy to
+understand ok so what I'm going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand ok so what I'm going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand ok so what I'm going to do in
+order to simulate this is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to simulate this is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to simulate this is the following
+imagine that I have this blue line which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I have this blue line which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I have this blue line which
+will be like a slide and imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like a slide and imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like a slide and imagine that
+the bottom of this blue line will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of this blue line will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of this blue line will
+represent the floor the ground would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the floor the ground would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the floor the ground would
+call it ground state and the upper part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it ground state and the upper part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it ground state and the upper part
+is like something which is higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like something which is higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like something which is higher in
+energy now I'm going to separate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now I'm going to separate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now I'm going to separate this
+very slight into some parts some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slight into some parts some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slight into some parts some finite
+parts this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts this is going to be a
+discretization of the system I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization of the system I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization of the system I'm going
+to discretize my system here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discretize my system here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discretize my system here i
+discretized it in five in five steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized it in five in five steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized it in five in five steps
+like you can see these red steps what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can see these red steps what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can see these red steps what
+I'm going to tell my particles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell my particles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell my particles which
+will represent the state of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent the state of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent the state of the system
+is the following so my particle will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so my particle will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so my particle will be
+in the initial state I will tell my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial state I will tell my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial state I will tell my
+particle the following it will attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the following it will attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the following it will attempt
+to go either down or either up people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go either down or either up people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go either down or either up people
+have 50% of probabilities of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50% of probabilities of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50% of probabilities of trying to
+go up and trying to go down now there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and trying to go down now there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and trying to go down now there is
+something we have to differentiate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we have to differentiate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we have to differentiate one
+thing is - is the attempt one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is - is the attempt one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is - is the attempt one thing is
+to try to go somewhere and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to go somewhere and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to go somewhere and another
+different thing is to actually go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing is to actually go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing is to actually go in
+somewhere so my particle is going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so my particle is going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so my particle is going to try
+to go up and down with equal probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up and down with equal probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up and down with equal probability
+now if it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if it should
+it chooses to go down it will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses to go down it will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses to go down it will have
+probability equal to one to go down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to one to go down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to one to go down this
+means that if it tries to go down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if it tries to go down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if it tries to go down it
+will actually go down now if it chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually go down now if it chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually go down now if it chooses
+to go up it's not that clear that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up it's not that clear that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up it's not that clear that it's
+going to go up because and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up because and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up because and I'm going to
+make my screen bigger so I can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my screen bigger so I can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my screen bigger so I can show you
+probability of going up will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going up will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going up will be equal to
+this term here this term depends an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here this term depends an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here this term depends an
+energy to which is the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to which is the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to which is the energy of the
+upper state an energy one which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state an energy one which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state an energy one which is the
+energy of the initial state the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the initial state the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the initial state the more
+separated they are this means do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they are this means do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they are this means do more
+the bigger this barrier is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger this barrier is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger this barrier is this is
+actually called energy barrier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called energy barrier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called energy barrier the
+bigger it disease the bigger it is step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger it disease the bigger it is step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger it disease the bigger it is step
+is the more difficult it will be for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the more difficult it will be for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the more difficult it will be for my
+particle to actually go up there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to actually go up there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to actually go up there is
+another term I didn't talk about yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term I didn't talk about yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term I didn't talk about yet
+which is this one this is temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this one this is temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this one this is temperature
+temperature here will in if temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here will in if temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here will in if temperature
+increases might the probability of my of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases might the probability of my of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases might the probability of my of
+my particle to go up will ox will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my particle to go up will ox will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my particle to go up will ox will also
+increase this means that the more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this means that the more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this means that the more energy
+we give the more thermal energy we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give the more thermal energy we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give the more thermal energy we give
+the system the more temperature we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the more temperature we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the more temperature we give
+the system it will be more probable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it will be more probable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it will be more probable for
+my particle to be able to go up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my particle to be able to go up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my particle to be able to go up in a
+system where my temperature is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where my temperature is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where my temperature is close to
+zero in in our system where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in in our system where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in in our system where my
+temperature is super low my particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is super low my particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is super low my particle
+will tend to go to the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to go to the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to go to the ground state
+which is the bottom of my of my curve if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the bottom of my of my curve if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the bottom of my of my curve if
+I give energy enough then particle will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give energy enough then particle will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give energy enough then particle will
+be able to go anywhere now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go anywhere now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go anywhere now what I'm
+talking about here is not a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here is not a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here is not a system in
+with only one coordinate I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one coordinate I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one coordinate I'm talking
+about a system with two coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a system with two coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a system with two coordinates
+therefore I'm not talking about lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I'm not talking about lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I'm not talking about lines
+I'm not talking about cures I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about cures I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about cures I'm talking
+about surfaces then the example I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about surfaces then the example I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about surfaces then the example I showed
+before was based in a particle that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was based in a particle that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was based in a particle that can
+go up and can go down as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and can go down as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and can go down as you can see
+here with the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the blue
+these blue rolls but now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blue rolls but now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blue rolls but now I'm going to
+have a surface so my particle will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a surface so my particle will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a surface so my particle will be
+able to go many other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go many other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go many other places
+therefore my particle will attempt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore my particle will attempt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore my particle will attempt like
+the attempts that it can do are not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attempts that it can do are not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attempts that it can do are not to
+they're going to be eight which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be eight which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be eight which will
+describe this surface now what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this surface now what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this surface now what I wanted
+to show you is actually a real case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you is actually a real case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you is actually a real case
+where these surfaces can be can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these surfaces can be can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these surfaces can be can be very
+useful to understand system and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to understand system and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to understand system and these
+are the transition States but in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the transition States but in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the transition States but in order
+to do this I'm going to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this I'm going to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this I'm going to talk to you
+about the lennard-jones potential first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lennard-jones potential first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lennard-jones potential first
+the lennard-jones potential it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lennard-jones potential it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lennard-jones potential it's a very
+well known energy like potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known energy like potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known energy like potential energy
+curve that describes the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that describes the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that describes the interaction
+like this comes the behavior of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this comes the behavior of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this comes the behavior of energy
+of the system as two atoms get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system as two atoms get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system as two atoms get closer
+and closer and closer together like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer and closer together like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer and closer together like
+imagine here two atoms which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine here two atoms which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine here two atoms which could be
+two hydrogen atoms but are teared apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen atoms but are teared apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen atoms but are teared apart
+they were super far from each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were super far from each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were super far from each other and
+then the energy is zero when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the energy is zero when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the energy is zero when they are
+getting closer and closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer and closer
+there's a point where energy will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point where energy will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point where energy will be at
+its minimum this minimum energy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its minimum this minimum energy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its minimum this minimum energy is the
+most stable state of the system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state of the system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state of the system this
+distance will be the optimal distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance will be the optimal distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance will be the optimal distance
+will be the itleave equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the itleave equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the itleave equilibrium state
+now if we put these atoms even closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we put these atoms even closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we put these atoms even closer
+and closer and closer the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer and closer the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer and closer the energy of the
+system will increase an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will increase an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will increase an increase in
+energy means that this state is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy means that this state is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy means that this state is less
+happy the state is less stable therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the state is less stable therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the state is less stable therefore
+the most stable part of the system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable part of the system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable part of the system will
+be the minimum the state will always try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the minimum the state will always try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the minimum the state will always try
+to be and its minimum here this minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and its minimum here this minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and its minimum here this minimum
+will be in in a distance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in in a distance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in in a distance between these
+two atoms what I wanted to talk it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms what I wanted to talk it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms what I wanted to talk it to
+you about actually is try atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about actually is try atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about actually is try atomic
+hypothetic molecules this molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetic molecules this molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetic molecules this molecules
+especially h hf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially h hf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially h hf
+h hf is a molecule which is it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h hf is a molecule which is it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h hf is a molecule which is it cannot be
+isolated there are some experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated there are some experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated there are some experiments that
+show its existence for like none or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show its existence for like none or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show its existence for like none or
+femtoseconds they exist this exists for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds they exist this exists for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds they exist this exists for
+a super super short amount of time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super super short amount of time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super super short amount of time we
+could even say they're virtual but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even say they're virtual but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even say they're virtual but it's
+a state where the system has to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state where the system has to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state where the system has to pass
+through in order to change I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in order to change I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in order to change I'll explain
+after the thing that we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the thing that we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the thing that we have here is
+when I project as an atom which has we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I project as an atom which has we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I project as an atom which has we
+will plot one of the coordinates will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will plot one of the coordinates will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will plot one of the coordinates will be
+the distance between this hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between this hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between this hydrogen atom
+and the other and Rajan atom and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other and Rajan atom and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other and Rajan atom and the
+other coordinate that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinate that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinate that we will be
+plotting is the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is the distance between the
+first and Raja
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and Raja
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and Raja
+double this I'd Rajan as an atom and flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double this I'd Rajan as an atom and flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double this I'd Rajan as an atom and flu
+or I'm this means that we will have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm this means that we will have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm this means that we will have two
+lennard-jones potential one between H H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennard-jones potential one between H H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennard-jones potential one between H H
+and one between H F this will describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one between H F this will describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one between H F this will describe a
+surface first of all I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface first of all I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface first of all I'm going to
+explain you what these transition state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you what these transition state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you what these transition state
+means we will have different states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we will have different states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we will have different states of
+our system first of all we will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system first of all we will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system first of all we will have a
+molecule which is h2 and so fluorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is h2 and so fluorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is h2 and so fluorine
+summer this particles the molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer this particles the molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer this particles the molecule and
+fluorine will collide and we will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine will collide and we will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine will collide and we will end up
+with an HF molecule and a nitrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an HF molecule and a nitrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an HF molecule and a nitrogen atom
+somewhere else in order to I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in order to I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in order to I mean in
+order for this to happen the system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this to happen the system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this to happen the system has
+to undergo through another state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo through another state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo through another state which
+is called the transition state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the transition state which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the transition state which is
+actually our h hf virtual or hypothetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our h hf virtual or hypothetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our h hf virtual or hypothetic
+molecule if we want to if a system wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if we want to if a system wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if we want to if a system wants
+to go from h2 plus f 2 hf plus h or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from h2 plus f 2 hf plus h or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from h2 plus f 2 hf plus h or
+vice-versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice-versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice-versa
+it will preferentially go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will preferentially go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will preferentially go through this
+transition state how can we actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state how can we actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state how can we actually see
+this in a in a potential energy surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I show you how the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I show you how the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I show you how the potential energy
+surface of h h f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of h h f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of h h f
+system is described by the hf distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is described by the hf distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is described by the hf distance
+where this minimum represents the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this minimum represents the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this minimum represents the state
+of the system where the molecule hf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system where the molecule hf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system where the molecule hf
+exists and the other hydrogen atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and the other hydrogen atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and the other hydrogen atom is
+somewhere else and here we have rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and here we have rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and here we have rather
+lennard-jones potential described by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennard-jones potential described by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennard-jones potential described by the
+h h distance so in this minimum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h distance so in this minimum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h distance so in this minimum the
+state of the system is an h2 molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system is an h2 molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system is an h2 molecule
+and some fluorine somewhere else now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some fluorine somewhere else now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some fluorine somewhere else now the
+preferential path for this change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential path for this change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential path for this change to
+happen from h h2 HF or vice-versa will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen from h h2 HF or vice-versa will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen from h h2 HF or vice-versa will
+be through the transition state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be through the transition state which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be through the transition state which is
+a saddle point what is a saddle point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saddle point what is a saddle point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saddle point what is a saddle point a
+subtle point is somewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle point is somewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle point is somewhere in this
+surface where the derivative of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface where the derivative of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface where the derivative of energy
+is zero but it's not a minimum and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero but it's not a minimum and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero but it's not a minimum and it's
+not a maximum it's actually a minimum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a maximum it's actually a minimum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a maximum it's actually a minimum in
+one direction and a maximum in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and a maximum in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and a maximum in another
+direction and this will be the hh-f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this will be the hh-f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this will be the hh-f
+state of the system as you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system as you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system as you can see in
+these contour plots on the left so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these contour plots on the left so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these contour plots on the left so to
+illustrate this I'm gonna show you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this I'm gonna show you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this I'm gonna show you now
+my particles I'm going to show to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my particles I'm going to show to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my particles I'm going to show to show
+to show some particles in the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show some particles in the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show some particles in the surface
+through these particles now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these particles now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these particles now this
+particle means it represents the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle means it represents the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle means it represents the system
+not atoms it's the system here I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not atoms it's the system here I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not atoms it's the system here I have an
+HF molecule because this the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF molecule because this the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF molecule because this the system is
+in this minimum now if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this minimum now if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this minimum now if if the
+tickle for some reason when given enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle for some reason when given enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle for some reason when given enough
+temperature goes through this state like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes through this state like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes through this state like
+this is the transition state the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the transition state the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the transition state the system
+is hh-f but if this particle falls into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hh-f but if this particle falls into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hh-f but if this particle falls into
+this minimum then the system is h h this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minimum then the system is h h this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minimum then the system is h h this
+a drogyn molecule and the flow around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drogyn molecule and the flow around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drogyn molecule and the flow around
+somewhere else knowing this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else knowing this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else knowing this I'm going to
+show you what happens when I have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what happens when I have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what happens when I have lots
+of particles which are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles which are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles which are lots of
+revelations of the same system because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelations of the same system because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelations of the same system because I
+want to see the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the probability of the
+system to be in one state or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be in one state or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be in one state or the other
+I'm gonna give this is an Instagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give this is an Instagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give this is an Instagram and
+it says this flood with bars that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says this flood with bars that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says this flood with bars that shows
+me the population right if you as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the population right if you as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the population right if you as we can
+see here the particles are just running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the particles are just running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the particles are just running
+all over the place because I save energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place because I save energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place because I save energy
+enough for them both will come any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for them both will come any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for them both will come any any
+energy barriers but if I decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barriers but if I decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barriers but if I decrease
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't even culture okay now here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't even culture okay now here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't even culture okay now here you
+can see that we actually have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that we actually have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that we actually have some
+preferential places for these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential places for these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential places for these particles
+these states of the system to be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states of the system to be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states of the system to be they
+are in the minimums because they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the minimums because they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the minimums because they cannot
+jump in the minimum because they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in the minimum because they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in the minimum because they cannot
+jump over the energy barriers right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump over the energy barriers right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump over the energy barriers right and
+as you can see they are also pretty like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see they are also pretty like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see they are also pretty like
+in the histogram you can see that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the histogram you can see that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the histogram you can see that if I
+increase temperature a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase temperature a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase temperature a little bit the
+preferential thoughts they take more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential thoughts they take more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential thoughts they take more or
+less is the transition state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less is the transition state which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less is the transition state which is
+done at this point this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at this point this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at this point this is one of the
+things that we can use Mathematica for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can use Mathematica for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can use Mathematica for
+but it's much more powerful it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much more powerful it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much more powerful it can
+actually do many other things and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do many other things and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do many other things and it can
+solve many other science related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve many other science related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve many other science related
+problems and none even science related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and none even science related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and none even science related
+like you can even do art with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can even do art with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can even do art with
+Mathematica
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qTrw6f_sbOw.txt b/qTrw6f_sbOw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48db730f443a61fad4f4c29a35496b98bf9094ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qTrw6f_sbOw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1341 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so let's
+do our first clicker question.
+
+All right, let's just
+do 10 more seconds.
+
+Interesting.
+
+So, in this problem you were
+given the maximum rate, Vmax,
+
+which, by the way, you
+calculated in class last time.
+
+And then said what will the
+substrate concentration be
+
+when you have half
+of that rate.
+
+And so, when you have half of
+the maximum rate, that's the
+
+definition of k m.
+
+So all you have to do is if a
+k m is given, you just write
+
+down that value.
+
+So that's the level
+of question you'll
+
+get on enzyme kinetics.
+
+All right, so that should be
+a good tie breaker, too.
+
+All right, so in this little
+review and we talk about the
+
+material from the second half of
+the course, and why I think
+
+this material is really
+important and cool, and that's
+
+because it all represents the
+basic principles of how
+
+enzymes work.
+
+And as a biochemist, I recognize
+this material is
+
+really important.
+
+So that's what interests me
+particularly about it.
+
+And the point that I want to
+make in general is that when
+
+you're studying introductory
+material, sometimes it seems
+
+like you're never going to
+really need that material
+
+again, but that's because you
+haven't seen the connection
+
+between it in other topics.
+
+So, a lot of the things you've
+learned will be related to
+
+things that you're going
+to see you later on.
+
+So I'm going to give you
+examples and review examples
+
+of how the material you've
+learned will allow you to
+
+understand an enzyme,
+for example.
+
+So, we talked last time that one
+reason why you care about
+
+understanding how an enzyme
+works is because a lot of
+
+people want to inhibit
+enzymes.
+
+Well, why would you want to
+inhibit enzymes, and that's
+
+because inhibiting enzymes
+is very useful to
+
+treat a bunch of things.
+
+A number of you will, in the
+next week, I'm pretty sure, be
+
+interested in ways to inhibit
+enzymes to prevent headaches
+
+or to decrease headaches.
+
+And this is true of students
+and faculty
+
+during finals week.
+
+And so, some of the treatments
+for headaches that a number of
+
+those pharmaceuticals are geared
+toward enzymes called
+
+prostaglandin synthesis, and
+they inhibit those enzyme from
+
+working and that gets rid
+of your headache.
+
+Arthritis, for example, is also
+treated by a lot of the
+
+same medications that
+treat headaches.
+
+Cancer, often chemotherapy
+or you're giving people
+
+inhibitors of enzymes to
+decrease tumor growth.
+
+And we talked last time about
+inhibiting HIV proteases as
+
+part of a treatment for HIV. So,
+understanding enzymes is
+
+very important for the
+pharmaceutical industry, and
+
+so that's one example of why
+you need to know about
+
+chemical equilibrium, why you
+need to know about acid based
+
+oxidation reduction transition
+metals, and also kinetics.
+
+So, I'm going to give
+you a case study.
+
+You've seen some of these
+examples before, but we're
+
+going to put them all
+together now.
+
+And I try in every lecture, if I
+can, to mention vitamin B12,
+
+and here, we're going to tell
+you about a vitamin B12
+
+dependent enzyme, and how
+knowing what you know now
+
+about these topics would allow
+you to understand how this
+
+enzyme works.
+
+So, first, kinetics, this is
+easy, methionine synthase,
+
+it's an enzyme.
+
+So, what does this enzyme do?
+
+So this particular enzyme
+converts an amino acid called
+
+homocysteine to another amino
+acid, methionine.
+
+It also converts another
+vitamin, a B vitamin, the
+
+methyltetrahydrofolate form to
+tetrahydrofolate, so this
+
+folate is one your B vitamins.
+
+Why do you care?
+
+Well, methionine is needed for
+proper formation of brain and
+
+spinal column, and it's
+particularly important when
+
+women are pregnant that they
+have enough folic acid so that
+
+they can make enough
+methionine.
+
+If they do not have enough folic
+acid, then you can have
+
+babies born with neural
+tube defects.
+
+Also, as I mentioned before,
+inhibiting methionine synthase
+
+raises homocysteine levels, so
+you can't do this conversion,
+
+and that increases risk
+of heart disease that
+
+homocysteine is actually a
+really good indicator, high
+
+homocysteine levels of whether
+someone's going to have heart
+
+trouble or not.
+
+This is also a target for
+chemotherapy, because you need
+
+tetrahydrofolate to do DNA
+biosynthesis, and tumor cells
+
+that are growing, tumors that
+are growing, need a lot of DNA
+
+biosynthesis.
+
+So if you inhibit this enzyme,
+you can inhibit DNA
+
+biosynthesis, so it's
+a potential
+
+chemotherapeutic target.
+
+There is some use of
+this in Europe.
+
+Actually there is a treatment
+that's given that's
+
+specifically supposed to inhibit
+methione synthase,
+
+it's not used so much in this
+country, but laughing gas will
+
+inhibit methione synthase.
+
+And so, in Europe some cancer
+patients are treated with
+
+laughing gas as a way to
+decrease their tumors.
+
+I'm not sure it's the most
+effective therapy, but they're
+
+at least pretty happy with it.
+
+So that's the counterpart.
+
+So, this is an important
+enzyme.
+
+And enzymes, of course, as we
+know are catalysts and they
+
+catalyze reactions, so tell me
+what you know about catalysts.
+
+Which is the following
+statements about
+
+catalysts are true?
+
+OK, let's take 10 more seconds.
+
+Very good.
+
+All right, so going
+back to the notes,
+
+statement 2 is true.
+
+So, catalysts work by lowering
+the activation energy barrier
+
+for both the forward and
+the reverse reaction.
+
+So both rates would
+be changed.
+
+And also, catalysts are not
+going to affect the
+
+thermodynamics, they're not
+going to shift the equilibrium
+
+toward products.
+
+What's something that you
+could use to shift an
+
+equilibrium, say, to products
+or reactants.
+
+Temperature, yeah.
+
+So, just a little review
+of kinetics.
+
+Again, a catalyst works by
+lowering the activation energy
+
+barrier, or another way to say
+that is by stabilizing a
+
+transition state, so it's going
+to affect the activation
+
+energy for the forward
+reaction.
+
+And for the reverse reaction,
+it's going to decrease both of
+
+them by the same amount.
+
+So if you know how much one is
+decreased, you also know how
+
+much the other is decreased.
+
+And we also know that it
+doesn't affect the
+
+thermodynamics.
+
+So, does it change the
+equilibrium constant?
+
+No, it doesn't change the
+equilibrium constant.
+
+All right, so a little
+review of kinetics.
+
+So now let's talk about
+transition metals.
+
+So this particular enzyme needs
+2 different kinds of
+
+transition metals.
+
+It needs cobalt in the form of
+vitamin B12 and it also needs
+
+zinc. So we talked about
+methylcobalamin, so cobalamin
+
+is another name for
+vitamin B12.
+
+And here we have a methyl
+ligand, c h 3 is a methyl
+
+ligand coordinated to the cobalt
+in the center, and we
+
+saw before that when you have a
+thing that forms attachments
+
+at more than one point, it's
+called a chelate, so the corn
+
+ring here is a chelating agent,
+and it's a tetradentate
+
+ligand because there are
+4 points of attachment.
+
+So we can have monodentate,
+bidentate, tetradentate,
+
+hexadentate, and tell you
+the number of points of
+
+attachment.
+
+And again, this is a chelate,
+and what do you know about a
+
+chelate effect?
+
+I want someone to tell me what
+the chelate effect is, and
+
+there's a special bonus
+prize of a teeshirt
+
+for the best answer.
+
+Who wants to give it a try
+and tell me what the
+
+chelate effect is.
+
+Any volunteers?
+
+Bonus teeshirt.
+
+Who wants to give it a try.
+
+Not very brave.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so chelate, it's
+something that's going to
+
+be binding to a metal at
+multiple points of attachment.
+
+And what do we know about how
+stable or how favorable that
+
+kind of interaction is?
+
+STUDENT: It makes it more stable
+because [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you reading
+from your notes?
+
+Well, you know what, I didn't
+say that was not allowed, so
+
+congratulations.
+
+Right, so chelates are unusually
+stable due to
+
+entropic affects.
+
+So it's an entropy affect.
+
+So if you have a metal that's
+free in solution, it's going
+
+to bind to a lot of water
+molecules, and often, metals
+
+like to bind to thick things.
+
+You see a lot of octahedral
+complexes.
+
+So if you have a metal bound to
+6 waters, and you bring in
+
+a chelate that will blind with
+multiple points of attachment,
+
+such as EDTA, which binds at 6
+points of attachment, that 1
+
+molecule of EDTA will displace
+6 water molecules.
+
+So that is going to be
+entropically favorable.
+
+6 things floating around in
+solution have a lot more
+
+entropy than 1 thing floating
+around in solution.
+
+And this makes chelates
+very stable.
+
+And so, if you want to get --
+if someone is poisoned with
+
+the metal and you want to get
+that metal out of your system,
+
+you give them a chelate such as
+EDTA, hospitals have EDTA.
+
+It's also good, as we learned,
+for cleaning bath tubs.
+
+All right, so that's
+the chelate effect.
+
+All right, so what about zinc.
+This enzyme has a zinc and it
+
+has zinc in the plus
+-- zinc plus 2 ion.
+
+So, if you know that, you
+can calculate a d count.
+
+And so again, we can go
+to our periodic table.
+
+What group is zinc in?
+
+12.
+
+So what would be the d count?
+
+10.
+
+So 12 minus 2 equals 10.
+
+So what would you think would
+be true about the color of
+
+this d 10 system?
+
+All right, so let's just
+take 10 more seconds.
+
+All right, so it would
+be colorless.
+
+And so, all of the d orbitals
+are going to be full, and so
+
+there's no transition from one
+set of d orbitals to the
+
+other, and so it would be
+a colorless compound.
+
+And that is, in fact, true that
+it took years and years
+
+of studying methionine synthase
+before people
+
+realized that it had a zinc in
+it, no one knew that there was
+
+a zinc, because they
+couldn't see it.
+
+It didn't add a color, and so
+no one knew that a metal was
+
+there for a long time.
+
+All right, so what about
+oxidation reduction?
+
+So, this enzyme does
+a lot of different
+
+oxidation reduction reactions.
+
+So, when it reacts with
+homocysteine to form
+
+methionine, and the vitamin
+B12, which is shown in a
+
+cartoon form down here, goes
+from a plus 3 state that has
+
+the methyl associated, it gives
+the methyl group, the c
+
+h 3 group, up to homocysteine
+to form methionine, and then
+
+you're in a plus 1 state
+of cobalt here.
+
+But this state can lose an
+electron, and you can have a
+
+what's called Co(II) form of the
+enzyme, which you need to
+
+put another electron in and
+reduce it to go back, and you
+
+also need to methylate
+it again.
+
+And the methyl group comes from
+s adenosylmethionine.
+
+So, we need to think about how
+we're going to reduce the
+
+vitamin to get it back in its
+primary turnover state.
+
+so, we know the redox
+potentials for this.
+
+The standard reduction
+potential for vitamin
+
+B12 is minus 0 .
+
+5 2 6 volts.
+
+The potential reduction
+potential for flavodoxin,
+
+which is the protein that gives
+it the 1 electron, and
+
+it's a flavin protein, which
+is another B vitamin.
+
+And that's minus 0 .
+
+2 3 0 volts.
+
+So, what do we know
+about these?
+
+Tell me which is the better
+reducing agent.
+
+All right, let's just
+do 10 more seconds.
+
+Click in your responses.
+
+OK.
+
+So, vitamin B12 is a better
+reducing agent.
+
+If you have a large negative
+number, then the reduced
+
+species is very reducing.
+
+So it wants to reduce
+other things and
+
+get oxidized itself.
+
+So, that's interesting.
+
+It seems like vitamin B12 should
+be reducing flavodoxin
+
+and not the other way around.
+
+So we can look at how
+unfavorable this process is,
+
+and we can calculate a standard
+potential for this,
+
+and we can use this equation
+where we have reduction minus
+
+oxidation and plug the values
+in, and so we have a minus 0 .
+
+5 2 6 minus a minus of the
+floating potential, and that
+
+gives us a negative
+value for delta e.
+
+So is this reaction
+spontaneous?
+
+No, and that's because if you
+have a negative standard
+
+reduction potential, then
+you're going to have a
+
+positive value for delta g, so
+it will not be spontaneous.
+
+And again, you can calculate the
+value for delta g, so we
+
+have minus n, number of moles
+of electrons, Faraday's
+
+constant times the difference
+in potential, and it's a one
+
+electron process, we put in
+Faraday's constant and the
+
+calculated value for delta e,
+and we get a positive 28 .
+
+6.
+
+And as I mentioned before in
+class, the way this reaction
+
+goes is that at the same time an
+electron goes in, you also
+
+cleave s adenosylmethionine,
+which gives the methyl group
+
+to also return to the catalytic
+cycle, and that
+
+process is very favorable
+minus 37 .
+
+6 kilojoules per mole.
+
+So it drives the unfavorable
+reaction.
+
+So in the body you will have a
+favorable oxidation reductions
+
+and you'll have unfavorable
+ones.
+
+All right, so what do you a cell
+that requires energy to
+
+catalyze a non-spontaneous
+reaction?
+
+So, that's an electrolitic
+cell.
+
+And a cell that catalyzes
+a spontaneous reaction?
+
+Galvanic, right.
+
+So again, with oxidation
+reduction, it doesn't matter
+
+if you're talking about a
+battery, or if you're talking
+
+about a cellular process, all
+the same equations apply.
+
+All right, what about acid
+based equilibrium.
+
+So in this particular -- in this
+catalytic cycle, we are
+
+converting homocysteine to
+methionine, and that chemistry
+
+involves acid base.
+
+So what is true about the
+reaction is that the
+
+protonation state of
+the substrate,
+
+homocysteine, matters.
+
+So, you can have a protonated
+homocysteine, and here's the
+
+structure of homocysteine, a
+deprotonated homocysteine
+
+where the sulfur does not
+have a proton anymore.
+
+So we have an s minus here.
+
+And this protonated form of
+homocysteine can be converted
+
+to methionine where there's a
+methyl group attached to the
+
+sulfur here.
+
+So, we want to know at
+physiological p h 7 .
+
+4, how much of the homocysteine
+is deprotonated?
+
+And here, if you're asking how
+much of something is in a
+
+protonated state, how much of
+something is in a deprotonated
+
+state, what you are asking
+is what is the p k a of
+
+homocysteine.
+
+So what is the p k a
+of homocysteine?
+
+That's what you need to know to
+figure out how much would
+
+be in the protonated state,
+how much would be in the
+
+deprotonated state.
+
+So here, the p k a is 10.
+
+So now, without doing any
+calculations, I want you to
+
+tell me what you expect about
+how much is protonated and how
+
+much is deprotonated at
+physiological p h if
+
+the p k a is 10.
+
+All right, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+I hope that I mentioned
+that acid base will be
+
+on the final exam.
+
+So good thing we're reviewing
+it right now.
+
+All right, so now let's
+look at the math.
+
+So if you're given a p k a and p
+h and asked about a ratio of
+
+protonated to deprotonated
+it's OK to pull out your
+
+favorite Henderson Hasselbalch
+equation, which gives you a
+
+sense of the ratio, can predict
+the ratio, again it's
+
+approximation, but predict the
+ratio of protonated to
+
+deprotonated.
+
+H a, of course, being an
+abbreviation for protonated, a
+
+minus for deprotonated.
+
+And so we can calculate here
+that if you have a p h of 7 .
+
+4, p k a of 10, you get
+a ratio of 400:1.
+
+So that's the math, but you can
+also just think about it
+
+in terms of what you know.
+
+So let's just do
+a brief review.
+
+So the answer here is that
+free homocysteine is
+
+protonated and non-reactive
+at physiological p h.
+
+But let's just think about this
+question a little more.
+
+So this is not a figure in
+today's handout, but you've
+
+seen this a few times,
+so let's just
+
+look at it for a minute.
+
+So, we talked a lot about
+acid based titrations.
+
+We talked about so here we have
+a weak acid tritrated
+
+with a strong base.
+
+In the beginning it's a weak
+acid problem, at the
+
+equivalence point it's a weak
+base problem, because we've
+
+added enough moles of our strong
+acid to convert all of
+
+our weak acid to its
+conjugate base.
+
+And in the middle when you've
+added half the number of the
+
+moles, you've converted half
+of your weak acid to its
+
+conjugate, then the p
+h is equal to the
+
+p k a at this point.
+
+So that would be right
+in the middle of
+
+this buffering region.
+
+Again, in a buffering region
+you have quite a bit -- you
+
+have quite a bit of your weak
+acid and quite a bit of a
+
+conjugate, so it can buffer.
+
+If strong acid is added, then
+it can be used up, if strong
+
+base is added, it can be used
+up without changing
+
+the p h very much.
+
+That's a buffer, so the p h
+curve is flat in here in that
+
+buffering region.
+
+And so, when you think about
+this, if you're at p h's that
+
+are below the p k a, then
+you're going to be more
+
+protonated, and p h is above
+the p k a, you'll be more
+
+deprotonated.
+
+So let's look at the figure now
+that's in today's handout
+
+and think about this.
+
+So when the p h equals the p k
+a, you will have equal number
+
+of moles, of something that's
+protonated as deprotonated.
+
+And if you're at p h's above
+the p k a, you'll be more
+
+deprotonated.
+
+P h's below the p k a, you'll
+be more protonated.
+
+And in the particular example
+I gave, we have a p k a
+
+of 10, so at 7 .
+
+4 we're at a p h that is below
+the p k a, and so here they'd
+
+be more protonated.
+
+So if you do the math
+it's 400:1.
+
+But even if you aren't doing
+any math, you should think
+
+about the fact that that would
+have more of the protonated
+
+form than the deprotonated
+form.
+
+All right, but the enzyme has
+a problem, because only the
+
+deprotonated form is active.
+
+The p k a of the free
+homocysteine is 10, and you're
+
+at physiological p h, so this
+reaction doesn't seem
+
+like it should go.
+
+But again, it's an enzyme, and
+enzymes catalyze reactions.
+
+So they do things to make
+that reaction go faster.
+
+And what this particular enzyme
+does is it lowers the p
+
+k a of homocysteine.
+
+So when homocysteine is bound
+to the enzyme, it's p k a is
+
+no longer 10, but now
+its p k a is 6.
+
+So, how does the
+enzyme do this?
+
+Well, that's where the
+zinc comes in.
+
+So, the zinc binds to the
+homocysteine and it acts as a
+
+Lewis acid as it binds
+to the homocysteine.
+
+So the homocysteine is your
+donor ligand, and you have
+
+your metal as the Lewis
+acid, your acceptor.
+
+And that alters the p k a, so
+it actually associates, zinc
+
+associates with this sulfur,
+and that changes the p k a.
+
+So, I just wanted to mention
+again, I was having dinner
+
+with some of my faculty
+colleagues who teach organic
+
+chemistry here.
+
+We were interviewing another job
+candidate, and they looked
+
+at me and said, they're teaching
+organic this semester
+
+and they said we asked our class
+about p k a's, and they
+
+all insisted that they had never
+heard about p k a's in
+
+their freshman chemistry
+course.
+
+And I, of course, said, well,
+they did not take 511-1 then.
+
+So just remember, especially
+when it's Barbara Imperiali
+
+asking, did you hear about
+p k a's, the answer is?
+
+STUDENT: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+OK, so just this week.
+
+So it alters the p k a here.
+
+So now what's our situation?
+
+Well, now at physiological p h,
+we have a p k a of 6, and
+
+so that gives us a very
+different ratio.
+
+Instead of 400:1,
+we have 1:25.
+
+So most of the homocysteine is
+deprotonated at physiological
+
+p h, which means that
+it can react.
+
+So, if we go back to this now,
+our p k a is now 6, and so
+
+physiological p h is now
+above that p k a.
+
+So when you're above the p
+k a, you should have more
+
+deprotonated than protonated.
+
+So that's how you can
+rationalize these things.
+
+All right, now I have to ask,
+all right, we do not need a
+
+tie breaker.
+
+So at the end of the lecture,
+we will announce the winner.
+
+But let's first do chemical
+equilibrium.
+
+Chemical equilibrium.
+
+So we didn't talk too much
+about this in chemical
+
+equilibrium, but enzymes can
+have alternate conformation,
+
+so the enzyme can change its
+shape during chemistry.
+
+And that those conformation
+of the enzyme can be in
+
+equilibrium.
+
+So the enzyme itself can be an
+equilibrium with different
+
+conformational states.
+
+So here, there are a lot of
+states of the enzyme.
+
+It needs to react with
+homocysteine, it needs to
+
+react with
+methyltetrahydrofolate and
+
+with s adenosylmethionine.
+
+And when the structure was
+determined to this enzyme,
+
+here in green is the vitamin
+B12, and red
+
+is the methyl group.
+
+You see that the methyl group
+is pretty buried, you can
+
+barely see it, but yet it
+needs to interact with
+
+homocysteine to give it a methyl
+group, it needs to take
+
+a methyl group off
+methyltetrahydrofolate, it
+
+also needs to take a
+methyl group off s
+
+adenosylmethionine.
+
+But it doesn't seem like there's
+any room for any of
+
+them to actually get in there.
+
+So, this was a sign that there
+has to be some kind of change
+
+in the structure.
+
+So here's another picture
+of the structure.
+
+Here's the vitamin B12 in green,
+the methyl group in
+
+red, and there's this whole
+protein part up here that has
+
+to get out of the way
+to do the chemistry.
+
+And, in fact, we do know from
+experimental data that it does
+
+move so you can do
+the chemistry.
+
+So that means that the enzyme
+has to have a number of
+
+different structures.
+
+It's modular.
+
+Here's the vitamin B12 binding
+domain, the vitamin B12,
+
+there's this region that have to
+move called the methyl cap.
+
+It needs to interact, the B12
+here needs to interact with a
+
+folate domain, a homocysteine
+domain, and
+
+an activation domain.
+
+So you need to have at least
+these four different
+
+structures, and these four
+structures will be in
+
+equilibrium with each other.
+
+So you need to have a structure
+with folate, a
+
+binding domain on top of the
+red B12, you need to have
+
+homocysteine in yellow on top of
+the B12, you need to have a
+
+resting state where those
+helices are on top of the B12,
+
+and you need to have an
+activation state where the
+
+ado-meth domain is on top of
+the B12, and all of these
+
+states are going to be in
+equilibrium with each other,
+
+and they're going to be moving,
+which means that
+
+enzymes are dynamic,
+which means that
+
+chemistry is dynamic.
+
+Chemistry in the body is
+not in the solid state.
+
+Chemistry in the body
+is in solution.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qmqiF0YJ4LM.txt b/qmqiF0YJ4LM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a4e61ba0c493910b231d8fe7d9c6cfd2485d077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qmqiF0YJ4LM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+we're now at story board 23 let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now at story board 23 let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now at story board 23 let's look
+at panel a our last metabolism topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel a our last metabolism topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel a our last metabolism topic
+under the general umbrella of catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the general umbrella of catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the general umbrella of catabolism
+is ketone bodies ketone bodies are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ketone bodies ketone bodies are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ketone bodies ketone bodies are only
+covered in two pages in the book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in two pages in the book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in two pages in the book but
+they're medically very important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're medically very important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're medically very important the
+medical relevance of ketone bodies stems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical relevance of ketone bodies stems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical relevance of ketone bodies stems
+from their role in starvation and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their role in starvation and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their role in starvation and their
+role in diabetes let's look at panel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in diabetes let's look at panel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in diabetes let's look at panel a
+this panel shows various sources of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this panel shows various sources of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this panel shows various sources of and
+uses of acetyl co a it shows that ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of acetyl co a it shows that ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of acetyl co a it shows that ketone
+bodies are made from acetyl coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are made from acetyl coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are made from acetyl coenzyme a
+so let's start this part of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start this part of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start this part of the lecture
+with a discussion of where acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion of where acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion of where acetyl co a
+comes from and what its various fates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and what its various fates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and what its various fates
+are including the formation of ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are including the formation of ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are including the formation of ketone
+bodies we just finished talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies we just finished talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies we just finished talking about
+fatty acid catabolism so let's start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid catabolism so let's start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid catabolism so let's start on
+the right of this figure we see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of this figure we see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of this figure we see that a
+fatty acid can be broken down to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid can be broken down to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid can be broken down to form
+acetyl co a by beta oxidation usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a by beta oxidation usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a by beta oxidation usually
+with the objective of generating energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the objective of generating energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the objective of generating energy
+if we follow the acetyl co a from beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we follow the acetyl co a from beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we follow the acetyl co a from beta
+oxidation down into the TCA cycle we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation down into the TCA cycle we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation down into the TCA cycle we see
+that it will be fully oxidized to carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be fully oxidized to carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be fully oxidized to carbon
+dioxide with the generation of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide with the generation of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide with the generation of a lot of
+energy that can be used for mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that can be used for mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that can be used for mechanical
+work biosynthesis and other things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work biosynthesis and other things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work biosynthesis and other things a
+second source of acetyl co a can be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second source of acetyl co a can be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second source of acetyl co a can be seen
+to the left where we see glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left where we see glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left where we see glycogen
+breakdown to glucose or glucose can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown to glucose or glucose can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown to glucose or glucose can be
+directly imported into a cell in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly imported into a cell in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly imported into a cell in either
+case the glucose that we take in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the glucose that we take in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the glucose that we take in or
+liberate from its storage depot glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberate from its storage depot glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberate from its storage depot glycogen
+can be converted into acetyl coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be converted into acetyl coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be converted into acetyl coenzyme a
+glycerol can be generated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol can be generated from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol can be generated from the
+backbone of a metabolized tri acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone of a metabolized tri acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone of a metabolized tri acyl
+glyceride it enters glycolysis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceride it enters glycolysis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceride it enters glycolysis as
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and then can
+progress to acetyl co a by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress to acetyl co a by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress to acetyl co a by way of
+glycolysis alanine can trans emanate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis alanine can trans emanate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis alanine can trans emanate
+into pyruvate which is converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate which is converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate which is converted
+subsequently diacetyl away by pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently diacetyl away by pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently diacetyl away by pyruvate
+dehydrogenase this diagram shows us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase this diagram shows us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase this diagram shows us that
+many pathways converge to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pathways converge to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pathways converge to generate
+acetate Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate Oh
+enzyme a carbohydrates amino acids fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme a carbohydrates amino acids fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme a carbohydrates amino acids fatty
+acids all can act as a source of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids all can act as a source of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids all can act as a source of this
+important precursor to energy aside from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important precursor to energy aside from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important precursor to energy aside from
+being processed by the TCA cycle on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being processed by the TCA cycle on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being processed by the TCA cycle on the
+Left we see a broken line pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Left we see a broken line pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Left we see a broken line pathway
+involving fatty acid biosynthesis this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving fatty acid biosynthesis this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving fatty acid biosynthesis this
+is going to be the next topic we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the next topic we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the next topic we come to
+after this discussion of ketone body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this discussion of ketone body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this discussion of ketone body
+formation the pathway on the right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the pathway on the right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the pathway on the right with
+the broken lines is the pathway leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broken lines is the pathway leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broken lines is the pathway leading
+to ketone bodies which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ketone bodies which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ketone bodies which is called
+ketogenesis in the box at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketogenesis in the box at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketogenesis in the box at the top of
+panel a is a cartoon reminding me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a is a cartoon reminding me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a is a cartoon reminding me to
+tell you that as a Toa cannot escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that as a Toa cannot escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that as a Toa cannot escape
+from the cell moreover it cannot even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell moreover it cannot even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell moreover it cannot even
+easily escape from the mitochondrion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily escape from the mitochondrion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily escape from the mitochondrion in
+order for acid Toa to leave the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for acid Toa to leave the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for acid Toa to leave the cell and
+be transported from one organ to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transported from one organ to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transported from one organ to another
+needs to be converted into ketone bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be converted into ketone bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be converted into ketone bodies
+another way to look at keep cone bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to look at keep cone bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to look at keep cone bodies
+is that these are mobile or portable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are mobile or portable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are mobile or portable
+forms of acetyl co a that can go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of acetyl co a that can go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of acetyl co a that can go from a
+source organ which is usually the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source organ which is usually the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source organ which is usually the liver
+to a target organ which may need them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a target organ which may need them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a target organ which may need them in
+order to generate energy by way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to generate energy by way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to generate energy by way of the
+TCA cycle the target organ for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle the target organ for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle the target organ for example
+could be brain under conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be brain under conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be brain under conditions of
+starvation or could be skeletal muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation or could be skeletal muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation or could be skeletal muscle
+if you have to run away from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to run away from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to run away from something
+let's look at panel B there are five key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel B there are five key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel B there are five key
+facts that we need to know about ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that we need to know about ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that we need to know about ketone
+bodies first ketogenesis mainly occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies first ketogenesis mainly occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies first ketogenesis mainly occurs
+in the liver the liver manufactures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liver the liver manufactures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liver the liver manufactures
+ketone bodies and then exports them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies and then exports them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies and then exports them to
+other organs for use these reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organs for use these reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organs for use these reactions
+typically happen when the levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically happen when the levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically happen when the levels of
+oxaloacetate become limiting in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate become limiting in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate become limiting in their
+mitochondria and I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and I'll give you an
+example of why this is the case when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of why this is the case when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of why this is the case when I
+talk about starvation a little later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about starvation a little later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about starvation a little later in
+this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture
+the second important fact is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second important fact is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second important fact is that these
+are the primary metabolic fuels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the primary metabolic fuels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the primary metabolic fuels of the
+heart and skeletal muscle under normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and skeletal muscle under normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and skeletal muscle under normal
+conditions the third fact is that ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the third fact is that ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the third fact is that ketone
+bodies become the major metabolic fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies become the major metabolic fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies become the major metabolic fuel
+of all cells under conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all cells under conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all cells under conditions of
+starvation even cells of the brain after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation even cells of the brain after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation even cells of the brain after
+a few days of starvation will convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few days of starvation will convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few days of starvation will convert
+from glucose being the preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glucose being the preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glucose being the preferred
+metabolic fuel to accepting ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic fuel to accepting ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic fuel to accepting ketone
+bodies as their major source of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies as their major source of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies as their major source of energy
+the fourth fact I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth fact I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth fact I want to talk about
+with regard to ketone bodies is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to ketone bodies is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to ketone bodies is that
+they're produced in excess in diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're produced in excess in diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're produced in excess in diabetes
+I'll talk a little bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit more about that
+later in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture
+finally ketogenesis occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally ketogenesis occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally ketogenesis occurs in the
+mitochondrion primarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion primarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion primarily the
+mitochondrion of the liver so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion of the liver so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion of the liver so these are
+reactions panel see shows the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions panel see shows the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions panel see shows the three
+classical ketone bodies acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical ketone bodies acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical ketone bodies acetoacetate
+beta-hydroxybutyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate
+and acetone from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetone from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetone from the standpoint of
+chemical accuracy it's obvious that beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical accuracy it's obvious that beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical accuracy it's obvious that beta
+hydroxy butyrate is an alcohol and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy butyrate is an alcohol and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy butyrate is an alcohol and not a
+ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+nevertheless it's lumped in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it's lumped in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it's lumped in with the
+ketone bodies for historical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies for historical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies for historical reasons
+acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
+are what i'll call quote unquote useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what i'll call quote unquote useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what i'll call quote unquote useful
+ketone bodies from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies from the standpoint of
+serving as precursors to metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving as precursors to metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving as precursors to metabolic
+energy acetone by contrast is not useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy acetone by contrast is not useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy acetone by contrast is not useful
+by this criterion acetone however is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this criterion acetone however is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this criterion acetone however is a
+useful biomarker because sometimes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful biomarker because sometimes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful biomarker because sometimes its
+presence can help diagnose diabetes on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence can help diagnose diabetes on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence can help diagnose diabetes on a
+personal note I come from a long line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal note I come from a long line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal note I come from a long line of
+diabetics I remember when I was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics I remember when I was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics I remember when I was a little
+kid my dad before he was diagnosed would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid my dad before he was diagnosed would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid my dad before he was diagnosed would
+come home from work at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home from work at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home from work at the end of the
+day he had very poor circulation so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day he had very poor circulation so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day he had very poor circulation so my
+two sisters and I would try to rub his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sisters and I would try to rub his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sisters and I would try to rub his
+legs to give him a kind of massage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs to give him a kind of massage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs to give him a kind of massage to
+make his circulation a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his circulation a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his circulation a little bit better
+I remember very clearly my older sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember very clearly my older sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember very clearly my older sister
+saying gee dad smells like mom's nail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying gee dad smells like mom's nail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying gee dad smells like mom's nail
+polish remover and that's because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish remover and that's because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish remover and that's because he was
+a diabetic producing acetone which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diabetic producing acetone which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diabetic producing acetone which was
+used at the time at least as nail polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used at the time at least as nail polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used at the time at least as nail polish
+remover we had no idea at the time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remover we had no idea at the time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remover we had no idea at the time what
+was going on a few months later my dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on a few months later my dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on a few months later my dad
+was diagnosed as a type two diabetic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was diagnosed as a type two diabetic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was diagnosed as a type two diabetic I
+now know that the fruity odor we smelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know that the fruity odor we smelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know that the fruity odor we smelled
+on his breath was acetone as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his breath was acetone as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his breath was acetone as I said
+acetone is a biomarker of this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone is a biomarker of this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone is a biomarker of this disease
+one last point with regard to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last point with regard to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last point with regard to this
+storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard
+note that the acetoacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the acetoacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the acetoacetate and
+beta-hydroxybutyrate molecules are acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate molecules are acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate molecules are acids
+and diabetics these acids can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diabetics these acids can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diabetics these acids can be
+produced as we'll see letter later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced as we'll see letter later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced as we'll see letter later in
+sufficiently high concentrations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high concentrations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high concentrations to
+lower the pH of the blood quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the pH of the blood quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the pH of the blood quite
+substantially keep in mind that lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially keep in mind that lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially keep in mind that lowering
+the pH is the same thing as increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH is the same thing as increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH is the same thing as increasing
+the concentration of protons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of protons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of protons in the
+blood these concentrated protons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood these concentrated protons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood these concentrated protons will
+have physiological relevance that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have physiological relevance that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have physiological relevance that I'll
+discuss later when a diabetic enters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later when a diabetic enters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later when a diabetic enters the
+phase where the pH of their blood is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where the pH of their blood is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where the pH of their blood is
+dangerously low that's called diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerously low that's called diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerously low that's called diabetic
+acidosis let's now turn to panel D at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidosis let's now turn to panel D at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidosis let's now turn to panel D at
+this point I want to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I want to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I want to describe the
+detailed biochemical reactions to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed biochemical reactions to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed biochemical reactions to give
+rise to ketone bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to ketone bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to ketone bodies
+to make a ketone body we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a ketone body we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a ketone body we're going to
+need three molecules of acetone coenzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three molecules of acetone coenzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three molecules of acetone coenzyme
+a one of these molecules is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one of these molecules is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one of these molecules is going to be
+catalytic that is it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic that is it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic that is it's going to be
+restored at the overall end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored at the overall end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored at the overall end of the
+process of ketogenesis let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of ketogenesis let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of ketogenesis let's start by
+imagining a scenario in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a scenario in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a scenario in the
+mitochondrion of a liver cell where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion of a liver cell where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion of a liver cell where
+oxaloacetate becomes limiting I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate becomes limiting I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate becomes limiting I'll talk
+about physiological states under which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physiological states under which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physiological states under which
+oxaloacetate becomes limiting or sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate becomes limiting or sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate becomes limiting or sparse
+a little bit later acetyl co a cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later acetyl co a cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later acetyl co a cannot
+enter the TCA cycle because citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the TCA cycle because citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the TCA cycle because citrate
+synthase lacks oxaloacetate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase lacks oxaloacetate is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase lacks oxaloacetate is a
+reaction partner the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction partner the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction partner the concentration of
+sotl co a starts to accumulate then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sotl co a starts to accumulate then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sotl co a starts to accumulate then the
+beta key to Theo lays reaction that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta key to Theo lays reaction that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta key to Theo lays reaction that is
+the last step in fatty acid biotoxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step in fatty acid biotoxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step in fatty acid biotoxin
+reverses owing to the high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses owing to the high concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses owing to the high concentration
+of product acetic away so two acetyl co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of product acetic away so two acetyl co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of product acetic away so two acetyl co
+a s come together in order to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s come together in order to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s come together in order to form
+acetyl acetate coenzyme a note that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl acetate coenzyme a note that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl acetate coenzyme a note that i
+put markers on each of the carbons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put markers on each of the carbons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put markers on each of the carbons of
+the acetoacetate coenzyme a a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetoacetate coenzyme a a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetoacetate coenzyme a a third
+acetyl coenzyme a is then added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a is then added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coenzyme a is then added to the
+gamma carbon of the acid acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma carbon of the acid acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma carbon of the acid acetoacetate
+coenzyme a that's the carbon that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a that's the carbon that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a that's the carbon that has
+the filled in square the enzyme to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filled in square the enzyme to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filled in square the enzyme to
+catalyze this last reaction is h mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze this last reaction is h mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze this last reaction is h mg
+coenzyme a reductase where H M G stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a reductase where H M G stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a reductase where H M G stands
+for hydroxymethyl gluta real hmg-coa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hydroxymethyl gluta real hmg-coa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hydroxymethyl gluta real hmg-coa is
+a six carbon branched chain molecule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six carbon branched chain molecule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six carbon branched chain molecule in
+the present situation we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present situation we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present situation we're going to
+look at h mg Co a as the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at h mg Co a as the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at h mg Co a as the source of
+ketone bodies in the mitochondrion but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies in the mitochondrion but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies in the mitochondrion but I
+want you to keep in mind that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to keep in mind that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to keep in mind that if this
+reaction were to occur not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction were to occur not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction were to occur not in the
+mitochondrion but in the cytoplasm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion but in the cytoplasm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion but in the cytoplasm the
+resulting hm g co a could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting hm g co a could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting hm g co a could be used for
+other pathways for example hmg-coa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathways for example hmg-coa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathways for example hmg-coa in
+the cytosol is the precursor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol is the precursor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol is the precursor to
+cholesterol with that in mind let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol with that in mind let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol with that in mind let's
+return our attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return our attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return our attention to the
+mitochondrion and ketogenesis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and ketogenesis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and ketogenesis the
+mitochondrial enzyme hm g co a lie a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial enzyme hm g co a lie a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial enzyme hm g co a lie a's
+will split the hm g co a knocking off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split the hm g co a knocking off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split the hm g co a knocking off an
+asset Eelco a in liberating as the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset Eelco a in liberating as the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset Eelco a in liberating as the final
+product acetoacetate which is our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product acetoacetate which is our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product acetoacetate which is our first
+of three ketone bodies acetyl acetate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three ketone bodies acetyl acetate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three ketone bodies acetyl acetate is
+a beta keto acid in hence prone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta keto acid in hence prone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta keto acid in hence prone to
+spontaneous decarboxylation non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous decarboxylation non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous decarboxylation non
+enzymatically this will happen at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatically this will happen at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatically this will happen at some
+slow rate in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow rate in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow rate in order
+to liberate co2 and produce acetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liberate co2 and produce acetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liberate co2 and produce acetone
+which is our second ketone body this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our second ketone body this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our second ketone body this
+acetone gives the fruity smell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone gives the fruity smell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone gives the fruity smell to the
+breath of a diabetic whose disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath of a diabetic whose disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath of a diabetic whose disease is
+out of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of control
+acetone is not going to be biochemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone is not going to be biochemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone is not going to be biochemically
+useful to us for example it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to us for example it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to us for example it's not going
+to be metabolized to generate energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be metabolized to generate energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be metabolized to generate energy
+the second chemical fate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second chemical fate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second chemical fate of the
+acetoacetate is its reduction by nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate is its reduction by nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate is its reduction by nadh
+using the enzyme beta hydroxy butyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the enzyme beta hydroxy butyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the enzyme beta hydroxy butyrate
+dehydrogenase this reduction forms our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase this reduction forms our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase this reduction forms our
+third ketone body beta hydroxy butyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third ketone body beta hydroxy butyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third ketone body beta hydroxy butyrate
+which is a biochemical useful molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a biochemical useful molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a biochemical useful molecule
+in that it serves as a good metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it serves as a good metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it serves as a good metabolic
+fuel acetoacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel acetoacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel acetoacetate and
+beta-hydroxybutyrate do not need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate do not need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate do not need any
+kind of special transporter to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of special transporter to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of special transporter to get out
+of the cell into the blood they diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell into the blood they diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell into the blood they diffuse
+through the mitochondrial membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mitochondrial membrane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mitochondrial membrane and
+later through the cell membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later through the cell membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later through the cell membrane
+they are then transported by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are then transported by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are then transported by the
+circulatory system from the liver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system from the liver to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system from the liver to
+organs that need them for energy as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs that need them for energy as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs that need them for energy as I
+mentioned above ketone bodies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned above ketone bodies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned above ketone bodies are
+portable forms of acetyl co a in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable forms of acetyl co a in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable forms of acetyl co a in a real
+sense the liver by making these ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the liver by making these ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the liver by making these ketone
+bodies is acting as a food caterer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies is acting as a food caterer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies is acting as a food caterer where
+ketone bodies represent food that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies represent food that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies represent food that's
+delivered to other organs at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to other organs at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to other organs at this point
+let's look at storyboard 24 panel a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at storyboard 24 panel a now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at storyboard 24 panel a now
+let's take a look what happens when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look what happens when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look what happens when the
+ketone bodies travel by the blood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies travel by the blood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies travel by the blood and
+are taken up by another organ such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taken up by another organ such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taken up by another organ such as
+muscle acetoacetate which I'll refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle acetoacetate which I'll refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle acetoacetate which I'll refer to
+as ketone body one is good to go and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ketone body one is good to go and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ketone body one is good to go and is
+ready to enter the mainstream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to enter the mainstream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to enter the mainstream of
+metabolism so I'm going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism so I'm going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism so I'm going to come back to
+it in a minute the beta hydroxy butyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a minute the beta hydroxy butyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a minute the beta hydroxy butyrate
+by contrast has to be processed in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contrast has to be processed in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contrast has to be processed in order
+for it to be useful to the target organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be useful to the target organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be useful to the target organ
+skeletal muscle in this case in step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal muscle in this case in step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal muscle in this case in step two
+the muscle form of beta hydroxy butyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscle form of beta hydroxy butyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscle form of beta hydroxy butyrate
+dehydrogenase will use nad plus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase will use nad plus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase will use nad plus to
+oxidize the beta hydroxy butyrate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize the beta hydroxy butyrate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize the beta hydroxy butyrate into
+acetyl acetate which joins the pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl acetate which joins the pool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl acetate which joins the pool of
+acetoacetate that came in directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate that came in directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate that came in directly from
+the blood we now have to put a thio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood we now have to put a thio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood we now have to put a thio
+ester group on the acetoacetate and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester group on the acetoacetate and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester group on the acetoacetate and that
+comes from an unusual source in step 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from an unusual source in step 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from an unusual source in step 3
+you'll see a suction Neil Cleanse I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a suction Neil Cleanse I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a suction Neil Cleanse I'm a
+from the TCA cycle giving it's coenzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the TCA cycle giving it's coenzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the TCA cycle giving it's coenzyme
+a residue to acetoacetate which results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a residue to acetoacetate which results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a residue to acetoacetate which results
+in the formation of acetyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formation of acetyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formation of acetyl acetate
+coenzyme a this reaction happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a this reaction happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a this reaction happens
+the mitochondrion of the cell at step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrion of the cell at step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrion of the cell at step
+four acetoacetate coenzyme a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four acetoacetate coenzyme a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four acetoacetate coenzyme a is
+converted by beta theta beta keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted by beta theta beta keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted by beta theta beta keto
+thiolase into two molecules of sotl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiolase into two molecules of sotl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiolase into two molecules of sotl
+coenzyme a and again we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and again we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and again we're going to need
+another coenzyme a group to come in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coenzyme a group to come in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coenzyme a group to come in at
+this point as part of the beta keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point as part of the beta keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point as part of the beta keto
+thiolase reaction remember that beta key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiolase reaction remember that beta key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiolase reaction remember that beta key
+to thiolate is the last enzyme that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thiolate is the last enzyme that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thiolate is the last enzyme that's
+operative in beta oxidation of fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative in beta oxidation of fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative in beta oxidation of fatty
+acids here it's doing the same chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids here it's doing the same chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids here it's doing the same chemistry
+that it does in beta oxidation it splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does in beta oxidation it splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does in beta oxidation it splits
+acetoacetate co a into two acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate co a into two acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate co a into two acetyl co a
+molecules and it steps five and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and it steps five and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and it steps five and six
+those molecules integrate into the TCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those molecules integrate into the TCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those molecules integrate into the TCA
+cycle in the TCA cycle they're oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the TCA cycle they're oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the TCA cycle they're oxidized
+to carbon dioxide with the generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon dioxide with the generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon dioxide with the generation of
+energy let me review for a minute before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let me review for a minute before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let me review for a minute before
+going into a physiological scenario way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a physiological scenario way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a physiological scenario way
+over to the left at step one the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the left at step one the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the left at step one the liver
+has made acetic away and packaged it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made acetic away and packaged it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made acetic away and packaged it
+into two ketone bodies acetoacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two ketone bodies acetoacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two ketone bodies acetoacetate and
+beta-hydroxybutyrate they travel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate they travel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-hydroxybutyrate they travel in the
+blood to target tissues for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood to target tissues for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood to target tissues for example the
+muscle or heart or the brain in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or heart or the brain in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or heart or the brain in these
+target tissues these ketone bodies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target tissues these ketone bodies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target tissues these ketone bodies are
+internalized converted to acetyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized converted to acetyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized converted to acetyl acetate
+and then to acetyl acetate coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to acetyl acetate coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to acetyl acetate coenzyme a
+and then ultimately to several molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately to several molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately to several molecules
+of acetone coenzyme a the acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetone coenzyme a the acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetone coenzyme a the acetyl
+coenzyme a that started in the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a that started in the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a that started in the liver
+ends up in the target tissue and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up in the target tissue and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up in the target tissue and then
+can be used to generate energy this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to generate energy this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to generate energy this is a
+particularly important reaction under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important reaction under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important reaction under
+conditions of starvation and diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of starvation and diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of starvation and diabetes
+let's now look at panel B of storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at panel B of storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at panel B of storyboard
+24 as you know I like to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 as you know I like to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 as you know I like to look at
+physiological scenarios because at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological scenarios because at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological scenarios because at least
+to me they help make biochemistry real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me they help make biochemistry real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me they help make biochemistry real
+the scenario I want to look at is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario I want to look at is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario I want to look at is that
+of diabetes and type 2 diabetes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diabetes and type 2 diabetes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diabetes and type 2 diabetes which is
+the type that I have my cells have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type that I have my cells have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type that I have my cells have
+become resistant to taking up glucose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become resistant to taking up glucose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become resistant to taking up glucose my
+cells are insulin insensitive after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are insulin insensitive after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are insulin insensitive after a
+meal I have very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal I have very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal I have very very high
+concentrations of glucose in my blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of glucose in my blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of glucose in my blood
+because the cells of my tissues are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cells of my tissues are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cells of my tissues are not
+capable of taking it in hence if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of taking it in hence if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of taking it in hence if I do
+not take my anti diabetic medication the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take my anti diabetic medication the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take my anti diabetic medication the
+sugar concentration by blood stays high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar concentration by blood stays high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar concentration by blood stays high
+which leads to some of the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads to some of the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads to some of the medical
+complications of die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications of die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications of die
+beetus more on that later given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beetus more on that later given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beetus more on that later given that
+there's a lot of glucose in my blood but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of glucose in my blood but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of glucose in my blood but
+it's not getting into my cells my cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not getting into my cells my cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not getting into my cells my cells
+are actually in a technical state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually in a technical state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually in a technical state of
+starvation take a look at the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation take a look at the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation take a look at the pathway
+I've drawn in panel B glucose on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn in panel B glucose on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn in panel B glucose on the
+left is not getting into the cell I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is not getting into the cell I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is not getting into the cell I've
+used broken lines for the pathway from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used broken lines for the pathway from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used broken lines for the pathway from
+glucose to pyruvate and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose to pyruvate and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose to pyruvate and then from
+pyruvate in the cytoplasm into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate in the cytoplasm into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate in the cytoplasm into the
+mitochondrial matrix these broken lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix these broken lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix these broken lines
+are meant to indicate that the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are meant to indicate that the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are meant to indicate that the pathways
+involved are just not very active the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved are just not very active the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved are just not very active the
+sparse activity of these pathways means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse activity of these pathways means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse activity of these pathways means
+that asset Eelco weight levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asset Eelco weight levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asset Eelco weight levels are
+becoming somewhat limiting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming somewhat limiting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming somewhat limiting in the
+mitochondrion because pyruvate is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion because pyruvate is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion because pyruvate is also
+limiting the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
+doesn't have sufficient pyruvate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have sufficient pyruvate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have sufficient pyruvate in
+order to maintain the oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to maintain the oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to maintain the oxaloacetate
+concentration within the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration within the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration within the mitochondrial
+matrix once again oxaloacetate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix once again oxaloacetate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix once again oxaloacetate is the
+TCA cycle intermediate that that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle intermediate that that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle intermediate that that's at
+the lowest that is micro molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest that is micro molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest that is micro molar
+concentration I'm focusing here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I'm focusing here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I'm focusing here on the
+liver although I should add at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver although I should add at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver although I should add at this
+point that all tissues are similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that all tissues are similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that all tissues are similarly
+limited in the pathways indicated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in the pathways indicated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in the pathways indicated by the
+broken lines the livers response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken lines the livers response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken lines the livers response to
+sensing this limitation in carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing this limitation in carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing this limitation in carbohydrate
+processing is to either take in lipid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is to either take in lipid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is to either take in lipid or
+to break it down from internal stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it down from internal stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it down from internal stores
+for example triacylglycerols in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example triacylglycerols in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example triacylglycerols in order to
+produce acetic away but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce acetic away but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce acetic away but because
+oxaloacetate is limiting the step at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is limiting the step at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is limiting the step at
+beta keto thiolase backs up producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto thiolase backs up producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto thiolase backs up producing a
+large amount of ketone bodies the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of ketone bodies the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of ketone bodies the ketone
+bodies are produced in excess so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are produced in excess so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are produced in excess so you can
+see them escaping into the mitochondrion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them escaping into the mitochondrion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them escaping into the mitochondrion
+and later out of the cell and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later out of the cell and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later out of the cell and they go
+off into the blood consequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into the blood consequently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into the blood consequently the
+liver of diabetics produces a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver of diabetics produces a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver of diabetics produces a lot of
+ketone bodies because it's senses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies because it's senses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone bodies because it's senses that
+the body is starving to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body is starving to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body is starving to the right of
+panel B I have some blood chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel B I have some blood chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel B I have some blood chemistry
+values that are of relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are of relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are of relevance to
+diabetics in a non diabetic person blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics in a non diabetic person blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics in a non diabetic person blood
+sugar concentrations that is blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar concentrations that is blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar concentrations that is blood
+glucose is maintained at about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose is maintained at about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose is maintained at about 100
+milligrams of glucose per 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of glucose per 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of glucose per 100
+milliliters of blood when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of blood when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of blood when I was
+diagnosed with diabetes my blood sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with diabetes my blood sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with diabetes my blood sugar
+was over 300 milligrams for 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over 300 milligrams for 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over 300 milligrams for 100
+milliliters as I recall the symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters as I recall the symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters as I recall the symptoms
+were disorientation I couldn't walk very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were disorientation I couldn't walk very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were disorientation I couldn't walk very
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+I was thirst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thirst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thirst
+d and I urinated a lot normal ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and I urinated a lot normal ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and I urinated a lot normal ketone
+body concentrations are less than 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body concentrations are less than 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body concentrations are less than 0.2
+nano molar in a severe diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano molar in a severe diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano molar in a severe diabetic
+situation your ketone body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation your ketone body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation your ketone body
+concentrations could be 15 to 25 milli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations could be 15 to 25 milli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations could be 15 to 25 milli
+molar and the pH of your blood could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar and the pH of your blood could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar and the pH of your blood could
+drop from the mid 7 to 8 the kidney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop from the mid 7 to 8 the kidney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop from the mid 7 to 8 the kidney
+responds to the high concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to the high concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to the high concentration of
+glucose in the high concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose in the high concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose in the high concentration of
+protons that is the low pH by increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons that is the low pH by increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons that is the low pH by increasing
+urine volume output in order to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine volume output in order to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine volume output in order to try to
+urinate out the glucose and protons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinate out the glucose and protons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinate out the glucose and protons the
+results are that the diabetic becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are that the diabetic becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are that the diabetic becomes
+excessively thirsty which again is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessively thirsty which again is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessively thirsty which again is one
+of the biomarkers or symptoms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biomarkers or symptoms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biomarkers or symptoms of the
+disease the classic historical treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the classic historical treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the classic historical treatment
+of diabetes is to give insulin which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diabetes is to give insulin which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diabetes is to give insulin which
+will push more glucose into the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push more glucose into the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push more glucose into the cell and
+thus offset the biochemical defect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus offset the biochemical defect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus offset the biochemical defect that
+leads ultimately to ketone bodies and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads ultimately to ketone bodies and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads ultimately to ketone bodies and to
+the high concentration of glucose in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high concentration of glucose in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high concentration of glucose in the
+blood aside from giving insulin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood aside from giving insulin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood aside from giving insulin by
+injection there are other medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection there are other medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection there are other medications
+that will result in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will result in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will result in a sort of
+reactivation of the beta cells of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivation of the beta cells of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivation of the beta cells of the
+pancreas in order to produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas in order to produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas in order to produce more
+insulin naturally alternatively there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin naturally alternatively there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin naturally alternatively there
+are medications that will block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are medications that will block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are medications that will block
+gluconeogenesis and the stop the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis and the stop the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis and the stop the ability
+to liver and other gluconeogenic organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liver and other gluconeogenic organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liver and other gluconeogenic organs
+from producing glucose so by blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from producing glucose so by blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from producing glucose so by blocking
+gluconeogenesis one can lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis one can lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis one can lower the
+glucose concentration of the blood as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose concentration of the blood as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose concentration of the blood as
+you'll see there are many many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there are many many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there are many many ways to
+treat this disease let me add that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this disease let me add that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this disease let me add that it
+can be a very debilitating disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very debilitating disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very debilitating disease
+leading to blindness amputation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to blindness amputation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to blindness amputation and
+cardiovascular difficulties it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular difficulties it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular difficulties it's a good
+idea to try to avoid the risk factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to try to avoid the risk factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to try to avoid the risk factors
+for this disease it's not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this disease it's not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this disease it's not fully
+preventable at least in people who come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable at least in people who come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable at least in people who come
+from families in which nearly everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from families in which nearly everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from families in which nearly everybody
+gets it for example my situation but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it for example my situation but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it for example my situation but by
+avoiding risk factors you can push off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding risk factors you can push off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding risk factors you can push off
+the date of onset by many years
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tKwnms5iRBU.txt b/tKwnms5iRBU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..174c95e2114086d616df1713fae0d5ee926262ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tKwnms5iRBU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, let's get
+started. Today we have another cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Today we have another cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Today we have another cool
+graph algorithm or problem. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm or problem. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm or problem. Actually,
+we'll have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two
+algorithms. Problem is called minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Problem is called minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Problem is called minimum
+spanning tree. You can probably guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. You can probably guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. You can probably guess
+from the title what it's trying to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the title what it's trying to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the title what it's trying to do.
+We'll see two algorithms for doing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll see two algorithms for doing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll see two algorithms for doing it.
+Both of them are in the category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both of them are in the category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both of them are in the category of
+greedy algorithms, which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithms, which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithms, which is something
+we've seen a couple of times already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a couple of times already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a couple of times already in
+6046. Uh starting with lecture one. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046. Uh starting with lecture one. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046. Uh starting with lecture one. This
+is the definition of greedy algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition of greedy algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition of greedy algorithm
+from lecture one roughly. Uh the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture one roughly. Uh the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture one roughly. Uh the idea is
+to always make greedy choices. meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always make greedy choices. meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always make greedy choices. meaning
+the choice is locally best for right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice is locally best for right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice is locally best for right
+now. It seems like a good thing to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. It seems like a good thing to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. It seems like a good thing to do.
+Uh but maybe in the future it will screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but maybe in the future it will screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but maybe in the future it will screw
+you over and if you have a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over and if you have a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over and if you have a correct
+greedy algorithm, you prove that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm, you prove that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm, you prove that it
+won't screw you over. So it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't screw you over. So it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't screw you over. So it's sort of
+like Cookie Monster here. Always locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Cookie Monster here. Always locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Cookie Monster here. Always locally
+seems like a good idea to eat another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good idea to eat another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good idea to eat another
+cookie, but maybe it'll bite you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie, but maybe it'll bite you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie, but maybe it'll bite you in the
+future. So, uh, today we will embrace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. So, uh, today we will embrace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. So, uh, today we will embrace
+our inner cookie monster and, uh, eat as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner cookie monster and, uh, eat as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner cookie monster and, uh, eat as
+many eat the largest cookie first would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many eat the largest cookie first would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many eat the largest cookie first would
+be the standard algorithm for cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the standard algorithm for cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the standard algorithm for cookie
+monster. Um, I don't know if you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster. Um, I don't know if you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster. Um, I don't know if you learned
+that in Sesame Street, but um, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Sesame Street, but um, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Sesame Street, but um, all
+right. So, uh, what's the problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh, what's the problem?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh, what's the problem?
+Minimum spanning tree. Can anyone tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimum spanning tree. Can anyone tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimum spanning tree. Can anyone tell
+me what a tree is formally? Not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what a tree is formally? Not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what a tree is formally? Not the
+outside thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside thing,
+but in graphland.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in graphland.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in graphland.
+A cyclic graph. Close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected a cyclic graph. Good. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected a cyclic graph. Good. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected a cyclic graph. Good. That's
+important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is 6042
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff. Okay. So, uh how about a spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Okay. So, uh how about a spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Okay. So, uh how about a spanning
+tree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry. contains all the contains all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. contains all the contains all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. contains all the contains all the
+vertices. Yeah. So let me go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Spanning means it contains all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Spanning means it contains all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Spanning means it contains all the
+vertices. So uh implicit here I guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So uh implicit here I guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So uh implicit here I guess is
+subtree or subgraph. You're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree or subgraph. You're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree or subgraph. You're given a
+graph. You want a spanning tree of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. You want a spanning tree of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. You want a spanning tree of that
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is going to be a tree that lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to be a tree that lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to be a tree that lives
+inside the graph. So we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the graph. So we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the graph. So we're going to take
+some of the edges of G, make a tree out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the edges of G, make a tree out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the edges of G, make a tree out
+of them, make a connected asyclic graph,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them, make a connected asyclic graph,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them, make a connected asyclic graph,
+and that tree should hit all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tree should hit all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tree should hit all the
+vertices in G. So this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in G. So this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in G. So this is going to
+be subset of the edges or subgraph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh those edges should form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and
+uh I'll say hit all vertices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G. Okay, if I just said uh they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Okay, if I just said uh they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Okay, if I just said uh they should
+form a tree, then I could say, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a tree, then I could say, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a tree, then I could say, well,
+take no edges and here's a a tree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take no edges and here's a a tree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take no edges and here's a a tree with
+one vertex. That's not very interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex. That's not very interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex. That's not very interesting.
+You want a vert, you want basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want a vert, you want basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want a vert, you want basically the
+vertex set of the tree to be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set of the tree to be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set of the tree to be the same as
+the vertex set of the graph. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set of the graph. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set of the graph. That's the
+spanning property. But you still want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning property. But you still want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning property. But you still want it
+to be a tree. So you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a tree. So you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a tree. So you want it to be
+connected and you want it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and you want it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and you want it to be a
+cyclic. Uh now if G is disconnected,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic. Uh now if G is disconnected,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic. Uh now if G is disconnected,
+this is impossible. Uh and for that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is impossible. Uh and for that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is impossible. Uh and for that you
+could define a spanning forest to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could define a spanning forest to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could define a spanning forest to be
+like a maximal thing like this. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a maximal thing like this. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a maximal thing like this. But
+we'll focus on the case here G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on the case here G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on the case here G is
+connected. That's the interesting case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. That's the interesting case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. That's the interesting case.
+And so we can get a spanning tree. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can get a spanning tree. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can get a spanning tree. All
+right. So what is this minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what is this minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what is this minimum spanning
+tree problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree problem?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree problem?
+Uh minimum spanning tree, we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh minimum spanning tree, we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh minimum spanning tree, we're given a
+weighted graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just like last time with shortest paths,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like last time with shortest paths,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like last time with shortest paths,
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have an edge weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function W giving me a real number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function W giving me a real number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function W giving me a real number.
+Let's say for every edge and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say for every edge and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say for every edge and we want to
+find a spanning tree of minimum total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight. So I'm going to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. So I'm going to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. So I'm going to define the
+weight of a tree t to be uh the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of a tree t to be uh the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of a tree t to be uh the sum over
+all edges in t because I'm viewing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all edges in t because I'm viewing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all edges in t because I'm viewing a
+spanning tree as a set of edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree as a set of edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree as a set of edges of the
+weight of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of that
+edge. Okay, so pretty much what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Okay, so pretty much what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Okay, so pretty much what you
+would expect minimum weight spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect minimum weight spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect minimum weight spanning
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+uh it's a relatively simple problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a relatively simple problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a relatively simple problem but
+it's not so easy to find an algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to find an algorithm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to find an algorithm.
+uh you need to prove a lot to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to prove a lot to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to prove a lot to make sure
+that you really uh find the right tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really uh find the right tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really uh find the right tree.
+Uh I guess the the really naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I guess the the really naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I guess the the really naive
+algorithm here would be to try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm here would be to try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm here would be to try all
+spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning
+trees. Uh compute the weight of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Uh compute the weight of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Uh compute the weight of each
+spanning tree and return the minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree and return the minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree and return the minimum.
+That seems reasonable. That's correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That seems reasonable. That's correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That seems reasonable. That's correct.
+Uh but it's bad because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+n to the 4th. That would be nice. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 4th. That would be nice. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 4th. That would be nice. Uh
+it's larger than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe not so obvious. Uh but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe not so obvious. Uh but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe not so obvious. Uh but it can be
+exponential. Uh here's a graph where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential. Uh here's a graph where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential. Uh here's a graph where the
+number of spanning trees is exponential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a complete bipartite graph uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a complete bipartite graph uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a complete bipartite graph uh
+with two vertices on one side and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two vertices on one side and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two vertices on one side and n
+vertices on the other. And so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the other. And so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the other. And so you can
+let's say we put these two edges into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we put these two edges into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we put these two edges into
+the spanning tree. And now uh for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanning tree. And now uh for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanning tree. And now uh for each
+of these vertices we can choose whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vertices we can choose whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vertices we can choose whether
+it connects to the left vertex or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to the left vertex or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to the left vertex or the
+right vertex. It can only do one but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vertex. It can only do one but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vertex. It can only do one but it
+can do either one independently. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do either one independently. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do either one independently. So
+maybe this guy chooses the left one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this guy chooses the left one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this guy chooses the left one.
+This one chooses the right one. This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one chooses the right one. This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one chooses the right one. This one
+chooses the left one and so on. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the left one and so on. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the left one and so on. If I
+have n vertices down here, I have two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n vertices down here, I have two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n vertices down here, I have two to
+the n different spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n different spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n different spanning
+trees. So there can be an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. So there can be an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. So there can be an exponential
+number. So that algorithm is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good exponential bad polomial good. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exponential bad polomial good. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exponential bad polomial good. So
+today we're going to get a polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to get a polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to get a polomial
+algorithm. In fact we will get an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. In fact we will get an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. In fact we will get an almost
+linear time algorithm uh as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time algorithm uh as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time algorithm uh as fast as
+Dyster's algorithm. But uh we can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyster's algorithm. But uh we can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyster's algorithm. But uh we can't use
+Dyster's algorithm. There's no shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyster's algorithm. There's no shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyster's algorithm. There's no shortest
+paths here. But one of the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths here. But one of the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths here. But one of the algorithms
+will actually look pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually look pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually look pretty
+similar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar.
+Uh two lectures ago, the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh two lectures ago, the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh two lectures ago, the dynamic
+programming lecture, we saw example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming lecture, we saw example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming lecture, we saw example
+where we tried to do greedy and it gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we tried to do greedy and it gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we tried to do greedy and it gave
+the wrong answer and so we fell back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer and so we fell back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer and so we fell back on
+dynamic programming. Today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming. Today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming. Today we're going
+to try to do dynamic programming. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do dynamic programming. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do dynamic programming. It's
+going to fail and we're going to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail and we're going to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail and we're going to fall
+back on greedy. So it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on greedy. So it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on greedy. So it's like the
+reverse. But the way it's going to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse. But the way it's going to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse. But the way it's going to fail
+is we're going to get exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to get exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to get exponential time
+initially and then greedy will let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then greedy will let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then greedy will let us
+get polomial time. This is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get polomial time. This is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get polomial time. This is actually a
+bit unusual. I would say more typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit unusual. I would say more typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit unusual. I would say more typically
+dynamic programming can solve anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming can solve anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming can solve anything
+but you know with n to the seven running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know with n to the seven running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know with n to the seven running
+time something slow and then you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something slow and then you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something slow and then you apply
+greedy and you get down to like n or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy and you get down to like n or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy and you get down to like n or n
+log n running time. So that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n running time. So that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n running time. So that's more
+common but today we're going to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but today we're going to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but today we're going to go from
+exponential down to polinomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential down to polinomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential down to polinomial and
+that's pretty nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, let me tell you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me tell you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me tell you a little bit about
+greedy algorithm theory, so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speak. This is from the textbook.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh if your problem can be solved by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if your problem can be solved by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if your problem can be solved by a
+greedy algorithm, usually you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm, usually you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm, usually you can prove
+two properties about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two properties about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two properties about that
+algorithm. One of them is called optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substructure and the other is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure and the other is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure and the other is called the
+greedy choice property. Um, optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice property. Um, optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice property. Um, optimal
+substructure is a very uh should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure is a very uh should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure is a very uh should be a
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea because it's essentially anap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea because it's essentially anap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea because it's essentially anap
+encapsulation of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulation of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulation of dynamic
+programming. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Greedy algorithms are in some sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greedy algorithms are in some sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greedy algorithms are in some sense a
+special form of dynamic programming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so this is saying something like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is saying something like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is saying something like if
+you can solve sub problems optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve sub problems optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve sub problems optimally
+smaller sub problems or whatever then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sub problems or whatever then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sub problems or whatever then
+you can solve your original problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve your original problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve your original problem and
+this may happen recursively whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may happen recursively whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may happen recursively whatever
+that's essentially what makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what makes a
+recurrence work for dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence work for dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence work for dynamic programming
+and with dynamic programming we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with dynamic programming we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with dynamic programming we
+uh for this to be possible we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this to be possible we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this to be possible we need to
+guess some feature of the solution. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some feature of the solution. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some feature of the solution. Uh
+for example in minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in minimum spanning tree
+maybe you guess one of the edges that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you guess one of the edges that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you guess one of the edges that's
+in the right answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right answer.
+Uh and then once you do that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then once you do that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then once you do that you can
+reduce it to some other sub problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to some other sub problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to some other sub problems and
+if you can solve those sub problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve those sub problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve those sub problems you
+combine them get an optimal solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them get an optimal solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them get an optimal solution to
+your original thing. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original thing. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original thing. So this is a
+familiar property. I don't usually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar property. I don't usually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar property. I don't usually think
+of it this way for dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this way for dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this way for dynamic programming
+but that is essentially what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is essentially what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is essentially what we're
+doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing.
+uh via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via
+guessing. But with greedy algorithms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing. But with greedy algorithms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing. But with greedy algorithms,
+we're not going to guess. We're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to guess. We're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to guess. We're just
+going to be greedy. Eat the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greedy. Eat the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greedy. Eat the largest
+cookie. So that's the greedy greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie. So that's the greedy greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie. So that's the greedy greedy
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property. This says that eating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. This says that eating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. This says that eating the
+largest cookie is actually a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest cookie is actually a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest cookie is actually a good thing
+to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we keep making locally optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we keep making locally optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we keep making locally optimal
+choices, we end up with a globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices, we end up with a globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices, we end up with a globally
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution. No tummy ache.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is something you wouldn't expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is something you wouldn't expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is something you wouldn't expect to
+be true in general, but it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true in general, but it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true in general, but it's going to be
+true for minimum spanning tree and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for minimum spanning tree and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for minimum spanning tree and it's
+true for a handful of other problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a handful of other problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a handful of other problems.
+You'll see a bunch more in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll see a bunch more in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll see a bunch more in recitation
+tomorrow. Uh so first thing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow. Uh so first thing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow. Uh so first thing I'm going to
+this is sort of general theory but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of general theory but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of general theory but I'm
+actually going to have a theorem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have a theorem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have a theorem like
+this for minimum spanning tree and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for minimum spanning tree and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for minimum spanning tree and a
+theorem like this for minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem like this for minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem like this for minimum spanning
+tree. That's this is the prototype but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. That's this is the prototype but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. That's this is the prototype but
+most of today is all about minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of today is all about minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of today is all about minimum
+spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And for minimum spanning tree, neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for minimum spanning tree, neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for minimum spanning tree, neither
+of these is very obvious. Uh so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is very obvious. Uh so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is very obvious. Uh so I'm just
+going to show you these theorems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these theorems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these theorems.
+They're fairly easy to prove in fact. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're fairly easy to prove in fact. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're fairly easy to prove in fact. Uh
+but finding them is probably the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Actually, I guess optimal substructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I guess optimal substructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I guess optimal substructure
+is probably the least intuitive uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the least intuitive uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the least intuitive uh or
+the least obvious greedy choice. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least obvious greedy choice. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least obvious greedy choice. You're
+probably already thinking what a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already thinking what a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already thinking what a good
+greedy choice is. Minimum weight edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice is. Minimum weight edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice is. Minimum weight edge
+seems like a good starting point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good starting point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good starting point uh
+which we will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will get
+to. But uh there's even a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. But uh there's even a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. But uh there's even a stronger
+version of that which we will prove. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that which we will prove. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that which we will prove. And
+first optimal substructure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first optimal substructure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first optimal substructure.
+So here I'm going to think like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I'm going to think like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I'm going to think like a
+dynamic program. Let's suppose that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program. Let's suppose that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program. Let's suppose that we
+know an edge that's in our solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an edge that's in our solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an edge that's in our solution.
+Suppose we know an edge that lives in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we know an edge that lives in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we know an edge that lives in a
+minimum spanning tree. We could guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. We could guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. We could guess
+that. We're not going to, but we could.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We're not going to, but we could.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We're not going to, but we could.
+Um either way, let's just suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um either way, let's just suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um either way, let's just suppose that
+an edge E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge E
+uh I should mention uh I guess I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should mention uh I guess I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should mention uh I guess I didn't
+say this graph is undirected. uh minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this graph is undirected. uh minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this graph is undirected. uh minimum
+spanning tree doesn't quite make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree doesn't quite make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree doesn't quite make sense
+with directed graphs. There are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with directed graphs. There are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with directed graphs. There are other
+versions of the problem but here graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the problem but here graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the problem but here graph
+is undirected. Uh so probably I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is undirected. Uh so probably I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is undirected. Uh so probably I should
+write this as a unordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UV and there are possibly many minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and there are possibly many minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and there are possibly many minimum
+spanning trees. Uh there could be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning trees. Uh there could be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning trees. Uh there could be many
+solutions with the same weight. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with the same weight. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with the same weight. For
+example, if all of these edges have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if all of these edges have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if all of these edges have
+weight one, all of these trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one, all of these trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one, all of these trees are
+actually minimum. If all the edges have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually minimum. If all the edges have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually minimum. If all the edges have
+weight one, every spanning tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one, every spanning tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one, every spanning tree is
+minimum because every spanning tree has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because every spanning tree has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because every spanning tree has
+exactly n minus one edges. So, uh, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n minus one edges. So, uh, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n minus one edges. So, uh, but
+let's suppose we know an edge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we know an edge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we know an edge that's
+guaranteed to be in some minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be in some minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be in some minimum
+spanning tree, at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree, at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree, at least
+one. Uh, what I would like to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Uh, what I would like to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Uh, what I would like to do is take
+this. So, let me draw a picture. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, let me draw a picture. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, let me draw a picture. Um, we
+have a graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph.
+We've identified some edge in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've identified some edge in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've identified some edge in the graph
+E that lives in some minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that lives in some minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that lives in some minimum spanning
+tree. I'm going to draw some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. I'm going to draw some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. I'm going to draw some kind of
+tree structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Okay, that's the wiggly lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, that's the wiggly lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, that's the wiggly lines are
+the tree. Uh there's some other edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree. Uh there's some other edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree. Uh there's some other edges in
+here which I don't want to draw too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I don't want to draw too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I don't want to draw too many
+of them because it's ugly. Those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them because it's ugly. Those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them because it's ugly. Those are
+other edges in the graph. Who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other edges in the graph. Who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other edges in the graph. Who knows
+where they are? It could be all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are? It could be all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are? It could be all sorts of
+things. Okay. But I've highlighted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Okay. But I've highlighted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Okay. But I've highlighted uh
+the graph in a particular way. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in a particular way. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in a particular way. There's
+because it's uh it's the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh it's the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh it's the minimum
+spanning tree is a tree. If I delete E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree is a tree. If I delete E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree is a tree. If I delete E
+from the tree, then I get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tree, then I get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tree, then I get two
+components, right? Every edge I remove,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components, right? Every edge I remove,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components, right? Every edge I remove,
+I'm I'm minimally connected. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm minimally connected. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm minimally connected. So if I
+delete an edge, I disconnect into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete an edge, I disconnect into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete an edge, I disconnect into two
+parts. So I've drawn that as the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. So I've drawn that as the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. So I've drawn that as the left
+circle and the right circle. This just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and the right circle. This just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and the right circle. This just
+general way to think about a tree. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way to think about a tree. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way to think about a tree. Now
+there are other unused edges in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other unused edges in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other unused edges in this
+picture. Who knows where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Who knows where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Who knows where they
+live? Okay. What I would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live? Okay. What I would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live? Okay. What I would like to do is
+somehow simplify this graph and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow simplify this graph and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow simplify this graph and get a
+smaller problem. Say a graph with fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges. Uh any suggestions on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Uh any suggestions on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Uh any suggestions on how to do
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't actually know where all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually know where all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually know where all these
+white edges are, but what I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white edges are, but what I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white edges are, but what I'd like to do
+is I'm supposing I know where E is, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm supposing I know where E is, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm supposing I know where E is, and
+that's an edge in my minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an edge in my minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an edge in my minimum spanning
+tree. So, how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So, how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So, how could
+I get rid of it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, the minimum weight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the minimum weight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the minimum weight.
+I'd like to divide and conquer. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to divide and conquer. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to divide and conquer. Maybe
+find the minimum weight over here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum weight over here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum weight over here,
+minimum weight over here. Of course, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight over here. Of course, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight over here. Of course, I
+don't know which nodes are on what side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which nodes are on what side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which nodes are on what side.
+So, that's a little trickier. Uh, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's a little trickier. Uh, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's a little trickier. Uh, but
+what do I do about E itself? Let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do about E itself? Let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do about E itself? Let's start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. Yeah, remove it. You could remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah, remove it. You could remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah, remove it. You could remove
+it. It's a good idea. Doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's a good idea. Doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's a good idea. Doesn't
+work, but worth a Frisbeeian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, but worth a Frisbeeian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, but worth a Frisbeeian
+nonetheless. Uh, if I delete this edge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless. Uh, if I delete this edge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless. Uh, if I delete this edge,
+one problem is maybe none of these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem is maybe none of these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem is maybe none of these red
+edges exist and then my graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges exist and then my graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges exist and then my graph is
+disconnected. Well, maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected. Well, maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected. Well, maybe that's
+actually a good case. Uh, that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good case. Uh, that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good case. Uh, that would
+probably be a good case. Then I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be a good case. Then I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be a good case. Then I know how
+to divide and conquer. I just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide and conquer. I just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide and conquer. I just look at
+the connected components. In general, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected components. In general, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected components. In general, if
+I delete the edge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I delete the edge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I delete the edge,
+uh, and I have these red edges, then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and I have these red edges, then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and I have these red edges, then I
+maybe find a minimum spanning tree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe find a minimum spanning tree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe find a minimum spanning tree on
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+remains.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains.
+Uh, maybe I'll end up including one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, maybe I'll end up including one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, maybe I'll end up including one of
+these edges. Maybe this edge ends up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges. Maybe this edge ends up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges. Maybe this edge ends up in
+the spanning tree and then I can't put E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanning tree and then I can't put E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanning tree and then I can't put E
+in. So, it's a little awkward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So, it's a little awkward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So, it's a little awkward.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Merge the two nodes into one. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merge the two nodes into one. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merge the two nodes into one. Yes.
+Purple frisbee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purple frisbee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purple frisbee.
+Impressive. Uh this is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressive. Uh this is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressive. Uh this is what we call
+contracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge. Uh it just means merge the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Uh it just means merge the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Uh it just means merge the end
+points. Merge U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Merge U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Merge U and
+V. So I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. So I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. So I will
+draw a new version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph. So this was U and V before. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So this was U and V before. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So this was U and V before. I'll
+put the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the label
+inside. And now we have a new vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. And now we have a new vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. And now we have a new vertex
+here which is uh UV or you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is uh UV or you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is uh UV or you can think of
+it as the set UV. We won't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the set UV. We won't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the set UV. We won't really need
+to keep track of names. uh and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of names. uh and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of names. uh and where
+whatever edges you had over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever edges you had over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever edges you had over here
+uh you're going to have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to have over
+here. Okay, just collapse U and V. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, just collapse U and V. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, just collapse U and V. The
+edge E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disappears. Uh and one other thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears. Uh and one other thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears. Uh and one other thing can
+happen. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me go over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We could end up with duplicate edges by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could end up with duplicate edges by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could end up with duplicate edges by
+this process. So for example, suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process. So for example, suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process. So for example, suppose we
+have U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have U and
+V and they have a common neighbor. Might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and they have a common neighbor. Might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and they have a common neighbor. Might
+have many common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many common
+neighbors, who knows? And some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors, who knows? And some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors, who knows? And some other
+edges, uncommon neighbors. Uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, uncommon neighbors. Uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, uncommon neighbors. Uh when I
+merge, I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to just have a single edge to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just have a single edge to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just have a single edge to that
+vertex and a single edge to that vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and a single edge to that vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and a single edge to that vertex.
+And what I'm going to do is if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I'm going to do is if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I'm going to do is if I have
+some weights on these edges, let's say A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weights on these edges, let's say A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weights on these edges, let's say A
+and B and C and D. Uh I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and C and D. Uh I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and C and D. Uh I'm just going to
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum because what I'm about to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because what I'm about to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because what I'm about to do is
+compute a minimum spanning tree in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a minimum spanning tree in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a minimum spanning tree in this
+graph. And if I take the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. And if I take the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. And if I take the minimum
+spanning tree here and I had multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree here and I had multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree here and I had multiple
+edges, one weight A, one weight B, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, one weight A, one weight B, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, one weight A, one weight B, do
+you think I would choose the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think I would choose the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think I would choose the larger
+weight edge? It does. They're exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge? It does. They're exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge? It does. They're exactly
+the same edge, but one is higher weight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same edge, but one is higher weight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same edge, but one is higher weight.
+There's no point in keeping the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no point in keeping the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no point in keeping the higher
+weight one. So, I'm just going to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one. So, I'm just going to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one. So, I'm just going to throw
+away the higher weight one. Take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the higher weight one. Take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the higher weight one. Take the
+min. So, this is a particular form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. So, this is a particular form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. So, this is a particular form of
+edge contraction in graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge contraction in graphs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge contraction in graphs.
+uh and I claim it's a good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I claim it's a good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I claim it's a good thing to do
+in the sense that if I can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that if I can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that if I can find a
+minimum spanning tree in this new graph,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree in this new graph,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree in this new graph,
+this is usually called uh G slash E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually called uh G slash E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually called uh G slash E
+slash instead of negative uh to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash instead of negative uh to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash instead of negative uh to remove
+E, I'm contracting E. So this is G slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, I'm contracting E. So this is G slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, I'm contracting E. So this is G slash
+E, this is G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, this is G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, this is G.
+If I can find a minimum minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I can find a minimum minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I can find a minimum minimum spanning
+tree in G slash E, I claim I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in G slash E, I claim I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in G slash E, I claim I can find
+one in the original graph G just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the original graph G just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the original graph G just by
+adding the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the edge
+E. Okay, so I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. Okay, so I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. Okay, so I'm going to say
+um if t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if t
+prime is a minimum spanning tree of g/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is a minimum spanning tree of g/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is a minimum spanning tree of g/
+e,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e,
+then t prime union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e is a minimum spanning tree of g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So overall you can think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overall you can think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overall you can think of this as a
+recurrence in a dynamic program. And let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence in a dynamic program. And let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence in a dynamic program. And let
+me write down that dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program. It won't be a very good dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. It won't be a very good dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. It won't be a very good dynamic
+program but it's a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point. This is conceptually what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. This is conceptually what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. This is conceptually what we want
+to do. Uh we're trying to guess an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh we're trying to guess an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh we're trying to guess an edge
+E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E.
+that's in a minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in a minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in a minimum spanning
+tree. Uh then we're going to contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Uh then we're going to contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Uh then we're going to contract
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge. Uh then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Uh then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Uh then we're going to
+recurse find the minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse find the minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse find the minimum spanning tree
+on what remains. And then uh we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what remains. And then uh we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what remains. And then uh we find
+minimum spanning tree. Then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. Then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. Then we want to
+deontract the edge. Put it back. Put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deontract the edge. Put it back. Put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deontract the edge. Put it back. Put the
+graph back the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph back the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph back the way it
+was. And then add E to the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. And then add E to the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. And then add E to the minimum
+spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And what this lema tells us is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this lema tells us is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this lema tells us is that this
+is a correct algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you're lucky, and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're lucky, and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're lucky, and we're going to
+force liness by trying all edges, but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force liness by trying all edges, but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force liness by trying all edges, but if
+we start with an edge that is guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with an edge that is guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with an edge that is guaranteed
+to be in some minimum spanning tree,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in some minimum spanning tree,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in some minimum spanning tree,
+call it a safe edge, uh, and we contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a safe edge, uh, and we contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a safe edge, uh, and we contract
+and we find a minimum spanning tree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find a minimum spanning tree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find a minimum spanning tree on
+what remains, then we can put E back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what remains, then we can put E back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what remains, then we can put E back in
+at the end and we'll get a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and we'll get a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and we'll get a minimum
+spanning tree of the original graph. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree of the original graph. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree of the original graph. So,
+this gives us correctness of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us correctness of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us correctness of this
+algorithm. Now, this algorithm is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Now, this algorithm is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Now, this algorithm is bad
+again from a complexity standpoint. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from a complexity standpoint. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from a complexity standpoint. uh
+the running time is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time is going to be
+exponential. The number of subpros we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential. The number of subpros we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential. The number of subpros we
+might have to consider here is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to consider here is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to consider here is all
+subsets of edges. There's no particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of edges. There's no particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of edges. There's no particular
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+uh because at every step we're guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because at every step we're guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because at every step we're guessing
+an arbitrary edge in the graph. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary edge in the graph. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary edge in the graph. Uh
+there's no structure like we can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no structure like we can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no structure like we can't say
+well it's the first k edges or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the first k edges or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the first k edges or some
+substring of edges. It's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring of edges. It's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring of edges. It's just going to
+be some subset of edges. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some subset of edges. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some subset of edges. There's
+exponentially many subsets 2 to the e.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially many subsets 2 to the e.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially many subsets 2 to the e.
+So this is exponential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But uh we're going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh we're going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh we're going to make it
+polomial by removing the guessing. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial by removing the guessing. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial by removing the guessing. This
+is actually a really good prototype for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a really good prototype for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a really good prototype for
+a greedy algorithm. If instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greedy algorithm. If instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greedy algorithm. If instead of
+guessing trying all edges, if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing trying all edges, if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing trying all edges, if we could
+find a good edge to choose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good edge to choose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good edge to choose that's
+guaranteed to be in a minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be in a minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be in a minimum spanning
+tree, then we could actually follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, then we could actually follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, then we could actually follow this
+procedure. And this would be like a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. And this would be like a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. And this would be like a an
+iterative algorithm. you you guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative algorithm. you you guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative algorithm. you you guess you
+you don't guess you correctly choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't guess you correctly choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't guess you correctly choose a
+good you take the biggest cookie uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you take the biggest cookie uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you take the biggest cookie uh you
+contract it and then you repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it and then you repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it and then you repeat that
+process over and over that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process over and over that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process over and over that would be a
+prototype for a greedy algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype for a greedy algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype for a greedy algorithm and
+that's what's going to work there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to work there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to work there's
+different ways to choose this greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to choose this greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to choose this greedy
+edge and we're going to get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and we're going to get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and we're going to get two
+different algorithms accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithms accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithms accordingly
+uh but that's where we're going first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's where we're going first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's where we're going first I
+should prove this this claim because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should prove this this claim because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should prove this this claim because you
+know where did edge contraction come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where did edge contraction come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where did edge contraction come
+from why does it work uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from why does it work uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from why does it work uh there's
+a it's not too hard to prove. Let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not too hard to prove. Let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not too hard to prove. Let's do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question. No. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. No. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. No. All
+right. Uh should be able to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh should be able to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh should be able to do this
+without looking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so proof of optimal substructure. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof of optimal substructure. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof of optimal substructure. So
+we're given a lot. We're told that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a lot. We're told that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a lot. We're told that E
+belongs to a minimum spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to a minimum spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to a minimum spanning tree.
+Let's give that spanning tree a name. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's give that spanning tree a name. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's give that spanning tree a name. Uh
+say uh we have a minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh we have a minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh we have a minimum spanning tree
+star which contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which contains
+E. So we're assuming that exists. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. So we're assuming that exists. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. So we're assuming that exists. Then
+we contract E and then we're given T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we contract E and then we're given T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we contract E and then we're given T
+prime which is a minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime which is a minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime which is a minimum spanning tree
+of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G
+SE and then we want to analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE and then we want to analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE and then we want to analyze this
+thing. So I want to claim that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So I want to claim that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So I want to claim that this
+thing is a minimum spanning tree. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a minimum spanning tree. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a minimum spanning tree. In
+other words, that the weight of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, that the weight of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, that the weight of that
+spanning tree uh is equal to the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree uh is equal to the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree uh is equal to the weight
+of this spanning tree because this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this spanning tree because this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this spanning tree because this one
+is minimum. This is a minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimum. This is a minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimum. This is a minimum spanning
+tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of
+G. And this is also supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. And this is also supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. And this is also supposed to be a
+minimum spanning tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G.
+Okay, sounds easy, right? Um I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sounds easy, right? Um I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sounds easy, right? Um I'm going
+to cheat. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, I see. Right. Duh. Uh, easy once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I see. Right. Duh. Uh, easy once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I see. Right. Duh. Uh, easy once you
+know how. So, what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how. So, what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how. So, what we're going to do is
+think about contracting E. Okay, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about contracting E. Okay, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about contracting E. Okay, we
+already know we're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know we're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know we're supposed to be
+thinking about contracting E in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about contracting E in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about contracting E in the
+graph. Let's look at how it changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Let's look at how it changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Let's look at how it changes that
+given minimum spanning tree. So, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given minimum spanning tree. So, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given minimum spanning tree. So, we have
+T star minimum spanning tree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T star minimum spanning tree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T star minimum spanning tree of the
+whole graph. And then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole graph. And then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole graph. And then I'm going to
+contract E. Uh what I mean is if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract E. Uh what I mean is if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract E. Uh what I mean is if that
+edge happens to be in the spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge happens to be in the spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge happens to be in the spanning tree.
+Well, uh it is actually we assume that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh it is actually we assume that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh it is actually we assume that E
+is in there. So I'm basically removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there. So I'm basically removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there. So I'm basically removing
+I'm just deleting that edge. Maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just deleting that edge. Maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just deleting that edge. Maybe I
+should call it minus E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call it minus E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call it minus E.
+uh then that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that should
+be a spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree of G slash E. So when I contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of G slash E. So when I contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of G slash E. So when I contract
+the edge in the graph, if I throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge in the graph, if I throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge in the graph, if I throw away
+the edge from this spanning tree, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge from this spanning tree, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge from this spanning tree, I
+should still have a spanning tree. Now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still have a spanning tree. Now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still have a spanning tree. Now I
+don't know whether it's minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it's minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it's minimum.
+Probably it is, but uh we won't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably it is, but uh we won't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably it is, but uh we won't prove
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+now. I claim it's still a spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I claim it's still a spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I claim it's still a spanning tree.
+Uh what would that take? It still hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what would that take? It still hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what would that take? It still hits
+all the vertices because uh if I remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices because uh if I remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices because uh if I remove
+the edge things would not be connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge things would not be connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge things would not be connected
+together. But uh this edge was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. But uh this edge was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. But uh this edge was in the
+spanning tree and then I fuse those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree and then I fuse those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree and then I fuse those two
+vertices together. So uh whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices together. So uh whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices together. So uh whatever
+spanning I mean whatever was connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning I mean whatever was connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning I mean whatever was connected
+before is still connected. Contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is still connected. Contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is still connected. Contraction
+generally preserves connectivity. Uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally preserves connectivity. Uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally preserves connectivity. Uh if
+these things were already connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were already connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were already connected
+directly by an edge when I contract I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly by an edge when I contract I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly by an edge when I contract I
+still have a connected structure. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a connected structure. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a connected structure. So I'm
+still hitting all the vertices. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hitting all the vertices. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hitting all the vertices. Um, and
+also the number of edges is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the number of edges is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the number of edges is still
+exactly right. Before I had n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right. Before I had n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right. Before I had n minus one
+edges. Afterwards, I'll still have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Afterwards, I'll still have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Afterwards, I'll still have n
+minus one edges because I removed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one edges because I removed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one edges because I removed one
+edge and I removed one vertex in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and I removed one vertex in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and I removed one vertex in terms
+of the count. So that proves that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the count. So that proves that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the count. So that proves that it's
+still a spanning tree uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a spanning tree uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a spanning tree uh using
+properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+trees. Uh, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Uh, cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Uh, cool.
+So that means uh the minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means uh the minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means uh the minimum spanning
+tree this thing t prime the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this thing t prime the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this thing t prime the minimum
+spanning tree of g/e has a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree of g/e has a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree of g/e has a smaller
+weight than this one because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight than this one because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight than this one because this is a
+spanning tree the minimum is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree the minimum is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree the minimum is smaller
+than all spanning trees. So we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all spanning trees. So we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all spanning trees. So we know the
+weight of t prime is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of t prime is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of t prime is less than or equal
+to the weight of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the weight of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the weight of t
+star minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.
+Uh, cool. And now we want to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, cool. And now we want to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, cool. And now we want to know about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing. The weight of T prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. The weight of T prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. The weight of T prime plus
+E. Well, that's just the weight of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. Well, that's just the weight of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. Well, that's just the weight of T
+prime plus the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus the weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus the weight of
+E because the weight of a tree is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E because the weight of a tree is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E because the weight of a tree is just
+the sum of the weights of the edges. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the weights of the edges. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the weights of the edges. So,
+this is less than or equal to W of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to W of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to W of T
+star minus E plus E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus E plus E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus E plus E.
+uh which is just the weight of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star. Right? So we proved that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. Right? So we proved that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. Right? So we proved that the
+weight of our proposed spanning tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of our proposed spanning tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of our proposed spanning tree is
+less than or equal to the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the weight of the
+minimum spanning tree in g and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree in g and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree in g and therefore
+t prime union e actually is a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime union e actually is a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime union e actually is a minimum
+spanning tree. Okay, this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. Okay, this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. Okay, this is really
+easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually implies that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implies that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implies that all these
+inequalities have to be equalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities have to be equalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities have to be equalities
+because we started with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum. Clear? That's the easy easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. Clear? That's the easy easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. Clear? That's the easy easier
+half. The more interesting property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. The more interesting property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. The more interesting property is
+going to be this greedy choice property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this greedy choice property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this greedy choice property.
+Uh this is sort of where the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is sort of where the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is sort of where the action is
+for greedy algorithms. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for greedy algorithms. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for greedy algorithms. And this is
+usually the heart of proving greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the heart of proving greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the heart of proving greedy
+algorithms are correct. We don't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are correct. We don't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are correct. We don't yet
+have a greedy algorithm, but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a greedy algorithm, but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a greedy algorithm, but we're
+thinking about it. uh we need some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it. uh we need some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it. uh we need some way
+to intelligently choose an edge E. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to intelligently choose an edge E. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to intelligently choose an edge E. And
+I'm going to give you a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a whole bunch of
+ways to intelligently choose an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, here's a really powerful lema. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's a really powerful lema. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's a really powerful lema. We're
+going to make it even stronger in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it even stronger in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it even stronger in a
+moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so I'm going to introduce the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to introduce the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to introduce the notion
+of a cut. Uh, it's going to be a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cut. Uh, it's going to be a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cut. Uh, it's going to be a similar
+picture to what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to what I had
+before. I'm going to look at some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. I'm going to look at some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. I'm going to look at some set of
+vertices. S here is a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. S here is a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. S here is a subset of the
+vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices.
+And that leaves in the graph everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that leaves in the graph everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that leaves in the graph everything
+else. This would be V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. This would be V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. This would be V minus
+S. Okay. So there's some vertices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay. So there's some vertices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay. So there's some vertices over
+here. Uh some vertices over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh some vertices over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh some vertices over here.
+There's some edges that are purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some edges that are purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some edges that are purely
+inside one side of the cut. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside one side of the cut. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside one side of the cut. And then
+what I'm interested in are the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in are the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in are the edges
+that cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut. Okay? Whatever they look like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. Okay? Whatever they look like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. Okay? Whatever they look like.
+these edges. If if an edge has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges. If if an edge has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges. If if an edge has one
+vertex in V and one vertex not in V, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in V and one vertex not in V, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in V and one vertex not in V, I
+call that edge a crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge. Okay. Uh so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Okay. Uh so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Okay. Uh so let's
+uh suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose that
+E is a uh least weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge crossing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut. So let's say uh let me be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. So let's say uh let me be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. So let's say uh let me be
+specific. If E is uh UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then I want one of the end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I want one of the end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I want one of the end points
+let's say U to be in S and I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say U to be in S and I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say U to be in S and I want the
+other one to be not in S. So it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one to be not in S. So it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one to be not in S. So it's in
+capital V minus S. Okay, that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V minus S. Okay, that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V minus S. Okay, that would be a
+crossing edge and among all the crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing edge and among all the crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing edge and among all the crossing
+edges I want to take one of of minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I want to take one of of minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I want to take one of of minimum
+weight. There might be many but pick any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. There might be many but pick any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. There might be many but pick any
+one then I claim that edge is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I claim that edge is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I claim that edge is in a
+minimum spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is our golden ticket, right? If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is our golden ticket, right? If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is our golden ticket, right? If we
+can guarantee an edge is in the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guarantee an edge is in the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guarantee an edge is in the minimum
+spanning tree, then we plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree, then we plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree, then we plug that in
+here. Instead of guessing, we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Instead of guessing, we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Instead of guessing, we'll just
+take that edge. We know it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that edge. We know it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that edge. We know it's in a
+minimum spanning tree. And then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. And then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. And then we'll
+contract it and repeat this process. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it and repeat this process. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it and repeat this process. So
+uh the tricky part I mean it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tricky part I mean it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tricky part I mean it is true
+that the minimum weight edge is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum weight edge is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum weight edge is in a
+minimum spanning tree. I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. I'll give you
+give that away but the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that away but the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that away but the question is what
+do you do then uh we want to keep being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do then uh we want to keep being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do then uh we want to keep being
+I guess you contract and repeat but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you contract and repeat but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you contract and repeat but that
+will be Kuscal's algorithm but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be Kuscal's algorithm but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be Kuscal's algorithm but uh this
+is in some sense a more general tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense a more general tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense a more general tool
+that will let us identify edges that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will let us identify edges that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will let us identify edges that are
+guaranteed to be in the minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be in the minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be in the minimum spanning
+tree even after we've already identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree even after we've already identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree even after we've already identified
+some edges as being in the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges as being in the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges as being in the minimum
+spanning tree. So, it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. So, it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. So, it's a little more
+powerful. Let's prove this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful. Let's prove this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful. Let's prove this this
+claim. This is where things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. This is where things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. This is where things get
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. And this is where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. And this is where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. And this is where we're going to
+use something called a cut and paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use something called a cut and paste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use something called a cut and paste
+argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you are ever trying to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you are ever trying to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you are ever trying to prove a
+greedy algorithm correct, the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm correct, the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm correct, the first
+thing that should come to your mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that should come to your mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that should come to your mind is
+cut and paste. This is a very this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and paste. This is a very this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and paste. This is a very this is
+almost universally how you prove greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universally how you prove greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universally how you prove greedy
+algorithms to be correct which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to be correct which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to be correct which is you
+suppose you have some optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some optimal solution
+which doesn't have the property you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't have the property you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't have the property you want
+like that it includes E here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it includes E here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it includes E here and then
+you modify it usually by cutting out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you modify it usually by cutting out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you modify it usually by cutting out one
+part of the solution and pasting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution and pasting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution and pasting in a
+different part like E and prove that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part like E and prove that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part like E and prove that you
+still have an optimal solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have an optimal solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have an optimal solution and
+therefore there is an optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there is an optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there is an optimal solution
+there is an MST that has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an MST that has the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an MST that has the property
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+Okay, so we're going to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're going to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're going to do that by
+starting from an arbitrary uh minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from an arbitrary uh minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from an arbitrary uh minimum
+spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning
+tree. So let t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So let t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So let t
+star be a minimum spanning tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star be a minimum spanning tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star be a minimum spanning tree of
+G. And if the edge E is in there, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. And if the edge E is in there, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. And if the edge E is in there, we're
+done. So presumably uh E is not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. So presumably uh E is not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. So presumably uh E is not in that
+minimum spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree.
+We're going to modify t star to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to modify t star to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to modify t star to include
+E. So again, let me draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut. There's S and V minus S. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. There's S and V minus S. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. There's S and V minus S. We have
+some edge E which crosses the cut, goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edge E which crosses the cut, goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edge E which crosses the cut, goes
+from U to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to
+V that's not in the minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's not in the minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's not in the minimum spanning
+tree. Let's say in blue I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Let's say in blue I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Let's say in blue I draw the
+minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning
+tree. So you know this minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So you know this minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So you know this minimum spanning
+tree does it connects everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree does it connects everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree does it connects everything
+together here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+it's I claim it's got to have some edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I claim it's got to have some edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I claim it's got to have some edges
+uh that cross the cut because if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that cross the cut because if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that cross the cut because if it has
+no edges that cross the cut, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no edges that cross the cut, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no edges that cross the cut, it doesn't
+connect vertices over here with vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect vertices over here with vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect vertices over here with vertices
+over here. So it may not use E, but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So it may not use E, but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So it may not use E, but some
+of the edges must cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edges must cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edges must cross the
+cut. So here's a possible minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. So here's a possible minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. So here's a possible minimum
+spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning
+tree. Uh it happens to have sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Uh it happens to have sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Uh it happens to have sort of two
+components over here in S maybe. Who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components over here in S maybe. Who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components over here in S maybe. Who
+knows?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows?
+Uh but there's got to be at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but there's got to be at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but there's got to be at least one
+edge that crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that crosses
+over. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. In
+fact, it's uh the minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tar has to connect vertex u to vertex v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar has to connect vertex u to vertex v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar has to connect vertex u to vertex v
+somehow. Doesn't use e, but there's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. Doesn't use e, but there's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. Doesn't use e, but there's got
+to be it's a tree. So in fact, there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's a tree. So in fact, there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's a tree. So in fact, there has
+to be a unique path from U to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minimum spanning
+tree. And now U is in S. V is not in S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. And now U is in S. V is not in S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. And now U is in S. V is not in S.
+So if you look at that path for a while,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you look at that path for a while,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you look at that path for a while,
+you might stay in S, but eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might stay in S, but eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might stay in S, but eventually you
+have to leave S, which means there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave S, which means there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave S, which means there has
+to be an edge like this one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an edge like this one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an edge like this one,
+uh, which I'll call E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, which I'll call E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, which I'll call E
+prime, which transitions from S to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, which transitions from S to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, which transitions from S to V
+minus S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus S.
+So there must be an edge E prime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there must be an edge E prime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there must be an edge E prime in the
+minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree
+uh that crosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut because U and V are connected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut because U and V are connected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut because U and V are connected by a
+path and that path starts in S ends not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and that path starts in S ends not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and that path starts in S ends not
+in S. So it's got to transition at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in S. So it's got to transition at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in S. So it's got to transition at least
+once. It might transition many times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. It might transition many times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. It might transition many times but
+there has to be at least one such edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be at least one such edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be at least one such edge.
+And now what I'm going to do is cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now what I'm going to do is cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now what I'm going to do is cut and
+paste. I'm going to remove E prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste. I'm going to remove E prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste. I'm going to remove E prime and
+add in E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in E
+instead. So I'm going to look at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead. So I'm going to look at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead. So I'm going to look at T
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+minus minus E prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus E prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus E prime
+uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E. I claim that is a minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. I claim that is a minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. I claim that is a minimum spanning
+tree. First I want to claim this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. First I want to claim this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. First I want to claim this is
+maybe the more annoying part uh that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the more annoying part uh that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the more annoying part uh that it
+is a spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh this is more of a graph theory thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is more of a graph theory thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is more of a graph theory thing.
+Um I guess one one comforting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I guess one one comforting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I guess one one comforting thing is
+that you've preserved the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've preserved the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've preserved the number of
+edges. So it should still be uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So it should still be uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So it should still be uh if you
+get one property, you get the other. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one property, you get the other. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one property, you get the other. Uh
+because I removed one edge, added one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I removed one edge, added one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I removed one edge, added one
+edge, I'm still going to have n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, I'm still going to have n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, I'm still going to have n minus
+one edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edges.
+The worry I guess is that things become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The worry I guess is that things become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The worry I guess is that things become
+disconnected when you do that. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected when you do that. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected when you do that. Uh but
+that's essentially not going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially not going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially not going to happen
+because if I think of removing E prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I think of removing E prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I think of removing E prime
+again that disconnects the tree into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that disconnects the tree into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that disconnects the tree into two
+parts and I know by this path that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and I know by this path that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and I know by this path that one
+part contains this vertex another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part contains this vertex another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part contains this vertex another part
+contains this vertex and I know uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this vertex and I know uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this vertex and I know uh that
+this vertex is connected to U and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex is connected to U and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex is connected to U and this
+vertex is connected to V. Maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is connected to V. Maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is connected to V. Maybe I should
+call this U prime and V prime. I know U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this U prime and V prime. I know U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this U prime and V prime. I know U
+and U prime are connected by a path. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U prime are connected by a path. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U prime are connected by a path. I
+know V and V prime are connected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know V and V prime are connected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know V and V prime are connected by a
+path. But I know that by deleting E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. But I know that by deleting E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. But I know that by deleting E
+prime, U prime and V prime are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, U prime and V prime are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, U prime and V prime are not
+connected to each other. Therefore, U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other. Therefore, U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other. Therefore, U
+and V are not connected to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V are not connected to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V are not connected to each other
+after removing E prime. So when I add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after removing E prime. So when I add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after removing E prime. So when I add in
+E, I newly connect U and V again. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, I newly connect U and V again. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, I newly connect U and V again. And so
+uh everything's connected back together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everything's connected back together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everything's connected back together.
+I have exactly the right number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have exactly the right number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have exactly the right number of
+edges. Therefore, I'm a spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Therefore, I'm a spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Therefore, I'm a spanning tree.
+Okay, so that's the graph theory part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the graph theory part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the graph theory part.
+Now the interesting part from a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the interesting part from a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the interesting part from a greedy
+algorithm is to prove that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is to prove that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is to prove that this is
+minimum that the weight is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum that the weight is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum that the weight is not too
+big. So let's do that over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I have the weight of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have the weight of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have the weight of T
+star minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus
+E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus minus E prime plus E. By linearity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus E prime plus E. By linearity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus E prime plus E. By linearity,
+this is just the weight of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the weight of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the weight of T
+star minus the weight of E prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus the weight of E prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus the weight of E prime plus
+the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E. And now we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. And now we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. And now we're going to use this
+property. We haven't used that yet. E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. We haven't used that yet. E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. We haven't used that yet. E is
+a least weight edge crossing the cut. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a least weight edge crossing the cut. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a least weight edge crossing the cut. So
+E prime crosses the cut. So does E. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E prime crosses the cut. So does E. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E prime crosses the cut. So does E. But
+E is the smallest possible weight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is the smallest possible weight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is the smallest possible weight you
+can have crossing the cut. That means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have crossing the cut. That means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have crossing the cut. That means
+that uh I'll put that over here. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I'll put that over here. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I'll put that over here. The
+weight of E is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of E is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of E is less than or equal to the
+weight of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of E
+prime. E prime is a particular edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. E prime is a particular edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. E prime is a particular edge
+crossing the cut. E was the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the cut. E was the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the cut. E was the smallest
+weight of them. So that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of them. So that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of them. So that tells us
+something about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this.
+uh signs are so difficult. Um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh signs are so difficult. Um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh signs are so difficult. Um I think
+that means that this is negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this is negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this is negative or
+zero right so this should be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so this should be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so this should be less than
+or equal to w of t star and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to w of t star and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to w of t star and that's what
+I want because that says the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want because that says the weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want because that says the weight of
+this spanning tree is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spanning tree is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spanning tree is less than or equal
+to the optimum weight the minimum weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimum weight the minimum weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimum weight the minimum weight
+so that means actually this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum so what I've done is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so what I've done is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so what I've done is I've
+constructed a new minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a new minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a new minimum spanning tree
+it's just as good as t star But now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just as good as t star But now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just as good as t star But now it
+includes my edge E and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes my edge E and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes my edge E and that's what I
+wanted to prove. There is a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prove. There is a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prove. There is a minimum
+spanning tree that contains E provided E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree that contains E provided E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree that contains E provided E
+is the minimum weight edge crossing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. So that
+proves this greedy choice property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves this greedy choice property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves this greedy choice property.
+And I'm going to observe one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to observe one extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to observe one extra
+feature of this uh proof which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this uh proof which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this uh proof which is that
+uh so we cut and paste in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we cut and paste in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we cut and paste in the sense that
+we removed one thing which was E prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we removed one thing which was E prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we removed one thing which was E prime
+and we added a different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we added a different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we added a different thing
+E and uh a useful feature is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and uh a useful feature is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and uh a useful feature is that the
+things that we change only uh are edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we change only uh are edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we change only uh are edges
+that cross the cut. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross the cut. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross the cut. So we
+only let's say modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges that cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut. I'm going to use that later. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. I'm going to use that later. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. I'm going to use that later. We
+removed one edge across the cut and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed one edge across the cut and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed one edge across the cut and we
+put in the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the one that we
+wanted. Okay, so far these are a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted. Okay, so far these are a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted. Okay, so far these are a bunch
+of lemmas. Now we get to use al now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lemmas. Now we get to use al now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lemmas. Now we get to use al now we
+actually get to do algorithms using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to do algorithms using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to do algorithms using
+these lemas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lemas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lemas.
+Um we'll start with maybe the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we'll start with maybe the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we'll start with maybe the less
+obvious algorithm. Uh but it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious algorithm. Uh but it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious algorithm. Uh but it's nice
+because it's very much like dystra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very much like dystra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very much like dystra
+follows very closely to the dystra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows very closely to the dystra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows very closely to the dystra
+model. Um and then we'll get to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Um and then we'll get to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Um and then we'll get to the one
+that we've all been thinking about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've all been thinking about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've all been thinking about which
+is choose a minimum weight edge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is choose a minimum weight edge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is choose a minimum weight edge uh
+contract and repeat. That doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and repeat. That doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and repeat. That doesn't
+well yeah that does work. Uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah that does work. Uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah that does work. Uh but the
+obvious way is maybe slow. We want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious way is maybe slow. We want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious way is maybe slow. We want to do
+it in nearlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. Let's start with a dystra like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm. This is prim's algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe I'll start by writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll start by writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll start by writing down the
+algorithm. It's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long. Um, in general, the idea we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. Um, in general, the idea we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. Um, in general, the idea we're
+going to we want to apply this greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we want to apply this greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we want to apply this greedy
+choice property. To apply the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice property. To apply the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice property. To apply the greedy
+choice property, you need to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice property, you need to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice property, you need to choose a
+cut. With prim, we're going to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. With prim, we're going to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. With prim, we're going to start out
+with an obvious cut, which is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an obvious cut, which is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an obvious cut, which is a single
+vertex. If we have a single vertex S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. If we have a single vertex S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. If we have a single vertex S and
+we say that is our set capital S, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that is our set capital S, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that is our set capital S, then
+you know there's some edges coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's some edges coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's some edges coming out
+of it. There's basically S versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. There's basically S versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. There's basically S versus
+everyone else. Um that's a cut. And so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else. Um that's a cut. And so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else. Um that's a cut. And so I
+could take the minimum weight edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the minimum weight edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the minimum weight edge
+coming out of that cut and put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of that cut and put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of that cut and put that in
+my minimum spanning tree. So when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that, I put it in my minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I put it in my minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I put it in my minimum spanning
+tree because I know it's in some minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because I know it's in some minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because I know it's in some minimum
+spanning tree. Now I'm going to make s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. Now I'm going to make s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. Now I'm going to make s
+capital S grow a little bit to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S grow a little bit to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S grow a little bit to include
+that vertex and repeat. That's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex and repeat. That's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex and repeat. That's actually
+also a very natural algorithm. Start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very natural algorithm. Start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very natural algorithm. Start
+with a tiny S and just keep growing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a tiny S and just keep growing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a tiny S and just keep growing it
+one by one. At each stage, use this lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one. At each stage, use this lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one. At each stage, use this lema
+to guarantee the edge I'm adding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee the edge I'm adding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee the edge I'm adding is
+still in the minimum spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the minimum spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the minimum spanning tree.
+So to make that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to make that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to make that work
+out, we're always going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, we're always going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, we're always going to need to
+choose the minimum weight edge that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the minimum weight edge that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the minimum weight edge that's uh
+coming out of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the uh
+cut.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut.
+And we'll do that using a priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll do that using a priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll do that using a priority
+Q just like we do in Dystra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for every uh vertex that's in V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for every uh vertex that's in V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for every uh vertex that's in V minus
+S uh we're going to have that vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh we're going to have that vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh we're going to have that vertex in
+the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority
+Q and the question is what is uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and the question is what is uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and the question is what is uh what is
+the key value of that node stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key value of that node stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key value of that node stored in the
+priority Q. So the invariant I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q. So the invariant I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q. So the invariant I'm going
+to have is that the key of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have is that the key of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have is that the key of
+V is the minimum of the weights of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the minimum of the weights of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the minimum of the weights of the
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+uh that cross the cut into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that cross the cut into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that cross the cut into
+V. So for vertex V, I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. So for vertex V, I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. So for vertex V, I want to look at
+the I'm not going to compute this every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm not going to compute this every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm not going to compute this every
+time. I'm going to maintain it. I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I'm going to maintain it. I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I'm going to maintain it. I I want
+that the minimum weight of an edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum weight of an edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum weight of an edge that
+starts in S and goes to V, which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in S and goes to V, which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in S and goes to V, which is not
+in S because uh V is in Q. Q only stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in S because uh V is in Q. Q only stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in S because uh V is in Q. Q only stores
+vertices that are not in S. I want it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are not in S. I want it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are not in S. I want it I
+want the key value to be that minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the key value to be that minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the key value to be that minimum
+weight. So if I choose the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. So if I choose the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. So if I choose the overall
+minimum vertex that gives me the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum vertex that gives me the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum vertex that gives me the edge of
+minimum weight that crosses the cut.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight that crosses the cut.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight that crosses the cut.
+Okay, I've sort of divided uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've sort of divided uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've sort of divided uh this
+minimum into vertex by vertex. For every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum into vertex by vertex. For every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum into vertex by vertex. For every
+vertex over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex over
+here, I'm going to say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm going to say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm going to say what's the
+minimum incoming weight from somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum incoming weight from somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum incoming weight from somebody
+over here? What's the minimum incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here? What's the minimum incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here? What's the minimum incoming
+weight from someone over here to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight from someone over here to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight from someone over here to there
+uh to here? Take the minimum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to here? Take the minimum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to here? Take the minimum of those
+things. And of course, the min of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And of course, the min of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And of course, the min of all
+those will be the min of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be the min of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be the min of all those
+edges. Okay, that's how I'm dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Okay, that's how I'm dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Okay, that's how I'm dividing
+things up and this will be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up and this will be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up and this will be easier to
+maintain. But let me first initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything.
+Uh, okay. I guess we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. I guess we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. I guess we're going to
+actually initialize with S being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually initialize with S being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually initialize with S being the
+empty set. So Q will store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set. So Q will store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set. So Q will store
+everybody. Uh, except I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Uh, except I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Uh, except I'm going
+to get things started. by setting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things started. by setting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things started. by setting for
+particular vertex little S, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex little S, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex little S, I'm going to
+set its key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. It doesn't matter who little S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. It doesn't matter who little S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. It doesn't matter who little S
+is. Uh that's just your start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex. Just pick one vertex and set its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. Just pick one vertex and set its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. Just pick one vertex and set its
+key to zero. So that will force it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to zero. So that will force it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to zero. So that will force it to be
+chosen first because for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else for v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for v
+uh not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not equal to
+s I'm going to set the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I'm going to set the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I'm going to set the key to
+infinity because we haven't yet seen any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity because we haven't yet seen any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity because we haven't yet seen any
+edges that go in there. But we'll change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that go in there. But we'll change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that go in there. But we'll change
+that in a moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that was the initialization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was the initialization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was the initialization.
+Now we're going to do a loop. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we're going to do a loop. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we're going to do a loop. We're
+going to keep going until the Q is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep going until the Q is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep going until the Q is empty
+because uh when the Q is empty, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh when the Q is empty, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh when the Q is empty, that
+means S is everybody. And at that point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means S is everybody. And at that point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means S is everybody. And at that point,
+we'll have a spanning tree on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a spanning tree on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a spanning tree on the whole
+graph and it better be minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it better be minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it better be minimum.
+Okay. And we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're going to do that
+by extracting the minimum from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by extracting the minimum from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by extracting the minimum from our
+priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q. This when we remove Q,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when we move we remove vertex U from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we move we remove vertex U from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we move we remove vertex U from
+the Q Q. This means that we're adding U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q Q. This means that we're adding U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q Q. This means that we're adding U
+to S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S.
+Okay, by taking it out of Q that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, by taking it out of Q that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, by taking it out of Q that means
+it enters S by the invariant at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters S by the invariant at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters S by the invariant at the
+top. So now we need to update uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. So now we need to update uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. So now we need to update uh this
+invariant that all the key values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that all the key values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that all the key values are
+correct. As soon as we move a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. As soon as we move a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. As soon as we move a vertex
+into S, now there are new edges we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into S, now there are new edges we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into S, now there are new edges we have
+to consider from S to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider from S to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider from S to not
+S. And we do that just by looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. And we do that just by looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. And we do that just by looking at all
+of the neighbors of U. So this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neighbors of U. So this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neighbors of U. So this we
+haven't written this in a long time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't written this in a long time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't written this in a long time but
+this is how it's usually written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it's usually written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it's usually written in
+dystra except in dystra these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystra except in dystra these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystra except in dystra these are the
+outgoing edges from u and v are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from u and v are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from u and v are the
+neighbors here it's an undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors here it's an undirected graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors here it's an undirected graph
+so these are all of the neighbors v of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all of the neighbors v of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all of the neighbors v of
+you. This is an adjacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is an adjacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is an adjacy
+list. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list. Okay.
+Uh so we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we're looking at
+u which has just been added to s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which has just been added to s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which has just been added to s and
+we're looking at the edges. We want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the edges. We want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the edges. We want to
+look at the edges that go to V minus S,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the edges that go to V minus S,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the edges that go to V minus S,
+only those ones. And then for those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those ones. And then for those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those ones. And then for those uh
+vertices V, we need to update their keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V, we need to update their keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V, we need to update their keys
+because it used to just count all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it used to just count all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it used to just count all of
+these edges that went from the rest of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges that went from the rest of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges that went from the rest of S
+to V. And now we have a new edge UV that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V. And now we have a new edge UV that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V. And now we have a new edge UV that
+uh V needs to consider because U just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh V needs to consider because U just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh V needs to consider because U just
+got added to S. Okay. And uh so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got added to S. Okay. And uh so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got added to S. Okay. And uh so first
+thing I'm going to say is if V is in Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to say is if V is in Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to say is if V is in Q.
+So we're just going to store uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're just going to store uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're just going to store uh a
+boolean for every vertex about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean for every vertex about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean for every vertex about whether
+it's in the Q. And so when I extract it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the Q. And so when I extract it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the Q. And so when I extract it
+from the Q, I just set that boolean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Q, I just set that boolean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Q, I just set that boolean to
+false. Being in the Q is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. Being in the Q is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. Being in the Q is the same as
+being not in S. This is what Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not in S. This is what Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not in S. This is what Q
+represents. So Q is over here kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents. So Q is over here kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents. So Q is over here kind
+of. So if we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queue, same as saying V is not in S,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue, same as saying V is not in S,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue, same as saying V is not in S,
+uh then we're going to do a check which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we're going to do a check which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we're going to do a check which
+lets us compute the minimum. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us compute the minimum. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us compute the minimum. This is
+going to look a lot like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relaxation. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry. Okay, couple things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Okay, couple things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Okay, couple things going on
+because I want to compute not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to compute not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to compute not just the
+value of the minimum spanning tree, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the minimum spanning tree, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the minimum spanning tree, I
+actually want to find the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to find the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to find the minimum
+spanning tree. So, I'm going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. So, I'm going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. So, I'm going to store
+parent pointers. Uh, but this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointers. Uh, but this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointers. Uh, but this is just
+basically taking a min. I say if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a min. I say if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a min. I say if the
+weight of this edge is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of this edge is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of this edge is smaller than
+what's currently in the key, then update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's currently in the key, then update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's currently in the key, then update
+the key because the key is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key because the key is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key because the key is supposed to
+be the min. Okay, that's all we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the min. Okay, that's all we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the min. Okay, that's all we need to
+do to maintain this invariant this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to maintain this invariant this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to maintain this invariant this for
+loop. After the for loop, uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. After the for loop, uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. After the for loop, uh this
+property will be restored. V.key will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property will be restored. V.key will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property will be restored. V.key will be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+minimum. And furthermore, we kept track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. And furthermore, we kept track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. And furthermore, we kept track
+of where the minimums came from. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the minimums came from. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the minimums came from. Uh so
+when you end up extracting a vertex,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you end up extracting a vertex,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you end up extracting a vertex,
+you've already figured out uh which edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already figured out uh which edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already figured out uh which edge
+you added to put that into the set. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you added to put that into the set. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you added to put that into the set. So
+in fact you already had a parent. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you already had a parent. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you already had a parent. This
+would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u. And we are basically we want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. And we are basically we want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. And we are basically we want to add
+that edge into the minim minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge into the minim minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge into the minim minimum
+spanning tree when we add U to S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree when we add U to S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree when we add U to S.
+uh overall let me write why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening at the end of the algorithm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the end of the algorithm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the end of the algorithm we
+want for every vertex V we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V.parent and that will be our minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V.parent and that will be our minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V.parent and that will be our minimum
+spanning tree. Those are the edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. Those are the edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. Those are the edges that
+form the minimum spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's
+prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works. Uh, actually, let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Uh, actually, let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Uh, actually, let's do an
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough curves for a while. Uh, let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough curves for a while. Uh, let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough curves for a while. Uh, let's do
+it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Need a little break. Examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Need a little break. Examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Need a little break. Examples are
+fun though. Easy to make mistakes. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun though. Easy to make mistakes. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun though. Easy to make mistakes. So,
+correct me if you see me making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if you see me making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if you see me making a
+mistake. Uh, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. Uh, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. Uh, let
+me draw a graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Weights.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Weights.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Weights.
+14 3 8 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 3 8 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 3 8 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.
+Okay. Uh colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh colors.
+So uh I've I want to start at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I've I want to start at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I've I want to start at this
+vertex just because it I know it does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex just because it I know it does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex just because it I know it does an
+interesting thing or it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing or it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing or it's a nice
+example. Uh here's my weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Uh here's my weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Uh here's my weighted
+undirected graph. I want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph. I want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph. I want to compute
+minimum spanning tree. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree. I'm going to
+start with uh capital S being well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with uh capital S being well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with uh capital S being well
+actually I start with capital S being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I start with capital S being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I start with capital S being
+nothing and all of the weights all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and all of the weights all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and all of the weights all of
+the key values are initially infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key values are initially infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key values are initially infinity.
+So I'm going to write the key values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to write the key values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to write the key values in
+blue. So initially everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex except for s the value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex except for s the value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex except for s the value is
+zero. Okay then uh so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay then uh so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay then uh so all of these
+things are in my priority Q and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in my priority Q and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in my priority Q and so when
+I uh extract from the Q I of course get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh extract from the Q I of course get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh extract from the Q I of course get
+S. Okay, that's the point of that setup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay, that's the point of that setup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay, that's the point of that setup.
+So, uh, that's when I draw the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, that's when I draw the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, that's when I draw the red
+circle containing little S. The red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle containing little S. The red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle containing little S. The red
+circle here is supposed to be capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle here is supposed to be capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle here is supposed to be capital
+S. So, uh, at this point, I've added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So, uh, at this point, I've added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So, uh, at this point, I've added
+capital S or little S to capital S. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S or little S to capital S. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S or little S to capital S. And
+then I look at all of the neighbors V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I look at all of the neighbors V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I look at all of the neighbors V of
+S and I make sure that they are outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and I make sure that they are outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and I make sure that they are outside
+of S. In this case, they all are. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S. In this case, they all are. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S. In this case, they all are. All
+three neighbors, these three guys, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors, these three guys, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors, these three guys, um,
+are not in S. And then I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in S. And then I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in S. And then I look at the
+weights of the edges here. Here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of the edges here. Here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of the edges here. Here I have a
+weight seven edge that's smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight seven edge that's smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight seven edge that's smaller than
+infinity. So I'm going to cross out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. So I'm going to cross out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. So I'm going to cross out
+infinity and write seven. And 15 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and write seven. And 15 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and write seven. And 15 is
+smaller than infinity. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than infinity. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than infinity. So I'm going to
+cross out infinity. Write 15. And 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out infinity. Write 15. And 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out infinity. Write 15. And 10
+surprise is smaller than infinity. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise is smaller than infinity. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise is smaller than infinity. So
+I'm going to cross out infinity. Write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cross out infinity. Write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cross out infinity. Write
+10. So now I've I've updated the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. So now I've I've updated the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. So now I've I've updated the key
+values for those three nodes. I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for those three nodes. I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for those three nodes. I should
+mention in the priority Q to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention in the priority Q to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention in the priority Q to do that
+that is a decrease key operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a decrease key operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a decrease key operation.
+This thing here is a decrease key. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here is a decrease key. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing here is a decrease key. You
+need to update the priority key to say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to update the priority key to say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to update the priority key to say,
+"Hey, look, the key of this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, look, the key of this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, look, the key of this node
+changed." And so you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed." And so you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed." And so you're going to have to
+move it around in the heap or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it around in the heap or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it around in the heap or
+whatever. Just like dystra, same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Just like dystra, same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Just like dystra, same thing
+happens. Okay, so I've decreased the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Okay, so I've decreased the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Okay, so I've decreased the key
+of those three nodes. Now I do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three nodes. Now I do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three nodes. Now I do another
+iteration. I look at all of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration. I look at all of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration. I look at all of the key
+values stored. The smallest one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values stored. The smallest one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values stored. The smallest one is
+seven, right? uh because this node's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven, right? uh because this node's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven, right? uh because this node's no
+longer in there. So I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in there. So I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in there. So I'm going to add
+this node to capital S. So capital S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node to capital S. So capital S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node to capital S. So capital S is
+going to grow to include that node. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grow to include that node. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grow to include that node. I've
+extracted it from the Q. And now I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted it from the Q. And now I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted it from the Q. And now I look
+at all the neighbors of that node. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the neighbors of that node. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the neighbors of that node. So
+for example, here's a neighbor. Uh 9 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, here's a neighbor. Uh 9 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, here's a neighbor. Uh 9 is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+infinity, so I'll write nine. Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity, so I'll write nine. Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity, so I'll write nine. Here's a
+neighbor. 12 is less than infinity, so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor. 12 is less than infinity, so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor. 12 is less than infinity, so I
+write 12. Uh five is less than infinity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write 12. Uh five is less than infinity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write 12. Uh five is less than infinity,
+so I write five. Here's a neighbor. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I write five. Here's a neighbor. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I write five. Here's a neighbor. Uh,
+but S is in big S. So, we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but S is in big S. So, we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but S is in big S. So, we're not going
+to touch that edge. We're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch that edge. We're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch that edge. We're not going to
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+S. Okay. We'll end up looking at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay. We'll end up looking at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay. We'll end up looking at every
+edge twice. So, no big deal. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge twice. So, no big deal. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge twice. So, no big deal. All right.
+Now, who's smallest? Five. I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, who's smallest? Five. I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, who's smallest? Five. I think it's
+the smallest blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest blue
+key. Uh, so we're going to add five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. Uh, so we're going to add five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. Uh, so we're going to add five to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set. Sorry. Add this vertex to the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Sorry. Add this vertex to the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Sorry. Add this vertex to the set
+S. Uh, and then look at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Uh, and then look at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Uh, and then look at all of the
+outgoing edges from here. Uh, so six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from here. Uh, so six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from here. Uh, so six is
+actually less than 12. So this edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than 12. So this edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than 12. So this edge is
+better than that one was. Uh, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that one was. Uh, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that one was. Uh, then
+what's that? An eight. 8 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that? An eight. 8 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that? An eight. 8 is less than
+10. Uh, 14 is definitely less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. Uh, 14 is definitely less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. Uh, 14 is definitely less than
+infinity. And we look at this edge, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And we look at this edge, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And we look at this edge, but
+that edge goes, it stays inside the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge goes, it stays inside the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge goes, it stays inside the red
+set, so we forget about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, so we forget about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, so we forget about it.
+uh next smallest value is six, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next smallest value is six, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next smallest value is six, right?
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+uh six, we add this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six, we add this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six, we add this guy
+in. We look at the edges from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. We look at the edges from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. We look at the edges from that
+vertex, but actually nothing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, but actually nothing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, but actually nothing happens
+because all those vertices are inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all those vertices are inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all those vertices are inside
+capital S. So, we don't look at we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S. So, we don't look at we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S. So, we don't look at we don't
+care about those edges. Next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh eight, right? So we'll add in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight, right? So we'll add in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight, right? So we'll add in this
+vertex. And there's only one edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. And there's only one edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. And there's only one edge that
+leaves the cut. So that's three. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the cut. So that's three. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the cut. So that's three. And
+three is indeed better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is indeed better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is indeed better than
+14. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14. So
+whoa, never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa, never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa, never
+mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind.
+Stop. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop. Uh,
+so good. Now I think the smallest key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good. Now I think the smallest key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good. Now I think the smallest key is
+three. Notice smallest key is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Notice smallest key is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Notice smallest key is smaller
+than anything we've seen before other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything we've seen before other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything we've seen before other
+than zero, but that's okay. just add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero, but that's okay. just add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero, but that's okay. just add it
+in. Uh, and there's no edges leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Uh, and there's no edges leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Uh, and there's no edges leaving the
+cut from there. And then over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut from there. And then over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut from there. And then over here we
+have nine and 15. So, first we'll add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine and 15. So, first we'll add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine and 15. So, first we'll add
+nine. Uh, there's no edges there. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. Uh, there's no edges there. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. Uh, there's no edges there. Then
+we add 15. Okay. Now S is everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add 15. Okay. Now S is everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add 15. Okay. Now S is everything.
+We're done. Q is empty. Uh, where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're done. Q is empty. Uh, where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're done. Q is empty. Uh, where's the
+minimum spanning tree? I forgot to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree? I forgot to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree? I forgot to draw
+it. So, uh, luckily all of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, uh, luckily all of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, uh, luckily all of the edges
+here have different numbers as labels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have different numbers as labels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have different numbers as labels.
+So, when I have a three here, what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when I have a three here, what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when I have a three here, what I
+mean is include three in the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is include three in the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is include three in the minimum
+spanning tree. the edge that was labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. the edge that was labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. the edge that was labeled
+three. Okay, so this will be minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Okay, so this will be minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Okay, so this will be minimum
+spanning tree edge. Five will be minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree edge. Five will be minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree edge. Five will be minimum
+spanning tree edge. These are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree edge. These are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree edge. These are the
+actually the parent pointers. Six will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the parent pointers. Six will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the parent pointers. Six will
+be a minimum spanning tree edge. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minimum spanning tree edge. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minimum spanning tree edge. Uh
+seven,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven,
+9,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9,
+15, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight. Okay, every vertex except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight. Okay, every vertex except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight. Okay, every vertex except the
+starting one will have a parent, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting one will have a parent, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting one will have a parent, which
+means we'll have exactly n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we'll have exactly n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we'll have exactly n minus one
+edges. That's a good sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. That's a good sign.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. That's a good sign.
+uh and in fact this will be a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact this will be a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact this will be a minimum
+spanning tree. That's the claim because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. That's the claim because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree. That's the claim because
+every time we grew the circle to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we grew the circle to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we grew the circle to include
+a bigger thing, we're guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger thing, we're guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger thing, we're guaranteed that
+this edge was in the minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge was in the minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge was in the minimum spanning
+tree by applying this property with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree by applying this property with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree by applying this property with that
+cut. Let me just write that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. To prove correctness, you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. To prove correctness, you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. To prove correctness, you need to
+prove an invariant that this key, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove an invariant that this key, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove an invariant that this key, the
+key of every vertex always remains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key of every vertex always remains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key of every vertex always remains this
+minimum. So this is an invariant. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. So this is an invariant. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. So this is an invariant. You
+should prove that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction. I won't prove it here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. I won't prove it here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. I won't prove it here.
+Uh but we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant more interesting one from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant more interesting one from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant more interesting one from an
+MST perspective that's just a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MST perspective that's just a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MST perspective that's just a sort of
+algorithm implementation detail uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm implementation detail uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm implementation detail uh that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tree uh t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subs within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs within
+s is always contained in a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is always contained in a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is always contained in a minimum
+spanning tree of g. So over here uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree of g. So over here uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree of g. So over here uh we
+have this way of computing minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this way of computing minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this way of computing minimum
+spanning tree for all vertices V. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree for all vertices V. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree for all vertices V. But uh
+what I'd like to do is just look at V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is just look at V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is just look at V
+that's currently in S. By the end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's currently in S. By the end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's currently in S. By the end that
+will be the whole thing. But if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the whole thing. But if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the whole thing. But if I look
+at V and S and I always look at the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at V and S and I always look at the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at V and S and I always look at the edge
+from V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V to
+V.parent that gives me this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V.parent that gives me this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V.parent that gives me this tree
+TS I claim it will be contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS I claim it will be contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS I claim it will be contained in a
+minimum spanning tree of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree of the entire
+graph. Uh proof by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Uh proof by induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Uh proof by induction.
+So uh by induction let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh by induction let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh by induction let's
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+assume induction hypothesis will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume induction hypothesis will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume induction hypothesis will be that
+uh let's say there is a minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say there is a minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say there is a minimum spanning
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+tar which contains t subs and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar which contains t subs and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar which contains t subs and then what
+the algorithm does is it repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm does is it repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm does is it repeatedly
+grows s by adding uh this vertex u to s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows s by adding uh this vertex u to s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows s by adding uh this vertex u to s.
+So let's suppose that it adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's suppose that it adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's suppose that it adds
+uh u to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s. So uh I'm actually going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So uh I'm actually going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So uh I'm actually going to look at
+the edge that it adds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we
+have S and V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S and V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S and V minus
+S and we do this thing like we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and we do this thing like we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and we do this thing like we just saw
+of growing by one. We add one new vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growing by one. We add one new vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growing by one. We add one new vertex
+over here to S. And that vertex has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to S. And that vertex has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to S. And that vertex has a
+parent edge, has a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent edge, has a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent edge, has a parent
+pointer. So this edge I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. So this edge I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. So this edge I'm going to call
+E. So we're adding some vertex U that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. So we're adding some vertex U that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. So we're adding some vertex U that we
+extracted the minimum and we also added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted the minimum and we also added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted the minimum and we also added
+an edge E to uh this TS because we grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge E to uh this TS because we grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge E to uh this TS because we grew
+S by one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S by one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S by one.
+Okay, when I do that, all I do is say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, when I do that, all I do is say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, when I do that, all I do is say,
+look, greedy choice property guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, greedy choice property guarantees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, greedy choice property guarantees
+there's a minimum spanning tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum spanning tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum spanning tree that
+contains E because E because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains E because E because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains E because E because we
+extracted the min from the Q and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted the min from the Q and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted the min from the Q and the key
+values are this as I was arguing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are this as I was arguing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are this as I was arguing before
+that is the minimum overall edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the minimum overall edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the minimum overall edge that
+crosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the
+cut. E is a minimum weight edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. E is a minimum weight edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. E is a minimum weight edge that
+crosses the cut. And so by greedy choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the cut. And so by greedy choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the cut. And so by greedy choice
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there is some minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is some minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is some minimum spanning tree
+that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains
+E. But actually I need that the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. But actually I need that the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. But actually I need that the minimum
+spanning tree not only contains E but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree not only contains E but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree not only contains E but
+also contains all the other uh spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also contains all the other uh spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also contains all the other uh spanning
+tree edges that we had already said were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree edges that we had already said were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree edges that we had already said were
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+TAR. Okay. So here's where I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAR. Okay. So here's where I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAR. Okay. So here's where I'm going to
+use the stronger property. Um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the stronger property. Um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the stronger property. Um I can
+modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star to include
+e and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and t
+subs. So we already assume that t star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs. So we already assume that t star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs. So we already assume that t star
+includes t subs. I just don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes t subs. I just don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes t subs. I just don't want to
+break that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that.
+And if you remember the proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you remember the proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you remember the proof of this
+greedy choice property, we said, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice property, we said, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice property, we said, well,
+we all we need to do is remove one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all we need to do is remove one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all we need to do is remove one edge
+from the that crosses the cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the that crosses the cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the that crosses the cut and
+replace it with E. So here, what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with E. So here, what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with E. So here, what I'm
+saying is there's some edge. Yeah, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is there's some edge. Yeah, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is there's some edge. Yeah, maybe
+there's some edge over here in the in T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some edge over here in the in T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some edge over here in the in T
+star that we had to remove and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that we had to remove and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that we had to remove and then we
+put E in. And then we get a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put E in. And then we get a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put E in. And then we get a minimum
+spanning tree again. Uh T star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree again. Uh T star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree again. Uh T star
+prime. Okay. uh this edge that I remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. Okay. uh this edge that I remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. Okay. uh this edge that I remove
+cannot be one of the TS edges because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be one of the TS edges because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be one of the TS edges because
+the TS edges are all inside S. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TS edges are all inside S. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TS edges are all inside S. So
+because I'm only removing an edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm only removing an edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm only removing an edge that
+crosses the cut, uh I'm not disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the cut, uh I'm not disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the cut, uh I'm not disturbing
+TS. TS will remain inside T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS. TS will remain inside T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS. TS will remain inside T
+star and but then I get the new property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and but then I get the new property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and but then I get the new property
+that E is inside T star and so I prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that E is inside T star and so I prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that E is inside T star and so I prove
+uh this invariant holds. Okay, I might I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this invariant holds. Okay, I might I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this invariant holds. Okay, I might I
+keep changing t star, but I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep changing t star, but I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep changing t star, but I always
+preserve the property that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the property that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the property that all of the
+spanning tree edges that are inside S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree edges that are inside S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree edges that are inside S
+are contained in some minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contained in some minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contained in some minimum spanning
+tree of G. I'll add in some for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emphasis. Cool. So that's how we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis. Cool. So that's how we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis. Cool. So that's how we use the
+greedy choice property to get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice property to get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy choice property to get uh
+correctness of Prim's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness of Prim's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness of Prim's
+algorithm. What's the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. What's the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. What's the running time of
+Prim's algorithm?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same as Dystra. Good answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Dystra. Good answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Dystra. Good answer.
+Uh I guess it depends what priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I guess it depends what priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I guess it depends what priority
+queue you use, but whatever priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue you use, but whatever priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue you use, but whatever priority
+queue you use is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dystra. And so in particular if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dystra. And so in particular if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dystra. And so in particular if we use
+Fibonacci heaps which again we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci heaps which again we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci heaps which again we're not
+covering uh we get uh v log v plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering uh we get uh v log v plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering uh we get uh v log v plus
+e in general uh it is uh for every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in general uh it is uh for every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in general uh it is uh for every edge
+we have to do a decrease key actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do a decrease key actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do a decrease key actually
+for every edge we do two decrease key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every edge we do two decrease key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every edge we do two decrease key
+operations potentially uh if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations potentially uh if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations potentially uh if you think
+about it but uh you know this for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but uh you know this for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but uh you know this for loop
+over the adjacy this is bas the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the adjacy this is bas the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the adjacy this is bas the cost of
+this this stuff is constant the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this stuff is constant the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this stuff is constant the cost of
+this is the degree of the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the degree of the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the degree of the vertex
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+u and so we're basically doing the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and so we're basically doing the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and so we're basically doing the sum
+of the degrees of the vertices which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degrees of the vertices which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degrees of the vertices which um
+which is the number of edges times two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of edges times two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of edges times two
+right that's the handshaking lema so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the handshaking lema so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the handshaking lema so for
+every edge we're potentially doing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge we're potentially doing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge we're potentially doing one
+decrease key operation and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease key operation and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease key operation and with
+Fibonacci heaps that's constant time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci heaps that's constant time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci heaps that's constant time but
+we're also doing v extract mins those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also doing v extract mins those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also doing v extract mins those
+cost log v time because the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost log v time because the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost log v time because the size of the
+q is at most v and so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is at most v and so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is at most v and so that is actually
+the right running time Just like dystra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right running time Just like dystra.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right running time Just like dystra.
+So easy formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. All
+right, let's do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's do one more
+algorithm. Cruscll's algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Crosscllow's algorithm is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crosscllow's algorithm is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crosscllow's algorithm is a little bit
+weirder from the S perspective, I guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder from the S perspective, I guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder from the S perspective, I guess.
+Uh, but we'll see we'll see what cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but we'll see we'll see what cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but we'll see we'll see what cuts
+we're using in a moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using in a moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using in a moment.
+Uh but it's based around this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it's based around this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it's based around this idea of
+well the globally minimum weight edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the globally minimum weight edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the globally minimum weight edge is
+the minimum weight edge for all cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum weight edge for all cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum weight edge for all cuts
+that that cross it or for all cuts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that cross it or for all cuts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that cross it or for all cuts that
+it crosses. The globally minimum weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses. The globally minimum weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses. The globally minimum weight
+edge is going to be a valid choice. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is going to be a valid choice. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is going to be a valid choice. And
+so by this theorem you pick some S that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by this theorem you pick some S that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by this theorem you pick some S that
+partitions the end points of E. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions the end points of E. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions the end points of E. Uh
+therefore E is in a minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore E is in a minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore E is in a minimum spanning
+tree. So let's choose that one first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So let's choose that one first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So let's choose that one first and
+then repeat. Conceptually, what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repeat. Conceptually, what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repeat. Conceptually, what we want
+to do was that DP idea of contract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was that DP idea of contract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was that DP idea of contract the
+vertex, sorry, contract the edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, sorry, contract the edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, sorry, contract the edge and
+then find the minimum weight edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find the minimum weight edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find the minimum weight edge that
+remains. Uh, but the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains. Uh, but the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains. Uh, but the way I'm going to
+phrase it doesn't explicitly contract,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it doesn't explicitly contract,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it doesn't explicitly contract,
+although implicitly it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although implicitly it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although implicitly it's doing
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+And there's a catch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The catch is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The catch is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The catch is uh
+suppose I've you know picked some edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I've you know picked some edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I've you know picked some edges
+out uh to be in my minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh to be in my minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh to be in my minimum spanning
+tree. Suppose this was the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Suppose this was the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Suppose this was the minimum
+weight and this was the next minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and this was the next minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and this was the next minimum.
+Next minimum next minimum next minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next minimum next minimum next minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next minimum next minimum next minimum.
+Suppose that the next large at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that the next large at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that the next large at this
+point after contracting those edges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point after contracting those edges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point after contracting those edges the
+minimum weight edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge
+is this one. Do I want to put this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one. Do I want to put this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one. Do I want to put this edge
+in my minimum spanning tree? No. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my minimum spanning tree? No. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my minimum spanning tree? No. that
+would add a cycle. Cycles are bad. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add a cycle. Cycles are bad. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add a cycle. Cycles are bad. So,
+I'm going to have this is the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have this is the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have this is the tricky
+part of this algorithm. I have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this algorithm. I have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this algorithm. I have to keep
+track of uh whether I should actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of uh whether I should actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of uh whether I should actually
+add an edge. In other words, whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an edge. In other words, whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an edge. In other words, whether
+this vertex and this vertex have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex and this vertex have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex and this vertex have already
+been connected to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been connected to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been connected to each
+other. And it turns out you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And it turns out you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And it turns out you've already
+seen a data structure to do that. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a data structure to do that. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a data structure to do that. Uh
+this is what I call union find. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I call union find. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I call union find. And the
+textbook calls disjoint set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook calls disjoint set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook calls disjoint set data
+structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is in
+recitation recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three. So I want to maintain for my MST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So I want to maintain for my MST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So I want to maintain for my MST
+so far. So I'm adding edges one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far. So I'm adding edges one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far. So I'm adding edges one at a
+time and I have some tree. Well, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I have some tree. Well, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I have some tree. Well, it's
+actually a forest, but I'm still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a forest, but I'm still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a forest, but I'm still going
+to call it T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it T.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it T.
+Um, and I'm going to maintain it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I'm going to maintain it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I'm going to maintain it in a
+unionfined structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disjoint set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint set data
+structure. Remember this had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Remember this had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Remember this had three
+operations. Make set, union, and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Make set, union, and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Make set, union, and find
+set. Tell me given an item, which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Tell me given an item, which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Tell me given an item, which uh
+which set does it belong to. We're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which set does it belong to. We're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which set does it belong to. We're going
+to use that. The sets are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that. The sets are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that. The sets are going to be
+the connected components. So after I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected components. So after I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected components. So after I've
+added these edges, these guys, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added these edges, these guys, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added these edges, these guys, these
+vertices here will form one connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here will form one connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here will form one connected
+component. and you know everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. and you know everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. and you know everybody else
+will just be in its own separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be in its own separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be in its own separate
+component. So to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So to get started
+uh I'm not going to have any edges in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to have any edges in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to have any edges in my
+tree and so every vertex is in its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and so every vertex is in its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and so every vertex is in its own
+connected component. So I represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component. So I represent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component. So I represent that
+by calling make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calling make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calling make
+set of v for all for all vertices. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of v for all for all vertices. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of v for all for all vertices. So
+every vertex lives in its own singleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex lives in its own singleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex lives in its own singleton
+set. Okay. Uh, now I'd like to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Okay. Uh, now I'd like to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Okay. Uh, now I'd like to do the
+minimum weight edge and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge and then the next
+minimum weight edge and the next minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge and the next minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge and the next minimum
+weight edge. That's also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge. That's also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge. That's also known as
+sorting. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting. So I'm going to
+sort E by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight increasing
+weight. So I get to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. So I get to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. So I get to start with
+the minimum weight edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, now I'm going to do a for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, now I'm going to do a for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, now I'm going to do a for loop
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges, increasing order by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight. Now, uh, I want to know I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. Now, uh, I want to know I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. Now, uh, I want to know I just I
+have an edge. It's basically the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an edge. It's basically the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an edge. It's basically the minimum
+weight edge among the edges that remain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge among the edges that remain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge among the edges that remain.
+And so I want to know whether I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I want to know whether I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I want to know whether I should
+add it. I'm going to add it provided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it. I'm going to add it provided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it. I'm going to add it provided the
+end points of the edge are not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points of the edge are not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points of the edge are not in the
+same connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component. Uh how can I find out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Uh how can I find out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Uh how can I find out whether
+two vertices are in the same connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices are in the same connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices are in the same connected
+component given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setup? Yeah. Call set twice. Call find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup? Yeah. Call set twice. Call find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup? Yeah. Call set twice. Call find
+set twice and see whether they're equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set twice and see whether they're equal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set twice and see whether they're equal.
+Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly.
+Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So
+uh if fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if fine
+set of u is different from fine set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of u is different from fine set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of u is different from fine set of
+v. Fine set just returns some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. Fine set just returns some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. Fine set just returns some
+identifier. We don't really care what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier. We don't really care what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier. We don't really care what it
+is as long as it returns the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as long as it returns the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as long as it returns the same thing
+for the same set. So if u and v are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same set. So if u and v are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same set. So if u and v are in
+the same set, in other words, they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set, in other words, they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set, in other words, they're in
+the same connected component, then find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same connected component, then find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same connected component, then find
+set will return the same thing for both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set will return the same thing for both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set will return the same thing for both.
+But provided they're not equal, then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But provided they're not equal, then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But provided they're not equal, then we
+can add this edge into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh into our tree. So we add E to the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into our tree. So we add E to the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into our tree. So we add E to the set
+T. Uh and then we have to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Uh and then we have to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Uh and then we have to represent the
+fact that we just merge the connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we just merge the connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we just merge the connected
+components of U and V. And we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of U and V. And we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of U and V. And we do that
+with a union call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you're ever wondering what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're ever wondering what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're ever wondering what the
+heck do we use union fine for, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck do we use union fine for, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck do we use union fine for, this is
+the answer. The union find data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer. The union find data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer. The union find data
+structure was invented in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure was invented in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure was invented in order to
+implement Crus's algorithm faster. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement Crus's algorithm faster. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement Crus's algorithm faster. Okay,
+in fact, a lot of data structures come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, a lot of data structures come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, a lot of data structures come
+from graph algorithms. The the re the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from graph algorithms. The the re the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from graph algorithms. The the re the
+reason Fibonacci heaps were invented was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Fibonacci heaps were invented was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Fibonacci heaps were invented was
+because there was Dyster's algorithm. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was Dyster's algorithm. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was Dyster's algorithm. We
+wanted it to run fast. So same steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to run fast. So same steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to run fast. So same steel
+here. You just saw it in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You just saw it in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You just saw it in the reverse
+order. First you saw union fine. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. First you saw union fine. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. First you saw union fine. Now
+union fine you know you can solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union fine you know you can solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union fine you know you can solve in
+alpha of n time the inverse acrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of n time the inverse acrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of n time the inverse acrement
+function super super tiny slow growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function super super tiny slow growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function super super tiny slow growing
+function smaller than log log log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function smaller than log log log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function smaller than log log log log
+log log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log
+um really small but we have this sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really small but we have this sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really small but we have this sorting
+which is kind of annoying. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of annoying. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of annoying. So the
+overall running time let's we'll worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall running time let's we'll worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall running time let's we'll worry
+about correctness in a moment. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about correctness in a moment. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about correctness in a moment. We have
+to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort
+uh to sort e by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sort e by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sort e by
+weight. Um, so I'll just call that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. Um, so I'll just call that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. Um, so I'll just call that sort
+of E. Uh, then we have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E. Uh, then we have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E. Uh, then we have to do some
+unions. Uh, I guess for every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions. Uh, I guess for every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions. Uh, I guess for every edge
+potentially we do a union. So I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially we do a union. So I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially we do a union. So I'll call
+that I'll just write E times alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just write E times alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just write E times alpha of
+V. Uh, and then we have to do well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. Uh, and then we have to do well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. Uh, and then we have to do well we
+also have to do fine sets but same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to do fine sets but same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to do fine sets but same same
+deal. It's fine set and union cost alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. It's fine set and union cost alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. It's fine set and union cost alpha
+amortized. So the total cost for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized. So the total cost for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized. So the total cost for doing
+this for all edges is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all edges is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all edges is going to be the
+number of edges times alpha and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges times alpha and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges times alpha and then
+there's like plus v I guess but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like plus v I guess but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like plus v I guess but that's
+that's smaller if it's a connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smaller if it's a connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smaller if it's a connected
+graph. So uh other than the sorting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So uh other than the sorting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So uh other than the sorting time
+this algorithm is really good. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is really good. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is really good. It's
+faster. Uh but if you're sorting by an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. Uh but if you're sorting by an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. Uh but if you're sorting by an n
+login algorithm this is not so great. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login algorithm this is not so great. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login algorithm this is not so great. Uh
+that's that's how it goes. But I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how it goes. But I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how it goes. But I think
+you can reduce this to sorting just v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce this to sorting just v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce this to sorting just v
+things instead of e things uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things instead of e things uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things instead of e things uh with a
+little bit of effort like doing a select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of effort like doing a select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of effort like doing a select
+operation. But what when this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. But what when this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. But what when this algorithm
+is really good is if your weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really good is if your weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really good is if your weights are
+integers. If the in if you have weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers. If the in if you have weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers. If the in if you have weights
+let's say uh weight uh of e is zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh weight uh of e is zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh weight uh of e is zero or
+one or say n to the c for some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or say n to the c for some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or say n to the c for some constant
+c then I can use radic sort linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c then I can use radic sort linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c then I can use radic sort linear time
+sorting and then this will be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and then this will be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and then this will be linear
+time and I'm only paying e times alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'm only paying e times alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'm only paying e times alpha.
+So if you have reasonably small weights,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have reasonably small weights,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have reasonably small weights,
+Kroscll's algorithm is better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kroscll's algorithm is better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kroscll's algorithm is better.
+Otherwise, I guess um you prefer Prim's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, I guess um you prefer Prim's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, I guess um you prefer Prim's
+algorithm. But either way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. But either way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. But either way,
+uh I actually used this a variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I actually used this a variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I actually used this a variation of
+this algorithm recently. If you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm recently. If you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm recently. If you want to
+generate a random spanning tree, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a random spanning tree, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a random spanning tree, then
+this you can use exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can use exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can use exactly the same
+algorithm. You pick a random edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. You pick a random edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. You pick a random edge that
+you haven't picked already. You see, can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't picked already. You see, can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't picked already. You see, can
+I add this edge with this test? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add this edge with this test? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add this edge with this test? If you
+can add it and repeat that will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add it and repeat that will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add it and repeat that will give you
+a random spanning tree. It generate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random spanning tree. It generate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random spanning tree. It generate all
+spanning trees uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning trees uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning trees uniformly
+uh likely. So that's fun fact useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh likely. So that's fun fact useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh likely. So that's fun fact useful
+thing for union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for union
+find. Let me tell you briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Again, we've proved correctness with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant. Claim that at all times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant. Claim that at all times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant. Claim that at all times the
+tree t of edges that we've picked so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree t of edges that we've picked so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree t of edges that we've picked so far
+is contained in some minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in some minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in some minimum spanning
+tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree.
+tar t star is going to change but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar t star is going to change but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar t star is going to change but uh I
+always want that the edges I've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want that the edges I've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want that the edges I've chosen
+to be inside a minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be inside a minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be inside a minimum spanning tree
+again we can prove this by induction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can prove this by induction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can prove this by induction so
+assume by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume by
+induction that this is true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction that this is true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction that this is true so
+far and then uh suppose that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and then uh suppose that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and then uh suppose that we're
+adding an edge here so we're converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an edge here so we're converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an edge here so we're converting
+uh t into t prime which is t union e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+By this the data structural setup I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By this the data structural setup I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By this the data structural setup I know
+that the end points of E U and V are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the end points of E U and V are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the end points of E U and V are in
+different connected components. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different connected components. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different connected components. So if I
+in general what my picture looks like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general what my picture looks like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general what my picture looks like is
+I have some various connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some various connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some various connected
+components. Maybe there's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Maybe there's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Maybe there's a single
+vertex whatever uh I've built a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex whatever uh I've built a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex whatever uh I've built a minimum
+spanning tree for each one. I've built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree for each one. I've built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree for each one. I've built
+some tree and I actually know that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tree and I actually know that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tree and I actually know that these
+trees are contained in one global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are contained in one global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are contained in one global
+minimum spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now we're looking at an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we're looking at an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we're looking at an edge
+that goes from some vertex u in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from some vertex u in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from some vertex u in one
+connected component to some vertex V in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component to some vertex V in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component to some vertex V in
+a different connected component. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different connected component. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different connected component. This is
+our edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our edge
+E. That's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. That's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. That's our
+setup. Uh because the union fine data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup. Uh because the union fine data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup. Uh because the union fine data
+structure maintains connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure maintains connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure maintains connected
+components. That's another invariant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. That's another invariant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. That's another invariant to
+prove. Uh we're considering adding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. Uh we're considering adding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. Uh we're considering adding this
+edge which connects two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge which connects two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge which connects two different
+connected components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components.
+So uh I want to use the greedy choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I want to use the greedy choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I want to use the greedy choice
+property with some s. What should S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be E to cross a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be E to cross a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be E to cross a
+cut. So what's a good cut?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. The connected component of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The connected component of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The connected component of U and
+then everything else. Uh connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything else. Uh connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything else. Uh connected
+component of U and everything else. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of U and everything else. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of U and everything else. That
+would work. Yeah. Which is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work. Yeah. Which is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work. Yeah. Which is also the
+opposite of the connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the connected component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the connected component
+containing V. There are many choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing V. There are many choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing V. There are many choices
+that work. Uh I could take basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work. Uh I could take basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work. Uh I could take basically
+this cut which is the connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cut which is the connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cut which is the connected
+component of U with everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of U with everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of U with everything else
+versus the connected component of V. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the connected component of V. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the connected component of V. I
+could take this cut, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this cut, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this cut, which is a
+connected kimono of you only versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected kimono of you only versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected kimono of you only versus
+everybody else. Either of those will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else. Either of those will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else. Either of those will
+work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good. Good curve. All right. Uh so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Good curve. All right. Uh so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Good curve. All right. Uh so let's
+say S equals uh the connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say S equals uh the connected component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say S equals uh the connected component
+of U or connected component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U or connected component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U or connected component of
+V. E crosses that, right? Because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. E crosses that, right? Because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. E crosses that, right? Because it
+goes it goes from U to V and U's on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it goes from U to V and U's on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it goes from U to V and U's on one
+side, V is on the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, V is on the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, V is on the other side.
+uh I I want it to include an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I want it to include an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I want it to include an entire
+connected component because when I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component because when I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component because when I apply
+the greedy choice property, I modify t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greedy choice property, I modify t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greedy choice property, I modify t
+star and I don't want to modify I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and I don't want to modify I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and I don't want to modify I don't
+want to delete any of these edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to delete any of these edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to delete any of these edges that
+are already in my connected components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already in my connected components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already in my connected components
+that I've already put in there. But if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've already put in there. But if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've already put in there. But if I
+choose my cut to just be this, uh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose my cut to just be this, uh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose my cut to just be this, uh I know
+that the edge that I potentially remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edge that I potentially remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edge that I potentially remove
+will cross this cut, which means it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cross this cut, which means it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cross this cut, which means it goes
+between connected components, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between connected components, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between connected components, which
+means I haven't added that yet to t. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I haven't added that yet to t. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I haven't added that yet to t. So
+when I do this apply this greedy choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this apply this greedy choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this apply this greedy choice
+property I'm not deleting anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I'm not deleting anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I'm not deleting anything from
+t. Uh everything that was in t is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Uh everything that was in t is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Uh everything that was in t is still
+in t star. So uh that tells me that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in t star. So uh that tells me that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in t star. So uh that tells me that t
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+uh is contained in t star prime. The new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is contained in t star prime. The new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is contained in t star prime. The new
+t star that I get when I apply this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t star that I get when I apply this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t star that I get when I apply this the
+the cut and paste argument. I modify t-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut and paste argument. I modify t-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut and paste argument. I modify t-
+star potentially by removing one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star potentially by removing one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star potentially by removing one edge
+and putting e in and the edge that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting e in and the edge that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting e in and the edge that I
+remove was not already in t which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove was not already in t which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove was not already in t which means
+I preserve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I preserve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I preserve this
+part. Uh but I also get that my new edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. Uh but I also get that my new edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. Uh but I also get that my new edge
+e is in the minimum spanning tree. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is in the minimum spanning tree. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is in the minimum spanning tree. And
+so that's how you prove by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you prove by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you prove by induction
+that at all times the edges that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all times the edges that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all times the edges that you've
+chosen so far are in t star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so far are in t star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so far are in t star.
+uh actually to to apply the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually to to apply the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually to to apply the greedy
+choice property I need not only that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice property I need not only that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice property I need not only that E
+is cut sorry that E crosses the cut I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cut sorry that E crosses the cut I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cut sorry that E crosses the cut I
+also need that E is the minimum weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need that E is the minimum weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need that E is the minimum weight
+edge crossing the cut that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge crossing the cut that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge crossing the cut that's a little
+more argument to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more argument to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more argument to prove
+um the rough idea is that uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rough idea is that uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rough idea is that uh if you
+forget about the edges we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the edges we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the edges we've already
+dealt with E is the globally minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with E is the globally minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with E is the globally minimum
+weight edge okay but what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge okay but what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight edge okay but what about the
+edges we've already dealt with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we've already dealt with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we've already dealt with some of
+them are in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are in the tree
+um the edges that are in these that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the edges that are in these that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the edges that are in these that are
+in T, those obviously don't cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T, those obviously don't cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T, those obviously don't cross the
+cut. That's how we designed the cut. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. That's how we designed the cut. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. That's how we designed the cut. The
+cut was designed not to cross, not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut was designed not to cross, not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut was designed not to cross, not to
+separate any of these connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate any of these connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate any of these connected
+components. So all the edges that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. So all the edges that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. So all the edges that we've
+added to T, those are okay. Uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to T, those are okay. Uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to T, those are okay. Uh they
+they're not related to the edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not related to the edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not related to the edges that
+cross this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this
+cut. But we may have already considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. But we may have already considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut. But we may have already considered
+some lower weight edges that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lower weight edges that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lower weight edges that we didn't
+add to T. If we didn't add an edge to T,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to T. If we didn't add an edge to T,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to T. If we didn't add an edge to T,
+that means actually they were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means actually they were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means actually they were in the
+same set, which means also those are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set, which means also those are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set, which means also those are uh
+use my other color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my other color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my other color
+blue. Those are extra edges in here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue. Those are extra edges in here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue. Those are extra edges in here that
+are inside a connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside a connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside a connected
+component. Uh have smaller weight than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Uh have smaller weight than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Uh have smaller weight than
+E, but they're inside the connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, but they're inside the connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, but they're inside the connected
+component. So again, they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So again, they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So again, they're not
+crossed. So uh they don't cross the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed. So uh they don't cross the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed. So uh they don't cross the cut
+rather. So E is basically the first edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. So E is basically the first edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. So E is basically the first edge
+that we're considering that crosses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're considering that crosses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're considering that crosses this
+cut because otherwise we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut because otherwise we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut because otherwise we would have
+added that other edge first. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that other edge first. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that other edge first. So here
+we're we have to do sort of the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to do sort of the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to do sort of the greedy
+argument again considering edges by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument again considering edges by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument again considering edges by
+weight and E is going to be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and E is going to be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and E is going to be the first
+edge that crosses this particular cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that crosses this particular cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that crosses this particular cut
+which is this connected component versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this connected component versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this connected component versus
+everyone else. So E has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else. So E has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else. So E has to be the
+minimum weight edge crossing the cut. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge crossing the cut. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight edge crossing the cut. So
+the greedy choice property applies. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greedy choice property applies. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greedy choice property applies. So
+uh we can put E in the minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can put E in the minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can put E in the minimum spanning
+tree and this algorithm is correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and this algorithm is correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and this algorithm is correct.
+Okay, so we've used that lema a zillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we've used that lema a zillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we've used that lema a zillion
+times by now. Um, that's minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times by now. Um, that's minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times by now. Um, that's minimum
+spanning tree and nearly linear time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uBeM1FUk4Ps.txt b/uBeM1FUk4Ps.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ae2dbcc15ee47a75447a1263867f2c74c133398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uBeM1FUk4Ps.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, last time I was lecturing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, last time I was lecturing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, last time I was lecturing uh
+we were talk we're uh talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talk we're uh talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talk we're uh talking about
+regression analysis and we finished up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analysis and we finished up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analysis and we finished up
+talking about estimation methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about estimation methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about estimation methods for
+fitting regression models. Um I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting regression models. Um I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting regression models. Um I want to
+recap the method of maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap the method of maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap the method of maximum likelihood
+because this is really the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is really the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is really the primary
+estimation method in statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation method in statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation method in statistical
+modeling that you start with. And uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that you start with. And uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that you start with. And uh so
+let me just review uh where we were. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just review uh where we were. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just review uh where we were. We
+have a normal linear regression model. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a normal linear regression model. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a normal linear regression model. A
+dependent variable Y is explained by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable Y is explained by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable Y is explained by a
+linear combination of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of independent
+variables uh given by a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh given by a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh given by a regression
+parameter beta. And we assume that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter beta. And we assume that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter beta. And we assume that there
+are errors about all the cases which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are errors about all the cases which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are errors about all the cases which are
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+normal random variables. So uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables. So uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables. So uh because
+of that relationship the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that relationship the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that relationship the dependent
+variable vector Y which is an N vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable vector Y which is an N vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable vector Y which is an N vector
+for N cases is a multivariate normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N cases is a multivariate normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N cases is a multivariate normal
+random variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable.
+Now um the likelihood function is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now um the likelihood function is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now um the likelihood function is equal
+to the density function for the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the density function for the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the density function for the data and
+there's you know some ambiguity really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know some ambiguity really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know some ambiguity really
+about how one manipulates the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how one manipulates the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how one manipulates the likelihood
+function. The likelihood function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. The likelihood function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. The likelihood function
+becomes defined once we've observed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes defined once we've observed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes defined once we've observed a
+sample of data. So in this uh expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of data. So in this uh expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of data. So in this uh expression
+for the likelihood function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the likelihood function as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the likelihood function as a
+function of beta and sigma squared we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of beta and sigma squared we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of beta and sigma squared we're
+considering evaluating the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering evaluating the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering evaluating the probability
+density function for the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for the data
+conditional on the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on the unknown
+parameters. So if this were simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So if this were simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So if this were simply a
+univariant normal distribution with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariant normal distribution with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariant normal distribution with some
+unknown mean and variance then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown mean and variance then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown mean and variance then what we
+would have is just a sort of bell curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have is just a sort of bell curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have is just a sort of bell curve
+uh for mu centered around a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for mu centered around a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for mu centered around a single
+observation y if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation y if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation y if you look at the
+likelihood function and how how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood function and how how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood function and how how it
+varies with with the underlying mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with with the underlying mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with with the underlying mean and
+of the uh normal distribution. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh normal distribution. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh normal distribution. Um so
+this likelihood function uh is uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this likelihood function uh is uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this likelihood function uh is uh well
+the challenge really in maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge really in maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge really in maximum
+likelihood estimation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation is really
+uh uh calculating and computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh calculating and computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh calculating and computing the
+likelihood function um and with normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood function um and with normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood function um and with normal
+linear regression models is very easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression models is very easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression models is very easy.
+Now uh the maximum likelihood estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh the maximum likelihood estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh the maximum likelihood estimates
+are those values that maximize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those values that maximize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those values that maximize this
+function and the question is why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the question is why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the question is why are
+those good estimates of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those good estimates of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those good estimates of the underlying
+parameters? Um well what those estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters? Um well what those estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters? Um well what those estimates
+do is they are the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they are the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they are the parameter
+values for which the observed data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for which the observed data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for which the observed data is
+most likely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely.
+So we're able to scale the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're able to scale the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're able to scale the unknown
+parameters by how likely those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters by how likely those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters by how likely those
+parameters could have generated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters could have generated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters could have generated these
+data values. So let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data values. So let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data values. So let's look
+at the likelihood function for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the likelihood function for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the likelihood function for this
+normal linear regression model. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal linear regression model. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal linear regression model. Okay,
+these first two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first two lines
+here are highlighting the first line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are highlighting the first line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are highlighting the first line is
+highlighting that our response variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting that our response variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting that our response variable
+values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are
+independent. They're conditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. They're conditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. They're conditionally
+independent given the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent given the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent given the unknown
+parameters. And so the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. And so the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. And so the density of the
+full vector of y's is simply the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full vector of y's is simply the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full vector of y's is simply the product
+of the density functions for those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density functions for those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density functions for those uh
+components. And because this is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. And because this is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. And because this is a normal
+linear regression model, each of the yis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model, each of the yis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model, each of the yis
+is normally distributed. So what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normally distributed. So what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normally distributed. So what's in
+there is simply the density function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is simply the density function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is simply the density function of
+a normal random variable with mean given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal random variable with mean given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal random variable with mean given
+by the beta sum of independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the beta sum of independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the beta sum of independent variables
+for each I uh case I uh given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each I uh case I uh given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each I uh case I uh given by the
+regression parameters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters.
+And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression basically can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression basically can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression basically can be expressed in
+matrix form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix form this
+way. And what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And what we have
+is the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the likelihood
+function is ends up being a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is ends up being a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is ends up being a function of
+our Q of beta which was our le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Q of beta which was our le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Q of beta which was our le squares
+criterion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion.
+So le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So le squares
+estimation is equivalent to maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is equivalent to maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is equivalent to maximum
+likelihood estimation for the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation for the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation for the regression
+parameters if we have a normal linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if we have a normal linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if we have a normal linear
+regression model. Um, and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model. Um, and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model. Um, and there's this
+extra term minus n. Well, actually, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term minus n. Well, actually, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term minus n. Well, actually, if
+we're going to maximize the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to maximize the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to maximize the likelihood
+function, we can also maximize the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, we can also maximize the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, we can also maximize the log
+of the likelihood function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the likelihood function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the likelihood function because
+that's just a monotone function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a monotone function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a monotone function of the
+likelihood. And it's easier to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood. And it's easier to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood. And it's easier to maximize
+the log of the likelihood function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the likelihood function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the likelihood function which
+is expressed here. And so, uh, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed here. And so, uh, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed here. And so, uh, we're
+able to maximize over beta by minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to maximize over beta by minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to maximize over beta by minimizing
+q of beta. And then we can maximize over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q of beta. And then we can maximize over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q of beta. And then we can maximize over
+sigma squared given our estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma squared given our estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma squared given our estimate for
+beta. And that's achieved by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta. And that's achieved by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta. And that's achieved by taking the
+derivative of the log likelihood with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the log likelihood with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the log likelihood with
+respect to sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to sigma
+squar. So we basically have this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar. So we basically have this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar. So we basically have this first
+order condition that finds the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order condition that finds the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order condition that finds the maximum
+because things are appropriately uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are appropriately uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are appropriately uh
+convex. And taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex. And taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex. And taking that
+derivative we uh and solving for zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we uh and solving for zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we uh and solving for zero we
+basically get this expression. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get this expression. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get this expression. So this
+is just taking the derivative of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just taking the derivative of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just taking the derivative of the log
+likelihood with respect to sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood with respect to sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood with respect to sigma
+squared. And you'll notice here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. And you'll notice here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. And you'll notice here I'm
+taking the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative with respect to
+sigma squar as a parameter not sigma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that gives us that the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that gives us that the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that gives us that the maximum
+likelihood estimate of the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimate of the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimate of the error
+variance is Q of beta hat over N. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is Q of beta hat over N. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is Q of beta hat over N. So
+this is the sum of the squared residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum of the squared residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum of the squared residuals
+divided by N. Now I you know emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by N. Now I you know emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by N. Now I you know emphasize
+here that that's biased. Who can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that that's biased. Who can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that that's biased. Who can tell
+me why that's biased or why it ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why that's biased or why it ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why that's biased or why it ought to
+be biased?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, it should be n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, it should be n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, it should be n minus
+one if we're actually estimating one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we're actually estimating one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we're actually estimating one
+parameter. So, you know, if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. So, you know, if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. So, you know, if we were
+estimating uh and if the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh and if the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh and if the independent
+variables were say a a constant one, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were say a a constant one, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were say a a constant one, so
+we're just estimating a a sample from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just estimating a a sample from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just estimating a a sample from a
+normal with mean beta one corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean beta one corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean beta one corresponding
+to the units vector of the x. Then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the units vector of the x. Then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the units vector of the x. Then uh we
+would have a onederee correction for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a onederee correction for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a onederee correction for one
+uh sort of one degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of one degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of one degree of freedom
+correction to the residuals to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the residuals to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the residuals to get an
+unbiased estimator. But what if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator. But what if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator. But what if we have
+p parameters? Well, let me ask you this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p parameters? Well, let me ask you this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p parameters? Well, let me ask you this.
+What if we had n parameters in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we had n parameters in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we had n parameters in our
+regression model? What would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model? What would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model? What would happen if
+we had a uh you know a full rank n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a uh you know a full rank n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a uh you know a full rank n
+independent variable matrix and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable matrix and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable matrix and n
+independent observations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, you'd have an exact fit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, you'd have an exact fit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, you'd have an exact fit to the
+data. So there would be this estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So there would be this estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So there would be this estimate
+would be zero. Okay. And so u clearly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero. Okay. And so u clearly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero. Okay. And so u clearly if
+the data do arise from a normal linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data do arise from a normal linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data do arise from a normal linear
+regression model zero is not unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model zero is not unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model zero is not unbiased
+right and you need to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you need to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you need to have some
+correction. It turns out you need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction. It turns out you need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction. It turns out you need to uh
+divide by n minus the rank of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n minus the rank of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n minus the rank of the x
+matrix the degrees of freedom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the degrees of freedom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the degrees of freedom in the
+model to get a biased estimate. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to get a biased estimate. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to get a biased estimate. So so
+this is uh an important issue. Well, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh an important issue. Well, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh an important issue. Well, it
+highlights how the more parameters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights how the more parameters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights how the more parameters you
+add in the model, the more precise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in the model, the more precise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in the model, the more precise your
+fitted values are. In a sense, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted values are. In a sense, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted values are. In a sense, there's
+dangers of curve fitting, which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers of curve fitting, which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers of curve fitting, which you
+know, you want to avoid. Uh, but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you want to avoid. Uh, but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you want to avoid. Uh, but the uh
+maximum likelihood uh estimates in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood uh estimates in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood uh estimates in fact
+are biased and you just have to be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biased and you just have to be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biased and you just have to be be
+aware of that and when you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that and when you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that and when you're using
+different software fitting different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different software fitting different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different software fitting different
+models, you need to know whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, you need to know whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, you need to know whether there
+are various corrections being made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various corrections being made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various corrections being made for
+unbiasedness or not. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiasedness or not. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiasedness or not. Um, but
+um, okay. So, so this uh solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, okay. So, so this uh solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, okay. So, so this uh solves the
+estimation problem for normal linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation problem for normal linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation problem for normal linear
+regression models. And when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models. And when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models. And when we have
+normal linear regression models, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal linear regression models, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal linear regression models, the
+theorem we went through last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we went through last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we went through last time is
+very important. Let me just go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. Let me just go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. Let me just go back and
+highlight that for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay, this theorem right here. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, this theorem right here. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, this theorem right here. Okay,
+this is this is really the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is really the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is really the important
+uh a very important theorem indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very important theorem indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very important theorem indicating
+what is the distribution of the le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the distribution of the le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the distribution of the le
+squares. Now the maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. Now the maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. Now the maximum likelihood
+estimates of our regression model. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of our regression model. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of our regression model. Okay,
+they are normally distributed and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are normally distributed and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are normally distributed and uh the
+residuals sums of squares have a kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals sums of squares have a kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals sums of squares have a kai
+squared distribution with degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared distribution with degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared distribution with degrees of
+freedom given by n minus p. And we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom given by n minus p. And we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom given by n minus p. And we can
+look at how uh how much sort of signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how uh how much sort of signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how uh how much sort of signal
+to noise there is in estimating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to noise there is in estimating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to noise there is in estimating our
+regression parameters by calculating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters by calculating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters by calculating a
+tstistic which is take away from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tstistic which is take away from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tstistic which is take away from an
+estimate its expected value its mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate its expected value its mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate its expected value its mean and
+divide through by an estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide through by an estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide through by an estimate of the
+variability in standard deviation units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in standard deviation units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in standard deviation units
+and that will have a t distribution. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will have a t distribution. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will have a t distribution. So
+that that's a critical uh uh way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a critical uh uh way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a critical uh uh way to
+assess the relevance of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the relevance of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the relevance of different
+explanatory variables in our model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory variables in our model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory variables in our model and
+and this uh approach will apply in max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh approach will apply in max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh approach will apply in max
+with maximum likelihood estimation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum likelihood estimation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum likelihood estimation in
+all kinds of models apart from normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of models apart from normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of models apart from normal
+linear regression models. It turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression models. It turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression models. It turns out
+maximum likelihood estimates generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimates generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimates generally
+are asmmptoically normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asmmptoically normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asmmptoically normally distributed
+and so these properties here will apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these properties here will apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these properties here will apply
+uh for those models as well. So let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for those models as well. So let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for those models as well. So let's uh
+finish up these notes on estimation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up these notes on estimation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up these notes on estimation by
+talking about generalized M estimation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about generalized M estimation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about generalized M estimation.
+Um so what we want to consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what we want to consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what we want to consider is
+estimating unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating unknown
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+by minimizing some function Q of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minimizing some function Q of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minimizing some function Q of beta
+which is a sum of evaluations of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sum of evaluations of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sum of evaluations of another
+function H evaluated for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H evaluated for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H evaluated for each of the
+individual cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cases.
+and choosing h to take on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choosing h to take on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choosing h to take on different
+uh functional forms will define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functional forms will define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functional forms will define
+different kinds of estimators. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of estimators. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of estimators. Um and
+we've seen how when h is simply uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen how when h is simply uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen how when h is simply uh the
+square of the case minus its regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the case minus its regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the case minus its regression
+prediction. Um that leads to least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction. Um that leads to least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction. Um that leads to least
+squares and in fact maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and in fact maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and in fact maximum likelihood
+estimation. Um, as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation. Um, as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation. Um, as we saw
+before, rather than taking the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, rather than taking the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, rather than taking the square of
+the sort of residual, the fitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of residual, the fitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of residual, the fitted
+residual, we could take simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual, we could take simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual, we could take simply
+the the modulus of that and uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the modulus of that and uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the modulus of that and uh so that
+would be the mean absolute deviation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the mean absolute deviation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the mean absolute deviation. So
+rather than summing the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than summing the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than summing the squared
+deviations from the mean, we could sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the mean, we could sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the mean, we could sum
+the absolute deviations from the mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute deviations from the mean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute deviations from the mean.
+Now from a mathematical standpoint, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now from a mathematical standpoint, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now from a mathematical standpoint, if
+we want to solve for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve for those
+estimates, how would you go about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates, how would you go about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates, how would you go about doing
+that? Right? What methodology would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Right? What methodology would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Right? What methodology would you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+to maximize this function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize this function?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize this function?
+Well, we'd try and apply basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we'd try and apply basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we'd try and apply basically the
+same principles of if this is a convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles of if this is a convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles of if this is a convex
+function, then uh we just want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, then uh we just want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, then uh we just want to take
+derivatives of that and solve for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that and solve for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that and solve for that
+being equal to zero. So what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero. So what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero. So what happens
+when you take the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of the
+modulus of y - x i beta with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of y - x i beta with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of y - x i beta with respect to
+beta?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What did you say?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you say?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you say?
+What did you say?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you say?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you say?
+Yeah, I I I don't It's It's not Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I I don't It's It's not Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I I don't It's It's not Yeah,
+it's not the first second dive is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous. Okay. Well, this is a not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. Okay. Well, this is a not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. Okay. Well, this is a not a
+smooth function, but it's if we let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function, but it's if we let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function, but it's if we let me
+just plot xi beta here. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh y minus that. Um basically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y minus that. Um basically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y minus that. Um basically this is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be a function that has slope one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function that has slope one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function that has slope one when
+it's positive and slope minus one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive and slope minus one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive and slope minus one when
+it's negative. And so that will be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative. And so that will be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative. And so that will be true
+um component-wise or for the y. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um component-wise or for the y. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um component-wise or for the y. So what
+we end up wanting to do is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up wanting to do is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up wanting to do is find the
+value of the regression estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the regression estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the regression estimate that
+minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes
+uh the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sum
+of predictions that are below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predictions that are below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predictions that are below the
+estimate plus the sum of the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate plus the sum of the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate plus the sum of the predictions
+that are above the estimate given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are above the estimate given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are above the estimate given by the
+regression line and and that solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line and and that solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line and and that solves the
+problem. Now um with the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Now um with the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Now um with the maximum
+likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+estimation one can plug in minus log the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation one can plug in minus log the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation one can plug in minus log the
+density of yi given beta x and sigma i^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of yi given beta x and sigma i^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of yi given beta x and sigma i^
+2 and that function is simply sums to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that function is simply sums to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that function is simply sums to
+the log of the joint density for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the joint density for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of the joint density for all the
+data. So that works as well. um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So that works as well. um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So that works as well. um with
+robust M estimators we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust M estimators we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust M estimators we can consider
+another function kai which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function kai which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function kai which can be
+defined to have good properties with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to have good properties with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to have good properties with
+estimates and there's a whole theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and there's a whole theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and there's a whole theory of
+robust estimation that's very rich which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust estimation that's very rich which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust estimation that's very rich which
+talks about how best to uh specify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how best to uh specify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how best to uh specify this
+kai function now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai function now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai function now
+um one of the problems with le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the problems with le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the problems with le squares
+estimation is that the squares of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is that the squares of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is that the squares of very
+large values are very very large in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values are very very large in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values are very very large in
+magnitude. So there's perhaps an undue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. So there's perhaps an undue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. So there's perhaps an undue
+influence of very large values uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of very large values uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of very large values uh very
+large residuals in under le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large residuals in under le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large residuals in under le squares
+estimation and maxim market estimation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and maxim market estimation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and maxim market estimation.
+So robust estimators allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So robust estimators allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So robust estimators allow you to
+control that uh by uh defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that uh by uh defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that uh by uh defining the
+function differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function differently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function differently.
+Finally there are quantile estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally there are quantile estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally there are quantile estimators
+which extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extend
+uh the sort of mean absolute deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of mean absolute deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of mean absolute deviation
+criterion. And so if we consider the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. And so if we consider the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. And so if we consider the H
+function to be basically a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to be basically a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to be basically a multiple of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+deviation if the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation if the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation if the residual
+is positive and a different multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and a different multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and a different multiple
+sort of a complimentary multiple if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a complimentary multiple if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a complimentary multiple if the
+deviation the residual is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation the residual is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation the residual is less than zero
+then by varying tow you end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by varying tow you end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by varying tow you end up getting
+quantile estimators where what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile estimators where what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile estimators where what you're
+doing is minimizing an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is minimizing an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is minimizing an estimate
+of the tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantile. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile. So the
+uh so so this general class of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this general class of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this general class of m
+estimators is uh encompasses most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators is uh encompasses most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators is uh encompasses most most
+estimators that we will uh encounter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators that we will uh encounter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators that we will uh encounter in
+in fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fitting
+models. All right. So that finishes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. All right. So that finishes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. All right. So that finishes the
+technical or the mathematical discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical or the mathematical discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical or the mathematical discussion
+of regression analysis. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+highlight for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's
+see. Let's see. There's there's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Let's see. There's there's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Let's see. There's there's a case
+study that was dragged to the desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was dragged to the desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was dragged to the desktop
+here and I wanted to find that. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I wanted to find that. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I wanted to find that. Okay,
+let me find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All
+right. Okay. Um there's a case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Um there's a case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Um there's a case study
+that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+uh added to the course website and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh added to the course website and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh added to the course website and this
+first one is on uh linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is on uh linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is on uh linear regression
+models for asset pricing and I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for asset pricing and I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for asset pricing and I want you
+to read through that just to see how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read through that just to see how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read through that just to see how uh
+it applies fitting various simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies fitting various simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies fitting various simple linear
+regression models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models
+and let's see here's your full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see here's your full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see here's your full
+screen okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay with
+This okay this this case study begins by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This okay this this case study begins by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This okay this this case study begins by
+introducing the capital asset pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the capital asset pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the capital asset pricing
+model which basically suggests that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which basically suggests that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which basically suggests that if
+you look at the returns on any stocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the returns on any stocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the returns on any stocks in
+an efficient market then those should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient market then those should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient market then those should uh
+depend on the return of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the return of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the return of the overall
+market but scaled by how risky the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but scaled by how risky the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but scaled by how risky the stock
+is. And so if one looks at how risk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. And so if one looks at how risk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. And so if one looks at how risk you
+know basically what the return is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically what the return is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically what the return is on the
+stock on the right scale u you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock on the right scale u you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock on the right scale u you should
+have a simple linear regression model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple linear regression model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple linear regression model.
+So here we just look at uh time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we just look at uh time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we just look at uh time series
+for a GE stock in the S&P 500 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a GE stock in the S&P 500 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a GE stock in the S&P 500 and the
+case study goes through how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study goes through how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study goes through how you can
+actually collect this data on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collect this data on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collect this data on the web
+using R. And so uh you know the uh case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using R. And so uh you know the uh case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using R. And so uh you know the uh case
+notes you know provide those details.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you know provide those details.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you know provide those details.
+Um there's also uh the three-month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's also uh the three-month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's also uh the three-month
+treasury rate which is uh collected. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury rate which is uh collected. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury rate which is uh collected. And
+so if you're thinking about return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're thinking about return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're thinking about return on
+the stock versus return on the index,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock versus return on the index,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock versus return on the index,
+well what's really of interest is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's really of interest is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's really of interest is the
+excess return over a risk-free rate. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess return over a risk-free rate. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess return over a risk-free rate. And
+in the efficient markets models uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the efficient markets models uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the efficient markets models uh
+basically the excess return of a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the excess return of a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the excess return of a stock
+is related to the excess is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the excess is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the excess is related to
+the uh excess return of the market as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh excess return of the market as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh excess return of the market as
+given by a linear regression model. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a linear regression model. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a linear regression model. So
+we can fit this model and uh here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fit this model and uh here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fit this model and uh here's a
+plot of the excess returns on a daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the excess returns on a daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the excess returns on a daily
+basis for GE stock versus the market. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for GE stock versus the market. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for GE stock versus the market. So
+that looks like a nice sort of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a nice sort of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a nice sort of point
+cloud for which a linear model might fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud for which a linear model might fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud for which a linear model might fit
+well and it does.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it does.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it does.
+Um the uh there are reg well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the uh there are reg well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the uh there are reg well there are
+regression diagnostics which I'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression diagnostics which I'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression diagnostics which I'll get to
+in a well there are regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a well there are regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a well there are regression
+diagnostics which are detailed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics which are detailed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics which are detailed in the
+problem set where we're looking at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set where we're looking at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set where we're looking at you
+know how influential are individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how influential are individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how influential are individual
+observations what's their impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what's their impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what's their impact on
+regression parameters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters.
+Um this uh display here basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this uh display here basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this uh display here basically
+highlights with a very simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights with a very simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights with a very simple linear
+regression model what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model what are the
+influential obs data points and so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential obs data points and so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential obs data points and so I've
+highlighted in red those values which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in red those values which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in red those values which
+are influential. Now if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are influential. Now if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are influential. Now if you look at the
+definition of leverage in a linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of leverage in a linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of leverage in a linear model
+it's very simple uh simple linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple uh simple linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple uh simple linear model
+is just those observations that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just those observations that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just those observations that are very
+far from the mean have large leverage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from the mean have large leverage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from the mean have large leverage.
+And so you can confirm that uh with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you can confirm that uh with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you can confirm that uh with your
+answers to to the problem set. Um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to to the problem set. Um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to to the problem set. Um okay
+this X indicates a significant orly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X indicates a significant orly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X indicates a significant orly
+influential point in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential point in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential point in terms of the
+regression parameters uh given by Cook's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters uh given by Cook's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters uh given by Cook's
+distance and that uh definition is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and that uh definition is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and that uh definition is is
+also given in the case notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um by computing the individual leverages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by computing the individual leverages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by computing the individual leverages
+with a function that's given here and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a function that's given here and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a function that's given here and by
+uh selecting out those that exceed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh selecting out those that exceed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh selecting out those that exceed a
+given magnitude.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now with uh this very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now with uh this very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now with uh this very very simple
+model of stocks depending on one unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of stocks depending on one unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of stocks depending on one unknown
+factor uh risk factor given the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor uh risk factor given the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor uh risk factor given the market
+in in modeling equity returns the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in modeling equity returns the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in modeling equity returns the uh
+there are many different factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different factors that
+can can have an impact on on returns. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can have an impact on on returns. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can have an impact on on returns. So
+um what I've done in the case study is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've done in the case study is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've done in the case study is
+to look at adding another factor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at adding another factor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at adding another factor which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um just the oil uh let's see the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just the oil uh let's see the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just the oil uh let's see the return
+on crude oil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on crude oil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on crude oil and
+so let's see I need to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me let me highlight something for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me highlight something for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me highlight something for you
+here. Okay. With with GE stock, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. With with GE stock, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. With with GE stock, what
+would you expect the impact of a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you expect the impact of a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you expect the impact of a return
+say a high return on crude oil to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a high return on crude oil to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a high return on crude oil to be on
+on the return of GE stock? Would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the return of GE stock? Would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the return of GE stock? Would you
+expect it to be positively related or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be positively related or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be positively related or
+negatively related?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, well, GE is a stock that's, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, well, GE is a stock that's, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, well, GE is a stock that's, you
+know, just a broad stock, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just a broad stock, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just a broad stock, you know,
+invested in many different industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in many different industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in many different industries
+and really reflects sort of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really reflects sort of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really reflects sort of the overall
+market to some extent. But many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to some extent. But many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to some extent. But many years
+ago, probably 10, 15 years ago, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, probably 10, 15 years ago, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, probably 10, 15 years ago, it was
+GE represented maybe sort of 3% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE represented maybe sort of 3% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE represented maybe sort of 3% of the
+GMP of the US market. So it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMP of the US market. So it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMP of the US market. So it was really
+highly related to how well the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly related to how well the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly related to how well the market
+does. Now crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Now crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Now crude
+oil is a commodity and oil is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is a commodity and oil is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is a commodity and oil is used to
+drive cars to you know fuel uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cars to you know fuel uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cars to you know fuel uh energy
+production. So if you have an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. So if you have an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. So if you have an increase
+in oil prices then the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oil prices then the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oil prices then the cost of
+essentially doing business goes up. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing business goes up. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing business goes up. So
+uh is so is associated with like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is so is associated with like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is so is associated with like an
+inflation factor. Prices are rising. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation factor. Prices are rising. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation factor. Prices are rising. So
+um if you can see here the uh regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you can see here the uh regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you can see here the uh regression
+estimate if we add in the factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if we add in the factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if we add in the factor of the
+uh return on crude oil it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh return on crude oil it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh return on crude oil it's
+negative.03 and it has a t value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative.03 and it has a t value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative.03 and it has a t value of
+minus3.561. So in fact there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3.561. So in fact there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3.561. So in fact there you know
+the market in a sense over this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market in a sense over this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market in a sense over this period
+for this analysis you know was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this analysis you know was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this analysis you know was not
+efficient in explaining the return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in explaining the return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in explaining the return on
+GE. um crude oil is another independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE. um crude oil is another independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE. um crude oil is another independent
+factor that helps explain returns. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that helps explain returns. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that helps explain returns. So
+you know that's useful to know and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's useful to know and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's useful to know and if
+you are clever about defining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are clever about defining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are clever about defining and
+identifying uh and evaluating different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying uh and evaluating different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying uh and evaluating different
+factors you can build uh factor uh asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors you can build uh factor uh asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors you can build uh factor uh asset
+pricing models that are very very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing models that are very very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing models that are very very useful
+uh for investing and trading. Now as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for investing and trading. Now as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for investing and trading. Now as as
+a comparison to this, this case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparison to this, this case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparison to this, this case study
+uh also uh applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also uh applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also uh applied the
+same analysis to Exxon Mobile. Now Exon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis to Exxon Mobile. Now Exon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis to Exxon Mobile. Now Exon
+Mobile is an oil company. So um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobile is an oil company. So um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobile is an oil company. So um let me
+highlight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this
+here. We basically are fitting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We basically are fitting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We basically are fitting this
+model now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now that's
+highlighted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted and
+Here if we consider this two factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here if we consider this two factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here if we consider this two factor
+model the regression parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the regression parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the regression parameter
+corresponding to the crude oil factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the crude oil factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the crude oil factor is
+plus.13 with a t value of 16. So crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus.13 with a t value of 16. So crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus.13 with a t value of 16. So crude
+oil definitely has an impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil definitely has an impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil definitely has an impact on the
+value of the return of Exxon Mobile. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the return of Exxon Mobile. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the return of Exxon Mobile. It
+basically goes up and down with oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically goes up and down with oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically goes up and down with oil
+prices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's see let's see this this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see let's see this this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see let's see this this case
+study closes with a uh scatter plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study closes with a uh scatter plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study closes with a uh scatter plot of
+the independent variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables and
+highlighting where the influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting where the influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting where the influential
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+are. And so just in the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And so just in the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And so just in the same way that
+with a simple linear regression it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple linear regression it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple linear regression it was
+those that were far away from the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that were far away from the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that were far away from the mean
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+data were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data were
+influential in a multivariate setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in a multivariate setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in a multivariate setting
+here it's bariate the influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's bariate the influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's bariate the influential
+observations are those that are very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are those that are very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are those that are very far
+away from the centroidid and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the centroidid and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the centroidid and if you look
+at uh one of the problems in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh one of the problems in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh one of the problems in the problem
+set it actually goes through and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it actually goes through and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it actually goes through and you can
+see uh where this these leverage values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh where this these leverage values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh where this these leverage values
+are and how it indicates sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and how it indicates sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and how it indicates sort of
+influences associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences associated with the
+mahalenobus distance of cases. is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mahalenobus distance of cases. is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mahalenobus distance of cases. is from
+the centrid of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centrid of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centrid of the independent
+variables. So if you're a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So if you're a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So if you're a sort of a
+visual type mathematician as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual type mathematician as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual type mathematician as opposed to
+an algebraic type mathematician, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic type mathematician, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic type mathematician, you
+know, I think these kinds of graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I think these kinds of graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I think these kinds of graphs are
+very helpful in understanding what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful in understanding what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful in understanding what is
+really going on and uh the uh degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on and uh the uh degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on and uh the uh degree of
+influence is associated with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence is associated with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence is associated with the fact
+that we're basically taking leaf squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're basically taking leaf squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're basically taking leaf squares
+estimates and uh so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and uh so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and uh so we have the
+quadratic form associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form associated with the
+overall process. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's there's another case study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's another case study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's another case study that
+uh I'll be happy to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh after class or during office hours. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after class or during office hours. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after class or during office hours. I
+don't think we have time today during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have time today during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have time today during
+the lecture, but it concerns exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture, but it concerns exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture, but it concerns exchange
+rate regimes. And the second case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate regimes. And the second case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate regimes. And the second case study
+uh looks at um the Chinese yuan, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks at um the Chinese yuan, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks at um the Chinese yuan, which
+was basically pegged to the dollar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically pegged to the dollar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically pegged to the dollar uh
+for many years. And then uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years. And then uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years. And then uh I guess
+through political influence from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through political influence from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through political influence from other
+countries they uh started to let the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they uh started to let the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they uh started to let the uh
+yuan vary from the dollar but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yuan vary from the dollar but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yuan vary from the dollar but have
+perhaps pegged it to some basket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps pegged it to some basket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps pegged it to some basket of
+security of of currencies. And so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of of currencies. And so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of of currencies. And so how
+would you determine what that basket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you determine what that basket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you determine what that basket of
+currencies is? Well, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies is? Well, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies is? Well, there are
+regression methods that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression methods that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression methods that have been
+developed by economists that help you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by economists that help you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by economists that help you do
+that. And that case study goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And that case study goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And that case study goes through
+the analysis of that. So check that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis of that. So check that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis of that. So check that out
+to see how you can get immediate access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how you can get immediate access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how you can get immediate access
+to currency data and be fitting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to currency data and be fitting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to currency data and be fitting these
+regression models and looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and looking at the
+different results and trying to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+Okay. So let's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now to the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the main
+topic. Let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here which is time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis. Okay, today I in the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Okay, today I in the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Okay, today I in the rest of
+the lecture I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I want to talk about
+univariate time series analysis. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate time series analysis. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate time series analysis. Um and
+so we're thinking of u basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're thinking of u basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're thinking of u basically a
+random variable that's observed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that's observed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that's observed over
+time and it's a discrete time process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's a discrete time process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's a discrete time process
+and we'll uh introduce you to the wool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll uh introduce you to the wool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll uh introduce you to the wool
+representation theorem and definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theorem and definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theorem and definitions
+of st stationerity and its relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of st stationerity and its relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of st stationerity and its relationship
+there. then look at the classic models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. then look at the classic models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. then look at the classic models
+of uh auto reggressive moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh auto reggressive moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh auto reggressive moving average
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+um and then extending those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then extending those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then extending those to
+non-stationerity with integrated uh auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationerity with integrated uh auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationerity with integrated uh auto
+reggressive moving average models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive moving average models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive moving average models and
+then finally talk about estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally talk about estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally talk about estimating
+stationary models and how we test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary models and how we test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary models and how we test for
+stationerity. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity. So
+let's begin with you know from basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin with you know from basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin with you know from basically
+first principles uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles uh we have a
+stochcastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic process
+uh a discrete time stochcastic process x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a discrete time stochcastic process x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a discrete time stochcastic process x
+which is is consists of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is consists of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is consists of random variables
+indexed by time and we're thinking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by time and we're thinking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by time and we're thinking now
+discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+time the stochcastic behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the stochcastic behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the stochcastic behavior of this
+sequence is determined by specifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is determined by specifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is determined by specifying the
+density or probability mass functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or probability mass functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or probability mass functions
+for all finite collections of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all finite collections of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all finite collections of time
+indexes. And uh so if we could specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes. And uh so if we could specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes. And uh so if we could specify
+all finite dimensional distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all finite dimensional distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all finite dimensional distributions of
+this process, we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process, we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process, we would
+specify this probability model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify this probability model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify this probability model for the
+stochcastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic
+process. Um now this stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Um now this stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Um now this stochastic process
+is strictly stationary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly stationary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly stationary.
+If the density function for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the density function for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the density function for any
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+times t1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times t1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times t1 through
+tm is equal to the density function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm is equal to the density function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm is equal to the density function with
+for a tow translation of that. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a tow translation of that. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a tow translation of that. So the
+density function for any finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for any finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for any finite
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+distribution is stationary is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is stationary is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is stationary is constant
+under arbitrary translations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under arbitrary translations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under arbitrary translations.
+So, uh, you know, that's, uh, a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, you know, that's, uh, a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, you know, that's, uh, a very
+strong property, but, um, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong property, but, um, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong property, but, um, it's a
+reasonable property to ask for if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable property to ask for if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable property to ask for if you're
+doing statistical modeling. And what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing statistical modeling. And what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing statistical modeling. And what do
+you want to do when you're estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do when you're estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do when you're estimating
+models? You want to estimate things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models? You want to estimate things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models? You want to estimate things that
+are constant. Constants are nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constant. Constants are nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constant. Constants are nice things
+to estimate. And, uh, parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate. And, uh, parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate. And, uh, parameters of
+models are constant. So, we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are constant. So, we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are constant. So, we really want
+uh, the underlying structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, the underlying structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, the underlying structure of the
+distributions to be uh, the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. The uh okay that was strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The uh okay that was strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The uh okay that was strict
+stationerity which requires knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity which requires knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity which requires knowledge of
+the entire distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire distribution of the
+stochastic process. Um we're now going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process. Um we're now going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process. Um we're now going
+to introduce a weaker definition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a weaker definition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a weaker definition which
+is coariant stationerity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coariant stationerity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coariant stationerity.
+And a coarent stationary process has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a coarent stationary process has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a coarent stationary process has a
+constant mean mu, a constant variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant mean mu, a constant variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant mean mu, a constant variance
+sigma squar and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma squar and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma squar and a
+co-variance at um over increments towo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance at um over increments towo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance at um over increments towo
+given by a function gamma of tao that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a function gamma of tao that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a function gamma of tao that is
+also constant and it's not gamma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also constant and it's not gamma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also constant and it's not gamma is
+isn't a constant function but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a constant function but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a constant function but the
+basically for all t uh coariance of xt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for all t uh coariance of xt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for all t uh coariance of xt
+xt plus toao is to this gamma of tao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt plus toao is to this gamma of tao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt plus toao is to this gamma of tao
+function. Um and uh we also have can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Um and uh we also have can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Um and uh we also have can
+introduce the autocorrelation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the autocorrelation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the autocorrelation function
+of the stochastic process row of toao.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stochastic process row of toao.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stochastic process row of toao.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+um the correlation of two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the correlation of two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the correlation of two random
+variables is the covariance of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is the covariance of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is the covariance of those
+random variables divided by the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables divided by the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables divided by the square
+root of the product of the variances. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the product of the variances. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the product of the variances. Um
+and Chungboom I think introduced that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chungboom I think introduced that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chungboom I think introduced that a
+bit in one of his lectures where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in one of his lectures where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in one of his lectures where we were
+talking about uh the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh the correlation
+function. Um but um essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Um but um essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Um but um essentially the
+correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function
+is if you standardize the data or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you standardize the data or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you standardize the data or the
+random variables to have mean zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables to have mean zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables to have mean zero. So
+subtract off the means and then divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the means and then divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the means and then divide
+through by their standard deviations. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by their standard deviations. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by their standard deviations. So
+those translated variables have mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those translated variables have mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those translated variables have mean
+zero and variance one. then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and variance one. then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and variance one. then the
+correlation coefficient is the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient is the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient is the coariance
+between those standardized random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those standardized random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those standardized random
+variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables.
+Um so this is going to come up again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is going to come up again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is going to come up again and
+again in time series analysis. Now the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in time series analysis. Now the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in time series analysis. Now the w
+representation theorem is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theorem is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation theorem is a very very
+powerful theorem about coariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful theorem about coariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful theorem about coariant
+stationary processes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary processes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary processes.
+Um it basically states that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it basically states that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it basically states that if we have a
+zero mean coariant stationary time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean coariant stationary time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean coariant stationary time
+series then it can be decomposed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series then it can be decomposed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series then it can be decomposed into
+two components that have very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components that have very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components that have very nice
+structure. Okay. Uh basically XT can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Okay. Uh basically XT can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Okay. Uh basically XT can be
+decomposed into VT plus ST. VT is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into VT plus ST. VT is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into VT plus ST. VT is going
+to be a linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a linearly
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+process, meaning that past values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, meaning that past values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, meaning that past values of
+VT perfectly predict what VT is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT perfectly predict what VT is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT perfectly predict what VT is going to
+be. So this could be like a linear trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So this could be like a linear trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So this could be like a linear trend
+or some fixed function of past values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some fixed function of past values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some fixed function of past values.
+It's basically a deterministic process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically a deterministic process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically a deterministic process.
+So there's nothing random in VT. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's nothing random in VT. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's nothing random in VT. It's
+it's something that's it's uh it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's it's uh it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's it's uh it's fixed
+uh without randomness. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without randomness. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without randomness. And
+ST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST
+is a sum of coefficients pi times ADA T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum of coefficients pi times ADA T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum of coefficients pi times ADA T
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+I where the ADA T minus I or the ADA T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where the ADA T minus I or the ADA T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where the ADA T minus I or the ADA T's
+are linearly unpredictable white noise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linearly unpredictable white noise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linearly unpredictable white noise.
+So what we have is ST is a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have is ST is a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have is ST is a weighted
+average of white noise with coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of white noise with coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of white noise with coefficients
+given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the
+SI and the coefficients SI are such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI and the coefficients SI are such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI and the coefficients SI are such that
+SI zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI zero is
+one and the sum of the squared SI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the sum of the squared SI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the sum of the squared SI is
+finite and the white noise A to T. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and the white noise A to T. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and the white noise A to T. Okay,
+what's white noise? It has expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's white noise? It has expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's white noise? It has expectation
+zero. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. It has
+variance given by sigma squar that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance given by sigma squar that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance given by sigma squar that's
+constant and it has co-variance across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it has co-variance across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it has co-variance across
+different white noise elements that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different white noise elements that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different white noise elements that's
+zero for all t and s. So a to t are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all t and s. So a to t are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all t and s. So a to t are
+uncorrelated with themselves and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with themselves and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with themselves and of
+course they are uncorrelated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they are uncorrelated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they are uncorrelated with the
+deterministic process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you know this is really a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know this is really a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know this is really a very very
+powerful uh concept. You know if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh concept. You know if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh concept. You know if if you
+are modeling a process and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modeling a process and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modeling a process and it has
+coariant stationerity then there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariant stationerity then there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariant stationerity then there exists
+a representation like this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation like this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation like this of the
+function. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So it's
+uh a very compelling uh structure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very compelling uh structure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very compelling uh structure um
+which uh we'll see how how it applies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we'll see how how it applies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we'll see how how it applies in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+circumstances. Now uh before getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances. Now uh before getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances. Now uh before getting
+into the definition of autogressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the definition of autogressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the definition of autogressive
+moving average models um I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average models um I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average models um I just want to
+uh give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you an
+intuitive understanding of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of what's going
+on with the world decomposition. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the world decomposition. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the world decomposition. Um, and
+this I think will help motivate why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think will help motivate why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think will help motivate why the
+wall decomposition should exist from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall decomposition should exist from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall decomposition should exist from a
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+standpoint. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint. Um, so
+consider just some univariate stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just some univariate stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just some univariate stochastic
+process sometime series XT that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process sometime series XT that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process sometime series XT that we want
+to model and we believe that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model and we believe that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model and we believe that it's
+coariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariant
+stationary and so we want to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and so we want to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and so we want to specify
+essentially the W decomposition of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the W decomposition of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the W decomposition of that.
+Well, what we could do is initialize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what we could do is initialize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what we could do is initialize a
+parameter P, the number of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P, the number of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P, the number of past
+observations in the linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the linearly
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then estimate the linear projection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then estimate the linear projection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then estimate the linear projection of
+XT on the last P lag values. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT on the last P lag values. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT on the last P lag values. And
+so what I want to do is consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is consider
+estimating uh that relationship using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh that relationship using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh that relationship using a
+sample of size n with some ending point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size n with some ending point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size n with some ending point
+t less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t less than or equal to
+t. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. And
+so we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can consider
+um y values like a response variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um y values like a response variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um y values like a response variable
+being given by the successive values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being given by the successive values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being given by the successive values of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time
+series. And so our response variables yj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. And so our response variables yj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. And so our response variables yj
+can be considered to be xt knus n + j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered to be xt knus n + j.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered to be xt knus n + j.
+um and define a Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector and a Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and a Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and a Z
+matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows. So we have values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. So we have values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. So we have values of
+our stochastic process in Y and then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stochastic process in Y and then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stochastic process in Y and then our
+Zmatrix which is essentially a matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zmatrix which is essentially a matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zmatrix which is essentially a matrix of
+independent variables is just the lagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables is just the lagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables is just the lagged
+values of the sta of this process. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the sta of this process. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the sta of this process. So
+let's apply ordinary le squares to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply ordinary le squares to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply ordinary le squares to
+specify the projection. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the projection. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the projection. Okay, this
+projection matrix is should be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection matrix is should be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection matrix is should be familiar
+now and that basically gives us a p a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and that basically gives us a p a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and that basically gives us a p a
+prediction of yhat depending on p lags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of yhat depending on p lags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of yhat depending on p lags
+and we can compute the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can compute the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can compute the projection
+residual from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fit. Well, we can conduct time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. Well, we can conduct time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. Well, we can conduct time series
+methods to analyze these residuals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to analyze these residuals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to analyze these residuals which
+we'll be introducing here uh in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be introducing here uh in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be introducing here uh in a few
+minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes.
+um to specify a moving average model. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to specify a moving average model. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to specify a moving average model. We
+can then have estimates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then have estimates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then have estimates of the
+underlying coefficients SI and estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying coefficients SI and estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying coefficients SI and estimates
+of the these residuals A to T and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the these residuals A to T and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the these residuals A to T and then
+we can evaluate whether this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can evaluate whether this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can evaluate whether this is a good
+model or not. Okay, what does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or not. Okay, what does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or not. Okay, what does it mean to
+be an appropriate model? Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an appropriate model? Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an appropriate model? Well, the
+residual should be orthogonal to longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual should be orthogonal to longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual should be orthogonal to longer
+lags than t minus s or longer lags than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags than t minus s or longer lags than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags than t minus s or longer lags than
+p. So we basically shouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p. So we basically shouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p. So we basically shouldn't have any
+dependence of our residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of our residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of our residuals
+on lags of the uh stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on lags of the uh stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on lags of the uh stochastic process
+that weren't included in the model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't included in the model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't included in the model.
+Those should be orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those should be orthogonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those should be orthogonal.
+um and the A to T hats should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the A to T hats should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the A to T hats should be
+consistent with white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with white
+noise. So those those issues can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. So those those issues can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. So those those issues can be
+evaluated and if there's evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and if there's evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and if there's evidence
+otherwise then we can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise then we can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise then we can change the
+specification of the model. We can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the model. We can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the model. We can add
+additional lags. We can add additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional lags. We can add additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional lags. We can add additional
+deterministic variables if we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic variables if we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic variables if we you know
+deter can identify uh what those might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter can identify uh what those might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter can identify uh what those might
+be and proceed with this process. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and proceed with this process. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and proceed with this process. But
+essentially that is uh how the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that is uh how the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that is uh how the world
+decomposition would be could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition would be could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition would be could be
+implemented. And theoretically as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented. And theoretically as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented. And theoretically as our
+sample gets large, if we're observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample gets large, if we're observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample gets large, if we're observing
+this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+series for a long time, then the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for a long time, then the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for a long time, then the limit
+uh well certainly the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well certainly the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well certainly the limit of the
+projections as P the number of lags we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections as P the number of lags we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections as P the number of lags we
+include gets large should be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include gets large should be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include gets large should be essentially
+the projection of our data on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of our data on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of our data on its
+history. And that in fact is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. And that in fact is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. And that in fact is the uh
+projection corresponding to defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection corresponding to defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection corresponding to defining the
+coefficients of SI. And so in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of SI. And so in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of SI. And so in the limit
+those will uh that projection will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will uh that projection will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will uh that projection will
+converge and it will converge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and it will converge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and it will converge in the
+sense that the coefficients on the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the coefficients on the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the coefficients on the of
+the projection definition correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection definition correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection definition correspond to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+si and uh now um if uh p goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si and uh now um if uh p goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si and uh now um if uh p goes to
+infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is
+required now p means that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required now p means that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required now p means that there's
+basically a long-term dependence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a long-term dependence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a long-term dependence in the
+process. I mean it does depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. I mean it does depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. I mean it does depend on
+basically it doesn't stop at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it doesn't stop at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it doesn't stop at a given
+lag. It just the dependence uh uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag. It just the dependence uh uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag. It just the dependence uh uh it
+persists over time then we may require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists over time then we may require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists over time then we may require
+that p goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that p goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that p goes to
+infinity. Now what happens when p goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Now what happens when p goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Now what happens when p goes
+to infinity? Well and if you let p go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity? Well and if you let p go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity? Well and if you let p go to
+infinity too quickly you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity too quickly you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity too quickly you run out of
+degrees of freedom to estimate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom to estimate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom to estimate your
+models. And so uh from an implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. And so uh from an implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. And so uh from an implementation
+standpoint you need to let p over n go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint you need to let p over n go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint you need to let p over n go
+to zero so that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so that you have
+essentially more data per observ than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially more data per observ than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially more data per observ than
+obser more data than parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obser more data than parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obser more data than parameters that
+you're estimating and uh so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're estimating and uh so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're estimating and uh so that that
+becomes required and um in time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes required and um in time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes required and um in time series
+modeling what we look for are models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling what we look for are models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling what we look for are models
+where finite numbers of val finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where finite numbers of val finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where finite numbers of val finite
+values of P are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of P are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of P are
+required. Uh so we're only estimating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required. Uh so we're only estimating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required. Uh so we're only estimating a
+finite number of parameters. Or if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of parameters. Or if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of parameters. Or if we
+have a moving average model which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a moving average model which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a moving average model which has
+coefficients that are infinite number,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are infinite number,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are infinite number,
+perhaps those can be defined by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps those can be defined by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps those can be defined by a small
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+parameters. So uh we'll be looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So uh we'll be looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So uh we'll be looking for
+for that kind of feature in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of feature in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of feature in different
+models. All right, let's turn to talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. All right, let's turn to talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. All right, let's turn to talking
+about the lag operator. uh the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lag operator. uh the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lag operator. uh the lag
+operator is you know a fundamental tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is you know a fundamental tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is you know a fundamental tool
+in time series models. Um we uh consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time series models. Um we uh consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time series models. Um we uh consider
+the operator L that shifts the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator L that shifts the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator L that shifts the time
+series back by one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series back by one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series back by one time
+increment. And applying this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment. And applying this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment. And applying this operator
+recursively we get if it's operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively we get if it's operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively we get if it's operating
+zero times there's no lag. One time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero times there's no lag. One time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero times there's no lag. One time
+there's one lag. Two times two lags.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one lag. Two times two lags.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one lag. Two times two lags.
+Doing that iteratively. And in thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doing that iteratively. And in thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doing that iteratively. And in thinking
+of these, you know, what we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these, you know, what we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these, you know, what we're dealing
+with is like a a transformation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is like a a transformation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is like a a transformation on
+infinite dimensional space where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimensional space where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimensional space where it's
+like the identity matrix sort of shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the identity matrix sort of shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the identity matrix sort of shifted
+by one element or not the identity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one element or not the identity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one element or not the identity but
+you know an element. Uh well yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an element. Uh well yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an element. Uh well yeah it's
+like the identity matrix shifted by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the identity matrix shifted by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the identity matrix shifted by one
+column or two columns. Um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column or two columns. Um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column or two columns. Um so anyway
+inverses of these operators are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of these operators are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of these operators are well
+defined in terms of what we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of what we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of what we get from
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+So uh if we we can represent the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh if we we can represent the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh if we we can represent the W
+representation in terms of uh these lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of uh these lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of uh these lag
+operators by saying that our stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators by saying that our stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators by saying that our stochastic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+XT is equal to VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT is equal to VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT is equal to VT
+plus this S of L function. basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this S of L function. basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this S of L function. basically a
+uh functional of the lag operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functional of the lag operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functional of the lag operator which
+is a potentially infinite order polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a potentially infinite order polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a potentially infinite order polomial
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+lags. So so this notation is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags. So so this notation is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags. So so this notation is something
+that you need to get very familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get very familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get very familiar with
+if you are going to be comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are going to be comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are going to be comfortable with
+the different models that are introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different models that are introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different models that are introduced
+with ARMA uh and ARMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ARMA uh and ARMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ARMA uh and ARMA
+models. Any questions about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. Okay. Um, now relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Okay. Um, now relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Okay. Um, now relating
+to this, let me just introduce now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this, let me just introduce now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this, let me just introduce now
+because this will come up uh somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this will come up uh somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this will come up uh somewhat
+later, but there's the impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later, but there's the impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later, but there's the impulse response
+function of the coariant stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coariant stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coariant stationary
+process. Okay, if we have a stochcastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Okay, if we have a stochcastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Okay, if we have a stochcastic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+XT which is given by this W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT which is given by this W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT which is given by this W
+representation, then you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation, then you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation, then you can ask
+yourself what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what happens when
+there's what what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what what happens to the
+innovation at time t which is a to t how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at time t which is a to t how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at time t which is a to t how
+does that affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect the
+process over time and so okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process over time and so okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process over time and so okay if you
+know pretend that you are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretend that you are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretend that you are you know
+chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank and
+uh you're interested in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're interested in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're interested in uh
+GMPP or you know basically economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMPP or you know basically economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMPP or you know basically economic
+growth and uh you're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and uh you're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and uh you're considering
+changing interest rates to help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing interest rates to help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing interest rates to help the
+economy. Well, you'd like to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. Well, you'd like to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. Well, you'd like to know what
+an impact is of your change in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact is of your change in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact is of your change in this
+factors how that's going to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors how that's going to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors how that's going to affect the
+uh variable of interest perhaps GMP. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variable of interest perhaps GMP. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variable of interest perhaps GMP. Now
+in this case we're thinking of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're thinking of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're thinking of just a
+simple coarian stationary stochcastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple coarian stationary stochcastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple coarian stationary stochcastic
+process. There's no uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. There's no uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. There's no uh it's it's
+basically a process that is a random a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a process that is a random a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a process that is a random a
+weighted sum a moving average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum a moving average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum a moving average of
+innovations a to t. But the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations a to t. But the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations a to t. But the question is
+basically any coariant stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any coariant stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any coariant stationary
+process can be represented in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can be represented in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can be represented in this form
+and the impulse response uh function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the impulse response uh function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the impulse response uh function
+relates to what is the impact of a to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to what is the impact of a to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to what is the impact of a to t
+what's it impact over time basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it impact over time basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it impact over time basically it
+it affects the process at time t that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects the process at time t that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects the process at time t that
+because of the moving average process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the moving average process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the moving average process
+affects it at t plus one affects at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects it at t plus one affects at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects it at t plus one affects at t
+plus2 and so this impulse response is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus2 and so this impulse response is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus2 and so this impulse response is uh
+basically Basically the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Basically the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Basically the derivative of
+the value of the process with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the process with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the process with
+the J previous innovation is given by J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J previous innovation is given by J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J previous innovation is given by J.
+So the different innovations have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the different innovations have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the different innovations have an
+impact on the current value given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the current value given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the current value given by
+this impulse response function. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impulse response function. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impulse response function. So
+looking backward that definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking backward that definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking backward that definition is
+pretty well defined. But you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well defined. But you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well defined. But you can also
+think about how does an impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how does an impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how does an impact of the
+innovation affect the process going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation affect the process going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation affect the process going
+forward. And the long run cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. And the long run cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. And the long run cumulative
+response is essentially what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is essentially what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is essentially what is the
+impact of that innovation in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of that innovation in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of that innovation in the process
+ultimately and eventually it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately and eventually it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately and eventually it's it's it's
+it's not going to change the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to change the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to change the value of
+the process but you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process but you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process but you know what is the
+value to which the the process is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to which the the process is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to which the the process is moving
+because of that one innovation. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that one innovation. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that one innovation. And so
+the long run cumulative response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run cumulative response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run cumulative response is
+given by basically the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by basically the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by basically the sum of these
+individual ones and it's given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ones and it's given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ones and it's given by the
+sum of the sis. Um so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the sis. Um so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the sis. Um so that's the
+polomial of s with lag operator where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial of s with lag operator where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial of s with lag operator where we
+replace the lag operator by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the lag operator by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the lag operator by
+one. Okay. We'll we'll we'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. We'll we'll we'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. We'll we'll we'll see this
+again when we uh talk about uh vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we uh talk about uh vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we uh talk about uh vector
+auto reggressive processes. um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive processes. um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive processes. um with
+multivariate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate time
+series. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. All
+right. Now the walled representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now the walled representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now the walled representation
+which is a infinite order moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a infinite order moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a infinite order moving average
+possibly infinite order u can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly infinite order u can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly infinite order u can have an
+auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto
+reggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive
+representation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation.
+Um suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um suppose
+that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+another polomial pi star of the lags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another polomial pi star of the lags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another polomial pi star of the lags
+which is which we're going to call pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which we're going to call pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which we're going to call pi
+inverse of l which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of l which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of l which
+satisfies the fact that if you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the fact that if you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the fact that if you multiply
+that with p of l you get the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with p of l you get the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with p of l you get the identity
+like zero then this s inverse if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero then this s inverse if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero then this s inverse if that
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is basically the inversion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is basically the inversion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is basically the inversion of this
+uh p of l oper or the yeah is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of l oper or the yeah is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of l oper or the yeah is the
+inverse of the p of l. So if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the p of l. So if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the p of l. So if we start
+with P of L if that's invertible then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P of L if that's invertible then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P of L if that's invertible then
+there exists a SI inverse of L with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a SI inverse of L with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a SI inverse of L with
+coefficients P SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients P SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients P SI
+star and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and one
+can basically take our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically take our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically take our original
+expression for the stochcastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the stochcastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the stochcastic process
+which is as this moving average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as this moving average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as this moving average of the
+ADAS and express it as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADAS and express it as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADAS and express it as this
+uh essentially moving averages of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially moving averages of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially moving averages of the
+X's and so we've essentially inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and so we've essentially inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and so we've essentially inverted
+the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process
+um and show that the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and show that the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and show that the stochastic
+process has can be expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has can be expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has can be expressed
+as an infinite order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infinite order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infinite order
+autogressive representation. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogressive representation. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogressive representation. And so this
+infinite order autogressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite order autogressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite order autogressive
+representation corresponds to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation corresponds to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation corresponds to that
+intuitive understanding of how the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of how the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of how the world
+representation exists. And it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation exists. And it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation exists. And it actually
+uh works with the uh or the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh works with the uh or the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh works with the uh or the regression
+coefficients and that projection several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and that projection several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and that projection several
+slides back corresponds to this inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator. All right. So let's turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator. All right. So let's turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator. All right. So let's turn to
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+uh specific time series models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specific time series models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specific time series models that are
+that are widely used. Um the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are widely used. Um the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are widely used. Um the class of
+auto reggressive moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive moving average
+processes has this mathematical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes has this mathematical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes has this mathematical uh
+definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+We define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We define the
+XT to be equal to a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT to be equal to a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT to be equal to a linear combination
+of lags of X going back P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lags of X going back P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lags of X going back P
+lags with with coefficients 51 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags with with coefficients 51 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags with with coefficients 51 through
+5P and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5P and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5P and then there are
+residuals which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals which um
+are expressed in terms of a cuth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressed in terms of a cuth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressed in terms of a cuth order
+moving average. So um in this framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average. So um in this framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average. So um in this framework
+the ad t's are white noise and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ad t's are white noise and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ad t's are white noise and white
+noise to reiterate is mean zero constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to reiterate is mean zero constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to reiterate is mean zero constant
+variance zero co-variance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation I've simplified things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I've simplified things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I've simplified things a
+little bit by subtracting off the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by subtracting off the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by subtracting off the mean
+from all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all of the
+x's and uh that just makes the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and uh that just makes the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and uh that just makes the formulas
+a little bit more simpler. Now with lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more simpler. Now with lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more simpler. Now with lag
+operators we can write this ARMA model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we can write this ARMA model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we can write this ARMA model
+as f of l a pith order polomial of lag l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as f of l a pith order polomial of lag l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as f of l a pith order polomial of lag l
+given with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given with
+coefficients 1 f1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients 1 f1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients 1 f1 up to
+fp and theta of l uh given by uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fp and theta of l uh given by uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fp and theta of l uh given by uh one
+theta 1 theta 2 up to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1 theta 2 up to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1 theta 2 up to theta
+q and the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and the wall
+decomposition as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well okay the wall decomposition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay the wall decomposition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay the wall decomposition okay
+this is basically a representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a representation of
+the ARMA time series model all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ARMA time series model all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ARMA time series model all right
+basically we're taking a set of lags of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're taking a set of lags of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're taking a set of lags of
+the independent of of the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent of of the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent of of the values of the
+stochcastic process up to order P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic process up to order P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic process up to order P and
+that's equal to a weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to a weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to a weighted average of
+the ADA T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we multiply by the inverse of f of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we multiply by the inverse of f of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we multiply by the inverse of f of l
+if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that
+exists then we get this representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists then we get this representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists then we get this representation
+here which is simply the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is simply the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is simply the w
+decomposition. So the arma models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition. So the arma models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition. So the arma models
+uh basically have a w decomposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically have a w decomposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically have a w decomposition.
+um if this f of l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+and we'll explore these by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll explore these by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll explore these by looking at
+simpler cases of the arma models by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler cases of the arma models by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler cases of the arma models by just
+focusing on auto reggressive models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on auto reggressive models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on auto reggressive models
+first and then moving average processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then moving average processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then moving average processes
+second so that you'll get a better feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that you'll get a better feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that you'll get a better feel
+for how how these things are manipulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how how these things are manipulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how how these things are manipulated
+and interpreted. So, so let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpreted. So, so let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpreted. So, so let's move on to
+the pee order auto reggressive process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pee order auto reggressive process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pee order auto reggressive process.
+So, we're going to consider ARMA models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to consider ARMA models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to consider ARMA models
+that are just which just have auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just which just have auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just which just have auto
+reggressive terms in them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+so, so we have f of l xt minus mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so we have f of l xt minus mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so we have f of l xt minus mu is
+equal to a t which is white noise. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a t which is white noise. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a t which is white noise. So, a
+linear combination of the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the series is
+white noise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise.
+Um and XT follows then a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and XT follows then a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and XT follows then a linear
+regression model on explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model on explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model on explanatory
+variables which are lags of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are lags of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are lags of the uh
+process X. And this can be expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process X. And this can be expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process X. And this can be expressed as
+XT equal to C plus the sum from 1 to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT equal to C plus the sum from 1 to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT equal to C plus the sum from 1 to P
+of FJ X t minus J which is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FJ X t minus J which is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FJ X t minus J which is a linear
+regression model with regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model with regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model with regression
+parameters FJ and C the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters FJ and C the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters FJ and C the constant
+term is equal to mu * V of 1. Now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is equal to mu * V of 1. Now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is equal to mu * V of 1. Now if you
+uh basically take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically take
+expectations of the uh of the process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the uh of the process um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the uh of the process um
+you basically have coefficients of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have coefficients of mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have coefficients of mu
+coming in from all the terms and uh f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from all the terms and uh f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from all the terms and uh f of
+one times mu is the uh regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times mu is the uh regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times mu is the uh regression
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+there. All right. So with this auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. All right. So with this auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. All right. So with this auto
+reggressive model we now want to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive model we now want to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive model we now want to go over
+what are the stationerity conditions. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the stationerity conditions. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the stationerity conditions. Um
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+uh this auto reggressive model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this auto reggressive model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this auto reggressive model is
+uh one where well a simple random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one where well a simple random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one where well a simple random walk
+is follows an auto reggressive model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is follows an auto reggressive model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is follows an auto reggressive model but
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+stationary. We'll highlight that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary. We'll highlight that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary. We'll highlight that in a
+minute as well. But if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute as well. But if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute as well. But if you think about
+it that's true. And so uh stationerity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's true. And so uh stationerity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's true. And so uh stationerity
+is is something to be uh understood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is something to be uh understood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is something to be uh understood and
+evaluated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated.
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay this this uh polomial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay this this uh polomial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay this this uh polomial function
+fee where if we replace the lag operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee where if we replace the lag operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee where if we replace the lag operator
+L by Z a complex variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L by Z a complex variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L by Z a complex variable
+um the uh equation f of z equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh equation f of z equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh equation f of z equal to
+zero is the characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the characteristic equation
+associated with this auto reggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this auto reggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this auto reggressive
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+um it turns out that we'll be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that we'll be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that we'll be interested
+in the roots of this characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the roots of this characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the roots of this characteristic
+equation. Now if we consider writing f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Now if we consider writing f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Now if we consider writing f
+of l as a function of the roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l as a function of the roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l as a function of the roots of the
+equation, we get this expression where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, we get this expression where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, we get this expression where
+you'll notice if you multiply all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice if you multiply all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice if you multiply all those
+terms out, the ones all multiply out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms out, the ones all multiply out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms out, the ones all multiply out
+together and you get one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get one.
+And with the lag operator L to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And with the lag operator L to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And with the lag operator L to the p
+power that would be the product of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that would be the product of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that would be the product of 1
+over lambda 1 * 1 over lambda 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda 1 * 1 over lambda 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda 1 * 1 over lambda 2 or
+actually negative 1 over lambda 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually negative 1 over lambda 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually negative 1 over lambda 1 times
+negative 1 over lambda 2 and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 over lambda 2 and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 over lambda 2 and so forth
+out to negative 1 over lambda p. But um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to negative 1 over lambda p. But um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to negative 1 over lambda p. But um
+you know basically if there are p roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically if there are p roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically if there are p roots
+to this equation this is this is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this equation this is this is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this equation this is this is how it
+would be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be written
+out. And uh the covariance that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And uh the covariance that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And uh the covariance that the the
+matri or the process x t is coariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matri or the process x t is coariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matri or the process x t is coariant
+stationary if and only if all the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary if and only if all the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary if and only if all the roots
+of this characteristic equation lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this characteristic equation lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this characteristic equation lie
+outside the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the unit
+circle. So um what does that mean? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So um what does that mean? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So um what does that mean? That
+means that the norm modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the norm modulus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the norm modulus of the
+complex Z is uh greater than one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Z is uh greater than one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Z is uh greater than one. So
+they're outside the unit circle where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're outside the unit circle where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're outside the unit circle where
+it's less than or equal to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to one.
+and the roots if they um are outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the roots if they um are outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the roots if they um are outside the
+unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle
+um then the modulus of the lambda j's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the modulus of the lambda j's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the modulus of the lambda j's is
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and if we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if we then
+consider taking a complex number lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider taking a complex number lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider taking a complex number lambda
+basically the root and have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the root and have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the root and have an
+expression for 1 - 1 / lambda l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for 1 - 1 / lambda l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for 1 - 1 / lambda l
+inverse we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse we can get this
+series expression for that inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expression for that inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expression for that inverse and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+series will exist and sort of be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series will exist and sort of be bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series will exist and sort of be bounded
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+lambda are greater than one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnitude. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. So we can
+actually compute an inverse of f of l by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute an inverse of f of l by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute an inverse of f of l by
+taking the inverse of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the inverse of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the inverse of each of the
+component products in that polomial. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component products in that polomial. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component products in that polomial. So
+u you know the and in introductory time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u you know the and in introductory time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u you know the and in introductory time
+series courses they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series courses they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series courses they talk about
+stationerity and unit roots but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity and unit roots but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity and unit roots but they
+don't really get into it because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really get into it because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really get into it because people
+don't know complex math don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know complex math don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know complex math don't know about
+roots. uh so anyway but this is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. uh so anyway but this is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. uh so anyway but this is just you
+know very simply how that uh framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very simply how that uh framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very simply how that uh framework
+is applied. So so we have a polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied. So so we have a polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied. So so we have a polomial
+uh equation for the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equation for the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equation for the characteristic
+equation whose roots we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation whose roots we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation whose roots we're looking for
+and those roots have to be outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those roots have to be outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those roots have to be outside the
+unit circle for stationerity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle for stationerity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle for stationerity of the
+process. Well, okay. It's it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Well, okay. It's it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Well, okay. It's it's basically
+the conditions for invertability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions for invertability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions for invertability of the
+process of the auto reggressive process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the auto reggressive process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the auto reggressive process
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+invertability renders the process an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertability renders the process an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertability renders the process an
+infinite order moving average process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's go through these
+results for the auto reggressive process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for the auto reggressive process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for the auto reggressive process
+of order one where things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order one where things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order one where things you know
+always start with the simplest cases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with the simplest cases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with the simplest cases to
+understand things. Okay the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand things. Okay the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand things. Okay the uh
+characteristic equation for this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for this model
+is just 1 minus vz the root is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 1 minus vz the root is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 1 minus vz the root is 1 over
+v. So lambda is greater than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. So lambda is greater than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. So lambda is greater than one.
+uh if the modulus of lambda is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the modulus of lambda is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the modulus of lambda is greater
+than one meaning the root is outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one meaning the root is outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one meaning the root is outside the
+unit circle then f is less than one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle then f is less than one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle then f is less than one. So
+for coariant stationerity of this auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coariant stationerity of this auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coariant stationerity of this auto
+reggressive process we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive process we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive process we need the
+magnitude of fee to be less than one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnitude. Um okay the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. Um okay the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. Um okay the expected value of
+x is mu. The variance of X is uh sigma^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is mu. The variance of X is uh sigma^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is mu. The variance of X is uh sigma^
+2 X. This has this form sigma square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X. This has this form sigma square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X. This has this form sigma square
+over 1 minus V. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus V. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus V. That
+expression is is basically obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is is basically obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is is basically obtained by
+looking at the infinite order moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the infinite order moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the infinite order moving
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+representation. Um but notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. Um but notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. Um but notice that
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+positive then the variance of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then the variance of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then the variance of X is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+less is actually greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less is actually greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less is actually greater than the
+variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the
+innovations and if f is uh less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations and if f is uh less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations and if f is uh less than
+zero then it's going to be smaller. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it's going to be smaller. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it's going to be smaller. So
+the innovation variance basically um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation variance basically um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation variance basically um is
+is sort of scaled up a bit in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of scaled up a bit in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of scaled up a bit in in the
+auto reggressive process. The coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive process. The coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive process. The coariance
+matrix is f times sigma squ x. You'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is f times sigma squ x. You'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is f times sigma squ x. You'll be
+going through this in the uh problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this in the uh problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this in the uh problem set
+and the uh covariance of of x is f to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh covariance of of x is f to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh covariance of of x is f to
+the j power sigma^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j power sigma^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j power sigma^ 2
+x and these expressions can all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and these expressions can all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and these expressions can all be
+easily evaluated by simply writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily evaluated by simply writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily evaluated by simply writing out
+the definition of these coariances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of these coariances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of these coariances in
+terms of the original model and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the original model and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the original model and looking
+at what terms are independent cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what terms are independent cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what terms are independent cancel out
+and that proceeds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's just go through these cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just go through these cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just go through these cases.
+We'll just show it all here. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll just show it all here. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll just show it all here. All right.
+So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if fe is between zero and one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if fe is between zero and one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if fe is between zero and one then
+the process experiences exponential mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process experiences exponential mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process experiences exponential mean
+reversion to mu. So an auto reggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion to mu. So an auto reggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion to mu. So an auto reggressive
+process with fee between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with fee between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with fee between zero and one
+corresponds to a mean reverting process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a mean reverting process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a mean reverting process.
+Um this process is actually one that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this process is actually one that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this process is actually one that has
+been used theoretically for interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used theoretically for interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used theoretically for interest
+rate models and a lot of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate models and a lot of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate models and a lot of theoretical
+work in finance. The vasich model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in finance. The vasich model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in finance. The vasich model is
+actually an an example of the orstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an an example of the orstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an an example of the orstein
+ulbeck process which is basically a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulbeck process which is basically a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulbeck process which is basically a mean
+reverting brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting brownian
+motion. Um and uh any variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Um and uh any variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Um and uh any variables that
+exhibit or could be thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit or could be thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit or could be thought of as
+exhibiting mean reversion um can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting mean reversion um can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting mean reversion um can be
+uh this model can be applied to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this model can be applied to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this model can be applied to those
+processes such as uh interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes such as uh interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes such as uh interest rate
+spreads or real exchange rates variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads or real exchange rates variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads or real exchange rates variables
+where one can expect that things never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one can expect that things never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one can expect that things never
+get too large or too small they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too large or too small they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too large or too small they come
+back to some meat. Now the challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some meat. Now the challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some meat. Now the challenge is
+that usually may be true over short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually may be true over short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually may be true over short
+periods of time but over very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time but over very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time but over very long
+periods of time the point to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time the point to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time the point to which
+you're reverting to changes. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reverting to changes. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reverting to changes. So these
+models tend to not have broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models tend to not have broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models tend to not have broad
+application over long time ranges. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application over long time ranges. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application over long time ranges. We
+need to adapt them. Anyway with the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to adapt them. Anyway with the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to adapt them. Anyway with the AR
+process we can also have negative values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we can also have negative values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we can also have negative values
+of fee which results in exponential mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fee which results in exponential mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fee which results in exponential mean
+reversion. uh that's oscillating in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion. uh that's oscillating in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion. uh that's oscillating in time
+because the reg the auto reggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reg the auto reggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reg the auto reggressive
+coefficient uh basically is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh basically is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh basically is a negative
+value and okay for fe equal to one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and okay for fe equal to one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and okay for fe equal to one well
+the world de composition doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world de composition doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world de composition doesn't exist
+and the process is the simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is the simple random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is the simple random
+walk so uh basically if f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk so uh basically if f is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk so uh basically if f is equal to
+one that means that basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that means that basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that means that basically just
+changes in value of the process are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in value of the process are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in value of the process are
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+white noise and that's the random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise and that's the random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise and that's the random walk
+process and that process is was covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and that process is was covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and that process is was covered
+in earlier lectures you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in earlier lectures you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in earlier lectures you know is
+non-stationary. If f is greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary. If f is greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary. If f is greater than one
+then you have an explosive process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have an explosive process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have an explosive process
+because uh basically the the values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh basically the the values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh basically the the values are
+scaling up every every time increment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up every every time increment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up every every time increment.
+So um so those are features of the AR1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so those are features of the AR1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so those are features of the AR1
+model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+um for a general uh auto reggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a general uh auto reggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a general uh auto reggressive
+process of order P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of order P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of order P
+um there's a method well we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a method well we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a method well we can look at
+the second order moments of that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order moments of that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order moments of that process
+which have a very nice structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a very nice structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a very nice structure and
+then use those to solve for estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those to solve for estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those to solve for estimates of
+the ARMA parameters or auto reggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ARMA parameters or auto reggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ARMA parameters or auto reggressive
+parameters and uh those happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and uh those happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and uh those happen to be
+specified by what are called the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by what are called the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by what are called the U
+walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walker
+equations. So u Walker equations is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So u Walker equations is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So u Walker equations is a
+standard topic in time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard topic in time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard topic in time series
+analysis. What is it? What does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. What is it? What does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. What is it? What does it
+correspond to? Well, we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to? Well, we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to? Well, we take our
+original auto reggressive process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original auto reggressive process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original auto reggressive process of
+order P and we write out the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P and we write out the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P and we write out the formulas
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-variance at lag j between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance at lag j between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance at lag j between two
+observations. So what's the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations. So what's the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations. So what's the coariance
+between xt and xt minus j?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between xt and xt minus j?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between xt and xt minus j?
+And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that
+expression is given by this equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is given by this equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is given by this equation.
+And so this equation for gamma of J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this equation for gamma of J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this equation for gamma of J is
+determined simply by evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined simply by evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined simply by evaluating the
+expectations where we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations where we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations where we're taking the
+expectation of XT in the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of XT in the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of XT in the auto
+reggressive process times the fixed XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive process times the fixed XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggressive process times the fixed XT
+minus J minus mu. So just evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J minus mu. So just evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J minus mu. So just evaluating
+each of those terms, you can validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those terms, you can validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those terms, you can validate
+that this is the equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the equation.
+If we look at the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the equations
+corresponding to J equals 1. So lag one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to J equals 1. So lag one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to J equals 1. So lag one
+up through lag P. This is what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through lag P. This is what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through lag P. This is what those
+equations look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations look
+like. Basically the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Basically the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Basically the left hand side is
+gamma 1 through gamma P. the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 1 through gamma P. the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 1 through gamma P. the coariance
+to lag one up to lag p is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lag one up to lag p is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lag one up to lag p is equal
+to basically fun linear functions given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically fun linear functions given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically fun linear functions given
+by the fee of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fee of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fee of the other
+covariances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances.
+Um who can tell me uh you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um who can tell me uh you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um who can tell me uh you know what the
+structure is of this matrix? It's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is of this matrix? It's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is of this matrix? It's not a
+diagonal matrix. What kind of matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix. What kind of matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix. What kind of matrix is
+this? Sort of a math trivia question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. But it it has a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But it it has a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But it it has a special
+name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name.
+Anyone? It's a toplitz matrix. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone? It's a toplitz matrix. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone? It's a toplitz matrix. Okay,
+it's where the off diagonals are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the off diagonals are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the off diagonals are all the
+same value. And in fact, because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value. And in fact, because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value. And in fact, because of the
+symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the
+coariance basically the gamma of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance basically the gamma of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance basically the gamma of one is
+equal to gamma of minus1, gamma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to gamma of minus1, gamma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to gamma of minus1, gamma of
+minus2 is equal to gamma of plus2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 is equal to gamma of plus2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 is equal to gamma of plus2.
+Because of the coariant stationerity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because of the coariant stationerity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because of the coariant stationerity,
+it's actually also symmetric. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually also symmetric. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually also symmetric. So, so
+these equations allow us to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations allow us to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations allow us to solve for
+the fees so long as we have estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fees so long as we have estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fees so long as we have estimates of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+coariances. So, if we have a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariances. So, if we have a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariances. So, if we have a system of
+estimates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates,
+uh we can plug these in and attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can plug these in and attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can plug these in and attempt to
+solve this. Um if they're consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this. Um if they're consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this. Um if they're consistent
+estimates of the coariances, then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the coariances, then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the coariances, then there
+will be a solution. And then the zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a solution. And then the zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a solution. And then the zeroth
+equation which was not part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which was not part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which was not part of this
+series of equations. If you go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of equations. If you go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of equations. If you go back and
+look at the zeroth equation that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the zeroth equation that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the zeroth equation that allows
+you to get an estimate for the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get an estimate for the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get an estimate for the sigma
+squared. So so these u walker equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So so these u walker equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So so these u walker equations
+are the way in which uh many arma models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way in which uh many arma models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way in which uh many arma models
+are specified in different uh statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are specified in different uh statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are specified in different uh statistics
+packages and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and uh the
+uh in terms of you know what principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of you know what principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of you know what principles
+are being applied. Well, if if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being applied. Well, if if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being applied. Well, if if we're
+using unbiased estimates of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using unbiased estimates of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using unbiased estimates of these
+parameters, then this is applying what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, then this is applying what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, then this is applying what's
+called the method of moments principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the method of moments principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the method of moments principle
+for statistical estimation. And with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for statistical estimation. And with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for statistical estimation. And with
+complicated models where sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models where sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models where sometimes the
+likelihood functions are very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood functions are very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood functions are very hard to
+estimate or specify and compute um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or specify and compute um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or specify and compute um and
+then to do optimization over those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to do optimization over those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to do optimization over those is
+even harder. Um it it can turn out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even harder. Um it it can turn out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even harder. Um it it can turn out that
+there are relationships between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are relationships between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are relationships between the
+moments of the random variables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the random variables which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the random variables which
+are functions of the unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are functions of the unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are functions of the unknown parameters
+and you can solve for basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can solve for basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can solve for basically the
+sample moments equaling the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample moments equaling the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample moments equaling the theoretical
+moments and you apply the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and you apply the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and you apply the method of
+moments uh estimation method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments uh estimation method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments uh estimation method.
+Econometrics is uh you know rich with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Econometrics is uh you know rich with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Econometrics is uh you know rich with
+many uh applications of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh applications of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh applications of that
+principle. Uh okay, the next section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. Uh okay, the next section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. Uh okay, the next section
+goes through the uh moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the uh moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the uh moving average
+model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+Um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh highlight this. Okay, so with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh highlight this. Okay, so with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh highlight this. Okay, so with an
+order Q moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Q moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Q moving
+average, we basically have a polomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average, we basically have a polomial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average, we basically have a polomial in
+the lag operator L which is operated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lag operator L which is operated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lag operator L which is operated
+upon the ADA T's. And if you write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the ADA T's. And if you write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the ADA T's. And if you write out
+the expectations of XT, you get mu. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations of XT, you get mu. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations of XT, you get mu. The
+variance of XT is just gamma is sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of XT is just gamma is sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of XT is just gamma is sigma
+squar * 1 plus the squares of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar * 1 plus the squares of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar * 1 plus the squares of the uh
+coefficients in the polomial. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the polomial. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the polomial. And so
+this feature or this property here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feature or this property here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feature or this property here is
+due to the fact that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that we have
+uncorrelated innovations in the uh ads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated innovations in the uh ads.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated innovations in the uh ads.
+The ads are white noise. So the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ads are white noise. So the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ads are white noise. So the only
+thing that comes through in the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes through in the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes through in the square
+of xt and the expectation of that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xt and the expectation of that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xt and the expectation of that is the
+squared powers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared powers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared powers of the
+uh adas which have coefficients given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adas which have coefficients given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adas which have coefficients given by
+the theta squared. So these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta squared. So these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta squared. So these properties
+are you know left I'll leave you just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know left I'll leave you just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know left I'll leave you just to
+to verify very straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify very straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify very straightforward.
+uh but let's now turn to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's now turn to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's now turn to the final
+minutes of the lecture today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the lecture today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the lecture today to
+accommodating non-stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating non-stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating non-stationary
+behavior in time series. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in time series. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in time series. Um the
+uh original approaches with time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh original approaches with time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh original approaches with time series
+was to focus on estimation methodologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to focus on estimation methodologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to focus on estimation methodologies
+for coariant stationary processes. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coariant stationary processes. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coariant stationary processes. So if
+a series is not coariant stationary then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is not coariant stationary then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is not coariant stationary then
+we would want to do some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to do some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to do some uh
+transformation of the data of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the data of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the data of the series
+into uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh a
+stationary uh so so that the result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary uh so so that the result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary uh so so that the result the
+resulting process is stationary and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting process is stationary and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting process is stationary and um
+with the differencing operators delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the differencing operators delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the differencing operators delta
+um box and genkins advocated removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um box and genkins advocated removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um box and genkins advocated removing
+non-stationary trending behavior which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary trending behavior which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary trending behavior which
+is exhibited often in economic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exhibited often in economic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exhibited often in economic time
+series by using a first difference maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by using a first difference maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by using a first difference maybe
+a second difference or a kth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second difference or a kth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second difference or a kth order
+difference. So um the uh uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So um the uh uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So um the uh uh these
+operators you know are defined in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you know are defined in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you know are defined in this
+way um basically with the kith order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um basically with the kith order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um basically with the kith order
+operator uh having this expression here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh having this expression here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh having this expression here.
+This is sort of the binomial expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of the binomial expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of the binomial expansion
+of uh you know a kith power which um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know a kith power which um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know a kith power which um can
+be useful. Um anyway it comes up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful. Um anyway it comes up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful. Um anyway it comes up all the
+time in probability theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in probability theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in probability theory.
+And if if a process has a linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if if a process has a linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if if a process has a linear time
+trend, then delta xt is going to have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend, then delta xt is going to have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend, then delta xt is going to have no
+time trend at all because if you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trend at all because if you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trend at all because if you you're
+basically taking out that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking out that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking out that linear
+component by taking successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by taking successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by taking successive
+differences. Sometimes if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. Sometimes if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. Sometimes if you have a
+real series and you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real series and you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real series and you look at the
+difference it appears non-station you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it appears non-station you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it appears non-station you
+look at first differences that can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at first differences that can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at first differences that can still
+have not appear to be growing over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not appear to be growing over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not appear to be growing over time
+in which case sometimes the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case sometimes the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case sometimes the second
+difference uh will result in a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh will result in a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh will result in a process
+with no trend.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no trend.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no trend.
+So these are uh sort of convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are uh sort of convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are uh sort of convenient
+tricks techniques to to render the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks techniques to to render the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks techniques to to render the
+series stationary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series stationary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series stationary and
+um let's see there's sort of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see there's sort of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see there's sort of examples
+here of linear trend reversion models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of linear trend reversion models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of linear trend reversion models
+which are rendered uh coar coariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are rendered uh coar coariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are rendered uh coar coariant
+stationary under first differencing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary under first differencing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary under first differencing. So
+if you okay in this case this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you okay in this case this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you okay in this case this is an
+example where you have a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you have a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you have a deterministic
+time trend but then you have reversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trend but then you have reversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trend but then you have reversion
+to the time trend over time. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time trend over time. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time trend over time. So we
+basically have a tot error about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a tot error about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a tot error about the
+deterministic trend is a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic trend is a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic trend is a first order
+auto reggressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressor
+process and the moments here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the moments here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the moments here can be
+derived this way. Um leave that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived this way. Um leave that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived this way. Um leave that as an
+exercise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise.
+Um, one can also consider uh the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one can also consider uh the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one can also consider uh the pure
+integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+process and talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and talk about uh
+stochastic trends and uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic trends and uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic trends and uh basically
+random walk processes are are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk processes are are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk processes are are often
+referred to in econ econometrics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to in econ econometrics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to in econ econometrics as
+stochcastic trends and you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic trends and you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic trends and you may want to
+try and eliminate those from from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and eliminate those from from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and eliminate those from from uh
+remove those from the data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove those from the data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove those from the data or
+accommodate them. And so uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate them. And so uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate them. And so uh but the
+stochcastic trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic trend
+process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+uh basically given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically given
+by the first difference xt is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the first difference xt is just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the first difference xt is just equal
+to uh a to t. And so we have essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a to t. And so we have essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a to t. And so we have essentially
+this random walk from a given starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random walk from a given starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random walk from a given starting
+point. And it's easy to verify that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And it's easy to verify that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And it's easy to verify that if
+you knew the zeroth point, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew the zeroth point, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew the zeroth point, then the
+variance of the tth time point would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the tth time point would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the tth time point would be
+t sigma squar because we're summing t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sigma squar because we're summing t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sigma squar because we're summing t
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+innovations. And the co-variance of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations. And the co-variance of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations. And the co-variance of uh
+between uh t and like t minus j is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh t and like t minus j is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh t and like t minus j is
+simply t minus j sigma squar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply t minus j sigma squar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply t minus j sigma squar and the
+correlation between those has this form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between those has this form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between those has this form.
+What you can see is that this definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you can see is that this definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you can see is that this definitely
+depends on time. So it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on time. So it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on time. So it's not a
+stationary process. Um so uh this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary process. Um so uh this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary process. Um so uh this first
+differencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing
+um results in stationerity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um results in stationerity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um results in stationerity and the
+undifferenced process has has those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferenced process has has those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferenced process has has those
+features. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features. The
+uh okay final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are. Okay final topic for today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Okay final topic for today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Okay final topic for today.
+um is just how you incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is just how you incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is just how you incorporate
+uh non-stationary processes into armor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-stationary processes into armor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-stationary processes into armor
+processes. Well um if you take first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Well um if you take first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Well um if you take first
+differences or second differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences or second differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences or second differences and
+the resulting process is coariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting process is coariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting process is coariant
+stationary then uh we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary then uh we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary then uh we can just
+incorporate that differencing into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that differencing into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that differencing into the
+model specification itself and define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model specification itself and define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model specification itself and define
+ARMA models auto reggressive integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARMA models auto reggressive integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARMA models auto reggressive integrated
+moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average
+processes. And so to specify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. And so to specify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. And so to specify these
+models, we need to determine the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, we need to determine the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, we need to determine the order
+of the differencing required to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differencing required to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differencing required to move
+trends deterministic or stata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends deterministic or stata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends deterministic or stata
+stochcastic and then estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic and then estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochcastic and then estimating the
+unknown parameters and then applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters and then applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters and then applying
+model selection criteria. So let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model selection criteria. So let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model selection criteria. So let me go
+very quickly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly through
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+um come back to it the beginning of next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come back to it the beginning of next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come back to it the beginning of next
+time. But in specify in the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. But in specify in the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. But in specify in the parameters
+of these models we can apply maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these models we can apply maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these models we can apply maximum
+likelihood again if we assume normality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood again if we assume normality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood again if we assume normality
+of these innovations a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these innovations a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these innovations a to
+t and we can express the arma model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we can express the arma model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we can express the arma model in
+state space form which results in a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space form which results in a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space form which results in a form
+for the likelihood function which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the likelihood function which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the likelihood function which we'll
+see in a few lectures ahead. Um but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a few lectures ahead. Um but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a few lectures ahead. Um but then
+we can apply uh limited information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply uh limited information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply uh limited information
+maximum likelihood where we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood where we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood where we just
+condition on the first few observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the first few observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the first few observations
+of the data and maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data and maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data and maximize the
+likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+or not condition on the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not condition on the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not condition on the first few
+observations but also use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations but also use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations but also use their
+information as well and look at their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as well and look at their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as well and look at their uh
+density functions incorporating those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functions incorporating those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functions incorporating those
+into the likelihood relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the likelihood relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the likelihood relative to the
+stationary distribution for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary distribution for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary distribution for their
+values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+And then the issue becomes how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the issue becomes how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the issue becomes how do we
+choose amongst different models. Now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose amongst different models. Now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose amongst different models. Now you
+know last time we talked about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know last time we talked about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know last time we talked about linear
+regression models how you'd specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models how you'd specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models how you'd specify a
+given model. Here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given model. Here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given model. Here we're talking about
+auto reggressive moving average and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive moving average and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reggressive moving average and even
+integrated moving average processes. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated moving average processes. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated moving average processes. And
+how do we specify those? Well, with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we specify those? Well, with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we specify those? Well, with the
+method of um maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of um maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of um maximum
+likelihood, there are procedures which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood, there are procedures which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood, there are procedures which
+uh there there are measures of um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there are measures of um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there are measures of um how
+effectively a a fitted model is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a a fitted model is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a a fitted model is given by
+an information criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information criterion
+um that you would want to minimize for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you would want to minimize for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you would want to minimize for a
+given fitted model. So we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given fitted model. So we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given fitted model. So we can consider
+different sets of models, different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of models, different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of models, different
+numbers of explanatory variables,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of explanatory variables,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of explanatory variables,
+different orders of uh auto reggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders of uh auto reggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders of uh auto reggressive
+parameters, moving average parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, moving average parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, moving average parameters
+and compute say the AI information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute say the AI information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute say the AI information
+criterion or the B information criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion or the B information criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion or the B information criterion
+or the H and Quinn criterion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the H and Quinn criterion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the H and Quinn criterion as
+different ways of judging how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of judging how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of judging how good
+different models are. And let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models are. And let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models are. And let me just
+finish today by pointing out that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish today by pointing out that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish today by pointing out that what
+these information criteria are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these information criteria are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these information criteria are is
+basically a function of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a function of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a function of the log
+likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+function which is something we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is something we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is something we're trying
+to maximize with maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimates and then adding some penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and then adding some penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and then adding some penalty
+for how many parameters we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many parameters we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many parameters we're
+estimating. And so what I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating. And so what I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating. And so what I'd like you to
+think about for next time is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for next time is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for next time is you know
+what kind of a penalty is appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a penalty is appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a penalty is appropriate
+for adding an extra parameter like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for adding an extra parameter like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for adding an extra parameter like what
+evidence is required to incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is required to incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is required to incorporate
+extra parameters extra variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra parameters extra variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra parameters extra variables in the
+model you know would it be t statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you know would it be t statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you know would it be t statistics
+that are that exceed some threshold or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that exceed some threshold or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that exceed some threshold or
+some other criterion turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other criterion turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other criterion turns out that
+these are all related to those issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all related to those issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all related to those issues
+and uh it's very interesting how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's very interesting how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's very interesting how how
+those play out and Um, I'll say uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those play out and Um, I'll say uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those play out and Um, I'll say uh that
+if for those of you who've actually seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for those of you who've actually seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for those of you who've actually seen
+these before, uh, the Bay information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before, uh, the Bay information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before, uh, the Bay information
+criterion corresponds to an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion corresponds to an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion corresponds to an assumption
+that there is some finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some finite number of
+variables in the model and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the model and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the model and you know what
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+are. The Hen Quinn criterion says maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. The Hen Quinn criterion says maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. The Hen Quinn criterion says maybe
+there's an infinite number of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of variables
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+model, but um, you want to uh, be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, but um, you want to uh, be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, but um, you want to uh, be able
+to identify those. And so um anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify those. And so um anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify those. And so um anyway,
+it's it's a very challenging problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a very challenging problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a very challenging problem
+with model selection and these criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with model selection and these criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with model selection and these criteria
+c can be used to specify those. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c can be used to specify those. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c can be used to specify those. So we'll
+go through that next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uml1y_50O_g.txt b/uml1y_50O_g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80c54459f066263a15fe29ba40b1b28c48353ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uml1y_50O_g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+great thank you very much everyone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you very much everyone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you very much everyone for
+the opportunity to present some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to present some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to present some of the
+strategies that we can use to influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that we can use to influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that we can use to influence
+federal policy making in regards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal policy making in regards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal policy making in regards to
+renewable energy so first of all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy so first of all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy so first of all I'm
+just gave you just gonna give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you just gonna give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you just gonna give you a
+brief overview of the presentation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief overview of the presentation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief overview of the presentation today
+so first I'm gonna talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm gonna talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm gonna talk a little bit
+about some better information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some better information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some better information about
+climate change regulation here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change regulation here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change regulation here in the
+United States then I'm gonna give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States then I'm gonna give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States then I'm gonna give you a
+general overview of all the policymaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general overview of all the policymaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general overview of all the policymaking
+process and with that I'm gonna keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and with that I'm gonna keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and with that I'm gonna keep the
+specific strategies that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific strategies that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific strategies that we can use to
+the employee and increase influence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee and increase influence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee and increase influence of a
+federal policy making so just briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal policy making so just briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal policy making so just briefly
+the three strategies are first one take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three strategies are first one take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three strategies are first one take
+advantage of the political momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the political momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the political momentum the
+second one is to frame cut change as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is to frame cut change as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is to frame cut change as
+both an annotation and as a health issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both an annotation and as a health issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both an annotation and as a health issue
+and the third one will be to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one will be to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one will be to focus on
+tax credit for investments in renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax credit for investments in renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax credit for investments in renewable
+energy production so as a way of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy production so as a way of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy production so as a way of a
+background as you know renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background as you know renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background as you know renewable
+resources and climate change regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and climate change regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and climate change regulation
+are closely linked so unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closely linked so unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closely linked so unfortunately
+climate change regulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change regulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change regulation is
+congressional action on climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressional action on climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressional action on climate change
+is installed however the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is installed however the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is installed however the federal
+government President Obama specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government President Obama specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government President Obama specifically
+recently proposed a regulation to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently proposed a regulation to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently proposed a regulation to cut
+and the wording is carbon pollution from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wording is carbon pollution from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wording is carbon pollution from
+power plants in 30% by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants in 30% by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants in 30% by
+thirty so this is a very big opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty so this is a very big opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty so this is a very big opportunity
+and as you can see in the diagram I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see in the diagram I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see in the diagram I'm
+just gonna talk about three phases as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna talk about three phases as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna talk about three phases as if
+you will there are more phases after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will there are more phases after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will there are more phases after
+that but it's such an exciting policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's such an exciting policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's such an exciting policy
+formulation policy option so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation policy option so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation policy option so the first
+thing that you that's important is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you that's important is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you that's important is that
+this is not a sequential sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a sequential sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a sequential sort of like
+line of policymaking even though we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of policymaking even though we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of policymaking even though we do
+have some legislation on renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some legislation on renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some legislation on renewable
+energy and tax credit we are so we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and tax credit we are so we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and tax credit we are so we still
+have to take advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take advantage of the
+agenda-setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda-setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda-setting
+phase and policy formulation or policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and policy formulation or policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and policy formulation or policy
+adoption so the first strategy that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption so the first strategy that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption so the first strategy that I
+talked about before which is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before which is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before which is to the
+advantage of the political momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the political momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the political momentum is
+that we have to make sure that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to make sure that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to make sure that we take
+advantage of the fact that climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that climate
+change is now permanent in the media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is now permanent in the media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is now permanent in the media and
+not only because of of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because of of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because of of of this
+announcement of this new push for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement of this new push for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement of this new push for
+regulation of power plant emissions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of power plant emissions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of power plant emissions but
+also we have to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we have to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we have to make sure that the
+United Nations climate summit creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Nations climate summit creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Nations climate summit creates
+also this opportunity for us to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this opportunity for us to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this opportunity for us to put this
+the action on renewable energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action on renewable energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action on renewable energy in the
+political agenda the second started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political agenda the second started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political agenda the second started to
+be to frame renewable energy as both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to frame renewable energy as both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to frame renewable energy as both a
+climate change issue in the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change issue in the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change issue in the health
+issues so as I said before President
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so as I said before President
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so as I said before President
+Obama's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama's
+announcement was targeting health issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement was targeting health issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement was targeting health issues
+or climate change as a public health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or climate change as a public health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or climate change as a public health
+issue so I think that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so I think that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so I think that's an interesting
+way to frame our policy couple proposals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to frame our policy couple proposals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to frame our policy couple proposals
+and and use this framing that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and use this framing that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and use this framing that was
+already given by the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given by the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given by the federal government
+that we can use it in our advantage by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use it in our advantage by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use it in our advantage by
+reducing fossil fuel use we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing fossil fuel use we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing fossil fuel use we can actually
+increase Public Health so also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase Public Health so also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase Public Health so also just
+remembering that the issue is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that the issue is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that the issue is already
+part of the institution agenda meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the institution agenda meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the institution agenda meaning
+that renewable energy and tax credit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that renewable energy and tax credit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that renewable energy and tax credit for
+renewable energy production is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy production is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy production is already
+part of the institutional agenda because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the institutional agenda because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the institutional agenda because
+there's already regulation in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already regulation in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already regulation in place
+unfortunately the tax credit tax credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the tax credit tax credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the tax credit tax credit
+will expire by 2016 so we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will expire by 2016 so we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will expire by 2016 so we need to make
+sure that continues in the agenda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that continues in the agenda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that continues in the agenda and
+proposed of the tax credit in the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed of the tax credit in the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed of the tax credit in the post
+formulation and then make sure that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation and then make sure that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation and then make sure that is
+adopted after it expires so just briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted after it expires so just briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted after it expires so just briefly
+I'm just gonna give you five reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna give you five reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna give you five reasons why
+thanks reddit is a important policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks reddit is a important policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks reddit is a important policy
+instrument in this case first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument in this case first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument in this case first of all
+it's the only issue that you all agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only issue that you all agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only issue that you all agree
+on so I think the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so I think the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so I think the fact that this
+coalition actually has a consensus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalition actually has a consensus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalition actually has a consensus one
+policy instrument is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy instrument is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy instrument is a very important
+political tool that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political tool that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political tool that we can use to
+actually tell Congress while this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell Congress while this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell Congress while this is
+while we agree on you know all sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we agree on you know all sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we agree on you know all sides of
+that of this issue and second there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of this issue and second there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of this issue and second there's no
+direct expenditure so basically talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct expenditure so basically talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct expenditure so basically talks
+affects riders invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects riders invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects riders invest
+there is no like additional expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no like additional expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no like additional expenditure
+third it's easier to administrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third it's easier to administrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third it's easier to administrate
+because we already have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have the
+institutional framework in place and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional framework in place and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional framework in place and we
+already have tax credits anyway it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have tax credits anyway it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have tax credits anyway it's not
+a new brand new proposal and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new brand new proposal and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new brand new proposal and forth
+it's a chemically and politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemically and politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemically and politically
+politically feasible so we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically feasible so we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically feasible so we just have to
+make sure that we tell Congress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we tell Congress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we tell Congress that
+those regulations are ready in the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regulations are ready in the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regulations are ready in the place
+it's you know renewable energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know renewable energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know renewable energies
+technically feasible and so we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically feasible and so we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically feasible and so we just need
+more incentives to actually invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more incentives to actually invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more incentives to actually invest in
+renewable energy and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy and make sure that
+federal regulation that was proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal regulation that was proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal regulation that was proposed by
+President Obama actually has a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Obama actually has a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Obama actually has a positive
+effect on renewable energy production
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vJChxpbx_Oo.txt b/vJChxpbx_Oo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c678e28d4b5ebebd47b8412ad3f9a03be9b01e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vJChxpbx_Oo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,762 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Hi, I'm Jocelyn, and we're going
+to go over Fall 2009,
+
+Exam 1, problem number 2.
+
+So as with every problem,
+we want to first
+
+read the full question.
+
+In box notation, give the
+complete electron
+
+configuration of each of the
+following gas-phase species:
+
+calcium 2 minus and
+magnesium 4 plus.
+
+So the first thing to note here,
+is you need to know what
+
+electronic configuration is.
+
+If you don't, you might want
+to go back and review that
+
+material, but it is basically
+assigning
+
+electrons to orbitals.
+
+The next thing you need to know
+is what box notation is.
+
+And Professor Sadoway introduced
+that in class, and
+
+you'll see, as I go through
+this, a refresher of that, if
+
+you forgot.
+
+So to assign electrons to
+orbitals, we first need to
+
+know how many electrons we have.
+So let's start with the
+
+first part of this problem,
+which is calcium 2 minus.
+
+We will look at our periodic
+table, and see that neutral
+
+calcium has 20 electrons.
+
+So calcium with no charge
+has 20 electrons.
+
+The 2 minus tells us that it
+has 2 extra electrons.
+
+Right?
+
+Because electrons have
+a negative charge.
+
+So we have a total of 22
+electrons that we need to
+
+assign into orbitals.
+
+In order to actually do the
+assigning, we need to follow
+
+the three rules that Professor
+Sadoway introduced in class.
+
+So I will put that over here.
+
+The first rule is that you need
+to fill them, at least
+
+for a ground state species, in
+order of increasing energy.
+
+That is, you want to fill up
+the lowest energy orbitals
+
+first, and then move to the
+higher energy orbitals.
+
+This makes sense because ground
+state species want to
+
+have the lowest total
+energy possible.
+
+So the first is--
+
+Now, how do we figure
+that out?
+
+Well, there's a few ways.
+
+One way is a nice trick that you
+can do on the side of your
+
+page or something.
+
+And it goes like this.
+
+So we have our s, p,
+d, and f orbitals.
+
+Right?
+
+We know that s can be in the
+first energy level up.
+
+We know that p starts at the
+second energy level, d starts
+
+at the third, and f starts
+at the fourth.
+
+The tricky part is that you
+don't just fill up 1s, 2s, 2p,
+
+3s, 3p, 3d.
+
+There's a little bit of mixing
+up of the energy levels versus
+
+the actual energy
+of the orbital.
+
+So a nice side of the page
+trick is to draw diagonal
+
+lines down through
+these numbers.
+
+And if you follow these arrows,
+you'll fill up in
+
+order of increasing energy.
+
+For example, after you fill up
+the 2p, you're going to fill
+
+up the 3s then the 3p, the 4s,
+and then you'll go to the 3d.
+
+If that doesn't make sense,
+you might want to go and
+
+review a little bit about the
+orbitals in your textbook, or
+
+other resources.
+
+The other way you can think
+about the ordering of the
+
+energy of the orbitals,
+is to be familiar with
+
+the periodic table.
+
+So we're just going to have
+an aside over here.
+
+And a general, very rough sketch
+of the periodic table
+
+would look something
+like this.
+
+OK?
+
+You have your alkali, alkali
+earth metals over here.
+
+You have aluminum, oxygen.
+
+Your halides, your noble
+gases over there.
+
+But the way I drew it here is
+in what we call blocks.
+
+So this is your s block, and
+then we have our p block over
+
+here, d block, and the the
+f block is down here.
+
+So once you get more familiar
+with electron configurations,
+
+you can actually looks towards
+the periodic table, and know,
+
+depending upon where your
+element is in the periodic
+
+table, what its electron
+configuration is.
+
+Or at least the electron
+configuration
+
+of the valence electrons.
+
+OK.
+
+So moving back to our trick,
+which we'll use now, we know
+
+that we have 22 electrons, and
+we know the order that we need
+
+to fill the orbitals.
+
+So let's start writing out our
+boxes, which is how Professor
+
+Sadoway wanted us to answer
+this problem.
+
+So we have 1s, our 2s, 2p.
+
+If you're unsure why I'm only
+drawing 1 orbital for s and 3
+
+orbitals for p, again, you might
+want to go review that
+
+beginning orbital material.
+
+So we filled, we have 1s, 2s,
+2p, 3s, then we're going to do
+
+the 3s here, we're going
+to do the 3p.
+
+And after the 3p, we do
+the 4s, and after the
+
+4s, we do the 3d.
+
+Which has 5 boxes, right?
+
+So now that we know which
+orbitals we're going to fill,
+
+we need to know some more rules
+about filling them.
+
+So the second rule, over here,
+is the Pauli exclusion
+
+principle, which says that no
+two electrons can have the
+
+same quantum numbers.
+
+For us, that means that we
+basically can only have two
+
+electrons per orbital,
+and of opposite spin.
+
+So that's something we need
+to remember for this.
+
+The third is Hund's Rule.
+
+And that is, we want to
+have as many unpaired
+
+electrons as possible.
+
+So that will come into play
+when we're filling up our
+
+boxes in just a second.
+
+If these are confusing,
+again, we want to look
+
+at the lecture material.
+
+So I forgot my boxes here.
+
+Now let's start the fun part of
+filling up the elections.
+
+So we fill up 1s, spin
+up and down, the
+
+2s, spin up and down.
+
+So that's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
+
+16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and
+we have 2 more.
+
+So in the 3d, we're going
+to do 21, 22.
+
+And I separate them out because
+of Hund's rule.
+
+We want to maximize the number
+of unpaired spins.
+
+They both spin down, or both
+spin up, but they will be the
+
+same spin, and they will be
+in different orbitals.
+
+So this was the answer for
+this part of the problem.
+
+Now let's move to
+the second part.
+
+And maybe you can try by
+yourself, and then
+
+we can do it here.
+
+All right.
+
+Now we're going to do the second
+part of this first part
+
+of the problem number 2.
+
+So it asks us for the electron
+configuration in box notation
+
+of magnesium 4 plus.
+
+So again, we're going to
+determine how many electrons
+
+we have. Which, neutral
+magnesium has 12 electrons.
+
+But the 4 plus signifies that we
+have 4 less electrons than
+
+neutrality, and so we subtract
+4, and we have 8.
+
+With 8 electrons to work with,
+we again want to write down
+
+our boxes using the energy level
+tricks that we have. And
+
+now we can fill them up.
+
+The Pauli Exclusion Principle
+tells us 1 spin up and 1 spin
+
+down per orbital, and Hund's
+rule tells us that when we
+
+fill up this 3p, we're going to
+try to maximize the number
+
+of unpaired electrons, and then,
+when we have to, we pair
+
+up the spins.
+
+So that's another main mistake
+that people make, is they pair
+
+up too many spins, violate the
+Pauli exclusion principle,
+
+putting 2 electrons of the same
+spin in one orbital, or
+
+something of that nature.
+
+So this again is the correct
+answer, and would-- oh!
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+This is 2p.
+
+I'm sure you guys caught that.
+
+And would have awarded you
+full points in this part.
+
+All right.
+
+Now we're going to start
+the second part of this
+
+problem, part B.
+
+So first we want to read what
+the question is asking.
+
+Give the chemical identities
+of the species with these
+
+ground state electron
+configurations.
+
+So now we're working in the
+opposite direction.
+
+In part A, we were given a
+chemical species and asked for
+
+the electron configuration.
+
+Now we are given the electron
+configuration, and asked for
+
+the chemical species.
+
+So the first one has
+the electron
+
+configuration of xenon.
+
+So this is a noble gas
+configuration, plus what turns
+
+out to be 27 electrons.
+
+One way you can do this, is to
+go to xenon, which is in the
+
+fifth row of the Periodic Table,
+and count through 27
+
+electrons, remembering that when
+you get to the d on the
+
+sixth and seventh row, you need
+to go to the f block,
+
+which is signified in
+this problem by
+
+having f block electrons.
+
+Count through the f block,
+the d block,
+
+and end up at thallium.
+
+Or if you are familiar with the
+Periodic Table enough that
+
+you can recognize the valence
+electrons are in 6p.
+
+And the 6p only has one
+electron in it.
+
+So that tells me, xenon
+is in row 5.
+
+This element is going
+to be in row 6.
+
+I go to the first column of the
+p block, which signifies
+
+that there's one electron in
+that 6p orbital, and I see
+
+that it's thallium.
+
+That's the quicker
+way to do it.
+
+On an exam, you might want to
+be that familiar with the
+
+periodic table to be able to
+do that, because you're
+
+certainly time-crunched,
+a lot of times.
+
+So because that's a neutral
+atom, that method will work
+
+very easily.
+
+The second part is a little
+trickier, because it has a
+
+charged species.
+
+So we have a net charge
+of 4 plus, an electron
+
+configuration of
+argon and 3d5.
+
+This may seem a little confusing
+at first glance,
+
+because we always fill
+the 4s before the 3d.
+
+But when you're ionizing an
+atom, it turns out you take
+
+electrons from the 4s
+first, even though
+
+it's of lower energy.
+
+So that's a little subtlety
+that's not too important to
+
+this problem, but it may have
+tripped you up when you were
+
+looking at this, and certainly
+caused some problems for the
+
+people in this class.
+
+Again, we go to the periodic
+table and we see where argon
+
+is, and then we go
+to the next row.
+
+The way I like to think about
+this, is this is the electron
+
+configuration, missing
+4 electrons.
+
+To find the element that has
+this charge, I'm just going to
+
+add back in the electrons, go
+to that position in the
+
+periodic table, and that is
+my elemental species.
+
+So we want argon plus, instead
+of 5 electrons--
+
+I'm sorry, the problem
+says this is a 3--
+
+instead plus 3 electrons, we are
+going to go to argon plus
+
+7 electrons.
+
+And going through the periodic
+table, you'll see that that
+
+leaves you with manganese.
+
+Adding the 4 plus, because that
+is part of this chemical
+
+identity, we get the answer
+of the problem.
+
+So again, the charged species
+make this a little more
+
+complicated.
+
+The easiest way is to go back
+and add in the missing
+
+electrons, because that is your
+chemical species, and
+
+then remember to signify that
+there actually is that charge
+
+for your answer.
+
+So moving on to part C, it asks
+us, write the quantum
+
+numbers of one of the
+3d and one of the 4s
+
+electrons in iron.
+
+So this requires a knowledge of
+what quantum numbers are,
+
+and what values they can have.
+
+So let's start with the 4s,
+because that's a little more
+
+straightforward.
+
+He tells us that we have an n
+quantum number, l quantum
+
+number, m and s.
+
+And, hopefully, we all know
+that n is the principal
+
+quantum number.
+
+It's basically your
+energy level.
+
+l gives you what type of
+orbital you're in.
+
+Right?
+
+If you're in the s,
+the p, the d.
+
+So it just tells you your
+orbital shape, basically.
+
+m gives you the angular
+identity of the
+
+orbital you're in.
+
+We didn't really talk
+about that in depth.
+
+We just need to know, it tells
+you which of the p orbitals
+
+you're in, or which of the
+d orbitals you're in.
+
+So I'll say, which orbital.
+
+And the s is your spin.
+
+Right?
+
+So for a 4s electron, it doesn't
+actually matter what
+
+the identity of our
+species is.
+
+So that he tells us is iron is
+kind of extra information.
+
+A 4s electron already has 3 of
+its quantum numbers set.
+
+So we know that n equals 4,
+for s, l equals 0, and m,
+
+which orbital, s only
+has 1 orbital.
+
+So m always equals 0 for
+s, and your spin.
+
+And I'm going to make that a
+script, just so it's less
+
+confusing, is plus
+or minus 1/2.
+
+So the answer to this problem
+could have been 4, 0, 0, 1/2,
+
+or 4, 0, 0, minus 1/2.
+
+Three of them are set
+by the fact that
+
+this is the 4s orbital.
+
+The spin can either be
+plus or minus 1/2.
+
+If you're unsure of where I
+got these numbers, and why
+
+they have to be such, you
+may want to review
+
+the lecture on that.
+
+So moving onto the 3d quantum
+numbers, we know that n is 3,
+
+l for d is 2, m is negative 2,
+negative 1, 0, 1, or 2, right?
+
+Because there's 5 different
+orbitals in a d set.
+
+And then again, s can be
+plus or minus 1/2.
+
+So picking one set of those,
+you could have said 3, 2,
+
+minus 2, plus 1/2, or any
+combination of 3, 2, and
+
+the m and the s.
+
+You don't have to get the exact
+same answer as your
+
+neighbor or someone else
+you're-- well, you shouldn't
+
+be looking your neighbor's
+paper, or a classmate, but
+
+these do signify that you're
+in a 3d electron.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vWC6Q3Dv1ws.txt b/vWC6Q3Dv1ws.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b688bbad29452ed4307c87dbd9106492028268e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vWC6Q3Dv1ws.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+I uh introduced you to something strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh introduced you to something strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh introduced you to something strange
+this whole semester maybe has been kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole semester maybe has been kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole semester maybe has been kind
+of strange but um last time I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange but um last time I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange but um last time I tried to
+get you to take seriously the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to take seriously the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to take seriously the idea that
+in addition to the kind of movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the kind of movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the kind of movements
+that we were talking about uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about uh at the
+beginning you know the kind where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you know the kind where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you know the kind where you
+took some freeze and caused it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some freeze and caused it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some freeze and caused it to be
+pronounced in a place that wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced in a place that wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced in a place that wasn't the
+place that it started out you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that it started out you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that it started out you know the
+way we were doing wh movement and NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we were doing wh movement and NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we were doing wh movement and NP
+movement those kinds of movements where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement those kinds of movements where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement those kinds of movements where
+uh you can see why it's called movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see why it's called movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see why it's called movement
+the result of movement is that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of movement is that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of movement is that uh the
+thing is no longer where it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is no longer where it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is no longer where it was before
+that's kind of what you expect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what you expect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what you expect with
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+last time I was trying to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I was trying to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I was trying to get you to
+believe that there's another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there's another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there's another kind of
+movement which exists and moves things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement which exists and moves things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement which exists and moves things
+but which does not change the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which does not change the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which does not change the order in
+which the words are pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the words are pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the words are pronounced
+there are several examples of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several examples of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several examples of this kind
+of movement but the one I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement but the one I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement but the one I was
+introducing you to last time is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing you to last time is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing you to last time is called
+QR which is short for quantifier raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR which is short for quantifier raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR which is short for quantifier raising
+so it was a proposal about how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a proposal about how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a proposal about how to get
+ambiguities like the ambiguity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities like the ambiguity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities like the ambiguity in
+everyone in this room speaks two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room speaks two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room speaks two
+languages which we talked about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which we talked about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which we talked about right
+that this could mean either everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could mean either everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could mean either everyone in
+the room is bilingual uh uh or there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room is bilingual uh uh or there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room is bilingual uh uh or there are
+two particular languages that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particular languages that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particular languages that everyone
+in this room has in common and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room has in common and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room has in common and maybe
+some of them are bilingual but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are bilingual but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are bilingual but
+the three languages or four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three languages or four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three languages or four or five
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh so on one reading it means there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so on one reading it means there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so on one reading it means there are
+two languages that everyone speaks maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages that everyone speaks maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages that everyone speaks maybe
+we all speak English and French some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all speak English and French some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all speak English and French some of
+us all speak other languages uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all speak other languages uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all speak other languages uh the
+other reading it means for everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reading it means for everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reading it means for everyone in
+this room the following is true they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room the following is true they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room the following is true they
+speak two languages maybe we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak two languages maybe we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak two languages maybe we have no
+languages in common so one of us speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in common so one of us speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in common so one of us speaks
+Swahili in German and another one speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swahili in German and another one speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swahili in German and another one speaks
+you know uh Burmese and uh quechua right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh Burmese and uh quechua right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh Burmese and uh quechua right
+and so on yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on yeah
+uh so we all agreed that it had those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we all agreed that it had those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we all agreed that it had those
+two readings and what I said was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two readings and what I said was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two readings and what I said was there
+is a proposal in fact it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proposal in fact it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proposal in fact it's the the
+default assumption in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default assumption in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default assumption in the literature
+about how to deal with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to deal with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to deal with this kind of
+ambiguity is to say there is an optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity is to say there is an optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity is to say there is an optional
+operation that takes one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that takes one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that takes one of those
+quantifiers and moves it past the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and moves it past the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and moves it past the other
+one and uh the order in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh the order in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh the order in which you
+interpret the quantifiers is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the quantifiers is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the quantifiers is determined
+by uh the position that they're in after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the position that they're in after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the position that they're in after
+you do that movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that movement
+but in English this movement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in English this movement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in English this movement is
+invisible so you have the option of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible so you have the option of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible so you have the option of
+moving two languages to a position above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving two languages to a position above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving two languages to a position above
+everyone in this room and if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room and if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room and if you do that
+you only get the reading there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get the reading there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get the reading there are two
+languages that everyone in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that everyone in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that everyone in this room
+speaks and if you don't then you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks and if you don't then you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks and if you don't then you only
+get the reading you know it's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reading you know it's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reading you know it's true for
+everyone in this room that they speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room that they speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room that they speak
+two languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages
+so uh that string of words is ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that string of words is ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that string of words is ambiguous
+but uh that ambiguity is in the end a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that ambiguity is in the end a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that ambiguity is in the end a
+structural ambiguity just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural ambiguity just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural ambiguity just like the
+ambiguity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh you know I shot an elephant in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I shot an elephant in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I shot an elephant in my
+pajamas uh so when I shot an elephant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pajamas uh so when I shot an elephant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pajamas uh so when I shot an elephant in
+my pajamas we ended up deciding that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pajamas we ended up deciding that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pajamas we ended up deciding that's a
+structural ambiguity that is that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural ambiguity that is that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural ambiguity that is that string
+of words has two different trees that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words has two different trees that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words has two different trees that it
+can be associated with then the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be associated with then the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be associated with then the two
+different trees have different meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trees have different meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trees have different meanings
+and that's you know we saw lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know we saw lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know we saw lots of
+evidence for that the claim that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for that the claim that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for that the claim that's
+underlying quantifier raising is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying quantifier raising is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying quantifier raising is that
+this is also a structural ambiguity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a structural ambiguity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a structural ambiguity that
+string of words has two trees that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of words has two trees that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of words has two trees that are
+associated with it the weird thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it the weird thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it the weird thing about
+QR is that one of the trees involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR is that one of the trees involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR is that one of the trees involves a
+movement operation that you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement operation that you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement operation that you can't see
+the claim is one of the interpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is one of the interpretations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is one of the interpretations
+is related to a tree that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to a tree that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to a tree that if you
+pronounced the movement would be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced the movement would be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced the movement would be two
+languages everyone in this room speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages everyone in this room speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages everyone in this room speaks
+and the claim was uh English well does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim was uh English well does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim was uh English well does
+its QR in a way that you can't see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its QR in a way that you can't see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its QR in a way that you can't see I
+showed you Hungarian apparently does its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you Hungarian apparently does its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you Hungarian apparently does its
+QR in a way that you can see you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR in a way that you can see you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR in a way that you can see you get to
+see these quantifiers moving back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these quantifiers moving back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these quantifiers moving back and
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+and that's where we were I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we were I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we were I'm sort of
+repeating that partly to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that partly to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that partly to make sure that
+nobody is thinking that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is thinking that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is thinking that there was
+something that they were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they were supposed to
+understand that they didn't this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that they didn't this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that they didn't this is
+supposed to seem creepy at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to seem creepy at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to seem creepy at this stage
+right uh I'm you know here I am saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I'm you know here I am saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I'm you know here I am saying
+that things are moving in an invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are moving in an invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are moving in an invisible
+way you're not supposed to come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're not supposed to come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're not supposed to come out of
+that thinking oh yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinking oh yeah sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinking oh yeah sure
+are there questions about that are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about that are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about that are you
+all in the appropriate emotional state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yes I just said all that thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I just said all that thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I just said all that thank you
+um so this is our first case of covert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is our first case of covert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is our first case of covert
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+uh and because it's lady abroad it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because it's lady abroad it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because it's lady abroad it's
+probably the only kind of covert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the only kind of covert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the only kind of covert
+movement that we'll have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that we'll have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that we'll have a chance to
+talk about there are other kinds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about there are other kinds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about there are other kinds but
+this is one of the big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the big ones
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I gave you some reasons last time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I gave you some reasons last time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I gave you some reasons last time to
+take seriously the idea that QR exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take seriously the idea that QR exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take seriously the idea that QR exists
+and we even talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we even talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we even talked a little bit about
+some of the conditions on it so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the conditions on it so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the conditions on it so for
+example we saw that QR cannot get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we saw that QR cannot get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we saw that QR cannot get out of
+a TP uh so it can't get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TP uh so it can't get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TP uh so it can't get out of the
+Clause that it's in we saw significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause that it's in we saw significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause that it's in we saw significance
+for that what I want to do today is show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that what I want to do today is show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that what I want to do today is show
+you another condition on it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another condition on it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another condition on it this is
+something that my colleague Denny Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that my colleague Denny Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that my colleague Denny Fox
+discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+um and it's uh I'm telling you about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's uh I'm telling you about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's uh I'm telling you about it
+because I think it's really cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's really cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's really cool so
+here's a condition on QR which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a condition on QR which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a condition on QR which is really
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+um here's another case of QR so someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another case of QR so someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another case of QR so someone
+loves everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves everyone
+uh if uh you do QR then this means uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if uh you do QR then this means uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if uh you do QR then this means uh no
+one is unloved so everyone has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is unloved so everyone has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is unloved so everyone has this
+property someone loves them uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property someone loves them uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property someone loves them uh if you
+don't do QR then it means there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do QR then it means there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do QR then it means there is a
+particular person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular person
+my grandma maybe who loves everyone yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandma maybe who loves everyone yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandma maybe who loves everyone yeah
+uh so there are these two quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there are these two quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there are these two quantifiers
+and by doing QR you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing QR you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing QR you change the
+relationship between the many way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the many way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the many way that
+changes the meaning of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the meaning of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the meaning of the sentence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking at this you might wonder is QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this you might wonder is QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this you might wonder is QR
+just always optional so suppose I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always optional so suppose I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always optional so suppose I am
+looking at John loves everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at John loves everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at John loves everyone
+well here there's only one quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here there's only one quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here there's only one quantifier
+so you might have thought uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have thought uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have thought uh
+that the simplest Theory the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the simplest Theory the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the simplest Theory the easiest
+Theory would be one that said whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory would be one that said whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory would be one that said whenever
+you have a quantifier you can optionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a quantifier you can optionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a quantifier you can optionally
+do QR to it or not and if you do QR to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do QR to it or not and if you do QR to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do QR to it or not and if you do QR to
+it then you know if it goes past another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you know if it goes past another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you know if it goes past another
+quantifier then congratulations you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier then congratulations you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier then congratulations you've
+changed the meaning right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the meaning right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the meaning right and
+um if not you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if not you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if not you know well
+I I hope you enjoyed doing QR yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hope you enjoyed doing QR yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hope you enjoyed doing QR yeah but
+it didn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't do anything
+you could imagine that it would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that it would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that it would work
+like that the QR would just be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the QR would just be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the QR would just be something
+that you could always optionally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could always optionally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could always optionally do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+my colleague Danny Fox has discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleague Danny Fox has discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleague Danny Fox has discovered
+that this is not how it works so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not how it works so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not how it works so this is
+a case where QR wouldn't do anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where QR wouldn't do anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where QR wouldn't do anything and
+what fox discovered is that when QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fox discovered is that when QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fox discovered is that when QR
+wouldn't do anything to the meaning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do anything to the meaning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do anything to the meaning it's
+not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible
+it's going to take a while to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take a while to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take a while to show you
+the evidence for that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence for that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence for that we're going to
+have to develop another detector for QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to develop another detector for QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to develop another detector for QR
+so but we'll do that and then then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we'll do that and then then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we'll do that and then then we'll
+be in a position to demonstrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a position to demonstrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a position to demonstrate that
+this is true so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the detector is going to involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector is going to involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector is going to involve a
+phenomenon called VP Ellipsis which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called VP Ellipsis which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called VP Ellipsis which I
+think we've touched on every so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've touched on every so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've touched on every so often
+but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's
+um touch on it again uh so sentence like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um touch on it again uh so sentence like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um touch on it again uh so sentence like
+John bought a book and Mary did too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary did too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary did too
+Ellipsis refers to this um kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis refers to this um kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis refers to this um kind of thing
+you can sometimes do where you leave out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sometimes do where you leave out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sometimes do where you leave out
+part of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sentence
+just don't pronounce spread of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't pronounce spread of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't pronounce spread of the
+sentence in this case this is called VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in this case this is called VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in this case this is called VP
+Ellipsis because there where I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis because there where I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis because there where I've got
+that underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underscore
+there would have been a VP but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would have been a VP but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would have been a VP but there
+isn't yeah sentences like this uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't yeah sentences like this uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't yeah sentences like this uh the
+missing verb phrase gets interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing verb phrase gets interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing verb phrase gets interpreted
+as as being the same as some other verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as being the same as some other verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as being the same as some other verb
+phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+that's salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's salient
+often it's a verb phrase that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's a verb phrase that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's a verb phrase that someone
+has said so John bought a book and Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said so John bought a book and Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said so John bought a book and Mary
+did too this has to mean something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did too this has to mean something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did too this has to mean something like
+John bought a book and Mary bought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary bought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary bought a
+book too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book too
+yeah so the missing verb phrase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the missing verb phrase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the missing verb phrase is
+understood as being the same as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as being the same as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as being the same as the the
+other verb phrase that you can see yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other verb phrase that you can see yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other verb phrase that you can see yep
+clear enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough
+uh lots of interesting work on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of interesting work on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of interesting work on what
+exactly counts as the same yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly counts as the same yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly counts as the same yeah so you
+know there's some clear cases if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some clear cases if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some clear cases if I say
+John bought a book and Mary did two Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary did two Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary did two Mary
+what Mary did was buy a book right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mary did was buy a book right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mary did was buy a book right you
+don't just get to randomly put in a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just get to randomly put in a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just get to randomly put in a verb
+phrase you know your favorite verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase you know your favorite verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase you know your favorite verb
+phrase it doesn't work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are places where there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are places where there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are places where there's more
+wiggle room and what counts as the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room and what counts as the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room and what counts as the same
+so if I say John dislikes his father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say John dislikes his father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say John dislikes his father
+and Bill does too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bill does too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bill does too
+that can mean a couple different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can mean a couple different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can mean a couple different things
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what's one thing it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so John dislikes John's father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so John dislikes John's father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so John dislikes John's father and
+Bill also dislikes John's father and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill also dislikes John's father and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill also dislikes John's father and is
+indeed one thing it can mean what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed one thing it can mean what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed one thing it can mean what's
+another thing it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing it can mean
+uh build this like because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build this like because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build this like because of the
+followers yeah John dislikes his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers yeah John dislikes his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers yeah John dislikes his own
+father and Bill just likes his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and Bill just likes his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and Bill just likes his own
+father that's another thing you can meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father that's another thing you can meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father that's another thing you can meet
+so you know the same what counts as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the same what counts as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the same what counts as the
+same is an interesting question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is an interesting question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is an interesting question yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it probably could yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it probably could yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it probably could yeah yeah
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+um so you know uh uh Fred uh has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know uh uh Fred uh has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know uh uh Fred uh has a
+father that everyone dislikes uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father that everyone dislikes uh John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father that everyone dislikes uh John
+dislikes his father and Bill does too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislikes his father and Bill does too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislikes his father and Bill does too
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true that's true but if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true that's true but if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true that's true but if they're
+not and they're not yes no you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and they're not yes no you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and they're not yes no you're
+absolutely right yeah yeah so so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right yeah yeah so so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right yeah yeah so so when I
+say you know there's interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know there's interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know there's interesting stuff
+to talk about when we say that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about when we say that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about when we say that they have
+to be the same you know so uh if John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same you know so uh if John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same you know so uh if John
+dislikes John's father and Bill dislikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislikes John's father and Bill dislikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislikes John's father and Bill dislikes
+Bill's father are they doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill's father are they doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill's father are they doing the same
+thing uh maybe kind of you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh maybe kind of you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh maybe kind of you know uh
+they're both engaged in dislike of one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both engaged in dislike of one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both engaged in dislike of one's
+own father you know maybe that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own father you know maybe that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own father you know maybe that's what
+makes it close enough and so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it close enough and so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it close enough and so there's a
+big literature on figuring out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big literature on figuring out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big literature on figuring out how to
+define the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the same
+in the relevant sense which we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the relevant sense which we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the relevant sense which we won't
+have to worry about too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about too much
+but it's worth bearing in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth bearing in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth bearing in mind that
+there's this requirement in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this requirement in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this requirement in fact this
+requirement is crucial for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is crucial for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is crucial for uh the
+argument I'm going to give you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I'm going to give you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I'm going to give you in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so back to the guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the guards
+um remember this one the guard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember this one the guard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember this one the guard is
+standing in front of every building we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building we
+said this has two readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this has two readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this has two readings
+um a normal reading where every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a normal reading where every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a normal reading where every building
+is guarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guarded
+and then the whole of you guys were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the whole of you guys were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the whole of you guys were very
+creative with coming up with other sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative with coming up with other sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative with coming up with other sort
+of creative versions of this where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative versions of this where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative versions of this where a
+single guard is somehow guarding all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single guard is somehow guarding all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single guard is somehow guarding all the
+buildings at once maybe there's one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings at once maybe there's one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings at once maybe there's one very
+wide guard yeah uh maybe somebody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide guard yeah uh maybe somebody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide guard yeah uh maybe somebody was
+saying yeah maybe the buildings are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah maybe the buildings are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah maybe the buildings are all
+facing each other and one guard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing each other and one guard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing each other and one guard is
+standing you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing you know in
+geometric Center between all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric Center between all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric Center between all the
+buildings yeah whatever anyway either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings yeah whatever anyway either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings yeah whatever anyway either
+there are as many guards as there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are as many guards as there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are as many guards as there are
+buildings which is kind of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings which is kind of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings which is kind of the normal
+reading for this sentence or there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for this sentence or there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for this sentence or there's one
+guard who is standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard who is standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard who is standing in front of every
+building the kind of guard who when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the kind of guard who when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the kind of guard who when he
+stands around the house he stands around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands around the house he stands around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands around the house he stands around
+the house yeah so these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house yeah so these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house yeah so these are the two
+readings okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let's think about a sentence like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about a sentence like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about a sentence like an
+American Guard is standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard is standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard is standing in front of
+every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building
+and the Canadian guard is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first half of that can presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first half of that can presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first half of that can presumably
+mean two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+there's one American guard for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one American guard for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one American guard for each
+building or there's one very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or there's one very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or there's one very wide
+American Guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard
+and the second half of that sentence can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second half of that sentence can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second half of that sentence can
+presumably also mean two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably also mean two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably also mean two things
+once you put in the Ellipsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you put in the Ellipsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you put in the Ellipsis
+so can the whole thing mean four things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so
+in fact it's not just me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's not just me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's not just me
+people who know much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know much more about
+semantics than I do don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics than I do don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics than I do don't think so
+either so the four imaginable readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so the four imaginable readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so the four imaginable readings
+the easy ones are each building has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy ones are each building has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy ones are each building has two
+guards one American and one Canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards one American and one Canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards one American and one Canadian
+or there are two very fat guards one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there are two very fat guards one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there are two very fat guards one
+American and one Canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American and one Canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American and one Canadian
+the other logical possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other logical possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other logical possibilities
+right where each building has one normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where each building has one normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where each building has one normal
+American Guard and there is one gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard and there is one gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard and there is one gigantic
+Canadian guard right or the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian guard right or the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian guard right or the other way
+around I don't think it can mean those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I don't think it can mean those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I don't think it can mean those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and some of you were shaking your heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you were shaking your heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you were shaking your heads
+in ways that suggested that you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that suggested that you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that suggested that you agree
+with me is there anybody for whom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me is there anybody for whom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me is there anybody for whom you
+know the things I've crossed out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the things I've crossed out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the things I've crossed out they
+were like yes that's what it means what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like yes that's what it means what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like yes that's what it means what
+what is wrong with all of you people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is wrong with all of you people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is wrong with all of you people
+okay so this looks like a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the condition that's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that's one way of
+interpreting this is to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this is to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this is to say the
+condition that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that says
+when you do VP ellipsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do VP ellipsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do VP ellipsis
+the alighted VP has to be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alighted VP has to be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alighted VP has to be the same as
+another VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another VP
+is kind of constraining what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of constraining what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of constraining what we can do
+in a particular way you so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way you so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way you so again the
+ambiguity in the first half of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity in the first half of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity in the first half of this
+sentence we decided had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence we decided had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence we decided had to do with
+whether you do QR or not right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do QR or not right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do QR or not right you can
+do QR of every building to a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do QR of every building to a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do QR of every building to a position
+above an American Guard and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above an American Guard and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above an American Guard and then you get
+the normal reading every building has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal reading every building has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal reading every building has an
+American Guard in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Guard in front of it
+or you cannot do that in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you cannot do that in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you cannot do that in which case
+there has to be one American Guard who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be one American Guard who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be one American Guard who's
+standing in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+and what we're learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're learning is
+from Crossing out the two readings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Crossing out the two readings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Crossing out the two readings that
+I've just crossed out what we seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just crossed out what we seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just crossed out what we seem to be
+learning is if you do QR in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is if you do QR in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is if you do QR in the first
+half of this sentence you have to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this sentence you have to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this sentence you have to also
+do it in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the second half
+if you don't do it in the first half you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do it in the first half you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do it in the first half you
+have to not do it in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to not do it in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to not do it in the second half
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+that is you know you either get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know you either get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know you either get the
+reading where you did QR in both each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading where you did QR in both each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading where you did QR in both each
+building has two guards or the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building has two guards or the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building has two guards or the reading
+where you did QR and neither are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you did QR and neither are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you did QR and neither are there
+two gigantic cards you don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gigantic cards you don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gigantic cards you don't get the
+mixed readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed readings
+and we can kind of think of this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can kind of think of this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can kind of think of this as an
+another instance of this requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance of this requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance of this requirement
+that uh if you're going to do VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you're going to do VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you're going to do VP
+Ellipsis your related VP has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis your related VP has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis your related VP has to be the
+same as your your other VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as your your other VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as your your other VP
+uh so you know if you do QR in one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know if you do QR in one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know if you do QR in one you
+have to do QR in the other yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do QR in the other yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do QR in the other yep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is kind of handy because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is kind of handy because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is kind of handy because what
+it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is
+so if parallelism extends to QR if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if parallelism extends to QR if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if parallelism extends to QR if you
+do QR in one conjunct you have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do QR in one conjunct you have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do QR in one conjunct you have to do it
+in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both
+what it means is we now have another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is we now have another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is we now have another way
+of detecting QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detecting QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detecting QR
+that is we have a way of finding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we have a way of finding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we have a way of finding out
+whether you're doing QR in one clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're doing QR in one clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're doing QR in one clause
+that goes beyond just sitting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond just sitting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond just sitting and
+thinking about what the sentence means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what the sentence means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what the sentence means
+right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if
+you we set up this kind of context where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we set up this kind of context where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we set up this kind of context where
+we've got VP ellipses we happen to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got VP ellipses we happen to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got VP ellipses we happen to know
+that you can only do QR in Clause number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can only do QR in Clause number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can only do QR in Clause number
+one if you do it in Clause number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you do it in Clause number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you do it in Clause number two
+yeah and that means that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that means that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that means that if we have a
+way of determining whether QR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of determining whether QR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of determining whether QR is
+happening in Clause number one we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in Clause number one we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in Clause number one we'll
+know whether it's happening in Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's happening in Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's happening in Clause
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+regardless of meaning does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of meaning does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of meaning does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+this will be handy for answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be handy for answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be handy for answering the
+question that I posed earlier on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I posed earlier on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I posed earlier on so
+consider this sentence John is standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this sentence John is standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this sentence John is standing
+in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building
+well it's an odd sentence but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an odd sentence but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an odd sentence but it doesn't
+matter whether you do QR or not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you do QR or not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you do QR or not right
+because John is not a quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because John is not a quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because John is not a quantifier
+he's just some dude yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just some dude yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just some dude yeah
+um so qring every building past John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so qring every building past John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so qring every building past John
+won't change anything this sentence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change anything this sentence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change anything this sentence is
+always just going to mean every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just going to mean every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just going to mean every building
+has this property if you look in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this property if you look in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this property if you look in front
+of it there is John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it there is John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it there is John
+that's the only thing this sentence can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing this sentence can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing this sentence can
+mean it doesn't matter whether QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't matter whether QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't matter whether QR
+happens or not and so the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens or not and so the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens or not and so the question that
+I posed for you earlier was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I posed for you earlier was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I posed for you earlier was
+if QR wouldn't change anything can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if QR wouldn't change anything can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if QR wouldn't change anything can it
+still happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still happen
+and you know right there's QR in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know right there's QR in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know right there's QR in a way
+our lives might be easiest if the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives might be easiest if the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives might be easiest if the answer
+was yes right we would get to say QR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yes right we would get to say QR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yes right we would get to say QR is
+something that just randomly happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just randomly happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just randomly happens you
+know you just always get to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just always get to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just always get to take
+quantifiers and move them to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and move them to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and move them to higher
+positions just for fun this is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions just for fun this is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions just for fun this is what they
+do they move right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they move right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they move right
+we're about to see I think I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to see I think I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to see I think I already
+spoiled this that's not how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled this that's not how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled this that's not how it works
+actually you can only do QR if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can only do QR if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can only do QR if you have
+two quantifiers and you want to get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantifiers and you want to get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantifiers and you want to get one
+of them to be higher than the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to be higher than the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to be higher than the other and
+if QR is going to affect the meaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if QR is going to affect the meaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if QR is going to affect the meaning and
+I'm about to show you the evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to show you the evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to show you the evidence for
+that Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh yeah right so what are the sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah right so what are the sets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah right so what are the sets so
+every is relating the set of buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every is relating the set of buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every is relating the set of buildings
+to the set of things that John is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of things that John is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of things that John is
+standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh every member of the set of buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every member of the set of buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every member of the set of buildings
+is a member of the set of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a member of the set of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a member of the set of things that
+John is standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at every building in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at every building in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at every building in the set
+you will see Don standing in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see Don standing in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see Don standing in front of it
+that's what it says and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it says and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it says and it doesn't
+matter whether you do QR or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you do QR or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you do QR or not
+yep so question can you do QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so question can you do QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so question can you do QR
+answer no and here's how we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+John is standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is standing in front of every
+building and a guard is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we have a way of finding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a way of finding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a way of finding out
+whether you can do QR in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can do QR in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can do QR in the first
+conjunct because you know the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunct because you know the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunct because you know the first half
+of this sentence John is standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sentence John is standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sentence John is standing in
+front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of every building
+we can find out whether QR is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find out whether QR is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find out whether QR is happening
+there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because
+we know that in this kind of sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that in this kind of sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that in this kind of sentence
+you can only do QR in the first half if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do QR in the first half if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do QR in the first half if
+you do QR in the second half and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do QR in the second half and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do QR in the second half and vice
+versa and although it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and although it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and although it doesn't matter
+whether you do QR or not in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do QR or not in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do QR or not in the first
+half it does matter in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it does matter in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it does matter in the second half
+on the second half a guard is standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second half a guard is standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second half a guard is standing
+in front of every building that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building that's our
+core QR sentence we know that whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core QR sentence we know that whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core QR sentence we know that whether
+you do QR or not changes the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do QR or not changes the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do QR or not changes the meaning of
+the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it were possible to do QR in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were possible to do QR in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were possible to do QR in the
+first clause then the second Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first clause then the second Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first clause then the second Clause
+would be able to have a reading reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to have a reading reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to have a reading reading
+with QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with QR
+yeah it would be possible for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it would be possible for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it would be possible for the second
+Clause to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause to mean
+every building has a guard in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building has a guard in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building has a guard in front of
+it maybe different cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that a reading it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I think if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think if I say
+if you're shaking your heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're shaking your heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're shaking your heads
+appropriately I think I think if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately I think I think if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately I think I think if I say
+John is standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is standing in front of every
+building and a guard is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can only mean that John and De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only mean that John and De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only mean that John and De
+Garde are both very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garde are both very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garde are both very large
+both standing in the geometric Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both standing in the geometric Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both standing in the geometric Center
+between the buildings off yeah means one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the buildings off yeah means one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the buildings off yeah means one
+of those things it doesn't mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things it doesn't mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things it doesn't mean for
+example there's one gigantic guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's one gigantic guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's one gigantic guard
+sorry doesn't mean there's John who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry doesn't mean there's John who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry doesn't mean there's John who is
+gigantic and and every building has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic and and every building has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic and and every building has a
+guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard
+thank goodness because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank goodness because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank goodness because
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+John somebody should keep an eye on John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John somebody should keep an eye on John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John somebody should keep an eye on John
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+I can't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't mean that
+which is kind of striking because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of striking because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of striking because you
+know that's the normal meaning for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the normal meaning for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the normal meaning for a
+guard is standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is standing in front of every
+building I mean we're only entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I mean we're only entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I mean we're only entertaining
+the reading with a gigantic guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading with a gigantic guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading with a gigantic guard
+because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well
+we're we're doing uh intro Linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're doing uh intro Linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're doing uh intro Linguistics
+and this requires us to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this requires us to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this requires us to think about
+peculiar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar things
+um but that meaning goes away in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that meaning goes away in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that meaning goes away in this
+sentence the normal meaning goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence the normal meaning goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence the normal meaning goes away
+this sentence is odd right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence is odd right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence is odd right
+um odd not just in the first conjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um odd not just in the first conjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um odd not just in the first conjunct
+but in the second conjunct and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the second conjunct and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the second conjunct and you know
+this requirement of parallelism uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requirement of parallelism uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requirement of parallelism uh this
+requirement that when you do VP ellipsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that when you do VP ellipsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that when you do VP ellipsis
+you can only do QR in one qual and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do QR in one qual and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do QR in one qual and one
+half of this Clause if you are doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this Clause if you are doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this Clause if you are doing it
+also in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the second half
+um this is as I said before giving us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is as I said before giving us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is as I said before giving us a
+new detector for QR right so we now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new detector for QR right so we now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new detector for QR right so we now in
+order to know whether we can do QR in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know whether we can do QR in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know whether we can do QR in
+John is standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is standing in front of every
+building we don't have to it we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building we don't have to it we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building we don't have to it we already
+know that it doesn't do any good to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it doesn't do any good to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it doesn't do any good to like
+sit and stare at that sentence and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit and stare at that sentence and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit and stare at that sentence and try
+to think about what it would mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what it would mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what it would mean if you
+did QR if you didn't it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did QR if you didn't it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did QR if you didn't it doesn't change
+the meaning right but now we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning right but now we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning right but now we have a new
+detector for QR besides staring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector for QR besides staring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector for QR besides staring at
+meanings we get to look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings we get to look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings we get to look at these
+parallelism examples and what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism examples and what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism examples and what these
+teach us is yeah you can't in fact do QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach us is yeah you can't in fact do QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach us is yeah you can't in fact do QR
+and John is standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John is standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John is standing in front of
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+so cool fact yeah QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool fact yeah QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool fact yeah QR
+only happens if it changes the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happens if it changes the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happens if it changes the meaning
+only happens if it's going to invert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happens if it's going to invert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happens if it's going to invert the
+scope of two quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's it for that bit about QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for that bit about QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for that bit about QR
+new bit about QR and then we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bit about QR and then we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bit about QR and then we're just
+about done with QR I think which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about done with QR I think which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about done with QR I think which is also
+about VP Ellipsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about VP Ellipsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about VP Ellipsis
+um I want to show you one other bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to show you one other bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to show you one other bit of
+an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument
+that QR exists you know that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that QR exists you know that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that QR exists you know that it is a
+thing that quantifiers actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that quantifiers actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that quantifiers actually are
+moving there's a phrase which is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving there's a phrase which is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving there's a phrase which is moving
+just in a way that you can't hear yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a way that you can't hear yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a way that you can't hear yeah
+so there's a movement operation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a movement operation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a movement operation that
+doesn't change the order of the words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the order of the words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the order of the words I
+want to show you a new bit of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a new bit of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a new bit of evidence
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+there's this bit of evidence also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this bit of evidence also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this bit of evidence also
+involves VP Ellipsis so just again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves VP Ellipsis so just again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves VP Ellipsis so just again to
+remind you BP Ellipsis these are cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you BP Ellipsis these are cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you BP Ellipsis these are cases
+like this the ones we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the ones we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the ones we've been talking
+about where you've got a verb phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you've got a verb phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you've got a verb phrase
+that's missing and it's interpreted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's missing and it's interpreted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's missing and it's interpreted as
+being the same as another verb phrase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same as another verb phrase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same as another verb phrase so
+John bought a book and Mary did two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary did two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bought a book and Mary did two
+means John bought a book and Mary bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means John bought a book and Mary bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means John bought a book and Mary bought
+a book too yeah yeah so and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book too yeah yeah so and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book too yeah yeah so and then there's
+this identity condition that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity condition that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity condition that says that
+your Allied at VP has to be the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Allied at VP has to be the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Allied at VP has to be the same uh
+as another VP so in this case it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as another VP so in this case it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as another VP so in this case it has to
+be by a book yeah there's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be by a book yeah there's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be by a book yeah there's interesting
+work on this actually I mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this actually I mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this actually I mean because
+there are contexts where uh you can lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are contexts where uh you can lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are contexts where uh you can lie
+to verb phrase uh even though no one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verb phrase uh even though no one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verb phrase uh even though no one has
+uttered another verb phrase so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uttered another verb phrase so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uttered another verb phrase so uh
+there's a class apparently the repair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a class apparently the repair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a class apparently the repair of
+um linguists who used to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linguists who used to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linguists who used to demonstrate
+this at conferences uh uh they gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at conferences uh uh they gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at conferences uh uh they gave a
+famous talk in which one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous talk in which one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous talk in which one of them
+Advanced on the other one with a meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced on the other one with a meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced on the other one with a meat
+cleaver and the other his co-author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaver and the other his co-author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaver and the other his co-author
+would say don't don't right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say don't don't right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say don't don't right which
+involves VP Ellipsis right uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves VP Ellipsis right uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves VP Ellipsis right uh and
+there's no one has uttered the the VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one has uttered the the VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one has uttered the the VP
+which he is trying to trying to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he is trying to trying to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he is trying to trying to convey
+right it's just clear from Context that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just clear from Context that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just clear from Context that
+what he means is don't hit me with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he means is don't hit me with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he means is don't hit me with the
+meat cleaver yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat cleaver yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat cleaver yeah
+so uh so but anyway in these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so but anyway in these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so but anyway in these kinds of
+sentences where there is another verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences where there is another verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences where there is another verb
+phrase uh the identity condition shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase uh the identity condition shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase uh the identity condition shows
+up the two verb phrases have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the two verb phrases have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the two verb phrases have to be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now let me introduce you to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me introduce you to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me introduce you to an
+interesting kind of example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of example this is
+called antecedent contained deletion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called antecedent contained deletion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called antecedent contained deletion so
+let's think about sentences like John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about sentences like John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about sentences like John
+will visit every city that Mary did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will visit every city that Mary did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will visit every city that Mary did so
+there's VP ellipses here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's VP ellipses here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's VP ellipses here you can see
+after did there's this Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after did there's this Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after did there's this Gap
+what verb phrase are we going to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what verb phrase are we going to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what verb phrase are we going to fill in
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+let's think about that I think I next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about that I think I next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about that I think I next
+show you a tree so here's a tree John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a tree so here's a tree John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a tree so here's a tree John
+will visit every city that Mary did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will visit every city that Mary did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will visit every city that Mary did
+there's a little blank there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little blank there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little blank there
+so that blank needs to be the same as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that blank needs to be the same as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that blank needs to be the same as a
+verb phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we could fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could fill in
+that group phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group phrase
+but if we fill in that verb phrase what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we fill in that verb phrase what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we fill in that verb phrase what
+we'll end up with is John will visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with is John will visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with is John will visit
+every city that Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visited every city that Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited every city that Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited every city that Mary
+visited every city that Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited every city that Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited every city that Mary
+we will never stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never stop
+interpreting this verb phrase do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this verb phrase do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this verb phrase do people
+see that that's why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's why it's called
+antecedent contained deletion there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedent contained deletion there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedent contained deletion there's
+enlightened verb phrase that's contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened verb phrase that's contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened verb phrase that's contained
+in a verb phrase uh that you appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a verb phrase uh that you appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a verb phrase uh that you appear to
+have to copy into the verb phrase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to copy into the verb phrase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to copy into the verb phrase that's
+missing and it's unclear why you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and it's unclear why you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and it's unclear why you can
+never stop thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stop thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stop thinking about these
+sentences yeah you ought to be stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences yeah you ought to be stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences yeah you ought to be stuck
+and yet we don't have the sense that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we don't have the sense that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we don't have the sense that we
+are stuck when we hear this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuck when we hear this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuck when we hear this sentence
+John will visit every city that Mary did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John will visit every city that Mary did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John will visit every city that Mary did
+you're like yeah I know what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like yeah I know what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like yeah I know what that means
+um so it's possible that you're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's possible that you're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's possible that you're wrong
+you don't know what it means but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what it means but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what it means but that
+doesn't seem right and that does our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem right and that does our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem right and that does our
+intuition is that you know yeah it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is that you know yeah it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is that you know yeah it's not
+hard to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to interpret
+if we do believe in QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do believe in QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do believe in QR
+yeah this way he lies Madness yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this way he lies Madness yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this way he lies Madness yeah so we
+can't we can't interpret the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we can't interpret the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we can't interpret the sentence
+this way is this clear what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is this clear what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is this clear what the problem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if there is such a thing as QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there is such a thing as QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there is such a thing as QR
+so we'll do quantifier raising we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do quantifier raising we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do quantifier raising we'll
+move that noun phrase out of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that noun phrase out of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that noun phrase out of there
+yeah well now there is a verb phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well now there is a verb phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well now there is a verb phrase
+every city that so every city that Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every city that so every city that Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every city that so every city that Mary
+Did John will visit now there's a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did John will visit now there's a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did John will visit now there's a verb
+phrase visit that we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase visit that we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase visit that we're going to put
+there so it'll mean every city that Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it'll mean every city that Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it'll mean every city that Mary
+visited John will visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited John will visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited John will visit
+and that seems to be what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems to be what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems to be what it means
+it means John will visit every city that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means John will visit every city that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means John will visit every city that
+Mary visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary visited
+so here's another reason to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another reason to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another reason to take
+seriously the existence of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously the existence of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously the existence of something
+like QR that is the idea that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like QR that is the idea that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like QR that is the idea that there is
+an operation that moves quantifiers out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operation that moves quantifiers out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operation that moves quantifiers out
+of the position where they were and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position where they were and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position where they were and
+moves them to some higher position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves them to some higher position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves them to some higher position in
+this case moves a quantifier like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case moves a quantifier like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case moves a quantifier like every
+city that Mary did out of the at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that Mary did out of the at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that Mary did out of the at least
+out of the verb phrase I attached it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the verb phrase I attached it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the verb phrase I attached it to
+the teepee doesn't matter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teepee doesn't matter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teepee doesn't matter yeah
+um moves it out of the verb phrase uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moves it out of the verb phrase uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moves it out of the verb phrase uh
+it's what makes it possible to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what makes it possible to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what makes it possible to interpret
+things like antecedent contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like antecedent contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like antecedent contained
+deletion which seem to exist and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion which seem to exist and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion which seem to exist and so we
+want to we want an account of why it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want an account of why it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want an account of why it can
+exist yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist yeah
+I I should have drawn this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I should have drawn this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I should have drawn this tree
+differently uh one of the problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh one of the problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh one of the problems with
+QR being invisible is that it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR being invisible is that it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR being invisible is that it's kind of
+hard to say uh what it looks like after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say uh what it looks like after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say uh what it looks like after
+you after you did the move I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after you did the move I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after you did the move I'll try to
+fix this before I put the slide up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this before I put the slide up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this before I put the slide up it
+would have worked just as well for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have worked just as well for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have worked just as well for me to
+create a new TP binary TP node on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new TP binary TP node on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new TP binary TP node on top of
+the earlier TP node so don't don't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier TP node so don't don't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier TP node so don't don't allow
+yourselves to be distracted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves to be distracted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves to be distracted by the
+ternary branching in this slide try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ternary branching in this slide try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ternary branching in this slide try to
+fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that
+any other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about this
+is another argument for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this point all I hope to have done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point all I hope to have done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point all I hope to have done is
+to have gotten you to be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have gotten you to be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have gotten you to be willing to
+entertain the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain the possibility
+that you would not have to be crazy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would not have to be crazy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would not have to be crazy to
+believe in the kind of movement that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the kind of movement that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the kind of movement that you
+cannot see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see
+um bless you uh there is a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bless you uh there is a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bless you uh there is a lot of work
+bless you on Covert movement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you on Covert movement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you on Covert movement so
+movements that you cannot see developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that you cannot see developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that you cannot see developing
+tests for where it goes and where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests for where it goes and where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests for where it goes and where it
+lands and what drives it and why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands and what drives it and why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands and what drives it and why you
+don't get to see it it's one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to see it it's one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to see it it's one of the big
+areas of linguistics starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of linguistics starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of linguistics starting to
+understand what this is and if it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this is and if it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this is and if it's if
+this is a topic that interests you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a topic that interests you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a topic that interests you I
+encourage you to to take more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to take more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to take more
+Linguistics classes this is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics classes this is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics classes this is a major
+topic something we work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic something we work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic something we work on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh that's it for QR I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's it for QR I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's it for QR I'm not going to
+raise any more quantifiers so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise any more quantifiers so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise any more quantifiers so I'm going
+to show you show you something else this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you show you something else this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you show you something else this
+will also be about quantifiers but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be about quantifiers but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be about quantifiers but uh
+they they will not be raising we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they will not be raising we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they will not be raising we'll be
+able to interpret them right where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interpret them right where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interpret them right where they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's consider some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider some properties of
+quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers
+some proper some quantifiers have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proper some quantifiers have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proper some quantifiers have a
+property which is of interest uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is of interest uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is of interest uh they
+are what's called downward entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's called downward entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's called downward entailing
+um what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does that mean
+it's a fact about these sentences so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact about these sentences so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact about these sentences so no
+American smokes and no American smokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes and no American smokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes and no American smokes
+cigars first of all they're both false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars first of all they're both false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars first of all they're both false
+but you know if we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if we think about the
+entailment relations between them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailment relations between them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailment relations between them uh
+remember that we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we've said
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh what quantifiers do is relate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what quantifiers do is relate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what quantifiers do is relate two
+sets to each other in this case no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets to each other in this case no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets to each other in this case no
+American smokes relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes relates
+uh the set of Americans to the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the set of Americans to the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the set of Americans to the set of
+things that smoke right and it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that smoke right and it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that smoke right and it says the
+intersection of those is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those is empty
+and uh the second sentence relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the second sentence relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the second sentence relates the
+set of Americans to the set of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Americans to the set of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Americans to the set of things
+that smoke cigars and it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smoke cigars and it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smoke cigars and it says the
+intersection of those things is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those things is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those things is empty
+and here's the thing the set of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the thing the set of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the thing the set of things
+that smoke cigars is a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smoke cigars is a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smoke cigars is a subset of the
+things that smokes right if you smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that smokes right if you smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that smokes right if you smoke
+cigars then you smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars then you smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars then you smoke
+if you smoke you don't necessarily smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you smoke you don't necessarily smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you smoke you don't necessarily smoke
+cigars you might smoke something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars you might smoke something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars you might smoke something else
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+cigarettes say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes say
+yeah it says I feel weird talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it says I feel weird talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it says I feel weird talking to
+undergrads about this because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads about this because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads about this because this is
+all Antiquated technology presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Antiquated technology presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Antiquated technology presumably
+yeah I assume none of you smoke anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I assume none of you smoke anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I assume none of you smoke anything
+but uh anyway you know back in the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway you know back in the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway you know back in the day
+people smoked various things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people smoked various things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people smoked various things yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh okay so now observation there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so now observation there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so now observation there's an
+entailment relation between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailment relation between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailment relation between these two
+sentences which one entails the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes first until second yeah the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes first until second yeah the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes first until second yeah the first
+entails the second if it's true that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails the second if it's true that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails the second if it's true that no
+American smokes then it's true that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes then it's true that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes then it's true that no
+American smokes cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes cigars
+it's true that no Americans smoke cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that no Americans smoke cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that no Americans smoke cigars
+is it true that no American smokes Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that no American smokes Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that no American smokes Maybe
+not maybe they all smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe they all smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe they all smoke
+cigarettes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes no
+Okay cool so this is a quantifier that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so this is a quantifier that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so this is a quantifier that's
+what's called downward entailing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called downward entailing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called downward entailing that is
+uh if you take the second set and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take the second set and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take the second set and you
+make it smaller you switch to a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it smaller you switch to a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it smaller you switch to a subset
+then you get an entailment relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get an entailment relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get an entailment relation
+right so the second set the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the second set the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the second set the set of
+smokers if we switch from the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers if we switch from the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers if we switch from the set of
+smokers to the set of smokers of cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers to the set of smokers of cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers to the set of smokers of cigars
+then we get an entailment relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get an entailment relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get an entailment relation
+between the two sentences if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two sentences if the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two sentences if the first
+sentence is true the second sentence has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is true the second sentence has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is true the second sentence has
+to be true yeah that's a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true yeah that's a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true yeah that's a property of the
+quantifier no that it's downward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier no that it's downward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier no that it's downward in
+Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great I just said all that thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I just said all that thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I just said all that thank you so
+uh first sentence entails the second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first sentence entails the second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first sentence entails the second and
+second sentence does not entail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence does not entail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence does not entail the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+or to put it in another way uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to put it in another way uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to put it in another way uh if we
+look at one of these Venn diagrams we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these Venn diagrams we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these Venn diagrams we've
+got the set of Americans and a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the set of Americans and a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the set of Americans and a set of
+smokers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers
+and no American smokes says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no American smokes says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no American smokes says that the
+intersection of those is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those is empty
+uh there's the set of cigar smokers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the set of cigar smokers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the set of cigar smokers
+and no Americans smoke cigars says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no Americans smoke cigars says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no Americans smoke cigars says the
+intersection of those is empty and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those is empty and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those is empty and if
+the first is of those is true the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is of those is true the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is of those is true the second
+has to be true and you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true and you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true and you can sort of see
+by looking at all the circles yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at all the circles yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at all the circles yes yeah
+so Venn diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Venn diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Venn diagram
+okay so no is downward entailing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no is downward entailing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no is downward entailing that is
+if it's true that no A or B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's true that no A or B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's true that no A or B
+and if C is a subset of B then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if C is a subset of B then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if C is a subset of B then it is
+also true that no Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes yes okay is every downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes okay is every downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes okay is every downward
+entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+so is it the case that if every American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it the case that if every American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it the case that if every American
+smokes does it follow that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes does it follow that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes does it follow that every
+American smokes cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes cigars
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+not all quantifiers are downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all quantifiers are downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all quantifiers are downward
+entailing no is downward entailing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing no is downward entailing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing no is downward entailing but
+every is not yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every is not yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every is not yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+is every uproot entailing that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every uproot entailing that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every uproot entailing that is if
+it's true that every American smokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that every American smokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that every American smokes
+sorry if it's true that every American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if it's true that every American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if it's true that every American
+smokes cigars is it true that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes cigars is it true that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes cigars is it true that every
+American smokes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh there are downward entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are downward entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are downward entailing
+quantifiers and there are upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and there are upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and there are upward
+entailing quantifiers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing quantifiers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing quantifiers okay
+now why am I telling you all this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why am I telling you all this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why am I telling you all this uh
+partly just because it's entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly just because it's entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly just because it's entertaining
+but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+consider uh sentences like no one lifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh sentences like no one lifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh sentences like no one lifted
+a finger to help or no one contributed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finger to help or no one contributed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finger to help or no one contributed a
+red scent or no one saw anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red scent or no one saw anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red scent or no one saw anything
+um these first two sentences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these first two sentences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these first two sentences in
+particular have literal meanings so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular have literal meanings so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular have literal meanings so the
+first sentence can mean no one did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence can mean no one did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence can mean no one did this
+and had that somehow help right could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had that somehow help right could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had that somehow help right could
+mean that but it also has a an idiomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that but it also has a an idiomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that but it also has a an idiomatic
+meaning it's something like nobody did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's something like nobody did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's something like nobody did
+anything at all to help you know nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all to help you know nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all to help you know nobody
+made the least effort to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the least effort to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the least effort to help
+similarly the second sentence do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the second sentence do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the second sentence do people
+still use this expression it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use this expression it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use this expression it's an
+expression people have heard no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression people have heard no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression people have heard no one
+contributed a red scent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed a red scent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed a red scent
+so it can mean literally nobody put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can mean literally nobody put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can mean literally nobody put in a
+bread Penny you know a penny that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread Penny you know a penny that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread Penny you know a penny that had
+been painted red but it can also mean no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been painted red but it can also mean no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been painted red but it can also mean no
+one contributed anything at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contributed anything at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contributed anything at all
+I'm treated anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm treated anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm treated anybody
+and no one saw anything yeah means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one saw anything yeah means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one saw anything yeah means no
+one saw anything okay cool now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one saw anything okay cool now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one saw anything okay cool now
+interesting fact about these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact about these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact about these kinds of
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+they're picky about where they can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're picky about where they can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're picky about where they can show
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+so you can say no one lifted a finger to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say no one lifted a finger to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say no one lifted a finger to
+help or no one contributed a red scent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or no one contributed a red scent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or no one contributed a red scent
+or no one saw anything but you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no one saw anything but you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no one saw anything but you cannot
+say everyone lifted a finger to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say everyone lifted a finger to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say everyone lifted a finger to help
+unless you mean the literal meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you mean the literal meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you mean the literal meaning
+can mean everyone in unison like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean everyone in unison like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean everyone in unison like this
+helpfully you know uh can mean that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully you know uh can mean that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully you know uh can mean that but
+it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't
+it can't have the idiomatic meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't have the idiomatic meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't have the idiomatic meaning it
+can't mean no one did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't mean no one did anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't mean no one did anything
+uh ditto for the second sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ditto for the second sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ditto for the second sentence
+everyone contributed to Red scent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone contributed to Red scent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone contributed to Red scent okay
+maybe you ended up with a pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you ended up with a pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you ended up with a pile of
+pennies that were painted red but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies that were painted red but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies that were painted red but it
+can't have have the idiomatic meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have have the idiomatic meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have have the idiomatic meaning
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these kinds of Expressions lift a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these kinds of Expressions lift a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these kinds of Expressions lift a
+finger and a red scent and anything have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger and a red scent and anything have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger and a red scent and anything have
+these funny constraints on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny constraints on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny constraints on their
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh and so far and so we've said that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so far and so we've said that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so far and so we've said that no
+is downward entailing and that every is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is downward entailing and that every is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is downward entailing and that every is
+upward entailing and so you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward entailing and so you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward entailing and so you know we
+could imagine various ways of accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine various ways of accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine various ways of accounting
+for the fact so far uh we could say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fact so far uh we could say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fact so far uh we could say for
+example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that
+these are expressions that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are expressions that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are expressions that need to be
+near a quantifier which is downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a quantifier which is downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a quantifier which is downward
+entailing or that they need to be near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing or that they need to be near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing or that they need to be near
+not be near a quantifier which is upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be near a quantifier which is upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be near a quantifier which is upward
+entailing right so given the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing right so given the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing right so given the data that
+we have so far as everything you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so far as everything you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so far as everything you know
+both of those would be stories we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those would be stories we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those would be stories we could
+tell yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry I can tell we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I can tell we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I can tell we're in the
+program this semester where uh everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this semester where uh everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this semester where uh everyone
+is tired and I've just assigned you lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tired and I've just assigned you lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tired and I've just assigned you lots
+of things and also I am talking too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and also I am talking too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and also I am talking too much
+so I should do more sort of uh standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should do more sort of uh standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should do more sort of uh standing
+here like allowing you to to put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like allowing you to to put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like allowing you to to put these
+things in so here let me let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in so here let me let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in so here let me let me try to
+fix that with this next slide here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that with this next slide here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that with this next slide here are
+some quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantifiers
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here are some quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some quantifiers
+know every few a few more than 10 less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every few a few more than 10 less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every few a few more than 10 less
+than 10 and exactly 10. this chalk I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 and exactly 10. this chalk I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 and exactly 10. this chalk I can
+tell that if I use this piece of chalk I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that if I use this piece of chalk I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that if I use this piece of chalk I
+would be scratching the board which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be scratching the board which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be scratching the board which will
+not be fun for anybody uh okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be fun for anybody uh okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be fun for anybody uh okay so we're
+gonna figure out which of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna figure out which of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna figure out which of these are
+downward entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward entailing
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got no and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got no and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got no and every
+or we know that no is downward detailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we know that no is downward detailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we know that no is downward detailing
+that every is not downward entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every is not downward entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every is not downward entailing
+that's what there's in the same order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what there's in the same order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what there's in the same order
+then we've got few and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and less than 10 and exactly 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than 10 and exactly 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than 10 and exactly 10.
+okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+let us consult our intuitions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consult our intuitions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consult our intuitions about this
+is few downward entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is few downward entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is few downward entailing
+so what we're asking is so for to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're asking is so for to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're asking is so for to say
+that no is downward detailing is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no is downward detailing is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no is downward detailing is to say
+that no Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke
+entails no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails no
+Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans
+smoke cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me just pause to allow you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just pause to allow you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just pause to allow you to be
+thankful for the fact that we live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful for the fact that we live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful for the fact that we live in
+the age of slides as opposed to the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of slides as opposed to the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of slides as opposed to the age
+which wasn't so long ago where my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wasn't so long ago where my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wasn't so long ago where my job
+would be to write everything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to write everything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to write everything on the
+board right and then your job would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right and then your job would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right and then your job would be
+to write down the things that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the things that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the things that I wrote
+yeah your lives are better than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your lives are better than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your lives are better than they
+would have been not so long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been not so long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been not so long ago
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe my handwriting was better back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my handwriting was better back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my handwriting was better back
+then who knows okay so no is downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then who knows okay so no is downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then who knows okay so no is downward
+entailing because it's true that if no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing because it's true that if no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing because it's true that if no
+Americans smoke it must also be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans smoke it must also be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans smoke it must also be true
+that no American smokes cigar how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no American smokes cigar how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no American smokes cigar how about
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+so is it what's the relationship there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it what's the relationship there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it what's the relationship there
+if I say few Americans smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say few Americans smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say few Americans smoke
+does it follow that few Americans smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it follow that few Americans smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it follow that few Americans smoke
+cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigars
+it does right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does right
+so a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few
+you know there's a reason that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a reason that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a reason that when we
+were talking about sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about sets
+um I was careful to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was careful to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was careful to uh
+show you quantifiers like no in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you quantifiers like no in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you quantifiers like no in every
+sum few is a little harder to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum few is a little harder to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum few is a little harder to describe
+in terms of sets it's something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of sets it's something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of sets it's something like the
+intersection of these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these sets
+has a small number of things in it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small number of things in it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small number of things in it yeah
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+how about a few so if a few Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a few so if a few Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a few so if a few Americans
+smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke
+does it have to be true that a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to be true that a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to be true that a few
+Americans smoke cigars no maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans smoke cigars no maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans smoke cigars no maybe there
+are a few Americans who smoke and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few Americans who smoke and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few Americans who smoke and all of
+them smoke hookahs yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them smoke hookahs yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them smoke hookahs yeah
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that all the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the ones
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say
+few Americans smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Americans smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Americans smoke
+do we get to conclude that few Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get to conclude that few Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get to conclude that few Americans
+smoke cigars or is it possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke cigars or is it possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke cigars or is it possible that
+all of the few Americans who smoke smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the few Americans who smoke smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the few Americans who smoke smoke
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+I'm going to put a question mark next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put a question mark next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put a question mark next
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+because I think that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that's a good question
+for a few I think it's pretty clear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few I think it's pretty clear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few I think it's pretty clear is
+it the answer the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how about uh more than ten so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about uh more than ten so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about uh more than ten so more
+than 10 Americans smoke would it follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 Americans smoke would it follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 Americans smoke would it follow
+that more than 10 Americans smoke cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more than 10 Americans smoke cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more than 10 Americans smoke cigars
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+is that a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a question
+just stretching okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stretching okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stretching okay
+um if less than 10 Americans smoke do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if less than 10 Americans smoke do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if less than 10 Americans smoke do
+less than 10 Americans smoke cigars yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 Americans smoke cigars yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 Americans smoke cigars yes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and if exactly 10 Americans smoke do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if exactly 10 Americans smoke do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if exactly 10 Americans smoke do
+exactly 10 American smokes of ours no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 American smokes of ours no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 American smokes of ours no
+okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+all right good let's see what the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good let's see what the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good let's see what the slide
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+okay so for the slide I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the slide I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the slide I ended up
+claiming the few uh is downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming the few uh is downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming the few uh is downward
+entailing it's interesting to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing it's interesting to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing it's interesting to think
+about the case that you're that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case that you're that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case that you're that you're
+raising just trying to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising just trying to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising just trying to figure out what
+we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now oh yes so now having done that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh yes so now having done that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh yes so now having done that let's
+um think about these expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've already said it's okay to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already said it's okay to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already said it's okay to say
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's see no American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with expressions like anything which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with expressions like anything which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with expressions like anything which are
+weirdly sensitive to the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly sensitive to the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly sensitive to the properties of
+the quantifiers that are around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantifiers that are around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantifiers that are around them
+they want to be near a downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be near a downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be near a downward
+entailing maybe that's one theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing maybe that's one theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing maybe that's one theory that
+we could fool with they want to be near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could fool with they want to be near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could fool with they want to be near
+something that's downward entailing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's downward entailing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's downward entailing so
+I'll put a column here for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put a column here for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put a column here for anything
+and we've said that anything is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said that anything is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said that anything is okay
+with no and it's bad with every right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no and it's bad with every right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no and it's bad with every right so
+every American did anything that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every American did anything that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every American did anything that's not
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+how about few Americans did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about a few Americans did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about more than 10 Americans did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about more than 10 Americans did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about more than 10 Americans did
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than 10 Americans did anything no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 10 Americans did anything no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 10 Americans did anything no
+and then less than 10 Americans did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then less than 10 Americans did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then less than 10 Americans did
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yep
+exactly 10 Americans did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of you are shaking your head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are shaking your head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are shaking your head and
+some of you are nodding exactly 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are nodding exactly 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are nodding exactly 10
+Americans did anything about the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're all wiggling at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all wiggling at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all wiggling at me
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I once taught in a summer school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I once taught in a summer school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I once taught in a summer school in
+India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+It's a Wonderful summer school there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a Wonderful summer school there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a Wonderful summer school there are
+all these brilliant students is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these brilliant students is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these brilliant students is really
+great we were in the we were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we were in the we were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we were in the we were in the
+foothills of the Himalayas uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothills of the Himalayas uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothills of the Himalayas uh it was
+this gorgeous gorgeous spot and I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gorgeous gorgeous spot and I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gorgeous gorgeous spot and I had a
+great time teaching in the in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time teaching in the in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time teaching in the in the class
+for all of these reasons also the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these reasons also the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these reasons also the food
+was wonderful although whenever I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful although whenever I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful although whenever I said
+that to the Indian students they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the Indian students they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the Indian students they they
+would look at me and smile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at me and smile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at me and smile
+because clearly I had no idea what good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because clearly I had no idea what good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because clearly I had no idea what good
+Indian food was supposed to taste like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian food was supposed to taste like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian food was supposed to taste like
+um but one of the fun things many fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the fun things many fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the fun things many fun
+things about teaching there was that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about teaching there was that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about teaching there was that as
+I said to them at one point you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said to them at one point you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said to them at one point you know I
+come from a place where we have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a place where we have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a place where we have several
+things we do with our heads we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we do with our heads we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we do with our heads we can say
+do do yes with them and we can know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do yes with them and we can know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do yes with them and we can know and
+they did those things in India but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did those things in India but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did those things in India but they
+also did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did this
+and and I could never figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I could never figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I could never figure out what
+they meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meant
+sometimes they just meant uh wait I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they just meant uh wait I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they just meant uh wait I'll
+we will we will think about that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will we will think about that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will we will think about that some
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+it seemed to be the equivalent of hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed to be the equivalent of hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed to be the equivalent of hmm
+anyway uh okay so these these columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh okay so these these columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh okay so these these columns
+um even taking my bad handwriting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even taking my bad handwriting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even taking my bad handwriting into
+account these columns kind of resemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account these columns kind of resemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account these columns kind of resemble
+each other yeah we have checks and x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other yeah we have checks and x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other yeah we have checks and x's
+in more or less the same places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more or less the same places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more or less the same places
+um the one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the one place
+where there might be a difference has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there might be a difference has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there might be a difference has to
+do with exactly 10. so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with exactly 10. so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with exactly 10. so this was the
+place where you were wiggling at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you were wiggling at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you were wiggling at me
+um exactly 10 students did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly 10 students did anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly 10 students did anything
+about the problem exactly 10 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem exactly 10 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem exactly 10 students
+lifted a finger to help uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's another example like this oh ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another example like this oh ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another example like this oh ever
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one
+has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+keep me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+avocados
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocados
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocados
+that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true
+um uh this is fine but everyone has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is fine but everyone has ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is fine but everyone has ever
+eaten enough to live avocados is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten enough to live avocados is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten enough to live avocados is bad
+uh few people have ever eaten blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few people have ever eaten blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few people have ever eaten blah blah
+is fine a few people know you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine a few people know you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine a few people know you know how
+about exactly 10 people have ever eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exactly 10 people have ever eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exactly 10 people have ever eaten
+nothing with avocados
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing with avocados
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing with avocados
+I think that's okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's okay yeah
+it's interesting that our our intuitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that our our intuitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that our our intuitions
+about this are kind of shaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this are kind of shaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this are kind of shaky
+um cause us to wiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cause us to wiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cause us to wiggle
+notice that this is the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is the place where
+these two quantifiers or these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantifiers or these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantifiers or these two
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+um stop resembling each other quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stop resembling each other quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stop resembling each other quite so
+closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+up until that last line you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until that last line you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until that last line you could get
+away with thinking these Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with thinking these Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with thinking these Expressions
+things like ever and anything and lift a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like ever and anything and lift a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like ever and anything and lift a
+finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger
+there are things that want to be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that want to be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that want to be around
+something that's downward entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's downward entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's downward entailing
+yeah and those of you who were shaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and those of you who were shaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and those of you who were shaking
+your heads when I asked about exactly 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heads when I asked about exactly 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heads when I asked about exactly 10
+Americans did anything about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans did anything about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans did anything about this you
+should be proud of yourselves because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be proud of yourselves because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be proud of yourselves because
+your lives are are easy lives yeah so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lives are are easy lives yeah so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lives are are easy lives yeah so uh
+that's bad this is bad everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad this is bad everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad this is bad everything is
+good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah
+on the other hand if it's true that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if it's true that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if it's true that it's
+possible to say things like exactly 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to say things like exactly 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to say things like exactly 10
+people have ever eaten nacho with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have ever eaten nacho with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have ever eaten nacho with
+avocados uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocados uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocados uh
+um then yeah there's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then yeah there's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then yeah there's something else
+going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+um if we do the same exercise for Upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we do the same exercise for Upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we do the same exercise for Upward
+entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+it won't make you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't make you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't make you do it
+what you can see is that the upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is that the upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is that the upward
+entailing column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing column
+is almost the mirror image of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost the mirror image of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost the mirror image of the
+downward detailing column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward detailing column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward detailing column
+but not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite
+so exactly 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly 10.
+is the one where they sort of split so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where they sort of split so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where they sort of split so
+upward entailing again what we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward entailing again what we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward entailing again what we're asking
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say
+so we can do it first with no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do it first with no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do it first with no no
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoke cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would it follow from that that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it follow from that that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it follow from that that no
+American smokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American smokes
+or no the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no the answer is no
+is not upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not upward
+s yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s yeah
+um every is upward entailing because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every is upward entailing because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every is upward entailing because if
+every American smokes cigars it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every American smokes cigars it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every American smokes cigars it's also
+true that every American smokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that every American smokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that every American smokes
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+exactly 10 Americans smoke cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 Americans smoke cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 Americans smoke cigars
+does it follow that exactly 10 Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it follow that exactly 10 Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it follow that exactly 10 Americans
+smoke no right so there could be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke no right so there could be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke no right so there could be a few
+more that smoke other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that smoke other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that smoke other things
+so exactly 10 is unlike all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly 10 is unlike all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly 10 is unlike all the other
+quantifiers in this list and that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in this list and that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in this list and that it is
+neither downward entailing nor upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither downward entailing nor upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither downward entailing nor upward
+entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+and if we ask does it license an NPI the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we ask does it license an NPI the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we ask does it license an NPI the
+answer is ah kind of weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is ah kind of weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is ah kind of weekly
+so this is a place where we might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a place where we might wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a place where we might wonder
+whether license I think I I led us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether license I think I I led us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether license I think I I led us into
+this when I first introduced you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I first introduced you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I first introduced you to
+these Expressions sorry NPI is short for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Expressions sorry NPI is short for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Expressions sorry NPI is short for
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+polarity item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are these expressions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these expressions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these expressions like
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+or ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ever
+lift a finger which are sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift a finger which are sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift a finger which are sensitive to the
+nature of the quantifiers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the quantifiers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the quantifiers that are
+around them and and tables like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and and tables like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and and tables like this
+sort of are the kind of thing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of are the kind of thing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of are the kind of thing people
+construct when they're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct when they're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct when they're trying to figure
+out exactly what is it that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what is it that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what is it that they're
+sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to
+do they want to be near something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they want to be near something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they want to be near something
+downward entailing that's one popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward entailing that's one popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward entailing that's one popular
+Theory or is it maybe they want to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory or is it maybe they want to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory or is it maybe they want to avoid
+being near something which is upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being near something which is upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being near something which is upward
+entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entailing
+and uh those are almost the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh those are almost the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh those are almost the same thing
+as you can see in those first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see in those first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see in those first two
+columns but not quite quantifiers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns but not quite quantifiers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns but not quite quantifiers like
+exactly 10 are sort of helpful Janice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 are sort of helpful Janice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 are sort of helpful Janice
+Janice has worked on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I get that do you does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I get that do you does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I get that do you does everybody
+get that so those are that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that so those are that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that so those are that's a nice
+example thanks so what you're pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example thanks so what you're pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example thanks so what you're pointing
+out is that it's helpful for the exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that it's helpful for the exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that it's helpful for the exactly
+10 to be explicitly a subset of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to be explicitly a subset of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to be explicitly a subset of of
+another set that we've got hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set that we've got hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set that we've got hanging
+around or something like that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or something like that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or something like that if we're
+it's a pardonative expression of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pardonative expression of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pardonative expression of some
+kind Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind Maybe
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+cool yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see
+it's a nice way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice way to think about it
+so the the the point about exactly 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the point about exactly 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the point about exactly 10
+isn't it is that in in those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it is that in in those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it is that in in those kinds of
+contexts is that uh this was true of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts is that uh this was true of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts is that uh this was true of ten
+of them but not of the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but not of the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but not of the others
+something like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that yeah
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+and so maybe that is the way to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe that is the way to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe that is the way to the way
+to think about it only is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it only is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it only is another
+interesting expression to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting expression to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting expression to think about
+here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe
+um but let's not yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+so especially if we take Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so especially if we take Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so especially if we take Genesis
+suggestion and sort of securely think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion and sort of securely think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion and sort of securely think of
+exactly 10 as being okay with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 as being okay with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 10 as being okay with anything
+being the thing which stands out here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the thing which stands out here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the thing which stands out here in
+this last row uh then maybe we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last row uh then maybe we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last row uh then maybe we want to
+think of these Expressions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these Expressions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these Expressions as
+Expressions that want to be in a context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that want to be in a context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that want to be in a context
+that's not upward entailing that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not upward entailing that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not upward entailing that's a
+move people make I can tell you that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move people make I can tell you that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move people make I can tell you that as
+you go through life if you interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through life if you interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through life if you interact with
+linguists and they are not semanticists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists and they are not semanticists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists and they are not semanticists
+they will often tell you that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will often tell you that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will often tell you that these are
+expressions things like lift a finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions things like lift a finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions things like lift a finger
+and a red sent and anything and ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a red sent and anything and ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a red sent and anything and ever
+that these are expressions that need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are expressions that need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are expressions that need to
+be in a downward entailing context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a downward entailing context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a downward entailing context
+because it's almost true and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's almost true and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's almost true and it's
+shorter than a non-uppered entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than a non-uppered entailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than a non-uppered entailing
+context but it's arguably not quite true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but it's arguably not quite true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but it's arguably not quite true
+this is maybe closer to what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe closer to what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe closer to what these
+things need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how about these Expressions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about these Expressions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about these Expressions so
+if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say
+John you know if I say John saw anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John you know if I say John saw anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John you know if I say John saw anything
+or John contributed to Red scent or John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or John contributed to Red scent or John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or John contributed to Red scent or John
+lifted the finger to help these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted the finger to help these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted the finger to help these are all
+bad and maybe that's not so surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and maybe that's not so surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and maybe that's not so surprising
+John needs them to quantify her at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask
+if we if we pretended that John was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we pretended that John was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we pretended that John was a
+quantifier I guess if we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier I guess if we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier I guess if we ask
+is John upward entailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a sense in which he is uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense in which he is uh John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense in which he is uh John
+if John smokes cigars entails that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if John smokes cigars entails that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if John smokes cigars entails that John
+smokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but consider uh sentences like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but consider uh sentences like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but consider uh sentences like the first
+ones John didn't lift a finger to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones John didn't lift a finger to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones John didn't lift a finger to help
+or John didn't contribute to Red scent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or John didn't contribute to Red scent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or John didn't contribute to Red scent
+or John didn't see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or John didn't see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or John didn't see anything
+we're seeing here is that it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing here is that it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing here is that it's possible
+to license those expressions uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to license those expressions uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to license those expressions uh not
+necessarily with a quantifier but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with a quantifier but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with a quantifier but with
+this negation right that negation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negation right that negation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negation right that negation is
+another kind of thing that makes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of thing that makes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of thing that makes these
+okay that's the reason that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the reason that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the reason that they are
+called negative polarity items it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called negative polarity items it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called negative polarity items it's
+because this is the first observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the first observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the first observation
+about them that they were uh things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them that they were uh things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them that they were uh things that
+were okay in negative sentences but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were okay in negative sentences but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were okay in negative sentences but
+usually bad and positive sentences then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually bad and positive sentences then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually bad and positive sentences then
+people were like wait there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were like wait there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were like wait there are some
+quantifiers that can license them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers that can license them too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers that can license them too
+people were often running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+right so uh if John smokes cigars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh if John smokes cigars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh if John smokes cigars that
+does entail that Jon smokes but if John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does entail that Jon smokes but if John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does entail that Jon smokes but if John
+doesn't smoke cigars that no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't smoke cigars that no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't smoke cigars that no longer
+entails that John doesn't smoke if John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails that John doesn't smoke if John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails that John doesn't smoke if John
+doesn't smoke cigars it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't smoke cigars it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't smoke cigars it's possible that
+he does smoke just not cigars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does smoke just not cigars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does smoke just not cigars
+so what negation does is create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what negation does is create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what negation does is create a
+non-upper detailing context which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-upper detailing context which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-upper detailing context which is
+what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh
+these qualifiers want so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qualifiers want so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qualifiers want so these
+expressions are what are called negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are what are called negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are what are called negative
+polarity items they need to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity items they need to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity items they need to be in a
+non-operating tailing context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-operating tailing context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-operating tailing context
+um and this has just been another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this has just been another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this has just been another
+example of a kind of thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a kind of thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a kind of thing that people
+work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+if you are looking around for uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are looking around for uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are looking around for uh things
+to work on for your final paper for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on for your final paper for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on for your final paper for your
+for your field work paper this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your field work paper this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your field work paper this is the
+kind of thing you can go look for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing you can go look for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing you can go look for most
+languages have npis uh so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages have npis uh so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages have npis uh so you could
+spend some time asking about how to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time asking about how to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time asking about how to say
+things like he didn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like he didn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like he didn't do anything
+uh finding out you know what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finding out you know what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finding out you know what kinds of
+Expressions you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions about any of this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+about less than yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said I'm sorry say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than 10 billion people did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 billion people did anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 billion people did anything
+bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe so I don't know what do the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so I don't know what do the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so I don't know what do the rest
+of you think about that is that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you think about that is that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you think about that is that a is
+that an odd sentence Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so me I I wonder whether this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so me I I wonder whether this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so me I I wonder whether this has to
+do with the conditions under which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the conditions under which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the conditions under which it
+makes sense to to use an expression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to to use an expression like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to to use an expression like
+less than 10 billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 billion people
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+the way things are right now uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things are right now uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things are right now uh less
+than 10 billion people would be well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 billion people would be well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 billion people would be well all
+the people that there are uh and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that there are uh and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that there are uh and so this
+is sort of connected to other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of connected to other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of connected to other questions
+about pragmatics which we have skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pragmatics which we have skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pragmatics which we have skipped
+and will continue to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will continue to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will continue to skip
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+which quantifiers you will use under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which quantifiers you will use under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which quantifiers you will use under
+which kinds of circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kinds of circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kinds of circumstances
+um so uh there's uh there's work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh there's uh there's work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh there's uh there's work on the
+fact for example that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact for example that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact for example that if I
+say something like uh Mary ate some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something like uh Mary ate some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something like uh Mary ate some of
+the cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookies
+that you are inclined to interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are inclined to interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are inclined to interpret that
+as meaning that she ate some of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meaning that she ate some of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meaning that she ate some of them but
+not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them
+right so if I say Mary ate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I say Mary ate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I say Mary ate some of the
+cookies and then you go over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and then you go over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and then you go over and
+discover that the plate of cookies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the plate of cookies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the plate of cookies is
+empty your you you have a tendency to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty your you you have a tendency to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty your you you have a tendency to be
+discouraged yeah but if some just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged yeah but if some just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged yeah but if some just means
+you know the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the set of
+Larry ate some of the cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if some just establishes a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some just establishes a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some just establishes a relation
+between you know the cookies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know the cookies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know the cookies and the
+things that Mary ate right and says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Mary ate right and says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Mary ate right and says uh
+the set of cookies and the set of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of cookies and the set of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of cookies and the set of things
+that Mary ate has a non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mary ate has a non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mary ate has a non-empty
+intersection if that's all it means then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if that's all it means then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if that's all it means then
+if Mary ate all of the cookies then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Mary ate all of the cookies then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Mary ate all of the cookies then this
+should be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be true
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and there are two things we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two things we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two things we could do
+about that one would be to say well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that one would be to say well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that one would be to say well we
+need a different definition of sum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a different definition of sum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a different definition of sum then
+because that's not our our reaction if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not our our reaction if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not our our reaction if
+it turns out she ate all of the cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out she ate all of the cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out she ate all of the cookies
+but there's another move that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another move that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another move that people
+standardly make which is to say if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly make which is to say if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly make which is to say if I say
+Mary ate some of the cookies what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary ate some of the cookies what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary ate some of the cookies what you do
+is you listen to me say that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you listen to me say that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you listen to me say that and you
+sort of mentally bear in mind the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mentally bear in mind the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mentally bear in mind the fact
+that I said some and I didn't say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said some and I didn't say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said some and I didn't say all
+right and you're sort of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're sort of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're sort of thinking about
+other kinds of things I could have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things I could have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things I could have said
+and if I had said all I would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I had said all I would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I had said all I would have been
+in a sense more informative I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense more informative I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense more informative I would have
+been telling you that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been telling you that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been telling you that there are no
+cookies left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies left
+yeah so on that approach we're okay our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so on that approach we're okay our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so on that approach we're okay our
+existing definition of sum is okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing definition of sum is okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing definition of sum is okay we
+get to just say yeah some just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to just say yeah some just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to just say yeah some just means
+there's an empty intersection and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an empty intersection and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an empty intersection and then
+there's this tendency that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this tendency that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this tendency that you have to
+listen to a quantifier and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to a quantifier and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to a quantifier and think about
+other quantifiers that you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quantifiers that you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quantifiers that you could have
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+and I think there's something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's something similar
+going on I'm sorry this is taking a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I'm sorry this is taking a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I'm sorry this is taking a long
+time I think there's something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think there's something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think there's something similar
+going on with your example but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with your example but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with your example but if you
+say less than 10 million people I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say less than 10 million people I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say less than 10 million people I'm I'm
+invited to wonder why you are describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to wonder why you are describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to wonder why you are describing
+like all existing people that way why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all existing people that way why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all existing people that way why
+aren't you just saying everyone you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you just saying everyone you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you just saying everyone you know
+and uh I think there's something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think there's something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think there's something similar
+some way of relating that fact to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of relating that fact to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of relating that fact to this
+fact I think yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes and then and there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes and then and there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes and then and there's a really
+interesting question about what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question about what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question about what I mean
+when I say informative like we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say informative like we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say informative like we have to
+try to figure that out that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure that out that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure that out that idea
+um is an idea by a guy named Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is an idea by a guy named Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is an idea by a guy named Grace
+his idea was that when you hear people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his idea was that when you hear people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his idea was that when you hear people
+speak you make assumptions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak you make assumptions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak you make assumptions about the
+conversational moves that they will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational moves that they will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational moves that they will make
+you assume that they will be honest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that they will be honest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that they will be honest and
+that they will tell you everything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will tell you everything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will tell you everything they
+will be maximally informative and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be maximally informative and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be maximally informative and so on
+um and that some of the the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that some of the the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that some of the the interesting
+kinds of inferences that we make about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of inferences that we make about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of inferences that we make about
+things that people say come from cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people say come from cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people say come from cases
+where we're following this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're following this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're following this these
+assumptions about what people will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what people will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what people will be
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+and one of the other things that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the other things that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the other things that he's
+sort of interested in showing is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interested in showing is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interested in showing is um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+he'll so we will do things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll so we will do things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll so we will do things which
+obviously violates Grace's they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously violates Grace's they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously violates Grace's they're
+called maxims crisis maxims and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called maxims crisis maxims and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called maxims crisis maxims and then you
+get to draw conclusions when I do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to draw conclusions when I do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to draw conclusions when I do those
+kinds of things so there's a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things so there's a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things so there's a classic
+kind of example if somebody asks me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example if somebody asks me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example if somebody asks me how
+did the students do on the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the students do on the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the students do on the test
+and I say well Mary passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that tells you that Mary passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that Mary passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that Mary passed
+and the fact that I didn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that I didn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that I didn't completely
+answer your question leads you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question leads you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question leads you to make
+conclusions about why right it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about why right it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about why right it didn't
+you know you get to ask yourself well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get to ask yourself well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get to ask yourself well so
+why didn't he tell me about any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't he tell me about any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't he tell me about any of the
+other students oh dear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students oh dear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students oh dear right
+um and the answer there could be various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the answer there could be various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the answer there could be various
+answers right like uh maybe the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers right like uh maybe the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers right like uh maybe the answer
+is everyone else failed uh maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone else failed uh maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone else failed uh maybe the
+answer is uh I happen to believe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is uh I happen to believe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is uh I happen to believe for
+some reason that you're entitled to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason that you're entitled to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason that you're entitled to know
+how Mary did but not about anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Mary did but not about anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Mary did but not about anybody else
+maybe you're Mary's dad or something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're Mary's dad or something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're Mary's dad or something in
+various ways that you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways that you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways that you know uh
+conclusions you could draw depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions you could draw depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions you could draw depending on
+the on the circumstances but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the circumstances but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the circumstances but that's
+another kind of example of Grecian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of example of Grecian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of example of Grecian
+maxims in action this is a domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxims in action this is a domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxims in action this is a domain of
+linguistics which I'm not planning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics which I'm not planning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics which I'm not planning to
+talk about at all and yet here I am uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about at all and yet here I am uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about at all and yet here I am uh
+it's called pragmatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called pragmatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called pragmatics
+and I'm not planning to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not planning to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not planning to talk about it
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think I've said this before when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've said this before when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've said this before when
+you're teaching intro classes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're teaching intro classes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're teaching intro classes in
+anything probably true of your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything probably true of your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything probably true of your other
+professors and your other intro classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and your other intro classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and your other intro classes
+um the professor presumably has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the professor presumably has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the professor presumably has a
+specialty something that they mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty something that they mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty something that they mainly
+work on and for the rest of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on and for the rest of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on and for the rest of the class
+they're they're doing their best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're doing their best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're doing their best you
+know to make everything look reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to make everything look reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to make everything look reasonably
+plausible and I think I told you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible and I think I told you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible and I think I told you the
+part where I have a specialty that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where I have a specialty that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where I have a specialty that was
+syntax right so everything else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax right so everything else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax right so everything else I
+haven't been making it up you know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been making it up you know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been making it up you know I've
+been doing my best to show you things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing my best to show you things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing my best to show you things
+that are really true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really true
+um but I'm not a semanticist and I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm not a semanticist and I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm not a semanticist and I'm I'm
+I so I'm I'm a syntactician I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'm I'm a syntactician I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'm I'm a syntactician I'm not a
+semanticist and I am really really not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semanticist and I am really really not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semanticist and I am really really not a
+pragmaticist and there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmaticist and there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmaticist and there are people who
+work on that and I'm just not one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that and I'm just not one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that and I'm just not one of
+them so uh I I have already told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh I I have already told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh I I have already told you
+more about pragmatics than I know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about pragmatics than I know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about pragmatics than I know yeah
+so I won't try to tell you anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't try to tell you anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't try to tell you anything else
+your Tas for example might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Tas for example might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Tas for example might be able to
+undo some of the damage uh tomorrow yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo some of the damage uh tomorrow yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo some of the damage uh tomorrow yeah
+by like communicating with us you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like communicating with us you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like communicating with us you're
+going to ask me about pragmatics aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask me about pragmatics aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask me about pragmatics aren't
+you go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead
+I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah which is true yeah then like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which is true yeah then like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which is true yeah then like if I
+went to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to school
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the person found out that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person found out that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person found out that you actually
+go to school yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they would they would feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they would they would feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they would they would feel that
+you're yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're yes exactly
+um uh or uh yeah yeah uh that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or uh yeah yeah uh that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or uh yeah yeah uh that's that's a
+good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example
+um particularly if uh there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um particularly if uh there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um particularly if uh there was some
+reason to think that when you said north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think that when you said north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think that when you said north
+of Boston you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Boston you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Boston you were
+um leaving open the possibility that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um leaving open the possibility that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um leaving open the possibility that you
+were going to school you know in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to school you know in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to school you know in various
+fine educational institutions North of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine educational institutions North of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine educational institutions North of
+Boston I probably shouldn't try to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston I probably shouldn't try to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston I probably shouldn't try to name
+any in particular and then if it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any in particular and then if it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any in particular and then if it turns
+out that in fact you were in some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in fact you were in some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in fact you were in some place
+in Greenland that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Greenland that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Greenland that's not
+not all that famous they might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that famous they might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that famous they might think
+I've been tricked yes yes great yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been tricked yes yes great yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been tricked yes yes great yeah
+you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right
+they get to ask why you why you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to ask why you why you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to ask why you why you did that
+why were you vague and you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were you vague and you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were you vague and you could have
+been specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been specific
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+anything else I can make up about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I can make up about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I can make up about
+pragmatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatics
+yes Raquel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+INE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INE
+yeah where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is not my dog yes right there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not my dog yes right there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not my dog yes right there it's
+a classic yeah so a lot of Comedy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic yeah so a lot of Comedy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic yeah so a lot of Comedy is
+built on uh failing to obey uh Gracie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on uh failing to obey uh Gracie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on uh failing to obey uh Gracie
+and Maximus yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Maximus yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Maximus yeah
+exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right
+yep yeah so in this case the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah so in this case the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah so in this case the maximum
+relevance so when he asks does your dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance so when he asks does your dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance so when he asks does your dog
+bite the guy is supposed to think why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite the guy is supposed to think why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite the guy is supposed to think why is
+he asking me this oh he must be assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he asking me this oh he must be assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he asking me this oh he must be assuming
+that this is my dog that must be what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is my dog that must be what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is my dog that must be what he
+wants to know about right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know about right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know about right so this is a
+kind of navigation of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of navigation of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of navigation of people's
+expectations in conversation that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations in conversation that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations in conversation that people
+always have to do that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to do that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to do that's right
+unless you're Inspector Clouseau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're Inspector Clouseau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're Inspector Clouseau
+yeah okay good let's uh end a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good let's uh end a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good let's uh end a little bit
+early today then and have a good weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early today then and have a good weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early today then and have a good weekend
+and I will see you next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vkka1O2H5h4.txt b/vkka1O2H5h4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ddcd1cca7c41002bf271d270954161443bea5bf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vkka1O2H5h4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3041 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+| make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of
+MIT courses, visit
+
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+So last week, we started
+our discussion of atoms.
+
+So these are, of
+course, the key players
+
+in a course of atomic physics.
+
+And we will reveal the structure
+of atoms going from the larger
+
+energies to the
+smaller energies.
+
+That means we start with
+electronic energies mainly
+
+determined by Coulomb energy.
+
+And then we go to
+finer levels which
+
+are fine structure, hyperfine
+structure, Lamb shift, and all
+
+that.
+
+So we have started last week
+to discuss the Schrodinger
+
+equation, discuss
+hydrogenic energy levels,
+
+and I pointed out some important
+results on typical length
+
+scales and the scaling
+of the wave function.
+
+We will meet that later today.
+
+But before I continue
+with atomic structure,
+
+I want to start today
+to discuss the units.
+
+The atomic units we are
+using to describe the atom.
+
+So the nat-- and for
+every problem in physics,
+
+you have what one may
+call natural units.
+
+And for us these are also
+called the atomic units.
+
+So what are atomic units?
+
+Well, atomic units are the
+units for length, for energy,
+
+for velocity, for
+electric field.
+
+And all of these
+units, you should
+
+be able to construct them
+out of fundamental constants.
+
+The fundamental constants
+which appear in the Schrodinger
+
+equation for the
+electron within the atom
+
+are the charge of the electron,
+the mass of the electron,
+
+and h-bar.
+
+Now, is there any other
+fundamental constant
+
+we should include here to
+construct our natural units?
+
+c, good question.
+
+What about c?
+
+The speed of light.
+
+Should the speed
+of light be part
+
+of our system of atomic units?
+
+Let's not go there.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Because if you set it to
+one, you have made a choice.
+
+You have constrained
+your system.
+
+And you're almost obscuring the
+fact whether it should appear
+
+or not.
+
+Well, the strong message
+I want to give you
+
+is at the level of
+electronic structure,
+
+at the level of the
+Schrodinger equation,
+
+it should not be there.
+
+Because we are
+talking at this point
+
+about solutions
+of the Schrodinger
+
+equation, the hydrogenic levels.
+
+And there is no c, no speed
+of light in the Schrodinger
+
+equation.
+
+So c is not part of the
+fundamental constants
+
+we have to consider now.
+
+It will later come in the
+fine-structure constant,
+
+but this is a different story.
+
+So we have three
+units, e, m, and c.
+
+And you can just play
+the game of combinatorics
+
+and see can you
+find a length which
+
+consists of those three units.
+
+And, well, it's h
+squared, m over e squared.
+
+This is how you get
+the unit of length.
+
+And this length is
+called the Bohr radius.
+
+And indeed, this is
+sort of the RMS size
+
+of the electron in the 1s state.
+
+You can play the
+game again and ask,
+
+can we construct an energy?
+
+Well, you find that if
+you take e to the four,
+
+if you take the mass and
+finally divide by h square,
+
+then you have a unit of energy.
+
+And this unit of
+energy turns out
+
+to be one Hartree or 27.2
+electron volts or two Rydbergs,
+
+twice the binding energy of
+the electron in the 1s state.
+
+And we had some discussion last
+week that the factor of two
+
+reflects the virial theorem.
+
+This is actually that one
+Hartree is the Coulomb energy
+
+of the electron in the 1s state,
+which is the binding energy.
+
+But then half of it
+is kinetic energy.
+
+And, therefore, the total
+energy of the 1s electron
+
+is half the Coulomb energy.
+
+And it's that.
+
+But no.
+
+OK, so, so far no c.
+
+The energy, the energy
+levels, the wave function.
+
+If there is no c, no speed
+of light in the Schrodinger
+
+equation, there is no c in the
+solution of the Schrodinger
+
+equation.
+
+And if you set it 1, sure,
+it wouldn't-- I mean,
+
+if your relativity
+equation said c equals 1,
+
+you obscure the fact.
+
+But here, it's
+definitely not there.
+
+But now we can also
+see, well, there
+
+are other important energies.
+
+One energy, and now
+I bring in the c
+
+just because I want to
+compare two energies which
+
+include the speed of light, the
+rest energy of the electron.
+
+Or a very fundamental unit
+of length is h-bar over mc.
+
+Which is the
+Compton wavelengths.
+
+So that's lambda Compton,
+the Compton wavelengths
+
+of the electron.
+
+And, well, if we
+try to figure out
+
+what is the ratio of the
+atomic unit of lengths.
+
+And the Compton radius,
+we have to multiply
+
+with a dimensionless unit
+which is hc over e squared.
+
+Or if I take the reverse,
+e squared over hc, h-bar c.
+
+And similarly, here the
+dimensionless quantity
+
+to multiply is that.
+
+So what do we find now here
+is we find that what we get
+
+is a quantity which
+I want to call alpha,
+
+the fine-structure constant.
+
+And what I find here is the same
+constant, alpha to the minus 1,
+
+times the Compton wavelengths.
+
+Let me discuss the
+fine-structure constant
+
+in a second, but there's
+still two more atomic units
+
+we want to discuss.
+
+There is the velocity and
+there is the electric field.
+
+I can simply get the
+velocity by saying, well,
+
+the velocity enters the
+kinetic energy in mv square.
+
+And if I said mv square, I want
+to skip all factors of unity.
+
+So that's not one half,
+it's just mv square.
+
+And if I said mv square
+equal to one Hartree,
+
+then I find that the
+atomic unit of velocity
+
+is e squared over h-bar.
+
+But this turns out
+to be alpha times c.
+
+So again, what we find is alpha,
+the fine-structure constant.
+
+Alpha is, of course,
+dimensionless.
+
+It is 1/137.
+
+So therefore, we see that if the
+velocity-- and this is actually
+
+the orbital velocity
+of the 1s electron.
+
+If this is alpha
+times c that confirms
+
+that the electron
+non-relativistic.
+
+We have solved the
+non-relativistic Schrodinger
+
+equation for it.
+
+And consistently, we find that
+the velocity of the electron
+
+is 1/137 of the speed of light.
+
+It's actually physics trivia.
+
+If somebody asks you
+how fast is the electron
+
+in the hydrogen atom, about
+1% of the speed of light.
+
+Of course, if you had solved
+the non-relativistic Schrodinger
+
+equation.
+
+And you solve it for, let's
+say, a naked uranium nucleus
+
+where z, the charge
+of the nucleus, is 92,
+
+then you find that this
+fine-structure constant times
+
+z is on the order of unity.
+
+You would find that the electron
+moves at the speed of light.
+
+And then you realize, gosh,
+I've solved the wrong equation.
+
+Because a non-relativistic
+Schrodinger equation
+
+when the solution
+is that something
+
+moves at the speed
+of light, I'd better
+
+start with a different equation.
+
+But here, we find
+we are consistent.
+
+An electron in the hydrogen
+atom for low nuclear charges
+
+of a few hydrogen, helium,
+and so on is non-relativistic.
+
+So let's just finish that.
+
+The electric field
+is the electric field
+
+felt by the electron
+which orbits
+
+the nucleus on the 1s shell.
+
+And this is 5.1 times 10 to
+the 9 volts per centimeter.
+
+So everything I've constructed
+here out of the three
+
+fundamental
+constants, e, m, and h
+
+are typical for the 1s
+electron for the ground
+
+state of hydrogen.
+
+We got the typical
+lengths, the Bohr radius,
+
+the typical energy, the
+Hartree, the typical velocity,
+
+which doesn't have a name,
+and the electric field
+
+experienced by this electron.
+
+So let's now talk about alpha.
+
+So alpha is dimensionless.
+
+It is, you know, if a constant
+has dimension like h-bar,
+
+like c, actually the
+value of it reflects
+
+our system of metrology.
+
+If you define the second
+in a different way,
+
+h-bar will change.
+
+c will change.
+
+So a lot of constants are
+not fundamental constants,
+
+being fundamental to
+the physics at hand.
+
+They are more kind
+of translating
+
+our metrological system
+into the equations
+
+we use to describe our system.
+
+But if something
+has no dimension,
+
+it is not related to a unit
+like the kilogram or the second,
+
+it has really
+fundamental importance.
+
+So, therefore, alpha is
+the fundamental constant
+
+in atomic physics.
+
+And if you have a
+fundamental constant,
+
+ultimately, there should
+be a theory of everything
+
+which should ultimately
+predict the value of alpha.
+
+Which, ultimately, we
+predicted by a complete theory.
+
+So alpha, the fine-structure
+constant, is smaller than 1.
+
+It's 1/137.
+
+And the fact that
+alpha is smaller like 1
+
+is often phrased in these words.
+
+That since alpha is
+much smaller than 1
+
+that this implies the
+electromagnetic interactions
+
+are weak.
+
+OK, I want to explain that.
+
+I mean, I've heard
+this many, many times.
+
+But what does it mean
+interactions are weak?
+
+So let me give you sort
+of my, in 90 seconds,
+
+sort of my spiel on it.
+
+Why does alpha mean that the
+electromagnetic interactions
+
+are weak?
+
+Well, we have to compare the
+electromagnetic interaction
+
+to something else.
+
+And the result will be for
+this situation I create,
+
+the electromagnetic
+interactions are weak.
+
+Electromagnetic interactions
+of the Coulomb field
+
+gets, of course,
+stronger, and stronger,
+
+and stronger the closer you
+move two charges together.
+
+So what does it mean that the
+Coulomb interaction is weak?
+
+Weaker compared to
+strong interactions
+
+or other interactions.
+
+Well, let me try to
+justify it as follows.
+
+We cannot go to epitary
+small distances.
+
+We can do it in
+classical physics,
+
+but not in quantum physics.
+
+So if you go to very
+small distances,
+
+if you localize
+particles very tightly,
+
+they have a lot of
+momentum uncertainty.
+
+The momentum uncertainty
+means energy uncertainty.
+
+And the energy
+uncertainty may mean
+
+that we can create electrons
+and positron pairs.
+
+So the moment we have
+an energy uncertainty,
+
+by our definition of bringing
+two particles close together,
+
+and this energy uncertainty
+is larger than the rest mass,
+
+we have to be very careful.
+
+We can no longer use a
+single particle description,
+
+or our concept of
+single particle physics
+
+breaks down if you have
+seen the particles prepared
+
+with an energy uncertainty,
+which would spontaneously
+
+create more particles.
+
+So therefore, let me
+postulate that our picture
+
+how we think about
+those interactions,
+
+arranging two charges
+and writing down
+
+what the Coulomb energy is.
+
+That if energy uncertainties
+become on the order of the rest
+
+energy, then the concept of
+single particles breaks down.
+
+Of course, that's not
+the end of physics.
+
+You need now a field theory
+for particles where particles
+
+are just excitations
+in your field.
+
+But here in atomic
+physics, you want
+
+to describe an electron
+bound to a nucleus.
+
+And we want to use
+those concepts.
+
+So let's just sort of say,
+what does it mean with delta e
+
+is mc squared?
+
+Well, that means the
+momentum uncertainty
+
+is on the order of mc.
+
+And with this
+momentum uncertainty,
+
+I can localize particles
+to within h-bar over mc.
+
+And this just turns
+out to be the Compton
+
+radius of the electron.
+
+So, therefore, I
+should be careful
+
+when I talk about the Coulomb
+energy between particles
+
+if I would go closer
+than the Compton radius.
+
+So, therefore, let me compare
+now the Coulomb interaction
+
+at the Compton radius
+to something else.
+
+So these Coulomb energy is
+e squared over the radius.
+
+The Compton radius.
+
+And this turns out to be
+e squared, mc over h-bar.
+
+So unless I want to
+get into quantum field
+
+theory of particles, before I
+need a different description,
+
+the strongest
+Coulomb interaction
+
+I can create by putting two
+particles at the Compton radius
+
+is that.
+
+And I can now compare
+this Coulomb interaction,
+
+the Coulomb energy, to the
+rest energy, mc squared.
+
+And, well, if I take what I had
+above, e squared mc over h-bar,
+
+I divide by mc squared.
+
+I find that e square, that
+the result, the ratio,
+
+is e squared over h-bar c.
+
+And this is just alpha.
+
+So in other words, what
+I've shown to you, if you
+
+try to bring two
+charges as close as
+
+possible before spontaneous
+pair production sets in, then
+
+you find that the
+Coulomb energy is not
+
+in the dominant
+energy in the system.
+
+The dominant energy
+is the rest energy,
+
+is the mass of the
+electron itself.
+
+And the ratio of those
+two energies at this point
+
+is, of course, completely
+independent of what
+
+metrological system you use
+for energy lengths and such.
+
+It's really something which
+says something fundamental
+
+about the nature of interaction.
+
+And what I just presented to
+you leads to the statement
+
+that the Coulomb interaction,
+the electromagnetic
+
+interaction, is weak.
+
+Because the
+fine-structure constant
+
+is much smaller than unity.
+
+Of course, if you use a nucleus
+of uranium, naked uranium,
+
+and people have ion traps where
+they create uranium 92 plus
+
+and then they add
+an electron, you're
+
+really studying very
+interesting physics.
+
+You're studying the physics
+of an electron for which
+
+the effective
+fine-structure constant is
+
+on the order of unity.
+
+And that's why people are
+very interested in it.
+
+And that's one area
+of current research.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK, so that's our little
+excursion about units.
+
+Let's talk now about
+some general properties
+
+of one electron
+atoms with cores.
+
+A lot of research in our field
+is done with alkali atoms.
+
+Alkali atoms are not
+the hydrogen atom.
+
+But they have one
+outer electron.
+
+So they are hydrogen-like.
+
+And now we want to
+sort of figure out
+
+what is the main
+difference because
+
+for one outer electron
+in rubidium and sodium.
+
+And the electron in hydrogen.
+
+Well, if we have an electron.
+
+And this electron orbits around.
+
+In the alkali atom,
+there is an ionic core
+
+which has a charge of a z plus.
+
+But then in this
+sort of compact core,
+
+there are also c
+minus 1 electron.
+
+So the electron, the
+outer electron pretty much
+
+feels the electric field
+of a single charge,
+
+but there is a the of the core.
+
+So what I want to
+discuss with you is now
+
+what is the leading correction
+to the properties of this atom?
+
+What is the leading correction
+to the hydrogen-like wave
+
+function due to the fact that
+we have an ionic core and not
+
+a proton.
+
+So for hydrogen, we would
+have the Rydberg formula.
+
+that for principal quantum
+number n, the energy is-- oh,
+
+just one second.
+
+Yes.
+
+OK, the hydrogenic
+energy would be z squared
+
+times the Rydberg constant
+divided by n squared.
+
+I'm confused about the factor
+of z squared, which I clearly
+
+have in my notes.
+
+I have to read up
+something about it.
+
+Let me take it out here.
+
+You know, we have a charge of z.
+
+But what I'm talking
+about is one electron
+
+which is very far
+away from the nucleus.
+
+And this one electron fields,
+in effect, only a single charge.
+
+And so, ultimately,
+you would expect
+
+that the Rydberg
+spectrum, if you
+
+go to higher and higher
+end, would actually
+
+converge to the Rydberg spectrum
+of hydrogen which would not
+
+have the factor of z squared.
+
+I hope I'm not
+overlooking something,
+
+but I'm just correcting
+my notes on the fly.
+
+So this would simply be
+what an electron would
+
+do in the Coulomb field
+of a single charge.
+
+And the question is, what
+is the leading correction
+
+to this formula?
+
+And I want to ask it
+as a clicker question.
+
+So that's the effect, that
+we have an ionic core.
+
+Does it make a constant
+offset to the binding energy?
+
+Or does it make the
+correction which,
+
+of course, is 1 over n squared.
+
+This would just scale
+the overall spectrum.
+
+It would actually lead to
+a modified rescaled Rydberg
+
+constant.
+
+Or is the correction
+higher order in n?
+
+Or finally, is it
+a correction which
+
+changes the effective
+principle quantum number n?
+
+Maybe you know the
+answer or maybe you
+
+want to try to guess the answer.
+
+So these are the four choices.
+
+Of course delta has
+different units.
+
+I just used the same symbol
+for the correction term.
+
+But depending whether it
+appears it has units of energy
+
+or if it appears in
+the denominator with n,
+
+it is dimensionless.
+
+AUDIENCE: Aren't these questions
+also C and D [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, this
+is the first thing
+
+I wanted to tell you, that
+answers C and D are the same.
+
+Because if we assume
+delta is small
+
+and you do a Taylor
+expansion of the denominator,
+
+you just get this.
+
+So c and d are
+actually equivalent.
+
+And so if I add
+up 20 people voted
+
+for c and d, which
+is equivalent.
+
+So this is equivalent
+by Taylor expansion.
+
+And, indeed, this
+is also-- this time
+
+there's two correct answers.
+
+So let me quickly derive it.
+
+The derivation is short.
+
+And it adds some insight.
+
+We want to do
+perturbation theory.
+
+And in perturbation
+theory, we simply take
+
+the wave function of the
+simplified Hamiltonian
+
+and ask what is the
+energy correction
+
+due to the fact that we
+have a finite core size?
+
+Since the finite core is near
+r equals 0 at the origin,
+
+we only need the scaling
+of the wave function close
+
+to the origin.
+
+And this is r to the l.
+
+And we have n to the power
+3/2, as we discussed last week.
+
+So our Hamiltonian is
+now the Hamiltonian
+
+of the hydrogen atom
+plus a perturbation term.
+
+And the perturbation
+term is the derivation
+
+of the potentially experienced
+by the outer electron,
+
+the deviation from a
+pure Coulomb potential.
+
+So the energy correction,
+en, is the expectation value
+
+of the hydrogenic wave
+function with the perturbation
+
+Hamiltonian.
+
+And the only thing we have to
+know about the perturbation
+
+Hamiltonian is that
+this Hamiltonian is
+
+localized around the origin.
+
+And then we immediately
+find because of the scaling
+
+of the wave function with
+n that this is 1/n cubed.
+
+And it's proportional.
+
+And by factoring out
+the Rydberg constant,
+
+I can parameterize
+this matrix element
+
+with a quantity, delta l,
+which is dimensionless.
+
+So that means that
+the binding energy
+
+is the hydrogenic binding
+energy plus this correction.
+
+And then to leading
+order in delta
+
+l, it's identical
+to this result.
+
+And this parameter,
+delta l, which
+
+is characterizing a whole
+Rydberg series for all n
+
+values for given l, this is
+called the quantum defect.
+
+So people realized early
+on in the early days
+
+of quantum mechanics
+before they understood it
+
+that the spectrum of
+many atoms followed
+
+a formula which was not
+1/n squared is hydrogen.
+
+It was 1n minus delta l squared.
+
+They didn't understand it.
+
+But this is, of course,
+now the derivation.
+
+There are many other
+derivations which
+
+you may enjoy reading about
+it in our atomic physics wiki.
+
+There's a derivation using
+the semi-classical approach
+
+and using the very
+nice physical picture
+
+that an electron, when it
+comes close to the core,
+
+experiences scattering
+phase shift.
+
+And this scattering phase
+shift is directly related
+
+to the quantum defect.
+
+Or you can make a
+model Hamiltonian
+
+which is exactly solvable where
+the perturbation Hamiltonian is
+
+not completely
+localized at the core.
+
+But it's proportional
+to 1/r squared.
+
+And then you can
+exactly solve it
+
+because you have
+already a term which
+
+is 1/r squared in your
+Schrodinger equation.
+
+Which is the centrifugal term.
+
+So therefore, the
+perturbation is only
+
+redefining the centrifugal term.
+
+It's redefining what l is.
+
+And eventually, you
+can solve it directly.
+
+Questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Then let me spend
+five to 10 minutes
+
+on spectroscopic notation.
+
+So the next five
+or 10 minutes, how
+
+we describe the
+configuration of an atom,
+
+well, I don't particularly
+like to teach it.
+
+Because it's more nomenclature
+about old-fashioned symbols.
+
+On the other hand, if
+you're working with atoms,
+
+you have to learn the language
+how to describe atoms.
+
+And I also know that
+an appreciable fraction
+
+of oral exams there will be
+one person in the community
+
+and say, what is
+your favorite atom?
+
+And what is the
+configuration of your atom?
+
+So it's something if
+you're an atomic physicist
+
+you're supposed to know.
+
+So the spectroscopic
+notation, the term designation
+
+focuses on the fact that if
+you have an isolated atom,
+
+we have angular
+momentum conservation.
+
+And so we have at least
+two quantum numbers.
+
+Which are sometimes also
+two good quantum numbers.
+
+We have some approximate
+quantum numbers
+
+where we have additional terms
+which break certain symmetries.
+
+But an isolated atom
+lives in isotropic space.
+
+The total angular momentum
+of this atom is conserved.
+
+It's absolutely conserved.
+
+It's absolutely
+good quantum number.
+
+And the good quantum numbers is
+the total angular momentum, j,
+
+and its protection energy.
+
+So in the language of atomic
+physics, we call j a level.
+
+It's different from states.
+
+So one level has now 2j
+plus 1 sub-levels or states.
+
+So usually when we
+talk about a level,
+
+we assume the level
+has degeneracies
+
+because there is the
+Mj quantum number.
+
+So j, you're talking about
+electronic structure.
+
+So j can have, when we
+have an isolated atom,
+
+can have contributions
+from several electrons.
+
+It can have contributions
+and these electrons
+
+can contribute through
+spin, s, and orbital angular
+
+momentum, l.
+
+In many situations,
+especially with alkali atoms,
+
+the inner core is
+completely field shell.
+
+There is no s, no l
+from the inner electrons
+
+which contribute.
+
+And all the contribution
+with the angular momentum
+
+comes from the outer electron.
+
+Especially for
+the lighter atoms.
+
+The non-relativistic atoms.
+
+The different electrons
+undergo ls copying.
+
+In other words, if you
+have multiple electrons,
+
+their orbital angular
+momentum couple up
+
+to the total orbital
+angular momentum, l.
+
+And all the spins couple
+up to the total spin, s.
+
+So therefore, before we
+introduce spin orbit copying,
+
+l is a good quantum number.
+
+s is a good quantum number.
+
+And then they couple to
+a good quantum number, j.
+
+Of course, once l and s
+couple to j, orbital and spin
+
+angular momentum precess around
+the total angular momentum.
+
+Anyway, I just
+want to say when I
+
+talk about j, what are
+possible ingredients?
+
+So let's assume we have an
+atom which has total angular
+
+momentum, j.
+
+And which is the sum of orbital
+angular momentum and spin
+
+angular momentum.
+
+And then in this case, we
+use a term designation.
+
+A level is designated
+by a term which
+
+is written as l, the value
+of orbital angular momentum.
+
+The spin multiplicity, 2s
+plus 1 is an upper left index.
+
+And a lower right index is j.
+
+And of course if l is 0,
+we use the letter s, p, d.
+
+This is sort of the
+historic letter designation
+
+for l equals 0, 1 and 2.
+
+So in other words, if you have
+an atom where the total angular
+
+momentum is composed of orbital
+angular momentum and spin,
+
+you can always
+write this symbol.
+
+And this symbol is
+the term designation
+
+which characterizes the state,
+the ground state or an excited
+
+state of your atom.
+
+If you have the hydrogenic
+atom, often you precede the term
+
+by the principal
+quantum number, n.
+
+So let me give you an example.
+
+If you have the sodium atom, the
+outer electron has n equals 3.
+
+It has 0 orbital
+angular momentum.
+
+It has spin 1/2.
+
+And 2s plus 1 is 2.
+
+And the total angular
+momentum is 1/2.
+
+If you go to the first excited
+state, you're still in n
+
+equals 3.
+
+But you have promoted the
+electron from an s state
+
+to p state.
+
+So, therefore, the
+orbital angular momentum
+
+is now 1 designated by p.
+
+The spin is still spin 1/2.
+
+But now orbital angular
+momentum of 1 and spin 1/2
+
+can form a total
+angular momentum
+
+which can either be 1/2 or 3/2.
+
+So if you're asked what is the
+state you prepare your atom in,
+
+you would give it a
+symbol 3 doublet p 1/2.
+
+And I've explained
+to you what it means.
+
+There is one addition.
+
+And sometimes you want
+to not just mention
+
+what is the principle quantum
+number of the outer electrons.
+
+Sometimes you want to specify
+the whole configuration.
+
+So this would mean you want to
+sort of build up the electron
+
+shell and say that I have
+two electrons in 1s, two
+
+electrons in 2s, one
+electron in 2p, and so on.
+
+So you use, I think this
+would now be beryllium atom?
+
+1s.
+
+So 1s is hydrogen,
+1s2 is helium.
+
+Then we go to lithium.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] is boron.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's boron, no?
+
+OK, so this would be boron.
+
+So what we use is here
+we use the products.
+
+We use products of
+symbols n, l, m.
+
+So to come back to
+the example of sodium,
+
+so sodium is filled up.
+
+As in the first shells.
+
+So it's 2p6.
+
+And then we have one electron,
+the outer electron in 3s.
+
+However, let me point
+out that this way
+
+to specify the
+configuration strongly
+
+depends on a hydrogenic model.
+
+It assumes that the electrons
+are non-interacting.
+
+And is, therefore,
+an approximation.
+
+In contrast, the
+term designation
+
+with a total angular
+momentum is always exact.
+
+Well, at least the
+total angular momentum
+
+is an exact quantum number.
+
+Whereas the
+configuration is based
+
+on the independent
+electron approximation
+
+in hydrogenic orbits.
+
+And usually when
+you have a real atom
+
+and you calculate
+with high precision
+
+what the electronic
+wave function is,
+
+you find actually that total
+many-body wave function
+
+is a superposition of
+many such configurations.
+
+But as long as one
+configuration is dominant,
+
+this configuration
+designation makes sense.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK, so we come back
+to the hydrogen atom
+
+when we discuss smaller
+features of the energy levels.
+
+Fine structure, hyperfine
+structure, and so on.
+
+But in our discussion of
+electronic energies, that's all
+
+I want to say about
+one electron atoms.
+
+So let's now proceed and
+discuss the helium atom.
+
+So we want to understand now
+what are the new effects when
+
+we have not only one
+electron, but two electrons.
+
+And don't worry.
+
+We are not proceeding to
+three, four, five electrons.
+
+I think to go from one
+to two, we actually
+
+capture the most
+important state.
+
+Namely, the interaction between
+the two electrons and what
+
+the results of that is.
+
+For the helium atom, there
+are some excellent treatments
+
+in standard textbooks
+of quantum mechanics.
+
+One is the famous
+quantum mechanic
+
+text by Cohen-Tannoudji et al.
+
+But also the text
+of Gasiorowicz.
+
+The reason why I have added the
+helium atom to the curriculum
+
+is because it is a
+simple system where
+
+we can discuss singlet
+and triplet states.
+
+And singlet and
+triplet configuration
+
+is important for population
+of inoptical lattices
+
+for quantum magnetism and such.
+
+Actually, you can say if
+you have two electrons
+
+and they align in a triplet
+state or a singlet state,
+
+one you can say
+is ferromagnetic.
+
+The other one is paired
+and antiferromagnetic.
+
+It's the simplest example
+where we can discuss magnetism.
+
+So that's my motivation why
+I want you to know something
+
+about the helium atom.
+
+So, therefore, let's now
+discuss energy levels of helium.
+
+And let's just start with
+the most basic model.
+
+The helium atom has two charges.
+
+So if you regard it
+as a hydrogen problem
+
+and we put two electrons
+into the 1s state,
+
+we would expect that based
+on the hydrogenic model
+
+that the binding energy
+of that is, per electron,
+
+is the Rydberg energy
+as in hydrogen.
+
+But now we have to scale it with
+z squared, the nuclear charge.
+
+And this gives us a factor of 4.
+
+So we would expect that per
+electron, the binding energy
+
+in the more simple hydrogenic
+model is 54 electron volt.
+
+So that would mean that the
+binding energy of the ground
+
+state is minus
+108 electron volt.
+
+However, the
+experimental result is
+
+that it's only 79 electron volt.
+
+So we find that there is a
+big discrepancy of 29 electron
+
+volt.
+
+Which is really huge.
+
+So what is responsible
+for this big discrepancy?
+
+Well, what we have
+neglected, of course,
+
+is the interaction
+between the two electrons.
+
+So we can fix that
+in the simplest way
+
+by keeping the wave function
+from the hydrogenic model.
+
+But now calculating the
+electronic energies,
+
+the electron-electron
+energy, by using
+
+the electron-electron
+interaction as a perturbation
+
+operator.
+
+So we still use as the wave
+function for the ground
+
+state, electron 1
+in the 1s state.
+
+So 1-0-0 is a designation for n,
+l, m for the hydrogenic quantum
+
+numbers.
+
+And we assume that the
+ground state is simply
+
+the product of two
+electrons in the 1s state.
+
+So if I calculate for
+this perturbation operator
+
+the expectation value
+with this ground state,
+
+we find that there is an
+energy correction which
+
+is 34 electron volt.
+
+So this removes most
+of the discrepancy.
+
+You can improve on it by
+a variation wave function
+
+if you use hydrogenic
+eigenfunctions as your tile
+
+wave function.
+
+But you are now calculating
+those hydrogenic wave functions
+
+not for nuclear charge 2, but
+in nuclear charge c star, which
+
+you keep as a
+variation of parameter.
+
+You find that you find
+even better wave functions.
+
+And you can remove
+2/3 of these remaining
+
+discrepancy of five
+electron volts.
+
+This variational wave
+function is left to you
+
+as a homework assignment.
+
+So where z is z
+equals 2 is replaced
+
+by a variation of parameter.
+
+Anyway, that's all
+I want to tell you
+
+about the ground
+state of helium.
+
+It's pretty much
+finding a wave function
+
+which correctly captures
+the Coulomb energies.
+
+The interaction between
+the two electrons.
+
+But what is much
+more interesting,
+
+and this is what
+I want to focus on
+
+for the rest of this
+lecture, is what
+
+happens in the excited state.
+
+Before I do that,
+let me just tell you
+
+what we just discussed.
+
+So we have to this
+hydrogenic estimate
+
+and eventually the Coulomb
+energy raises the energy level
+
+to what we have just discussed.
+
+But, you know, as the ground
+state has no degeneracy.
+
+And so we all talk about
+quantitative shifts.
+
+However, when we go
+to the excited state,
+
+we will find the degeneracies.
+
+And degeneracies are
+much more interesting
+
+because something which
+was degenerate can split.
+
+You have two different terms.
+
+So suddenly there
+is richer physics.
+
+So, therefore, we want to
+discuss now the excited state.
+
+So starting again with
+the hydrogenic model.
+
+In hydrogen, the
+2s and 2p state are
+
+degenerate so we have two
+configurations contributing
+
+to the same energy.
+
+1s 2s and 1s 2p.
+
+The binding energy in
+the hydrogenic model
+
+is a quarter of a Rydberg.
+
+Rydberg over n square and ns2.
+
+We have to scale it by z square.
+
+And we find 13.6 electron volt.
+
+But now what happens
+is that we have
+
+to introduce the Coulomb
+energy between the electrons.
+
+And if you do that, it shifts
+up the levels in different ways.
+
+So this is 1s, 2s.
+
+This is 1s, 2p.
+
+So why is this different?
+
+Well, you can say the following.
+
+You have two electrons.
+
+And you have the helium nucleus.
+
+And you first put
+in the 1s electron.
+
+And now the second electron
+when it is in a p state,
+
+in a 2p state, it's further out.
+
+And it pretty much
+experiences out
+
+there the charge of
+the helium nucleus
+
+shielded by the 1s electron.
+
+And, therefore, it sees
+in effect a smaller
+
+nuclear charge.
+
+Whereas, the two s
+electron penetrates deeper.
+
+Gets closer to the
+nucleus and will still
+
+realize that the nucleus
+has a charge of 2.
+
+And not a shielded charge.
+
+So, therefore, you would expect
+that the shielding effect
+
+due to the innermost
+electron is more important,
+
+has a bigger effect
+for the 2p electron
+
+then for the 2s electron.
+
+So let me just write that down.
+
+So the 2p electron it
+sees a shielded nucleus.
+
+In other words, what
+it experiences more
+
+as an inner core, the Coulomb
+potential of helium plus.
+
+And not so much
+of helium 2 plus.
+
+This is due to the 1s electron.
+
+And, therefore, the 2p electron
+has a smaller binding energy.
+
+It's actually comparable
+to the binding energy
+
+of the 2p state in hydrogen.
+
+Which is on the order
+of 4 electron volt.
+
+And this effect is
+smaller for the 2s state.
+
+So let's go back to
+the energy diagram.
+
+So we have now the situation
+which I just described.
+
+We have two degenerate
+configurations
+
+for in the hydrogen model.
+
+And when we add in Coulomb
+energy between the electrons,
+
+there is quite a big splitting
+of several electron volts.
+
+But now, each label
+undergoes further splitting.
+
+And this is what
+I want to discuss.
+
+So we are still sorting
+out just the preliminaries.
+
+What I really want
+to discuss with you
+
+is the singlet
+and triplet thing.
+
+But now we are there
+where we can do it.
+
+So if you have a
+configuration with 1s, 2s,
+
+there are two possibilities
+for the total angular momentum.
+
+Two electrons in
+an s state, there
+
+is no orbital angular momentum.
+
+But there are two spins, 1/2.
+
+And they can add up to
+1 or can add up to 0.
+
+So, therefore, we will
+have two different terms.
+
+One is singlet s0.
+
+And one is triplet s1.
+
+And this splitting
+is 0.8 electron volt.
+
+And this is what we want to
+discuss in the following.
+
+For completeness, but
+the physics is similar,
+
+let me mention that the
+1s, 2p state also gives
+
+rise to two terms.
+
+We have now the total
+orbital angular momentum, p.
+
+Orbital angular momentum of 1.
+
+The spin angular
+momentum is 0 or 1.
+
+So we have singlet and triplet.
+
+And the total angular
+momentum is 1 in this case.
+
+Or in this case, 2, 1, or 0.
+
+And the splitting
+in this situation
+
+is also on the order of a
+fraction of an electron volt.
+
+So what we want
+to understand now
+
+is why do we observe a splitting
+between those two levels
+
+which seems to
+depend on the spin?
+
+How can the spin
+cause a splitting?
+
+Because the spin so far has not
+appeared in our Hamiltonian.
+
+We rarely have a
+Hamiltonian which
+
+has only the Coulomb energy.
+
+And the spin is not part of it.
+
+So we don't have
+a magnetic field
+
+to which the magnetic momentum
+of the spin would couple.
+
+And also we have not yet
+introduced spin orbit coupling.
+
+But if this is on your
+mind, take it off your mind.
+
+Spin orbit coupling is a
+much, much smaller effect.
+
+Energies on the order
+of 1 electron volt,
+
+you just cannot get from
+spin orbit coupling.
+
+Spin orbit coupling is smaller
+than electronic energies,
+
+as I will explain
+to you on Friday,
+
+is smaller by the fine
+structure constant.
+
+So the typical scale
+for spin orbit coupling
+
+is maybe 10 or 100
+million electron volt.
+
+It's much smaller.
+
+So, therefore, we
+want to understand now
+
+why do we have a spin
+dependent energy.
+
+Also we haven't coupled at this
+point the spin to any field.
+
+OK, so we are focusing
+now on the splitting.
+
+So we have the 1s,
+2s configuration.
+
+We get two terms,
+as I just discussed.
+
+One is singlet and
+one is triplet.
+
+And still using the
+hydrogenic model
+
+of non-interacting
+electrons, we want
+
+to write down the wave function.
+
+So the wave function
+of the twin electrons
+
+is we have one electron
+in the 1s state.
+
+We have one electron
+in the 2s state.
+
+But now since we
+have fermionic atoms,
+
+we have to correctly
+symmetrize it.
+
+So whether we want the symmetric
+or antisymmetric combination,
+
+we exchange the two electrons.
+
+So now we have r2 and
+r2 in reverse order.
+
+Of course, the total wave
+function for two fermions
+
+has to be antisymmetric.
+
+But the total wave function is
+the product of the spatial wave
+
+function which I just wrote down
+times the spin wave function.
+
+The spin wave function can be
+antisymmetric and symmetric.
+
+And the antisymmetric
+spin wave function
+
+has to combine with the
+symmetric spatial wave
+
+function, and vice
+versa, to make sure
+
+that the total wave
+function is antisymmetric.
+
+And the correct
+description for fermions.
+
+The designation here,
+symmetric and antisymmetric
+
+for the total wave function
+reflects the spatial part.
+
+The total wave function, of
+course, including the spin wave
+
+function is always
+antisymmetric.
+
+OK, so we have two
+wave functions.
+
+One has a symmetric
+spatial wave function.
+
+The other one, an antisymmetric.
+
+The symmetric
+spatial wave function
+
+has an antisymmetric
+spin wave function.
+
+And that means we
+have s equals 0.
+
+That's up, down, minus
+down, up is antisymmetric.
+
+Where as the
+antisymmetric spatial
+
+wave function goes together
+with the symmetric spin wave
+
+function s equals 1.
+
+So this is the situation
+which gives rise
+
+to that triplet s1 term.
+
+And this here is
+the singlet s0 term.
+
+OK.
+
+As long as we have
+non-interacting electron,
+
+the two wave functions
+are degenerate.
+
+But now we want to bring in the
+Coulomb energy between the two
+
+electrons which we had
+already discussed before.
+
+And if you calculate the energy
+using this as a perturbation
+
+operator, well, remember the
+wave function had two parts.
+
+It was 100, r1, 200, r2.
+
+And the part where our 1
+and our 2 were flipped.
+
+And now if we have the wave
+function, the perturbation
+
+operator, we get a
+total of 4 terms.
+
+2 times 2.
+
+We have to sort of x it out.
+
+And we will then have the
+sort of diagonal parts.
+
+And we have the parts
+which are off diagonal.
+
+And for the off
+diagonal parts, it
+
+matters whether we had
+the plus or minus sign.
+
+You know, if you have plus,
+plus and minus, minus,
+
+you give a positive
+contribution.
+
+But if you connect
+the wave function
+
+before and after the
+operator, plus with minus,
+
+we get minus signs.
+
+So in other words, we
+have one contribution
+
+where it doesn't
+matter whether we
+
+have the symmetric or
+antisymmetric spatial wave
+
+function.
+
+But then we have
+another term where
+
+it matters whether we have the
+symmetric and antisymmetric
+
+wave function.
+
+That's where the plus or minus
+sign from the symmetrized wave
+
+function appears.
+
+So we have two contributions
+now to the energy correction.
+
+One is independent of
+the spin wave function
+
+whether we have the symmetric
+or antisymmetric configuration.
+
+The other one is not.
+
+The first term is called
+the Coulomb energy.
+
+The second term is called
+the exchange energy.
+
+So what we find is-- we
+have to trace back the sign,
+
+but you find that the triplet
+state symmetric in spin.
+
+And antisymmetric in the
+spatial wave function.
+
+Has the lower energy,
+is more strongly bound
+
+because the antisymmetric
+spatial wave function reduces
+
+the repulsive interaction
+between the two electrons.
+
+So in other words,
+we do not have
+
+any spin term in
+the Hamiltonian.
+
+It's just that whether
+the spin wave function is
+
+symmetric or antisymmetric,
+it requires the spatial wave
+
+function to be the opposite.
+
+And now when we calculate
+the Coulomb energy
+
+for the spatial or antisymmetric
+spatial wave function,
+
+we find a big difference.
+
+And the big difference
+is the exchange energy.
+
+So it is a spin dependent
+term for the total energy.
+
+But what is behind this energy
+is simply the Coulomb energy.
+
+So the spin through the
+symmetry of the wave function
+
+leads to a difference
+in the Coulomb energy.
+
+And actually what
+I'm telling you
+
+is the explanation why we have
+magnetism at room temperature.
+
+It was Heisenberg's
+idea when he realized
+
+for the first time what
+can cause ferromagnetism.
+
+It was pretty much the model
+of the helium atom expanded
+
+to many, many
+electrons in a lattice.
+
+So the result is that the
+Curie temperature of thousands
+
+of degrees, we have magnetism
+below 1,000 degrees.
+
+This energy scale is
+an electronic energy,
+
+is in Coulomb energy scale
+and not an energy scale
+
+where spin interactions
+comes into play.
+
+If it were not for
+the exchange energy,
+
+we would not have magnetic
+materials above 1 calorie.
+
+So this is what you see
+here in the helium atom.
+
+How speed leads to an
+energy splitting which
+
+is an electronic Coulombic
+energy splitting.
+
+OK, let's make it maybe
+even more obvious.
+
+The above equation
+can be rewritten.
+
+So this energy
+splitting can be written
+
+as a constant, alpha,
+plus a constant beta,
+
+times the product of s1 and s2.
+
+Well, what happens is-- let
+me just give you as a sidebar,
+
+the product of s1
+and s2 can be written
+
+as minus s1 square, minus
+s2 square, plus s square.
+
+s1 square is one half times 3/2,
+it's 3/4. s2 squared is 3/4.
+
+And s square is either
+0 or 2 depending
+
+whether you're in the
+singlet or triplet state.
+
+In other words, I just
+want to with the sidebar,
+
+which you have seen many,
+many times, just remind you
+
+that the product of s1 and
+s2 has only two values.
+
+One for the singlet state,
+one for the triplet state.
+
+So, therefore, if I
+have a singlet level
+
+and a triplet
+level, I can always
+
+parametrize it like this.
+
+And I can make it more
+obvious by showing
+
+what this formula on the right
+hand side has two values.
+
+One for s equals 0.
+
+And one for s equals 1.
+
+And this can be
+rewritten as alpha.
+
+You find a more explicit
+calculation in the [? video, ?]
+
+but it's also just one
+more line of algebra.
+
+You can write it in
+the following way.
+
+So, therefore, the
+alpha and beta parameter
+
+are just a way of, you know,
+you have two energy levels.
+
+And with two constants,
+you can always
+
+describe two energy levels.
+
+Here, I've done it
+with alpha and beta.
+
+But before, I did it
+with the Coulomb energy.
+
+And the exchange energy which
+we obtained in this equation
+
+when we perturbatively
+calculated the integral.
+
+So by writing it as
+s1 dot s2, I even
+
+suggest that the
+two spins interact
+
+like a dipole-dipole
+interaction.
+
+But they don't.
+
+It comes from the
+Coulomb interaction,
+
+but it is equivalent to
+a gigantic dipole-dipole
+
+interaction.
+
+So, therefore, the
+conclusion of this
+
+is that what I have derived
+for you for the helium atom,
+
+it looks like a ferromagnetic
+spin-spin interaction.
+
+And, well, it looks
+like it, it is actually
+
+an effective ferromagnetic
+spin-spin interaction.
+
+However, the coupling
+is purely electrostatic
+
+here and not magnetic.
+
+Questions?
+
+OK, yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So since we're still
+using the hydrogenic wave
+
+function as a basis,
+how closely does this
+
+get to the actual
+measured values?
+
+PROFESSOR: The question
+is, how close do we
+
+get with hydrogenic
+wave functions
+
+to the actual measured energy?
+
+I don't know.
+
+I don't know the exact
+numbers for the excited state.
+
+I assume that it's similar
+to the ground state.
+
+You saw that for
+the ground state,
+
+we had a big discrepancy.
+
+Most of that was closed by
+using hydrogenic wave functions.
+
+And just calculating
+the perturbative terms.
+
+So you pretty much
+get qualitatively or
+
+semi-quantitatively, you
+get the picture out of it.
+
+And unless you're
+really interested
+
+in the absolute values,
+you can stop there.
+
+But one way to go further and
+reduce the discrepancy by 75%
+
+is to use this variational
+wave function where
+
+you use hydrogenic
+wave function,
+
+but you use z, the
+nuclear charge,
+
+as a variation of parameter.
+
+And I mean, this is,
+I mean, it's amazing.
+
+I mean, you have a
+two electron atom
+
+and you use a
+hydrogenic wave function
+
+with one free parameter.
+
+And you get binding
+energies which
+
+are on the order of 70
+electron volt accurate to
+
+within better than 3%, 4%, 5%.
+
+But by adding other terms
+or using a little bit
+
+more fancy wave
+functions, I'm sure you
+
+can get further and further.
+
+OK, so the last thing
+I wanted to discuss
+
+is the new feature
+of two electrons
+
+is that we have singlet
+and triplet levels.
+
+So we have a letter of states
+which are singlet states.
+
+And then, and this is
+what we just discussed,
+
+let me just make dashed lines.
+
+Because of this ferromagnetic
+spin-spin interaction,
+
+we have triplets states
+which have lower energy.
+
+So these are n equals
+2 triplet states.
+
+n equals 2 triplet states.
+
+j equals 1.
+
+j equals 0, 1, 2.
+
+So of course, there
+are transitions
+
+between those levels.
+
+And form a p state, you can have
+transitions down to an s state.
+
+The question I have is what
+about possible transitions
+
+between triplet and singlet?
+
+So what I want to ask you know
+with a clicker question is
+
+what kind?
+
+So those transitions
+here are transitions
+
+between singlet and triplet.
+
+And the technical term for
+transitions between singlet
+
+and triplet are
+intercombination lines.
+
+So the question I have for you
+is what fields or couplings
+
+drive singlet
+triplet transitions?
+
+So I want you to think about the
+model we have discussed so far.
+
+All we have is Coulomb energy.
+
+Coulomb energy between the
+nucleus and the electrons.
+
+And between the electrons.
+
+That's it.
+
+We do not put any other
+terms into the Hamiltonian.
+
+And now we have obtained
+those wave functions.
+
+We have obtained those
+energies splittings.
+
+And now we want to ask are
+there transitions possible?
+
+So one possibility is that
+we can drive the transition
+
+with optical fields.
+
+Let's say our dipole operator.
+
+Which many of you have
+encountered in life.
+
+We have already discussed
+rotating magnetic fields
+
+in the first part of the course.
+
+Is it possible to use
+both magnetic fields
+
+and optical fields?
+
+Or the last answer
+is none of the above.
+
+It's not possible with
+any of those fields
+
+to create any kind of transition
+between singlet and triplet.
+
+OK, all right.
+
+We have to spend the first 10
+minutes on the class on Friday
+
+to discuss that.
+
+But the answer is none.
+
+There is no way how you can get
+a transition between singlet
+
+and triplet using
+the approximations
+
+for the description
+of the helium atom
+
+we have done so far.
+
+Since I don't want to end
+with such a cliffhanger,
+
+let me just say, we have
+actually a selection rule
+
+which says, we are not
+changing the total spin.
+
+And you would say, hey, come on.
+
+Can't I just take a magnetic
+field and flip one of the spin,
+
+go from a triplet
+to a singlet state?
+
+Well, the answer is no.
+
+And let me just give
+it to you qualitatively
+
+and deformalize it on Friday.
+
+First, as far as transverse
+magnetic fields, rotating
+
+magnetic fields, are
+concerned. transverse B fields.
+
+Remember, transverse B fields
+create some f of the spin.
+
+But both spins precess equally.
+
+So you can never
+even classically,
+
+you cannot change the angle
+between the two spins.
+
+When the two spins
+are interparallel,
+
+they stay interparallel.
+
+When they stay parallel
+when they are parallel,
+
+they stay parallel.
+
+Or to say the
+transverse B field means
+
+we have a coupling, sx, sy.
+
+And sx and sy can be
+written as letter operators,
+
+s plus and s minus.
+
+And as you know, s
+plus and s minus only
+
+change the magnetic
+quantum number.
+
+But they do not change
+the value of the total s.
+
+In other words, if
+you have a spin which
+
+is s equals 1 triplet
+state, you can
+
+change the angle, how
+the spin equals 1 points.
+
+But it still will
+be spin 1 where
+
+both electrons are
+aligned parallel.
+
+There is no magnetic field
+which can selectively
+
+talk to one spin and rotate
+spin 1 with respect to spin 2.
+
+And coming to the
+other questions
+
+about optical fields
+with a dipole operator,
+
+the answer is also
+a resounding no.
+
+Because the dipole operator
+of the electromagnetic field,
+
+the dipole operator acts only
+on the spatial wave function.
+
+Not on the spin part.
+
+So a laser beam through
+the dipole operator
+
+can never ever flip the spin.
+
+It only acts on the
+spatial wave function.
+
+So anyway, I wanted to just give
+you the answer why you cannot
+
+go from singlet to triplet
+state with sort of our standard
+
+operators, with the electric
+dipole operator or with
+
+the rotating field.
+
+And I hope it was worthwhile
+to explain in detail why each
+
+of them cannot do it.
+
+But on Friday, I
+explained to you
+
+that there is a general
+symmetry behind it
+
+that even more fancy
+combinations will not
+
+be able to do that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wcVY654ZCd8.txt b/wcVY654ZCd8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef4c9454ca49c1a43bd629b50b6868d843719b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wcVY654ZCd8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8432 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're on with lecture 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're on with lecture 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're on with lecture 26
+where I'm planning now just to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm planning now just to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm planning now just to complete
+even though that 25 ran over it uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that 25 ran over it uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that 25 ran over it uh I
+still have a factorization to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a factorization to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a factorization to do for
+this polomial and I still have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polomial and I still have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polomial and I still have to tell
+you what's good about that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's good about that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's good about that very
+particular polomial the -1 09 169 0 -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular polomial the -1 09 169 0 -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular polomial the -1 09 169 0 -1
+one and what's better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's better about
+the one that leads to so this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that leads to so this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that leads to so this there's
+the 53 I'm dealing with here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 53 I'm dealing with here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 53 I'm dealing with here and then
+the 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 97
+that uh is even better. Okay. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is even better. Okay. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is even better. Okay. Okay. So
+this fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fellow
+so this is our p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our p
+and I factored it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I factored it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I factored it
+and the remarkable thing is and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remarkable thing is and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remarkable thing is and that's
+why it's so good that's why those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's so good that's why those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's so good that's why those
+particular numbers I mean the zeros you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular numbers I mean the zeros you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular numbers I mean the zeros you
+everybody remembers the zeros had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody remembers the zeros had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody remembers the zeros had to be
+there zeros had to be there for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zeros had to be there for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zeros had to be there for the
+perfect reconstruction part but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect reconstruction part but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect reconstruction part but now
+we've got freedom on these other these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got freedom on these other these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got freedom on these other these
+nines and minus ones and so forth but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines and minus ones and so forth but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines and minus ones and so forth but so
+we use that freedom to get whole lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that freedom to get whole lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that freedom to get whole lots
+and I've instead of e to the i omega e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've instead of e to the i omega e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've instead of e to the i omega e
+to the j omega I just wrote z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j omega I just wrote z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j omega I just wrote z
+uh so uh just to make it simpler shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh just to make it simpler shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh just to make it simpler shorter
+uh so so z equ= minus1 of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so z equ= minus1 of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so z equ= minus1 of course this is
+the z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the omega circle you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the omega circle you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the omega circle you could
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle
+Z= E to the J omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z= E to the J omega.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z= E to the J omega.
+So there's the and here is the big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the and here is the big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the and here is the big the
+important point where we're seeing four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point where we're seeing four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point where we're seeing four
+zeros. So one two three four zeros at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. So one two three four zeros at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. So one two three four zeros at at
+the big point Z equ= minus one. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big point Z equ= minus one. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big point Z equ= minus one. So that
+Z equ= minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equ= minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equ= minus one
+is omega= pi and that's where we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega= pi and that's where we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega= pi and that's where we want
+lowass filters to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why don't we just say, "Okay, great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we just say, "Okay, great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we just say, "Okay, great.
+We'll use these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for PN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PN.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PN.
+We couldn't have more zeros than at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We couldn't have more zeros than at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We couldn't have more zeros than at at
+pi than that gives than we couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi than that gives than we couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi than that gives than we couldn't have
+a I mean, it has nothing no waste as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean, it has nothing no waste as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean, it has nothing no waste as far
+as zeros at pi." But so why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zeros at pi." But so why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zeros at pi." But so why don't we
+just use this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this filter
+as the product filter? Factor it, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the product filter? Factor it, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the product filter? Factor it, do
+whatever we like. it hasn't got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we like. it hasn't got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we like. it hasn't got this
+requirement satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement satisfied
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh the that we needed in the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the that we needed in the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the that we needed in the perfect
+reconstruction. So if we tried to invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction. So if we tried to invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction. So if we tried to invert
+stuff here, we would get into IIR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here, we would get into IIR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here, we would get into IIR
+filters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters.
+Well, big debate still raging. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, big debate still raging. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, big debate still raging. Actually,
+I refereed a paper this morning who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refereed a paper this morning who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refereed a paper this morning who
+where the guy suggested these filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the guy suggested these filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the guy suggested these filters
+and then he said live with IIR in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he said live with IIR in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he said live with IIR in the in
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+in the reconstruction step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reconstruction step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reconstruction step.
+Well, paper had been rejected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, paper had been rejected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, paper had been rejected by the
+main wavelets journal for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main wavelets journal for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main wavelets journal for that reason
+probably, but still there was some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably, but still there was some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably, but still there was some good
+ideas. So, he's rewriting it. Would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. So, he's rewriting it. Would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. So, he's rewriting it. Would that
+give an infinite delay? It it would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an infinite delay? It it would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an infinite delay? It it would give
+an infinite delay if we did it exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite delay if we did it exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite delay if we did it exactly.
+Uh so he's he's uh it's like Butter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so he's he's uh it's like Butter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so he's he's uh it's like Butter
+Butterworth filters are the are the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butterworth filters are the are the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butterworth filters are the are the uh
+continuous analog famous. So they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analog famous. So they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analog famous. So they're
+quite efficient but but you got to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite efficient but but you got to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite efficient but but you got to deal
+with infinity somehow. Okay, here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infinity somehow. Okay, here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infinity somehow. Okay, here we
+don't. Here we're really staying finite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't. Here we're really staying finite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't. Here we're really staying finite.
+So we've got this extra factor. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got this extra factor. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got this extra factor. So, so
+this has the roots of this, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the roots of this, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the roots of this, of course,
+everybody sees are are these four. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees are are these four. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees are are these four. And
+the roots of this remaining quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of this remaining quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of this remaining quadratic
+that we needed to toss in or there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed to toss in or there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed to toss in or there's one
+root here and there's another root here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root here and there's another root here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root here and there's another root here
+somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere.
+Yeah, I could we could locate them. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I could we could locate them. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I could we could locate them. Not
+hard to It's a quadratic. We could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to It's a quadratic. We could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to It's a quadratic. We could find
+its roots for sure. Okay, so now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its roots for sure. Okay, so now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its roots for sure. Okay, so now what's
+the what's the deal? We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the deal? We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the deal? We're going to
+factor this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this into
+we're factoring this whole thing into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're factoring this whole thing into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're factoring this whole thing into a
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+times an fnot. So we're we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an fnot. So we're we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an fnot. So we're we'll put
+whatever zeros we want with hnot and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever zeros we want with hnot and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever zeros we want with hnot and we
+put the others with fnot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what should we do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what should we do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what should we do?
+Well, we don't want to put all these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we don't want to put all these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we don't want to put all these in
+hnot and those two bad guys in fnot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hnot and those two bad guys in fnot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hnot and those two bad guys in fnot.
+That would be that would that would wipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be that would that would wipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be that would that would wipe
+out Fnot as as any use at all. So then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Fnot as as any use at all. So then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Fnot as as any use at all. So then a
+natural idea. Well well what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea. Well well what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea. Well well what do you
+think? We could put two of these in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think? We could put two of these in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think? We could put two of these in two
+of these zeros in Hnot. So So you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these zeros in Hnot. So So you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these zeros in Hnot. So So you see
+what I mean? We could we could let we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean? We could we could let we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean? We could we could let we
+could let H knot be this could have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could let H knot be this could have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could let H knot be this could have two
+of the zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zeros
+and then maybe one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe one of the one of the
+other pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pair.
+So a + b z1 what z inverse whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a + b z1 what z inverse whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a + b z1 what z inverse whatever it
+would be. I I should know those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be. I I should know those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be. I I should know those numbers
+anyway. But what the heck? You you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. But what the heck? You you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. But what the heck? You you see
+what I'm saying? You see the options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying? You see the options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying? You see the options and
+then fnot would have the other two zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fnot would have the other two zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fnot would have the other two zeros
+of P. This is the whole thing is P. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P. This is the whole thing is P. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P. This is the whole thing is P. So
+we've got those four zeros and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got those four zeros and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got those four zeros and then the
+and then the linear the one one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the linear the one one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the linear the one one more
+zero the the linear term. So that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the the linear term. So that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the the linear term. So that guy
+times this guy are are what produces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this guy are are what produces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this guy are are what produces the
+the quadratic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic.
+Is that a good idea?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a good idea?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a good idea?
+Doesn't that even doesn't who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it does. And so this would and what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does. And so this would and what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does. And so this would and what what
+length would it be? Good. Exactly right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length would it be? Good. Exactly right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length would it be? Good. Exactly right.
+What length would it be? Four. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What length would it be? Four. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What length would it be? Four. So this
+would produce a 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce a 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce a 44
+filter bank and it would be the doashi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank and it would be the doashi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank and it would be the doashi
+most famous of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous of all
+filter banks of all wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks of all wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks of all wavelet
+constructions. It's what she became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions. It's what she became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions. It's what she became
+famous for finding these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous for finding these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous for finding these.
+So she did this balanced factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So she did this balanced factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So she did this balanced factorization
+where where one of these went with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where one of these went with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where one of these went with
+with analysis and the other went with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with analysis and the other went with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with analysis and the other went with
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+and that balancing made her filter banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that balancing made her filter banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that balancing made her filter banks
+orthogonal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal,
+separately orthogonal but not symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately orthogonal but not symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately orthogonal but not symmetric.
+Not symmetric because this is nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not symmetric because this is nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not symmetric because this is nice and
+symmetric. This is a one two one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. This is a one two one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. This is a one two one but
+this this thing is is somehow uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing is is somehow uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing is is somehow uh you
+know it's a one alpha or something. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a one alpha or something. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a one alpha or something. It's
+it's it's it's it makes it unsymmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's it makes it unsymmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's it makes it unsymmetric.
+So this is 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 44
+uh doashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doashes
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but non symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+44.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So that that's quite an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that's quite an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that's quite an important
+filter, very important filter, but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter, very important filter, but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter, very important filter, but not
+symmetric filtering. So it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric filtering. So it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric filtering. So it doesn't get
+used in image processing. So what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in image processing. So what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in image processing. So what how
+shall I how shall I change things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I how shall I change things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I how shall I change things to
+make it symmetric?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it symmetric?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it symmetric?
+Put them both on one side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Put them both on one side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Put them both on one side.
+Put them both on one side. So So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Put them both on one side. So So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Put them both on one side. So So let
+this be the fnot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be the fnot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be the fnot.
+And you see that's going to give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see that's going to give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see that's going to give us the
+one. This gives us with a square there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This gives us with a square there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This gives us with a square there.
+This is then the one two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and put the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the whole
+other factor -1 4 Z inverse minus Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factor -1 4 Z inverse minus Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factor -1 4 Z inverse minus Z the
+minus 2 put that the whole quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 put that the whole quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 put that the whole quadratic
+over on this side and if we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on this side and if we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on this side and if we multiply
+that out that's what gives us the minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out that's what gives us the minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out that's what gives us the minus1
+26 2 minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 2 minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 2 minus one.
+We knew this, you know, we knew that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We knew this, you know, we knew that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We knew this, you know, we knew that we
+could that one factorization of P not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that one factorization of P not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that one factorization of P not
+was this. So again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this. So again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this. So again,
+the new question was why is this P not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new question was why is this P not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new question was why is this P not
+of special interest? And and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special interest? And and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special interest? And and what's the
+answer?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer?
+Why why this P not and not some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why why this P not and not some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why why this P not and not some other
+numbers?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers?
+because for whatever for an unexplained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for whatever for an unexplained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for whatever for an unexplained
+but uh per perhaps reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh per perhaps reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh per perhaps reasonable
+uh uh cause we like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh cause we like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh cause we like these
+we like the fact that it has four zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the fact that it has four zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the fact that it has four zero
+we like the fact that it has four a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the fact that it has four a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the fact that it has four a lot
+of zeros at minus one okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros at minus one okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros at minus one okay so if you
+were doashi what would you do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doashi what would you do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doashi what would you do next
+going up the going up the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up the going up the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up the going up the line
+what would the next um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the next um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the next um
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+that you would then factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would then factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would then factor.
+Okay, so now we're really inventing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we're really inventing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we're really inventing the
+whole doashi family of of uh filters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole doashi family of of uh filters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole doashi family of of uh filters.
+What would the next p not be? Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would the next p not be? Let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would the next p not be? Let's see.
+We want six zeros, right? And then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want six zeros, right? And then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want six zeros, right? And then we'll
+then we're going to have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have to have some
+loser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loser
+uh quadratic may not do the job because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quadratic may not do the job because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quadratic may not do the job because
+if if I go up to six zeros and then try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I go up to six zeros and then try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I go up to six zeros and then try
+with a quadratic, what will happen? I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a quadratic, what will happen? I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a quadratic, what will happen? I've
+only increased the degree by two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only increased the degree by two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only increased the degree by two.
+I I'm popping something new on the ends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm popping something new on the ends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm popping something new on the ends.
+But those are zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But those are zeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But those are zeros.
+Yeah, they have to be zeros, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, they have to be zeros, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, they have to be zeros, right?
+Because because I need zeros in all. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because because I need zeros in all. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because because I need zeros in all. So
+I have to go up by four. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go up by four. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go up by four. That's the
+thing. I have to go up by four. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. I have to go up by four. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. I have to go up by four. So the
+next one, the next will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one, the next will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one, the next will be
+up to degree 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to degree 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to degree 10
+with six zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six zeros
+at minus one, which is pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus one, which is pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus one, which is pi.
+And and a fourth degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and a fourth degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and a fourth degree
+bad factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad factor.
+I'll say bad because it it would be we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say bad because it it would be we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say bad because it it would be we'd
+be happier if we didn't need it, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happier if we didn't need it, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happier if we didn't need it, but we
+do. Okay. And that would give us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Okay. And that would give us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Okay. And that would give us um
+that would give us another step up. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give us another step up. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give us another step up. Let
+me take the next step because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the next step because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the next step because that's
+where 97 comes up. The next degree will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 97 comes up. The next degree will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 97 comes up. The next degree will
+be 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 14
+with eight zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eight zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eight zeros
+at minus1 and a sixth degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus1 and a sixth degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus1 and a sixth degree
+bad factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad factor.
+So let's can we draw the that situation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's can we draw the that situation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's can we draw the that situation?
+Uh let me let me redraw the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me let me redraw the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me let me redraw the unit circle
+and let's just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just imagine
+could we construct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we construct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we construct this
+thing. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Well,
+with a little you see what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little you see what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little you see what what
+determines what determines the this 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what determines the this 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what determines the this 14th
+degree polomial?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polomial?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polomial?
+Just have we got the picture straight?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just have we got the picture straight?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just have we got the picture straight?
+What determines that 14th degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What determines that 14th degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What determines that 14th degree
+polomial?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial?
+Well, this is this determines a good bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is this determines a good bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is this determines a good bit
+of it. Having eight zeros at minus one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Having eight zeros at minus one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Having eight zeros at minus one,
+leaving us with a sixth degree factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us with a sixth degree factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us with a sixth degree factor
+that we But what determines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we But what determines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we But what determines that
+zero? Those inserting those odd zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? Those inserting those odd zeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? Those inserting those odd zeros.
+That's right. The requirement of odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. The requirement of odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. The requirement of odd
+zeros is what determines the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros is what determines the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros is what determines the remaining
+factor is odd zeros. I mean these zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is odd zeros. I mean these zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is odd zeros. I mean these zeros
+and the next one at minus 7 and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one at minus 7 and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one at minus 7 and so forth
+or what whatever wherever it's centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what whatever wherever it's centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what whatever wherever it's centered
+probably centered up further along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably centered up further along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably centered up further along
+probably f probably the center will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably f probably the center will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably f probably the center will be
+at z to the minus 7 when I'm up to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at z to the minus 7 when I'm up to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at z to the minus 7 when I'm up to to
+degree 14 okay so we could do it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 14 okay so we could do it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 14 okay so we could do it and we
+could factor it and that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could factor it and that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could factor it and that's that's what
+the FBI used I don't think they did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FBI used I don't think they did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FBI used I don't think they did the
+factorization but they used the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization but they used the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization but they used the numbers
+and I just had those numbers by email. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just had those numbers by email. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just had those numbers by email. I
+could I could communicate them. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could communicate them. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could communicate them. Uh
+sorry. Yeah. Yeah. Isn't there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Yeah. Yeah. Isn't there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Yeah. Yeah. Isn't there a way
+to automate it to to automate? Yes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automate it to to automate? Yes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automate it to to automate? Yes. So
+what do you want to automate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to automate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to automate the
+construction of P, right? And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of P, right? And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of P, right? And then the
+factorization, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. Yes. So these there are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Yes. So these there are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Yes. So these there are nice
+formulas involving uh binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas involving uh binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas involving uh binomial
+coefficients that that produce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that that produce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that that produce these
+pods because those are nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pods because those are nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pods because those are nice.
+Everything's nice about those things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything's nice about those things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything's nice about those things.
+The factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The factors
+are not so beautiful. Well, we got eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so beautiful. Well, we got eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so beautiful. Well, we got eight
+beautiful factors here. Eight times. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful factors here. Eight times. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful factors here. Eight times. But
+then we have six more factors to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have six more factors to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have six more factors to account
+for. And probably let's see probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. And probably let's see probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. And probably let's see probably
+there's a couple a couple of real ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple a couple of real ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple a couple of real ones
+and then there's maybe a something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's maybe a something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's maybe a something and
+its complex conjugate and its reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complex conjugate and its reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complex conjugate and its reciprocal
+and it's comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's comp
+something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that.
+Those are the six factor six roots which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the six factor six roots which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the six factor six roots which
+only uh math works uh you know is we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh math works uh you know is we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh math works uh you know is we pay
+them to find those roots. So which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find those roots. So which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find those roots. So which they
+don't actually do. In fact here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually do. In fact here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually do. In fact here's an
+interesting point. If you give even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point. If you give even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point. If you give even this
+polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial
+Did I mention this before? Because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I mention this before? Because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I mention this before? Because I
+mean I'm a fan of mat lab but I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm a fan of mat lab but I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm a fan of mat lab but I was
+disappointed when I to put in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed when I to put in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed when I to put in that
+polomial which is six roots. I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial which is six roots. I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial which is six roots. I mean I
+mean it's a expensive program. It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a expensive program. It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a expensive program. It can
+find roots of a degree six polinomial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find roots of a degree six polinomial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find roots of a degree six polinomial.
+Well it didn't find these four roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well it didn't find these four roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well it didn't find these four roots
+very well at all. It found four roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well at all. It found four roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well at all. It found four roots
+that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were
+that were in a little square around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were in a little square around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were in a little square around
+minus one and vi visibly not right. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and vi visibly not right. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and vi visibly not right. I
+mean imaginary parts and everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean imaginary parts and everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean imaginary parts and everything and
+then you put the 14th degree one in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put the 14th degree one in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put the 14th degree one in and
+that's you're really missing by uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you're really missing by uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you're really missing by uh a
+bit. So it shows that uh the old you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. So it shows that uh the old you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. So it shows that uh the old you
+know the classical problem of roots of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the classical problem of roots of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the classical problem of roots of a
+polomial when you have multiple roots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial when you have multiple roots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial when you have multiple roots is
+u very ill conditioned I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u very ill conditioned I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u very ill conditioned I mean this is
+low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree
+and uh actually maybe I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh actually maybe I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh actually maybe I just
+tell you one moment uh I had a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you one moment uh I had a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you one moment uh I had a really
+good u PhD student uh a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good u PhD student uh a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good u PhD student uh a few years ago
+who uh computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh computed
+Right? We have we use the formulas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have we use the formulas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have we use the formulas and
+use roots to compute the roots. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use roots to compute the roots. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use roots to compute the roots. And when
+you go up when you go up higher higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up when you go up higher higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up when you go up higher higher
+degree, these roots are like it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree, these roots are like it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree, these roots are like it seemed
+like they were lying on a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were lying on a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were lying on a circle
+seemed plausible anyway that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed plausible anyway that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed plausible anyway that they were
+and and these ones or at least close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these ones or at least close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these ones or at least close
+very close to a circle and yes sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to a circle and yes sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to a circle and yes sure
+enough he found the circle that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he found the circle that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he found the circle that they
+were approaching and uh quite beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approaching and uh quite beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approaching and uh quite beautiful
+identity. So they're very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. So they're very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. So they're very special
+polomials. But what's the 97?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. But what's the 97?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. But what's the 97?
+This does tell me how to produce a 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This does tell me how to produce a 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This does tell me how to produce a 97
+out of these 14 roots. So I've got eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these 14 roots. So I've got eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these 14 roots. So I've got eight
+and six 14 roots. I'm going to put nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six 14 roots. I'm going to put nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six 14 roots. I'm going to put nine
+of them. No, I I don't want nine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. No, I I don't want nine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. No, I I don't want nine and
+seven roots. Why do I not want nine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven roots. Why do I not want nine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven roots. Why do I not want nine and
+seven roots?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven roots?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven roots?
+Because ninth because nine coefficient I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because ninth because nine coefficient I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because ninth because nine coefficient I
+only want nine and seven coefficients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want nine and seven coefficients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want nine and seven coefficients.
+So the degrees are eight and six. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the degrees are eight and six. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the degrees are eight and six. Yeah.
+Yeah. Yeah. So I'm this has this has 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So I'm this has this has 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So I'm this has this has 15
+coefficients you could say. But degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you could say. But degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you could say. But degree
+14 I'm going to factor into fnot and hn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 I'm going to factor into fnot and hn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 I'm going to factor into fnot and hn
+knot. Then this will be degree 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot. Then this will be degree 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot. Then this will be degree 8
+and this will be degree six with then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be degree six with then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be degree six with then
+with nine and seven coefficients. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nine and seven coefficients. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nine and seven coefficients. Right?
+Good. Okay. So what shall we do? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Okay. So what shall we do? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Okay. So what shall we do? What
+shall f not be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall f not be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall f not be?
+Yeah. Take half of these four and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Take half of these four and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Take half of these four and give
+four and two. And now it's clear how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and two. And now it's clear how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and two. And now it's clear how we
+would do the four and two because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do the four and two because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do the four and two because we
+want we we don't want to separate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we we don't want to separate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we we don't want to separate these
+four friends, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four friends, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four friends, right?
+Because if we try to separate them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if we try to separate them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if we try to separate them,
+we're going to we're going to spoil I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to spoil I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to spoil I
+mean by keeping them together, we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by keeping them together, we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by keeping them together, we keep
+uh the polomial real. So it'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the polomial real. So it'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the polomial real. So it'll have
+complex pairs as roots and we even keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pairs as roots and we even keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pairs as roots and we even keep
+it uh uh symmetric because it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh uh symmetric because it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh uh symmetric because it because
+we're keeping these with those but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping these with those but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping these with those but and
+then the other one will the seven will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one will the seven will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one will the seven will
+have four roots there and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four roots there and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four roots there and these two
+roots. Good. So there you go. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Good. So there you go. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Good. So there you go. That's
+that's it. And um so everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it. And um so everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it. And um so everything is
+explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained
+the we can see that there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we can see that there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we can see that there would be
+formulas and the book actually gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and the book actually gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and the book actually gives
+several uh equivalent formulas for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several uh equivalent formulas for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several uh equivalent formulas for those
+ps there won't be formulas for the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ps there won't be formulas for the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ps there won't be formulas for the roots
+but we can compute them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can compute them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can compute them.
+We have really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have really not
+developed very fully why the zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed very fully why the zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed very fully why the zeros and
+pi are desirable and actually they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi are desirable and actually they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi are desirable and actually they are
+that that comes up also in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that comes up also in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that comes up also in the in the
+continuous time situation. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time situation. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time situation. So we'll
+we'll we'll tackle that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+About or I said something about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+About or I said something about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+About or I said something about being
+orthogonal, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal, right?
+Yeah. But what does that mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But what does that mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But what does that mean?
+That means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means that the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+yes that the that the H knot is the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that the that the H knot is the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that the that the H knot is the flip
+because it's like transpose of the fnot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like transpose of the fnot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like transpose of the fnot.
+So I can tell you so so I'll put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can tell you so so I'll put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can tell you so so I'll put down
+what these numbers are. The h the hn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these numbers are. The h the hn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these numbers are. The h the hn
+knot coefficients happen to be 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot coefficients happen to be 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot coefficients happen to be 1 +
+<unk>3 3 + roo<unk>3 3 -<unk>3 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+<unk>3 3 + roo<unk>3 3 -<unk>3 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+<unk>3 3 + roo<unk>3 3 -<unk>3 and 1
+-<unk>3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-<unk>3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-<unk>3
+and the fnot coefficients have them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fnot coefficients have them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fnot coefficients have them in
+the opposite order 1 -<unk>3 3 -<unk>3 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order 1 -<unk>3 3 -<unk>3 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order 1 -<unk>3 3 -<unk>3 3
++ roo<unk>3 1 + roo<unk>3 and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ roo<unk>3 1 + roo<unk>3 and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ roo<unk>3 1 + roo<unk>3 and if you
+multiply that polomial or that yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that polomial or that yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that polomial or that yeah the
+polinomial of that coefficient times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of that coefficient times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of that coefficient times the
+one with that coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with that coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with that coefficient
+you'd get my friend P again. That that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get my friend P again. That that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get my friend P again. That that's
+this those are the those are the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this those are the those are the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this those are the those are the are the
+are the the two cubics that multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the two cubics that multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the two cubics that multiply
+together to give this guy. And notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give this guy. And notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give this guy. And notice
+you see how one is the flip of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how one is the flip of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how one is the flip of the
+other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other.
+One is not the flip of itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is not the flip of itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is not the flip of itself.
+So they're not symmetric. Bad point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're not symmetric. Bad point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're not symmetric. Bad point for
+image processing. But one is the flip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing. But one is the flip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing. But one is the flip of
+the other. So that so that h knot is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. So that so that h knot is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. So that so that h knot is the
+transpose you could say of fnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you could say of fnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you could say of fnot
+and we would see similarly that h1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would see similarly that h1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would see similarly that h1 is
+the transpose of f1. So what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of f1. So what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of f1. So what does that
+mean? That means that the that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? That means that the that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? That means that the that the uh
+that the analysis bank is the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the analysis bank is the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the analysis bank is the transpose
+of the synthesis bank which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the synthesis bank which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the synthesis bank which is what
+orthogonality is that that that analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality is that that that analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality is that that that analysis
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+synthesis but but the synthesis is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis but but the synthesis is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis but but the synthesis is is a
+transpose is the transpose of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is the transpose of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is the transpose of analysis
+is the identity that's orthogonal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity that's orthogonal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity that's orthogonal that's
+what orthogonality means. Yeah. So and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what orthogonality means. Yeah. So and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what orthogonality means. Yeah. So and
+this is called spectral factorization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called spectral factorization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called spectral factorization in
+the in the e literature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the e literature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the e literature.
+So, so spectral factorization is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so spectral factorization is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so spectral factorization is the is
+the factorization where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization where you
+where you split these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you split these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you split these
+you you keep the ones in the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you keep the ones in the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you keep the ones in the unit circle
+on one side, you keep the ones outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side, you keep the ones outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side, you keep the ones outside
+the unit circle on the other side and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle on the other side and u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle on the other side and u
+and that gives you orthogonality but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you orthogonality but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you orthogonality but it
+kills it kills uh symmetry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it kills uh symmetry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it kills uh symmetry.
+Okay, that was a quick response and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that was a quick response and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that was a quick response and not
+full detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full detail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full detail.
+Uh I I I guess I'm ready to tackle sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I I I guess I'm ready to tackle sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I I I guess I'm ready to tackle sort
+of a to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to pause
+in the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heavy
+polomials, factors, numbers everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials, factors, numbers everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials, factors, numbers everywhere
+and just take uh take a step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take uh take a step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take uh take a step back and
+look at the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's that bigger picture that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's that bigger picture that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's that bigger picture that's
+uh important to to understand where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important to to understand where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important to to understand where
+where wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where wavelets
+have a part where where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a part where where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a part where where they're
+valuable. What is it? What what is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable. What is it? What what is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable. What is it? What what is and
+it and it's associated with this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's associated with this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's associated with this word
+multi-resolution or the word multi-cale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh that I want to bring out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I may not complete I won't complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I may not complete I won't complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I may not complete I won't complete
+everything that's to be said about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's to be said about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's to be said about uh
+wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets
+uh but the calendar allowed for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the calendar allowed for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the calendar allowed for that.
+Okay. Multiscale, multi-resolution. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Multiscale, multi-resolution. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Multiscale, multi-resolution. Let
+me let me take the word multiscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me take the word multiscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me take the word multiscale
+first. If I go to a conference about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. If I go to a conference about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. If I go to a conference about
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+problems of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of physics
+and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and
+I would expect the same in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would expect the same in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would expect the same in the
+applications at the lab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications at the lab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications at the lab.
+uh the biggest headache in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the biggest headache in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the biggest headache in in the in the
+tough problems is wide variety of scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough problems is wide variety of scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough problems is wide variety of scales
+all contributing which we know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all contributing which we know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all contributing which we know in
+turbulence for example which we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence for example which we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence for example which we know is
+a a tough problem and it's a multiscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tough problem and it's a multiscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tough problem and it's a multiscale
+problem we've got big eddies and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we've got big eddies and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we've got big eddies and smaller
+eddies and smaller eddies and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddies and smaller eddies and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddies and smaller eddies and they're
+all and how are they connecting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and how are they connecting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and how are they connecting in
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in nuclear physics calculations we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in nuclear physics calculations we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in nuclear physics calculations we've
+got large uh distances and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got large uh distances and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got large uh distances and we've got
+minute distances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute distances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute distances.
+All sorts of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All sorts of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All sorts of problems
+are producing this. And of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are producing this. And of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are producing this. And of course the
+the difficulty is you cannot deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty is you cannot deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty is you cannot deal with
+the fine scale and the coarse scale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine scale and the coarse scale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine scale and the coarse scale in
+the same way. If you if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. If you if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. If you if you're going to
+resolve the fine scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the fine scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the fine scale
+then you're and not change your method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're and not change your method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're and not change your method
+then you're going to do infinite amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to do infinite amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to do infinite amount
+of work on the coarse scale that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on the coarse scale that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on the coarse scale that was
+totally inefficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally inefficient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally inefficient.
+Everybody understands this difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody understands this difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody understands this difficulty
+that somehow we need to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow we need to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow we need to deal with
+multiscale problems recognizing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale problems recognizing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale problems recognizing that uh
+we need a multiscale algorithm. We need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a multiscale algorithm. We need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a multiscale algorithm. We need
+an algorithm that that computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that that computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that that computes
+something at the fine scale and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at the fine scale and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at the fine scale and and
+looks at the correction it produces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the correction it produces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the correction it produces to
+the large scale. But some terms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large scale. But some terms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large scale. But some terms are not
+going to get are not important and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get are not important and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get are not important and we
+got to know which are important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know which are important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know which are important and
+which are not. Okay, that's my sermon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not. Okay, that's my sermon on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not. Okay, that's my sermon on
+multiscale things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale things.
+I'm just seeing that everywhere. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just seeing that everywhere. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just seeing that everywhere. Okay,
+and and multi-resolution is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and multi-resolution is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and multi-resolution is a way of
+dealing with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it.
+Okay, so what is multi-resolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what is multi-resolution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what is multi-resolution?
+Multi-resolution means that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multi-resolution means that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multi-resolution means that we are
+really multi-resolution is so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really multi-resolution is so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really multi-resolution is so let me
+multi-resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution
+really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+taking my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking my function
+and writing it as a sum of functions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing it as a sum of functions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing it as a sum of functions at
+different scales. Maybe I just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scales. Maybe I just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scales. Maybe I just write it
+sum fj of x at scales say from zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum fj of x at scales say from zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum fj of x at scales say from zero well
+in principle infinity but in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle infinity but in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle infinity but in real
+calculations not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations not.
+So what's fj? It's a it's a function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's fj? It's a it's a function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's fj? It's a it's a function at
+scale j. It's it's um uh maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale j. It's it's um uh maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale j. It's it's um uh maybe maybe
+some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh
+so there we might have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we might have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we might have um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so I'm I'm sort of creating things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm sort of creating things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm sort of creating things at
+scale J. So at at scale J what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale J. So at at scale J what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale J. So at at scale J what do I
+have? Uh I have maybe some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Uh I have maybe some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Uh I have maybe some function
+And and what does it mean to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and what does it mean to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and what does it mean to have
+I need to distinguish these scales. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to distinguish these scales. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to distinguish these scales. If
+it has a two to the J t that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a two to the J t that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a two to the J t that that's
+something at scale j for me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You see, if if I have a function of t, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see, if if I have a function of t, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see, if if I have a function of t, a
+function of 2t, that that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 2t, that that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 2t, that that's really what
+I want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think about
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+if I graphed a function of time and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I graphed a function of time and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I graphed a function of time and a
+function of two, a function of t and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two, a function of t and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two, a function of t and a
+function of 2t, what what would the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 2t, what what would the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 2t, what what would the two
+graphs look like? Suppose, let me take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs look like? Suppose, let me take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs look like? Suppose, let me take a
+really simple graph for for my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple graph for for my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple graph for for my own
+reason. Suppose the graph is like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Suppose the graph is like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Suppose the graph is like that.
+So this is like picking a square wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like picking a square wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like picking a square wave.
+If that's f of t, what's the graph? Say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that's f of t, what's the graph? Say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that's f of t, what's the graph? Say
+from zero to one. What's the graph of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one. What's the graph of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one. What's the graph of f
+of 2t?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's
+scrunched. Scrunched. Right. We don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrunched. Scrunched. Right. We don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrunched. Scrunched. Right. We don't
+use that technical term in in wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that technical term in in wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that technical term in in wave
+theory, but that's exactly right. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, but that's exactly right. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, but that's exactly right. It's
+scrunched to a half,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrunched to a half,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrunched to a half,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+compressed or whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed or whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed or whatever.
+So it's on it it's on this finer scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's on it it's on this finer scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's on it it's on this finer scale.
+So this and if I do it J times then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this and if I do it J times then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this and if I do it J times then I've
+then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've
+over two to the J. So this is and now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two to the J. So this is and now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two to the J. So this is and now so
+that function but I want that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function but I want that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function but I want that function
+and its I want that function and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its I want that function and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its I want that function and its
+translates because because if I if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates because because if I if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates because because if I if I'm
+just using these single functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using these single functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using these single functions that
+won't do. So, so really I'm I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do. So, so really I'm I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do. So, so really I'm I'm going to
+build in functions of this. So I have J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in functions of this. So I have J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in functions of this. So I have J
+as a scale index, but I also need a a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scale index, but I also need a a K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scale index, but I also need a a K
+as a shift index because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a shift index because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a shift index because I'm going to
+I'll have a I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so FJ of X will be the stuff at scale J,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so FJ of X will be the stuff at scale J,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so FJ of X will be the stuff at scale J,
+which will be a sum over the K index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a sum over the K index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a sum over the K index
+with some coefficients A, J, K. I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some coefficients A, J, K. I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some coefficients A, J, K. I guess
+I need you see I'm needing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need you see I'm needing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need you see I'm needing two
+coefficients here. position.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here. position.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here. position.
+This is this is K is giving me somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is K is giving me somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is K is giving me somehow
+the center the position of the of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center the position of the of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center the position of the of the of
+the function and this is giving me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and this is giving me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and this is giving me the
+scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale.
+So my functions have a double index.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my functions have a double index.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my functions have a double index.
+We're in a we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're in a we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're in a we're in a
+time position or time depending what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time position or time depending what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time position or time depending what the
+whether we're in space or time problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're in space or time problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're in space or time problem.
+So we have a sort of a time scale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a sort of a time scale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a sort of a time scale uh
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+where it happens and what scale it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it happens and what scale it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it happens and what scale it's on
+and that would be uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be uh so
+this would be a term at scale J and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a term at scale J and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a term at scale J and now
+we have another term at scale at at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another term at scale at at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another term at scale at at all
+at every J we have we have these terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every J we have we have these terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every J we have we have these terms.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+I'm still looking at big trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still looking at big trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still looking at big trying to look
+at the big picture here. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big picture here. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big picture here. Well,
+yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Yeah.
+So, here is really the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here is really the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here is really the big picture
+that we that we want to take um we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we want to take um we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we want to take um we want
+to take our function and separate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take our function and separate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take our function and separate it
+into things at different scales. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into things at different scales. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into things at different scales. Let's
+take that horror example. That would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that horror example. That would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that horror example. That would
+that would the horror example would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would the horror example would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would the horror example would be a
+good one. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one. All right,
+just for vectors because we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for vectors because we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for vectors because we're doing
+filter banks did the same for vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks did the same for vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks did the same for vectors.
+Do you see that? Do you remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see that? Do you remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see that? Do you remember those
+filter banks? You remember that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks? You remember that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks? You remember that we had
+right? You remember that we had the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You remember that we had the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You remember that we had the this
+sort of structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this these were something at what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this these were something at what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this these were something at what a
+at a at a coarse scale, right? They only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a at a coarse scale, right? They only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a at a coarse scale, right? They only
+used only had it every 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only had it every 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only had it every 16th
+gave a number. And this was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a number. And this was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a number. And this was a little
+this was this was a little this was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was a little this was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was a little this was so
+these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were
+16 was the the the scale there. Here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 was the the the scale there. Here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 was the the the scale there. Here we
+had an eighth. Here we had a fourth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an eighth. Here we had a fourth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an eighth. Here we had a fourth.
+Here we had a half. The the output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we had a half. The the output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we had a half. The the output from
+a filter bank has this multiscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter bank has this multiscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter bank has this multiscale
+aspect. Multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect. Multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect. Multi
+this is fine scale down to coarse scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine scale down to coarse scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine scale down to coarse scale
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in continuous time and in our in our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time and in our in our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time and in our in our in
+our analysis we could imagine the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis we could imagine the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis we could imagine the thing
+going forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forever.
+So that's really what wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's really what wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's really what wavelets
+continuous time wavelet stuff does. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time wavelet stuff does. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time wavelet stuff does. It
+imagines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines this
+infinite sequence of scales to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sequence of scales to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sequence of scales to get the
+function exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly right
+and uh and filter banks. Imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and filter banks. Imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and filter banks. Imagine a
+sequence of four or five scales to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of four or five scales to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of four or five scales to get a
+vector exactly right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector exactly right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector exactly right.
+We didn't I didn't say how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We didn't I didn't say how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We didn't I didn't say how would you
+invert just if if you allow me to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert just if if you allow me to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert just if if you allow me to go
+back to filter banks for a moment. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to filter banks for a moment. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to filter banks for a moment. How
+would you invert this iterated filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you invert this iterated filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you invert this iterated filter
+bank? This tree filter filter tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank? This tree filter filter tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank? This tree filter filter tree
+filter bank tree. How would you invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank tree. How would you invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank tree. How would you invert
+that? Because this is like the analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because this is like the analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because this is like the analysis.
+This is the analysis tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the analysis tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the analysis tree
+where we now we got to this stop and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we now we got to this stop and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we now we got to this stop and now
+how do I invert that? I'm I'm reverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I invert that? I'm I'm reverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I invert that? I'm I'm reverting
+to to the previous lecture just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the previous lecture just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the previous lecture just because
+take the top two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the top two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the top two.
+Right. Exactly. That and then let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Exactly. That and then let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Exactly. That and then let this
+guy come in here and then let this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy come in here and then let this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy come in here and then let this guy
+add in the new details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in the new details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in the new details
+and add in the new details and you get X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add in the new details and you get X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add in the new details and you get X
+back with delay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with delay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with delay.
+Yeah. So just so it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So just so it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So just so it's clear that
+iteration is does is does remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is does is does remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is does is does remains
+everything remains very easily inverted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything remains very easily inverted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything remains very easily inverted.
+If we can in if we know how to invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we can in if we know how to invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we can in if we know how to invert
+one step then we just just uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step then we just just uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step then we just just uh uh
+concatenate those right. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate those right. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate those right. Okay.
+So the idea will be in continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea will be in continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea will be in continuous time
+that the mathematics would allow allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mathematics would allow allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mathematics would allow allows
+for infinite sequence of scales um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infinite sequence of scales um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infinite sequence of scales um
+and allows then to deal with functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows then to deal with functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows then to deal with functions.
+And so you might say wait a minute let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you might say wait a minute let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you might say wait a minute let's
+this is realistic infinite is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is realistic infinite is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is realistic infinite is not
+realistic but infinite is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but infinite is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but infinite is a very good
+guide to four. I mean in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to four. I mean in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to four. I mean in the same way
+that calculus gives you a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calculus gives you a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calculus gives you a very good
+guide to what happens a little later for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to what happens a little later for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to what happens a little later for
+a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function
+but a whole you'd need the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a whole you'd need the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a whole you'd need the whole
+infinite tailaylor series to say exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite tailaylor series to say exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite tailaylor series to say exactly
+similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here
+um if we know what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we know what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we know what's going on with the
+in continuous time then and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time then and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time then and we know
+these wavelets and and and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wavelets and and and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wavelets and and and these
+constructions that are like ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that are like ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that are like ideal
+multi-resolution maybe that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution maybe that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution maybe that is
+By using the word ideal, I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By using the word ideal, I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By using the word ideal, I'm sort of
+saying not executable because involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying not executable because involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying not executable because involving
+infinity but still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity but still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity but still very
+uh clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clear
+uh as a as a model. Yeah. So in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a as a model. Yeah. So in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a as a model. Yeah. So in a way
+wavelets are ideal filter banks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets are ideal filter banks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets are ideal filter banks that
+where you iterate forever. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you iterate forever. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you iterate forever. Yeah.
+Relate to anything. How does the fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relate to anything. How does the fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relate to anything. How does the fi
+relate to anything? That's right. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to anything? That's right. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to anything? That's right. Okay.
+There's a fi. There's a function fi here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a fi. There's a function fi here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a fi. There's a function fi here
+and there's a function w.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a function w.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a function w.
+Okay. So now I'll get down to brass tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I'll get down to brass tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I'll get down to brass tax
+here. We've got two functions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We've got two functions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We've got two functions in this
+wavelet world. One is fi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet world. One is fi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet world. One is fi.
+The other is well I I broke new ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other is well I I broke new ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other is well I I broke new ground
+in the book by calling it w.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book by calling it w.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book by calling it w.
+U it's the wavelet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's the wavelet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's the wavelet.
+And then the uh usual name has been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the uh usual name has been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the uh usual name has been that
+but uh I'm with most people in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm with most people in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm with most people in the world
+not too blessed sure how to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too blessed sure how to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too blessed sure how to say that
+thing. So and and or or even at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So and and or or even at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So and and or or even at a
+certain age your eyes on the printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain age your eyes on the printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain age your eyes on the printed
+page don't easily distinguish those. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page don't easily distinguish those. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page don't easily distinguish those. So
+well that's my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's my little
+contribution to the to the so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the to the so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the to the so this is
+this is called the scaling function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the scaling function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the scaling function and
+this has to do with the averages.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with the averages.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with the averages.
+So this scaling function has and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this scaling function has and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this scaling function has and this is
+the wavel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this scaling function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this scaling function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this scaling function
+now I'll we've got that inverse thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll we've got that inverse thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll we've got that inverse thing.
+Let me let me tell you what are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me let me tell you what are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me let me tell you what are what are
+f and w for har
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and w for har
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and w for har
+for f and w for har. So the har example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f and w for har. So the har example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f and w for har. So the har example.
+So there are two functions associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are two functions associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are two functions associated
+with because we got two channels. We got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because we got two channels. We got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because we got two channels. We got
+a low pass and a highp pass. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low pass and a highp pass. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low pass and a highp pass. So this is
+sort of going to be a lowass function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going to be a lowass function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going to be a lowass function
+and this will be a highpass function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be a highpass function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be a highpass function
+that gives us details. So wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us details. So wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us details. So wavelets
+scaling functions this is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling functions this is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling functions this is associated
+with averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with averages
+and wavelets will be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wavelets will be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wavelets will be associated with
+details.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details.
+So I didn't this isn't complete yet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I didn't this isn't complete yet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I didn't this isn't complete yet here
+what I you said what's fee up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I you said what's fee up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I you said what's fee up here
+because I just produced it but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just produced it but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just produced it but actually
+I ran out of energy there because I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran out of energy there because I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran out of energy there because I only
+gave you the average part and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the average part and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the average part and then
+there's a then there's some W's. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a then there's some W's. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a then there's some W's. Okay.
+Now, so what are they for? Okay, can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, so what are they for? Okay, can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, so what are they for? Okay, can I
+just draw? So Har on 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw? So Har on 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw? So Har on 01
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+scaling function FE is the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelet
+function for her is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for her is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for her is the
+alternating box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm I'm telling you those in advance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm telling you those in advance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm telling you those in advance of
+saying what what these mean or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what what these mean or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what what these mean or where
+they come from or anything. So I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from or anything. So I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from or anything. So I'm I'm
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+uh quite guilty here. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite guilty here. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite guilty here. But uh
+um so the idea will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea will be
+yeah here here's the idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here here's the idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here here's the idea.
+I want to represent any function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to represent any function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to represent any function.
+How how what are my basis functions? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How how what are my basis functions? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How how what are my basis functions? I'm
+getting to this word basis. What are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to this word basis. What are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to this word basis. What are my
+basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions
+with hard?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hard?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hard?
+Okay. What are my basis functions? My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What are my basis functions? My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What are my basis functions? My
+basis functions are this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions are this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions are this box
+and it shifts. So all the fee of x or t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shifts. So all the fee of x or t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shifts. So all the fee of x or t
+I'm I'm usually using t and it shifts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm usually using t and it shifts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm usually using t and it shifts.
+Do do you know you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do do you know you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do do you know you realize that
+if I graph f of t minus 2 here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I graph f of t minus 2 here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I graph f of t minus 2 here's the
+graph of f of t here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of f of t here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of f of t here.
+What's the graph of f of t minus 2? Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the graph of f of t minus 2? Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the graph of f of t minus 2? Just
+so we pin down the role of this uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we pin down the role of this uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we pin down the role of this uh of
+that index.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index.
+It's between two and three. Right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's between two and three. Right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's between two and three. Right here
+was between zero and one. If k is two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was between zero and one. If k is two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was between zero and one. If k is two,
+then it shifts it over two. If k is one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it shifts it over two. If k is one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it shifts it over two. If k is one,
+it shifts it over one. what I've got now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifts it over one. what I've got now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifts it over one. what I've got now
+here and if I take their combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what have I what have I got in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I what have I got in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I what have I got in this in
+this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit
+what kind of a function is that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a function is that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a function is that step
+function it's a steppy function it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a steppy function it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a steppy function it's a
+well if we really gave a accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we really gave a accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we really gave a accurate
+description it's peace-wise constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's peace-wise constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's peace-wise constant
+and where are the breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are the breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are the breaks
+at the integers. It's a function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the integers. It's a function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the integers. It's a function that's
+that's uh steppy. Okay. Now, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh steppy. Okay. Now, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh steppy. Okay. Now, I'm going
+to use now what if I what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use now what if I what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use now what if I what kind of a
+function have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have I got
+with with these W's? Now, let me put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with these W's? Now, let me put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with these W's? Now, let me put in
+some BKS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some BKS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some BKS
+W at T minus K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W at T minus K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W at T minus K.
+What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What
+what have I got out of those?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I got out of those?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I got out of those?
+I maybe should have made that yellow. W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I maybe should have made that yellow. W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I maybe should have made that yellow. W
+at T minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T minus K
+with this W. What is that going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this W. What is that going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this W. What is that going to
+contribute?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, let me just look over the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me just look over the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me just look over the interval
+01.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01.
+If I combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some multiple of this guy and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiple of this guy and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiple of this guy and some
+multiple of this guy. What can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this guy. What can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this guy. What can I
+produce?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be
+Yeah. What what will I get out of that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What what will I get out of that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What what will I get out of that?
+Yeah, it'll I could get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it'll I could get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it'll I could get any
+it'll have jumps at a half, right? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have jumps at a half, right? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have jumps at a half, right? We're
+really at multi-resolution here. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at multi-resolution here. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at multi-resolution here. that
+we're right on the center of idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right on the center of idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right on the center of idea here
+that if I combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I combine
+some multiple of this and some multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiple of this and some multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiple of this and some multiple
+of this, what can I get? I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this, what can I get? I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this, what can I get? I can get
+it'll be peacewise constant certainly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be peacewise constant certainly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be peacewise constant certainly in
+that half and that half. But I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half and that half. But I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half and that half. But I can
+adjust it to be anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it to be anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it to be anything.
+I got a two-dimensional space. I got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a two-dimensional space. I got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a two-dimensional space. I got one
+dimension by by the average and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension by by the average and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension by by the average and one
+dimension by the differences,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension by the differences,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension by the differences,
+right? I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I could
+I could combine maybe you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could combine maybe you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could combine maybe you know some
+multiple of this say say one of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this say say one of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this say say one of that and
+and and two of that then then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and two of that then then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and two of that then then then
+combining those would give me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining those would give me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining those would give me something
+that would went up to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would went up to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would went up to three
+and down to minus one or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down to minus one or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down to minus one or something
+you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right
+out of this this tells me the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this this tells me the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this this tells me the average
+and this tells me the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells me the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells me the detail
+which was the hard idea. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the hard idea. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the hard idea. Right?
+So for functions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for functions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for functions this is
+those are the two functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two functions that
+correspond perfectly to horror that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond perfectly to horror that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond perfectly to horror that that
+uh that tell me the average and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tell me the average and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tell me the average and the
+details. Now suppose my function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. Now suppose my function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. Now suppose my function has
+isn't that but has suppose my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that but has suppose my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that but has suppose my function
+has got more detail in it. Suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got more detail in it. Suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got more detail in it. Suppose I
+want suppose my real function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want suppose my real function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want suppose my real function has
+details. Let's say it's got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. Let's say it's got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. Let's say it's got more
+details. It's it's got a this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. It's it's got a this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. It's it's got a this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose that that guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that that guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that that guy.
+How could I produce that function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need another
+what do I need here? Wait a minute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need here? Wait a minute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need here? Wait a minute.
+How many another scale? I need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many another scale? I need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many another scale? I need another
+scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale.
+And how many functions at that scale?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many functions at that scale?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many functions at that scale?
+It won't do if I just So I'm now So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It won't do if I just So I'm now So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It won't do if I just So I'm now So I
+keep this scale which will tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this scale which will tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this scale which will tell me the
+average. So, so, so with some white dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. So, so, so with some white dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. So, so, so with some white dot
+I would, you know, some some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would, you know, some some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would, you know, some some some
+average that's my that's my contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's my that's my contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's my that's my contribution
+from this function and then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function and then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function and then something
+from this function. But now, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function. But now, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function. But now, how many
+more functions and what function shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more functions and what function shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more functions and what function shall I
+have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have?
+You need equal one position. I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need equal one position. I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need equal one position. I need
+that's right. I'm going to need exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. I'm going to need exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. I'm going to need exactly
+I'll need going from zero to one still.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need going from zero to one still.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need going from zero to one still.
+I'll want somebody who who's happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll want somebody who who's happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll want somebody who who's happy
+on just that half, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just that half, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just that half, right?
+So, this is just up to a half. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is just up to a half. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is just up to a half. And then
+I think I need a fourth guy. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I need a fourth guy. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I need a fourth guy. I think
+this has four degrees of freedom. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has four degrees of freedom. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has four degrees of freedom. So, I
+better have four basis functions. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better have four basis functions. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better have four basis functions. And
+what should be my other basis function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be my other basis function?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be my other basis function?
+Shift this guy. So, that's what these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift this guy. So, that's what these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift this guy. So, that's what these.
+Now I'm going to put in 2 to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to put in 2 to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to put in 2 to the J
+there. So J equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So J equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So J equals 0
+gave me this. This was J equals Z. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me this. This was J equals Z. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me this. This was J equals Z. This
+is J= 1 K= Z. No shift. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is J= 1 K= Z. No shift. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is J= 1 K= Z. No shift. And then the
+fourth guy that you're just telling me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth guy that you're just telling me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth guy that you're just telling me I
+get it up there is the same 0 to one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it up there is the same 0 to one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it up there is the same 0 to one but
+it's on it's the wavelet on this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on it's the wavelet on this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on it's the wavelet on this second
+half and that's so that's J equ= 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and that's so that's J equ= 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and that's so that's J equ= 1
+half scale and k= 1 shift one shift do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half scale and k= 1 shift one shift do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half scale and k= 1 shift one shift do
+you see that I'm I'm up to two indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that I'm I'm up to two indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that I'm I'm up to two indices
+here a j that tells me the scale and a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a j that tells me the scale and a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a j that tells me the scale and a k
+that tells me the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think this is really worth uh thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is really worth uh thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is really worth uh thinking
+about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+And now suppose let me jump. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now suppose let me jump. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now suppose let me jump. All right,
+I'll jump. I'll take only one more jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll jump. I'll take only one more jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll jump. I'll take only one more jump
+and then I'll take an infinite jump.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll take an infinite jump.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll take an infinite jump.
+Okay, suppose my suppose my function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a staircase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a staircase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a staircase.
+What scale am I on? What basis function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What scale am I on? What basis function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What scale am I on? What basis function
+should I be using to reproduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I be using to reproduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I be using to reproduce that
+perfectly?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to keep these the great idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to keep these the great idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to keep these the great idea of
+multi-resolution. It's hierarchical. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution. It's hierarchical. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution. It's hierarchical. I
+I'm I'm these guys still contribute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm these guys still contribute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm these guys still contribute.
+There's four of those. What do I How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's four of those. What do I How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's four of those. What do I How
+many more do I need?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more do I need?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more do I need?
+I need what? another four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need what? another four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need what? another four
+because I've got eight. Yeah, I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got eight. Yeah, I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got eight. Yeah, I've got
+eight numbers here. Yeah, but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight numbers here. Yeah, but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight numbers here. Yeah, but doesn't
+your first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I think what I'm going to need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think what I'm going to need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think what I'm going to need is
+a the next level will be a J equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the next level will be a J equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the next level will be a J equal to
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+So two to the J will be four then. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So two to the J will be four then. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So two to the J will be four then. So
+that's got me to this one quarter scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got me to this one quarter scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got me to this one quarter scale.
+And then I think K I think K could be 0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I think K I think K could be 0,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I think K I think K could be 0,
+one, two, or three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, two, or three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, two, or three.
+It's it's one. It's these guys. And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's one. It's these guys. And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's one. It's these guys. And and
+there's a B, J, K. And there there I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a B, J, K. And there there I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a B, J, K. And there there I've
+now I've I've broken the bank here. uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've I've broken the bank here. uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've I've broken the bank here. uh I
+I've got at at at the basic scale I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got at at at the basic scale I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got at at at the basic scale I've
+got the scaling function and it shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the scaling function and it shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the scaling function and it shifts
+at every at the basic scale and it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every at the basic scale and it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every at the basic scale and it's all
+the other scales I've got the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other scales I've got the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other scales I've got the wavelength
+and it shifts. So, I've got whole lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shifts. So, I've got whole lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shifts. So, I've got whole lots
+of details, but that's what was remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of details, but that's what was remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of details, but that's what was remember
+my filter bank had detail, detail,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter bank had detail, detail,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter bank had detail, detail,
+detail, detail, and then one average guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail, detail, and then one average guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail, detail, and then one average guy
+to to uh pull it together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh pull it together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh pull it together.
+Your base function doesn't split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your base function doesn't split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your base function doesn't split the
+same way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that the
+base function splitting. I don't split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base function splitting. I don't split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base function splitting. I don't split
+the base function. Right. The fee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base function. Right. The fee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base function. Right. The fee.
+That's right. Yes. Yes. I don't split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Yes. Yes. I don't split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Yes. Yes. I don't split
+the base function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base function.
+Now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I'm
+going to say and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say and I'm not going to
+achieve it today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve it today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve it today is
+well I said that these two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I said that these two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I said that these two functions
+were the fee. This was the fee and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the fee. This was the fee and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the fee. This was the fee and this
+was the w for the har
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the w for the har
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the w for the har
+filter bank. Somehow this fee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank. Somehow this fee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank. Somehow this fee is
+associated with the particular numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the particular numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the particular numbers
+1/2. It comes from those numbers by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2. It comes from those numbers by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2. It comes from those numbers by some
+magic equation to be seen. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic equation to be seen. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic equation to be seen. And this
+comes from the numbers 1/2 minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the numbers 1/2 minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the numbers 1/2 minus a half
+in a in a in a in a in a magic way. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a in a in a in a magic way. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a in a in a in a magic way. What
+am I trying to say? That if you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I trying to say? That if you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I trying to say? That if you give me
+another filter pair like 53,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another filter pair like 53,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another filter pair like 53,
+there's some associated with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some associated with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some associated with that is
+some f of t and some w of t. and f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f of t and some w of t. and f of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f of t and some w of t. and f of t
+somehow reflects the low pass part and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow reflects the low pass part and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow reflects the low pass part and w
+reflects the high pass part after but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the high pass part after but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the high pass part after but
+reflects also the the infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects also the the infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects also the the infinite number of
+iterations that are going to enter when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that are going to enter when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that are going to enter when
+we're dealing with functions. Did we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with functions. Did we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with functions. Did we did
+we see that we really needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get an actual straight line?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an actual straight line?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an actual straight line?
+Do you see that? I'll need all scales.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I was able to get this scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was able to get this scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was able to get this scale
+with getting this this uh staircase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with getting this this uh staircase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with getting this this uh staircase with
+J equals 01 and two. But then if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals 01 and two. But then if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals 01 and two. But then if I want
+to do have a finer staircase, I need J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do have a finer staircase, I need J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do have a finer staircase, I need J
+equ= 3. And if I and the limit when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ= 3. And if I and the limit when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ= 3. And if I and the limit when I
+really want to just say okay suppose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to just say okay suppose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to just say okay suppose my
+signal is is u steadily increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is is u steadily increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is is u steadily increasing
+then I'm going to need all those scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to need all those scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to need all those scales
+and and I could produce the signal out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I could produce the signal out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I could produce the signal out
+of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that.
+I'm I'm I'm kind of making the that jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm kind of making the that jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm kind of making the that jump
+into continuous time where where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into continuous time where where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into continuous time where where you're
+asking me to reproduce a function. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking me to reproduce a function. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking me to reproduce a function. So
+you have to allow me infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to allow me infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to allow me infinitely many
+basis functions to do it. It's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions to do it. It's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions to do it. It's like the
+DFT. If I have an eight-point DFT, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT. If I have an eight-point DFT, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT. If I have an eight-point DFT, you
+give me eight basis functions, I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me eight basis functions, I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me eight basis functions, I've got
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+But if you give me a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you give me a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you give me a function of time
+and say produce that exactly, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say produce that exactly, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say produce that exactly, you have
+to give me an infinite family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me an infinite family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me an infinite family of
+infinite basis to to get it right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis to to get it right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis to to get it right. So
+that'll this will be the infinite basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll this will be the infinite basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll this will be the infinite basis
+the the function and all its the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function and all its the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function and all its the the
+scaling function and its shifts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling function and its shifts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling function and its shifts and the
+wavelet function and its shifts and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet function and its shifts and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet function and its shifts and its
+rescalings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescalings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescalings.
+So it's a kind of a unusual basis. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a kind of a unusual basis. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a kind of a unusual basis. It's
+it's got these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got these two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+aspects the fees and the W's to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects the fees and the W's to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects the fees and the W's to it.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+I feel we've covered quite a bit. Are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel we've covered quite a bit. Are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel we've covered quite a bit. Are we
+are we maybe at a at a pause point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we maybe at a at a pause point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we maybe at a at a pause point
+because I I have more to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I have more to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I have more to say about
+multi-resolution where these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution where these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution where these functions
+come from. What I I mean the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from. What I I mean the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from. What I I mean the point is
+they're associated with filters by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're associated with filters by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're associated with filters by
+that's the magic of this subject is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the magic of this subject is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the magic of this subject is that
+that uh if you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you give me
+those filters that we constructed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those filters that we constructed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those filters that we constructed they
+lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+functions f and w that work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions f and w that work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions f and w that work in
+continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time
+and quite remarkable functions. Oh well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quite remarkable functions. Oh well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quite remarkable functions. Oh well,
+allow me to write down the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to write down the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to write down the equation for
+fee just so just so I've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee just so just so I've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee just so just so I've written it
+down. It's the it's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. It's the it's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. It's the it's a fundamental
+equation of the whole subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the whole subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the whole subject
+of the wavelet subject. I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelet subject. I mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelet subject. I mean you could
+do filter banks without it. The FBI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do filter banks without it. The FBI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do filter banks without it. The FBI
+happily implemented the 97 filter bank,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily implemented the 97 filter bank,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily implemented the 97 filter bank,
+but the reason it was good had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason it was good had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason it was good had something
+to do with the with the scaling function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the with the scaling function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the with the scaling function
+f of t. So here's its equation. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t. So here's its equation. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t. So here's its equation. Yeah, I
+can't resist telling it to you. So, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't resist telling it to you. So, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't resist telling it to you. So, it
+involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+the lowass coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowass coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowass coefficients
+and the scaling function appears here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scaling function appears here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scaling function appears here
+but down samp down sampled. So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but down samp down sampled. So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but down samp down sampled. So there's a
+2T and so this is like there's a down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and so this is like there's a down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and so this is like there's a down
+sampling and a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and a convolution
+and that does it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that does it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that does it.
+And then I maybe I need a factor two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I maybe I need a factor two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I maybe I need a factor two
+there to to normalize it. There there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to to normalize it. There there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to to normalize it. There there is
+an amazing equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing equation
+deserving of our attention next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserving of our attention next time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserving of our attention next time.
+Can I just let's just think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just let's just think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just let's just think a little bit
+about that equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that equation.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see suppose suppose I example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then my equation becomes what f of t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my equation becomes what f of t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my equation becomes what f of t is
+2 * what's what are the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * what's what are the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * what's what are the hard
+coefficients the low pass coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the low pass coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the low pass coefficients
+are 1/2 and 1/2 so they multiply the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1/2 and 1/2 so they multiply the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1/2 and 1/2 so they multiply the two
+to give one and one so I have f of 2t t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give one and one so I have f of 2t t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give one and one so I have f of 2t t
+and v of 2t minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v of 2t minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v of 2t minus one.
+That's the har example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the har example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the har example.
+So this is the famous equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the famous equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the famous equation that
+gives the scaling function for har and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the scaling function for har and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the scaling function for har and
+in general. And would you like to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general. And would you like to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general. And would you like to tell
+me the solution to that equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We just saw it right. It's the box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just saw it right. It's the box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just saw it right. It's the box.
+Would you like to tell me the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would you like to tell me the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would you like to tell me the solution
+of that equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that equation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that equation?
+No. Uh, right. It's it's fantastic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Uh, right. It's it's fantastic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Uh, right. It's it's fantastic.
+Look, it's a constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look, it's a constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look, it's a constant coefficient
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+It involves shifts. I mean, what more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It involves shifts. I mean, what more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It involves shifts. I mean, what more
+could you ask,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you ask,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you ask,
+but it does involve this two scales, 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does involve this two scales, 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does involve this two scales, 2T
+and T, and that changes everything. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T, and that changes everything. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T, and that changes everything. That
+really makes that constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes that constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes that constant coefficient
+linear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear.
+uh if I could take the for a transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I could take the for a transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I could take the for a transform
+of that equation you think oh boy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that equation you think oh boy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that equation you think oh boy that
+can't be that hard but uh the two scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be that hard but uh the two scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be that hard but uh the two scales
+uh makes it makes it a different diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh makes it makes it a different diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh makes it makes it a different diff
+different features entirely in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features entirely in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features entirely in this case
+we can guess the answer and check it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can guess the answer and check it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can guess the answer and check it and
+it is the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the box
+because this is the first half box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the first half box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the first half box and
+this is the second half box and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second half box and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second half box and the two
+half boxes add up to the box fine would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half boxes add up to the box fine would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half boxes add up to the box fine would
+you like to how What about the one 121?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to how What about the one 121?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to how What about the one 121?
+Would you like to guess? Uh so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would you like to guess? Uh so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would you like to guess? Uh so next
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+Uh so so the coefficients are one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so so the coefficients are one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so so the coefficients are one two
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+coming from the 53 coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the 53 coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the 53 coming from the
+three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+This is my final final guaranteed final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is my final final guaranteed final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is my final final guaranteed final
+thing. Okay. So one two one I divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay. So one two one I divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay. So one two one I divide by
+four to make them add to one and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to make them add to one and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to make them add to one and I
+multiply by two. So f of t. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two. So f of t. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two. So f of t. So this is
+example two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two.
+V of T is so 2 * a quarter a half V of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T is so 2 * a quarter a half V of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T is so 2 * a quarter a half V of 2
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 * 2 is 1 F of 2 T -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 2 is 1 F of 2 T -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 2 is 1 F of 2 T -1
+and a half V of 2 T - 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half V of 2 T - 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half V of 2 T - 2.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I could leave that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could leave that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could leave that as a
+challenge. I'm inclined to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge. I'm inclined to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge. I'm inclined to say
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+worked hard uh today and we reached uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard uh today and we reached uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard uh today and we reached uh
+at least I've written down the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I've written down the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I've written down the equation
+for the scaling function which and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the scaling function which and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the scaling function which and just
+said this is this is an amazing equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is this is an amazing equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is this is an amazing equation
+to deal with. One example we certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with. One example we certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with. One example we certainly
+could deal with and and I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deal with and and I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deal with and and I think you
+could possibly guess the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly guess the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly guess the answer to that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+or find it somehow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or find it somehow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or find it somehow.
+Can can I is that fair? So that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can can I is that fair? So that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can can I is that fair? So that's like
+the homework problem uh to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework problem uh to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework problem uh to solve that
+equation somehow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation somehow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation somehow.
+Uh you could take for a transform if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you could take for a transform if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you could take for a transform if you
+like. You could iterate if you like. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. You could iterate if you like. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. You could iterate if you like. You
+could look in the book if you like. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look in the book if you like. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look in the book if you like. uh
+all you could connect it somehow to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you could connect it somehow to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you could connect it somehow to this
+equation. Um that's not so obvious. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Um that's not so obvious. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Um that's not so obvious. Um
+but one way or another uh let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one way or another uh let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one way or another uh let me start
+with that example uh and then move back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that example uh and then move back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that example uh and then move back
+to the big picture. Uh so but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big picture. Uh so but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big picture. Uh so but but
+remember this was this function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was this function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was this function was
+associated with the filter bank with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the filter bank with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the filter bank with a
+filter 121 or 121 divided by four. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter 121 or 121 divided by four. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter 121 or 121 divided by four. Is
+that fair for a for a challenge for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fair for a for a challenge for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fair for a for a challenge for uh
+next Thursday. Uh so I'll still be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Thursday. Uh so I'll still be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Thursday. Uh so I'll still be going
+on filter banks uh the reasons for zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on filter banks uh the reasons for zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on filter banks uh the reasons for zeros
+at pi and the uh applications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pi and the uh applications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pi and the uh applications.
+I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+I really today's lecture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really today's lecture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really today's lecture like
+threw us into the construction of filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw us into the construction of filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw us into the construction of filter
+of filter banks that were invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filter banks that were invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filter banks that were invertible
+and finite length without a lot of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finite length without a lot of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finite length without a lot of why
+why are we doing this and so let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we doing this and so let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we doing this and so let me try
+to add some of that uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some of that uh in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some of that uh in the next
+lecture. Why why is this whole new world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Why why is this whole new world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Why why is this whole new world
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what does it have to contribute to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it have to contribute to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it have to contribute to uh to
+signal processing? Okay. So for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing? Okay. So for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing? Okay. So for next
+next uh Thursday we've got some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh Thursday we've got some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh Thursday we've got some more
+about wavelets and then the final days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wavelets and then the final days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wavelets and then the final days
+will be about optimization s simplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about optimization s simplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about optimization s simplex
+method linear programming other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method linear programming other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method linear programming other other
+interesting developments. Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wqI_z1yumzY.txt b/wqI_z1yumzY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36d4a588d6eb7ffdf29893e6caf99d58f44b2a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wqI_z1yumzY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we'll be continuing along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we'll be continuing along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we'll be continuing along the
+theme of risk stratification I'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of risk stratification I'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of risk stratification I'll spend
+the first half to two-thirds of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half to two-thirds of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half to two-thirds of today's
+lecture continuing where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture continuing where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture continuing where we left off
+last week before the discussion I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week before the discussion I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week before the discussion I'll
+talk about how do what how does one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how do what how does one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how do what how does one
+drive the label is that one uses within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the label is that one uses within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the label is that one uses within
+a supervised machine learning approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supervised machine learning approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supervised machine learning approach
+I'll continue talking about how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll continue talking about how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll continue talking about how one
+evaluates Ora stratification models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates Ora stratification models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates Ora stratification models and
+then I'll talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll talk about some of the
+subtleties that arise when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that arise when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that arise when you want to
+use machine learning for healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning for healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning for healthcare
+specifically for risk stratification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for risk stratification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for risk stratification and
+I think that's going to be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's going to be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's going to be one of the
+most interesting parts of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting parts of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting parts of today's
+lecture and last third of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and last third of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and last third of today's
+lecture I'll be talking about how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'll be talking about how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'll be talking about how one
+can rethink the supervised machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rethink the supervised machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rethink the supervised machine
+learning problem not to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem not to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem not to be a
+classification problem but be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem but be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem but be something
+closer to a regression problem and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to a regression problem and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to a regression problem and one
+one now thinks about not will someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now thinks about not will someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now thinks about not will someone
+for example develop diabetes within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example develop diabetes within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example develop diabetes within one
+to three years from now but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three years from now but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three years from now but when
+precisely will they develop diabetes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely will they develop diabetes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely will they develop diabetes so
+the time to event then one has to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to event then one has to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to event then one has to start
+to really think very carefully about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think very carefully about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think very carefully about the
+censoring issues that I alluded to last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censoring issues that I alluded to last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censoring issues that I alluded to last
+week and so I'll formalize those notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and so I'll formalize those notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and so I'll formalize those notions
+in the language of survival modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language of survival modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language of survival modeling and
+I'll talk about how one can do maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about how one can do maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about how one can do maximum
+likelihood estimation that setting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation that setting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation that setting and
+how one should do evaluation in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one should do evaluation in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one should do evaluation in that
+setting okay so in our lecture last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting okay so in our lecture last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting okay so in our lecture last week
+I gave you this example of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you this example of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you this example of risk
+stratification for type 2 diabetes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification for type 2 diabetes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification for type 2 diabetes the
+goal just to remind you was as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal just to remind you was as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal just to remind you was as follows
+25 percent of people in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 percent of people in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 percent of people in the United
+States have undiagnosed type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States have undiagnosed type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States have undiagnosed type 2 diabetes
+if we could take health insurance claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could take health insurance claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could take health insurance claims
+data that's available for everyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's available for everyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's available for everyone who
+has health insurance and use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has health insurance and use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has health insurance and use that to
+predict who in the near-term next one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict who in the near-term next one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict who in the near-term next one to
+three years is likely to be newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years is likely to be newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years is likely to be newly
+diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
+then we can use that to risk stratify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use that to risk stratify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use that to risk stratify
+défi patient population we can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+défi patient population we can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+défi patient population we can use that
+then to figure out who's most at risk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to figure out who's most at risk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to figure out who's most at risk to
+interventions for those patients to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions for those patients to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions for those patients to try
+to get them diagnosed and get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them diagnosed and get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them diagnosed and get them
+started on treatment if relevant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on treatment if relevant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on treatment if relevant okay
+but what I didn't talk much about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I didn't talk much about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I didn't talk much about was
+where did those labels come from how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did those labels come from how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did those labels come from how do
+we know that someone had a diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that someone had a diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that someone had a diabetes
+onset in that window that I show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset in that window that I show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset in that window that I show up
+there on the top so what are the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the top so what are the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the top so what are the answers
+I'm all of you should have read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all of you should have read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all of you should have read the
+paper by Rose Ave and at also you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Rose Ave and at also you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Rose Ave and at also you should
+hopefully had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully had some
+yes thoughts hinto was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thoughts hinto was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thoughts hinto was in the
+supplementary material how did we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary material how did we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary material how did we define
+a positive case in that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep jugs that were on okay yet so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep jugs that were on okay yet so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep jugs that were on okay yet so for
+example metformin glucose sorry insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metformin is a tricky case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metformin is a tricky case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metformin is a tricky case because
+metformin is often used for alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metformin is often used for alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metformin is often used for alternative
+indications but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications but there are many
+medications such as insulin which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications such as insulin which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications such as insulin which are
+used pretty exclusively for treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pretty exclusively for treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pretty exclusively for treating
+diabetes and so you can look to see -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and so you can look to see -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and so you can look to see -
+the patient have a record of taking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient have a record of taking one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient have a record of taking one
+of these diabetic medications in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diabetic medications in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diabetic medications in that
+window that we're using to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window that we're using to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window that we're using to define the
+outcome if you see a record of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if you see a record of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if you see a record of a
+medication you might conjecture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication you might conjecture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication you might conjecture this
+patient probably has diabetes but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient probably has diabetes but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient probably has diabetes but what
+about if they don't have any medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if they don't have any medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if they don't have any medication
+listed in that time window what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in that time window what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in that time window what could
+you conclude then any ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you see that forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see that forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see that forgive me
+so you're giving me an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're giving me an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're giving me an alternative
+approach not looking at medications but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach not looking at medications but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach not looking at medications but
+looking at laboratory test results look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at laboratory test results look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at laboratory test results look
+at their hba1c results which measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their hba1c results which measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their hba1c results which measures
+approximately an average of three-month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately an average of three-month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately an average of three-month
+glucose values and if that's out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose values and if that's out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose values and if that's out of
+range then they're diabetic and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range then they're diabetic and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range then they're diabetic and that's
+in fact usually used as definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually used as definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually used as definition of
+diabetes but but I didn't answer my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes but but I didn't answer my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes but but I didn't answer my
+original question why is just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question why is just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question why is just looking at
+diabetic medications not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes there's ambiguity in Dometic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's ambiguity in Dometic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's ambiguity in Dometic
+medications but we sort of dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications but we sort of dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications but we sort of dealt with
+that already by trying to choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already by trying to choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already by trying to choose an
+unambiguous set what are the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's a really interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a really interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a really interesting point
+it's not the one I was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the one I was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the one I was thinking about
+but I like it which is that a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like it which is that a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like it which is that a patient
+might have been diagnosed with type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been diagnosed with type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been diagnosed with type 2
+diabetes but they for whatever reason in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes but they for whatever reason in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes but they for whatever reason in
+that communication between provider and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that communication between provider and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that communication between provider and
+patient they decided we're not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient they decided we're not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient they decided we're not gonna
+start treatment yet right so they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start treatment yet right so they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start treatment yet right so they might
+not yet be on treatment for diabetes yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet be on treatment for diabetes yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet be on treatment for diabetes yet
+the whole health care system might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole health care system might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole health care system might be
+very well aware that patient is diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well aware that patient is diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well aware that patient is diabetic
+in which case doing these interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case doing these interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case doing these interventions
+for that patient might be irrelevant yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that patient might be irrelevant yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that patient might be irrelevant yep
+another reason for the lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason for the lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason for the lot of people are
+just so one label means that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so one label means that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so one label means that they have
+diabetes and the other label is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and the other label is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and the other label is a
+combination of people so the point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of people so the point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of people so the point was
+often you just might not be diagnosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you just might not be diagnosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you just might not be diagnosed
+for diabetes that unfortunately is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diabetes that unfortunately is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diabetes that unfortunately is not
+something that we're gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're gonna be able to
+solve here it's an it is an issue but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve here it's an it is an issue but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve here it's an it is an issue but we
+have no solution for it no rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no solution for it no rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no solution for it no rather
+there's a different point that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different point that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different point that I want to
+get at which is that this data has bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at which is that this data has bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at which is that this data has bias
+isn't it so even if a patient is on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it so even if a patient is on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it so even if a patient is on a
+diabetes medication for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes medication for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes medication for whatever reason
+maybe they are paying cash for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they are paying cash for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they are paying cash for those
+medications they're paying cash for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications they're paying cash for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications they're paying cash for
+those medications then there's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medications then there's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medications then there's not going
+to be any record for the patient taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any record for the patient taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any record for the patient taking
+those medications and the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medications and the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medications and the health
+insurance claims right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance claims right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance claims right because the
+health insurer didn't have to pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurer didn't have to pay for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurer didn't have to pay for it
+but but the reason that you gave is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the reason that you gave is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the reason that you gave is also
+very interesting reason and both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting reason and both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting reason and both of them
+are valid so for all these reasons just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid so for all these reasons just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid so for all these reasons just
+looking at the medications alone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the medications alone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the medications alone is
+going to be insufficient and as was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be insufficient and as was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be insufficient and as was just
+suggested a moment ago looking at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested a moment ago looking at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested a moment ago looking at other
+indicators like for example does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators like for example does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators like for example does the
+patient have an abnormal blood glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient have an abnormal blood glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient have an abnormal blood glucose
+value your HOA 1c value would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value your HOA 1c value would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value your HOA 1c value would also
+provide information so it's non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide information so it's non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide information so it's non-trivial
+right and part of what you're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and part of what you're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and part of what you're gonna be
+doing in your next problem set problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in your next problem set problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in your next problem set problem
+set 2 is going to be thinking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 2 is going to be thinking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 2 is going to be thinking through
+how does one actually do this cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does one actually do this cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does one actually do this cohort
+construction not just what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction not just what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction not just what is your
+inclusion exclusion criteria but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion criteria but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion criteria but also
+how do you really derive those labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you really derive those labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you really derive those labels
+from that data set now traditionally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that data set now traditionally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that data set now traditionally the
+traditional answer to this has two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional answer to this has two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional answer to this has two steps
+to it step one is to actually manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it step one is to actually manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it step one is to actually manually
+label some patients so you take a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label some patients so you take a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label some patients so you take a few
+hundred patients and you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred patients and you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred patients and you go through
+their data you actually look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data you actually look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data you actually look at their
+data and decide is this patient diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and decide is this patient diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and decide is this patient diabetic
+are they not diabetic and reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they not diabetic and reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they not diabetic and reason why you
+to do that it because often what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that it because often what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that it because often what you
+might think of as obvious like oh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as obvious like oh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as obvious like oh if
+there aren't Dougie's medication their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't Dougie's medication their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't Dougie's medication their
+diabetic has floss to it and until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic has floss to it and until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic has floss to it and until you
+really dig down and look at the data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dig down and look at the data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dig down and look at the data you
+might not recognize that that criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not recognize that that criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not recognize that that criteria
+has a flaw in it so that chart review is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a flaw in it so that chart review is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a flaw in it so that chart review is
+really an essential part of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an essential part of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an essential part of this of this
+of this process then the second step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process then the second step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process then the second step is
+how do you generalize to get that label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you generalize to get that label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you generalize to get that label
+now for everyone in your population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for everyone in your population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for everyone in your population and
+again there there are usually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there there are usually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there there are usually two
+different types of approaches the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of approaches the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of approaches the first
+approach is to come up with some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to come up with some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to come up with some simple
+rule to try to then extrapolate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to try to then extrapolate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to try to then extrapolate to
+everyone for example if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for example if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for example if they have a
+diabetes medication or an abnormal lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes medication or an abnormal lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes medication or an abnormal lab
+test result that would be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test result that would be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test result that would be an example of
+a rule and then you could then apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule and then you could then apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule and then you could then apply
+that to everyone but even those rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to everyone but even those rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to everyone but even those rules
+can be really tricky to derive I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be really tricky to derive I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be really tricky to derive I'll show
+you some examples of then in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of then in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of then in just a
+moment and as we know right machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and as we know right machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and as we know right machine
+learning is sometimes good as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is sometimes good as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is sometimes good as an
+alternative for coming up with a rule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative for coming up with a rule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative for coming up with a rule so
+there's often now a second approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often now a second approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often now a second approach
+that's being more and more commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being more and more commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being more and more commonly used
+in the literature which is to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature which is to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature which is to actually
+use machine learning itself to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning itself to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning itself to derive
+the labels this is a bit subtle racism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels this is a bit subtle racism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels this is a bit subtle racism
+machine learning for machine learning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning for machine learning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning for machine learning so
+I want to break that down for one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to break that down for one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to break that down for one second
+when you're trying to drive the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to drive the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to drive the labels
+what you want to know is not at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to know is not at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to know is not at time T
+what's gonna happen at time T plus W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen at time T plus W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen at time T plus W and
+onwards that's the original machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards that's the original machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards that's the original machine
+learning task that we set out to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning task that we set out to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning task that we set out to solve
+but rather given everything you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather given everything you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather given everything you know
+about the patient including the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient including the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient including the future
+data is this patient newly diagnosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is this patient newly diagnosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is this patient newly diagnosed
+with diabetes in that window that I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diabetes in that window that I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diabetes in that window that I show
+in black there between t plus W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in black there between t plus W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in black there between t plus W and
+onward okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onward okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onward okay
+so for example that this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example that this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example that this machine
+learning problem this new machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem this new machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem this new machine
+learning problem could take as input lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem could take as input lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem could take as input lab
+test results and medications and a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results and medications and a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results and medications and a whole
+bunch of other data and you then use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other data and you then use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other data and you then use the
+few examples you you labeled in step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples you you labeled in step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples you you labeled in step one
+to try to predict is this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to predict is this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to predict is this patient
+currently diabetic or not you then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently diabetic or not you then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently diabetic or not you then use
+that model to extrapolate to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model to extrapolate to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model to extrapolate to the whole
+population and now you have your outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and now you have your outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and now you have your outcome
+label might be a little bit imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label might be a little bit imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label might be a little bit imperfect
+but hopefully it's much better than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully it's much better than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully it's much better than you
+could have gotten with a rule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gotten with a rule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gotten with a rule and then
+now using those outcome labels you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using those outcome labels you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using those outcome labels you solve
+your original machine learning problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original machine learning problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original machine learning problem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+clear any questions yeah how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear any questions yeah how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear any questions yeah how do you
+evaluate in your cell phone if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate in your cell phone if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate in your cell phone if you have
+these labels that were produced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels that were produced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels that were produced with
+machine learning which are so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning which are so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning which are so that's
+where this first step is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this first step is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this first step is really
+important right you've got to get ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right you've got to get ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right you've got to get ground
+truth somehow and of course once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth somehow and of course once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth somehow and of course once you get
+that ground truth you create a train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ground truth you create a train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ground truth you create a train and
+validate set of that ground truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate set of that ground truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate set of that ground truth and
+you run your machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run your machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run your machine learning algorithm
+a trained one you look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trained one you look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trained one you look at its
+performance metrics on that validates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metrics on that validates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metrics on that validates
+that for the label prediction problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the label prediction problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the label prediction problem
+and that's how you get confidence in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you get confidence in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you get confidence in it
+but let's try to break this down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's try to break this down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's try to break this down a
+little bit so first of all what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so first of all what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so first of all what does
+this chart review step look like well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart review step look like well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart review step look like well if
+it's an electronic health record system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electronic health record system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electronic health record system
+what you often do is you will pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you often do is you will pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you often do is you will pull up
+epic or Cerner or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epic or Cerner or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epic or Cerner or whatever the
+commercial EHR system is you'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial EHR system is you'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial EHR system is you'll actually
+start looking at a patient data you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at a patient data you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at a patient data you'll
+read notes written by previous doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read notes written by previous doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read notes written by previous doctors
+about this patient you'll look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this patient you'll look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this patient you'll look at their
+blood test results across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood test results across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood test results across time
+medications that they're on and some bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that they're on and some bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that they're on and some bad
+you could usually tell a pretty coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could usually tell a pretty coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could usually tell a pretty coherent
+story of what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of what's going on with the
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+of course even better the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course even better the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course even better the best way to
+get data is to do a perspective study so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data is to do a perspective study so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data is to do a perspective study so
+you actually have a research assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have a research assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have a research assistant
+standing in the room when a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in the room when a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in the room when a patient
+walks into a provider and they talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into a provider and they talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into a provider and they talk to
+the Prok to the patient and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prok to the patient and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prok to the patient and they they
+take down really very clear notes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take down really very clear notes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take down really very clear notes what
+this patient has what they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient has what they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient has what they don't have
+but that's usually too expensive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's usually too expensive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's usually too expensive to do
+prospectively so usually what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectively so usually what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectively so usually what we do is
+do this retrospectively now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this retrospectively now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this retrospectively now if you're
+using working with health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using working with health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using working with health insurance
+claims data you usually don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims data you usually don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims data you usually don't have the
+luxury of looking at notes and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury of looking at notes and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury of looking at notes and so what
+what in my group we typically do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in my group we typically do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in my group we typically do is we
+build actually a visualization tool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build actually a visualization tool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build actually a visualization tool and
+by the way I'm a machine learning person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I'm a machine learning person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I'm a machine learning person
+I don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know anything about
+visualization not neither did I clean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization not neither did I clean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization not neither did I clean to
+be good at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at it
+right but you can't do the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can't do the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can't do the machine
+learning work unless you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning work unless you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning work unless you really
+understand your data so we had to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your data so we had to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your data so we had to build
+this tool in order to look at the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tool in order to look at the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tool in order to look at the data
+in order to try to do that first step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to do that first step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to do that first step of
+understanding to even characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to even characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to even characterize
+diabetes correctly so I'm not gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes correctly so I'm not gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes correctly so I'm not gonna go
+deep into it by the way you can download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into it by the way you can download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into it by the way you can download
+this it's an open source tool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an open source tool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an open source tool but
+ballpark what I'm showing you here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark what I'm showing you here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark what I'm showing you here is
+one patient's data I'm showing you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one patient's data I'm showing you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one patient's data I'm showing you in
+this x-axis time going from April to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x-axis time going from April to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x-axis time going from April to
+December and on the y-axis I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and on the y-axis I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and on the y-axis I'm showing
+events as they occurred so in orange our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events as they occurred so in orange our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events as they occurred so in orange our
+diagnosis codes that were recorded for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that were recorded for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that were recorded for
+patients in green our procedure codes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in green our procedure codes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in green our procedure codes in
+blue or laboratory tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or laboratory tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or laboratory tasks
+and if you see on a given line multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you see on a given line multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you see on a given line multiple
+dots along that same line it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots along that same line it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots along that same line it means that
+lab tests the same lab test was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab tests the same lab test was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab tests the same lab test was
+performed multiple times and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed multiple times and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed multiple times and you could
+click on it to see what the results were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on it to see what the results were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on it to see what the results were
+and in this way you can start to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this way you can start to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this way you can start to tell a
+coherent story what's going with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent story what's going with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent story what's going with the
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+all right the tools like this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the tools like this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the tools like this is what
+you're going to need to build to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to build to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to build to do that
+first step from something like health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step from something like health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step from something like health
+insurance claims data now traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance claims data now traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance claims data now traditionally
+that first step which then leads you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first step which then leads you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first step which then leads you to
+label some data and then from there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label some data and then from there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label some data and then from there you
+go and come up with these rules or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and come up with these rules or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and come up with these rules or do
+machine learning algorithm to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm to get the
+label usually that's a paper in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label usually that's a paper in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label usually that's a paper in itself
+of course not of interest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not of interest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not of interest of the
+commuter science community but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter science community but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter science community but of
+extreme interest to the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme interest to the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme interest to the healthcare
+community so usually there's a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so usually there's a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so usually there's a first
+paper academic paper which evaluates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper academic paper which evaluates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper academic paper which evaluates
+this process for deriving the label and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process for deriving the label and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process for deriving the label and
+then there are much later papers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are much later papers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are much later papers which
+talk about what you could do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what you could do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what you could do with that
+label such as the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label such as the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label such as the machine learning
+problem we we originally set out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we we originally set out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we we originally set out to
+solve so let's look at an example of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so let's look at an example of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so let's look at an example of one
+of those rules here is a rule to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those rules here is a rule to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those rules here is a rule to derive
+from health insurance claims data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from health insurance claims data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from health insurance claims data
+whether a patient has type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a patient has type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a patient has type 2 diabetes
+now this isn't quite this isn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't quite this isn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't quite this isn't quite
+the same one that we used in that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one that we used in that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one that we used in that paper
+but it gets the idea across first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gets the idea across first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gets the idea across first you
+look to see to the patient have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see to the patient have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see to the patient have a
+diagnosis code for type 1 diabetes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis code for type 1 diabetes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis code for type 1 diabetes if
+the answer is no you continue if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no you continue if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no you continue if the
+answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes
+you've sort of ruled out because you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've sort of ruled out because you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've sort of ruled out because you say
+ok this patient's abnormal blood test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok this patient's abnormal blood test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok this patient's abnormal blood test
+results are because they have type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are because they have type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are because they have type 1
+diabetes not type 2 diabetes type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes not type 2 diabetes type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes not type 2 diabetes type 1
+diabetes usually is when you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes usually is when you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes usually is when you could think
+of as juvenile diabetes it's diagnosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as juvenile diabetes it's diagnosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as juvenile diabetes it's diagnosed
+much earlier and there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much earlier and there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much earlier and there's different
+mechanism behind it then you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism behind it then you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism behind it then you look at
+other things okay is there a diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things okay is there a diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things okay is there a diagnosis
+code for type 2 diabetes somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for type 2 diabetes somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for type 2 diabetes somewhere in
+the patient's data if so you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's data if so you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's data if so you go to the
+right and you look to see is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you look to see is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you look to see is there a
+medication and rx for type 1 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and rx for type 1 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and rx for type 1 diabetes
+and the data if the answer is no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data if the answer is no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data if the answer is no you
+continue down this way if the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue down this way if the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue down this way if the answer is
+yes you go to this way a yes of a type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you go to this way a yes of a type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you go to this way a yes of a type 1
+diabetes medication doesn't alone rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes medication doesn't alone rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes medication doesn't alone rule
+out the patient because maybe the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the patient because maybe the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the patient because maybe the same
+medications and used for type 1 as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications and used for type 1 as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications and used for type 1 as for
+type 2 so there's some other things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 so there's some other things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 so there's some other things you
+need to do there right you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do there right you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do there right you can see that
+this starts to really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts to really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts to really quickly
+become complicated and these manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become complicated and these manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become complicated and these manual
+based approaches end up having pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches end up having pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches end up having pretty
+bad positive so they're designed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad positive so they're designed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad positive so they're designed you
+sure to have pretty high positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to have pretty high positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to have pretty high positive
+predictive value but they end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value but they end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value but they end up having
+pretty bad a recall and that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bad a recall and that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty bad a recall and that they don't
+end up finding all of the patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up finding all of the patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up finding all of the patients and
+that's really why the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really why the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really why the machine learning
+based approaches end up being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches end up being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches end up being very
+important for this type of problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this type of problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this type of problem now
+this is just one example what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one example what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one example what I call
+phenotype I call this a phenotype that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype I call this a phenotype that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype I call this a phenotype that's
+just what the literature calls it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the literature calls it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the literature calls it it's a
+phenotype for type 2 diabetes and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype for type 2 diabetes and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype for type 2 diabetes and since
+the word phenotype in this context is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word phenotype in this context is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word phenotype in this context is
+exactly the same thing as the label yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing as the label yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing as the label yep
+for example if the ha1 see result is 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if the ha1 see result is 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if the ha1 see result is 6
+point 5 or higher you might say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 or higher you might say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 or higher you might say the
+patient has diabetes correct yeah thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the whole thing yeah so the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing yeah so the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing yeah so the construction
+where you say you know you follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say you know you follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say you know you follow this
+decision tree and you get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree and you get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree and you get to a
+conclusion which is case which means yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is case which means yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is case which means yes
+they're type 2 diabetic and if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're type 2 diabetic and if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're type 2 diabetic and if you get
+if ever you don't reach this point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ever you don't reach this point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ever you don't reach this point then
+the answer's no they're not type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer's no they're not type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer's no they're not type 2
+diabetic that's what I mean right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic that's what I mean right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic that's what I mean right so
+that that labeling is what we're calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that labeling is what we're calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that labeling is what we're calling
+the phenotype of type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype of type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype of type 2 diabetes
+now you'll find later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll find later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll find later in the semester
+people use the word phenotype to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the word phenotype to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the word phenotype to mean
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+it's an overloaded term but this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overloaded term but this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overloaded term but this is what
+it's called in this context as well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called in this context as well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called in this context as well now
+here's an example of a website it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a website it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a website it's it's
+from the ckb project where you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ckb project where you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ckb project where you will find
+tends to close to a hundred of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to close to a hundred of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to close to a hundred of these
+phenotypes that have been our newest Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes that have been our newest Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes that have been our newest Lee
+created for a whole range of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for a whole range of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for a whole range of different
+conditions okay so if you click if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay so if you click if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay so if you click if you
+go to this website and you click on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this website and you click on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this website and you click on any
+one of these conditions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these conditions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these conditions like
+appendicitis autism cataracts you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendicitis autism cataracts you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendicitis autism cataracts you'll see
+a different diagram of this sort I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different diagram of this sort I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different diagram of this sort I just
+showed you alright so this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you alright so this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you alright so this is a real
+thing this is something that the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is something that the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is something that the medical
+community really needs to do in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community really needs to do in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community really needs to do in order to
+try to derive the label that we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to derive the label that we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to derive the label that we can then
+use in our machine learning task right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in our machine learning task right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in our machine learning task right
+the ground troops like it somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground troops like it somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground troops like it somebody has
+Davidson must have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also for example you might have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for example you might have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for example you might have an
+abnormal glucose value for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal glucose value for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal glucose value for a variety of
+reasons one reason is because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one reason is because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one reason is because you might
+have what's called gestational diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what's called gestational diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what's called gestational diabetes
+which is diabetes that's induced due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diabetes that's induced due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diabetes that's induced due to
+pregnancy but those patients typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy but those patients typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy but those patients typically
+well although it's a predictive factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well although it's a predictive factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well although it's a predictive factor
+that they don't always have long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't always have long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't always have long term
+type-2 diabetes so even the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type-2 diabetes so even the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type-2 diabetes so even the laboratory
+test alone is not is it doesn't tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test alone is not is it doesn't tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test alone is not is it doesn't tell the
+whole story that's much less common here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story that's much less common here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story that's much less common here
+yeah I and the story will change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I and the story will change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I and the story will change in the
+future because there will be a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because there will be a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because there will be a whole
+range of new diagnosis techniques that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of new diagnosis techniques that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of new diagnosis techniques that
+might use new modalities like seek you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use new modalities like seek you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use new modalities like seek you
+know gene expression for example but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gene expression for example but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gene expression for example but but
+typically today the answer is yes Tibet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are usually made by health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are usually made by health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are usually made by health
+outcomes researchers and which usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes researchers and which usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes researchers and which usually
+have clinicians on their team but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clinicians on their team but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clinicians on their team but but
+the type of people who often work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of people who often work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of people who often work in
+these often come from the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these often come from the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these often come from the field of
+Epidemiology for example and so what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epidemiology for example and so what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epidemiology for example and so what was
+your question again is there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question again is there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question again is there one
+phenotype for every different is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype for every different is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype for every different is a
+different disease in the ideal world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disease in the ideal world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disease in the ideal world
+you'd have at least one phenotype for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have at least one phenotype for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have at least one phenotype for
+every single disease that could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single disease that could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single disease that could possibly
+exist now of course you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist now of course you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist now of course you might be
+interested in different aspects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in different aspects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in different aspects that
+like you might be interested in not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might be interested in not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might be interested in not
+knowing just does the patient have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing just does the patient have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing just does the patient have
+autism but where they are in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism but where they are in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism but where they are in their
+autism spectrum you might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism spectrum you might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism spectrum you might not be
+interested in knowing just do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing just do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing just do they have
+it now but you also might want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now but you also might want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now but you also might want to know
+when did they get it so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did they get it so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did they get it so there's a lot of
+subtleties that could go into this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that could go into this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that could go into this but
+building these up is really slow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these up is really slow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these up is really slow and
+validating them to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating them to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating them to make sure that
+they're going to work across multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to work across multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to work across multiple
+datasets is really challenging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets is really challenging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets is really challenging and
+usually is a negative result and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is a negative result and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is a negative result and so it's
+been a very slow process to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very slow process to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very slow process to do this
+manually which has led me and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually which has led me and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually which has led me and many
+others to start thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to start thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to start thinking about the
+machine learning approaches for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning approaches for how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning approaches for how to
+do it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's like five autism you know types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like five autism you know types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like five autism you know types
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+yes so there are often many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so there are often many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so there are often many different
+such rule-based systems that give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such rule-based systems that give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such rule-based systems that give you
+conflicting results yes that happens all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting results yes that happens all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting results yes that happens all
+the time right so that's getting at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right so that's getting at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right so that's getting at one
+of the suddens is I just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the suddens is I just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the suddens is I just mentioned
+Wendy's tell you when the onset happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy's tell you when the onset happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy's tell you when the onset happened
+they're not typically designed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not typically designed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not typically designed to do
+that but one can come up with one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but one can come up with one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but one can come up with one to
+design it to do it and so one way to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it to do it and so one way to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it to do it and so one way to try
+to do that is you change those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is you change those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is you change those those
+rules to have a time period associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to have a time period associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to have a time period associated
+to it and then you can imagine applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and then you can imagine applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and then you can imagine applying
+those rules in a sliding window to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rules in a sliding window to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rules in a sliding window to the
+patient data to see when is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient data to see when is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient data to see when is the first
+time that it triggers and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it triggers and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it triggers and that would be
+one way to try to get a sense of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to try to get a sense of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to try to get a sense of when
+onset was but but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset was but but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset was but but there's a lot of
+subtleties to that too so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties to that too so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties to that too so I'm going to
+move on now I just want to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on now I just want to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on now I just want to give you some
+sense of what that deriving the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what that deriving the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what that deriving the labels
+ends up looking like let's now turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking like let's now turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking like let's now turn to
+evaluation so a very common leaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation so a very common leaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation so a very common leaved
+approach in this field is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in this field is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in this field is to compute
+what's known as the receiver operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the receiver operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the receiver operator
+curve or ROC curve and what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve or ROC curve and what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve or ROC curve and what this looks
+at is the following first of all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the following first of all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the following first of all this is
+well defined for binary classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined for binary classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined for binary classification
+problem for binary classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for binary classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for binary classification
+problem when you're using a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you're using a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you're using a model that
+outputs of say probability or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of say probability or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of say probability or some
+continuous value then you could use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous value then you could use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous value then you could use that
+continuous valued prediction if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous valued prediction if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous valued prediction if you
+wanted to make a prediction usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a prediction usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a prediction usually
+threshold it right so you say if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold it right so you say if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold it right so you say if it's
+greater than 0.5 it's a prediction of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0.5 it's a prediction of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0.5 it's a prediction of 1
+if it's less than 0.5 friction of 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's less than 0.5 friction of 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's less than 0.5 friction of 0 but
+here we might be interested in not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we might be interested in not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we might be interested in not just
+you know what minimizes that say zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what minimizes that say zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what minimizes that say zero
+one loss but you might also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loss but you might also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loss but you might also be
+interested in figuring and trading off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in figuring and trading off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in figuring and trading off
+let's say false positives or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say false positives or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say false positives or false
+negatives and so you might choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives and so you might choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives and so you might choose
+different thresholds and you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thresholds and you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thresholds and you might want
+to quantify how do those trade-offs look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify how do those trade-offs look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify how do those trade-offs look
+for different choices of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different choices of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different choices of those
+thresholds of this continuous valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds of this continuous valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds of this continuous valued
+prediction and that's what the ROC curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and that's what the ROC curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and that's what the ROC curve
+will show you so as you move along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you so as you move along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you so as you move along the
+threshold you can compute for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you can compute for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you can compute for every
+single threshold what is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single threshold what is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single threshold what is the true
+positive rate and was that false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate and was that false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate and was that false
+positive rate and that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate and that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate and that gives you a
+number and you try all possible Thresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you try all possible Thresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you try all possible Thresh
+tools that gives you a curve and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that gives you a curve and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that gives you a curve and then
+you could compare that you could compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could compare that you could compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could compare that you could compare
+curves from different to machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves from different to machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves from different to machine
+learning algorithms for example here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms for example here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms for example here I'm
+showing you in the Green Line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you in the Green Line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you in the Green Line the
+predictive model obtained by using what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model obtained by using what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model obtained by using what
+we're calling the traditional risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling the traditional risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling the traditional risk
+factors so something like eight or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so something like eight or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so something like eight or ten
+different risk factors for type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different risk factors for type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different risk factors for type two
+diabetes that are very commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes that are very commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes that are very commonly used in
+the literature versus in blue it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature versus in blue it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature versus in blue it's
+showing you what you get if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you what you get if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you what you get if you just
+used naive l1 regularized logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used naive l1 regularized logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used naive l1 regularized logistic
+regression model with no domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model with no domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model with no domain
+knowledge to sort of throw in the bag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to sort of throw in the bag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to sort of throw in the bag of
+features and you want to be up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and you want to be up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and you want to be up there and
+you want to be in that top left corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be in that top left corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be in that top left corner
+that's the goal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal here
+so you would like the curve that blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would like the curve that blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would like the curve that blue
+curve to be up there and then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to be up there and then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to be up there and then all the
+way to the right now one way to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the right now one way to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the right now one way to try to
+quantify in a single number how useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify in a single number how useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify in a single number how useful
+anyone ROC curve is is by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ROC curve is is by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ROC curve is is by looking at
+what's called the area under the ROC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the area under the ROC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the area under the ROC
+curve and mathematically is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and mathematically is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and mathematically is exactly what
+you would expect right this area is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect right this area is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect right this area is the
+area under the ROC curve right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the ROC curve right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the ROC curve right so you
+can just integrate the curve and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just integrate the curve and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just integrate the curve and you get
+that number out now remember I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number out now remember I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number out now remember I told you
+you want to be in the top left upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be in the top left upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be in the top left upper
+left quadrant and so the goal was to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left quadrant and so the goal was to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left quadrant and so the goal was to get
+an area under the ROC curve over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area under the ROC curve over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area under the ROC curve over one
+right now what would a random prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what would a random prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what would a random prediction
+give you and the idea so if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you and the idea so if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you and the idea so if you were to
+just flip a coin and and and guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flip a coin and and and guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flip a coin and and and guess what
+do you think 0.5 well so so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think 0.5 well so so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think 0.5 well so so that was a
+little bit misleading when I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit misleading when I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit misleading when I said you
+just fit the coin you got to flip a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fit the coin you got to flip a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fit the coin you got to flip a coin
+with sort of different different noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of different different noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of different different noise
+rates and each one of those will get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and each one of those will get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and each one of those will get you
+sort of a different place along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a different place along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a different place along this
+curve and if you look at the curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and if you look at the curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and if you look at the curve that
+you get from these random guesses it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from these random guesses it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from these random guesses it's
+going to be the straight line from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the straight line from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the straight line from 0 to
+1 and as you said that will that hand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and as you said that will that hand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and as you said that will that hand of
+a AUC of 0.5 all right so point 5 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AUC of 0.5 all right so point 5 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AUC of 0.5 all right so point 5 just
+gonna be random guessing 1 is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be random guessing 1 is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be random guessing 1 is perfect
+and your algorithm is gonna be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your algorithm is gonna be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your algorithm is gonna be somewhere
+in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now relevance to the rest of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now relevance to the rest of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now relevance to the rest of today's
+lecture is going to be an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be an alternative
+definition a dieter 'native way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition a dieter 'native way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition a dieter 'native way of
+computing the area into the ROC curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the area into the ROC curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the area into the ROC curve so
+one way to compute it as literal as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to compute it as literal as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to compute it as literal as I
+said you compute you create that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you compute you create that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you compute you create that curve
+and you integrate to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate to get the
+area under it but one could show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under it but one could show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under it but one could show
+mathematically I'm not gonna give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically I'm not gonna give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically I'm not gonna give you
+the derivation here but you can look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation here but you can look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation here but you can look it
+up in Wikipedia one could show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Wikipedia one could show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Wikipedia one could show
+mathematically that an equivalent way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that an equivalent way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that an equivalent way of
+computing the area under the ROC curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the area under the ROC curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the area under the ROC curve
+is to compute the probability that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute the probability that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute the probability that an
+algorithm will rank a positive labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will rank a positive labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will rank a positive labeled
+patient over a negative labeled patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient over a negative labeled patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient over a negative labeled patient
+all right so mathematically what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so mathematically what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so mathematically what I'm
+talking about is the following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is the following thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is the following thing
+you're gonna sum over pairs of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna sum over pairs of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna sum over pairs of patients
+where I'm gonna call x1 is a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm gonna call x1 is a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm gonna call x1 is a patient
+with label y1 equals 1 and x2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with label y1 equals 1 and x2 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with label y1 equals 1 and x2 is a
+patient with label Y I shall call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with label Y I shall call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with label Y I shall call it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+with label x2 equals 1 so these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with label x2 equals 1 so these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with label x2 equals 1 so these are two
+different patients I think I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patients I think I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patients I think I'm gonna
+rewrite it like this X I and XJ just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it like this X I and XJ just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it like this X I and XJ just for
+generality sakes all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality sakes all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality sakes all right so we're
+gonna sum this up over all choices of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sum this up over all choices of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sum this up over all choices of X
+I for all choices of I and J such that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for all choices of I and J such that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for all choices of I and J such that Y
+I and YJ have different labels so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and YJ have different labels so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and YJ have different labels so that
+should say Y J equals 0 and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say Y J equals 0 and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say Y J equals 0 and then you're
+gonna look at what what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at what what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at what what you want to
+happen like suppose that you were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen like suppose that you were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen like suppose that you were using
+a linear model here so your prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model here so your prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model here so your prediction
+is given to you by let's say W dot X 0 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to you by let's say W dot X 0 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to you by let's say W dot X 0 X
+J what you want is that this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J what you want is that this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J what you want is that this should be
+smaller than W dot X I ok so X the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than W dot X I ok so X the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than W dot X I ok so X the j
+'the data point remember was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'the data point remember was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'the data point remember was the one
+that got the 0 with label and the i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got the 0 with label and the i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got the 0 with label and the i's
+data point is the one that got the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point is the one that got the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point is the one that got the 1
+label so we want the score of the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label so we want the score of the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label so we want the score of the label
+that should have been of the data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have been of the data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have been of the data point
+that should have been 1 to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have been 1 to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have been 1 to be higher
+than the score of the data point which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the score of the data point which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the score of the data point which
+should have gotten to label 0 and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten to label 0 and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten to label 0 and just
+count up this is an indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count up this is an indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count up this is an indicator function
+you just count up how many of those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just count up how many of those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just count up how many of those were
+correctly ordered and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly ordered and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly ordered and then you just
+you're just gonna normalize by the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just gonna normalize by the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just gonna normalize by the total
+number of comparisons that you do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of comparisons that you do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of comparisons that you do all
+right and it turns out that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out that that is
+exactly equal to the area under the ROC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the area under the ROC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the area under the ROC
+curve and it really makes clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and it really makes clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and it really makes clear that
+this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an
+that really cares about ranking are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really cares about ranking are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really cares about ranking are you
+getting the ranking of patients correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the ranking of patients correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the ranking of patients correct
+right are you ranking the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are you ranking the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are you ranking the ones who
+should have been given one higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been given one higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been given one higher than
+the ones that should have gotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that should have gotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that should have gotten the
+labels zero and unfortunately this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels zero and unfortunately this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels zero and unfortunately this whole
+measure is actually invariant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is actually invariant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is actually invariant to the
+label imbalance so you might have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label imbalance so you might have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label imbalance so you might have a very
+imbalanced data set but the sort of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced data set but the sort of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced data set but the sort of if
+you were to resample with now making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to resample with now making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to resample with now making it
+a balanced two data set your AUC of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balanced two data set your AUC of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balanced two data set your AUC of your
+predictive model wouldn't change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model wouldn't change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model wouldn't change and
+that's a nice property to have when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice property to have when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice property to have when it
+comes to evaluating settings where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to evaluating settings where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to evaluating settings where you
+might have artificially created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have artificially created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have artificially created a
+balanced data set for computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced data set for computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced data set for computational
+concerns even though the true setting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns even though the true setting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns even though the true setting is
+imbalanced there at least you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced there at least you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced there at least you know that
+the numbers are gonna be the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers are gonna be the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers are gonna be the same in
+both settings another hand also has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both settings another hand also has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both settings another hand also has lots
+of disadvantages because often you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disadvantages because often you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disadvantages because often you don't
+care about the performance of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the performance of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the performance of the whole
+entire curve often you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire curve often you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire curve often you care about
+particular parts along the curve so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parts along the curve so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parts along the curve so for
+example and last week's lecture I argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and last week's lecture I argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and last week's lecture I argued
+that really what we often care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really what we often care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really what we often care about is
+just the positive predictive value for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the positive predictive value for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the positive predictive value for a
+particular threshold and we want that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular threshold and we want that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular threshold and we want that to
+be as high as possible for as few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as high as possible for as few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as high as possible for as few people
+as possible like predict the find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible like predict the find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible like predict the find a
+hundred most risky people and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred most risky people and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred most risky people and look at
+what fracturing them actually developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fracturing them actually developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fracturing them actually developed
+type two diabetes and that's setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two diabetes and that's setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two diabetes and that's setting
+what you're really looking at is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really looking at is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really looking at is this
+part of the curve and so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the curve and so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the curve and so it turns out
+there are notions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are notions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are notions there are
+generalizations of area under the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of area under the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of area under the curve
+that focus on parts of the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focus on parts of the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focus on parts of the curve and
+that goes by the name of partial a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes by the name of partial a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes by the name of partial a you
+see for example if you just integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example if you just integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example if you just integrated
+from 0 up to that say point 1 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 up to that say point 1 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 up to that say point 1 of the
+curve then that will be did you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve then that will be did you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve then that will be did you could
+still get a number to compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a number to compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a number to compare two
+different curves but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves but it's sort of
+focusing on the area of the curve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the area of the curve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the area of the curve that's
+actually relevant for your predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relevant for your predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relevant for your predictive
+purposes if your task at hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes if your task at hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes if your task at hand
+so that's all I want to say about I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all I want to say about I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all I want to say about I have
+received operator characteristic curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received operator characteristic curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received operator characteristic curves
+any questions yep the drawbacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yep the drawbacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yep the drawbacks
+of using tips which is the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using tips which is the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using tips which is the classic
+balance is the classifieds that all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is the classifieds that all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is the classifieds that all is
+it so the thing is when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the thing is when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the thing is when you when you
+want to use this approach you depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this approach you depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this approach you depending
+on how you're using the particulars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you're using the particulars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you're using the particulars you
+might not be able to tolerate a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to tolerate a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to tolerate a point
+eight false positive rate so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight false positive rate so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight false positive rate so in
+sometimes what's going on in this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes what's going on in this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes what's going on in this part
+of the curve might be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve might be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve might be completely
+irrelevant from for your task and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant from for your task and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant from for your task and so one
+of the one of the algorithm so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the algorithm so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the algorithm so one of
+these curves might look like it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves might look like it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves might look like it's doing
+really really well over here and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well over here and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well over here and pretty
+poorly over here but if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly over here but if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly over here but if you're looking
+at the full area under the ROC curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the full area under the ROC curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the full area under the ROC curve you
+won't notice that so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't notice that so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't notice that so that's one of the
+big problems yeah yeah so a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problems yeah yeah so a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problems yeah yeah so a lot of the
+community is interested in in precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is interested in in precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is interested in in precision
+Rico curves and their precision Rico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rico curves and their precision Rico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rico curves and their precision Rico
+curves as opposed to receiver operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves as opposed to receiver operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves as opposed to receiver operator
+curves have the property that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves have the property that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves have the property that they are
+not invariant to class imbalance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not invariant to class imbalance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not invariant to class imbalance which
+in many settings is of interest because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many settings is of interest because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many settings is of interest because
+it'll allow you to capture these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll allow you to capture these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll allow you to capture these types
+of quantities I'm not gonna go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantities I'm not gonna go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantities I'm not gonna go into
+depth about serve reasons for one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth about serve reasons for one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth about serve reasons for one or the
+other but that's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but that's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but that's something that you
+could read up about and you I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read up about and you I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read up about and you I encourage
+you to post to Piazza about and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to post to Piazza about and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to post to Piazza about and we have
+a discussion in Piazza so the the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion in Piazza so the the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion in Piazza so the the last
+evaluation quantity that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation quantity that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation quantity that I want to talk
+about is known as as calibration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is known as as calibration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is known as as calibration and
+calibration as of the finite here has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration as of the finite here has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration as of the finite here has to
+do with binary classification problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with binary classification problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with binary classification problems
+now before you dig into this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before you dig into this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before you dig into this figure
+which I'll explain in a moment let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll explain in a moment let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll explain in a moment let me
+just give you the gist of what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you the gist of what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you the gist of what I mean by
+calibration suppose your model outputs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration suppose your model outputs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration suppose your model outputs a
+probability okay so you do logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so you do logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so you do logistic
+regression you've got a probability out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you've got a probability out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you've got a probability out
+and your model says for these ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your model says for these ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your model says for these ten
+patients that their likelihood of dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that their likelihood of dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that their likelihood of dying
+in the next 48 hours is 0.7 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 48 hours is 0.7 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 48 hours is 0.7 and I
+suppose that's what your model output if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that's what your model output if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that's what your model output if
+you are the receiving end of that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the receiving end of that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the receiving end of that result
+so you heard that number point seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you heard that number point seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you heard that number point seven
+what should you expect about those ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you expect about those ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you expect about those ten
+people what fraction them should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what fraction them should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what fraction them should
+actually die in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually die in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually die in the next
+48 hours everyone could scream out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 hours everyone could scream out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 hours everyone could scream out loud
+so 7 versus seven of them seven of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 7 versus seven of them seven of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 7 versus seven of them seven of the
+ten you would expect to die in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten you would expect to die in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten you would expect to die in the next
+48 hours if the probability for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 hours if the probability for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 hours if the probability for all of
+them that was output was 0.7 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that was output was 0.7 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that was output was 0.7 right
+that's what I need by calibration right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I need by calibration right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I need by calibration right
+so if on the other hand what you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if on the other hand what you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if on the other hand what you found
+was that only one of them died then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that only one of them died then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that only one of them died then it
+would be a very weird number that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a very weird number that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a very weird number that you're
+that you're outputting right and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're outputting right and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're outputting right and so the
+reason why count this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why count this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why count this notion of
+calibration which I'll define formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration which I'll define formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration which I'll define formally
+in a second is so important is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second is so important is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second is so important is when
+you're outputting a probability and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're outputting a probability and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're outputting a probability and when
+you don't really know how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really know how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really know how that
+probability is gonna be used right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is gonna be used right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is gonna be used right if
+you knew if you had some task loss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew if you had some task loss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew if you had some task loss in
+mind and you knew that all that mattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you knew that all that mattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you knew that all that mattered
+was the actual prediction right 1 or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the actual prediction right 1 or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the actual prediction right 1 or 0
+then that would be fine but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would be fine but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would be fine but often
+predictions in machine learning are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions in machine learning are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions in machine learning are used
+in a much more subtle way like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more subtle way like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more subtle way like for
+example often your doctor might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example often your doctor might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example often your doctor might have
+more information than your then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information than your then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information than your then your
+computer has and so often they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has and so often they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has and so often they might
+want to take the result that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the result that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the result that your
+computer predicts and weigh that against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer predicts and weigh that against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer predicts and weigh that against
+other evidence or and sometimes it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other evidence or and sometimes it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other evidence or and sometimes it's not
+just waiting by other evidence maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just waiting by other evidence maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just waiting by other evidence maybe
+it's also about making a decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about making a decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about making a decision and
+that decision might have taken a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision might have taken a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision might have taken a utility
+of for example a patient preference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example a patient preference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example a patient preference for
+suffering versus versus getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering versus versus getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering versus versus getting a
+treatment that could have big adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that could have big adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that could have big adverse
+consequences and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and that's something that
+Pete is gonna talk about much more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete is gonna talk about much more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete is gonna talk about much more later
+in the semester I think how to formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester I think how to formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester I think how to formalize
+that notion but at this point I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion but at this point I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion but at this point I just
+want to sort of get out the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of get out the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of get out the point that
+the the probabilities themselves could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probabilities themselves could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probabilities themselves could
+be important and having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important and having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important and having the
+probabilities be meaningful is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities be meaningful is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities be meaningful is something
+that one cannot quantify so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one cannot quantify so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one cannot quantify so how do we
+quantify it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one way to try to quantify it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to try to quantify it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to try to quantify it is to
+create the following plot actually I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the following plot actually I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the following plot actually I'll
+call it a histogram so on the on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a histogram so on the on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a histogram so on the on the on
+the x-axis is the predicted probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what I meant by P hat on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I meant by P hat on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I meant by P hat on the
+y-axis is the true probability it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis is the true probability it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis is the true probability it's what
+I mean when I say the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when I say the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when I say the fraction of
+individuals with that predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with that predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with that predicted
+probability that actually got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that actually got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that actually got the
+positive outcome that's gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive outcome that's gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive outcome that's gonna be the
+y-axis so I'll call that the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis so I'll call that the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis so I'll call that the true
+probability and what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and what we would like to
+see is that this is a line a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that this is a line a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that this is a line a straight
+line meaning these two should always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line meaning these two should always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line meaning these two should always be
+equal and an example I gave remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and an example I gave remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and an example I gave remember I
+said that there were a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that there were a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that there were a bunch of people
+with 0.7 probability predicted but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0.7 probability predicted but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0.7 probability predicted but for
+whom only one out of them actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom only one out of them actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom only one out of them actually got
+the positive event so that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive event so that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive event so that would have
+been something like over here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been something like over here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been something like over here all right
+whereas you would have expected it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you would have expected it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you would have expected it to be
+over there so you might ask how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so you might ask how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so you might ask how do I
+create this such a plot from finite data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this such a plot from finite data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this such a plot from finite data
+well common way to do so is to bin your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well common way to do so is to bin your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well common way to do so is to bin your
+data so you'll say you'll create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you'll say you'll create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you'll say you'll create
+intervals so this this bin is the bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so this this bin is the bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so this this bin is the bin
+from 0 to 0.1 this bin is the bin from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 0.1 this bin is the bin from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 0.1 this bin is the bin from
+point 1 to point 2 and so on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 to point 2 and so on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 to point 2 and so on and then
+you look to see ok how many people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look to see ok how many people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look to see ok how many people for
+whom the predicted probability was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom the predicted probability was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom the predicted probability was
+between zero and zero point one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and zero point one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and zero point one actually
+died and you'll get a number out and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and you'll get a number out and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and you'll get a number out and now
+here's where I can go to this pot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where I can go to this pot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where I can go to this pot that's
+exactly what I'm showing you here so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I'm showing you here so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I'm showing you here so for
+now ignore the bar charts in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ignore the bar charts in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ignore the bar charts in the bottom
+and just look at the line so let's focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just look at the line so let's focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just look at the line so let's focus
+on just the green line here I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just the green line here I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just the green line here I'm showing
+you several different models for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you several different models for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you several different models for now
+just focus on the green line so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on the green line so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on the green line so the
+green line by the way notice it it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line by the way notice it it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line by the way notice it it looks
+pretty good it's almost a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's almost a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's almost a straight line
+so how did I compute it well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did I compute it well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did I compute it well first of
+all notice that number of ticks are 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all notice that number of ticks are 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all notice that number of ticks are 1 2
+3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 okay so there are 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 okay so there are 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 okay so there are 10
+points along this line and each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points along this line and each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points along this line and each of those
+cars spawns to one of these bins so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars spawns to one of these bins so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars spawns to one of these bins so the
+first point is the zero to zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first point is the zero to zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first point is the zero to zero point
+one bin the second point is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bin the second point is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bin the second point is the point
+one to point to bin and so on alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to point to bin and so on alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to point to bin and so on alright so
+that's how I computed this the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I computed this the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I computed this the next
+thing you notice is that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you notice is that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you notice is that I have
+confidence intervals and the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and the reason I
+compute these confidence intervals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these confidence intervals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these confidence intervals is
+because sometimes just might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes just might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes just might not have
+that much data in one of these bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much data in one of these bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much data in one of these bins
+right so for example suppose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example suppose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example suppose your
+algorithm almost never said that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm almost never said that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm almost never said that someone
+has a predicted probability of 0.99 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a predicted probability of 0.99 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a predicted probability of 0.99 then
+you're not gonna have it until you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna have it until you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna have it until you get a
+ton of data you're not going to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of data you're not going to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of data you're not going to know
+what fraction of those individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of those individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of those individuals
+actually went on to develop the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went on to develop the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went on to develop the event
+and so you could you should be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could you should be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could you should be looking
+at sort of the confidence interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sort of the confidence interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sort of the confidence interval of
+this line as which should take that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line as which should take that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line as which should take that into
+consideration and a different way to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration and a different way to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration and a different way to try
+to understand that notion now looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that notion now looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that notion now looking at
+the numbers is what I'm showing you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers is what I'm showing you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers is what I'm showing you in
+the bar charts in the bottom on the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar charts in the bottom on the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar charts in the bottom on the bar
+charts I'm showing you the fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts I'm showing you the fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts I'm showing you the fact the
+number of individuals or the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals or the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals or the fraction of
+individuals who actually got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who actually got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who actually got that
+predicted probability so now let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted probability so now let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted probability so now let's start
+comparing the lines so the the the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the lines so the the the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the lines so the the the blue
+line shown here is a machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shown here is a machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shown here is a machine learning
+algorithm which is predicting infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is predicting infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is predicting infection
+in the emergency room so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emergency room so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emergency room so this is a
+slightly different problem than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different problem than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different problem than the
+diabetes one we looked at earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes one we looked at earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes one we looked at earlier and
+it's using a bag of words model from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using a bag of words model from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using a bag of words model from
+clinical texts the red line is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical texts the red line is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical texts the red line is using
+just chief complaint so it's using one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chief complaint so it's using one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chief complaint so it's using one
+piece of structured data that you get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of structured data that you get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of structured data that you get at
+one point of time the ER so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point of time the ER so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point of time the ER so it's it's
+using very little information and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using very little information and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using very little information and you
+can see that both both models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that both both models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that both both models are
+somewhat well calibrated but that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat well calibrated but that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat well calibrated but that but
+the the intervals the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the intervals the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the intervals the confidence
+intervals of both the red and the purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of both the red and the purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of both the red and the purple
+lines gets really big towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines gets really big towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines gets really big towards the end
+and if you look at these bar charts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at these bar charts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at these bar charts it
+explains why because the the models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why because the the models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why because the the models that
+use less information end up being much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use less information end up being much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use less information end up being much
+more risk-averse so they will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risk-averse so they will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risk-averse so they will never
+predict of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict of
+high probability they're always sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability they're always sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability they're always sort of
+stay in this lower regime and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in this lower regime and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in this lower regime and that's why
+we have very big compass and rolls there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's all I want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all I want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all I want to say about
+evaluation and I won't take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and I won't take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and I won't take any
+questions on this right now because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this right now because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this right now because I
+really want to get on to the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to get on to the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to get on to the rest of the
+lecture but again if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but again if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but again if you have any
+questions post a Piazza and I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions post a Piazza and I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions post a Piazza and I'm happy to
+discuss them with you offline so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them with you offline so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them with you offline so in
+summary we've talked about how to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary we've talked about how to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary we've talked about how to reduce
+risk stratification to binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification to binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification to binary
+classification I've told you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification I've told you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification I've told you how to
+drive the labels I've given you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the labels I've given you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the labels I've given you one
+example of a machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a machine learning algorithm
+you could use and I talked to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use and I talked to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use and I talked to you about
+how to evaluate it what could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate it what could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate it what could possibly
+go wrong so let's look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong so let's look at some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong so let's look at some examples
+and these are small number of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are small number of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are small number of examples
+of what could possibly go wrong there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what could possibly go wrong there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what could possibly go wrong there
+are many more so here's some data I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more so here's some data I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more so here's some data I'm
+showing you for the same problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you for the same problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you for the same problem we
+looked at before diabetes onset I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before diabetes onset I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before diabetes onset I'm
+showing you the prevalence of type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the prevalence of type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the prevalence of type 2
+diabetes as recorded by that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes as recorded by that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes as recorded by that say
+diagnosis codes across time match over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes across time match over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes across time match over
+here is 1980 over here is 2012 look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 1980 over here is 2012 look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 1980 over here is 2012 look at
+that it is not a flat line now what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not a flat line now what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not a flat line now what does
+that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+does that mean that the population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that the population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that the population is
+eating much more unhealthy from 1980 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating much more unhealthy from 1980 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating much more unhealthy from 1980 to
+2012 and so more people are becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and so more people are becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and so more people are becoming
+diabetic that would be one plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic that would be one plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic that would be one plausible
+answer another plausible explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer another plausible explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer another plausible explanation is
+that something has changed so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something has changed so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something has changed so in fact
+I'm showing you with these blue lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you with these blue lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you with these blue lines
+one in fact there was a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact there was a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact there was a change in the
+diagnostic criteria for diabetes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic criteria for diabetes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic criteria for diabetes and so
+now the patient population actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the patient population actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the patient population actually
+didn't change much between let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change much between let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change much between let's say
+this time point in that time point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time point in that time point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time point in that time point but
+what really led to this big uptick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really led to this big uptick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really led to this big uptick
+according to one theory is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to one theory is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to one theory is because the
+diagnostic criteria changed so who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic criteria changed so who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic criteria changed so who were
+calling diabetic has changed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling diabetic has changed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling diabetic has changed because
+diseases are at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are at the end of the day
+human-made concept you know what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human-made concept you know what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human-made concept you know what do we
+call some disease and so the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call some disease and so the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call some disease and so the data is
+changing and as you see here let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and as you see here let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and as you see here let me show
+you another example by the way and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example by the way and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example by the way and so
+the consequence of that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of that is that
+automatically drive labels for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically drive labels for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically drive labels for example
+if you use one of those phenotyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use one of those phenotyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use one of those phenotyping
+algorithms I showed you earlier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I showed you earlier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I showed you earlier the
+rules the which are what the label is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules the which are what the label is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules the which are what the label is
+derived for over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for over here
+might be very different from the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very different from the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very different from the label
+that's derived from over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's derived from over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's derived from over here
+particularly if it's using data such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if it's using data such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if it's using data such as
+diagnosis codes that have changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that have changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that have changed the
+meaning over the years so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning over the years so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning over the years so that's one
+consequence now the other consequences I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence now the other consequences I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence now the other consequences I
+shall tell you about later here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall tell you about later here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall tell you about later here's
+another example this notion is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example this notion is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example this notion is called
+non stationarity like the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non stationarity like the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non stationarity like the data is
+changing across time it's not stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing across time it's not stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing across time it's not stationary
+here's another example on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example on the x-axis
+again I'm showing you time here each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm showing you time here each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm showing you time here each
+column is is a month from 2005 to 2014
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is is a month from 2005 to 2014
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is is a month from 2005 to 2014
+and on the y-axis I'm showing you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis I'm showing you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis I'm showing you for
+every certain row of this table I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every certain row of this table I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every certain row of this table I'm
+showing you a laboratory test and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a laboratory test and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a laboratory test and here
+we're not looking at the results of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not looking at the results of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not looking at the results of the
+lab test we're only looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab test we're only looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab test we're only looking at what
+fraction of how many lab tests of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of how many lab tests of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of how many lab tests of that
+type were performed at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type were performed at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type were performed at this point in
+time okay and now you might expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and now you might expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and now you might expect that
+broadly speaking the number of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking the number of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking the number of glucose
+tests the number of white blood cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests the number of white blood cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests the number of white blood cell
+count tests the number of neutrophil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count tests the number of neutrophil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count tests the number of neutrophil
+tests and so on might be pretty constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and so on might be pretty constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and so on might be pretty constant
+across time on average because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time on average because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time on average because you're
+averaging over a lots of people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over a lots of people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over a lots of people but
+indeed what you see here is that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what you see here is that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what you see here is that in fact
+there is a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a huge amount of
+non-stationarity which tests are ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity which tests are ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity which tests are ordered
+dramatically changes across time so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically changes across time so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically changes across time so for
+example you see this one line over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you see this one line over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you see this one line over here
+where it's all blue meaning no one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's all blue meaning no one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's all blue meaning no one is
+ordering the test until this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering the test until this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering the test until this point in
+time when people start using it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when people start using it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when people start using it what
+could that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that be
+any ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the test was useless or really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the test was useless or really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the test was useless or really in
+this case not used at all and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case not used at all and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case not used at all and then
+suddenly it was used why might that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it was used why might that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it was used why might that
+happen in the back a new test because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the back a new test because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the back a new test because
+technology changes I suddenly come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology changes I suddenly come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology changes I suddenly come up
+with a new diagnostic test a new lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new diagnostic test a new lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new diagnostic test a new lab
+test and we could start using it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and we could start using it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and we could start using it where
+it didn't exist before so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't exist before so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't exist before so obviously
+there was no date on it before what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no date on it before what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no date on it before what's
+another reason why it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why it might have
+something up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stick with your first example maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with your first example maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with your first example maybe that
+test becomes mandatory okay so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test becomes mandatory okay so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test becomes mandatory okay so maybe
+there's a clinical guideline that is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clinical guideline that is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clinical guideline that is do
+that that is created at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is created at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is created at this point in
+time right there and health insurers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right there and health insurers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right there and health insurers
+decide we're going to reimburse for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide we're going to reimburse for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide we're going to reimburse for this
+test at this point in time and the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test at this point in time and the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test at this point in time and the test
+might been really expensive so no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might been really expensive so no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might been really expensive so no one
+would have done it beforehand and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done it beforehand and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done it beforehand and now
+that the health insurance companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the health insurance companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the health insurance companies are
+going to pay for it now people start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay for it now people start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay for it now people start
+doing it so it might have existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so it might have existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so it might have existed
+beforehand but if no one will pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand but if no one will pay for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand but if no one will pay for it
+no one would use it what's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one would use it what's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one would use it what's another
+reason why you might see something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you might see something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you might see something like
+this or maybe even a gap like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or maybe even a gap like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or maybe even a gap like this
+notice in the middle there's this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in the middle there's this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in the middle there's this huge
+gap in the middle what might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the middle what might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the middle what might have
+explained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold on hippo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Changez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changez
+yeah so one explanation I think it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one explanation I think it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one explanation I think it's not
+possible on this data set but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible on this data set but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible on this data set but it is
+possible for some data sets is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for some data sets is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for some data sets is that
+maybe maybe your patients at time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe your patients at time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe your patients at time zero
+we're all of exactly the same age right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all of exactly the same age right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all of exactly the same age right
+so maybe there's some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's some amount of
+alignment and suddenly at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and suddenly at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and suddenly at this point in
+time you know you know they say people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know you know they say people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know you know they say people
+only get the women only get let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get the women only get let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get the women only get let's say
+their annual mammography once they turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their annual mammography once they turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their annual mammography once they turn
+a certain age and so that might be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain age and so that might be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain age and so that might be one
+reason why you would see nothing until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you would see nothing until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you would see nothing until
+one point in time and maybe that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in time and maybe that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in time and maybe that would
+change across time as well maybe they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change across time as well maybe they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change across time as well maybe they'll
+stop getting at some point after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop getting at some point after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop getting at some point after
+menopause or that's not true but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menopause or that's not true but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menopause or that's not true but let's
+say so that's one explanation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so that's one explanation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so that's one explanation in this
+case it doesn't make sense because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it doesn't make sense because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it doesn't make sense because the
+the patient population is very mixed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient population is very mixed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient population is very mixed so
+you can think of it as being roughly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as being roughly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as being roughly at
+steady state so they're not all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so they're not all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so they're not all you know
+that you'll have patients of all ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have patients of all ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have patients of all ages
+here what's another reason someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's another reason someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's another reason someone
+raised their hand over here yep yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their hand over here yep yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their hand over here yep yes
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+so so maybe the EMR shut down or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so maybe the EMR shut down or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so maybe the EMR shut down or in this
+case we have data issues right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have data issues right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have data issues right so this
+data was acquired somehow for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was acquired somehow for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was acquired somehow for example
+maybe it was required through a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was required through a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was required through a contract
+with something like web quest or LabCorp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like web quest or LabCorp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like web quest or LabCorp
+and maybe during that four month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe during that four month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe during that four month
+interval there was contract negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval there was contract negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval there was contract negotiation
+and so suddenly we couldn't get the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so suddenly we couldn't get the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so suddenly we couldn't get the data
+for that time period or maybe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that time period or maybe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that time period or maybe our
+databases crashed it we'd certainly lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases crashed it we'd certainly lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases crashed it we'd certainly lost
+all the data for that time period this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data for that time period this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data for that time period this
+happens and this happens all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and this happens all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and this happens all the time
+and not just the healthcare industry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just the healthcare industry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just the healthcare industry but
+other industries as well all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other industries as well all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other industries as well all right and
+there's a result of those systemic type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a result of those systemic type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a result of those systemic type
+changes your data is also gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your data is also gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your data is also gonna be
+non-stationary across time all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary across time all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary across time all right so
+now we've seen three or four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've seen three or four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've seen three or four different
+explanations for why this happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for why this happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for why this happens and
+the reality is really a mixture of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality is really a mixture of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality is really a mixture of all
+of these and just as in the previous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and just as in the previous so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and just as in the previous so
+in the previous example notice how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous example notice how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous example notice how what
+really changed here is that the derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed here is that the derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed here is that the derive
+labels might change meaning across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels might change meaning across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels might change meaning across time
+now the significance of the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the significance of the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the significance of the features
+used in the machine learning models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the machine learning models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the machine learning models
+would really change across time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really change across time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really change across time and
+that's one of the big con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the big con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the big con
+occurrences of this particularly their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of this particularly their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of this particularly their
+driving features from lab tests values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving features from lab tests values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving features from lab tests values
+here's one last example again of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one last example again of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one last example again of
+excesses here I have time on the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excesses here I have time on the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excesses here I have time on the y-axis
+here I'm showing the number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm showing the number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm showing the number of times
+that you observed some diagnosis code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observed some diagnosis code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observed some diagnosis code of
+some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind
+this cyan line is icd-9 codes and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cyan line is icd-9 codes and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cyan line is icd-9 codes and this
+red line are icd-10 codes you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line are icd-10 codes you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line are icd-10 codes you might
+remember that Pete mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Pete mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Pete mentioned in the
+earlier lecture that there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lecture that there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lecture that there was a big
+shift from icd-9 coding to icd-10 coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from icd-9 coding to icd-10 coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from icd-9 coding to icd-10 coding
+at some point when was that time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point when was that time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point when was that time it was
+precisely this time and so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely this time and so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely this time and so if you think
+about the feature vector that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the feature vector that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the feature vector that you would
+derive for your machine learning problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive for your machine learning problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive for your machine learning problem
+you would have one feature for all icd-9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have one feature for all icd-9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have one feature for all icd-9
+codes and one features focus Ida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and one features focus Ida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and one features focus Ida
+features for all icd-10 codes and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for all icd-10 codes and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for all icd-10 codes and those
+icd-9 based features are going to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 based features are going to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 based features are going to be you
+know they're going to be used quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're going to be used quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're going to be used quite a
+bit in this time period and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this time period and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this time period and then
+suddenly they're going to be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly they're going to be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly they're going to be completely
+sparse in this time period and icd-10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse in this time period and icd-10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse in this time period and icd-10
+features start to become used and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features start to become used and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features start to become used and you
+can imagine that if you did machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that if you did machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that if you did machine
+learning using just icd-9 data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning using just icd-9 data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning using just icd-9 data and then
+you try to apply your model at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to apply your model at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to apply your model at this
+point in time it's gonna do horribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time it's gonna do horribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time it's gonna do horribly
+because it's expecting features that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's expecting features that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's expecting features that it
+no longer has access to and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer has access to and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer has access to and and this
+happens all the time and in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time and in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time and in fact what
+I'm describing here is actually a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm describing here is actually a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm describing here is actually a major
+problem for the whole healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the whole healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the whole healthcare
+industry for the next five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for the next five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for the next five years
+everyone is gonna grapple with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is gonna grapple with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is gonna grapple with this
+problem because they want to use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they want to use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they want to use their
+historical data for machine learning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data for machine learning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data for machine learning but
+their historical data is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their historical data is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their historical data is very different
+from their recent data so now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their recent data so now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their recent data so now in the
+face of all of this non-stationarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of all of this non-stationarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of all of this non-stationarity
+that I just described did we do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just described did we do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just described did we do anything
+wrong and the diabetes risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and the diabetes risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and the diabetes risk
+stratification problem that I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification problem that I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification problem that I told you
+about earlier tops what did I make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier tops what did I make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier tops what did I make that
+was my paper by the way did I make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my paper by the way did I make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my paper by the way did I make an
+error that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't be afraid I'm often wrong I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid I'm often wrong I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid I'm often wrong I'm just
+asking specifically about the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking specifically about the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking specifically about the way I
+evaluated the models so understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the models so understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the models so understanding
+the robustness to changing the data a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robustness to changing the data a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robustness to changing the data a
+bit it's something that would be of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's something that would be of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's something that would be of a
+lot of interest I agree but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interest I agree but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interest I agree but that's not
+immediately suggested by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately suggested by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately suggested by the
+non-stationarity results I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity results I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity results I want
+something that's suggested by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's suggested by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's suggested by the
+non-stationary results RTA in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary results RTA in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary results RTA in the front
+row has an idea yeah let's hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row has an idea yeah let's hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row has an idea yeah let's hear it
+distributions were drawn to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions were drawn to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions were drawn to the same
+distribution so in the way that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so in the way that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so in the way that we did
+our evaluation there we said okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our evaluation there we said okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our evaluation there we said okay we're
+going to we're going to set it up such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to set it up such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to set it up such
+that January 1st 2009 we're predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that January 1st 2009 we're predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that January 1st 2009 we're predicting
+what's gonna happen in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen in the following
+three years okay and we segmented our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years okay and we segmented our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years okay and we segmented our
+patient population into train validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient population into train validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient population into train validate
+and test but at all times using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test but at all times using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test but at all times using that
+same setup January 1st 2009 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same setup January 1st 2009 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same setup January 1st 2009 as the
+prediction time now we learn this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction time now we learn this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction time now we learn this model
+and it's now 2018 and we want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now 2018 and we want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now 2018 and we want to apply
+this model today and I computed an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model today and I computed an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model today and I computed an area
+under the ROC curve I computed positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ROC curve I computed positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ROC curve I computed positive
+predictive values using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive values using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive values using that
+retrospective data and I handed those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospective data and I handed those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospective data and I handed those
+off to my partners and they might hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to my partners and they might hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to my partners and they might hope
+that those numbers are reflective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those numbers are reflective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those numbers are reflective of
+what their models would do today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their models would do today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their models would do today but
+because of these issues I just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these issues I just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these issues I just told you
+about right for example that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right for example that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right for example that the number
+of people who have typed up using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have typed up using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have typed up using the
+definition of it has changed because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of it has changed because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of it has changed because of
+the fact that the laboratory this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the laboratory this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the laboratory this part
+over here that's just a fluke but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that's just a fluke but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that's just a fluke but it's
+affected because of the laboratory tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected because of the laboratory tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected because of the laboratory tests
+that were available during training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were available during training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were available during training
+might be different from the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be different from the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be different from the ones that
+are available now and because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available now and because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available now and because of the
+fact that we have only icd-10 data now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have only icd-10 data now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have only icd-10 data now
+and not icd-9 for all of those reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not icd-9 for all of those reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not icd-9 for all of those reasons
+our predictive performance is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictive performance is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictive performance is going to
+be really horrible now particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really horrible now particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really horrible now particularly
+because this last issue of not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this last issue of not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this last issue of not having
+icd-9 our predictive model is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 our predictive model is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 our predictive model is going to
+work horribly now if it was trained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work horribly now if it was trained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work horribly now if it was trained on
+data from 2008 or 2009 and so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from 2008 or 2009 and so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from 2008 or 2009 and so we would
+have never ever even recognized that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never ever even recognized that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never ever even recognized that if
+we use the valuation setup that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the valuation setup that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the valuation setup that we had
+done there so I wrote that paper when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there so I wrote that paper when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there so I wrote that paper when I
+was young and naive I'm a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was young and naive I'm a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was young and naive I'm a little bit
+more gray hair now and so in our more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gray hair now and so in our more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gray hair now and so in our more
+recent works for example this is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent works for example this is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent works for example this is a paper
+which which we're working on right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we're working on right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we're working on right now
+then by master student mind helens oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by master student mind helens oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by master student mind helens oh
+and is looking at predicting antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is looking at predicting antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is looking at predicting antibiotic
+resistance now we're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance now we're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance now we're a little bit
+smarter but over evaluation setup and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter but over evaluation setup and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter but over evaluation setup and we
+decided to set it up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to set it up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to set it up a little bit
+differently so what I'm showing you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so what I'm showing you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so what I'm showing you now
+is the way that we chose train validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that we chose train validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that we chose train validate
+and test for our population so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test for our population so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test for our population so we
+segmented our data so the x-axis here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmented our data so the x-axis here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmented our data so the x-axis here is
+is time and the y-axis here are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time and the y-axis here are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time and the y-axis here are people
+so you can think of each person as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of each person as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of each person as being
+a different row and you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different row and you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different row and you can imagine that
+we randomly sorted the rows okay what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we randomly sorted the rows okay what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we randomly sorted the rows okay what we
+did is we segmented our data into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is we segmented our data into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is we segmented our data into these
+four quadrants the first two quadrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quadrants the first two quadrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quadrants the first two quadrants
+we used for train and validate notice by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used for train and validate notice by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used for train and validate notice by
+the way that we have different people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we have different people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we have different people in
+the training set as we do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set as we do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set as we do in the
+validate set that's an important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate set that's an important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate set that's an important for
+another quantity which I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another quantity which I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another quantity which I'll talk about
+in a minute so we used this data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute so we used this data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute so we used this data for
+train invalidate and that's again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train invalidate and that's again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train invalidate and that's again very
+similar to the way we did it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the way we did it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the way we did it in the
+diabetes paper but now for testing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes paper but now for testing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes paper but now for testing we
+use this future data all right so we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this future data all right so we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this future data all right so we use
+data from 2014 2016 and one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from 2014 2016 and one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from 2014 2016 and one could
+imagine two different quadrants you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine two different quadrants you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine two different quadrants you
+might be interested in knowing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in knowing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in knowing for the
+same patients for whom you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same patients for whom you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same patients for whom you made
+predictions on during training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on during training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on during training
+how would your predictions do for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would your predictions do for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would your predictions do for those
+same people at test time in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people at test time in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people at test time in the future
+data and that's that's assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that's that's assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that's that's assuming that
+what we were predicting is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were predicting is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were predicting is something
+that's much more myopic in nature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much more myopic in nature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much more myopic in nature in
+this case it was predicting are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it was predicting are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it was predicting are they
+going to be resistant to some antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be resistant to some antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be resistant to some antibiotic
+but you can also look at for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also look at for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also look at for a
+completely different set of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different set of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different set of patients
+where for patients who are not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for patients who are not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for patients who are not used
+during training at all and suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during training at all and suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during training at all and suppose that
+this two bucket isn't used at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two bucket isn't used at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two bucket isn't used at all
+for those patients how do we do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those patients how do we do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those patients how do we do again
+using the future data for that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the future data for that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the future data for that an
+advantage of this setup is that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this setup is that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this setup is that it could
+really help you assess non-stationarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you assess non-stationarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you assess non-stationarity
+so if your model really took advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your model really took advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your model really took advantage
+of features that were available in 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features that were available in 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features that were available in 2007
+2008 2009 but weren't available in 2014
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 2009 but weren't available in 2014
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 2009 but weren't available in 2014
+you would see a big drop in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see a big drop in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see a big drop in your
+performance looking the dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance looking the dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance looking the dropping
+performance from your validate set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from your validate set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from your validate set in
+this time period to your test set from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period to your test set from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period to your test set from
+that time period that drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period that drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period that drop in
+performance will be uniquely attributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance will be uniquely attributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance will be uniquely attributed
+to the non-stationarity so it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-stationarity so it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-stationarity so it's a good
+way to diagnose a both both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to diagnose a both both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to diagnose a both both of these
+happen alright so I have a big research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen alright so I have a big research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen alright so I have a big research
+program now which is asking not just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program now which is asking not just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program now which is asking not just how
+so this is how you could evaluate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how you could evaluate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how you could evaluate and
+recognize as a problem but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as a problem but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as a problem but of course
+there's a really interesting research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really interesting research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really interesting research
+question which is how can you make use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is how can you make use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is how can you make use
+of the non stationarity right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the non stationarity right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the non stationarity right so for
+example you had icd-9 icd-10 data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you had icd-9 icd-10 data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you had icd-9 icd-10 data you
+don't want to just throw away the icd-9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to just throw away the icd-9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to just throw away the icd-9
+data is there a way to use it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is there a way to use it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is there a way to use it so the
+naive answer which is what the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive answer which is what the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive answer which is what the community
+is largely using today is come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely using today is come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely using today is come up with a
+mapping write use it come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping write use it come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping write use it come up with a
+manual mapping from icd-9 to icd-10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual mapping from icd-9 to icd-10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual mapping from icd-9 to icd-10 so
+that you can sort of manually transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can sort of manually transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can sort of manually transform
+your data into this new format such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data into this new format such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data into this new format such as
+the models you learn from this older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models you learn from this older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models you learn from this older
+time is useful in the future time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is useful in the future time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is useful in the future time that's
+the boring and simple answer but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boring and simple answer but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boring and simple answer but I think
+we could do much better for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do much better for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do much better for example we
+can learn new representations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn new representations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn new representations of the
+data we can learn that mapping directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can learn that mapping directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can learn that mapping directly
+in order to optimize for your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to optimize for your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to optimize for your sort of
+most recent performance and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent performance and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent performance and there's a
+whole bunch more that we could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch more that we could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch more that we could talk
+about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changed these mechanical you detect its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed these mechanical you detect its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed these mechanical you detect its
+but this does not ensure like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not ensure like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not ensure like we're
+business correct right so this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business correct right so this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business correct right so this allows
+you to detect that a non-stationarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to detect that a non-stationarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to detect that a non-stationarity
+has happened and allows you to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened and allows you to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened and allows you to say that
+your model is going to generalize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model is going to generalize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model is going to generalize to
+2014 2016 but of course that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 2016 but of course that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 2016 but of course that doesn't
+mean that you models didn't generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you models didn't generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you models didn't generalize
+to 2016 2018 right and so how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2016 2018 right and so how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2016 2018 right and so how do you do
+that how do you get confidence in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you get confidence in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you get confidence in that
+well that that's a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's a really interesting
+research question we don't have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research question we don't have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research question we don't have good
+answers to that today right from a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to that today right from a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to that today right from a from
+a practical perspective the best I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical perspective the best I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical perspective the best I can
+answer the best I can offer you today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the best I can offer you today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the best I can offer you today is
+build in these checks and balances all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in these checks and balances all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in these checks and balances all
+the time so continuously sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so continuously sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so continuously sort of
+evaluate how you're doing on the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate how you're doing on the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate how you're doing on the most
+recent data if you see big changes throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent data if you see big changes throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent data if you see big changes throw
+a red flag build more checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red flag build more checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red flag build more checks and
+balances into deployment process and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances into deployment process and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances into deployment process and if
+you see a bunch of patients who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a bunch of patients who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a bunch of patients who are
+getting predicted probabilities of won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting predicted probabilities of won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting predicted probabilities of won
+and sudden and in the past you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sudden and in the past you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sudden and in the past you never
+predict a probability one that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a probability one that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a probability one that might
+tell you something then much later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something then much later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something then much later in
+the semester we'll talk about robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester we'll talk about robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester we'll talk about robust
+machine learning approaches for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning approaches for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning approaches for example
+approaches that have been designed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that have been designed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that have been designed to be
+robust against adversaries and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust against adversaries and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust against adversaries and those
+types of approaches as well will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of approaches as well will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of approaches as well will allow
+you to be much more robust to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be much more robust to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be much more robust to particular
+types of data set shift of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of data set shift of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of data set shift of which
+non-stationarity is one example but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity is one example but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity is one example but it's
+a it's a big open research field if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a big open research field if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a big open research field if you
+really if you can map everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if you can map everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if you can map everything from
+the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days
+like coatings with those would it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coatings with those would it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coatings with those would it still
+be ok if you could do a perfect mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ok if you could do a perfect mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ok if you could do a perfect mapping
+and it's one-to-one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one-to-one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one-to-one and the
+distributions of those things also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of those things also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of those things also
+didn't change then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change then yeah
+really what you need to assess is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you need to assess is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you need to assess is is
+there data that shift is your training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there data that shift is your training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there data that shift is your training
+distribution after mapping the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution after mapping the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution after mapping the same as
+your testing distribution inventers yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your testing distribution inventers yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your testing distribution inventers yes
+you're all good if you're not you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all good if you're not you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all good if you're not you're in
+trouble so so what one is using data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so so what one is using data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so so what one is using data
+only from 2007-2013 3 is using data only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from 2007-2013 3 is using data only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from 2007-2013 3 is using data only
+from 2014 to 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so for the diabetes problem there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for the diabetes problem there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for the diabetes problem there's
+also just inclusion exclusion right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just inclusion exclusion right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just inclusion exclusion right here
+they have to deal with four what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to deal with four what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to deal with four what I'm
+showing you here I'm talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here I'm talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here I'm talking about a
+setting where where you're you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where where you're you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where where you're you might be
+making multiple predictions for patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making multiple predictions for patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making multiple predictions for patients
+across time so it's a much more myopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time so it's a much more myopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time so it's a much more myopic
+prediction task but one can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction task but one can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction task but one can come up with
+an analogy to this for the diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogy to this for the diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogy to this for the diabetes
+setting like for example just hold out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting like for example just hold out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting like for example just hold out
+half of the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the patients
+Brad random and then for your training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad random and then for your training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad random and then for your training
+set use data up to 2009 and evaluate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set use data up to 2009 and evaluate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set use data up to 2009 and evaluate on
+data only up to 2013 and for your test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data only up to 2013 and for your test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data only up to 2013 and for your test
+set pretend as if it was January 1st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set pretend as if it was January 1st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set pretend as if it was January 1st
+2013 and of and look at performance up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 and of and look at performance up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 and of and look at performance up
+to 2017 and so that would be you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2017 and so that would be you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2017 and so that would be you're
+changing your prediction time to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your prediction time to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your prediction time to use
+more recent data so so the next subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent data so so the next subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent data so so the next subtlety
+is here's a it's a name that I put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's a it's a name that I put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's a it's a name that I put on
+gender this isn't a standard name this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender this isn't a standard name this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender this isn't a standard name this
+is what I'm calling intervention tainted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm calling intervention tainted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm calling intervention tainted
+outcomes okay and so the example here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay and so the example here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay and so the example here it
+came from your reading for today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from your reading for today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from your reading for today the
+reading was this paper on intelligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading was this paper on intelligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading was this paper on intelligible
+models for healthcare predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for healthcare predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for healthcare predicting
+pneumonia risk in hospital 30-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia risk in hospital 30-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia risk in hospital 30-day
+admissions from K to D 2015 so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions from K to D 2015 so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions from K to D 2015 so in that
+paper they give an example it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they give an example it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they give an example it's in a
+very old example of trying to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old example of trying to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old example of trying to use a
+predictive model to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model to understand a
+patient's risk of mortality when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's risk of mortality when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's risk of mortality when they
+come into the hospital and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the hospital and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the hospital and what they
+learned in this one they used a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in this one they used a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in this one they used a rule
+based learning algorithm and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based learning algorithm and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based learning algorithm and what they
+discovered was a rule that said if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered was a rule that said if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered was a rule that said if the
+patient has asthma then they have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient has asthma then they have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient has asthma then they have low
+risk of of dying so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of of dying so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of of dying so these are all
+patients who have pneumonia so a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have pneumonia so a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have pneumonia so a patient
+who comes in with pneumonia and asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes in with pneumonia and asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes in with pneumonia and asthma
+has a lower risk of dying than a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lower risk of dying than a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lower risk of dying than a patient
+who comes in with pneumonia and does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes in with pneumonia and does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes in with pneumonia and does not
+have a history of asthma okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a history of asthma okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a history of asthma okay that's
+what this rule says and this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this rule says and this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this rule says and this paper
+argued that there's something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that there's something wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that there's something wrong with
+that learned model any of you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learned model any of you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learned model any of you remember
+what that was someone who hasn't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that was someone who hasn't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that was someone who hasn't talked
+today please get in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patients with asthma had more aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with asthma had more aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with asthma had more aggressive
+treatment in particular they might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in particular they might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in particular they might have
+been admitted to the intensive care unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been admitted to the intensive care unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been admitted to the intensive care unit
+for more careful vigilance and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more careful vigilance and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more careful vigilance and as a
+result they had better outcomes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they had better outcomes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they had better outcomes yes
+that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right
+so the real story behind this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real story behind this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real story behind this is that
+risk stratification as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification as we talked about
+in the last couple weeks it's used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last couple weeks it's used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last couple weeks it's used to
+drive interventions and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive interventions and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive interventions and those
+interventions if they happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions if they happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions if they happened in the
+past data would change the outcomes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past data would change the outcomes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past data would change the outcomes so
+in this case you might imagine using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you might imagine using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you might imagine using the
+learned predictive model to say a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned predictive model to say a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned predictive model to say a new
+patient comes in this new patient has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient comes in this new patient has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient comes in this new patient has
+asthma and so we're gonna say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and so we're gonna say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and so we're gonna say they're
+low-risk and if we took a naive action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-risk and if we took a naive action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-risk and if we took a naive action
+based on that prediction we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that prediction we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that prediction we might say
+okay let's send them home there are low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's send them home there are low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's send them home there are low
+risk of dying but if we did that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of dying but if we did that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of dying but if we did that we
+could be killing people because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be killing people because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be killing people because the
+reason why they were low risk is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why they were low risk is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why they were low risk is because
+they had those interventions in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had those interventions in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had those interventions in the past
+right so here here's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here here's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here here's what's going on
+that picture you have your data acts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture you have your data acts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture you have your data acts and
+you're trying to make a prediction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make a prediction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make a prediction at
+some point in time let's say emergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in time let's say emergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in time let's say emergent
+Department triage you want to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department triage you want to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department triage you want to predict
+some outcome why let's say whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some outcome why let's say whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some outcome why let's say whether the
+patient dies at some defying point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient dies at some defying point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient dies at some defying point in
+the future now the challenge is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future now the challenge is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future now the challenge is is that
+as stated in the machine learning tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as stated in the machine learning tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as stated in the machine learning tasks
+that you saw there all you had actives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw there all you had actives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw there all you had actives
+to is x and y the covariates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is x and y the covariates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is x and y the covariates the
+features and the outcome and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and the outcome and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and the outcome and so you're
+predicting Y from X but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting Y from X but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting Y from X but you're
+marginalizing over everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginalizing over everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginalizing over everything that
+happens in between in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between in this case the
+treatment so the good outcomes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so the good outcomes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so the good outcomes people
+surviving might have been due to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving might have been due to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving might have been due to what's
+going on in between but what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in between but what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in between but what's going on
+in between is not even observed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is not even observed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is not even observed in the
+data necessarily so how do we address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data necessarily so how do we address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data necessarily so how do we address
+this problem well the first thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem well the first thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem well the first thing I want
+you to think about is can we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about is can we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about is can we even
+recognize that this is a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is a problem and
+that's where that article really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that article really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that article really
+suggests that using an intelligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that using an intelligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that using an intelligible
+model model that you can introspect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model that you can introspect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model that you can introspect and
+try to understand a little bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand a little bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand a little bit is
+actually really important for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really important for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really important for even
+recognizing that weird things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that weird things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that weird things are
+happening and this is a topic which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and this is a topic which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and this is a topic which we
+will talk about in a lecture towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about in a lecture towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about in a lecture towards the
+end of the semester and much more depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester and much more depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester and much more depth
+we'll talk about algorithm is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about algorithm is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about algorithm is for
+interpreting machine learning models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting machine learning models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting machine learning models so
+that's important you got to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important you got to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important you got to recognize
+what's going on but what do you do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but what do you do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but what do you do about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so here are some hacks hack number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some hacks hack number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some hacks hack number one
+modify the model this is the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the model this is the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the model this is the solution
+that was proposed in the paper you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was proposed in the paper you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was proposed in the paper you write
+they said okay if it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said okay if it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said okay if it's a simple
+rule-based prediction that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-based prediction that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-based prediction that that the
+learning algorithm outputs to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm outputs to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm outputs to you you
+could see the rule that doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the rule that doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the rule that doesn't make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+you could use your clinical insight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use your clinical insight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use your clinical insight to
+recognize does it make sense you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize does it make sense you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize does it make sense you might
+even go to explain why it happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go to explain why it happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go to explain why it happened and
+then you just remove that rule alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just remove that rule alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just remove that rule alright
+so you put your ma you manually modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put your ma you manually modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put your ma you manually modify
+the model to make it to push it toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to make it to push it toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to make it to push it toward
+something that's more sensible all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more sensible all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more sensible all right
+so that's what was suggested I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what was suggested I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what was suggested I think
+it's nonsense like I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonsense like I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonsense like I don't think that's
+ever gonna work in today's world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever gonna work in today's world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever gonna work in today's world right
+in today's world at high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's world at high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's world at high dimensional
+models there's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models there's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models there's always going to be
+surrogates which are somehow picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogates which are somehow picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogates which are somehow picked up
+by your learning algorithm that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your learning algorithm that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your learning algorithm that you will
+not even recognize and it'll be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even recognize and it'll be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even recognize and it'll be really
+hard to modify it in the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to modify it in the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to modify it in the way that you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+maybe it's impossible using a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's impossible using a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's impossible using a simple
+approach by the way another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach by the way another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach by the way another interesting
+research question how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research question how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research question how do you actually
+make this work in a high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this work in a high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this work in a high dimensional
+setting but for now let's say we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but for now let's say we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but for now let's say we don't
+know how to do it in the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it in the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it in the high
+dimensional setting so what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional setting so what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional setting so what are your
+other choices choice hack number two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices choice hack number two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices choice hack number two is
+to redefine the outcome altogether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redefine the outcome altogether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redefine the outcome altogether to
+change what you're predicting so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what you're predicting so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what you're predicting so for
+example if you go back to this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you go back to this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you go back to this picture
+and instead of trying to predict why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of trying to predict why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of trying to predict why
+death if you could try to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death if you could try to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death if you could try to find some
+surrogate for the thing you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogate for the thing you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogate for the thing you care about
+which is pretreatment and you predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretreatment and you predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretreatment and you predict
+that thing instead then you'll be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing instead then you'll be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing instead then you'll be back
+in business and so for example one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in business and so for example one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in business and so for example one of
+the optional readings for or actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optional readings for or actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optional readings for or actually I
+think in the in the second required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the in the second required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the in the second required
+reading for today's class it was a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for today's class it was a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for today's class it was a paper
+about risk stratification for sepsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk stratification for sepsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk stratification for sepsis
+which is often caused by infection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often caused by infection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often caused by infection and
+what they show in that article is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they show in that article is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they show in that article is that
+there are laboratory test results such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are laboratory test results such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are laboratory test results such
+as lactate and there are others which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lactate and there are others which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lactate and there are others which
+can give you a hint that this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you a hint that this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you a hint that this patient
+might be on a path to clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on a path to clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on a path to clinical
+deterioration and that tests might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterioration and that tests might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterioration and that tests might
+precede the interventions to try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precede the interventions to try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precede the interventions to try to take
+care of that condition and so if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of that condition and so if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of that condition and so if you try
+to print if you can shed change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print if you can shed change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print if you can shed change your
+outcome to be predicting that surrogate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome to be predicting that surrogate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome to be predicting that surrogate
+then you're getting around this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're getting around this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're getting around this problem
+that I just pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just pointed out
+now a third hack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a third hack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a third hack is
+from one of the optional readings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the optional readings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the optional readings from
+today's lecture this paper by Suja sari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture this paper by Suja sari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture this paper by Suja sari
+and her students from Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her students from Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her students from Science
+Translational Medicine 2015 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Translational Medicine 2015 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Translational Medicine 2015 it's a
+really well-written paper I highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well-written paper I highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well-written paper I highly
+recommend reading it and that paper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend reading it and that paper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend reading it and that paper they
+suggest formalizing the problem as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest formalizing the problem as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest formalizing the problem as one
+of censoring which is what we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of censoring which is what we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of censoring which is what we'll be
+talking about for the very last third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the very last third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the very last third of
+sales lecture and particularly what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales lecture and particularly what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales lecture and particularly what they
+say is suppose suppose you see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is suppose suppose you see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is suppose suppose you see that a
+patient is treated for the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is treated for the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is treated for the condition
+let's say they're treated for sepsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they're treated for sepsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they're treated for sepsis
+then if the patient is treated for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the patient is treated for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the patient is treated for that
+condition then we don't know what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then we don't know what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then we don't know what would
+have happened to them had they not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to them had they not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to them had they not been
+treated so we don't observe the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so we don't observe the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so we don't observe the outcome
+death given no treatment and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death given no treatment and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death given no treatment and so we're
+going to treat it as an unknown outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat it as an unknown outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat it as an unknown outcome
+and for patients who were not treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for patients who were not treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for patients who were not treated
+but ended up dying due to sepsis then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ended up dying due to sepsis then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ended up dying due to sepsis then
+they're not censored and what I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not censored and what I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not censored and what I'll show
+you in the later part of the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the later part of the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the later part of the class is
+how to learn from sensor data so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to learn from sensor data so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to learn from sensor data so that
+this is another formalization which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another formalization which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another formalization which
+tries to address this problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to address this problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to address this problem that we
+pointed out now I call these hacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out now I call these hacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out now I call these hacks
+because really I think what we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really I think what we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really I think what we should be
+doing is formalizing it using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is formalizing it using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is formalizing it using the
+language of causality once you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of causality once you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of causality once you do this
+introspection and you realize that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection and you realize that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection and you realize that there
+is treatment in fact you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treatment in fact you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treatment in fact you should be
+rethinking about the problem as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethinking about the problem as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethinking about the problem as one of
+now having three quantities of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having three quantities of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having three quantities of interest
+there's the patient everything you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the patient everything you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the patient everything you know
+about them at triage that's the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them at triage that's the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them at triage that's the X
+variable showed you before there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable showed you before there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable showed you before there's the
+outcome let's say Y and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome let's say Y and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome let's say Y and then there's
+that everything that happen in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything that happen in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything that happen in between
+in particular the interventions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the interventions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the interventions that
+were happened in between we call that T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happened in between we call that T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happened in between we call that T
+for a treatment and the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a treatment and the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a treatment and the question that
+one would like to ask in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would like to ask in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would like to ask in order to figure
+out how to optimally care for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to optimally care for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to optimally care for the
+patient is one of will admission to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is one of will admission to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is one of will admission to the
+ICU which is the intervention that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICU which is the intervention that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICU which is the intervention that we're
+considering here will that lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering here will that lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering here will that lower the
+likelihood of death for the patient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of death for the patient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of death for the patient and
+now when I say lower I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I say lower I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I say lower I don't mean
+correlation I mean causation will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation I mean causation will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation I mean causation will it
+actually lower the patient's risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lower the patient's risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lower the patient's risk of
+dying I think we need to hit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying I think we need to hit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying I think we need to hit these
+questions on the head with actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the head with actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the head with actually
+thinking about causality to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about causality to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about causality to try to
+formalize this properly and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this properly and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this properly and if you do
+that this will be a solution which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be a solution which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be a solution which will
+generalize to the high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to the high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to the high dimensional
+settings that we care about a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that we care about a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that we care about a machine
+learning and this will be a topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and this will be a topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and this will be a topic for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+we'll talk and really in-depth after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk and really in-depth after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk and really in-depth after
+Spring Break but I wanted to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Break but I wanted to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Break but I wanted to give you
+this as one motivation for why it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as one motivation for why it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as one motivation for why it's so
+important and there many other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and there many other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and there many other reasons
+to really think about it from a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think about it from a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think about it from a causal
+perspective okay so subtlety number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective okay so subtlety number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective okay so subtlety number
+three there's been a ton of hype in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there's been a ton of hype in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there's been a ton of hype in the
+media about deep learning in healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media about deep learning in healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media about deep learning in healthcare
+a lot of it is very well warranted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it is very well warranted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it is very well warranted for
+example the advances we're seeing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the advances we're seeing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the advances we're seeing in
+areas ranging from radiology pathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas ranging from radiology pathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas ranging from radiology pathology
+to to interpretation of EKGs are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to interpretation of EKGs are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to interpretation of EKGs are all
+really being transformed by deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really being transformed by deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really being transformed by deep
+learning algorithms but the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms but the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms but the problems
+I've been telling you about for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been telling you about for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been telling you about for the last
+couple weeks of doing risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks of doing risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks of doing risk
+stratification on electronic health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification on electronic health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification on electronic health
+record data such as text notes such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record data such as text notes such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record data such as text notes such as
+lab test results and vital signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab test results and vital signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab test results and vital signs
+diagnosis codes that's a different story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that's a different story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes that's a different story
+and in fact if you look closely at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you look closely at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you look closely at all
+of the papers all of the papers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers all of the papers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers all of the papers have
+been published in the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been published in the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been published in the last few years
+that have been trying to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been trying to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been trying to apply the
+gauntlet of deep learning algorithms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauntlet of deep learning algorithms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauntlet of deep learning algorithms at
+those problems in fact the gains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems in fact the gains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems in fact the gains are
+very small and so what I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and so what I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and so what I'm showing you
+here is just one example of such a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just one example of such a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just one example of such a paper
+this is a paper that received a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a paper that received a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a paper that received a lot of
+media attention it's a Google paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media attention it's a Google paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media attention it's a Google paper
+called scalable accurate deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called scalable accurate deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called scalable accurate deep learning
+with electronic health records and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electronic health records and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electronic health records and if
+you go across the United States if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across the United States if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across the United States if you
+go international you talk to chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go international you talk to chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go international you talk to chief
+medical information officers they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical information officers they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical information officers they're all
+going to be telling you about this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be telling you about this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be telling you about this paper
+they've already they've all heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already they've all heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already they've all heard about
+it and they all want to use it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they all want to use it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they all want to use it all right
+but what is this actually doing what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is this actually doing what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is this actually doing what's
+going on behind the scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on behind the scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on behind the scenes
+well this paper uses the same sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this paper uses the same sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this paper uses the same sorts of
+data we've been talking about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we've been talking about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we've been talking about it you
+know it takes vitals votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it takes vitals votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it takes vitals votes
+orders medications think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders medications think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders medications think of it as a
+timeline summarizes it then uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline summarizes it then uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline summarizes it then uses a
+recurrent neural network closest it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent neural network closest it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent neural network closest it uses
+attentional architectures and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentional architectures and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentional architectures and there's
+some pretty smart people on this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty smart people on this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty smart people on this paper
+and you know Greg Brando Jeff Dean or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know Greg Brando Jeff Dean or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know Greg Brando Jeff Dean or
+all co-authors of this paper they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all co-authors of this paper they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all co-authors of this paper they know
+what they're doing right so they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing right so they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing right so they use
+these algorithms to predict a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms to predict a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms to predict a number of
+downstream problems readmission risk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream problems readmission risk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream problems readmission risk for
+example 30-day readmission like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 30-day readmission like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 30-day readmission like you
+write about it in your readings for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write about it in your readings for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write about it in your readings for this
+week and they see they get pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and they see they get pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and they see they get pretty good
+predictions but if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions but if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions but if you go to the
+supplementary material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary material
+which is a bit hard to find but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bit hard to find but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bit hard to find but here's
+the link for all of you now post it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link for all of you now post it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link for all of you now post it to
+my slides and if you look at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slides and if you look at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slides and if you look at the very
+last figure in that supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last figure in that supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last figure in that supplementary
+material you'll see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you'll see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you'll see something
+interesting so here those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so here those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so here those three
+different tasks that they study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks that they study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks that they study in
+patient mortality prediction 30-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient mortality prediction 30-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient mortality prediction 30-day
+readmission length of stay prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmission length of stay prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmission length of stay prediction
+the first line each of these buckets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line each of these buckets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line each of these buckets is
+what your deep learning algorithm does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your deep learning algorithm does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your deep learning algorithm does
+over here they have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they have two different
+hospitals I think it might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals I think it might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals I think it might have been
+University Chicago and Stanford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Chicago and Stanford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Chicago and Stanford and
+they're showing the area under the ROC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing the area under the ROC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing the area under the ROC
+curve which we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which we've talked about
+performance for each of these tasks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for each of these tasks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for each of these tasks for
+their best models okay and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their best models okay and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their best models okay and in the
+parentheses they give confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses they give confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses they give confidence
+intervals let's say something like 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals let's say something like 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals let's say something like 95%
+confidence intervals for area to the ROC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals for area to the ROC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals for area to the ROC
+curve now the second line that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now the second line that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now the second line that you see
+is called fill feet full feature enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called fill feet full feature enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called fill feet full feature enhance
+baseline it's using the same data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline it's using the same data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline it's using the same data but
+it's using something very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using something very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using something very close to the
+feature a position that you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature a position that you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature a position that you saw in the
+paper by Nargis or Xavi and that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Nargis or Xavi and that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Nargis or Xavi and that paper
+on diabetes prediction that I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on diabetes prediction that I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on diabetes prediction that I told you
+about and we've been criticizing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we've been criticizing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we've been criticizing okay so
+it's using that l1 regular eyes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using that l1 regular eyes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using that l1 regular eyes there's
+just aggression with with a smart set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just aggression with with a smart set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just aggression with with a smart set of
+features okay and what you see across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay and what you see across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay and what you see across
+all three settings is that the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three settings is that the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three settings is that the results
+are not statistically significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not statistically significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not statistically significantly
+different okay so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so let's look at the
+first one hospital a deep learning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one hospital a deep learning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one hospital a deep learning point
+95 AUC this l1 ERG Legislatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 AUC this l1 ERG Legislatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 AUC this l1 ERG Legislatures
+aggression point 93 30-day readmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression point 93 30-day readmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression point 93 30-day readmission
+point seventy seven point seventy five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seventy seven point seventy five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seventy seven point seventy five
+point eighty six point 85 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eighty six point 85 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eighty six point 85 and the
+confidence intervals are all overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's going on all right so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on all right so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on all right so I think
+what you're seeing here first of all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing here first of all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing here first of all is
+a recognition by the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recognition by the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recognition by the machine learning
+community that a late in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that a late in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that a late in this case a
+late recognition that simple approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late recognition that simple approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late recognition that simple approaches
+tend to work well with this type of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to work well with this type of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to work well with this type of data
+I don't think this was the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think this was the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think this was the first thing
+that they tried they tried probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tried they tried probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tried they tried probably the
+deep learning algorithms first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning algorithms first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning algorithms first second
+we're all grasping at this like we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all grasping at this like we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all grasping at this like we all
+want to come up with these better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with these better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with these better
+algorithms but so far we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but so far we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but so far we're not doing
+that well and I'll tell you more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well and I'll tell you more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well and I'll tell you more about
+that in just a second but before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in just a second but before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in just a second but before I
+finish with this slide I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with this slide I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with this slide I want to give
+you a punch line I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a punch line I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a punch line I think is really
+important you might come home from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you might come home from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you might come home from this
+and say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know what
+it's not that much better but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that much better but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that much better but it's a
+little bit better point 95 2.93 suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better point 95 2.93 suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better point 95 2.93 suppose
+there was tight conf intervals but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was tight conf intervals but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was tight conf intervals but you
+know there might be a few patients whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there might be a few patients whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there might be a few patients whose
+lives you can save with that but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives you can save with that but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives you can save with that but because
+all the issues I've told you about up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the issues I've told you about up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the issues I've told you about up
+until now of non-stationarity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now of non-stationarity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now of non-stationarity for
+example those gains disappear in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example those gains disappear in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example those gains disappear in many
+cases they even reverse when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they even reverse when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they even reverse when you
+actually go to deploy these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to deploy these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to deploy these models
+because of that data set shift or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that data set shift or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that data set shift or
+non-stationarity it so happens that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity it so happens that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity it so happens that the
+simpler models tend to generalize better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler models tend to generalize better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler models tend to generalize better
+when your data changes on you and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your data changes on you and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your data changes on you and this
+is nicely explored in this paper from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nicely explored in this paper from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nicely explored in this paper from
+from Kenneth young and Nigam Shaw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Kenneth young and Nigam Shaw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Kenneth young and Nigam Shaw in
+journaled biomedical informatics 2015 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journaled biomedical informatics 2015 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journaled biomedical informatics 2015 so
+there's something that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that I want you to
+think about now let's try to answer why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about now let's try to answer why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about now let's try to answer why
+well the areas where we've been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the areas where we've been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the areas where we've been seeing
+recur neural networks doing really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur neural networks doing really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur neural networks doing really well
+in for example speech recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example speech recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example speech recognition
+natural language processing our areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing our areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing our areas
+where often for example you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where often for example you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where often for example you're
+predicting what is the next word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what is the next word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what is the next word and
+sequence of words the previous few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of words the previous few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of words the previous few words
+are pretty predictive like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty predictive like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty predictive like what is the
+next that I'm gonna say what what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that I'm gonna say what what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that I'm gonna say what what is it
+word right and you knew that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right and you knew that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right and you knew that right
+because it's pretty obvious to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty obvious to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty obvious to break
+that and so the models that are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so the models that are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so the models that are good at
+predicting for that type of data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting for that type of data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting for that type of data it
+doesn't mean that they should be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that they should be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that they should be good
+for addicting for a different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addicting for a different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addicting for a different type of
+sequential data it's sequential data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential data it's sequential data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential data it's sequential data
+which by the way lives in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way lives in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way lives in many different
+time scales patients who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales patients who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales patients who are
+hospitalized you get tons of data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized you get tons of data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized you get tons of data for
+them at the time and then you might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the time and then you might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the time and then you might go
+months without any data in them do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months without any data in them do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months without any data in them do it
+with lots of missing data data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of missing data data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of missing data data with
+multivariate observations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate observations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate observations that you
+should put in time not just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put in time not just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put in time not just a single
+word at that point in time all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word at that point in time all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word at that point in time all right so
+it's a different setting and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different setting and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different setting and we
+shouldn't expect that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't expect that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't expect that the same
+architectures have been developed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures have been developed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures have been developed for
+other problems will generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems will generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems will generalize
+immediately to these problems now I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to these problems now I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to these problems now I do
+conjecture that there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that there are lots of
+nonlinear attractions where deep neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear attractions where deep neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear attractions where deep neural
+networks could be very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks could be very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks could be very powerful
+predicting for but I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting for but I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting for but I think they're
+subtle and I don't think that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and I don't think that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and I don't think that we have
+enough data currently to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data currently to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data currently to deal with the
+fact that the data is messy and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the data is messy and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the data is messy and that the
+nonlinear interactions are subtle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear interactions are subtle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear interactions are subtle we
+just can't find them right now but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't find them right now but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't find them right now but this
+shouldn't mean that we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't mean that we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't mean that we're not going to
+find them a few years from now I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them a few years from now I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them a few years from now I think
+this this deservedly is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this deservedly is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this deservedly is a very
+interesting research direction to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting research direction to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting research direction to work
+on and the final reason to point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the final reason to point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the final reason to point out is
+that the features that are going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the features that are going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the features that are going into
+these types of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of models
+- really cleverly chosen features right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- really cleverly chosen features right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- really cleverly chosen features right
+a laboratory test result like looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laboratory test result like looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laboratory test result like looking at
+your a1c what is a 1c right so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your a1c what is a 1c right so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your a1c what is a 1c right so it's it's
+something that had been developed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that had been developed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that had been developed over
+decades and decades of research where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and decades of research where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and decades of research where
+you recognize that looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that looking at a
+particular protein is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein is actually
+informative something about patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative something about patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative something about patient's
+health right so the features that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health right so the features that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health right so the features that we're
+using that go into these models were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that go into these models were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that go into these models were
+designed first they were designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed first they were designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed first they were designed for
+humans to look at and second they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans to look at and second they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans to look at and second they were
+designed to really help you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to really help you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to really help you with
+decision making they were largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making they were largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making they were largely
+independent features from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent features from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent features from other
+information that you have about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you have about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you have about the
+patient and all of those are reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and all of those are reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and all of those are reasons
+really I think why we're observing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think why we're observing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think why we're observing these
+subtleties okay so the four last ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties okay so the four last ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties okay so the four last ten
+minutes of class I'm gonna have to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of class I'm gonna have to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of class I'm gonna have to hold
+questions go I want to get through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions go I want to get through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions go I want to get through all
+the material the police post them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material the police post them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material the police post them to be
+up side the last ten minutes of class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up side the last ten minutes of class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up side the last ten minutes of class I
+wanna chain gears of change gears a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna chain gears of change gears a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna chain gears of change gears a
+little bit and talk about survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and talk about survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and talk about survival
+modeling so all we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so all we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so all we want to talk about
+predicting time to some event so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting time to some event so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting time to some event so this
+red dot here this or this black line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dot here this or this black line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dot here this or this black line
+here is what I mean by an event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what I mean by an event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what I mean by an event that
+event might be for example a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event might be for example a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event might be for example a patient
+dying it might mean a married couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying it might mean a married couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying it might mean a married couple
+getting divorced it might mean the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting divorced it might mean the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting divorced it might mean the day
+that which you graduate from from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which you graduate from from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which you graduate from from MIT
+and the red dots here to note censored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red dots here to note censored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red dots here to note censored
+events so for whatever reason we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so for whatever reason we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so for whatever reason we don't
+have data on this patient patient s 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data on this patient patient s 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data on this patient patient s 3
+after time step 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time step 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time step 4
+they were Center so we do know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Center so we do know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Center so we do know that the
+event didn't occur prior to time step 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event didn't occur prior to time step 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event didn't occur prior to time step 4
+but we don't know if and when it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know if and when it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know if and when it's going
+to occur after time step 4 because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur after time step 4 because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur after time step 4 because you
+because we have missing data there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have missing data there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have missing data there
+alright so this is what I mean by right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is what I mean by right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is what I mean by right
+sensor data so you might ask why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data so you might ask why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data so you might ask why not
+just use classification like binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use classification like binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use classification like binary
+classification in the setting right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification in the setting right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification in the setting right so
+and that's exactly what we did earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we did earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we did earlier
+we thought about formalizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about formalizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about formalizing the
+diabetes risk traffic Asian problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes risk traffic Asian problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes risk traffic Asian problem as
+looking to see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see what happens
+years 1 2 3 after the time of prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 1 2 3 after the time of prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 1 2 3 after the time of prediction
+right that was with a gap of one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was with a gap of one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was with a gap of one year
+and there are couple of reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are couple of reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are couple of reasons why
+that's perhaps not what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perhaps not what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perhaps not what you really
+wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do
+first you have less data to use during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you have less data to use during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you have less data to use during
+training because you've suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because you've suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because you've suddenly
+excluded patients for whom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded patients for whom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded patients for whom or
+differently if you if you if you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if you if you if you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if you if you if you have if
+you have patients for whom they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have patients for whom they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have patients for whom they were
+censored during that time window you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored during that time window you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored during that time window you're
+throwing them out so you have fewer data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing them out so you have fewer data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing them out so you have fewer data
+points there that was part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there that was part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there that was part of our
+inclusion exclusion criteria oh so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion criteria oh so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion exclusion criteria oh so when
+you go to deploy these models your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to deploy these models your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to deploy these models your model
+might say yes this patient is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say yes this patient is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say yes this patient is going to
+develop type 2 diabetes between 1 and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes between 1 and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop type 2 diabetes between 1 and 3
+years from now but in fact what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now but in fact what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now but in fact what happened
+is they dealt type 2 diabetes 3.1 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they dealt type 2 diabetes 3.1 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they dealt type 2 diabetes 3.1 years
+from now so your model would count this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now so your model would count this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now so your model would count this
+as a negative it would be a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a negative it would be a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a negative it would be a false
+positive the prediction would be a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the prediction would be a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the prediction would be a false
+positive but in reality your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but in reality your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but in reality your model
+wasn't actually that bad right we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually that bad right we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually that bad right we did
+pretty well and we didn't quite get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and we didn't quite get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and we didn't quite get the
+right range but they did get diagnosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right range but they did get diagnosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right range but they did get diagnosed
+diabetes right outside that time window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes right outside that time window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes right outside that time window
+right and so your measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so your measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so your measures of
+performance are going to be pessimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance are going to be pessimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance are going to be pessimistic
+right you might you might be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might you might be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might you might be doing
+better than you thought now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than you thought now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than you thought now you could
+try to address these two challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to address these two challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to address these two challenges in
+many ways then you could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways then you could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways then you could imagine a
+multitask learning framework where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask learning framework where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask learning framework where you
+try to predict what's gonna happen one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict what's gonna happen one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict what's gonna happen one
+to two years from now what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two years from now what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two years from now what's gonna
+happen two to three years from now three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen two to three years from now three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen two to three years from now three
+to four and so on each of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four and so on each of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four and so on each of those are
+different binary classification models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different binary classification models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different binary classification models
+you might try to tie together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might try to tie together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might try to tie together the
+parameters of those models via multitask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of those models via multitask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of those models via multitask
+learning formulation and that don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning formulation and that don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning formulation and that don't get
+you closer to what you care about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you closer to what you care about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you closer to what you care about but
+we're not tell you about in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not tell you about in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not tell you about in the last
+five minutes is a much more elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes is a much more elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes is a much more elegant
+approach to trying to child to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to trying to child to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to trying to child to try to
+deal with that and it's akin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and it's akin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and it's akin to
+regression so that leads to my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so that leads to my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so that leads to my second
+point why not just treat this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point why not just treat this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point why not just treat this as a
+regression problem predict time to event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression problem predict time to event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression problem predict time to event
+you have some continuous valued outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some continuous valued outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some continuous valued outcome
+the time until diagnosed with diabetes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time until diagnosed with diabetes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time until diagnosed with diabetes I
+just tried it do minimize meets mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tried it do minimize meets mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tried it do minimize meets mean
+squared minimize your squared error try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minimize your squared error try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minimize your squared error try
+to be trying to predict that continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be trying to predict that continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be trying to predict that continuous
+value um well it's the first challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um well it's the first challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um well it's the first challenge
+to think about is remember where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is remember where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is remember where that
+mean squared error loss function came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error loss function came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error loss function came
+from it came from thinking about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from thinking about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from thinking about your
+your data as coming from a galilean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data as coming from a galilean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data as coming from a galilean
+distribution and if you do maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if you do maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if you do maximum
+likelihood estimation of this Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation of this Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation of this Gaussian
+distribution it turns out to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it turns out to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it turns out to look
+like minimizing a squared loss so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minimizing a squared loss so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minimizing a squared loss so it's
+making a lot of assumptions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of assumptions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of assumptions about the
+outcome for one it's making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for one it's making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for one it's making an
+assumption that outcome could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that outcome could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that outcome could be
+negative or positive like a galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive like a galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive like a galaxy
+decision can doesn't have to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision can doesn't have to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision can doesn't have to be positive
+but here we know that T is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we know that T is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we know that T is always
+non-negative in addition there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative in addition there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative in addition there might be
+long tails like we might not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tails like we might not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tails like we might not know
+exactly when the patient's couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when the patient's couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when the patient's couldn't
+develop diabetes but we know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop diabetes but we know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop diabetes but we know it's not
+gonna be now it's gonna at some point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be now it's gonna at some point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be now it's gonna at some point in
+a far future and that may also look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far future and that may also look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far future and that may also look very
+non Gaussian so typical of regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Gaussian so typical of regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Gaussian so typical of regression
+approaches aren't quite what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches aren't quite what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches aren't quite what you want
+but there's another really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another really important
+problem which is that if you naively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that if you naively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that if you naively
+removed those censored points oh goody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed those censored points oh goody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed those censored points oh goody
+do for the individuals where you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the individuals where you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the individuals where you never
+observe the time you wouldn't never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the time you wouldn't never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the time you wouldn't never get
+diabetes because they were censored well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes because they were censored well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes because they were censored well
+if you just remove those from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just remove those from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just remove those from your
+learning algorithm then you're biasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm then you're biasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm then you're biasing
+your results so for example if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your results so for example if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your results so for example if you if
+you think about the average age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the average age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the average age of
+diabetes onset if you only look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes onset if you only look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes onset if you only look at
+people who actually were observed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who actually were observed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who actually were observed to get
+diabetes it's going to be much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes it's going to be much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes it's going to be much closer to
+now because obviously the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because obviously the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because obviously the people who
+were censored people who got it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were censored people who got it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were censored people who got it much
+later from the centering time I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later from the centering time I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later from the centering time I so
+that's have another serious problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's have another serious problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's have another serious problem so
+the way that we're trying to formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're trying to formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're trying to formalize
+this mathematically is as follows now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematically is as follows now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematically is as follows now we
+should think about having data which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about having data which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about having data which has
+again features X outcome what we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again features X outcome what we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again features X outcome what we usually
+call Y for the outcome in regression but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Y for the outcome in regression but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Y for the outcome in regression but
+here I'll call it capital T because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll call it capital T because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll call it capital T because of
+the time to the event and now we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to the event and now we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to the event and now we have an
+additional variables there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional variables there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional variables there's nothing
+there to point out today now to triple B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to point out today now to triple B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to point out today now to triple B
+and B is gonna be a binary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is gonna be a binary variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is gonna be a binary variable
+which is saying was this was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is saying was this was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is saying was this was this
+individual sensor that was the time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual sensor that was the time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual sensor that was the time T
+denoting a censoring event or was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting a censoring event or was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting a censoring event or was a
+denoting the actual event happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting the actual event happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting the actual event happening
+right this is distinguishing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is distinguishing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is distinguishing between the
+red and the black so black is B equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the black so black is B equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the black so black is B equals 0
+red is B equals 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is B equals 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is B equals 1 okay
+so now we can talk about learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can talk about learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can talk about learning a
+density P of T which I'll also call f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density P of T which I'll also call f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density P of T which I'll also call f of
+T which is the probability of death at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is the probability of death at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is the probability of death at
+time T and associate with any density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and associate with any density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and associate with any density of
+course is the cumulative density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the cumulative density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the cumulative density
+function which is the integral from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the integral from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the integral from zero
+at any point of the density here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point of the density here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point of the density here we'll
+actually look at 1 minus the CDF what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at 1 minus the CDF what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at 1 minus the CDF what's
+called the survival function so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the survival function so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the survival function so it's
+looking the probability of T the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking the probability of T the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking the probability of T the actual
+time of event being larger than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of event being larger than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of event being larger than some
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+little T okay and that's of course just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little T okay and that's of course just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little T okay and that's of course just
+the integral of the density from little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the density from little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the density from little
+T to infinity all right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to infinity all right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to infinity all right so this is the
+survival function and it's of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival function and it's of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival function and it's of a lot of
+interest where you want to know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest where you want to know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest where you want to know is the
+patient gonna be diagnosed with diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient gonna be diagnosed with diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient gonna be diagnosed with diabetes
+two or more years from now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more years from now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more years from now so
+pictorially what you're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially what you're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially what you're interested in is
+something like this you want to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you want to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you want to estimate
+these conditional distributions so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditional distributions so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditional distributions so I
+call conditional because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call conditional because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call conditional because you want to
+condition on the covariance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the covariance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the covariance of the
+individual X so what I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual X so what I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual X so what I'm showing you
+this black line is your density F little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black line is your density F little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black line is your density F little
+F of T and this white area here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T and this white area here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T and this white area here the the
+integral from little T to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from little T to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from little T to infinity
+meaning all of this white area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning all of this white area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning all of this white area is
+capital S of T it's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S of T it's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S of T it's the probability of
+surviving longer than time little T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving longer than time little T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving longer than time little T okay
+so the first thing you might do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you might do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you might do is say
+we get this day of data these tuples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this day of data these tuples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this day of data these tuples and
+we want to try to estimate that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to try to estimate that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to try to estimate that function
+little F alright the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F alright the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F alright the probability of
+death at some time or equivalently you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death at some time or equivalently you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death at some time or equivalently you
+might want to estimate the survival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to estimate the survival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to estimate the survival time
+capital S of T which is the the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S of T which is the the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital S of T which is the the CDF
+version and these two are related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and these two are related to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and these two are related to one
+another just by some calculus so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another just by some calculus so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another just by some calculus so a
+method called the kaplan-meier estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the kaplan-meier estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the kaplan-meier estimator
+is a nonparametric method for estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nonparametric method for estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nonparametric method for estimating
+that survival probability capital S of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that survival probability capital S of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that survival probability capital S of T
+ok so so this is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so this is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so this is the probability that
+the individual lives more than some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual lives more than some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual lives more than some time
+period so first I'll show you I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so first I'll show you I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so first I'll show you I'll
+explain to you this plot then I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you this plot then I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you this plot then I'll tell
+you how to compute it so the x-axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to compute it so the x-axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to compute it so the x-axis of
+this plot is time the y-axis is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot is time the y-axis is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot is time the y-axis is this
+survival probability capital S of T it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival probability capital S of T it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival probability capital S of T it's
+the probability that the middle lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the middle lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the middle lives
+more than this time amount of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this time amount of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this time amount of time I
+think this x-axis is in days so five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this x-axis is in days so five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this x-axis is in days so five
+hundred thousand thousand five hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand thousand five hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand thousand five hundred
+two thousand this figure by the way was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand this figure by the way was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand this figure by the way was
+created by one of my students who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by one of my students who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by one of my students who's
+studying multiple myeloma data set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying multiple myeloma data set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying multiple myeloma data set so
+you could then ask well under what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could then ask well under what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could then ask well under what
+covariance do you want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance do you want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance do you want to compute this
+survival so here this method I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival so here this method I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival so here this method I'll tell
+you about it is is very good for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about it is is very good for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about it is is very good for when
+you don't have any features right so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any features right so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any features right so all
+you want to do is estimate that density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is estimate that density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is estimate that density
+by itself and of course you can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself and of course you can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself and of course you can apply
+such a method for multiple populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a method for multiple populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a method for multiple populations
+so what I'm showing you here is applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm showing you here is applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm showing you here is applying
+it for two different populations so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for two different populations so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for two different populations so I
+suppose there's just a single binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's just a single binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's just a single binary
+feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+and we're going to apply it to the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to apply it to the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to apply it to the x
+equals zero and x equals one I could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and x equals one I could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and x equals one I could see
+two different curves out but we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different curves out but we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different curves out but we're here
+the estimator is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is going to work
+independently for each of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for each of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for each of the two
+populations so what you see here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so what you see here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so what you see here in this
+red line it's for the x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line it's for the x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line it's for the x equals 0
+population we see that at time 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population we see that at time 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population we see that at time 0
+everyone is alive as you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is alive as you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is alive as you would expect
+and at time 1,000 roughly you know 60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at time 1,000 roughly you know 60%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at time 1,000 roughly you know 60%
+of individuals are still alive at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals are still alive at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals are still alive at time
+1,000 and that sort of stays constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 and that sort of stays constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 and that sort of stays constant
+now you see that for the other subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that for the other subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that for the other subgroup
+the x equals one subgroup again at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x equals one subgroup again at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x equals one subgroup again at time
+step 0 as you would expect everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 0 as you would expect everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 0 as you would expect everyone is
+alive but there say they survived much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive but there say they survived much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive but there say they survived much
+longer at time step 1,000 over 75% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at time step 1,000 over 75% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at time step 1,000 over 75% of
+them are still alive and of course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are still alive and of course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are still alive and of course of
+interest here is also confidence balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here is also confidence balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here is also confidence balance
+I'm not going to tell you how commuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you how commuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you how commuter
+that but it's in some of the optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's in some of the optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's in some of the optional
+readings and by the way there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and by the way there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and by the way there are more
+optional readings given on the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings given on the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings given on the bottom of
+these slides and so you see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides and so you see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides and so you see that there
+is secretly significant difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is secretly significant difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is secretly significant difference
+between x equals 1 and x equals 0 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x equals 1 and x equals 0 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x equals 1 and x equals 0 these
+people seem to surviving longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to surviving longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to surviving longer than
+these people and that you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people and that you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people and that you get that
+immediately from this curve so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from this curve so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from this curve so how do we
+compute that well we take those observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that well we take those observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that well we take those observed
+times those capital T's and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those capital T's and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those capital T's and here I'm
+going to call them just just Y I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them just just Y I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them just just Y I'm gonna
+sort them so these are sorted times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them so these are sorted times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them so these are sorted times and
+I'm looking at yeah I don't care whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at yeah I don't care whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at yeah I don't care whether
+they were censored or not censored okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were censored or not censored okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were censored or not censored okay
+so Y is just all of the times for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is just all of the times for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is just all of the times for all of
+the patients whether it's they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients whether it's they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients whether it's they were
+censored or not DK on I think about is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored or not DK on I think about is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored or not DK on I think about is 1
+it's the number of events that occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of events that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of events that occurred
+at those at that time right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those at that time right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those at that time right so if
+everyone had a unique time of censoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had a unique time of censoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had a unique time of censoring
+or death than DK's always 1k is indexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or death than DK's always 1k is indexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or death than DK's always 1k is indexing
+one of these things and of K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things and of K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things and of K is the
+number of individuals alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals alive and
+uncensored by the caithe time point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncensored by the caithe time point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncensored by the caithe time point then
+what this estimator says is that s of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this estimator says is that s of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this estimator says is that s of T
+so the estimator at any point in time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the estimator at any point in time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the estimator at any point in time is
+given to them by the product over K such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to them by the product over K such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to them by the product over K such
+that Y if K is less than or equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y if K is less than or equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y if K is less than or equal to T
+so it's going over these observed times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going over these observed times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going over these observed times
+up to little T of 1 minus the ratio of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to little T of 1 minus the ratio of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to little T of 1 minus the ratio of 1
+over so I'm thinking about DK is 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I'm thinking about DK is 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I'm thinking about DK is 1 1
+over the number of people who are alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of people who are alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of people who are alive
+uncensored by that time and that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncensored by that time and that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncensored by that time and that has a
+very intuitive definition and one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive definition and one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive definition and one can
+prove that this estimator gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this estimator gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this estimator gives you a
+consistent estimate of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimate of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimate of the number of
+people who are alive sorry the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are alive sorry the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are alive sorry the number of
+the survival probability I want at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival probability I want at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival probability I want at any
+one point in time for sensor data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in time for sensor data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in time for sensor data and
+that's critical this works for sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's critical this works for sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's critical this works for sensor
+data so I'm past time today so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I'm past time today so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I'm past time today so I'll
+finish the last few slides in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the last few slides in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the last few slides in on
+Tuesday's lecture so that's all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday's lecture so that's all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday's lecture so that's all for
+today thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wy-LqFDwMuM.txt b/wy-LqFDwMuM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae5af63bb3b02c527b88793b30c9f063193ba6de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wy-LqFDwMuM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4430 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Due to technical difficulties,
+only a portion of lecture one
+
+is available for viewing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Welcome to Teaching
+College-Level Science and
+
+engineering.
+
+The title contains the word
+teaching, which may spark some
+
+questions in your mind.
+
+For example, is teaching
+just an art?
+
+Or is it something that's just
+something you're born with?
+
+In which case, either you have
+it or you don't have it.
+
+Well, obviously, I don't believe
+that, or I wouldn't be
+
+teaching a course on it.
+
+What would be the point?
+
+Or is it purely a science
+where there's a set of
+
+equations and procedures to
+learn, and then all of a
+
+sudden, you'll be an
+excellent teacher?
+
+Well, actually, it's neither.
+
+And it's both.
+
+It's things that we're all born
+with, on the one hand.
+
+And there're also procedures
+and techniques and ways of
+
+thinking that will improve
+how you teach and
+
+that we can all learn.
+
+So it's a happy mix,
+my favorite mix,
+
+an art and a science.
+
+So another example that's
+an art and the
+
+science is book design.
+
+So compared to, for example,
+just pure art--
+
+painting, say modern
+painting--
+
+very unconstrained, versus say
+biology procedures in the
+
+laboratory, very, very
+closely specified.
+
+It's somewhere in between.
+
+There's an art--
+
+all the arts of color, space--
+
+but they all have to be used
+together to achieve a
+
+particular purpose.
+
+So again, in there, there's
+some beautifully designed
+
+books and some not so
+beautifully designed books.
+
+And there're principles behind
+that that we can use to design
+
+good books.
+
+And similarly, there are
+principles we can use to
+
+design good teaching.
+
+So the whole point of this
+semester is to design good
+
+teaching and how you do that.
+
+And rather than me give you a
+big long theory about it,
+
+because actually there isn't
+really theory so much in the
+
+equivalent to, say, Einstein's
+theory of relativity.
+
+But there's principles
+to learn.
+
+The best way to learn those
+principles is with an example.
+
+So what we're going to do today
+is I'm going to do an
+
+example of teaching with you.
+
+We're going to do a sort of
+maybe slightly sped-up version
+
+of what we would normally do,
+say, if we were actually using
+
+this example in a class.
+
+Then we're going to analyze
+why it was done that way.
+
+And from that analysis, general
+principles of teaching
+
+will come out that
+will be addressed
+
+throughout the semester.
+
+And they'll be addressed
+in the context
+
+of particular tasks.
+
+Like for example, how to make
+slides that are useful for
+
+teaching, how to use a
+blackboard, how to teach
+
+equations, how to
+design a whole
+
+course, how to make problems.
+
+So all of those tasks will be
+the week by week subjects.
+
+And in each task, all of the
+principles that we're going to
+
+talk about now will show
+up in those tasks.
+
+And you'll see the principles
+illustrated repeatedly.
+
+OK, so the problem--
+
+one of my favorites.
+
+So these are two cones.
+
+One has twice the dimensions
+of the other cone.
+
+So let me show you how
+I made the cones.
+
+So I printed out a circle and
+just cut out one quarter of
+
+the circle.
+
+And then I taped this
+edge to that edge.
+
+Or in mathematician speak, I
+identified the edges, which
+
+now I know means I taped
+the edges together.
+
+And then you get a
+cone, like that.
+
+So this cone and the other cone
+were cut out of the same
+
+sheet of paper except this
+one has twice the linear
+
+dimensions in its circle.
+
+So I think this circle was 7
+centimeters in radius, and
+
+this is 3 and 1/2 centimeters
+in radius.
+
+So other than that,
+they're the same.
+
+And the question is,
+which one has the
+
+higher terminal velocity?
+
+Or are they about comparable?
+
+So in particular, the
+question is this.
+
+So I'm going to drop them.
+
+And the question is, what's
+their ratio of their terminal
+
+velocities?
+
+So the ratio of the big cone's
+terminal velocity to the small
+
+cone's terminal velocity
+is equal to what.
+
+And you get choices
+along this axis.
+
+So here is--
+
+OK, so those are the five
+regions to choose from.
+
+So you have five choices
+for the ratio,
+
+basically roughly 1/4.
+
+This is some range here, because
+nothing's exact.
+
+And we're certainly not going
+to do an exact experiment.
+
+Roughly 1/2, roughly 1, roughly
+2, or roughly 4.
+
+So does everyone understand
+the question?
+
+Because you're going to get
+to try it yourself.
+
+Question about the question?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you could restate
+it-- actually, there was a
+
+sign-up sheet going around
+which distracted me.
+
+So I sort of lost the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+Could I restate the question?
+
+No problem.
+
+So I'm going to drop them,
+just like this.
+
+No tricks--
+
+I'm not going to flip this
+one around or anything.
+
+And the question is,
+what's the ratio of
+
+their terminal speed?
+
+So right away, as soon as you
+let go of them, they come to a
+
+steady speed, which is their
+terminal velocity.
+
+And the question is, how do the
+terminal speeds of the big
+
+one and the small one differ?
+
+OK, so in particular, the
+question is, what's the ratio?
+
+And there's five choices
+for them.
+
+Does that help?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+So what were the dimension
+of them again?
+
+PROFESSOR: So this guy is--
+
+he was cut out of a circle who
+was 7 centimeters in radius.
+
+And this guy was cut out of
+a circle who was 3 and 1/2
+
+centimeters in radius.
+
+And then I was also very
+careful to use--
+
+let's see.
+
+Did I do this right?
+
+Yeah, I used to half the with of
+tape on the small guy as I
+
+did on the big guy, just to get
+it really very perfectly
+
+scale invariant.
+
+OK any questions about
+the question?
+
+OK, so think to yourself for
+about 30 seconds or so, just
+
+to induct yourself
+into the problem.
+
+And then we'll take a vote.
+
+And then you'll have a chance to
+discuss it with each other.
+
+OK, let's just take a vote.
+
+So I recognize I haven't given
+you at all enough time to come
+
+up with an exact answer or
+calculate everything.
+
+And that's by design.
+
+So let's just get
+a straw poll.
+
+And then you'll have a chance
+to argue with your
+
+neighbor about it.
+
+So who votes for 1/4,
+which is that the--
+
+so let's see--
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+OK, 6.
+
+Who votes for 1/2?
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7--
+
+12.
+
+Who votes for C?
+
+22.
+
+Who votes for D?
+
+No takers.
+
+No takers for D. OK,
+how about E?
+
+OK.
+
+So now find a neighbor or two,
+one or two neighbors.
+
+Introduce yourself
+to your neighbor.
+
+And also, by the way, unless
+you're taking notes on your
+
+laptop and really insist on
+doing that, if you could close
+
+your laptop, that would be very
+helpful for the purpose
+
+of discussion in this
+whole course.
+
+So find a neighbor or two.
+
+Introduce yourself.
+
+You'll be getting a chance to
+meet graduate students from
+
+across the institute.
+
+This is a great opportunity.
+
+And try to convince them of your
+answer, especially if you
+
+have a different answer.
+
+Or if you happen to share an
+answer, well, see if you can
+
+figure out why you're
+sure of it.
+
+Or if you're not sure of it,
+see if you can settle that.
+
+OK, so discussion time.
+
+And if you have any questions
+that come up as you're
+
+discussing, raise your hand.
+
+And I'll come and wander over.
+
+Meanwhile I also handed out
+feedback sheets for the end of
+
+the session, which I'll ask you
+to just spend a minute on
+
+at the end.
+
+But you'll notice one of the
+questions is, what's the most
+
+confusing thing?
+
+So if anything really confusing
+comes up during the
+
+whole session, you can just
+put it right then.
+
+You don't have to wait
+till the end.
+
+Or if there's something you
+really liked or hated--
+
+that's question two-- you can
+put that whenever it happens
+
+to come up.
+
+But vote number two, and then
+we'll take some reasons.
+
+So 1/4?
+
+1, 2, 3.
+
+OK, 4.
+
+1/2--
+
+the halves don't have it.
+
+Oh, no, there's 1.
+
+Oh, there's 2.
+
+OK great--
+
+3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+Equal?
+
+OK, so that's about--
+let's call it 30.
+
+2?
+
+And 4.
+
+OK so thanks for the votes.
+
+Let's take reasons
+for any of them.
+
+I'll take reasons for
+any of them, and
+
+I'll put them up here.
+
+You don't even have to agree
+with the reason.
+
+It's just something you guys
+discussed and thought maybe
+
+was plausible.
+
+AUDIENCE: C seems to
+have [INAUDIBLE].
+
+When you do this kind of
+activities, there is always
+
+some guys who have
+seen it before.
+
+And he may choose to spoil it.
+
+So I may want to know
+what you would do in
+
+that kind of situation.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're--
+
+hm.
+
+I'm not sure how
+to phrase this.
+
+Let me just take
+other comments.
+
+I'll come to it afterwards.
+
+Other comments for any
+of the reasons?
+
+So again, it doesn't have to
+be things you necessarily
+
+believe, but things that
+are plausible.
+
+And that's actually more
+instructive than what you
+
+think is for sure right.
+
+Because now you're trying to
+figure out what might be true.
+
+And you're expanding the
+ways you're thinking.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: C, because they
+have identical mass to
+
+surface area ratio.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+C, so mass to area ratio
+is the same.
+
+OK, can people think of
+plausible reasons
+
+against that argument?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I have no idea what
+the actual formula is for
+
+calculating it.
+
+If there was a square in
+there, then that would
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So I'll call this Not C. So
+suppose the formula actually
+
+depended on the square root
+of A or square of A or
+
+something like that.
+
+It's, say, one chance out of
+three that it has A to the
+
+first power here.
+
+It could have A to the
+1/2 or A to the 2.
+
+So could be m over A to the
+k for k not equal to 1.
+
+Others for or against C,
+intuitive reasons, or for any
+
+of the others?
+
+So hopefully that's--
+
+oh, yes.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+The air resistance scales
+with the area.
+
+And the gravitational force
+would normally scale with the
+
+volume, [? except that it's ?]
+in the surface, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so let's see.
+
+F drag proportional
+to area and weight
+
+proportional to area.
+
+So that's an argument
+for which choice?
+
+AUDIENCE: For C.
+
+PROFESSOR: For C, OK.
+
+How do you know that the drag
+scales with the area?
+
+Maybe it scales with square
+root of area.
+
+Any arguments pro or con?
+
+OK, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could argue that
+it scales with the area
+
+because then you just break
+it up into decimal pieces.
+
+Each one has the same
+force intensity.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so for this,
+let's say there's a thought
+
+experiment of subdividing.
+
+So I'll just note that as
+Subdividing Thought
+
+Experiment.
+
+OK, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But then if you have
+some weird shape, the air has
+
+to flow through hitting some
+pieces and then flow through
+
+the rest of the pieces.
+
+So that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+may not work.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So it may depend
+on the geometry.
+
+So I'll put that up
+here as Geometry.
+
+What else might depend on?
+
+For example, is air resistance,
+say, always
+
+proportional to area?
+
+Hm.
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: It could depend
+on the material, surface
+
+roughness or something.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so it might
+depend on the material.
+
+And it certainly does, which is
+actually one reason I was
+
+very careful to construct
+them out of the
+
+same piece of paper.
+
+So let me put this
+is the material.
+
+So the surface roughness.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, this may not be
+relevant given how you said
+
+you dropped them.
+
+But it also might depend on
+[? exactly how they ?] fall.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, OK, so whether
+they fall vertically
+
+or downward.
+
+Yeah, that's true.
+
+So it might depend on
+the way I drop them.
+
+So actually, yeah, to make us
+not have to worry about that,
+
+I'll just drop them
+
+simultaneously pointing downwards.
+
+Yeah, so the fall
+configuration.
+
+So there's all these
+other variables.
+
+So let's do the experiment.
+
+Then I'll come back
+to your question.
+
+So let's do the experiment this
+way, which is that I will
+
+stand on the table and pray that
+I have matching socks on,
+
+which is sort of
+80% these days.
+
+It's increased.
+
+And I will drop them on
+the count of three.
+
+Are they both about--
+
+the points about
+the same level?
+
+They look sort of to me, but
+my depth perception is
+
+actually quite bad.
+
+OK, so is that about equal?
+
+OK, one, two, three.
+
+Simultaneous.
+
+OK, so there you
+have choice C.
+
+So now the interesting
+consequence of that--
+
+so what that shows is that
+drag, in this case, is
+
+proportional to area.
+
+Now, it turns out that that's
+not always the case.
+
+So drag very often-- well, not
+very often in everyday life.
+
+But very easily, drag can
+be proportional to size.
+
+And you don't know ahead
+of time which one
+
+it's going to be.
+
+So it turns out at slow speeds,
+low Reynolds number,
+
+this is true.
+
+Turns out at high Reynolds
+number, this is true.
+
+And this is the simplest
+experiment to show that.
+
+So what this shows is that drag
+is proportional to area.
+
+So that with the same velocity,
+the extra weight is
+
+balanced by the extra drag
+force by exactly 4 to 1.
+
+And what that shows, now--
+
+the consequence--
+
+is that--
+
+I'm going to replace the
+proportional with a twiddle.
+
+So it has an area in it.
+
+So I'm just going to get
+something with the
+
+correct units now.
+
+So it has an area in it.
+
+And now you have left
+to play with
+
+density, speed, and viscosity.
+
+So now let's actually construct
+the drag force as a
+
+result of that.
+
+So we know by the experiment
+it's proportional to area.
+
+And now among these-- so this
+here is the kinematic
+
+viscosity, which is the one you
+may be more familiar with
+
+divided by rho, the density.
+
+So we have to put some of these
+guys in, some of these
+
+guys in, and some of these guys
+in, and make the units
+
+come out as a force.
+
+Well, one of them we
+can do right away.
+
+There's how many powers of
+mass over on this side?
+
+In a force-- just one.
+
+And there's none here, yet.
+
+So we need to get one power
+of mass on this side.
+
+Now, among all these
+guys, which of them
+
+have mass in them?
+
+Not this one, because
+you divided out.
+
+Not velocity.
+
+Only density, and density
+has one power of mass.
+
+So you have to put
+one density.
+
+Question.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't know what
+the units of drag are.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is a force.
+
+Good question.
+
+So drag as a force.
+
+So this is just newtons or mass,
+length per time squared.
+
+Does that help?
+
+So it's just newtons,
+in SI units.
+
+Or in general, mass length per
+time squared, so a mass times
+
+an acceleration.
+
+So now, we've matched
+the units of mass.
+
+But we haven't matched the
+units of time yet.
+
+So let's sort out the time.
+
+There's no time here.
+
+There's no time there.
+
+There's t to the
+minus 2 there.
+
+Well, what can we
+do about that?
+
+We have to throw in some
+v and some nu.
+
+And the problem is we
+don't know how much.
+
+So the time doesn't
+help us enough.
+
+Turns out to make the time
+and the length work, the
+
+simultaneous constraint, the
+only way to do it is that.
+
+You make the same argument to
+get the masses to match, the
+
+lengths to match, and
+the times to match.
+
+This is the only way to do it.
+
+So you don't have
+any viscosity.
+
+So actually, that's the simplest
+experiment I know to
+
+show that the drag
+at high speed--
+
+in other words, most flows are
+actually high speed, high
+
+Reynolds number-- is independent
+of viscosity.
+
+So it's rho av squared.
+
+And that is a great result,
+because it tells you all kinds
+
+of stuff about everyday flows
+in everyday life.
+
+Like for example, why did people
+reduce the speed limit
+
+on the highway back in the
+'70s to preserve gas?
+
+Well, on the highway,
+you're burning
+
+gasoline to fight drag.
+
+So if you reduce the speed,
+you reduce the drag, you
+
+reduce the amount of gasoline.
+
+So in particular, if you reduce
+the speed by 20%, you
+
+reduce v squared by 40%, which
+reduces the drag by 40%.
+
+So you just decreased the gas
+consumption by about 40%.
+
+So you can see all these things
+right away just from
+
+this simple formula, which is
+a immediate consequence of
+
+this experiment.
+
+Now, it turns out this--
+
+how do you get that to work?
+
+This is the low Reynolds
+number limit.
+
+You can't deduce it from
+this experiment.
+
+But if you know that this is
+true, you can make the same
+
+argument and figure out how the
+drag force varies for low
+
+Reynolds numbers.
+
+OK, so now let's just check
+whether this formula here that
+
+we've deduced works at all.
+
+So the follow-up question
+is the following,
+
+which is that I have--
+
+one, two, three, four.
+
+Here on this side, I have
+four small cones.
+
+They're all identical
+to this small cone.
+
+So I have one small cone, two
+small cones, three small
+
+cones, four small cones.
+
+So I'm going to stack all
+four small cones into
+
+a thick small cone.
+
+I'm going to race it against
+one small cone.
+
+So the question is, what's
+the ratio of these
+
+guys' terminal speeds?
+
+So let's call it v4 and v1.
+
+So v4--
+
+OK, so what is the ratio of
+their terminal speeds?
+
+1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, or 4.
+
+So talk to your neighbor
+for just a minute.
+
+I'll take a quick vote.
+
+We will do the experiment.
+
+OK, so let's take a vote.
+
+And then we'll do
+the experiment.
+
+1/4--
+
+no votes for 1/4 ratio.
+
+Who votes for 1/2?
+
+1?
+
+2?
+
+That's about 35.
+
+4?
+
+About 10.
+
+So let's do the experiment.
+
+One, two, three, four of them.
+
+OK, so now let me drop
+them like that.
+
+Well, it's kind of hard
+to tell it, isn't it?
+
+So that was actually not a
+well-designed experiment,
+
+because you have to actually
+get out a timer and decide
+
+which one is going faster and
+measure how long they took.
+
+It would be nice if we had a
+way that was just like the
+
+other experiment.
+
+What was nice about the other
+experiment is when I dropped
+
+them, you got the answer by
+the fact that they hit
+
+simultaneously.
+
+So if we could make them hit
+simultaneously, then that
+
+would be nice.
+
+Now, what do I have
+to do to do that?
+
+Well, I have to switch their
+heights 4 to 1 or 2 to 1.
+
+So let's try 4 to 1.
+
+OK.
+
+Is that sort of 4 to 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No?
+
+What do I have to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: That has
+to [? go-- ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: This guy's
+got to go down.
+
+Yeah, see, this is where
+my depth perception
+
+really fails me.
+
+So I only have monocular
+vision.
+
+I can see with both eyes, but
+I don't binocular fuse, so I
+
+can't tell depth.
+
+AUDIENCE: Lower them both.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, that's true.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: Lower them both.
+
+AUDIENCE: --corner
+of the desk.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you go in the
+corner of the desk, then you
+
+drop one on the desk and the
+other one [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, but then
+you wouldn't be able
+
+to see it so well.
+
+So I want to do it on the desk
+just so everyone can see.
+
+OK, so if I lower them
+both like this,
+
+is that about right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Lower?
+
+Wow.
+
+OK.
+
+OK.
+
+One, two, three, go.
+
+No, not very simultaneous.
+
+So let's try 2 to 1.
+
+OK, I'll overcompensate
+in my mind.
+
+[? And it's ?]
+
+probably about 2 to 1.
+
+Is that about 2 to 1?
+
+This one?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: [? Socks. ?]
+
+Every time.
+
+OK, 1, one thousand, 2, one
+thousand, 3, one thousand.
+
+Simultaneous.
+
+And what's always amazing to me
+is I always listen to the
+
+class every time I do this.
+
+And I never believe them
+when they say it's
+
+really 2 to 1 in height.
+
+And I was like, OK, I'll
+trust you guys.
+
+And it always comes
+out simultaneous.
+
+So people haven't
+lied to me yet.
+
+So 2 to 1-- why 2?
+
+Well, it had 4 times
+the weight.
+
+Same surface area, same
+density-- you
+
+couldn't change the air.
+
+So you have to change the v.
+
+How much do you change
+the v by?
+
+Factor of 2, because
+you square it.
+
+And you make up for the weight
+increase by factor of 4.
+
+So factor of 2.
+
+So there you have an
+application of it.
+
+So now, let me get to your
+question about what do you do
+
+if someone tries to spoil
+the experiment.
+
+So the first thing to do is--
+
+well, let me say what
+were my reactions as
+
+soon as you did that.
+
+So my first reaction was, god
+damn, why did he do that?
+
+That was a really nasty
+thing to do.
+
+But then the second reaction
+is-- whoop.
+
+So now I've developed a habit,
+which is a good habit to
+
+learn, of just pausing before
+you react to things.
+
+Because you're much less
+likely to cause bad
+
+interactions if you pause.
+
+So I paused to myself.
+
+And I thought, there's actually
+no point in saying
+
+how annoyed I am right there.
+
+And this will happen.
+
+Suppose someone tries to
+wreck your experiment.
+
+You will be annoyed.
+
+So it doesn't help you to
+actually say how annoyed you
+
+are and really make that
+person feel terrible.
+
+Because then what you've done
+is you've polarized the
+
+audience against yourself
+besides making
+
+that person feel bad.
+
+So it's much better to do what
+I did, which was say,
+
+OK, tell you what.
+
+I'll answer your
+question later.
+
+But also what I tried to do
+is answer it implicitly.
+
+I don't know if you noticed, but
+what I did was when I came
+
+to ask people, I figured, OK, so
+people sort of have an idea
+
+that it should be C just because
+of somebody said,
+
+well, I've seen the
+demonstration before.
+
+But what I wanted to know was
+not why you think C is right
+
+but why you think any of them
+could be plausible.
+
+So that was always part of the
+question, but I emphasized
+
+that part more.
+
+And it has a good educational
+purpose, which is that you're
+
+trying to predict not just what
+the quote "right answer"
+
+is, but you're trying
+to expand your
+
+repertoire of options.
+
+So you're actually making
+yourself more creative by
+
+thinking, what could
+be plausible?
+
+Because it's that way of
+thinking that you're able to
+
+use in other problems.
+
+So I tried to turn it around a
+bit and push it in a direction
+
+that it would still be a useful
+discussion for people.
+
+OK, maybe not as useful as if
+people didn't know ahead of
+
+time that the answer is C,
+but still a useful one.
+
+Does that help answer
+your question?
+
+OK, so now what we've done--
+we've actually gone through a
+
+whole teaching example.
+
+Yes, question.
+
+AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]
+
+talk about when you're writing
+down the number of votes, if
+
+you should leave them actually
+like [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I didn't see.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+AUDIENCE: And so that way, those
+people would be like, oh
+
+my God you didn't see me.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+a good point.
+
+And I didn't.
+
+And partly, it's because
+the lighting in
+
+this room is ghastly.
+
+Partly my eyes are
+not very good.
+
+But all of those reasons support
+exactly what you said,
+
+which is that, especially if you
+have a few people in the
+
+class, you can always get
+away with adding one.
+
+And another thing you
+can do is you can
+
+always add one for yourself.
+
+You think, well, I actually have
+a plausible reason for
+
+one of these.
+
+Well, I'm going to vote
+for one of them.
+
+And every once in a while, you
+vote for a correct answer--
+
+you know, one out
+of five times.
+
+So the class learns.
+
+But generally, you vote sort
+of randomly just to give
+
+support to the various
+answers.
+
+So you're right.
+
+The question was, is it better
+to not use zip ever?
+
+And generally, it's true.
+
+Unless you're dead sure no
+one voted for anything.
+
+And it's hard to see
+in a large class.
+
+That's one of the advantages
+of the clickers.
+
+There's disadvantages and
+advantages of clickers.
+
+And we can talk about them.
+
+But you're right.
+
+One way to mitigate that--
+
+just throw in an extra vote.
+
+Other questions?
+
+So as I promised, what we're
+going to do with
+
+this example is now--
+
+because this is actually not
+an aerodynamics class.
+
+You may be surprised
+to find out now.
+
+So you may have thought the
+purpose was to actually learn
+
+the air resistance formula.
+
+If you do learn that, that's
+really useful.
+
+And I'd be really happy, because
+it's a great result
+
+which is very, very, very
+hard to derive in pretty
+
+much any other way.
+
+You certainly can't derive
+it from scratch from the
+
+Navier-Stokes equations.
+
+At least no one with current
+mathematical knowledge knows
+
+how to do that.
+
+So experiment really is one of
+the main ways of doing that.
+
+So it's a great result
+for that.
+
+But what I want to use it for is
+deconstructing it, looking
+
+at the way it was taught
+and why all the things
+
+were done that way.
+
+So in that discussion will come
+out general principles
+
+that we'll use throughout the
+semester in all of our
+
+examples of how to do teaching,
+like for example,
+
+how to make a lecture, how
+to design a course.
+
+So as always, those principles
+are not very effective if I
+
+just say, well, here are the
+principles, and we're
+
+going to use them.
+
+It's much better if we actually
+try them out in
+
+example and see where did they
+show up by constructing them.
+
+So the question for the next
+portion of this session is to
+
+identify all of the teaching
+elements in this.
+
+So for example, what's
+a teaching element?
+
+Well, for example, there
+was a vote or there
+
+was a second vote.
+
+So just deconstruct it to as
+fine a granularity as seems
+
+reasonable, and say, OK, this
+was done, or this happened.
+
+And then, why?
+
+So two questions--
+
+do a two-column table.
+
+What and why?
+
+And there'll be a pretty long
+list because there was quite a
+
+lot of things done.
+
+So find a neighbor
+or two again.
+
+We'll discuss the
+what and why.
+
+And then I'll clump the
+whys into principles.
+
+So any questions about
+that question?
+
+ANNOUNCER: Due to technical
+difficulties, the rest of
+
+lecture one is unavailable.
+
+What follows is a summary of the
+material presented in the
+
+remaining part of the lecture.
+
+PROFESSOR: Think back to the
+question about the cones--
+
+which fell faster, or were they
+the same speed, the big
+
+cone or the small cone, and how
+that question was asked.
+
+What were all the elements
+in the way the
+
+question was asked?
+
+What was discussed?
+
+What did you do?
+
+So it was scripted
+very carefully.
+
+And there were reasons for the
+elements of the script.
+
+So we've had a chance
+to think about that.
+
+And let me list many of these
+scripting elements and their
+
+reasons for them.
+
+So on the left side, I'll
+list the elements.
+
+For example, there was
+lots of interaction.
+
+You were talking
+to each other.
+
+You were asking questions.
+
+In fact, you weren't just
+asking questions.
+
+You were voting.
+
+So twice you voted.
+
+So voting twice, discussing.
+
+So what are the reasons
+for that?
+
+What are the educational
+principles behind designing a
+
+question that allows lots
+of interaction, voting,
+
+discussing?
+
+Well, first of all--
+
+the why--
+
+it gives the teacher, it gives
+me, an idea of how the class
+
+is thinking.
+
+If, for example, I ask a
+question, and in the first
+
+vote almost everyone gets it
+right, I know, OK, everyone
+
+pretty much understands this
+idea or this concept.
+
+I can spend very little extra
+time on it and move on to
+
+something that may be more
+confusing or more problematic.
+
+Whereas if most people get it
+wrong, I know, OK, either the
+
+book was confusing or what I
+
+explained already was confusing.
+
+And we need to spend more time
+discussing the core idea here.
+
+So it gives me instant
+feedback about
+
+where the class is.
+
+I don't have to wait till the
+end of the term to find out on
+
+the final exam, oh, no
+one understood that.
+
+I know right there when
+I have a chance to do
+
+something about it.
+
+The voting also has
+another benefit.
+
+So the first benefit
+is it tells me.
+
+Also, it makes this students
+form a public commitment.
+
+And that public commitment has
+a strong benefit, which is
+
+that the students become much
+more involved in learning what
+
+the outcome of the
+discussion is.
+
+Because they've actually made
+a public commitment to one
+
+choice or another choice.
+
+So it increases the level
+of engagement.
+
+Similarly, it creates tension.
+
+People want to know what's
+going to happen.
+
+So when the demonstration
+is actually done--
+
+the final decider is
+the experiment--
+
+everyone is paying very,
+very close attention.
+
+So I'll say not just tension,
+but I'll say it creates
+
+dramatic tension.
+
+Furthermore, the chance for lots
+of interaction increases
+
+the amount of interaction
+in the whole class.
+
+For example, students will ask
+questions much more easily if
+
+they've already had a chance
+to discuss their ideas in
+
+small groups.
+
+So that's one set of elements
+and the educational reasons
+
+for building those in to how one
+asks questions in class.
+
+Another one is that I used a
+physical object, in an actual
+
+demonstration, so these cones.
+
+And the physical object
+is also cheap.
+
+Anyone can make those.
+
+You just cut circles out of
+paper, cut a quarter away, and
+
+tape it together.
+
+You have a cone.
+
+What are the benefits of that?
+
+Well, first, it's much more
+convincing than if I just do a
+
+derivation from the
+Navier-Stokes equations or
+
+however one gets
+to the result.
+
+And say, OK, well, therefore
+the drag is proportional to
+
+the square of the speed.
+
+Or therefore, they all fall
+at the same speed
+
+whatever their size.
+
+If I just say that, or even if
+I prove it with equations,
+
+that's not nearly as convincing
+as seeing it
+
+actually happen.
+
+And that's where in terms of
+being convincing, it's also
+
+important that the demonstration
+be cheap.
+
+If, for example, to see it
+actually happen requires
+
+$100,000 of equipment--
+
+well, who knows what happens in
+that $100,000 of equipment
+
+and sensors and test devices
+and whatnot.
+
+Whereas if it's a cheap piece
+of paper you can cut out for
+
+$0.02, well, then anyone can
+try it themself, too.
+
+And it's not so mediated by
+lots of sensory devices.
+
+It's much more immediate.
+
+It's much more convincing.
+
+So I'll say here in
+parentheses, a
+
+cheap physical object--
+
+ideally, if possible.
+
+Furthermore, the physical object
+actually connects the
+
+mathematical and physical and
+engineering ideas to the
+
+physical world.
+
+In the end, we want to try to
+understand how the world
+
+works, maybe put it
+back together
+
+in ways of our choosing.
+
+So purely living in the
+formal world, we're
+
+living in the clouds.
+
+By bringing in a physical
+object, we actually put our
+
+feet on the ground as well.
+
+Another part of the
+demonstration of the script
+
+was various things that might
+have seemed extraneous.
+
+For example, I mentioned that
+I hope my socks were matched
+
+well when I stood
+on the table.
+
+I also discussed--
+
+when I was standing on the
+table, I said, OK, I need the
+
+class's help here because I
+don't have depth perception.
+
+So I can't tell when
+I'm dropping them--
+
+when I was dropping one cone
+versus four cones, I can't
+
+tell when I've got this one
+twice as high as this one.
+
+And so you need to tell me.
+
+So I talked about my failing
+in the depth perception
+
+department.
+
+So both of these might
+seem extraneous to
+
+engineering and science.
+
+But actually, they have a sound
+educational reason.
+
+So the socks joke-- well, that
+makes the teacher seem much
+
+more human.
+
+Similarly, for the lack
+of depth perception--
+
+oh, well, the teacher
+has flaws, too.
+
+They're not this perfect person
+who seems to know
+
+everything.
+
+And in fact, that one,
+specifically because I didn't
+
+have depth perception, I needed
+the help of the class.
+
+So that, again, is an excuse
+to involve the whole class.
+
+So no depth perception makes
+a teacher human is also an
+
+excuse for more engagement.
+
+And related to discussing
+another element of the script,
+
+I want to amplify this one
+up there, the discussing.
+
+And I'll put it back
+down here.
+
+The discussion happened first
+by yourself, then in a small
+
+group, and then in the whole
+class together where people
+
+were suggesting reasons.
+
+So I'll say discussions
+at several scales--
+
+self, group, and class.
+
+So what's the educational
+purpose of that?
+
+Well, I mentioned one purpose
+up there, which is it
+
+increases questions.
+
+And that's certainly true.
+
+Another one is by allowing
+people to think for themselves
+
+first, you're giving space for
+what's called the introverts.
+
+Some people like lots of time
+to think for themselves, and
+
+only then do they want to
+share with other people.
+
+Because otherwise, their
+thoughts get derailed by what
+
+everybody else is saying.
+
+Some people don't know what
+they're thinking till they
+
+talk to other people.
+
+Let's call them the
+extroverts.
+
+So by allowing space for self
+talk and group talk, you're
+
+teaching to the introverts
+and the extroverts.
+
+So you're matching to the
+learning styles of different
+
+students in the class.
+
+And then by scaling it up slowly
+from self to group to
+
+class, you make it safe.
+
+You make it not a huge
+transition to start to go to
+
+the next stage.
+
+Whereas if I just ask the
+question of the class, OK,
+
+whole class, now, you tell me
+what you think about this
+
+question and I skipped these
+parts, only the usual suspects
+
+would be offering
+me ideas here.
+
+The people who always raise
+their hand-- maybe they sit in
+
+the front row.
+
+Whereas by allowing people to
+think for themselves, then
+
+discuss in a group the ideas
+that they thought for
+
+themselves, check out what
+they've done there.
+
+If they still think they don't
+understand something and no
+
+one in the group understood it,
+then they feel safe asking
+
+the whole class.
+
+We're actually building
+a bridge for people to
+
+participate in the
+large group.
+
+So again, that point's
+up there.
+
+But it's so important I'm
+putting it down here, too.
+
+So I'll call it builds a
+bridge to collective
+
+participation.
+
+And that participation can be
+people contributing ideas or
+
+questions which are
+themselves ideas.
+
+Another feature of how the whole
+thing was done was that
+
+I walked around a fair amount.
+
+I used a lot of the space.
+
+For example, even some of
+the vertical space,
+
+standing on the table.
+
+Moving over here, moving over
+there to make sure I heard the
+
+question from that side
+of the class.
+
+So filling the lecture space.
+
+Well, what's the educational
+reason for that?
+
+Well, in a way it's the opposite
+of the socks joke.
+
+In one way, it's the opposite.
+
+In another way, it's the same.
+
+It's showing that the teacher is
+human and that teaching is
+
+a human activity.
+
+This is what actors
+do on stage.
+
+The stage, the whole stage
+is there for a reason.
+
+And the actors will
+use all of it.
+
+They won't just stand in the
+middle the whole time, except
+
+for rare comedy monologues
+or monologues.
+
+But otherwise, all the
+pieces of the stage
+
+are there for a reason.
+
+And the actors use it.
+
+They make that space
+their own space.
+
+They fill the lecture
+room space.
+
+So as a teacher, you want to
+do that because that shows
+
+that this is your space.
+
+You're comfortable there.
+
+And it increases your
+credibility with the students.
+
+And similar to this, it brings
+in students from all parts of
+
+the classroom, especially
+if it's a big classroom.
+
+They all feel somehow connected
+to what's going on.
+
+Because you haven't just stood
+in one corner of the room or
+
+just paid attention to one
+section of the class.
+
+So in one way, it's the opposite
+of the socks joke.
+
+Because in that way, the
+teacher is being a bit
+
+self-deprecating.
+
+Here, the lecturer is acting
+very confident
+
+by filling the space.
+
+But in another way,
+it's the same.
+
+They're both playing on the
+human part of teaching, which
+
+is inescapable.
+
+And if it's neglected, the
+teaching falls flat.
+
+And finally, there was one other
+point which may seem
+
+like a mechanical point.
+
+But it's so useful that
+I'll put it here, too.
+
+And I'll write it
+with big chalk.
+
+Point is, I wrote everything on
+the board using big chalk.
+
+And why is that important?
+
+Well, in a small classroom of
+maybe 10 or 15 people, it
+
+probably doesn't matter.
+
+Everyone can read everything.
+
+But if it's at all a large
+classroom, people can't read
+
+the writing way in the back.
+
+By using big chalk,
+you increase the
+
+signal to noise ratio.
+
+Now, that may not seem
+so important when
+
+you first think about.
+
+The reason being is
+that you already
+
+know what you're writing.
+
+So even if you see really thin
+lines, something that's not
+
+very clearly written, you still
+know what it should say.
+
+And you just read
+it correctly.
+
+But the students, on
+the other hand--
+
+they don't have the knowledge
+that you have.
+
+So they can't error-correct
+any--
+
+fill in the missing
+gaps in the lines.
+
+They need as much signal as
+possible to really copy down
+
+anything correctly, to make sure
+that they're not adding
+
+noise onto the signal that
+you're trying to get across.
+
+So in some ways, a small point,
+but in other ways, an
+
+important point.
+
+Because if you don't do it,
+you'll throw away most of your
+
+other benefits because the
+students will actually be
+
+incorporating wrong information,
+just errors, just
+
+by mistake without
+even realizing.
+
+And the big chalk can actually
+minimize that.
+
+So just a mechanical point.
+
+I always keep pieces of big
+chalk in my backpack.
+
+And wherever I happen to be
+teaching, I can always pull
+
+them out and use them.
+
+Because you will find many
+classrooms only have standard
+
+chalk provided.
+
+And the big chalk is something
+you have to do yourself.
+
+So just carry a few pieces
+with you as you need.
+
+So those are some of
+the many scripting
+
+elements in this example.
+
+And you'll see a similar
+example in a subsequent
+
+lecture, in the lecture on
+teaching interactively, which
+
+is lecture six.
+
+And you'll see some of these
+points come up again and some
+
+of these reasons discussed again
+in a different example.
+
+So you'll have two different
+engineering examples, but done
+
+in a similar way.
+
+And you can see the scripting
+elements and how they're
+
+different and how they're the
+same in both examples.
+
+And see which ones you can
+use in your own teaching.
+
+So now, from these scripting
+elements, we've extracted
+
+teaching principles.
+
+So credibility, signal
+to noise ratio--
+
+just remember those.
+
+And then here's a bunch more.
+
+I want to summarize them,
+extract the main highlights
+
+from that so that you can come
+away with a clean picture of
+
+what to watch for throughout
+this semester.
+
+So the main themes of
+all of these are--
+
+I would say they fall into
+three categories.
+
+Let me list them.
+
+And then I'll break them
+into three categories.
+
+There's ways to promote
+questions and discussion.
+
+There's using stories
+and humor.
+
+And demos and, related to that,
+things you can see--
+
+visual examples.
+
+And another pair of
+environments--
+
+credibility--
+
+filling the lecture space--
+
+and what I haven't directly said
+yet as such, but we'll
+
+call it a safe environment
+for learning.
+
+Creating a safe environment
+for learning.
+
+That's what discussion at
+several scales enables.
+
+You create a safe environment
+for people to think for
+
+themselves, which then makes it
+safe for them to think in a
+
+group and discuss in group,
+which then makes it safe for
+
+them to think in
+a whole class.
+
+And so that makes safe bridge,
+or two bridges, towards
+
+collective participation.
+
+So you've made a safe learning
+and questioning environment.
+
+Without this environment,
+that won't happen.
+
+So I put these in three columns
+because I think they
+
+fall into sort of three
+pieces of the brain.
+
+Questions and discussion--
+
+sort of left brain.
+
+Stories, humor, demos, and
+visual-- that's right brain.
+
+And credibility and a
+safe environment--
+
+I'll call that the emotional
+brain, the amygdala.
+
+Maybe you could put humor
+over there, as well.
+
+But the reason I put preamble
+stories with the right brain
+
+is it's a different kind of
+learning than we think of when
+
+we think of left-brain learning,
+for example,
+
+learning an analytical method
+or the sequence
+
+of steps or a recipe.
+
+The learning that happens
+from stories--
+
+for example, about the
+depth perception--
+
+is a different kind.
+
+It's kind of implicit
+in a way, more
+
+perceptive and the holistic.
+
+So I put it in the right-brain
+category.
+
+So these are main themes in
+creating your own classroom
+
+teaching environment
+and structuring how
+
+you're going to teach.
+
+And sure, there's also all
+the questions of content.
+
+But the reason I'm focusing on
+all of these is that the
+
+questions of content--
+
+those have been done so
+many, so many times.
+
+You can find all the
+content in a
+
+gazillion different textbooks.
+
+But the question is, how do
+you integrate all of that
+
+content into something
+that makes for
+
+good student learning?
+
+And to do that, you need to take
+account of all this, all
+
+of these features, all these
+aspects of the brain.
+
+Because humans are
+not computers.
+
+And they can't just learn
+by being programmed.
+
+So from all these themes,
+extract one giant theme, which
+
+is that teaching is not
+necessarily equal to learning.
+
+Just standing up there and
+teaching stuff is no guarantee
+
+that students will learn it.
+
+You need to pay attention to all
+these features, all of the
+
+human interaction to
+make sure that
+
+learning actually happens.
+
+So that's, if anything,
+the main theme.
+
+Or phrased another way is that
+meaning and knowledge must be
+
+constructed by the learner.
+
+And all these ideas up here,
+these scripting elements,
+
+these principles here are
+ways to help that
+
+construction happen.
+
+Just telling them
+doesn't do it.
+
+You have to enable, facilitate,
+that construction.
+
+So what we're going to do for
+the rest of the semester is
+
+we're going to see these
+principles, these principles,
+
+these boiled-down themes, this
+idea, this large idea--
+
+the big idea of the entire
+course exemplified in several
+
+topics and areas that are
+central to teaching science
+
+and engineering and mathematics
+
+at the college level.
+
+And so the outline for
+the rest of the
+
+semester is as follows.
+
+Today was lecture one.
+
+And that was general principles
+of teaching.
+
+The next one will be on how
+to teach equations.
+
+Equations are central in all
+science and mathematics and
+
+engineering teaching.
+
+So how do you teach
+equations--
+
+in other words, some of
+the central content--
+
+taking account of all
+of these ideas?
+
+Can you tell stories when
+you teach equations?
+
+How can you do that?
+
+Well, we'll see.
+
+The third lecture, the third
+topic, is taking account of
+
+students' misconceptions
+and thereby
+
+avoiding rote learning.
+
+So you can see already where
+some of the ideas that we've
+
+been talking about here are
+going to help here.
+
+For example, having lots of
+interaction and voting--
+
+you find out where
+the students are.
+
+You'll find out if they have
+funny ways of thinking about
+
+stuff, maybe even predictable
+ways, but ways that don't help
+
+them actually solve problems
+in the real world.
+
+Well, how do you take
+account of that?
+
+There's one way right
+there already.
+
+Then designing homework
+and exam problems.
+
+And the fifth one is
+course design.
+
+How do you structure
+a whole course?
+
+Sixth one is teaching
+interactively.
+
+As an example, you've already
+seen one example, which is
+
+this kind of question.
+
+Well, what are the general
+
+principles behind such questions?
+
+Can you make longer versions,
+shorter ones?
+
+Are there short ways of building
+in interaction and
+
+questions into learning?
+
+Then what do you actually
+do when you
+
+come into the classroom?
+
+Lecture planning and
+performing--
+
+how do you plan one lecture?
+
+So this is the overall structure
+of the whole course.
+
+How do you plan and perform
+one lecture?
+
+Topic eight is teaching with
+blackboards and slides.
+
+So what are the advantages,
+generally speaking, of
+
+blackboards?
+
+But what are situations where
+slides are actually a really
+
+helpful way to teach?
+
+Slides meaning-- well,
+it could be old-style
+
+photographic slides, but
+pre-prepared PDF files that
+
+projected on the screen with an
+LCD projector is generally
+
+how it's done now.
+
+And then how do you plan
+blackboard work?
+
+How do you construct slides so
+that they're effective in
+
+creating learning?
+
+Ninth is sort of a result
+of all these.
+
+Well, if you're going to apply
+all these principles, you'll
+
+find yourself wanting to change
+a lot about how the
+
+course is done or how it
+was done previously.
+
+Well, what are the
+barriers to that?
+
+In particular, what are the
+political barriers to
+
+educational change?
+
+So that by being aware of the
+barriers, you're more able to
+
+go around them, surmount them,
+take account of them, plan for
+
+doing it bit by bit by bit.
+
+But eventually, hopefully
+designing courses in ways that
+
+you think are good for
+promoting learning.
+
+And then the 10th topic will
+be a summary of everything,
+
+using the examples we've done
+the whole semester and a
+
+chance for--
+
+well, you'd ask questions
+about the whole course.
+
+OK, so that's the themes of
+this entire semester of
+
+teaching college-level science
+and engineering
+
+one topic at a time.
+
+See everyone next week.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Answers from lecture
+two to questions
+
+generated in lecture one.
+
+PROFESSOR: What I'm going to
+do is answer your questions
+
+from last time on the
+feedback sheets.
+
+And I'll pass out a new set of
+feedback sheets in a moment.
+
+So I should say that
+the questions
+
+were, as always, excellent.
+
+And I learned a lot by
+thinking about them.
+
+And I hope that you'll learn a
+lot as you hear the results of
+
+everyone else's questions
+together, and that they
+
+reflect concerns that maybe all
+of you had at different
+
+levels and the question that you
+may have put down may not
+
+have been all of
+your concerns.
+
+But collectively, hopefully
+it captures most of them.
+
+So I'll categorize the
+first section of
+
+questions as in reality.
+
+I've typed in all
+the questions.
+
+I'm going to put them all
+on the course website.
+
+So you can see the questions.
+
+And the answers will be here,
+but you'll see the questions.
+
+So in reality--
+
+one question along that line
+is, what about grading?
+
+How do you actually implement
+your grading policy as an
+
+assistant professor in a
+traditional department?
+
+So my grading policy is
+generally that, especially in
+
+a pass/fail course, that the
+grading be very minimal.
+
+And in general, I think
+that's a good
+
+policy for grading overall.
+
+And we can talk throughout the
+semester about why and the
+
+research behind that.
+
+But how would you do that if
+you're starting out new?
+
+And the general rule is there's
+no right answer.
+
+For example, one solution--
+
+it's not quite the answer
+to the question--
+
+is to take a position at a
+place where you're the
+
+department head.
+
+So actually, I was offered a
+teaching position like that
+
+after I finished graduate
+school.
+
+And I thought long and
+hard about it.
+
+So I would have been the head
+of the physics and math
+
+department.
+
+Now, that was the good side.
+
+The bad side was that I was
+the only member of both
+
+departments.
+
+And so on the one hand, I
+was a department head.
+
+But also, I was the only one
+doing all the teaching.
+
+And I would have only
+me to boss around.
+
+But in that situation, you do
+have a huge amount of freedom.
+
+And I could have done pretty
+much whatever I wanted.
+
+Now, I decided not to take that
+position because I really
+
+wasn't sure exactly what I
+wanted to do in terms of
+
+improving teaching.
+
+And I thought, well, I really
+need some more experience.
+
+And I decided to
+do a post-doc.
+
+But that is one solution
+to that problem.
+
+It's not a very generalizable
+solution.
+
+There are not many positions
+like that.
+
+Another solution is to what I
+call the Clark Kent solution.
+
+So you go around as a
+traditional faculty member, in
+
+the Clark Kent outfit.
+
+And then as soon as you
+get tenure, foom,
+
+off comes the suit.
+
+And everyone realizes that oh,
+actually, we hired someone
+
+else completely, who actually
+has all these interesting
+
+ideas about teaching.
+
+So that is generally legally
+protected to some extent.
+
+And you won't easily be fired,
+although a colleague of mine
+
+in Canada--
+
+the university is trying
+to fire him for
+
+giving all As in a course.
+
+So this does speak
+to this question.
+
+And it shows it is
+a tricky issue.
+
+So he believes-- and
+I agree with him--
+
+that grades generally just
+produce obedient people.
+
+One of their main functions is
+to produce obedient people and
+
+obedient students, rather than
+students who love learning and
+
+want to question.
+
+So he wanted to teach one of his
+courses-- he's a tenured
+
+professor of physics.
+
+He wanted to teach one of
+his courses pass/fail.
+
+And the university said, no.
+
+By university regulations, that
+course is graded only.
+
+It has to be taught
+with grades.
+
+So he said, OK, fine.
+
+On the first day of class, he
+just told everyone they were
+
+going to get an A+.
+
+And according to the TA--
+
+at least, this was then reported
+in Canada's Globe and
+
+Mail, their sort of
+New York Times--
+
+one of the teaching assistants
+for the course said, yeah,
+
+there were a few students who
+took advantage of that fact.
+
+But most actually did more work
+and were very interested
+
+in the material because of it.
+
+So I would say, basically,
+the thing was a success.
+
+And that's generally what I
+find, that the less emphasis
+
+you put on grades--
+
+especially at a place
+like MIT--
+
+the students' natural interest
+in the material comes out.
+
+And they're more and more
+willing to work and learn.
+
+And that produces long-lasting
+learning.
+
+Because they're doing it for
+their own reasons, not because
+
+you stood over them with
+a grade and beat
+
+them over the head.
+
+So that was good.
+
+The bad part is the university
+basically said, well, you're
+
+defying us, and you're going
+against the purpose of the
+
+university.
+
+It's not really clear what the
+purpose of the university is,
+
+except maybe to produce
+obedient people.
+
+So they said, we're going to
+institute proceedings for your
+
+dismissal, to strip you of
+your tenure and fire you,
+
+which is a big step for
+a tenured professor.
+
+And meanwhile, they banned
+him from campus.
+
+So he's now not allowed on his
+own university campus.
+
+So then he came to campus for
+a film screening, because he
+
+runs a film series
+on the campus.
+
+So he came for that,
+and the university
+
+police arrested him.
+
+So he was arrested for going
+to his own university.
+
+So then it got into the national
+press in Canada,
+
+which doesn't make the
+university look so good.
+
+But that's all by way of saying
+that grading is a very
+
+touchy issue with
+universities.
+
+And it's really not clear what
+to do about it, because it's
+
+so embedded in the system.
+
+So I can't really offer you any
+solutions to that question
+
+except to say that it's a very
+tricky negotiation and you
+
+want to plan your activities
+carefully.
+
+If you're going to use a lighter
+grading system, don't
+
+do it all at once.
+
+Get people around you to accept
+it slowly, slowly.
+
+Get students on your
+side slowly.
+
+Do things slowly.
+
+Don't make any sudden moves
+that get yourself fired.
+
+Work with other people
+of like minds.
+
+Work together collectively.
+
+So it's not a long-term
+instant solution.
+
+But any kind of social problem--
+and I think grading
+
+is a social problem--
+
+doesn't have any instant
+solutions.
+
+So I wanted to answer that one
+first, to basically tell you
+
+that I don't have all the
+answers to all the questions.
+
+And I want to give you honest
+answers as far as I know them.
+
+OK, next question
+about reality.
+
+You've obviously done this
+many times before.
+
+As someone who needs to figure
+out a logical order for the
+
+material in addition to
+balancing preparation time and
+
+research, how do we juggle all
+this in addition to simply
+
+focusing on style?
+
+So I want to dispel one
+misconception was that last
+
+time, I wasn't saying that you
+can substitute style for
+
+preparation and really
+knowing the material.
+
+It's really that I wanted to up
+the importance that people
+
+give to what people would call
+style by saying that the way
+
+you present, how you
+present, is as
+
+important as what you present.
+
+In fact, it is, to some extent,
+what you present.
+
+If, for example, you're very
+interested in the material,
+
+and you present it in that way,
+well, the students are
+
+very naturally going to become
+interested in the material.
+
+As a test of this, you can
+actually do little home
+
+experiments on this principle.
+
+So just go around to somebody.
+
+You can do these little like
+Candid Camera experiments.
+
+Just go up to them and smile,
+just like this, and then watch
+
+what they do.
+
+And a whole bunch of people
+actually just smiled back at
+
+me for no reason at all,
+just because I smiled.
+
+Now, not no reason at all.
+
+It's because we're
+social creatures.
+
+We're programmed from millions
+of years of evolution to pick
+
+up other people's emotions
+and ways of being.
+
+So if you're enthusiastic about
+the material, if you're
+
+interested in it, and you
+present it like it's
+
+important, well, that actually
+gets transmitted very
+
+effectively and picked up
+at the other end very
+
+effectively.
+
+So actually, that is part
+of the content.
+
+So I wouldn't say style is
+separate from the content.
+
+How you present, how you think
+about the material is a
+
+crucially important part
+of the material.
+
+Because that's when students are
+going to be taking away.
+
+And that's going to be affecting
+how they think about
+
+the material.
+
+So it's not just focusing
+on style--
+
+that sort of gives it too
+little importance.
+
+Instead, yeah, how do you think
+about all those issues
+
+as well as surviving your
+research grant?
+
+And again, there I would
+say the way to do
+
+it is to start slow.
+
+When you're an assistant
+professor, you need to focus
+
+on your research
+to get tenure.
+
+So focus on your research and
+just try small teaching
+
+experiments bit by bit.
+
+Maybe in your first year, just
+try putting in one small
+
+conceptual question per
+lecture or per week.
+
+And if that goes OK, maybe
+try longer ones.
+
+Try more the next semester
+or the next year.
+
+So just try small things.
+
+And as they work, grow them.
+
+So that's one way, so you don't
+have to sacrifice your
+
+research and hose yourself.
+
+So preparation time, as well--
+so try to borrow notes from
+
+colleagues.
+
+Try to get as much from other
+people as you can share.
+
+Talent invents, genius steals.
+
+So steal all the good
+stuff around you.
+
+So another one is how does this
+work in the real world,
+
+which is basically
+the same thing.
+
+So what I'm trying to do in this
+class is show you general
+
+principles that you can use
+always to guide yourself in as
+
+far as you want to go
+in your teaching.
+
+So now how far you go in your
+particular situation depends
+
+on your situation and how much
+importance you put on doing
+
+new teaching methods, new
+experiments right then.
+
+But I'm not saying you have to
+start everything tomorrow,
+
+like the first day you're a TA,
+all of sudden throw out
+
+all the regular stuff and
+do everything like I'm
+
+demonstrating now.
+
+I'm showing you this as
+examples to illustrate
+
+principles for directions you
+could go and for threads you
+
+can pick up as you see best.
+
+Syllabus and logistics
+for this class--
+
+any exams or problem sets?
+
+Yeah, there's problem sets,
+which you've seen one already.
+
+No exams.
+
+And so how are you
+being evaluated?
+
+Basically again, very
+light touch.
+
+Basically, just make a
+reasonable effort on the
+
+problem sets, and
+you'll be fine.
+
+I'm hoping basically that the
+material's interesting enough
+
+that you don't need a stick
+beating you, saying, oh, you
+
+must do this, you must do
+that, you must do this.
+
+It's not a required course.
+
+People are taking it really
+because they're interested.
+
+So I'm not going to try to ruin
+that with a whole bunch
+
+of grading sticks.
+
+Does it matter which subject
+number we're assigned for?
+
+No, and I don't even remember
+what the subject numbers are.
+
+I know 595, and there's
+a whole bunch of them.
+
+So I just write et cetera.
+
+No, it doesn't matter,
+as far as I know.
+
+Could we have a break
+after one hour?
+
+Yeah, I think that's
+a good idea.
+
+So I'll give everyone like a
+two- or three-minute break at
+
+the hour just so you can
+stand and get your
+
+blood flowing again.
+
+Biology examples-- can we
+have biology examples?
+
+A fair point--
+
+so actually, today our first
+example of equations is a
+
+biology example, amazingly.
+
+OK, so now, interactive
+teaching-- how do you teach a
+
+class interactively if
+you have a lot of
+
+material to get through?
+
+This is a very interesting
+question.
+
+It comes up quite often.
+
+And the answer is that
+you don't get
+
+through it in the lecture.
+
+So the lecture is a terrible
+place to get
+
+through lots of material.
+
+In fact, even the word "get
+through," "cover"--
+
+those all have the wrong
+sense to them.
+
+And so Victor Weisskopf, MIT
+physics professor for many
+
+years, he said-- and I think
+it's a great saying--
+
+instead of covering a lot of
+material, I prefer to uncover
+
+a few key ideas.
+
+So uncover is the right verb.
+
+Cover has the sense
+of smother.
+
+You can't see it anymore.
+
+And that is what happens when
+you cover too much material.
+
+You want to uncover a few ideas
+and let them bloom.
+
+So a lecture is something that's
+paced at human scale.
+
+You talk at maybe 150
+words a minute.
+
+People can't write that fast.
+
+They can write maybe
+15 words a minute.
+
+Reading is much faster.
+
+Reading-- people can read 300,
+maybe 400 words a minute.
+
+So if you have lots of material
+to get through, don't
+
+fall into the trap of putting it
+all on the blackboard or on
+
+the overhead slides.
+
+And we'll talk about that in
+the session on making good
+
+slides and using
+the blackboard.
+
+You want key ideas
+to be there.
+
+And you can leave lots of
+the details for reading.
+
+So that's one answer.
+
+The other answer is that
+sometimes, actually, I think
+
+one of the fundamental problems
+with so much teaching
+
+is that we try to cover
+too much material.
+
+And one of the goals should be
+for good teaching is to reduce
+
+how much material one covers.
+
+And there's a simple estimation
+argument to show
+
+why that's important.
+
+The estimation argument is that
+basically, suppose you
+
+cover 100% of the material.
+
+But because it's so much
+material, students remember
+
+only 10%, and really learn only
+10%, which I think is
+
+actually a reasonable
+estimate.
+
+Because they're just
+so overloaded.
+
+They have no time to make
+connections, and it just
+
+flitters away.
+
+So 10% is all they retain.
+
+Well, you could cover, say,
+half the material.
+
+And let's say that they still
+don't remember everything,
+
+even though you've done half.
+
+Maybe they remember half of
+that, because they have time
+
+to struggle with it,
+make connections.
+
+So now, they're at half of half,
+which is 25% retention
+
+instead of 10%.
+
+So that's a plausible model.
+
+I'm not claiming those figures
+are actually based on exact
+
+research or anything.
+
+But just a plausible model for
+how reducing the amount of
+
+stuff you cover can actually
+increase learning.
+
+So try to reduce material
+when possible.
+
+Almost always, there's
+too much material.
+
+OK, so again, how do
+you pace lectures?
+
+If you do too many demos and
+you have less material,
+
+advanced students
+might get bored.
+
+Actually, I find advanced
+students are actually quite
+
+interested in demos and
+questions like this that we
+
+used last time.
+
+They want to really understand
+what's going on.
+
+And it's those kind of questions
+that help them.
+
+Covering lots of material--
+
+again, they can read it in a
+book much faster than you can
+
+write it on the board.
+
+So put it there.
+
+Can these principles be
+applied to upper-level
+
+graduate classes?
+
+For sure.
+
+You can apply them all the way
+from kindergarten through
+
+graduate school because they're
+really based on how
+
+people think.
+
+And they're based on common ways
+that people perceive the
+
+world and reason.
+
+And that doesn't change--
+
+I mean, life does change when
+you become a graduate student.
+
+But your whole way of
+looking at the world
+
+doesn't change that much.
+
+So how do you deal with
+classes where someone
+
+dominates a discussion or the
+class does not like to
+
+participate?
+
+Sort of two ends of
+the same coin.
+
+So what I like to do is if
+someone keeps trying to say
+
+stuff, I just say, oh, well,
+actually I want everybody to
+
+participate.
+
+Could I hear from someone
+I haven't heard from?
+
+Just with a light touch.
+
+You don't have to make
+a big confrontation
+
+in class about it.
+
+If people don't like
+to participate--
+
+for example, suppose you ask
+them to discuss with each
+
+other and they don't.
+
+So here's a trick I learned
+actually from one of the
+
+teaching seminars when I was in
+England, which is that you
+
+just turn your back.
+
+And why do you do that?
+
+Well, your back is not as
+interesting as your front.
+
+So students are actually taught
+with, say, 12 years of
+
+teaching to watch the teacher,
+watch the teacher.
+
+So one of the reluctances to
+talk to each other is they're
+
+watching the teacher, figuring
+out what the
+
+teacher's saying and doing.
+
+Kind of like Clever Hans was
+watching his trainer--
+
+do I do more clips on my foot?
+
+Is that 42?
+
+6 times 7--
+
+OK.
+
+So students are actually taught,
+basically, after 12
+
+years of conditioning, do
+that very automatically.
+
+So you just have to break
+that conditioning a bit.
+
+If you just turn around, there's
+nothing really that
+
+interesting to look at,
+unless you're maybe--
+
+I don't know, some fashion model
+or a GQ model, which I'm
+
+not claiming to be.
+
+So then the students will just
+naturally be more likely to
+
+talk to each other.
+
+So you create the conditions
+for that.
+
+Another one--
+
+and I often use this
+trick, because it's
+
+actually not a trick--
+
+is sometimes I'm thirsty.
+
+I just walk out of the room and
+go get a drink of water.
+
+So if it's an interesting enough
+question, the students
+
+will be talking to each
+other about it.
+
+And there's definitely not you
+around there, watching them or
+
+worrying them, for
+them to focus on.
+
+So that's one very
+useful trick.
+
+Generally, though, the overall
+point is if the class doesn't
+
+want to participate, you just
+make it more and more safe to
+
+participate.
+
+You make sure you never
+criticize people if they say
+
+something that wasn't right.
+
+You make sure you value
+the wrong answers
+
+and you explain why.
+
+So all of the things I talked
+about last time about safety
+
+means you just have to do them
+double if people aren't
+
+participating.
+
+How do you cope with a
+variety of confidence
+
+levels among students?
+
+Also interesting.
+
+So there, I find actually
+that most
+
+students aren't very confident.
+
+They have different levels--
+
+they're all generally much
+lower than you think.
+
+So they do have some different
+levels, but it's generally
+
+overall lower than you think.
+
+So I spend more of my effort
+making sure everyone feels
+
+comfortable.
+
+But again, if some students are
+much more confident than
+
+others, I try to mix up the
+level of questions that I ask.
+
+I ask some questions that I know
+most people are not going
+
+to be able to answer and some
+questions that I know most
+
+people will answer, just so
+everyone has something.
+
+And then on the problem
+sets as well--
+
+warm-up problems, regular
+
+problems, really hard problems.
+
+Like in Donald Knuth's
+textbooks, the fifth set of,
+
+kind of, problem at the end of
+the chapters is unsolved
+
+research problems.
+
+And you never know.
+
+Someone might actually
+solve one of them.
+
+So you can put something
+for everyone in there.
+
+What about the left brain?
+
+Surely humor and demos can't
+take you all the way.
+
+Yeah, and that's true.
+
+And so my answer to what about
+the left brain is that the
+
+left brain is what basically
+most teaching has focused on
+
+for most people's experience
+over the last 15 or 16 years.
+
+So I'm not saying, forget
+about the left brain.
+
+I'm saying that you basically
+already know how to do the
+
+left-brain side of teaching.
+
+You have so many
+models of that.
+
+It is pretty much what we
+think of as teaching.
+
+You go up to the blackboard, and
+you write down a series of
+
+symbols one after
+another, write
+
+down a series of equations.
+
+So you already have
+models for that.
+
+And we'll talk about how
+to improve those.
+
+But I'm not so worried
+about that part.
+
+What I'm worried about is
+the neglected part.
+
+So this you could think
+of as the balance.
+
+And then you'll be able to find
+ways of integrating the
+
+left brain.
+
+And we'll do left-brain
+things, equations.
+
+But how do you integrate that
+with all the quote "right
+
+brain," the humor
+and the demos?
+
+How do you project confidence?
+
+Fake it till you make it?
+
+Yeah, that's basically right.
+
+So one way is to actually make
+sure your voice is clear.
+
+So to do that, my piano teacher
+in graduate school--
+
+actually, she was a voice
+teacher, as well.
+
+She gave me a really useful
+exercise, which is--
+
+I do this for like 30 seconds
+before I come to lecture.
+
+So the exercise is you first
+just close your lips.
+
+And you mmm, you hum.
+
+So we'll all do this together.
+
+So you hum until you can feel
+it vibrating in your nose.
+
+That's step one.
+
+So let's all do that together.
+
+[HUMMING]
+
+And if you have hay fever, you
+can tell if you're doing it
+
+right in the spring.
+
+Because you'll dislodge
+pollen grains and
+
+you'll probably sneeze.
+
+That's what I find
+in the spring.
+
+When I do that, I actually
+start sneezing.
+
+My theory is that I'm dislodging
+pollen grains and
+
+then I'm sneezing as
+a result of them.
+
+So mmm--
+
+so now you've got a
+resonance up here.
+
+And now what you want to do is
+with the same mmm sound, now
+
+do it in the back of your teeth
+with your mouth closed.
+
+So you feel behind your teeth.
+
+So we'll do step one
+and then step two.
+
+Mmm and then the teeth.
+
+Mmm, teeth.
+
+[HUMMING]
+
+And you should feel
+in your lips
+
+vibrating, kind of tickling.
+
+OK, so that's step two.
+
+Step three is to then make the
+vowel sound that is most
+
+likely to make your mouth
+resonate and be
+
+really wide and open.
+
+That's E. So we'll go hmm
+and them mmm and eee.
+
+OK, so nose--
+
+[HUMMING]
+
+lips--
+
+[HUMMING]
+
+eeeeeee.
+
+OK, that's step three.
+
+And then the final step is
+you just add some words.
+
+You modulate it with words.
+
+All right, so I'll give
+you a demonstration.
+
+Then we'll do all
+of it together.
+
+[HUMMING]
+
+Eeeee-- (SPEAKING ON SAME
+NOTE) how are youuuuuu.
+
+OK, so now, that sounds
+a bit strange.
+
+But you find after you
+do that, your voice
+
+is much more resonant.
+
+Actually, I can hear
+it right now.
+
+To my own ears, my voice
+sounds much more
+
+resonant and clear.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+[HUMMING]
+
+Eeeee--
+
+(SPEAKING ON SAME NOTE)
+how are youuuuuu.
+
+So you'll find, actually, what
+you've done is you've shifted
+
+your voice from here, where it
+just makes your throat tight,
+
+to the front.
+
+And just by doing that,
+you will project.
+
+And by projecting, you actually
+sound more confident.
+
+And you'll feel more
+confident.
+
+So that's one way.
+
+But another way is to be
+confident of your material.
+
+And another way is, as you said
+in the question, just
+
+fake it till you make it.
+
+Now, there's a few
+more questions.
+
+I'll answer some of them
+on the website.
+
+But I wanted to answer
+one more.
+
+How long did it take you to
+become such a good teacher?
+
+So I'm glad people think I'm a
+good teacher, or at least one
+
+person thinks so.
+
+But there's a general answer
+to that question, which is
+
+actually going to be one of the
+topics today, which is,
+
+how do you become an
+expert in anything?
+
+And the first example I'm
+going to show you-- it's
+
+biology equations.
+
+I'm going to use that.
+
+And then after that, when I
+talk about expertise in
+
+general, not just in teaching,
+and where that comes from.
+
+And I'll show you the results
+of some studies.
+
+And then I'll come back
+to that question.
+
+And I'll hopefully
+answer it then.
+
+So those are I would say
+2/3 of the questions.
+
+The ones I haven't answered
+I'll try to answer online.
+
+And I'll pass out these
+in just a moment.
+
+But right now, what we're going
+to do is we're going to
+
+do the first example
+of equations,
+
+which is from biology.
+
+Now, before I do that, any
+questions that have occurred
+
+to you meanwhile?
+
+Did I create any
+new questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Very germane, but if
+this is P/D/F, are we supposed
+
+to be registered as P/D/F?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+it's automatic.
+
+I don't think there's any way
+not to register as P/D/F.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, thank you.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the question was,
+if this is pass/fail, do
+
+you have to specifically
+register as that?
+
+I don't think so.
+
+I think it's automatic.
+
+So yeah, basically, don't
+worry about your grades.
+
+Everyone's going to P.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xDoe1HvHfbM.txt b/xDoe1HvHfbM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0afdaf322edcf0a3020f7609300e6d0a8e38a778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xDoe1HvHfbM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The way we've talked about the rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The way we've talked about the rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The way we've talked about the rise of
+the social contract following the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social contract following the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social contract following the Second
+World War might make it seem a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War might make it seem a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War might make it seem a little
+bit more utopian than was actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more utopian than was actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more utopian than was actually the
+case. Wages did rise in tandem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Wages did rise in tandem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Wages did rise in tandem with
+productivity and this meant a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and this meant a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and this meant a high
+standard of living for many Americans.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living for many Americans.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living for many Americans.
+There was also less emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was also less emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was also less emphasis on
+shareholders and immediate short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and immediate short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and immediate short-term
+returns. There was also high levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. There was also high levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. There was also high levels of
+job stability. People often came into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job stability. People often came into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job stability. People often came into a
+company without very much experience at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company without very much experience at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company without very much experience at
+all and expected to work their way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and expected to work their way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and expected to work their way up
+through promotions over time. But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through promotions over time. But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through promotions over time. But there
+were also downsides to employment over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also downsides to employment over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also downsides to employment over
+this period. The trade-off of job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period. The trade-off of job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period. The trade-off of job
+security of having a stable career with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of having a stable career with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of having a stable career with
+a predictable career trajectory was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predictable career trajectory was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predictable career trajectory was
+often the risk of boredom and monotonous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the risk of boredom and monotonous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the risk of boredom and monotonous
+work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+Corporations in the 1950s were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporations in the 1950s were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporations in the 1950s were very
+hierarchical and conformist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical and conformist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical and conformist.
+Intellectual diversity and creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intellectual diversity and creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intellectual diversity and creativity
+were discouraged. These corporations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discouraged. These corporations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discouraged. These corporations of
+course were also dominated by white men.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were also dominated by white men.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were also dominated by white men.
+There wasn't very much diversity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There wasn't very much diversity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There wasn't very much diversity and
+there were very sizable gaps in pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were very sizable gaps in pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were very sizable gaps in pay
+based on gender and race. So while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on gender and race. So while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on gender and race. So while we
+can learn a lot from this period, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a lot from this period, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a lot from this period, it's
+not exactly a golden age to which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a golden age to which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a golden age to which we
+should return.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should return.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should return.
+We've made a lot of progress since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've made a lot of progress since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've made a lot of progress since this
+period as well. There's more diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as well. There's more diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as well. There's more diversity
+in the workforce than ever before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the workforce than ever before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the workforce than ever before and
+pay gaps between demographic groups,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay gaps between demographic groups,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay gaps between demographic groups,
+though they still exist, are becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they still exist, are becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they still exist, are becoming
+smaller. With the rise of the knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. With the rise of the knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. With the rise of the knowledge
+economy, moreover, an economy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy, moreover, an economy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy, moreover, an economy that
+encourages uh ideas and creativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages uh ideas and creativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages uh ideas and creativity and
+innovation, workers are being given more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation, workers are being given more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation, workers are being given more
+discretion in how they go about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion in how they go about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion in how they go about their
+work and even the types of projects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and even the types of projects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and even the types of projects on
+which they work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they work.
+Some organizations are are even trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some organizations are are even trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some organizations are are even trying
+to make themselves look and feel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make themselves look and feel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make themselves look and feel as
+non-corporaty as possible as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-corporaty as possible as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-corporaty as possible as a way to
+attract and retain talent. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract and retain talent. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract and retain talent. And there's
+evidence that this can be good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that this can be good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that this can be good for the
+bottom line. In addition, due in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line. In addition, due in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line. In addition, due in large
+part to advances in information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to advances in information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to advances in information
+technology, new technology mediated work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, new technology mediated work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, new technology mediated work
+arrangements are becoming more popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements are becoming more popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements are becoming more popular
+and facilitating various forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facilitating various forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facilitating various forms of
+freelance work. Freelancing is not new,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelance work. Freelancing is not new,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelance work. Freelancing is not new,
+of course. The word actually dates back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course. The word actually dates back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course. The word actually dates back
+to medieval times where one could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medieval times where one could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medieval times where one could be a
+freelance mercenary for hire. Various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelance mercenary for hire. Various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelance mercenary for hire. Various
+new websites and applications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new websites and applications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new websites and applications are
+springing up throughout the economy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springing up throughout the economy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springing up throughout the economy that
+connect people, buyers and sellers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect people, buyers and sellers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect people, buyers and sellers in
+unique and innovative ways. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and innovative ways. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and innovative ways. So for
+software, for example, there's companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software, for example, there's companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software, for example, there's companies
+like freelancer.com where someone can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like freelancer.com where someone can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like freelancer.com where someone can go
+on and post a project, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and post a project, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and post a project, for example,
+solicit help coding a new website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solicit help coding a new website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solicit help coding a new website and
+people will bid on those projects. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will bid on those projects. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will bid on those projects. I
+actually use one of these sites not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use one of these sites not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use one of these sites not for
+a website per se, but to help me learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a website per se, but to help me learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a website per se, but to help me learn a
+new coding language called Python. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coding language called Python. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coding language called Python. I
+went on this site. I posted my project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on this site. I posted my project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on this site. I posted my project
+and I found an undergraduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I found an undergraduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I found an undergraduate student
+based in California, a very bright young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in California, a very bright young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in California, a very bright young
+man who who stayed up with me into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who who stayed up with me into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who who stayed up with me into the
+early hours of the morning helping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early hours of the morning helping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early hours of the morning helping me
+learn how to code. And there are plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to code. And there are plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to code. And there are plenty
+of other examples of technology mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other examples of technology mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other examples of technology mediated
+work. Mechanical Turk, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Mechanical Turk, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Mechanical Turk, for example,
+where buyers can pay people to do basic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where buyers can pay people to do basic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where buyers can pay people to do basic,
+often routine tasks like taking surveys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often routine tasks like taking surveys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often routine tasks like taking surveys.
+Taskrabbit.com, where people can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taskrabbit.com, where people can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taskrabbit.com, where people can find
+people to do basic life chores for them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do basic life chores for them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do basic life chores for them,
+and care.com, where people can locate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and care.com, where people can locate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and care.com, where people can locate,
+for example, house and pet sitters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, house and pet sitters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, house and pet sitters for
+when they are away. These alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are away. These alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are away. These alternative
+modes of employment have distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of employment have distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of employment have distinct
+advantages in terms of flexibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages in terms of flexibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages in terms of flexibility and
+individual expression. People don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual expression. People don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual expression. People don't
+typically have a boss looking over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a boss looking over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a boss looking over their
+shoulder, at least not in a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder, at least not in a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder, at least not in a physical
+sense. They have flexibility to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. They have flexibility to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. They have flexibility to work
+different hours, often from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hours, often from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hours, often from various
+locations, including their own home. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations, including their own home. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations, including their own home. But
+there are common reoccurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are common reoccurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are common reoccurring
+disadvantages to these modes of work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages to these modes of work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages to these modes of work as
+well. There are high levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. There are high levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. There are high levels of
+uncertainty and insecurity. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and insecurity. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and insecurity. You don't
+know whether you'll have one work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you'll have one work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you'll have one work from
+one month to the next. You don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one month to the next. You don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one month to the next. You don't know
+who your next boss will be, whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who your next boss will be, whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who your next boss will be, whether
+they'll be fair and ethical, whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be fair and ethical, whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be fair and ethical, whether
+they'll pay in a timely way. If you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pay in a timely way. If you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pay in a timely way. If you have
+an issue with an employer, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue with an employer, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue with an employer, for example,
+withholding promised pay, it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withholding promised pay, it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withholding promised pay, it's often
+difficult to resolve these issues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to resolve these issues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to resolve these issues.
+there's broad often global competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's broad often global competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's broad often global competition
+which can put downward pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can put downward pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can put downward pressure on
+wages. So for example when I hired this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages. So for example when I hired this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages. So for example when I hired this
+uh this coder to help me with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this coder to help me with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this coder to help me with this
+freelancing project he was competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancing project he was competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancing project he was competing
+against people located in China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against people located in China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against people located in China and
+India. There are other trade-offs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India. There are other trade-offs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India. There are other trade-offs as
+well. There's isolation, a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. There's isolation, a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. There's isolation, a lack of
+pension and retirement, lack of paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension and retirement, lack of paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension and retirement, lack of paid
+vacation and time off, the need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation and time off, the need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation and time off, the need for
+continuous learning that can accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous learning that can accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous learning that can accommodate
+the diverse and changing needs of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diverse and changing needs of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diverse and changing needs of of of
+employers, and needing to finance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers, and needing to finance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers, and needing to finance that
+education out of your own pocket. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education out of your own pocket. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education out of your own pocket. In
+addition, many of these employees lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, many of these employees lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, many of these employees lack
+the protections that are traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protections that are traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protections that are traditionally
+afforded to uh workers under more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afforded to uh workers under more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afforded to uh workers under more stable
+uh employment contracts.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z_xyx-z6arc.txt b/z_xyx-z6arc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bcdcf282cd16f8768c0ed77b17de9bedb9f56f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z_xyx-z6arc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since I know series decay is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I know series decay is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I know series decay is a
+difficult topic to jump into I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult topic to jump into I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult topic to jump into I wanted to
+quickly rego over the derivation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rego over the derivation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rego over the derivation today
+and then specifically go over the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then specifically go over the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then specifically go over the case
+of nuclear activation analysis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear activation analysis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear activation analysis which
+reminds me did you guys bring in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me did you guys bring in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me did you guys bring in your
+skin flakes and food pieces we have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin flakes and food pieces we have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin flakes and food pieces we have time
+so if you didn't remember start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you didn't remember start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you didn't remember start thinking
+about what you want to bring in what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you want to bring in what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you want to bring in what you
+got okay so you've got aluminum foil you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got okay so you've got aluminum foil you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got okay so you've got aluminum foil you
+want to see what in it is not aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what in it is not aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what in it is not aluminum
+excellent what else did folks bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent what else did folks bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent what else did folks bring in
+okay rubber stopper sound perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rubber stopper sound perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rubber stopper sound perfect
+anyone else bring something in okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else bring something in okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else bring something in okay so
+tell you what when you bring stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what when you bring stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what when you bring stuff in
+bring it in a little plastic baggie I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it in a little plastic baggie I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it in a little plastic baggie I
+can supply those if you don't have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supply those if you don't have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supply those if you don't have them
+with your name on them just so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your name on them just so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your name on them just so we know
+whose samples are what because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose samples are what because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose samples are what because that's
+gonna be the basis for another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the basis for another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the basis for another one of
+your homeworks when you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homeworks when you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homeworks when you're going to use
+the stuff that we're learning today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we're learning today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we're learning today to
+determine which impurities and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which impurities and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which impurities and how much
+are in whatever thing that you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in whatever thing that you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in whatever thing that you looked at
+and of course you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you're not going to get
+all the impurities because in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the impurities because in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the impurities because in order to
+do that we'd have to do a long nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we'd have to do a long nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we'd have to do a long nuclear
+activation analysis or radiate for days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis or radiate for days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis or radiate for days
+and count for a longer time so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count for a longer time so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count for a longer time so you'll
+just be responsible for the isotopes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be responsible for the isotopes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be responsible for the isotopes on
+the short list which we've posted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short list which we've posted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short list which we've posted on the
+learning module site so again bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning module site so again bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning module site so again bring in
+your whatever as long as it's not hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whatever as long as it's not hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whatever as long as it's not hair
+because apparently that's a pain to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because apparently that's a pain to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because apparently that's a pain to deal
+with or salty because the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or salty because the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or salty because the sodium
+activates like crazy or fissionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates like crazy or fissionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates like crazy or fissionable
+which you shouldn't have anyway I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you shouldn't have anyway I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you shouldn't have anyway I hope
+none of you have fissionable material at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you have fissionable material at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you have fissionable material at
+home so let's get let's get back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home so let's get let's get back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home so let's get let's get back into
+series decay we very quickly went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series decay we very quickly went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series decay we very quickly went over
+the definition of activity which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of activity which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of activity which is just
+the decay constant times the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay constant times the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay constant times the amount of
+stuff that there is the decay constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that there is the decay constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that there is the decay constants
+and units of one over second the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and units of one over second the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and units of one over second the amount
+of stuff let's call it a number density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff let's call it a number density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff let's call it a number density
+could be like n atoms per centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like n atoms per centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like n atoms per centimeter
+cubed for example so the activity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed for example so the activity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed for example so the activity would
+give you the amount of let's say decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the amount of let's say decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the amount of let's say decays
+per centimeter cubed per second if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter cubed per second if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter cubed per second if you
+wanted to do this for an absolute amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do this for an absolute amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do this for an absolute amount
+of a substance like you knew how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a substance like you knew how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a substance like you knew how much of
+the substance there was you just ditch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance there was you just ditch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance there was you just ditch
+the volume and you end up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and you end up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and you end up with that
+activity in decays per second that unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in decays per second that unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in decays per second that unit
+is better known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better known as
+girls or BQ named after Anjali Becca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls or BQ named after Anjali Becca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls or BQ named after Anjali Becca
+though I don't know if I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I don't know if I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I don't know if I'm saying that
+right but my wife's probably gonna yell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but my wife's probably gonna yell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but my wife's probably gonna yell
+at me when she sees this video but said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me when she sees this video but said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me when she sees this video but said
+BEC RL is simple it's simply one decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEC RL is simple it's simply one decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEC RL is simple it's simply one decay
+per second and there's another unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and there's another unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and there's another unit
+called the kiri which is just a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the kiri which is just a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the kiri which is just a whole
+lot more decays per second it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more decays per second it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more decays per second it's a more
+manageable unit of decays because Becker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable unit of decays because Becker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable unit of decays because Becker
+the activity of many things in Becker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of many things in Becker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of many things in Becker
+ELLs tends to be in the millions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ELLs tends to be in the millions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ELLs tends to be in the millions or
+billions or trillions are much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions or trillions are much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions or trillions are much much more
+for something that's really radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that's really radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that's really radioactive
+and it gets annoying writing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets annoying writing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets annoying writing all the
+zeros or all the scientific notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros or all the scientific notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros or all the scientific notation and
+so last time we looked at a simple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we looked at a simple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we looked at a simple a
+simple situation let's say you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple situation let's say you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple situation let's say you have some
+isotope N 1 which decays with decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope N 1 which decays with decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope N 1 which decays with decay
+constant lambda 1 to isotope n 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lambda 1 to isotope n 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lambda 1 to isotope n 2 which
+decays with decay constant lambda 2 2 &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays with decay constant lambda 2 2 &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays with decay constant lambda 2 2 &
+3 and we decided to set up our equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and we decided to set up our equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and we decided to set up our equations
+in the form of change every one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of change every one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of change every one is just
+a change equals a production - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change equals a production - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change equals a production - a
+destruction for all cases so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction for all cases so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction for all cases so let's
+forget the activation part for now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the activation part for now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the activation part for now we're
+just going to assume that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that we have some
+amount of isotope and one we'll say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of isotope and one we'll say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of isotope and one we'll say we
+have n 1 naught at T equals zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n 1 naught at T equals zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n 1 naught at T equals zero and
+it's a case - n 2 in the case 2 n 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a case - n 2 in the case 2 n 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a case - n 2 in the case 2 n 3 so
+what are the differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the differential equations
+describing the rate of change of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the rate of change of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the rate of change of each of
+these isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how about n1 is there any method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about n1 is there any method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about n1 is there any method of
+production of isotope and one in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of isotope and one in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of isotope and one in this
+scenario no we just started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario no we just started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario no we just started off with
+some n1 but we do have destruction of n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n1 but we do have destruction of n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n1 but we do have destruction of n1
+via radioactive decay and so the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via radioactive decay and so the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via radioactive decay and so the amount
+of change is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change is going to be equal to
+negative the activity so for every decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the activity so for every decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the activity so for every decay
+of n1 we lose an n1 atom so we just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n1 we lose an n1 atom so we just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n1 we lose an n1 atom so we just put
+minus lambda 1 and 1 for every N 1 atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 and 1 for every N 1 atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 and 1 for every N 1 atom
+that decays it produces an n2 so and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decays it produces an n2 so and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decays it produces an n2 so and 2
+has an equal but different sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an equal but different sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an equal but different sign
+production term and has a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production term and has a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production term and has a similar
+looking destruction term meanwhile since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking destruction term meanwhile since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking destruction term meanwhile since
+N 2 becomes n3 then we just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 2 becomes n3 then we just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 2 becomes n3 then we just have this
+simple term right there and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple term right there and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple term right there and these are
+the differential equations which we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equations which we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equations which we want
+to solve we knew from last time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve we knew from last time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve we knew from last time that the
+solution to this equation is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation is pretty
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+I'm not going to rego through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to rego through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to rego through the
+derivation there since I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation there since I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation there since I think that's
+kind of a easy one and and 3 we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a easy one and and 3 we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a easy one and and 3 we know is
+pretty simple we used a conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple we used a conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple we used a conservation
+equation to say that the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to say that the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to say that the total amount of
+all atoms in this system has to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all atoms in this system has to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all atoms in this system has to be equal
+to n 10 or n1 not so we know we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n 10 or n1 not so we know we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n 10 or n1 not so we know we have n
+10 equals n1 plus n2 plus n3 for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 equals n1 plus n2 plus n3 for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 equals n1 plus n2 plus n3 for all
+time so we don't really have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we don't really have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we don't really have to solve
+for m3 because we can just deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m3 because we can just deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m3 because we can just deal with it
+later the last thing that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the last thing that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the last thing that we need to
+derive is what is the solution to end 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive is what is the solution to end 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive is what is the solution to end 2
+and I want to correct a mistake that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to correct a mistake that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to correct a mistake that I
+made because I'm gonna chalk that up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made because I'm gonna chalk that up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made because I'm gonna chalk that up to
+exhaustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustion
+assuming that integrating factor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that integrating factor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that integrating factor was
+zero it's not zero so I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's not zero so I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's not zero so I want to show you
+why it's not now so how did we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not now so how did we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not now so how did we go about
+solving this what method did we use we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this what method did we use we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this what method did we use we
+chose the integration factor method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the integration factor method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the integration factor method
+because it's a nice clean one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a nice clean one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a nice clean one so we
+rewrite this equation in terms of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation in terms of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation in terms of let's
+just say n2 Prime let's see - I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say n2 Prime let's see - I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say n2 Prime let's see - I'm sorry
+plus lambda 2 n2 minus lambda 1 n1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda 2 n2 minus lambda 1 n1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda 2 n2 minus lambda 1 n1 and
+we don't necessarily want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't necessarily want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't necessarily want to
+and n1 in there because we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n1 in there because we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n1 in there because we want to have
+one variable only so instead of n 1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable only so instead of n 1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable only so instead of n 1 we
+can substitute this whole thing in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can substitute this whole thing in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can substitute this whole thing in there
+so n 10 e to the minus lambda 1 T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n 10 e to the minus lambda 1 T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n 10 e to the minus lambda 1 T equals
+zero and let's just draw little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and let's just draw little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and let's just draw little thing
+around here to help visually separate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here to help visually separate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here to help visually separate we
+know how to solve this type of integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve this type of integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve this type of integrate
+of this type of differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type of differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type of differential equation
+because we can define some integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can define some integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can define some integrating
+factor mu equals e to the minus whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor mu equals e to the minus whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor mu equals e to the minus whatever
+is in front of the n2 that's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in front of the n2 that's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in front of the n2 that's not too
+hard I'm sorry just e to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I'm sorry just e to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I'm sorry just e to the integral
+not minus of lambda to DT we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not minus of lambda to DT we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not minus of lambda to DT we're just
+equal to just e lambda 2 T and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just e lambda 2 T and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just e lambda 2 T and we
+multiply every term in this equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply every term in this equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply every term in this equation by
+mu because we're going to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu because we're going to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu because we're going to make sure that
+the stuff here after we multiply by mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff here after we multiply by mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff here after we multiply by mu
+and mu and mu and mu for completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu and mu and mu for completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu and mu and mu for completeness
+that stuff in here should be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff in here should be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff in here should be something
+that looks like the end of a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like the end of a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like the end of a product
+rule so if we multiply that through we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if we multiply that through we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if we multiply that through we
+get n 2 prime e to the lambda 2 T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n 2 prime e to the lambda 2 T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n 2 prime e to the lambda 2 T plus
+let's see mu times lambda 2 e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see mu times lambda 2 e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see mu times lambda 2 e to the
+lambda 2 T times n 2 minus e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T times n 2 minus e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T times n 2 minus e to the
+lambda 2 T lambda 1 n 10 e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T lambda 1 n 10 e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T lambda 1 n 10 e to the minus
+lambda 1 T equals 0 and indeed we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 T equals 0 and indeed we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 T equals 0 and indeed we've got
+right here what looks like the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here what looks like the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here what looks like the end
+result of the product rule where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the product rule where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the product rule where we have
+something let's say one function times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's say one function times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's say one function times
+the derivative of another plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of another plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of another plus the
+derivative of that function times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function times the
+original other function so to compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original other function so to compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original other function so to compact
+that up we can call that let's say n 2 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up we can call that let's say n 2 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up we can call that let's say n 2 e
+to the lambda T lambda 1 and sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lambda T lambda 1 and sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lambda T lambda 1 and sorry
+lambda 2 T prime minus and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T prime minus and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T prime minus and I'm gonna
+combine these two exponents right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two exponents right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two exponents right here
+so we'll have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have minus
+lambda 1 + 10 e 2 thee let's see is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 + 10 e 2 thee let's see is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 + 10 e 2 thee let's see is it
+lambda 2 minus lambda 1 T equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 minus lambda 1 T equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 minus lambda 1 T equals 0
+just gonna take this term to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna take this term to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna take this term to the other
+side of the equal sign so I'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equal sign so I'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equal sign so I'll just do
+that integrate both sides and we get + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrate both sides and we get + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrate both sides and we get + 2
+e to the lambda 2 T equals let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the lambda 2 T equals let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the lambda 2 T equals let's see
+that'll be lambda 1 and 10 over lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be lambda 1 and 10 over lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be lambda 1 and 10 over lambda 2
+minus lambda 1 times all that stuff I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 times all that stuff I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 times all that stuff I'm
+gonna divide each side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna divide each side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna divide each side of the equation
+by we'll use a different color for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by we'll use a different color for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by we'll use a different color for that
+intermediate step e to the lambda 2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that cancels these out that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cancels these out that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cancels these out that cancels
+these out and I forgot that integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out and I forgot that integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out and I forgot that integrating
+factor again didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor again didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor again didn't I
+yeah so there's got to be a plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's got to be a plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's got to be a plus C
+somewhere here and we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here and we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here and we're just going to
+absorb this e to the lambda 2 t into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb this e to the lambda 2 t into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb this e to the lambda 2 t into
+this integrating constant because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integrating constant because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integrating constant because it's
+an integrating constant we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrating constant we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrating constant we haven't
+defined it yet did someone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it yet did someone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it yet did someone have a
+question I thought I saw okay and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I thought I saw okay and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I thought I saw okay and so now
+this is where I went wrong last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I went wrong last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I went wrong last time
+because I think I was exhausted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I was exhausted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I was exhausted and
+commuted in from Columbus I just assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuted in from Columbus I just assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuted in from Columbus I just assumed
+right away that C equals 0 but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away that C equals 0 but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away that C equals 0 but it's not
+the case so if we plug in the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case so if we plug in the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case so if we plug in the condition
+at T equals 0 + 2 should equal 0 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals 0 + 2 should equal 0 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals 0 + 2 should equal 0 let's
+see what we get so that becomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we get so that becomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we get so that becomes that
+would become a zero that T would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become a zero that T would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become a zero that T would be a
+zero which means that we just end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means that we just end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means that we just end up
+with the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equation
+lambda1 n 10 over lambda 2 minus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda1 n 10 over lambda 2 minus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda1 n 10 over lambda 2 minus lambda
+1 plus c equals 0 so obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c equals 0 so obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c equals 0 so obviously the
+integration constant is not like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant is not like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant is not like we
+thought it was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was right
+okay so then C equals negative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then C equals negative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then C equals negative that
+stuff does that make more sense so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does that make more sense so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does that make more sense so you
+guys see why the integrating constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see why the integrating constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see why the integrating constants
+not 0 so in the end I'm going to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 so in the end I'm going to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 so in the end I'm going to skip
+ahead a little of the math because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a little of the math because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a little of the math because I
+want to get into nuclear activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into nuclear activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into nuclear activation
+analysis we end up with and two should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we end up with and two should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we end up with and two should
+equal let's see lambda 1 n 10 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal let's see lambda 1 n 10 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal let's see lambda 1 n 10 over
+lambda 2 minus lambda 1 times did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 minus lambda 1 times did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 minus lambda 1 times did I
+write that twice I think I did times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that twice I think I did times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that twice I think I did times e
+to thee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thee
+let's see e to the minus lambda 1 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see e to the minus lambda 1 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see e to the minus lambda 1 t
+minus e to the minus lambda 2 T and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus lambda 2 T and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus lambda 2 T and so
+since we know N 1 we found N 2 we know n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we know N 1 we found N 2 we know n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we know N 1 we found N 2 we know n
+free from this conservation equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free from this conservation equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free from this conservation equation
+we've now fully determined what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now fully determined what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now fully determined what is the
+concentration of every isotope in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of every isotope in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of every isotope in this
+system for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for all time
+and because the solution to this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the solution to this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the solution to this is not
+that intuitive like I can't picture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitive like I can't picture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitive like I can't picture what
+the function looks like in my head I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function looks like in my head I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function looks like in my head I
+don't know about you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you guys
+anyone know ok I did I can't either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know ok I did I can't either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know ok I did I can't either
+I coded them up in this handy graphing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I coded them up in this handy graphing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I coded them up in this handy graphing
+calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator
+where you can play around with the I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can play around with the I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can play around with the I of
+the concentration n 10 which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration n 10 which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration n 10 which is just a
+multiplier for everything and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier for everything and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier for everything and the
+relative half-lives lambda 1 and lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative half-lives lambda 1 and lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative half-lives lambda 1 and lambda
+2 and I'll share this with you guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I'll share this with you guys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I'll share this with you guys so
+you can actually see generally how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see generally how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see generally how this
+works so let's start looking at a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so let's start looking at a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so let's start looking at a couple
+of cases move this a little over so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases move this a little over so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases move this a little over so we
+can see the axes I'd say don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the axes I'd say don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the axes I'd say don't worry
+about anything before T equals 0 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything before T equals 0 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything before T equals 0 that's
+kind of an invalid part of the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an invalid part of the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an invalid part of the solution
+so I'll just shrink us over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just shrink us over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just shrink us over there
+and so I've coded up all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've coded up all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've coded up all three of these
+equations there's the solution to n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there's the solution to n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there's the solution to n1
+highlighted right there that's as you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted right there that's as you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted right there that's as you'd
+expect simple exponential decay all N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect simple exponential decay all N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect simple exponential decay all N
+one knows is that it's decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows is that it's decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows is that it's decaying
+according to its own half-life or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its own half-life or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its own half-life or
+exponential decay equation and two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay equation and two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay equation and two here
+in the blue which expands of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue which expands of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue which expands of course
+looks a little more complicated so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little more complicated so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little more complicated so what
+we notice here is that n2 is tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice here is that n2 is tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice here is that n2 is tied
+directly to the slope of n1 that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the slope of n1 that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the slope of n1 that should
+follow pretty intuitively from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow pretty intuitively from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow pretty intuitively from the
+differential equations because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations because if you
+look at the slope of n2 well it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the slope of n2 well it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the slope of n2 well it depends
+directly on the value of n1 for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the value of n1 for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the value of n1 for very
+very short times this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short times this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short times this is the sort of
+limiting behavior and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting behavior and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting behavior and the and the
+graphical guidance I want to give you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical guidance I want to give you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical guidance I want to give you to
+solve questions like what's on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve questions like what's on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve questions like what's on the exam
+or how to do a nuclear activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how to do a nuclear activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how to do a nuclear activation
+analysis is everyone comfortable with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is everyone comfortable with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is everyone comfortable with me
+hiding this board right here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say at time is approximately zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at time is approximately zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at time is approximately zero
+we know that there's going to be N 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there's going to be N 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there's going to be N 1 is
+going to equal about n1 not what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equal about n1 not what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equal about n1 not what's the
+value of n2 going to be very very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n2 going to be very very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n2 going to be very very close
+to T equals zero zero so n2 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T equals zero zero so n2 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T equals zero zero so n2 is going to
+equal zero but what's the slope of n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero but what's the slope of n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero but what's the slope of n2
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is how we can get started solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we can get started solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we can get started solving
+these graphically without even knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphically without even knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphically without even knowing
+what the real forms are so we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the real forms are so we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the real forms are so we've already
+said that at a very short time n2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that at a very short time n2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that at a very short time n2 is
+approximately zero so if that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero so if that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero so if that's zero
+then that whole term is zero which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that whole term is zero which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that whole term is zero which means
+that the slope of n 2 is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slope of n 2 is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slope of n 2 is approximately
+lambda-1 n-1 just the activity of n1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda-1 n-1 just the activity of n1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda-1 n-1 just the activity of n1 and
+hopefully that follows intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that follows intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that follows intuitively
+because it says for really short times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says for really short times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says for really short times
+before you get any build up the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get any build up the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get any build up the activity
+or there sort of the what is it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there sort of the what is it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there sort of the what is it that the
+slope of n1 determines the value of n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of n1 determines the value of n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of n1 determines the value of n2
+so if we were to start graphing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to start graphing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to start graphing these
+let's just start looking at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just start looking at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just start looking at some
+limiting behavior that's T and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting behavior that's T and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting behavior that's T and we're
+gonna need some colors for this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need some colors for this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need some colors for this let's
+stick with the ones on the bore oh hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the ones on the bore oh hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the ones on the bore oh hey
+awesome make n1 red and 2 blue and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome make n1 red and 2 blue and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome make n1 red and 2 blue and three
+green so let's start drawing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so let's start drawing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so let's start drawing some
+limiting behavior so we know that n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting behavior so we know that n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting behavior so we know that n1
+starts here at n1 naught and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts here at n1 naught and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts here at n1 naught and we know
+it's going to start decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start decaying
+exponentially so the slope here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so the slope here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so the slope here is just
+going to be minus lambda1 and one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus lambda1 and one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus lambda1 and one which
+is going to be the negative slope of n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the negative slope of n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the negative slope of n2
+looks pretty similar doesn't it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar doesn't it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar doesn't it so we
+know n2 for very short times is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n2 for very short times is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n2 for very short times is going to
+start growing at the same rate that n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start growing at the same rate that n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start growing at the same rate that n1
+is shrinking so we already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shrinking so we already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shrinking so we already know what
+sort of direction these curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of direction these curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of direction these curves are
+starting to go in how about n3 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to go in how about n3 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to go in how about n3 what's
+the value of n3 for very short times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone just call it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we've got kind of a solution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got kind of a solution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got kind of a solution right
+here if we know that n2 is about zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we know that n2 is about zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we know that n2 is about zero
+for very short times what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very short times what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very short times what would the
+value of n3 have to be also zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n3 have to be also zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n3 have to be also zero and
+what about the slope of n3 also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the slope of n3 also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the slope of n3 also about
+zero if there's no end to built up then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if there's no end to built up then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if there's no end to built up then
+then there's nothing to create and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's nothing to create and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's nothing to create and three
+so we know that our n3 curve is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that our n3 curve is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that our n3 curve is going to
+start out pretty flat okay now how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out pretty flat okay now how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out pretty flat okay now how do we
+find some other limiting behavior let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some other limiting behavior let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some other limiting behavior let's
+now take the case let's see I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take the case let's see I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take the case let's see I want to
+rewrite that a little closer here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that a little closer here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that a little closer here so we
+have some room so that's at T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some room so that's at T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some room so that's at T equals
+about zero and at T equals infinity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero and at T equals infinity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero and at T equals infinity what
+sort of limiting behavior do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of limiting behavior do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of limiting behavior do you think
+we'll have what's the value of n1 gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have what's the value of n1 gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have what's the value of n1 gonna
+be at infinite time zero it will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at infinite time zero it will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at infinite time zero it will have
+all decayed away will equal zero at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all decayed away will equal zero at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all decayed away will equal zero at t
+equals infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals infinity
+how about n2 0 how about n3 and 1 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about n2 0 how about n3 and 1 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about n2 0 how about n3 and 1 not
+correct because of that conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because of that conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because of that conservation
+equation right here so we know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here so we know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here so we know for
+limiting cases and 1 is going to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting cases and 1 is going to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting cases and 1 is going to be 0
+and 2 is going to be 0 and in 3 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 is going to be 0 and in 3 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 is going to be 0 and in 3 it's
+going to be n not so we've now filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n not so we've now filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n not so we've now filled in
+all the four four corners of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the four four corners of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the four four corners of the graph
+just intuitively without solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just intuitively without solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just intuitively without solving the
+differential equations now let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations now let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations now let's start
+to fill in some middle parts what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in some middle parts what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in some middle parts what other
+sorts of things can we determine like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things can we determine like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things can we determine like
+for example where n2 finds a Mac has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where n2 finds a Mac has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where n2 finds a Mac has a
+maximum that shouldn't be too hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum that shouldn't be too hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum that shouldn't be too hard so
+let's make another separation here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make another separation here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make another separation here so
+what if we want to find out when does D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we want to find out when does D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we want to find out when does D
+n2 DT equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 DT equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 DT equals 0
+what do we do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone have an idea using the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have an idea using the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have an idea using the equations
+we have up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well we can just take this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well we can just take this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well we can just take this equation
+right here we can figure that out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we can figure that out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we can figure that out in
+terms of N 1 so if DN 2 DT equals 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of N 1 so if DN 2 DT equals 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of N 1 so if DN 2 DT equals 0 then
+we know that lambda 1 N 1 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that lambda 1 N 1 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that lambda 1 N 1 is going to
+equal lambda 2 n 2 what this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda 2 n 2 what this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda 2 n 2 what this says
+intuitively is that the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is that the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is that the rate of
+production of n 2 by decaying n 1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of n 2 by decaying n 1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of n 2 by decaying n 1 equals
+the rate of destruction of n 2 by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of destruction of n 2 by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of destruction of n 2 by its
+own decay so at some point the N twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own decay so at some point the N twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own decay so at some point the N twos
+going to have to level off what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to level off what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to level off what that
+when that point is depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that point is depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that point is depends on the
+relative differences between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative differences between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative differences between those
+half-lives so we already know if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lives so we already know if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lives so we already know if we were
+to just kind of fill in smoothly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just kind of fill in smoothly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just kind of fill in smoothly what's
+going to happen and two is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and two is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and two is probably
+going to follow something roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow something roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow something roughly
+looking like this we already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like this we already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like this we already know the
+solution to N 1 I think we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to N 1 I think we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to N 1 I think we can figure
+that out graphically it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out graphically it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out graphically it's simply
+exponential decay the only trick now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay the only trick now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay the only trick now is
+how does n 3 shape up what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does n 3 shape up what do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does n 3 shape up what do you guys
+think how would we go about graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how would we go about graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how would we go about graphically
+plotting these solutions without solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting these solutions without solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting these solutions without solving
+them because I haven't I don't think yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because I haven't I don't think yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because I haven't I don't think yet
+I've given you the full form it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the full form it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the full form it's kind
+of ugly and I doubt that if you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ugly and I doubt that if you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ugly and I doubt that if you looked
+at it you'd be able to tell me exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it you'd be able to tell me exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it you'd be able to tell me exactly
+what it would do so this is just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would do so this is just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would do so this is just the the
+mathematical expression of n 10 minus N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical expression of n 10 minus N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical expression of n 10 minus N
+1 minus n 2 so how do we figure out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus n 2 so how do we figure out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus n 2 so how do we figure out all
+the stuff about n 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same way as before we yeah absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as before we yeah absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as before we yeah absolutely
+that's totally correct yeah if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally correct yeah if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally correct yeah if you just
+take n ten minus N 1 minus n 2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n ten minus N 1 minus n 2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n ten minus N 1 minus n 2 that
+gives you the value of n 3 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the value of n 3 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the value of n 3 that's
+completely correct so you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct so you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct so you could do that
+sort of one point at a time and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one point at a time and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one point at a time and say well
+maybe around there maybe around there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe around there maybe around there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe around there maybe around there it
+might take a little while though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take a little while though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take a little while though
+so I want to think what's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to think what's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to think what's another
+intuitive way what would the value of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way what would the value of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way what would the value of or
+what would the value or the slope of n 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the value or the slope of n 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the value or the slope of n 3
+track what other variable in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track what other variable in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track what other variable in the system
+or in other words how are they directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words how are they directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words how are they directly
+related yeah yeah the slope of n 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related yeah yeah the slope of n 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related yeah yeah the slope of n 3
+depends directly on the value of n 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends directly on the value of n 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends directly on the value of n 2 and
+nothing else so initially you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so initially you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so initially you can see
+the value of n 2 is almost zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of n 2 is almost zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of n 2 is almost zero so the
+slope of yeah so the slope of n 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of yeah so the slope of n 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of yeah so the slope of n 3 is
+almost zero as the value of n 2 picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost zero as the value of n 2 picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost zero as the value of n 2 picks up
+so should the slope of n 3 until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should the slope of n 3 until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should the slope of n 3 until we
+reach here what happens at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep the rate of production of n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep the rate of production of n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep the rate of production of n2
+decreases cuz the Val I'm sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases cuz the Val I'm sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases cuz the Val I'm sorry that
+yeah the rate of production of n3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the rate of production of n3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the rate of production of n3
+decreases because the rate of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases because the rate of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases because the rate of production
+of n3 is just dependent directly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n3 is just dependent directly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n3 is just dependent directly on the
+value of n2 so thus maximum slope of n3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n2 so thus maximum slope of n3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n2 so thus maximum slope of n3
+has to be right there at which point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be right there at which point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be right there at which point it
+has to start leveling off and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to start leveling off and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to start leveling off and eventually
+reaching zero you're gonna see this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching zero you're gonna see this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching zero you're gonna see this kind
+of problem on the homework you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem on the homework you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem on the homework you're going
+to see this kind of problem on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this kind of problem on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this kind of problem on the exam
+I guarantee you but it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee you but it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee you but it's not going to
+have this exact form but what I'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this exact form but what I'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this exact form but what I'll want
+you to be able to do is follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to do is follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to do is follow this
+example to say let's say I pose you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to say let's say I pose you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to say let's say I pose you a
+small set of these first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small set of these first-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small set of these first-order
+differential equations can you use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations can you use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations can you use any
+method that you want intuitive graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that you want intuitive graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that you want intuitive graphical
+mathematical to predict what the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical to predict what the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical to predict what the values
+and slopes of these isotopes are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slopes of these isotopes are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slopes of these isotopes are going
+to be as a function of time so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as a function of time so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as a function of time so in order
+to get nuclear activation analysis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get nuclear activation analysis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get nuclear activation analysis right
+you need to be able to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to do this in
+nuclear activation analysis it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear activation analysis it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear activation analysis it's just
+one twist I'm gonna move this over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one twist I'm gonna move this over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one twist I'm gonna move this over to
+add the twist you're also producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the twist you're also producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the twist you're also producing
+isotope and one with a reaction rate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope and one with a reaction rate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope and one with a reaction rate by
+some either isotope and not which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some either isotope and not which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some either isotope and not which you
+put in the reactor so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the reactor so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the reactor so if you want to
+know what your impurities and not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your impurities and not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your impurities and not work
+to undergo what's called nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo what's called nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo what's called nuclear
+activation analysis then you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis then you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis then you can figure
+out depending on which one you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out depending on which one you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out depending on which one you count
+what they could be so this right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could be so this right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could be so this right here
+let's look at the units of this versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the units of this versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the units of this versus
+the units of this a well first of all if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of this a well first of all if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of this a well first of all if
+we're adding them together they'd better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding them together they'd better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding them together they'd better
+be in the same units right so we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the same units right so we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the same units right so we already
+talked about the units of this decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the units of this decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the units of this decay
+equation it's like number of decays per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's like number of decays per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's like number of decays per
+second so this reaction right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this reaction right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this reaction right here
+better give us a number of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better give us a number of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better give us a number of atoms
+produced per second or were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced per second or were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced per second or were kind of
+messed up in the unit's so anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up in the unit's so anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up in the unit's so anyone
+remember what is the units of let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what is the units of let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what is the units of let's see
+you'll make a little extra piece right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make a little extra piece right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make a little extra piece right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+what's the units of microscopic cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the units of microscopic cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the units of microscopic cross
+section or barns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section or barns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section or barns
+what is that in some sort of SI unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep it's like a centimeter squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's like a centimeter squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's like a centimeter squared and
+what about flux this one I met you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about flux this one I met you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about flux this one I met you may
+not know but it definitely depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know but it definitely depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know but it definitely depends on
+the number of neutrons or the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neutrons or the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neutrons or the number of
+particles that are there almost so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are there almost so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are there almost so the
+flux describes how many particles pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux describes how many particles pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux describes how many particles pass
+through a surface in a given time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a surface in a given time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a surface in a given time so we
+have how many particles per unit surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per unit time ends up being neutrons per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time ends up being neutrons per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time ends up being neutrons per
+centimeter squared per second just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter squared per second just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter squared per second just like
+the flux of photons through a space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of photons through a space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of photons through a space or
+let's say the flux of any particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the flux of any particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the flux of any particle
+through anywhere it describes how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through anywhere it describes how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through anywhere it describes how many
+particles go through a space in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles go through a space in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles go through a space in a
+certain time and then there's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time and then there's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time and then there's the number
+of particles that are there if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles that are there if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles that are there if we're
+going with atoms it's just let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with atoms it's just let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with atoms it's just let's say
+atoms these are all multiplied together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms these are all multiplied together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms these are all multiplied together
+the centimeters squared cancel and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centimeters squared cancel and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centimeters squared cancel and we
+end up with some sort of a atoms per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with some sort of a atoms per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with some sort of a atoms per
+second produced we can put in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second produced we can put in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second produced we can put in a little
+hidden unit in the cross-section let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden unit in the cross-section let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden unit in the cross-section let's
+say if there is a reaction going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if there is a reaction going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if there is a reaction going on
+where in goes a neutron and out goes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in goes a neutron and out goes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in goes a neutron and out goes an
+atom or something let's say that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom or something let's say that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom or something let's say that should
+cancel all things out yeah let's not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all things out yeah let's not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all things out yeah let's not get
+into that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that now
+the whole point is we have the same sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point is we have the same sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point is we have the same sort
+of unit going on here which is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit going on here which is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit going on here which is some
+number of atoms produced per second same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms produced per second same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms produced per second same
+thing as number of atoms decayed per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as number of atoms decayed per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as number of atoms decayed per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+so it's the production destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the production destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the production destruction
+equivalent of each other so in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of each other so in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of each other so in that way
+we can have a reaction rate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a reaction rate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a reaction rate that we
+impose something artificial by sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose something artificial by sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose something artificial by sticking
+something in the reactor and controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the reactor and controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the reactor and controlling
+its power level and then follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its power level and then follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its power level and then follow the
+decay process which is a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay process which is a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay process which is a natural
+radioactivity event and this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity event and this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity event and this is the one
+of the simplest governing equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simplest governing equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simplest governing equations for
+nuclear activation analysis now one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear activation analysis now one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear activation analysis now one I
+might give this to you on an exam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give this to you on an exam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give this to you on an exam and
+say ok now draw the curves for a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok now draw the curves for a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok now draw the curves for a nuclear
+activation analysis and maybe calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis and maybe calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis and maybe calculate
+what's the impurity level if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the impurity level if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the impurity level if you measure
+this many counts of something then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many counts of something then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many counts of something then you
+just work back through through the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just work back through through the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just work back through through the math
+but I want to get you guys thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to get you guys thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to get you guys thinking
+conceptually right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually right now
+what are the real equations for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the real equations for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the real equations for nuclear
+activation analysis let's just do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis let's just do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis let's just do these
+in terms of N 1 n 2 & 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's DT D + 3 DT I'll start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's DT D + 3 DT I'll start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's DT D + 3 DT I'll start with the
+stuff that's up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's up there
+- lambda-1 n-1 plus some cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- lambda-1 n-1 plus some cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- lambda-1 n-1 plus some cross-section
+times the flux times some other atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the flux times some other atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the flux times some other atom and
+not what other things are we missing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what other things are we missing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what other things are we missing are
+there any other methods of production or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other methods of production or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other methods of production or
+destruction of isotope and one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction of isotope and one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction of isotope and one that we
+need to consider well we've got isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider well we've got isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider well we've got isotope
+n 1 in a reactor it can decay or it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 in a reactor it can decay or it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 1 in a reactor it can decay or it can
+absorb one of the neutrons nearby so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb one of the neutrons nearby so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb one of the neutrons nearby so how
+do we write that term that destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we write that term that destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we write that term that destruction
+term yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so let's say that's the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say that's the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say that's the absorption
+of atom 1 times n what did you say in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom 1 times n what did you say in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom 1 times n what did you say in it
+would it be and not or would it be and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be and not or would it be and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be and not or would it be and 1
+if you want to know how quick is n 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know how quick is n 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know how quick is n 1
+being destroyed by absorbing neutrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destroyed by absorbing neutrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destroyed by absorbing neutrons so
+then let's call this absorption of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's call this absorption of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's call this absorption of and
+not and is it a plus or a minus if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and is it a plus or a minus if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and is it a plus or a minus if it's
+a destruction rate it's a - yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a destruction rate it's a - yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a destruction rate it's a - yep so
+what's really going on here is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here is you've
+got some precursor isotope whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some precursor isotope whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some precursor isotope whatever
+impurity you want to measure and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity you want to measure and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity you want to measure and not
+producing N 1 and you're looking at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing N 1 and you're looking at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing N 1 and you're looking at n
+ones decay signature like it's activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones decay signature like it's activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones decay signature like it's activity
+to determine how much was there but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine how much was there but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine how much was there but you
+also have to account for the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to account for the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to account for the fact that
+that isotope and 1 can be burned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isotope and 1 can be burned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isotope and 1 can be burned in the
+reactor so this is like producing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so this is like producing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so this is like producing this
+is decaying and this is we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decaying and this is we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decaying and this is we'll call it
+being burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being burned
+this isn't burned in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't burned in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't burned in the sense of
+creating of like fuel creating energy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating of like fuel creating energy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating of like fuel creating energy by
+burning fuel but we will refer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning fuel but we will refer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning fuel but we will refer to this
+sort of in its colloquially - burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in its colloquially - burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in its colloquially - burning
+because we're then absorbing neutrons by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're then absorbing neutrons by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're then absorbing neutrons by
+n1 and removing that from the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 and removing that from the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 and removing that from the available
+decay signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay signature
+how about n2 how do we modify our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about n2 how do we modify our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about n2 how do we modify our
+equation to account correctly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to account correctly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to account correctly for the
+production and destruction of n2 and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and destruction of n2 and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and destruction of n2 and by
+the way this is not in the book so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is not in the book so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is not in the book so I
+don't expect you to just know it off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to just know it off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to just know it off the
+top of your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so let's first take every term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's first take every term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's first take every term that
+we have up there we have lambda 1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have up there we have lambda 1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have up there we have lambda 1 and 1
+minus lambda 2 and 2 and what else do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 2 and 2 and what else do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 2 and 2 and what else do we
+have to account for yep that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to account for yep that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to account for yep that's right so
+n 2 is also being burned so we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 is also being burned so we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 is also being burned so we'll have a
+- a flux times let's say the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a flux times let's say the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a flux times let's say the absorption
+cross section 4 and 2 times the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section 4 and 2 times the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section 4 and 2 times the amount
+of n - how about n 3 we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n - how about n 3 we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n - how about n 3 we'll start with
+what we had there lambda 2 n 2 and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had there lambda 2 n 2 and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had there lambda 2 n 2 and just
+like before we've got to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before we've got to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before we've got to account for the
+burning of n 3 so then we'll have - flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning of n 3 so then we'll have - flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning of n 3 so then we'll have - flux
+times the absorption cross section of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the absorption cross section of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the absorption cross section of 3
+times n 3 and these equations hold true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n 3 and these equations hold true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n 3 and these equations hold true
+only for the time that your materials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the time that your materials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the time that your materials in
+the reactor what happens when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor what happens when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor what happens when you take
+the material out of the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you do yep when you come out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do yep when you come out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do yep when you come out of the
+reactor all of the fluxes go to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor all of the fluxes go to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor all of the fluxes go to zero and
+that's the end of that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so did I necessarily specify so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did I necessarily specify so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did I necessarily specify so the
+question was why don't we account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was why don't we account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was why don't we account for
+the production of n2 and n3 by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of n2 and n3 by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of n2 and n3 by the
+burning right did we specify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning right did we specify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning right did we specify that
+absorbing a neutron is the way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a neutron is the way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a neutron is the way to make
+end - oftentimes it's not so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end - oftentimes it's not so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end - oftentimes it's not so if the
+let's say if you burn and won by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you burn and won by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you burn and won by
+absorbing a neutron then you will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a neutron then you will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a neutron then you will make
+another isotope let's say that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another isotope let's say that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another isotope let's say that has the
+same proton number and one more Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proton number and one more Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proton number and one more Neutron
+and it may decay by some other crazy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may decay by some other crazy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may decay by some other crazy way
+or it may be stable who knows but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it may be stable who knows but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it may be stable who knows but by
+decay this could be by beta positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay this could be by beta positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay this could be by beta positron
+alpha spontaneous fission not gamma then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha spontaneous fission not gamma then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha spontaneous fission not gamma then
+you wouldn't have a different isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have a different isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have a different isotope
+but oftentimes you won't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oftentimes you won't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oftentimes you won't have the
+burning process won't produce the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning process won't produce the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning process won't produce the same
+price otoki as the decay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price otoki as the decay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price otoki as the decay so the
+situation we looked at on Friday when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we looked at on Friday when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we looked at on Friday when we
+said let's escalate things that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's escalate things that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's escalate things that was a
+purely hypothetical situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely hypothetical situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely hypothetical situation where
+isotope n 2 could be burned to make n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope n 2 could be burned to make n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope n 2 could be burned to make n
+zero last thing it can't happen but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero last thing it can't happen but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero last thing it can't happen but it's
+not likely but still we can model it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not likely but still we can model it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not likely but still we can model it we
+can model anything that just was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model anything that just was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model anything that just was in a
+realistic situation this is this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic situation this is this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic situation this is this is what
+you guys are going to have to look at to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to have to look at to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to have to look at to
+understand how much impurities there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how much impurities there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how much impurities there are
+in each of your materials so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of your materials so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of your materials so this I
+would say this is the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this is the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this is the complete
+description of nuclear activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of nuclear activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of nuclear activation
+analysis in the reactor at which point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in the reactor at which point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in the reactor at which point
+you then have to account for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then have to account for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then have to account for what
+happens when you turn the reactor off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you turn the reactor off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you turn the reactor off so
+well actually what physically happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually what physically happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually what physically happens
+when you turn the reactor off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep oh yeah let's even answer it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep oh yeah let's even answer it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep oh yeah let's even answer it a lot
+so Chris yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Chris yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Chris yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so normally to shut down the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so normally to shut down the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so normally to shut down the reactor
+you'd put the control rods in and shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd put the control rods in and shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd put the control rods in and shut
+down the reactor or the easier thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the reactor or the easier thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the reactor or the easier thing is
+just pull the rabbit out remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull the rabbit out remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull the rabbit out remember those
+little polyethylene tubes I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little polyethylene tubes I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little polyethylene tubes I showed you
+this way we can keep the reactor on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we can keep the reactor on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we can keep the reactor on and
+remove your samples without changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove your samples without changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove your samples without changing
+anything so it makes the reactor folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so it makes the reactor folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so it makes the reactor folks
+angry would be an understatement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry would be an understatement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry would be an understatement to
+constantly change the power level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly change the power level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly change the power level of the
+reactor reactor is especially power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor reactor is especially power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor reactor is especially power
+reactors and research reactors they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and research reactors they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and research reactors they're
+kind of like Mack trucks if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like Mack trucks if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like Mack trucks if they're
+moving they want to stay moving and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving they want to stay moving and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving they want to stay moving and if
+they're not moving they don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not moving they don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not moving they don't want to be
+moving and it takes an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and it takes an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and it takes an awful lot of
+effort to change that it also tap ins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to change that it also tap ins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to change that it also tap ins to
+screw up experiments if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up experiments if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up experiments if you are
+radiating something like I was a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating something like I was a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating something like I was a couple
+months ago for 30 days you own it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago for 30 days you own it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago for 30 days you own it you
+want to have a constant flux so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a constant flux so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a constant flux so that
+your calculations are easy you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculations are easy you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculations are easy you don't
+want 15 students to come in and turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 15 students to come in and turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 15 students to come in and turn the
+knobs all up and down and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs all up and down and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs all up and down and then you have
+to account for that in your data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for that in your data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for that in your data which
+has happened so you guys are gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened so you guys are gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened so you guys are gonna be
+manipulating the reactor power when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the reactor power when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the reactor power when the
+experiments are out and it's at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are out and it's at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are out and it's at low
+power so you won't be infuriating anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so you won't be infuriating anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so you won't be infuriating anyone
+else on campus like we did last year cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else on campus like we did last year cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else on campus like we did last year cuz
+I didn't account for that but they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't account for that but they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't account for that but they still
+let us in so they're bad whatever yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us in so they're bad whatever yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us in so they're bad whatever yeah
+so after you either shut down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after you either shut down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after you either shut down the
+reactor or pull the rabbit out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor or pull the rabbit out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor or pull the rabbit out of the
+reactor then the production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor then the production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor then the production and
+destruction by neutrons is over but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction by neutrons is over but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction by neutrons is over but the
+decay keeps going which means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay keeps going which means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay keeps going which means if you
+wait too long like for some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait too long like for some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait too long like for some of those
+short isotopes if you wait more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short isotopes if you wait more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short isotopes if you wait more than a
+day or so you'll have so little activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or so you'll have so little activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or so you'll have so little activity
+left that you won't be able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that you won't be able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that you won't be able to measure
+it so what we're going to be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what we're going to be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what we're going to be doing is
+sticking your samples into the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking your samples into the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking your samples into the reactor
+for maybe an hour or so pulling them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe an hour or so pulling them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe an hour or so pulling them out
+and immediately running them over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and immediately running them over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and immediately running them over to the
+detector so that we get the most signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so that we get the most signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so that we get the most signal
+per unit time because the things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time because the things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time because the things are
+going to be the hottest when they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the hottest when they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the hottest when they come
+right out of the reactor and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the reactor and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the reactor and every
+second you lose from there you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you lose from there you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you lose from there you lose
+signal which means you have to count for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which means you have to count for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which means you have to count for
+longer to get the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to get the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to get the same amount of
+information with the same certainty this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with the same certainty this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with the same certainty this
+is a nice segue to what we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice segue to what we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice segue to what we'll be talking
+about Thursday which is statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Thursday which is statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Thursday which is statistics
+certainty and precision how long do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty and precision how long do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty and precision how long do you
+have to count something to be confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count something to be confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count something to be confident
+within some interval that you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within some interval that you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within some interval that you've got the
+correct activity for background counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct activity for background counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct activity for background counts
+if you who hears Mayday an NSC Geiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you who hears Mayday an NSC Geiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you who hears Mayday an NSC Geiger
+counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+hopefully almost all of you maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully almost all of you maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully almost all of you maybe you
+guys remember how long you had to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember how long you had to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember how long you had to count
+to be 95% sure that your background rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 95% sure that your background rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 95% sure that your background rate
+was accurate it ends up being about 67
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was accurate it ends up being about 67
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was accurate it ends up being about 67
+minutes or over an hour and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or over an hour and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or over an hour and the reason
+is because the count rate is very low so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the count rate is very low so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the count rate is very low so
+I'll do a little flash forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a little flash forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a little flash forward to
+Thursday since we're talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday since we're talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday since we're talking about it
+when you count something with a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you count something with a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you count something with a very low
+count rate you have to count for longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate you have to count for longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate you have to count for longer
+to be as confident that your number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as confident that your number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as confident that your number is
+correct so let's say you want to be 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so let's say you want to be 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so let's say you want to be 95%
+confident or within plus or minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident or within plus or minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident or within plus or minus two
+standard deviations or two Sigma you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations or two Sigma you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations or two Sigma you
+have to count for longer and longer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count for longer and longer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count for longer and longer for
+something that's really radioactive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really radioactive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really radioactive you
+can be sure or 95% sure that the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sure or 95% sure that the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sure or 95% sure that the count
+rate you measured is accurate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you measured is accurate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you measured is accurate for a
+shorter counting time so everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter counting time so everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter counting time so everything in
+this class seems to come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class seems to come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class seems to come up in
+trade-offs right you trade-off stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs right you trade-off stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs right you trade-off stability
+for a half-life you trade-off decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a half-life you trade-off decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a half-life you trade-off decay
+constant for half-life you trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for half-life you trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for half-life you trade-off
+binding energy for excess mass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy for excess mass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy for excess mass you
+trade-off counting time and precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off counting time and precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off counting time and precision
+you trade-off exposure and dose what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trade-off exposure and dose what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trade-off exposure and dose what
+you're gonna get into later we'll see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get into later we'll see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get into later we'll see if
+anyone wants to you know use a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone wants to you know use a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone wants to you know use a cell
+phone or eat irradiated food afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone or eat irradiated food afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone or eat irradiated food afterwards
+and I do all the time so that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do all the time so that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do all the time so that should
+tell you the answer so in the last like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the answer so in the last like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the answer so in the last like
+seven minutes or so I want to walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven minutes or so I want to walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven minutes or so I want to walk you
+through playing around with what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through playing around with what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through playing around with what happens
+when you change the values of lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change the values of lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change the values of lambda 1
+and lambda 2 so what do they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda 2 so what do they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda 2 so what do they look like
+when the half-lives are roughly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the half-lives are roughly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the half-lives are roughly equal
+and when one is much larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when one is much larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when one is much larger than the
+other one so let's set them to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one so let's set them to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one so let's set them to be about
+equal these are just unitless so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal these are just unitless so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal these are just unitless so let's
+set them equal to one I think the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them equal to one I think the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them equal to one I think the system
+explodes when we set them exactly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes when we set them exactly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes when we set them exactly equal
+because that term right there so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that term right there so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that term right there so let's
+say that's 1.001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's 1.001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's 1.001
+it's about as close as we can get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about as close as we can get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about as close as we can get and
+let's confirm that we get the same sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's confirm that we get the same sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's confirm that we get the same sort
+of behavior so isotope n 1 just follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behavior so isotope n 1 just follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behavior so isotope n 1 just follows
+exponential decay there's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay there's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay there's nothing that
+changes that isotope to its slope tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that isotope to its slope tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that isotope to its slope tracks
+the value of isotope 1 for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of isotope 1 for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of isotope 1 for a little
+while until you build up enough n 2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while until you build up enough n 2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while until you build up enough n 2 that
+it starts to decay you can find when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to decay you can find when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to decay you can find when
+that point is when lambda 1 N 1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is when lambda 1 N 1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is when lambda 1 N 1 equals
+lambda 2 n 2 there's one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 n 2 there's one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 n 2 there's one little
+stuff that we didn't fill in if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we didn't fill in if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we didn't fill in if you want
+to find the value of n - so then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the value of n - so then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the value of n - so then you can
+just rearrange this a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearrange this a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearrange this a little bit and
+you'll say n - would have to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say n - would have to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say n - would have to equal
+lambda 1 over lambda 2 x + 1 which is N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 over lambda 2 x + 1 which is N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 over lambda 2 x + 1 which is N
+1 not e to the minus lambda 1 T so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 not e to the minus lambda 1 T so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 not e to the minus lambda 1 T so if
+you want to find that point right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find that point right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find that point right there
+in time you can solve this then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time you can solve this then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time you can solve this then let's
+look at + 3 so n 3 when n 2 is almost 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at + 3 so n 3 when n 2 is almost 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at + 3 so n 3 when n 2 is almost 0
+and 3 slope is almost zero it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 slope is almost zero it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 slope is almost zero it's a little
+hard to see because so tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see because so tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see because so tell you what
+let's make all the half-lives longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make all the half-lives longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make all the half-lives longer
+which kind of expands the graph wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of expands the graph wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of expands the graph wrong
+way let's see let's make it we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way let's see let's make it we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way let's see let's make it we'll just
+move that decimal point point 1 there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that decimal point point 1 there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that decimal point point 1 there we
+go that's like expanding the graph right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's like expanding the graph right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's like expanding the graph right
+so when n 2 is almost 0 the slope of n 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when n 2 is almost 0 the slope of n 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when n 2 is almost 0 the slope of n 3
+is almost 0 and when n 2 reaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost 0 and when n 2 reaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost 0 and when n 2 reaches a
+maximum so does the slope of n 3 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so does the slope of n 3 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so does the slope of n 3 just
+like we predicted using our graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we predicted using our graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we predicted using our graphical
+method right here and then over longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right here and then over longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right here and then over longer
+times let's put the half-lives back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times let's put the half-lives back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times let's put the half-lives back to
+the way they were over long times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they were over long times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they were over long times and
+three trends - and one not don't let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three trends - and one not don't let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three trends - and one not don't let
+that little piece fool you again T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece fool you again T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece fool you again T
+equals less than zero is not a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals less than zero is not a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals less than zero is not a valid
+time for this so we're not accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for this so we're not accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for this so we're not accounting
+for that and n 3 tracks right to your to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and n 3 tracks right to your to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and n 3 tracks right to your to
+the value of n 1 not and n 2 and n 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of n 1 not and n 2 and n 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of n 1 not and n 2 and n 3
+trend to 0 so for this case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend to 0 so for this case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend to 0 so for this case where you
+have the half-lives roughly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the half-lives roughly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the half-lives roughly equal to
+each other you can expect a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you can expect a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you can expect a pretty big
+bump in n to what's going to happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump in n to what's going to happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump in n to what's going to happen when
+lambda 1 is extraordinarily big meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 is extraordinarily big meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 is extraordinarily big meaning
+the half-life of N 1 is extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life of N 1 is extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life of N 1 is extraordinarily
+short what do you guys think will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not mathematically but physically if n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mathematically but physically if n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mathematically but physically if n1
+just kind of goes boom and instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of goes boom and instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of goes boom and instantly
+decays away yep your n1 is just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays away yep your n1 is just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays away yep your n1 is just gonna
+turn into n2 right away and n2 is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into n2 right away and n2 is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into n2 right away and n2 is gonna
+take its sweet time decaying to m3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its sweet time decaying to m3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its sweet time decaying to m3 so
+let's see what that looks like if lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that looks like if lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that looks like if lambda
+2 is much bigger than lambda 1 let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is much bigger than lambda 1 let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is much bigger than lambda 1 let's see
+let's make the Maxima a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make the Maxima a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make the Maxima a little different
+change our slider value a bit so if L 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our slider value a bit so if L 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our slider value a bit so if L 2
+is big and L 1 is small well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big and L 1 is small well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big and L 1 is small well let me
+change the actual axes to make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the actual axes to make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the actual axes to make this a
+little easier to see there we go you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little easier to see there we go you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little easier to see there we go you can
+see that much much more quickly than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that much much more quickly than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that much much more quickly than we
+have it in this graph right here L 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in this graph right here L 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in this graph right here L 1
+just decays away right away L I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decays away right away L I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decays away right away L I'm sorry
+N one decays right away n 2 builds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N one decays right away n 2 builds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N one decays right away n 2 builds up to
+a much higher relative value because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much higher relative value because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much higher relative value because
+it's produced faster than its destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's produced faster than its destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's produced faster than its destroyed
+for short amounts of time so you can end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short amounts of time so you can end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short amounts of time so you can end
+up with a great spike in n2 which slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a great spike in n2 which slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a great spike in n2 which slowly
+decays away to n3 how about the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays away to n3 how about the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays away to n3 how about the opposite
+effect what if L 1 lambda 1 is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect what if L 1 lambda 1 is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect what if L 1 lambda 1 is really
+really small indicating a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small indicating a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small indicating a very long
+half-life and lambda 2 is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life and lambda 2 is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life and lambda 2 is really really
+large indicating a small half-life yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right in this case you've got n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right in this case you've got n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right in this case you've got n2
+as soon as its created self-destructs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as its created self-destructs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as its created self-destructs so
+let's see what that looks like so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that looks like so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that looks like so we can
+just slide l2 to be big slide l1 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slide l2 to be big slide l1 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slide l2 to be big slide l1 to be
+small and you can actually graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and you can actually graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and you can actually graphically
+see and to just shrink towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and to just shrink towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and to just shrink towards the
+x-axis and it's almost like you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and it's almost like you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and it's almost like you only
+have two equations it's like you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two equations it's like you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two equations it's like you just
+have n1 and n3 and n2 basically doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n1 and n3 and n2 basically doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n1 and n3 and n2 basically doesn't
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+where the slope of yeah where the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the slope of yeah where the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the slope of yeah where the slope
+of n3 except that extremely short times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n3 except that extremely short times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n3 except that extremely short times
+just tracks the value of n1 and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tracks the value of n1 and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tracks the value of n1 and I know
+in the book they're called secular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book they're called secular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book they're called secular or
+transient equilibria I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient equilibria I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient equilibria I'm not gonna
+require that you memorize those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that you memorize those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that you memorize those terms
+it's more important to me that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more important to me that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more important to me that I can
+give you a real physical situation say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a real physical situation say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a real physical situation say
+here's these three isotopes or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's these three isotopes or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's these three isotopes or four
+isotopes or six it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes or six it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes or six it doesn't matter
+because we can solve these pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can solve these pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can solve these pretty
+quickly tell me what's gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly tell me what's gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly tell me what's gonna happen
+based on their relative half-lives as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their relative half-lives as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their relative half-lives as
+long as they decay in a nice linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they decay in a nice linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they decay in a nice linear
+chain I'm not gonna give you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I'm not gonna give you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I'm not gonna give you something
+where and one can be get and one or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and one can be get and one or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and one can be get and one or and
+four or and six because at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or and six because at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or and six because at that point
+you can construct the equations but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct the equations but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct the equations but I
+don't expect you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to be able to
+graphically solve them and I may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically solve them and I may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically solve them and I may also
+throw you curveballs like nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw you curveballs like nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw you curveballs like nuclear
+activation analysis to see well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis to see well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation analysis to see well what
+happens when you turn on or turn off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you turn on or turn off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you turn on or turn off a
+reactor I've got an example of that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're right at this point here I guess T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right at this point here I guess T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right at this point here I guess T
+equals 50 yeah I've set it up such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 yeah I've set it up such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 yeah I've set it up such that
+you turn off the reactor and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn off the reactor and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn off the reactor and let's say
+m3 is stable right there but n1 and n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m3 is stable right there but n1 and n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m3 is stable right there but n1 and n2
+continue to decay so it's not hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decay so it's not hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decay so it's not hard to
+CAD these or to code these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAD these or to code these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAD these or to code these sorts of
+things up I'll share the links with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up I'll share the links with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up I'll share the links with
+these equations so you guys can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations so you guys can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations so you guys can play
+with them yourselves add to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them yourselves add to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them yourselves add to them
+yourselves and try just getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves and try just getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves and try just getting an
+intuitive feel for how series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feel for how series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feel for how series
+radioactive decay happens so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay happens so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay happens so I want to
+know now that we spent a couple of days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now that we spent a couple of days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now that we spent a couple of days
+on it would you guys be comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it would you guys be comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it would you guys be comfortable
+setting up sets of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up sets of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up sets of differential
+equations like this they say yes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this they say yes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this they say yes no
+maybe I see a lot of up and down shaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I see a lot of up and down shaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I see a lot of up and down shaking
+heads that's promising sign if not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads that's promising sign if not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads that's promising sign if not I'm
+willing to spend a little more time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to spend a little more time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to spend a little more time in
+it on Thursday folks in like a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Thursday folks in like a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Thursday folks in like a bit of
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+and if you're afraid to tell me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're afraid to tell me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're afraid to tell me just
+send me an email and on of us or not yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think so yeah with real example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think so yeah with real example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think so yeah with real example
+with numbers and everything sure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers and everything sure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers and everything sure okay
+well like we can make one of those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like we can make one of those up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like we can make one of those up
+for Thursday cool and what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Thursday cool and what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Thursday cool and what about the
+graphical solution method since I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical solution method since I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical solution method since I don't
+know whether they teach that in the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether they teach that in the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether they teach that in the G
+IRS but what I do want you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS but what I do want you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS but what I do want you to be able to
+do is look at the limiting cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at the limiting cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at the limiting cases in
+other words fill in the four corners of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words fill in the four corners of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words fill in the four corners of
+the graph at T equals zero what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph at T equals zero what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph at T equals zero what are
+things actually doing and one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually doing and one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually doing and one is just
+decaying at its half-life there's no end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying at its half-life there's no end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying at its half-life there's no end
+to yet so these slopes are equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yet so these slopes are equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yet so these slopes are equal and
+opposite and there's no n3 yet so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and there's no n3 yet so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and there's no n3 yet so that
+there's no slope of n3 so I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no slope of n3 so I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no slope of n3 so I would like
+you guys to try reproducing this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to try reproducing this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to try reproducing this and I
+will again I'll provide pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will again I'll provide pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will again I'll provide pictures of
+these blackboard so you guys can see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blackboard so you guys can see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blackboard so you guys can see but
+it would be very helpful for you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very helpful for you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very helpful for you guys to
+try to reproduce these graphs as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reproduce these graphs as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reproduce these graphs as we saw
+them then you can check them here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you can check them here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you can check them here on the
+graphical calculator and then play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical calculator and then play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical calculator and then play
+around with the amount of n naught or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the amount of n naught or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the amount of n naught or I
+think I just broke it let's just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I just broke it let's just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I just broke it let's just call
+that one there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one there we go
+and play around with sliders or values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play around with sliders or values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play around with sliders or values
+of N 1 & 2 or n 3 that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N 1 & 2 or n 3 that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N 1 & 2 or n 3 that's an interesting
+solution yeah so since it's about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution yeah so since it's about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution yeah so since it's about four
+of five of I want to open it up to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five of I want to open it up to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five of I want to open it up to any
+questions you guys may have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you guys may have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you guys may have yeah
+oh yeah I'll first the question is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'll first the question is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'll first the question is for a
+spontaneous fission what fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous fission what fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous fission what fission
+products do you choose I'll say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products do you choose I'll say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products do you choose I'll say they're
+all good as long as as long as you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good as long as as long as you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good as long as as long as you pick
+something with roughly equal ish masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with roughly equal ish masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with roughly equal ish masses
+so you don't pick like it fizzes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't pick like it fizzes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't pick like it fizzes into
+hydrogen and something swipes Mahler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and something swipes Mahler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and something swipes Mahler
+which would be better known as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be better known as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be better known as just
+proton emission you're gonna get roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton emission you're gonna get roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton emission you're gonna get roughly
+the same answer yep roll at dat you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer yep roll at dat you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer yep roll at dat you'll
+get you'll get basically the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you'll get basically the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you'll get basically the same result
+rollin 80 sided dice hopefully at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollin 80 sided dice hopefully at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollin 80 sided dice hopefully at MIT
+you could find one or write a program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find one or write a program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find one or write a program to
+make a random number between you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a random number between you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a random number between you know
+about 10 and 80 for 10 and 70 let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 and 80 for 10 and 70 let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 and 80 for 10 and 70 let's go
+to the actual problem set to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual problem set to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual problem set to see what
+you guys mean I want to make sure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys mean I want to make sure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys mean I want to make sure I'm
+answering the correct question problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the correct question problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the correct question problem
+statement yep yep so allowable this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement yep yep so allowable this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement yep yep so allowable this is
+for this one allowable nuclear reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one allowable nuclear reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one allowable nuclear reactions
+yep so for a spontaneous fission just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so for a spontaneous fission just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so for a spontaneous fission just
+pick one you think of it would be likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one you think of it would be likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one you think of it would be likely
+you can also look up what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look up what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look up what sort of
+isotopes are created when elements fizz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes are created when elements fizz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes are created when elements fizz
+it's not straight down the middle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not straight down the middle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not straight down the middle so
+like uranium won't often split into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uranium won't often split into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uranium won't often split into two
+equally sized fission products they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally sized fission products they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally sized fission products they'll
+have roughly different masses but which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have roughly different masses but which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have roughly different masses but which
+ones you pick you're still going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you pick you're still going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you pick you're still going to get
+the same general solution yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is when is spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is when is spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is when is spontaneous
+fission possible is that only for heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission possible is that only for heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission possible is that only for heavy
+elements there is a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there is a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there is a difference between
+energetically possible and observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically possible and observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically possible and observed
+that's part of the trick to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the trick to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the trick to this problem
+is if you do out the Q equation to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you do out the Q equation to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you do out the Q equation to find
+out for add the fission products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for add the fission products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for add the fission products that
+you picked you may be surprised at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked you may be surprised at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked you may be surprised at the
+result however you're right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result however you're right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result however you're right you don't
+tend to see spontaneous fission happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to see spontaneous fission happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to see spontaneous fission happen
+until you get to really heavy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to really heavy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to really heavy things
+like uranium so there's more to will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uranium so there's more to will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uranium so there's more to will
+something spontaneously fizz then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something spontaneously fizz then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something spontaneously fizz then is
+that does the Q value allow it to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does the Q value allow it to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does the Q value allow it to happen
+so I don't want to give away any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to give away any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to give away any more
+but I will say if you're surprised at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will say if you're surprised at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will say if you're surprised at
+your result you might be right yep yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your result you might be right yep yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your result you might be right yep yep
+so how do we know which electron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know which electron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know which electron the
+nucleus after do easier motion yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus after do easier motion yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus after do easier motion yep so
+the question was if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was if you're doing
+electron capture where you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron capture where you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron capture where you have some
+parent nucleus and you've got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent nucleus and you've got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent nucleus and you've got a lot of
+electron shells the binding energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron shells the binding energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron shells the binding energy of
+every electron is different which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every electron is different which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every electron is different which one
+goes in one you find the data on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in one you find the data on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in one you find the data on the
+NIST tables two chances are it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIST tables two chances are it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIST tables two chances are it will be
+the closest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest one
+so a roughly 80% of the time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a roughly 80% of the time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a roughly 80% of the time these
+things happen from the K shell with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen from the K shell with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen from the K shell with very
+decreasing probabilities from the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing probabilities from the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing probabilities from the outer
+shells so you can pick either the K or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells so you can pick either the K or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells so you can pick either the K or
+the L shell like both things may happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L shell like both things may happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L shell like both things may happen
+but I would say for simplicity sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say for simplicity sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say for simplicity sake
+assume it's an innermost shell electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's an innermost shell electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's an innermost shell electron
+and you can look up the binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look up the binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look up the binding energy
+on the NIST tables on the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the NIST tables on the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the NIST tables on the learning
+module site so any other questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module site so any other questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module site so any other questions yeah
+Luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for two yes so graphing the this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two yes so graphing the this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two yes so graphing the this would
+be like if you had an electron detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like if you had an electron detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like if you had an electron detector
+is that what I asked for for to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what I asked for for to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what I asked for for to write
+the full nuclear reactions and draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full nuclear reactions and draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full nuclear reactions and draw the
+energy spectrum you expect from eased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy spectrum you expect from eased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy spectrum you expect from eased
+released form of radiation including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released form of radiation including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released form of radiation including
+secondary ejections of particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ejections of particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ejections of particles or
+photons so by a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so by a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so by a spectrum
+I mean yup energy versus intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yup energy versus intensity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yup energy versus intensity so
+there you'll have to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you'll have to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you'll have to account for the
+spectrum like the various range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum like the various range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum like the various range of the
+betas that can be released any ejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas that can be released any ejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas that can be released any ejected
+electrons any RJ electrons any photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons any RJ electrons any photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons any RJ electrons any photons
+from x-ray emission from electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x-ray emission from electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x-ray emission from electrons
+falling down at energy levels yeah Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling down at energy levels yeah Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling down at energy levels yeah Alex
+you had a question yeah the o'shea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a question yeah the o'shea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a question yeah the o'shea
+electrons is that funny case where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is that funny case where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is that funny case where in
+our mental model let's say a gamma ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mental model let's say a gamma ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mental model let's say a gamma ray
+hits an inner shell electron and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits an inner shell electron and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits an inner shell electron and it's
+usually an inner shell electron shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually an inner shell electron shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually an inner shell electron shooting
+it out then another electron will fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out then another electron will fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out then another electron will fall
+down to fill that hole emitting an x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to fill that hole emitting an x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to fill that hole emitting an x-ray
+and the OJ process can be thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the OJ process can be thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the OJ process can be thought of
+that second x-ray hits an electron on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second x-ray hits an electron on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second x-ray hits an electron on
+the way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out
+and fires out the electron so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fires out the electron so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fires out the electron so this here
+would be the oj electron they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the oj electron they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the oj electron they tend to be
+particularly low-energy yeah Luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly low-energy yeah Luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly low-energy yeah Luke
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah as long as you have a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as long as you have a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as long as you have a higher level
+shell coming down to a lower shell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell coming down to a lower shell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell coming down to a lower shell and
+the ejection of an outer shell electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ejection of an outer shell electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ejection of an outer shell electron
+that's the no J electron emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the no J electron emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the no J electron emission
+process regardless of whether it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process regardless of whether it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process regardless of whether it started
+with gamma or started with electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gamma or started with electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gamma or started with electron
+capture yep you can actually sense or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture yep you can actually sense or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture yep you can actually sense or
+detect the energy of those oj electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the energy of those oj electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the energy of those oj electrons
+with a very sensitive Oh J electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very sensitive Oh J electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very sensitive Oh J electron
+detector these are in the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector these are in the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector these are in the sort of
+hundreds or thousands of evey range Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds or thousands of evey range Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds or thousands of evey range Oh
+to get the Oh J electron data for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the Oh J electron data for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the Oh J electron data for that
+you can actually look up the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually look up the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually look up the binding
+energies of an outer shell electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of an outer shell electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of an outer shell electron and
+you can do that energy balance where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that energy balance where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that energy balance where it
+would be lets say e2 minus e1 whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lets say e2 minus e1 whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lets say e2 minus e1 whatever
+the energy of that x-ray is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that x-ray is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that x-ray is minus the
+binding energy of the emitted electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of the emitted electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of the emitted electron
+and because there's infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's infinite
+possibilities I mean you could eject any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities I mean you could eject any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities I mean you could eject any
+electron just pick one and say here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron just pick one and say here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron just pick one and say here's an
+O J electron or draw a couple lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O J electron or draw a couple lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O J electron or draw a couple lines in
+places I don't have I don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I don't have I don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I don't have I don't want you to
+get every single line like if we ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every single line like if we ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every single line like if we ask you
+to do this for uranium there's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for uranium there's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for uranium there's like you
+know 92 electrons and a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 92 electrons and a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 92 electrons and a lot of different
+transitions that's not what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that's not what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that's not what we're going
+for I want to make sure you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I want to make sure you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I want to make sure you know the
+physics not that you'd ruin draw 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics not that you'd ruin draw 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics not that you'd ruin draw 92
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+accurately with a fine-toothed pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately with a fine-toothed pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately with a fine-toothed pencil
+you know question 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the state which decay processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state which decay processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state which decay processes and
+competing processes may be possible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing processes may be possible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing processes may be possible for
+each general type of reaction maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each general type of reaction maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each general type of reaction maybe
+that's the answer and does anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer and does anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer and does anything
+compete with alpha decay does anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with alpha decay does anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with alpha decay does anything
+compete with spontaneous fission okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with spontaneous fission okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with spontaneous fission okay
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta decay well is there a lot for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decay well is there a lot for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decay well is there a lot for that
+you can look up the table of nuclides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up the table of nuclides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up the table of nuclides
+which I've got up here so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've got up here so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've got up here so let's take a
+look at plutonium 239 and it proceeds by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at plutonium 239 and it proceeds by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at plutonium 239 and it proceeds by
+yah alpha or spontaneous fission so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yah alpha or spontaneous fission so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yah alpha or spontaneous fission so
+every year I switch up the isotope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year I switch up the isotope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year I switch up the isotope and
+make sure that there's at least a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that there's at least a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that there's at least a couple
+of decay modes and therefore the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decay modes and therefore the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decay modes and therefore the answers
+are going to change every year but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change every year but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to change every year but the
+general question doesn't so this year I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question doesn't so this year I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question doesn't so this year I
+happen to pick an interesting one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to pick an interesting one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to pick an interesting one yeah
+it's kind of a mind game right what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a mind game right what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a mind game right what are
+you missing nothing yeah yeah go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missing nothing yeah yeah go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missing nothing yeah yeah go with
+your physical intuition any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physical intuition any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physical intuition any other
+questions and maybe one time for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and maybe one time for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and maybe one time for one
+more yeah mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the question is I specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the question is I specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the question is I specifically
+wrote which nuclear reactions could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote which nuclear reactions could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote which nuclear reactions could make
+99 molybdenum despite there being only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 molybdenum despite there being only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 molybdenum despite there being only
+one natural one so what could you induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural one so what could you induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural one so what could you induce
+artificially and if you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially and if you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially and if you can do that
+profitably out guarantee you there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitably out guarantee you there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitably out guarantee you there's a
+startup in it for you so what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup in it for you so what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup in it for you so what are all
+the different particles that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different particles that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different particles that something
+could absorb to create molybdenum-99 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could absorb to create molybdenum-99 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could absorb to create molybdenum-99 and
+which of those are allowable nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those are allowable nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those are allowable nuclear
+reactions and if they're not allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and if they're not allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and if they're not allowable
+how much energy do you have to put in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you have to put in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you have to put in in
+let's say an accelerator to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say an accelerator to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say an accelerator to make that
+reaction happen and is the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happen and is the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happen and is the price of
+electricity in the accelerator worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in the accelerator worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in the accelerator worth the
+Molly 99 that you create they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly 99 that you create they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly 99 that you create they're
+actually a few quite a few startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a few quite a few startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a few quite a few startups
+working on this problem right now so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this problem right now so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this problem right now so the
+answer to this question is be creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this question is be creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this question is be creative
+think about all the different particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the different particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the different particles
+you know of and how they could create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of and how they could create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of and how they could create
+Molly 99 and figure out are any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly 99 and figure out are any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly 99 and figure out are any of those
+processes allowed and if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes allowed and if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes allowed and if they're not
+allowed how energetic do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed how energetic do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed how energetic do you have to
+make the incoming particles to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the incoming particles to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the incoming particles to allow
+them it's a good question there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a good question there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a good question there's some
+creativity hiding in these problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity hiding in these problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity hiding in these problem sets
+so it's 10:02 I want to cut it off here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 10:02 I want to cut it off here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 10:02 I want to cut it off here
+and we'll start off Thursday with a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start off Thursday with a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start off Thursday with a word
+numerical example of this stuff nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example of this stuff nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example of this stuff nuclear
+activation analysis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zcvsyL7GtH4.txt b/zcvsyL7GtH4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bad1784c0f6b1d114f612607e63de584f15feb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zcvsyL7GtH4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take a quick look at the axioms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a quick look at the axioms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a quick look at the axioms of
+Zermelo Fraenkel set theory with choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the axioms of ZFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the axioms of ZFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the axioms of ZFC
+define the standard theory of sets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the standard theory of sets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the standard theory of sets which
+is now accepted by most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now accepted by most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now accepted by most most
+mathematicians as a reliable and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians as a reliable and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians as a reliable and simple
+basis for developing and justifying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for developing and justifying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for developing and justifying all
+of mathematics among the axioms may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics among the axioms may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics among the axioms may be a
+simple one to understand and really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one to understand and really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one to understand and really the
+motivation for this short video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for this short video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for this short video is
+twofold one is practice with writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold one is practice with writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold one is practice with writing
+predicate formulas and the other is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate formulas and the other is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate formulas and the other is to
+think a little bit more about self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit more about self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit more about self
+application so one of the basic axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so one of the basic axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so one of the basic axioms
+of set theory is called extensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set theory is called extensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set theory is called extensionality
+which is capturing the idea that a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is capturing the idea that a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is capturing the idea that a set
+is determined by its members so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by its members so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by its members so let's
+consider the assertion that two sets X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the assertion that two sets X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the assertion that two sets X
+and y have the same elements which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y have the same elements which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y have the same elements which we
+could write as a predicate formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write as a predicate formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write as a predicate formula in
+set theory as for all X X is a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set theory as for all X X is a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set theory as for all X X is a member of
+Y if and only if X is a member of Z now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if and only if X is a member of Z now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if and only if X is a member of Z now
+we've could use this as a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've could use this as a definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've could use this as a definition of
+equality it's what we mean by y&z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality it's what we mean by y&z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality it's what we mean by y&z are
+equal but we don't really need to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but we don't really need to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but we don't really need to even
+introduce equality as a basic part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce equality as a basic part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce equality as a basic part of
+the language and and axioms about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and and axioms about how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and and axioms about how it
+behaves there's one axiom that covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves there's one axiom that covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves there's one axiom that covers
+things adequately and that is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things adequately and that is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things adequately and that is that if
+two sets have the same members then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets have the same members then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets have the same members then they
+are members of the same sets so if well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are members of the same sets so if well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are members of the same sets so if well
+the members of x and y are the same then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members of x and y are the same then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members of x and y are the same then
+x and y are members of exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are members of exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are members of exactly the same
+things which we can say this way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which we can say this way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which we can say this way for
+every X Y is in X if and only if Z is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X Y is in X if and only if Z is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X Y is in X if and only if Z is in
+X so that is one of the basic axioms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that is one of the basic axioms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that is one of the basic axioms of
+sex theory maybe the start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex theory maybe the start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex theory maybe the start with a
+starting one another one is the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting one another one is the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting one another one is the power
+set axiom which simply says that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set axiom which simply says that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set axiom which simply says that every
+set has a power set how would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set has a power set how would you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set has a power set how would you say
+that in the language of predicate set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the language of predicate set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the language of predicate set
+theory well you'd say that for every X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory well you'd say that for every X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory well you'd say that for every X
+there is a P which is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a P which is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a P which is going to be the
+power set of X such that for every set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of X such that for every set s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of X such that for every set s
+s is a subset of X if and only if s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is a subset of X if and only if s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is a subset of X if and only if s is a
+member of pay remember we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of pay remember we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of pay remember we know how to
+express as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express as
+a subset of X in the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of X in the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of X in the language of
+predicate calculus mentioning only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate calculus mentioning only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate calculus mentioning only
+membership so this is a good axiom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership so this is a good axiom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership so this is a good axiom that
+says yes there is a set P consisting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yes there is a set P consisting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yes there is a set P consisting of
+precisely the subsets of X that set P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the subsets of X that set P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the subsets of X that set P is
+called the power set of X when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the power set of X when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the power set of X when you're
+trying to deal with the Russell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with the Russell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with the Russell's
+paradox kind of issue where you define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox kind of issue where you define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox kind of issue where you define a
+set of elements or as a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of elements or as a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of elements or as a collection of
+sets that satisfy some property the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that satisfy some property the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that satisfy some property the the
+safe conservative version of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe conservative version of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe conservative version of saying that
+that a set of elements that satisfy some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a set of elements that satisfy some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a set of elements that satisfy some
+property really is a set of collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property really is a set of collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property really is a set of collection
+of elements that satisfy some property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements that satisfy some property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements that satisfy some property
+really is a say on the comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a say on the comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a say on the comprehension
+axiom is a simple version of an axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom is a simple version of an axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom is a simple version of an axiom
+that allows you to do that so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to do that so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to do that so basically
+it says that if s is a set and P of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if s is a set and P of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if s is a set and P of X is
+an arbitrary a predicate of set theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary a predicate of set theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary a predicate of set theory
+which might in fact be one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might in fact be one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might in fact be one of these
+dangerous things like X is not a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous things like X is not a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous things like X is not a member
+of X nevertheless if you look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X nevertheless if you look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X nevertheless if you look at those
+elements in the set s that satisfy P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the set s that satisfy P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the set s that satisfy P of
+X that's a set in other words the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's a set in other words the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's a set in other words the set of
+X in s such that P of X is a set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in s such that P of X is a set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in s such that P of X is a set it
+means that any definable collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that any definable collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that any definable collection of
+elements within a set also form a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements within a set also form a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements within a set also form a proper
+subset and the reason why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and the reason why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and the reason why this matters
+is remember if I just talked about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember if I just talked about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember if I just talked about not
+the set of X in a particular set s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of X in a particular set s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of X in a particular set s that
+satisfy P of X if I just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy P of X if I just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy P of X if I just talked about
+the collection of X's that satisfy P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of X's that satisfy P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of X's that satisfy P of
+X that's when I start getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's when I start getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's when I start getting into
+Russell's paradox areas when I declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell's paradox areas when I declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell's paradox areas when I declare
+that the set of X such that P of X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set of X such that P of X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set of X such that P of X is a
+set for unrestricted P of X but all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for unrestricted P of X but all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for unrestricted P of X but all I
+need to do is put a bound on me on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is put a bound on me on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is put a bound on me on the
+elements that X ranges over the X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that X ranges over the X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that X ranges over the X is a
+member of some particular set then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of some particular set then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of some particular set then it's
+safe to take all of those X's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to take all of those X's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to take all of those X's that
+satisfy P of X now another particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy P of X now another particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy P of X now another particularly
+interesting axiom of ZF which addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting axiom of ZF which addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting axiom of ZF which addresses
+this issue of self app of self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of self app of self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of self app of self
+membership and self reference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership and self reference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership and self reference is that
+the intuitive idea that the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitive idea that the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitive idea that the elements of
+a set have to come before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set have to come before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set have to come before this
+it sells they have to be simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sells they have to be simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sells they have to be simpler than
+the sin of self than the set itself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sin of self than the set itself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sin of self than the set itself if
+you think about sort of building up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about sort of building up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about sort of building up a
+set from successively simpler elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from successively simpler elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from successively simpler elements
+to more complicated ones in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated ones in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated ones in particular
+um you can't have a set be a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can't have a set be a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can't have a set be a member of
+itself because then it's not being built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because then it's not being built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because then it's not being built
+from things that are simpler than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things that are simpler than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things that are simpler than it is
+or booboo or that came before it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or booboo or that came before it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or booboo or that came before it is in
+fact you can't even have a set that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can't even have a set that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can't even have a set that's a
+member of a member of itself all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a member of itself all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a member of itself all of that
+kind of of indirect membership is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of indirect membership is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of indirect membership is
+forbidden now how do you say that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden now how do you say that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden now how do you say that isn't
+nice axiom well there's a very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice axiom well there's a very elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice axiom well there's a very elegant
+way to do it and that is to say that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it and that is to say that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it and that is to say that all
+sets are well founded under membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are well founded under membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are well founded under membership
+which means that you can't find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can't find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can't find an
+infinite sequence of sets where each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sequence of sets where each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sequence of sets where each one
+has the preview has the next one as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the preview has the next one as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the preview has the next one as a
+member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member
+let's give a precise way to formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give a precise way to formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give a precise way to formulate
+that it's also good practice with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's also good practice with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's also good practice with the
+formulas of set theory let me say that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas of set theory let me say that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas of set theory let me say that X
+is membership minimal Epsilon minimal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is membership minimal Epsilon minimal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is membership minimal Epsilon minimal in
+Y means that X is a member of Y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y means that X is a member of Y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y means that X is a member of Y but
+there's no element of X that's also in Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no element of X that's also in Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no element of X that's also in Y
+in other words X is built out of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words X is built out of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words X is built out of things
+that are not in Y but X itself is in Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in Y but X itself is in Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in Y but X itself is in Y
+so X kind of comes before any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X kind of comes before any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X kind of comes before any of the
+other elements in Y it's built out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements in Y it's built out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements in Y it's built out of
+non Y stuff so to say this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Y stuff so to say this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Y stuff so to say this with a
+formula when you just say that X is in Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when you just say that X is in Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when you just say that X is in Y
+and for every Z if it's in X then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every Z if it's in X then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every Z if it's in X then it's
+not in Y so that's the definition that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in Y so that's the definition that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in Y so that's the definition that X
+is membership minimal in Y and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is membership minimal in Y and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is membership minimal in Y and then the
+basic axiom of ZF called the foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic axiom of ZF called the foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic axiom of ZF called the foundation
+axiom simply says that every non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom simply says that every non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom simply says that every non-empty
+set has a membership minimal element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set has a membership minimal element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set has a membership minimal element
+this is actually kind of generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually kind of generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually kind of generalization
+of the well ordering principle that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the well ordering principle that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the well ordering principle that says
+that every non-empty set of non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every non-empty set of non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every non-empty set of non-negative
+integers has a least element this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers has a least element this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers has a least element this is a
+direct analogy just as the the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct analogy just as the the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct analogy just as the the well
+ordering principle for integers implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle for integers implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle for integers implies
+that you can't have an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't have an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't have an infinite
+decreasing sequence of non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing sequence of non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing sequence of non-negative
+integers the foundation axiom actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the foundation axiom actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the foundation axiom actually
+implies that you can have an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that you can have an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that you can have an infinite
+sequence of sets each of which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of sets each of which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of sets each of which is a
+member of the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is a formula that's asserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a formula that's asserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a formula that's asserting
+foundation for every X if X is not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for every X if X is not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for every X if X is not empty
+that implies that there is a Y such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that there is a Y such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that there is a Y such that
+Y is membership minimal in X well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is membership minimal in X well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is membership minimal in X well what
+is that the foundation got to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the foundation got to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the foundation got to do with
+membership well the foundation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership well the foundation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership well the foundation will
+actually will very quickly let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will very quickly let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will very quickly let us
+conclude that no set is a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that no set is a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that no set is a member of
+itself how does that work well suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself how does that work well suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself how does that work well suppose
+that um you are interested in some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you are interested in some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you are interested in some set
+and you like to verify that this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you like to verify that this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you like to verify that this set
+can't be a member of itself well let R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be a member of itself well let R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be a member of itself well let R
+be the set consisting of just this set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set consisting of just this set s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set consisting of just this set s
+that you're interested in R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in R is the
+singleton s it's only element than s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singleton s it's only element than s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singleton s it's only element than s
+well R is not empty and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well R is not empty and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well R is not empty and by the
+foundation axiom it must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation axiom it must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation axiom it must have a
+membership minimal element now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership minimal element now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership minimal element now suppose
+that s is an S we're going to reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is an S we're going to reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is an S we're going to reach a
+contradiction the claim is that R has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction the claim is that R has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction the claim is that R has no
+membership minimal element and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership minimal element and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership minimal element and that
+violates the foundation axiom so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the foundation axiom so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the foundation axiom so you
+can't have s as a member of s why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have s as a member of s why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have s as a member of s why does
+this follow well look R is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follow well look R is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follow well look R is supposed to
+have a membership minimal element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a membership minimal element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a membership minimal element
+well ours only got one element so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ours only got one element so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ours only got one element so if
+it's got any membership element it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got any membership element it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got any membership element it's got
+to be s but s can't be membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be s but s can't be membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be s but s can't be membership
+minimal because s is in R and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal because s is in R and it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal because s is in R and it's got
+and and which means that S has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and which means that S has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and which means that S has an
+element in R in it so s is not our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in R in it so s is not our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in R in it so s is not our
+minimal and the foundation axiom then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal and the foundation axiom then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal and the foundation axiom then
+immediately implies that you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately implies that you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately implies that you can't have
+s be a member s s is not minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a member s s is not minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a member s s is not minimal
+membership minimal in R and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership minimal in R and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership minimal in R and this
+argument extends in a in a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument extends in a in a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument extends in a in a nice way to
+member of a member a member of a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a member a member of a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a member a member of a member
+and we'll throw a feedback on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll throw a feedback on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll throw a feedback on one
+question about that at you shortly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that at you shortly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that at you shortly so
+looking at the foundation axiom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the foundation axiom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the foundation axiom in the
+conclusion that no set is a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that no set is a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that no set is a member of
+itself what we can immediately conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what we can immediately conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what we can immediately conclude
+is that first of all the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that first of all the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that first of all the collection of
+all sets can't be a set because if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sets can't be a set because if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sets can't be a set because if all
+sets if the collection of all sets was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets if the collection of all sets was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets if the collection of all sets was a
+set then it would be a member of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then it would be a member of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then it would be a member of itself
+that's forbidden by the S can't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forbidden by the S can't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forbidden by the S can't be a
+member of S consequence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of S consequence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of S consequence in the
+foundation axiom the second thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation axiom the second thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation axiom the second thing it
+tells us is remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is remain
+the set W from Russell's paradox W was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set W from Russell's paradox W was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set W from Russell's paradox W was
+the collection of those sets which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of those sets which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of those sets which are
+not members of themselves well now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not members of themselves well now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not members of themselves well now we've
+just figured out that this is all sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured out that this is all sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured out that this is all sets
+because no set is a member of itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no set is a member of itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no set is a member of itself so
+the sets that are not members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets that are not members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets that are not members of
+themselves is everything and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is everything and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is everything and that's why
+W is not a set and not a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is not a set and not a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is not a set and not a member of
+itself which explains finally how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which explains finally how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which explains finally how the
+foundation axiom resolves of the Russell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation axiom resolves of the Russell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation axiom resolves of the Russell
+paradox
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ztgHcRV1zI0.txt b/ztgHcRV1zI0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5ca495cab1b4cc65ef86b2028168c1da012f2c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ztgHcRV1zI0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1457 @@
+So we're shifting gears today.  We're going to talk about molecular  
+
+evolution, i.e.  how do we understand how species  
+
+evolve, how do we understand a lot about ourselves,   
+
+how human evolution is taking place over the last couple hundred  
+
+thousand years.  And traditionally,   
+
+evolution has been the purview of people who study the morphology of  
+
+organisms, and when I talk about morphology, obviously I'm talking  
+
+about shape and form.  And by comparing organisms,   
+
+starting already 250 years ago,  one began to develop hierarchies of  
+
+how different organisms on the planet are related to one another.   
+
+You've seen this, undoubtedly, in high school biology.   
+
+This is the study of phylogeny,  and phylogeny has traditionally been  
+
+figured out by comparing the phenotypes, the morphologies of  
+
+adults, sometimes embryonic development, and on that basis,   
+
+attempting to extrapolate back in evolutionary time,   
+
+about the relatedness of different organisms, one to the other.   
+
+And in so doing,  one has been able to create,   
+
+for example, family trees, here's something that Charles Darwin was  
+
+already interested in,  the various kinds of finches on the  
+
+Galapagos Islands off Peru,  in the Pacific.  And here, one is  
+
+beginning to organize different bird species on the basis of whether  
+
+they're more closely or less closely related to one another,   
+
+and to draw pedigrees, which,  one imagines, describe how they  
+
+evolved, one from the other.  i.e., organisms which are very  
+
+similar to one another must be more closely related evolutionarily,   
+
+and conversely, those that appear very differently from one another,   
+
+morphologically, must be far more distantly related to one another.   
+
+In fact, these kinds of morphologic extrapolations can be very  
+
+misleading.  So here,  for example, are two kinds of eyes.   
+
+ The top eye is a Drysophila eye  
+
+which, to state the obvious,  looks a lot different from our eyes,   
+
+which is that the chordate eyes shown the bottom.   
+
+Totally different.  Our rods and cones face backwards,   
+
+the Drysophila Arthropod eyes, the light sensors face forward.   
+
+Everything is different.  And on the basis of that,   
+
+you would say that these two organisms are independent  
+
+evolutionary inventions,  that they've been invented on two  
+
+occasions, and that they have no relatedness, one to the  
+
+other, at all.  But I will tell you an extraordinary  
+
+experiment.  You can take,  there's a master gene that controls  
+
+eye development in the fly,  Drosophila.  It's called eyeless,   
+
+if you knock it out then the eye doesn't develop at all.   
+
+And you can take out of the mouse,  what is apparently a related gene  
+
+called small eye,  so the fly gene is called eyeless  
+
+and the mouse gene is called small eye.  And you can put the small-eyed  
+
+gene into the Drosophila genome,  in a fly that lacks the eyeless gene.   
+
+ So here we're talking about two  
+
+different genes.  The fly gene is called eyeless,   
+
+the mammalian gene, at least in mouse, is called small eye.   
+
+If you knock out this gene in the fly genome, and replace it with this  
+
+gene, you get a perfectly normal Drosophila eye.   
+
+It's extraordinary.  Or you can do the following,   
+
+you can arrange it so that the mouse small eye gene is expressed  
+
+ectopically.  When I say ectopically,   
+
+I mean that it's expressed in the wrong place, at the wrong time.   
+
+So you can do the following experiment.  In a fly genome,   
+
+you can arrange it so that the mouse small eye gene becomes expressed on  
+
+one of the extremities of the fly,  on one of the legs of the fly.  And  
+
+now, on one of the extremities of the fly, an ectopic eye will develop,   
+
+looks just like a Drosophila eye,  but it's development is programmed  
+
+by the mouse small eye gene.  What I'm telling you is that these  
+
+two genes are totally interchangeable,   
+
+that they are effectively indistinguishable from one another,   
+
+functionally they have some sequence relatedness, but in terms of the way  
+
+they program development,  they are effectively equivalent.   
+
+And what this means is that the progenitor of these two genes  
+
+must've already existed at the time that the flies and we diverged,   
+
+which six or seven-hundred million years ago, and in the intervening  
+
+six or seven-hundred million years,  these genes have been totally  
+
+unchanged.  i.e., once the gene was developed,   
+
+evolution could not tinker with it,  and begin to change it in different  
+
+ways, ostensibly because such tinkering would render these genes  
+
+dysfunctional,  and thereby would inactivate them,   
+
+thereby depriving the organism of a critical sensory organ.   
+
+So here we have an example,  a dramatic example, of how  
+
+morphology misleads us.  Here we have an example of where we  
+
+would say these two eyes,  the two eyes I've shown you here,   
+
+are so different from one another that they must,   
+
+by necessity, be independent evolutionary inventions.   
+
+But in fact, genetics tells us,  and these gene-swapping experiments,   
+
+tell us that the two eyes descend from a common ancestral eye,   
+
+a prototypical eye, whose precise morphology we can't discern anymore.   
+
+And so we begin to realize that if we really want to understand  
+
+evolution and we really want to understand phylogeny,   
+
+phylogeny being how the species are related to one another,   
+
+we have to the DNA, and we have to begin to look not at phenotype,   
+
+but we have to look instead, at genotype.   
+
+The Darwinian model is pretty much like this, the survival of the  
+
+fittest.  And when I say that,  we imagine that we have here, a  
+
+genetically heterogeneous group of organisms within a species,   
+
+and this, this number of individuals in the species could be 100,   
+
+it could be 1,000,000.  This particular individual,   
+
+by chance, acquires a mutation,  or an advantageous allele, through  
+
+some genetic alteration.  This genotype renders this organism  
+
+more fit, phenotypically,  has a selective advantage and  
+
+consequently, over extended periods of time, which may be thousands or  
+
+even millions of years,  the descendents of the organism  
+
+bearing this allele now have advantage, have greater reproductive  
+
+advantage, survival advantage,  compared with the other individuals  
+
+in the same species,  and therefore, the representation of  
+
+this mutant allele in the gene pool of the species becomes expanded.   
+
+When I say gene pool,  I'm talking bout the common shared  
+
+set of genes within the species,  such as within the human species.   
+
+And so eventually, the descendents of this organism,   
+
+or the descendants of an organism bearing this allele,   
+
+now become overrepresented in the population, because they're more fit.   
+
+And then there can be another succession, i.   
+
+., there could be other mutations occurring subsequently.   
+
+Once again, favoring the selective outgrowth of an individual bearing  
+
+this allele, or this allele.  And in addition,   
+
+there can be the process of what one calls, speciation.   
+
+That is to say, that if some parts of the species live in one place,   
+
+and other parts of the species live in another place,   
+
+geographically, they may no longer interbreed, and as a consequence,   
+
+and because of the fact they're under different selective pressures,   
+
+they may begin to diverge from another if, evolutionary speaking,   
+
+because they're no longer actively exchanging genes within one another.   
+
+And, as a consequence, one can have new species arriving.   
+
+And what one believes,  this happens over slow,   
+
+slowly over evolutionary time,  but it does arise, and to the extent  
+
+it does, one eventually ends up with organisms here and here,   
+
+which can no longer effectively interbreed with one another.   
+
+That is to say, they become genetically so different from one  
+
+another, that any hybrids formed between them are,   
+
+in fact, sterile, for one reason or another, if they're at all  
+
+interested in breeding with one another to begin with.   
+
+And what this means is that we can begin to trace how closely or  
+
+distantly related species are to one another, simply by asking how  
+
+closely or similarly related are their DNA sequences?   
+
+If, distantly related organisms have very distantly related  
+
+sequences, and closely related organisms must have sequences which  
+
+are very similar to one another.  And over evolutionary time, there's  
+
+a so-called mutational clock,  where one, where each species  
+
+accumulates a certain number of point mutations,   
+
+base substitutions in it's DNA,  per million years, and the longer  
+
+the two species are separated from one another, the greater will be the  
+
+difference in their sequence diversity.   
+
+And on that simple basis,  one can begin to construct  
+
+evolutionary trees of,  for example, the entire cellular  
+
+life on the planet.  And here's such an evolutionary  
+
+tree, where what's being compared is the ribosomal RNA sequences,   
+
+i.e., the small ribosomal RNA.  Remember, ribosomes have two  
+
+subunits, small and large,  in the case of prokaryotes,   
+
+it's 16S RNA, that is, it's sedimentation rate.   
+
+In the case of mammals, it's 18S.  In both cases,   
+
+these are small ribosomal RNA subunits.  The ribosome was only  
+
+invented on one occasion during the evolution of life on the planet,   
+
+so one can begin to compare since all cellular life forms have life  
+
+forms, one can ask how similar,  or dissimilar, are the various  
+
+sequences and coding,  in small ribosomal RNA subunits?   
+
+And on the basis of that, one has concluded that there are actually  
+
+three branches of cellular life on the planet.   
+
+The bacteria indicated here,  this is not such a great Xerox,   
+
+where you see a whole series of different kinds of bacteria,   
+
+indicated on this tree.  Sorry about the poor reproduction.   
+
+Here there's a dashed line indicating that we're talking,   
+
+there's a second kingdom in the middle here, indicated by what are  
+
+called archae,  and the archae are also,   
+
+from our point of view, prokaryotes,  but they're not bacteria.  They are  
+
+a single-cell life form,  they're often found in unusual  
+
+situations, for instance,  in thermal vents in the bottom of  
+
+the ocean floor,  some of them are able to stand high  
+
+salt, some of them are able to stand high temperature,   
+
+like therma fillus,  therma proteus, and so fourth.   
+
+And these, their ribosomal RNAs,  are so different from those of  
+
+bacteria, that they've been placed in their own separate kingdom.   
+
+And finally, here are the eukaryotes, all over here.   
+
+These are all eukaryotic cells,  starting here.  And we, our cells,   
+
+seem to be slightly more closely related to those of the Archaea,   
+
+if you follow this ribosomal sequences, than they are to  
+
+the actual bacteria.  So, there's actually two major  
+
+prokaryotic life forms on the planet.  The first living organism,   
+
+well if you begin to try to look back in geological record,   
+
+it looks like the first living cellular life forms existed already  
+
+3-3.5 billion years ago,  not so long after the planet was  
+
+formed, which was between 4.  and 4.5 billion years ago.  And  
+
+here's the whole eukaryotic tree,  and if we look at the eukaryotic  
+
+trees, remembering here that we're starting at 3.5 billion years ago,   
+
+And we're using this evolutionary clock to determine relatedness,   
+
+then we see a whole series of single-cell eukaryotes,   
+
+here are their names are,  these are protozoan, eukaryotic  
+
+protozoan.  Here's Amoeba,  here are slime molds, here are  
+
+cilliates, we're still at single-cell organisms.   
+
+Finally we get to multi-cellular organisms, plants,   
+
+fungi, and animals,  and so, all animals on the planet  
+
+are a relatively recent invention.  All animals, all of the metazoan,   
+
+are just on this very small branch,  and we know that this very small  
+
+branch started around 600-650 million years ago,   
+
+maybe 700 million years ago.  And that was the time, roughly  
+
+speaking, when we and flies last had our common ancestor,   
+
+otherwise, to state the obvious,  we and flies are very different.   
+
+The fact that the gene for encoding the eye has been conserved,   
+
+so faithfully, over enormous evolutionary period of time  
+
+indicates something else,  And that is, certain genes can  
+
+evolve progressively over a long period of time,   
+
+because they don't encode vital functions, or they may even be  
+
+sequences between genes that don't encode phenotype at all.   
+
+Imagine, for example, we have a situation were here we have a gene  
+
+which encodes a vital function,  like the eye, here's another gene  
+
+that encodes another function,  oh I don't know, a leg.   
+
+And here we have intergenic sequences.  After all,   
+
+as you have learned by now,  more than 96% of the DNA in our  
+
+genome, doesn't encode proteins,  and probably isn't even responsible  
+
+for regulating genes.  So these sequences, right in here,   
+
+can mutate freely during the course of evolution, without having a  
+
+deleterious effect on the phenotype of the organism.   
+
+There's no evolutionary pressure to constrain the evolution of these  
+
+genes, but if this gene over here encodes an eyes,   
+
+And if this gene has been optimized in it's sequence,   
+
+early in the course of evolution,  that any subsequently occurring  
+
+mutations will compromise it's function, and therefore there's  
+
+enormous selective pressure to eliminate any organism which has  
+
+begun to tinker with the sequence of this gene, by changing it's sequence.   
+
+Here, in stark contrast,  there's no such selective pressure.   
+
+ The organism, that is,   
+
+can tinker at will with this.  I don't mean literally that the  
+
+organism is able to tinker with it's own DNA sequences,   
+
+but the hand of evolution can change these sequences in here,   
+
+at will, without having any effect on the viability of the organism on  
+
+it's selective,  or Darwinian, fitness,   
+
+and therefore, such mutations in these, in these sequences,   
+
+are neutral mutation, they have on effect on phenotype,   
+
+and they will not be eliminated from the gene pool.   
+
+Again here, mutations in these vital, critical genes will be  
+
+eliminated from the gene pool.  So that's another one of the  
+
+principles in molecular evolution that we want to talk about.   
+
+And if you follow these principles,  we can not only do, draw  
+
+evolutionary trees like this,  which have a grand scope, a scale of  
+
+three and a half billion years,  we can talk, for example, about how  
+
+different kinds of bears are related to one another,   
+
+and on the basis,  once again, of their DNA sequence.   
+
+Or, if you want, we can even look at how different kinds of  
+
+domesticated animals are related to one another.   
+
+This is kind of a fun undertaking.  Look at this.  Why is it fun?  Well  
+
+it's, it's kind of an amusing idea,  how often were cows domesticated  
+
+during the history of humanity?  How often were sheep domesticated?   
+
+Pigs, water buffalos, and horses.  And what you see here is that cattle  
+
+were domesticated on two occasions,  probably once in Western Asia, the  
+
+middle east, and once in Eastern Asia.  Sheep were domesticated twice,   
+
+all modern sheep following these two families here.   
+
+Obviously they share a common ancestor someway back,   
+
+but most sheep either fall here or here.  Pigs seem to have been  
+
+domesticated twice,  once over here and once over here,   
+
+water buffalos twice, horses are very confusing,   
+
+it looks like they were domesticated on several occasions because they're  
+
+all over the map,  they're not two clusters of  
+
+closely-related varieties,  like here and here.  What others,   
+
+dogs, that's recently, I forget what the number is for dogs, once.   
+
+Dogs were domesticated once,  probably the earliest domestication,   
+
+about 100,000 years ago.  They all have one common radiating tree,   
+
+here we have two radiating trees,  one cluster over here, one cluster  
+
+over here, with sheep,  pigs, and so fourth.  So we can even,   
+
+so you can learn an enormous amount about even the history of  
+
+agriculture, by looking at these kinds of DNA pedigree.   
+
+Here's some other interesting principles.  Mitochondrial DNA  
+
+passes always from the mother,  so when a fertilized egg is formed,   
+
+Dad gives his chromosomes, but he doesn't donate for any,   
+
+doesn't donate any mitochondrial DNA.  I remember visiting a friend in  
+
+North Carolina in 1974,  and he was looking at the  
+
+mitochondrial DNA of mules and,  when you breed a horse and a donkey,   
+
+what do you get out?  You get a mule out,   
+
+or, what happens if you do it the other way?  What happens if the  
+
+father is a horse,  and the mother is a donkey?   
+
+It's a hinny, it's actually called a hinny.  So there's two ways of  
+
+breeding, and the question is now,  and by the way, it's not so nice to  
+
+have a father being the horse and the mother being the mule.   
+
+Why?  Because Mom isn't used to carrying an embryo that's much  
+
+larger than she's adapted to.  The other way is fine, because then  
+
+she can carry a small embryo,  but if Dad comes from a much larger  
+
+species, then the fetus that the female donkey must carry,   
+
+is larger than her womb is really evolved to carry.   
+
+So, you don't often see these hinnies around because they cause  
+
+great difficulty at birth.  In any case, why did I get into  
+
+this digression?  Glad I asked that.   
+
+The question was,  where did the mitochondrial DNA come?   
+
+1974, this was still a hot question.  And it turned out,   
+
+the mitochondrial DNA in both the mules and the hinnies came always  
+
+from Mom.  There was not a trace of mitochondrial DNA from the father  
+
+and, as a consequence,  this begins to cause us to realize  
+
+where our mitochondrial DNA comes from.  So his mitochondrial DNA  
+
+comes from his mother,  his maternal grandmother,   
+
+her mother, her mother before her,  and so fourth, and the same for each  
+
+one of you.  And what this means is that if you  
+
+look at a pedigree like this,  and for example, here we have a  
+
+mother and a father,  girls are always round,   
+
+boys are square.  And here you'll see the mitochondrial DNA,   
+
+it's donated to all of the children,  but the fact is that these boys,   
+
+when they mate,  when they have offspring,   
+
+they will no longer pass along her mitochondrial DNA,   
+
+so it will be lost.  And the only way the mitochondrial  
+
+DNA can be transmitted is through one of her daughters,   
+
+who in turn, have daughters.  Here you see the situation where  
+
+almost all of her mitochondrial DNA is lost, except for this female  
+
+descendent who,  once again, passes it on to her sons  
+
+and daughters.  Only the daughters,   
+
+again, can transmit mitochondrial DNA.  And there is equity in life,   
+
+it doesn't often happen.  Jack Kennedy said life is unfair,   
+
+but sometimes it's reasonably fair,  but here is the y-chromosomes, the  
+
+y-counterpart.  Keep in mind, the y-chromosome only  
+
+passes from father-to-son,  to father-to-son, and exactly the  
+
+same dynamics apply.  And importantly, this is critical  
+
+for our thinking now,  neither the y-chromosome nor the  
+
+mitochondrial DNA recombines with another chromosome.   
+
+And therefore, the complexities of diploid mendelian genetics are  
+
+obviated.  So when you're looking at,  for example, the mitochondrial DNA,   
+
+you can look at the pure results of accumulated mutations,   
+
+You don't have to worry about crossing-over,   
+
+you don't have to worry about exchange of portions of a gene  
+
+between two homologous chromosomes.  It doesn't happen with the  
+
+y-chromosome because there's only one of them in the cell,   
+
+and it doesn't happen with the mitochondrial DNA because there's no  
+
+other DNA for it to equilibrate with.  As a consequence,   
+
+we can begin to think about what happens with mitochondrial DNA and  
+
+y-chromosomal DNA, in young and old species.   
+
+So let's talk about a recently formed species,   
+
+and let's say we have a young species down here,   
+
+below the illustration,  and now this species, which has  
+
+recently come into existence for whatever reason,   
+
+hangs around for the next couple million years.   
+
+And while it hangs around,  there will be random mutations,   
+
+which strike the genomes of individual members of that species.   
+
+And therefore,  the longer the life of the species  
+
+as a whole, the more genetically diverse will become the individuals  
+
+in the species,  and therefore, this species will  
+
+grow to have more and more genetic diversity, just because of the  
+
+random stochastic mutations that accumulate in different peoples  
+
+genomes in the course of the life of this species, over millions of years.   
+
+Again, keep in mind that the vast majority of these accumulated  
+
+mutations will be mutual mutations,  which will not affect phenotype, and  
+
+therefore, they will not be eliminated by Darwinian selection.   
+
+And many of these neutral mutations,  which have no effect on organismic  
+
+fitness, but are simply evolutionary neutral, are sometimes called  
+
+polymorphisms.  The term polymorphism,   
+
+-morph is once again morphology,  derives from the fact that species  
+
+tend to be polymorphic,  we don't all have blond hair,   
+
+we don't all have brown eyes.  We, as a species,   
+
+have a great variability in phenotype, we're polymorphic,   
+
+and yet having black hair, and having blond hair,   
+
+and having red hair,  none of those is considered mutant,   
+
+none of those is considered pathological. I.   
+
+., among the group of normal phenotypes, there's a whole series  
+
+of different gradations,  and these are considered normal  
+
+gradations in phenotype,  but at the genetic level,   
+
+we talk about polymorphisms in the same sense.   
+
+Genetically distinct nucleotide sequences, which again,   
+
+are not pathological, they don't create a disadvantageous phenotype.   
+
+And as a consequence, they are once again, not selected against.   
+
+Now look what happens over here.  Here we have great genetic  
+
+diversity, but what will happen is,  for one reason or another, only a  
+
+small subset of individuals constituting this species,   
+
+will turn out to be the ancestors of the successor species.   
+
+Here's the next species that arises.  And why will these just be the  
+
+ancestors? Well,  everybody else could get killed off  
+
+through some plague,  they might get killed off by  
+
+somebody going out and purposefully killing them, or,   
+
+it might just be that a meteor comes down and wipes all these guys out,   
+
+and these are the only ones in here,  from this small subset of the  
+
+original species,  who end up surviving,   
+
+and who end up becoming the precursors, the ancestors,   
+
+of the new species, and once again,  undergoes a period of  
+
+diversification.  And what we have therefore,   
+
+is a diversification and then a collapse of genetic diversity.   
+
+Here, this species, because it came from a small group,   
+
+is initially rather,  rather homogenous genetically,   
+
+but with the passage of evolutionary time, once again,   
+
+there's evolutionary diversification.  So, an older species actually ends  
+
+up being much more genetically diverse than does the  
+
+younger species.  If you look at two chimpanzees  
+
+living on opposite sides of the same hill in West Africa,   
+
+they are genetically far more distantly related to one another,   
+
+than any one of us, by a factor of 10 to 15.  Two chimpanzees,   
+
+they look exactly the same, they have the same peculiar habits,   
+
+but they're genetically far more distantly-related than we are to  
+
+one-another, than I am to any one of you, or than any one of you is to  
+
+one another.  And what does that mean?   
+
+It means that,  roughly speaking,   
+
+the species of chimpanzees is,  at least, 10  or 15 times older than  
+
+our species are.  We're a young species,   
+
+chimpanzees probably first speciated three or four million years ago,   
+
+if the paleontological record is,  is accurate.  Paleontology is the  
+
+study of old, dusty bones,  so you can begin to imagine when  
+
+chimpanzee bones become recognizable in the earth.   
+
+So a paleontologist says that,  that chimps aren't that old, and it  
+
+begins to suggest that our species is only about 200,   
+
+00 years old, at the oldest.  Now you say 200,000 years is a long  
+
+time, but it isn't so long because I started out this discussion talking  
+
+about 3.5 billion years,  3.5 times ten to the ninth,   
+
+and now I'm talking about two times ten to the fourth.   
+
+Is that right?  No,  two times ten to the fifth.   
+
+Four orders of magnitude difference.  So that means that our species, we  
+
+went through a bottleneck about 200-250,000 years ago,   
+
+and because that is so recent,  we haven't had a chance to actually  
+
+acquire much genetic diversity.  We're actually very closely related  
+
+to one another,  although to talk to people,   
+
+you'd think we were all very distantly related to one another.   
+
+Here's another interesting notion,  which also figures in, and that is,   
+
+what happens in the genetics of small populations?   
+
+So here we started out with eight individuals, and let's assume for a  
+
+moment, that this population has a steady size, i.   
+
+. it doesn't increase or decrease over the course of several  
+
+generations.  And what that means is that each couple will,   
+
+on average, leave behind two children, and those two children  
+
+will breed, and each of them will,  couples in the successor population,   
+
+will leave behind two children.  And what you see already,   
+
+in such small populations,  is that for example, this male here  
+
+has two girls,  and right away,   
+
+to the extent he had an interesting y-chromosome, that y-chromosome was  
+
+lost from the gene pool.  This girl, here, had an interesting  
+
+mitochondrial DNA,  but right away that's lost,   
+
+because she has, she has just two boys.  And what you see,   
+
+in very rapid order, in small populations, there's a  
+
+homogenization of the genetic compliment, just because the alleles  
+
+are lost within what's called,  genetic drift.   
+
+And as a consequence,  very rapidly, there becomes  
+
+homozygosity  at many loci in very small populations.   
+
+A real-life situation comes from Mutiny on the Bounty,   
+
+where Fletcher Christian ends up getting shipwrecked on,   
+
+what island was it, Pitcairn Island,  which is somewhere on the South  
+
+Pacific, South Atlantic,  I forget where.  Anyhow, today if  
+
+you go to Pitcairn Island,  almost everybody is called,   
+
+almost everybody has a family name,  Christian.   
+
+Why?  Was it that he was more studly and fecund than everybody else?   
+
+Probably not.  What probably happened was, in the same dynamics  
+
+that dictates the homogenization of y-chromosomes,   
+
+dictates the homogenization of family names.  So,   
+
+if you isolate people in a small demographic isolate,   
+
+like an island in the middle of the ocean, over a period of generations,   
+
+roughly equal to, I think, twice the number of individuals in the steady,   
+
+state population, everybody will have the same family name,   
+
+because the other family names will,  by chance, in a small population,   
+
+just be lost.  On my father's side of the family,   
+
+I have hundreds of cousins with my family name, and on my mother's side  
+
+of the family,  not a single one,   
+
+just as an example of this kind of trait.  Now keep in mind that this  
+
+evolutionary diversification can also affect the y-chromosome,   
+
+so therefore, there are different y-chromosomes across the face of the  
+
+planet, which can be distinguished,  not because they're better or lesser  
+
+y-chromosomes,  in terms of the phenotype of  
+
+maleness, but because they've accumulated polymorphisms  
+
+over a period of time.  They may be single-nucleotide  
+
+polymorphisms,  but these single-nucleotide  
+
+polymorphisms can be used to determine how closely,   
+
+or distantly related, are individuals to one another.   
+
+Let's look at the mitochondrial DNA of women in western Europe,   
+
+and if you look at the mitochondrial DNA of women in western Europe,   
+
+you find that they only have, how many different things there?   
+
+One, two, three, four, five,  six, seven, there's seven basic  
+
+types of mitochondrial DNA that are found in western and northern  
+
+European women.  And what that means is,   
+
+inescapably, people who live in modern-day Europe,   
+
+descend from seven women who had these respective mitochondrial DNA  
+
+sequences.  When did those seven ancestors live,   
+
+well we don't really know,  probably between 10-15,000 years ago.   
+
+But, the western-European population descends from an  
+
+stunningly small number of founders.   
+
+Now clearly, DNA sequencing is terrific, but it's not good enough  
+
+to know the names of those women,  so I can tell you that they were not  
+
+named Velda and Jasmine.  [LAUGHTER]  Anyhow, but here you  
+
+can see, here you can,  now obviously, these women in turn  
+
+were related to one another,  you can ask, you can do another kind  
+
+of question.  How much are all of our mitochondrial DNA are related to  
+
+one another, how distantly related are they to one another,   
+
+given the rate of evolution of mitochondrial DNA sequences?   
+
+And if you ask that question,  the answer is that we all had a  
+
+common ancestress who lived about 150,000 years ago.   
+
+All of us trace our mitochondrial DNA to her.  Does that mean that  
+
+there was only one woman alive there,  she's called, Mitochondrial-Eve,   
+
+again, we don't know her name.  Does that mean there was only one woman  
+
+alive, well it doesn't mean that at all because of what I just told you,   
+
+in small populations the proto-human population.   
+
+I just told you that certain polymorphisms die out because of  
+
+this genetic drift,  because of these stochastic events.   
+
+And so, the founding human population could have had 20,   
+
+50,100 individuals in it, but one woman's mitochondrial DNA happened  
+
+because of these accidents to dominate, so that now,   
+
+all of us have the same,  are the descendents of her  
+
+mitochondrial DNA.  Clearly, in the intervening time  
+
+since 150,000 years ago,  accumulated mutations have,   
+
+have altered subtly the mitochondrial DNA genome,   
+
+so there's polymorphisms,  And so one can make,   
+
+one can drive phylogenies of different kinds of mitochondrial DNA,   
+
+and look at the relatedness between different clades,   
+
+different groups, of women in modern-day Europe.   
+
+70% of Finish men,  in Finland, have a y-chromosome  
+
+polymorphism that is otherwise virtually unheard of in the rest of  
+
+Europe.  70% of Finish men,  now what does that mean?   
+
+Well, to me to means that those 70% of Finish men descended from a  
+
+common ancestor,  a male who lived around,   
+
+if you look at the sequences,  who lived around two or three  
+
+thousand years ago,  and who, for some reason,   
+
+became the ancestor of all the people living in modern Finland.   
+
+That's extraordinary.  There's four million people living in Finland  
+
+today, and the males all have their inherit, inherit their y-chromosome  
+
+from that man,  we don't know exactly where he lived,   
+
+ But obviously the modern Finish  
+
+population descends from a very small founder-group who came into  
+
+what we call, modern Finland,  relatively recently, maybe two-two  
+
+and a half thousand years ago,  and thereafter, did not freely  
+
+interbreed with the rest of the European population.   
+
+How do we know that?  Because that y-chromosomal  
+
+polymorphism is not present elsewhere, it's only present in  
+
+Finland.  So it was a genetic,  and obviously linguistic, isolate.   
+
+ So where do we all come from,   
+
+all of us human beings?  How closely related are we to one another?   
+
+Here's, here's a measurement of the distances between different  
+
+mitochondrial DNA's from different branches of humanity.   
+
+And what you see is something really quite extraordinary and  
+
+stunning.  Here,  you'll see that the people,   
+
+the non-African lineages here and here, are actually relatively  
+
+closely related to one another.  But if you look at the people who  
+
+live in Africa,  down here, there is enormous genetic  
+
+diversity.  Look how far these evolutionary branches reach back,   
+
+look how long these are.  The distance of these branches,   
+
+of these roots, determines how far,  how distantly related these  
+
+individuals are,  one to the other.   
+
+And on the basis of that,  and on the basis of a lot of other  
+
+auxiliary genetic information,  we can conclude that Africa was the  
+
+site where genetic diversification was generated during  
+
+human evolution.  And that what happened,   
+
+as a consequence of that diversification,   
+
+is starting over the last 40,  50, 60,000 years ago, different  
+
+populations, different sub-populations,   
+
+small, isolated sub-populations,  migrated out of Africa, took a very  
+
+small sub-set of the polymorphisms with them, and became the  
+
+founder-populations of a whole variety of whole different  
+
+modern-day populations.  These populations here are largely  
+
+Mongoloid, these populations here are largely Caucasian,   
+
+and here, we see that in Africa there's enormous genetic  
+
+diversity.  And by the way,   
+
+all the genes that are present here,  the alleles that are present here,   
+
+can also be found in Africa,  but in relatively small proportions  
+
+in Africa.  And we know this kind of diversity exists both for the  
+
+mitochondrial DNA,  and here's for the y-chromosomal DNA,   
+
+again, we look for polymorphisms.  And this is not a very good  
+
+overhead, again,  the reproduction was not very good,   
+
+but what I'm showing you is that the evolutionary, the depth of these  
+
+evolutionary branches is enormous in Africa, yet in other parts of the  
+
+globe, people are much more closely-related to one another.   
+
+Some people argue on the basis of the genetic-relatedness of western  
+
+and northern Europeans,  that the modern European population  
+
+is largely descended from about 20 couples that moved into Europe about  
+
+10,000 years ago,  eight to ten thousand years ago,   
+
+at the time when agriculture was introduced into Europe from the  
+
+middle east, just on the basis of looking at these y-chromosomal  
+
+sequences.  And so, we human beings arose,   
+
+even though we are reasonably distantly related to one another on  
+
+this graph, keep in mind that we as a species, are enormously close to  
+
+one another because of the youth of this, of our species.   
+
+If you look at our, the time of this diversification was probably  
+
+sometime between 80-100,  00 years ago, so how did it all  
+
+happen?  We can even figure out the history of humanity by beginning to  
+
+look at these different kinds of polymorphisms.   
+
+A long time ago,  individuals went out from Africa,   
+
+maybe starting 100,000 years ago,  maybe starting more recently,   
+
+and went across the southern rim of Eurasia, and we know already,   
+
+we find archeological remains of Aborigines in Australia between  
+
+40-60,000 years ago.  And by the way, those people are  
+
+very distantly related to the rest of us, having left and not  
+
+intermingled with the rest of humanity for a very long  
+
+period of time.  There were Aborigines in Australia,   
+
+already at a time when our ancestors,  to the extent we had ancestors in  
+
+Europe, were still battling the Neanderthals, who only died out 30,   
+
+00 years ago.  You may know by the way, you may have read in the  
+
+newspaper, about a month ago,  they discovered skeletons of very  
+
+small people on an island Indonesia.  In fact, those were probably not  
+
+even homosapiens,  those were probably a precursor  
+
+species, because we know over the last two million years,   
+
+there have been hominoids,  look like human beings but are  
+
+precursors, who might migrated out of Africa, who dispersed throughout  
+
+Asia, and who eventually became extinct,   
+
+So that the only modern human who exist are the descendents of this  
+
+out migration that began about 100,  00 years ago.  We know that about 15,   
+
+00 years ago some of these people ended up going over here,   
+
+to crossing in four different waves of migration, you can see it from  
+
+the DNA, into the western hemisphere.   
+
+Amerindians, that is,  American Indians, Native Americans,   
+
+are genetically rather homogenous.  Why?  Because they all descend from  
+
+very small founder populations that came into the western hemisphere  
+
+relatively recently.  And there's enormous genetic  
+
+homogeneity among different subgroups of individuals here in  
+
+South America.  Speaking of South America,   
+
+if you look in some parts of Venezuela, what you find is that the  
+
+mitochondrial DNA is largely of Indian-origin,   
+
+but the y-chromosomal DNA is largely of European origin.   
+
+So, what happens there,  that's a testimonial to the tragic  
+
+fate of the Indians,  where the conquistadors from Spain  
+
+came in, killed all the men,  and took all the women, to be their  
+
+brides.  How else can you explain the fact that there's no Indian  
+
+y-chromosomes,  there's all, there is instead only  
+
+European y-chromosomes.  And here you can begin to see what  
+
+happened here in New York,  as well.  40,000 years ago people  
+
+started trickling into Europe,  and they hung around there for the  
+
+next 30,000 years,  pretty much on their own.   
+
+The remnants of those people who came in, we know from DNA,   
+
+are the Basques who live in northern Spain, who speak,   
+
+by the way, a non-indo European language.   
+
+They're the relics of this initial settlement by modern humans of  
+
+Europe, starting 40,  00 years ago.  And they had the  
+
+continent for themselves for the next 30,000 years,   
+
+until this new founder population came in, about 10,   
+
+00 years ago.  Here's the names of the girls who were in that group,   
+
+Ursula and Katrine and Zenya, Tara,  Jasmine, and Velda, and they became  
+
+the modern agriculturalists,  and swamped out the people who were  
+
+there 40,000 years ago,  who now only survive as a relic  
+
+population.  Here's a fun story I like to tell  
+
+each year, and it's about the Cohen and y-chromosome,   
+
+and you'll see what an amusing story this is, just from genetics.   
+
+Now the name Cohen, in Hebrew means,  a high priest,   
+
+and you've heard people named Cohen,  it's not such an uncommon name among  
+
+the Jews.  And it says,  in the Bible, in Genesis and Exodus,   
+
+that all the high priests in the Bible are the descendents of Aaron,   
+
+the brother of Moses.  And it's also been the practice for  
+
+the last 3,000 years,  that the only person who can become,   
+
+the only male who can become a Cohen,  is the son of a Cohen.   
+
+In other words, you cannot be adopted into a family and acquire  
+
+the name Cohen.  And if that's all true,   
+
+and if the Bible is true,  and Aaron lived 3,000 years ago,   
+
+whatever his name was, then it should be the case that all male  
+
+Cohen's should have the same y-chromosome, right?   
+
+Because they all descend,  their family name is Cohen,   
+
+they could only get it from their father, they could only get their  
+
+y-chromosome from their father,  so they should all have the same  
+
+y-chromosome.  Of course,  you say that can't really be the  
+
+case, because we know in this country, in this country,   
+
+between five and ten percent of people, on average,   
+
+are sending Father's Day cards to the wrong person.   
+
+What does that mean?  Non-paternity.   
+
+When you do genetic counseling of family these days,   
+
+one of the strictures is,  that you never tell the family if  
+
+the children have genetic polymorphisms that don't match that  
+
+of the person whom they think is their father.  They don't look like  
+
+their, the person whom they regard as father, but that's always assumed  
+
+to be a role of the genetic dice.  So, how is that relevant?  Well,   
+
+let's talk about this descent from Aaron, who lived 3,000 years ago.   
+
+We're talking about the y-chromosome being passed from one generation to  
+
+the next, just like the family name.  So what happened, what would happen  
+
+if sometime over the last 3,  00 years, Mrs. Cohen had a dalliance,   
+
+had an affair,  with a television repairman,   
+
+or the milkman, or the mailman,  and never told Mr. Cohen?  The  
+
+y-chromosome, which her son thought he was getting from Dad,   
+
+wouldn't be coming from Dad,  it'd be coming from this other,   
+
+the milkman or the mailman, and it wouldn't be a Cohen-y chromosome  
+
+unless, by chance,  the mailman or the milkman also  
+
+happened to be a Cohen,  [LAUGHTER], it could happen.   
+
+But the chances are,  roughly speaking, Cohen's are only  
+
+four percent of all Jews,  so the chances are against that  
+
+happening.  OK,  so they did this experiment,   
+
+and this is really astounding experiment.  They went,   
+
+the story is they went to a beach in Tel Aviv, I don't know whether they  
+
+actually did that or not,  and they picked up, they picked up  
+
+100 male Cohen's who were Ashkenazi ,  Ashkenazi means their ancestors came  
+
+from central Europe, over here.  And they picked up 100 Sefardi  
+
+Cohen's, and the Sefardi Cohen's come from Spain,   
+
+North Africa, Egypt,  Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Uzbekistan,   
+
+Central Asia.  And the last time that the Iraqi Cohen's and the  
+
+Ashkenazi Cohen's were interbreeding,  were about 500 BC,   
+
+at the time of the Babylonian XL,  so they've been apart a long time.   
+
+And they looked at their y-chromosomes,   
+
+and what they found was that 70% of the y-chromosomes of these male  
+
+Cohen's, 70% of the Cohen's shared the same y-chromosome.   
+
+Well, the same y-chromosome was present only in 15% of non-Cohen,   
+
+Israeli Jews.  Now think about that for a second.  70% of these men had  
+
+the same y-chromosome,  of course they didn't know they had  
+
+the same y-chromosome,  all they knew was that they had the  
+
+same family name.  And what that means,   
+
+inescapably, is that over a period of two or three thousand years,   
+
+it was hard to trace with exactitude when the common male ancestor lived,   
+
+over a period of two or three thousand years,   
+
+somehow the milkman and the mailman stayed away from Mrs.   
+
+Cohen, or Mrs. Cohen was unusually virtuous.   
+
+Because keep in mind,  any single affair with the milkman  
+
+or the mailman,  over 3,000 years,   
+
+would've broke this chain of inheritance, any single incidence of  
+
+non-paternity.  It's a really astounding story,   
+
+and it's hard, there can be no artifact to it,   
+
+there's no bias in it,  there's no other way to explain it.   
+
+And you can begin to find similar stories of families in England,   
+
+where males are tenth cousins of one another, they have the same family  
+
+name, and they also have the same y-chromosome.   
+
+The most amusing commentary on this stems from a tribe that lives in  
+
+southern Africa,  and these people are called,   
+
+Lemba, L-e-m-b-a.  And the, the myth of the Lemba is that they descend  
+
+from Jews who came down from the north, Jewish traitors.   
+
+So just for the hell of it,  some geneticists went down and drew  
+
+blood from the male Lembas,  and there's four casts of Lembas,   
+
+there's the ruling class, there's the warriors, there's the farmers,   
+
+the merchants, I don't know.  And what they found was that all  
+
+members of the,  almost all members of the ruling  
+
+cast among the Lembas,  had the same y-chromosome,   
+
+and the y-chromosome had exactly the same polymorphisms of the Cohen  
+
+y-chromosome.  No one in the other,  no males in the other three casts  
+
+had, or very few,  had otherwise this y-chromosomal  
+
+polymorphism.  Go figure,  I don't know what's going on.   
+
+Now did those people look Jewish?  Well, they looked like everybody  
+
+else around them,  because if there was a Mr.   
+
+Cohen who came down there, three or four hundred years ago,   
+
+and married in, he obviously married one of the local population.   
+
+And there were no other people around from, coming in from the  
+
+north, to marry to,  so that 99% of the males in this  
+
+ruling cast, who have the Cohen y-chromosome, 99% of their genes  
+
+come from the local population,  the only thing they inherited from  
+
+Mr. Cohen was the y-chromosome.  Where else would they get their  
+
+genes?  There wasn't a massive migration from the middle east down  
+
+to the Lemba tribes,  probably just one man came down  
+
+selling trinkets,  or who-knows-what,   
+
+television sets, or VCRs,  sometime over the last three or four  
+
+hundred years.  And somehow, for reasons that we  
+
+have no idea, he became the ancestor of this cast of people in this tribe  
+
+in the middle of Africa.  And so you have stories that you  
+
+begin to pick up,  which are stranger than fiction,   
+
+some of the weirdest stories that you've ever heard of in your life.   
+
+Imagine having 3,000 years of uninterrupted transmission from,   
+
+without a single case of non-paternity.   
+
+It didn't happen all the cases,  because I didn't say 100% of the  
+
+Cohen men had it,  on 30% of the occasions,   
+
+there must have been some snipping of this chain of transmission.   
+
+And keep in mind that this chain of transmission happened over a period  
+
+of enormous political and upheaval,  over the last 3,000 years. The  
+
+middle east, and Europe,  and North Africa, have not been  
+
+tranquil places over that period of time.  Enormous population dispersal,   
+
+and confusion,  and displacement,   
+
+and yet we now begin to look,  by looking at the DNA, we can begin  
+
+to see all kinds of really interesting things.   
+
+Next, on Friday,  Eric is going to talk with you,   
+
+I believe, on Monday, as well.  And Wednesday, we're going to talk about  
+
+a related topic,  which is, how do all,   
+
+how do these human genetic differences have implications for  
+
+the way we think about one another,  and the way that we will develop?   
+
+See you then, a week from today.
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